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https://openalex.org/W3133001358 | Glass ceiling in academia revisited: evidence from the higher education system of Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3133001358 | Current study investigates the gender gap in academic promotions in Turkey taking a new perspective on the widely established existence of gender inequality in academia. The dataset includes the eight most-prominent research universities in Turkey and the nature of the ‘glass ceiling’ is explored by looking at the gendered distributions of: (1) academic seats -indicating academic performances, and (2) coauthorship patterns concerning genders. Findings suggest that there is gender disparity in academic performances as well as in academic promotions. In addition, gender is found to be a significant factor in explaining the current situation in academic ranks and subtle discrimination practices may exist instead of overt discrimination practices as it is also suggested in previous studies. In sum, results show two main points: (1) There is evidence of gender gap in academic promotions in Turkey, (2) A new variable –cross gender coauthorship- for glass ceiling research may provide further insight about the issue. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2488948600 | Why women earn less? Gender-based factors affecting the earnings of self-employed women in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2488948600 | In this study I examine gender-based earnings differences among the urban self-employed in Turkey. I argue that human capital, as well as prevailing social and institutional structures, contribute to earnings differences. Social and institutional factors considered include women's heavy non-market work burden, and their reduced mobility. I conclude that women's lower earnings are not a result of free and rational choices. Since women are not really expected to choose to concentrate in low-return, labor-intensive tasks, these choices are more likely to be made within the context of uneven economic development and pre-existing gender inequalities. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2938795823 | Testing the Universality of the Gender Equality–Peace Thesis: The Influence of Increased Gender Equality on Terrorism in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2938795823 | Gender inequality has been empirically linked to the incidence of terrorism, as a motivator for women’s involvement in terrorism, and political and social violence more generally. Although these studies demonstrate that advances in gender equality on average decrease terrorism, it is unclear how these influences translate to individual nations or conflicts. Because Turkey has witnessed consistent but unequal regional advances in gender equality, it provides an ideal setting to examine how these developments have influenced terrorist violence. Analyzing data from Turkey’s 81 provinces from 2000–2013, this study finds important regional differences in the influence of gender equality on terrorism. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2317126051 | Women's Labour In Turkey: A Comparasıon Wıth Selected Oecd Countrıes 49 | [
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https://openalex.org/W2016679036 | The causes of gender inequality in college education in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W2893340234 | Married to Anatolian Tigers: business masculinities, relationalities, and limits to empowerment | [
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https://openalex.org/W2611997594 | An Analyses and Solution Proposals Toward Social Gender Equality Problems in Business Life at Work Place in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W2775742765 | How Costly Are Labor Gender Gaps? Estimates by Age Group for the Balkans and Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W2996309960 | Economic Evaluation of Women Employment in the Context of Development Index According to Gender: Case of Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3172327946 | A Comparative Analysis of the Approaches of Politi-cal Parties and Women’s Organizations in Turkey on Gender Equality and Women's Issues | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3172327946 | This paper deals with how gender inequality and the major issues facing women are represented in the policy texts of political parties and within the strategies of women’s organizations in Turkey. Thus, it attempts to reveal different and similar perspectives on the gender regime in the political and civic sphere. For this purpose, it utilizes the content analysis method to look for answers to the following questions: What are the main foci of political parties and women’s organizations on women's issues? What are the policies of political parties and women’s organizations about the issues that women face in modern society? This paper compares political parties and women's organizations in terms of their objectives on gender equality and women’s rights. Thus, it will be possible to understand the approaches of the political parties and women's organizations on women's issues and the main themes of their discourses on women’s rights and to provide a holistic view of the inadequacies of policies on women’s rights and gender equality. The study concluded that political parties deal with women's issues on the basis of ideological priorities while the women’s civil society organizations and women’s rights activists aim at advancing women's rights. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4281965153 | Gender in Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281965153 | Many international and national measures have been taken to advance gender equality in education. The results of scientific research enlightened us on the ongoing problems of inequality in education despite these measures. The study presents a systematic analysis of 63 theses and 58 articles which were published on gender education in Turkey between 2002 and 2019. This study aims to analyze the trend in gender studies in education in terms of year, subject of study, method and findings. 121 studies selected by criterion sampling method were analyzed by content analysis. According to the research results, it was observed that the studies conducted centered on gender representations, gender perception and gender roles. It was determined that qualitative methods were mainly preferred in the studies analyzed. Based on the analysis of the findings of the researches, it is possible to collect problem areas related to gender in education under four main titles. These are gender representations reflecting inequality in educational materials, traditional gender perception and attitudes in educational environments, the need for gender education and teacher attitudes and behaviors that are not based on equality. In line with the results of this study, recommendations were made to researchers and policymakers. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2091014107 | Gender Inequalities and Economic Growth: A Longitudinal Evaluation | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2091014107 | Previous articleNext article No AccessGender Inequalities and Economic Growth: A Longitudinal EvaluationNancy Forsythe, Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz, and Valerie DurrantNancy ForsytheUniversity of Maryland at College Park Search for more articles by this author , Roberto Patricio KorzeniewiczUniversity of Maryland at College Park Search for more articles by this author , and Valerie DurrantPopulation Council Search for more articles by this author University of Maryland at College ParkPopulation CouncilPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 48, Number 3April 2000 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452611 Views: 701Total views on this site Citations: 120Citations are reported from Crossref © 2000 by The University of Chicago. 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Women and Their Well-being in a Kerala Village, Indian Journal of Gender Studies 21, no.33 (Oct 2014): 421–449.https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521514540710Ming-Hsuan Lee Schooling and Industrialization in China: Gender Differences in School Enrollment, Comparative Education Review 58, no.22 (Jul 2015): 241–268.https://doi.org/10.1086/675380Wei-Bin Zhang Growth with gender-differentiated human capital and family wealth accumulation based on the Uzawa-Lucas two-sector model, Society and Economy 36, no.11 (Feb 2014): 69–94.https://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.36.2014.1.5B. L. Turner, Marina Fischer-Kowalski Ester Boserup: An Interdisciplinary Visionary Relevant for Sustainability, (Aug 2014): 3–11.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8678-2_1Gaëlle Ferrant The Multidimensional Gender Inequalities Index (MGII): A Descriptive Analysis of Gender Inequalities Using MCA, Social Indicators Research 115, no.22 (Jan 2013): 653–690.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0233-3N. N. Wekwete Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa: Evidence and Policy, Journal of African Economies 23, no.suppl 1suppl 1 (Feb 2014): i87–i127.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt022S. Seguino, M. Were Gender, Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African Economies 23, no.suppl 1suppl 1 (Feb 2014): i18–i61.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt024Noha M.F. Emara Income Elasticity and the Gender Gap: A Challenging MDG for the MENA Countries, Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 10, no.33 (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.1515/rmeef-2012-0034Wei-Bin Zhang Gender Discrimination, Education and Economic Growth in a Generalized Uzawa-Lucas Two-Sector Model, Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 7, no.11 (Jan 2014): 1–34.https://doi.org/10.2478/tjeb-2014-0001Hua-Yu Sebastian Cherng, Emily Hannum Community Poverty, Industrialization, and Educational Gender Gaps in Rural China, Social Forces 92, no.22 (Jul 2013): 659–690.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot084John C. Anyanwu, Darline Augustine Gender Equality in Employment in Africa: Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications, African Development Review 25, no.44 (Jan 2014): 400–420.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12038Wei-hsin Yu, Pei-lin Lee Decomposing Gender Beliefs: Cross-National Differences in Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment and Gender Equality at Home, Sociological Inquiry 83, no.44 (May 2013): 591–621.https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12013Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, Nana Afua Pierre Gender Equality and Postconflict Reconstruction: What Do We Need to Know in Order to Make Gender Mainstreaming Work?, International Interactions 39, no.44 (Sep 2013): 601–611.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.805324John C. Anyanwu Characteristics and Macroeconomic Determinants of Youth Employment in Africa, African Development Review 25, no.22 (Jun 2013): 107–129.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12019.xElissa Braunstein Gender, Growth and Employment, Development 56, no.11 (Aug 2013): 103–113.https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2013.11Iñaki Permanyer Are UNDP Indices Appropriate to Capture Gender Inequalities in Europe?, Social Indicators Research 110, no.33 (Dec 2011): 927–950.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9975-6Naila Kabeer, Luisa Natali Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is there a Win-Win?, IDS Working Papers 2013, no.417417 (Sep 2013): 1–58.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.xArup Mitra Gender Inequality in the Labour Market, (Jun 2012): 203–262.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0656-9_8Sharmistha Self, Richard Grabowski Opportunities for women and Islam: variations upon variations, Applied Economics 44, no.11 (Jan 2012): 65–79.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.498370Stephanie Seguino Help or Hindrance? Religion’s Impact on Gender Inequality in Attitudes and Outcomes, World Development 39, no.88 (Aug 2011): 1308–1321.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.004Mónica Domínguez-Serrano, Francisco Javier Blancas A Gender Wellbeing Composite Indicator: The Best-Worst Global Evaluation Approach, Social Indicators Research 102, no.33 (Aug 2010): 477–496.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9687-3Eric Neumayer, Indra de Soysa Globalization and the Empowerment of Women: An Analysis of Spatial Dependence via Trade and Foreign Direct Investment, World Development 39, no.77 (Jul 2011): 1065–1075.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.008B. L. Turner, Marina Fischer-Kowalski Ester Boserup: An interdisciplinary visionary relevant for sustainability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no.5151 (Dec 2010): 21963–21965.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013972108Lourdes Beneria, Iñaki Permanyer The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change 41, no.33 (Jun 2010): 375–399.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01648.xSharmistha Self, Richard Grabowski Relative gender differentials and Islam in non‐Arabic nations: a regional analysis, International Journal of Development Issues 8, no.22 (Oct 2009): 102–118.https://doi.org/10.1108/14468950910997675SETH W. NORTON, ANNETTE TOMAL Religion and Female Educational Attainment, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 41, no.55 (Aug 2009): 961–986.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00240.xSharmistha Self, Richard Grabowski Gender Development, Institutions, and Level of Economic Development, Review of Development Economics 13, no.22 (May 2009): 319–332.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00490.xRifat Akhter, Kathryn B. Ward Globalization and gender equality: A critical analysis of women's empowerment in the global economy, (Mar 2015): 141–173.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2126(2009)0000013010Elissa Braunstein The Feminist Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society: An Investigation of Gender Inequality and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Issues 42, no.44 (Jan 2016): 959–979.https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2008.11507198Patrick Kilby, Kate Olivieri Gender and Australian Aid Policy: can women's rights be advanced within a neo-liberal framework?, Australian Journal of International Affairs 62, no.33 (Sep 2008): 319–331.https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710802286783Ayşe Gündüz-Hoşgör, Jeroen Smits Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey, Women's Studies International Forum 31, no.22 (Mar 2008): 104–117.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.003Johannes P. Jütting, Christian Morrisson, Jeff Dayton‐Johnson, Denis Drechsler* Measuring Gender (In)Equality: The OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base, Journal of Human Development 9, no.11 (Mar 2008): 65–86.https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880701811401Aparna Sundaram, Reeve Vanneman Gender Differentials in Literacy in India: The Intriguing Relationship with Women’s Labor Force Participation, World Development 36, no.11 (Jan 2008): 128–143.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.017MAHENDRA REDDY, BHUANESHWARI S. REDDY Analyzing Wage Differential by Gender Using an Earnings Function Approach Further Evidence from a Small Developing Economy, Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 17, no.22 (Dec 2007): 30–43.https://doi.org/10.1080/21650993.2007.9756021David Brady, Yunus Kaya, Jason Beckfield Reassessing the Effect of Economic Growth on Well-being in Less-developed Countries, 1980–2003, Studies in Comparative International Development 42, no.1-21-2 (Sep 2007): 1–35.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-007-9003-7Eric Neumayer, Indra de Soysa Globalisation, Women's Economic Rights and Forced Labour, The World Economy 30, no.1010 (Oct 2007): 1510–1535.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01060.xGuang-zhen Wang Testing the impact of gender equality on reproductive health: An analysis of developing countries, The Social Science Journal 44, no.33 (Dec 2019): 507–524.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2007.08.001Patrick Kilby The Australian aid program: dealing with poverty?, Australian Journal of International Affairs 61, no.11 (Mar 2007): 114–129.https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710601142534Beg Raj Siwal Gender Mainstreaming: Gender Auditing of Various Sectors in India, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334455Kamal Fatehi, Rajaram Veliyath The American Manager, Journal of Transnational Management 11, no.22 (Jul 2006): 3–29.https://doi.org/10.1300/J482v11n02_02Bruce E. Moon, Jennifer Harvey Birdsall, Sylvia Ciesluk, Lauren M. Garlett, Joshua J. Hermias, Elizabeth Mendenhall, Patrick D. Schmid, Wai Hong Wong Voting Counts: Participation in the Measurement of Democracy, Studies in Comparative International Development 41, no.22 (Jun 2006): 3–32.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686309Janet Gale Stotsky, Gender and its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey, IMF Working Papers 06, no.233233 (Jan 2006): 1.https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451864939.001David E. Sahn, Stephen D. Younger Improvements in children’s health: Does inequality matter?, The Journal of Economic Inequality 3, no.22 (Aug 2005): 125–143.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-005-4494-9Christian Morrisson, Johannes P. Jütting Women’s discrimination in developing countries: A new data set for better policies, World Development 33, no.77 (Jul 2005): 1065–1081.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.002Emily Hannum Market Transition: Educational Disparities, and Family Strategies in Rural China: New Evidence on Gender Stratification and Development, Demography 42, no.22 (Jan 2005): 275–299.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2005.0014Chengze Simon Fan, Hon-Kwong Lui Structural change and the narrowing gender gap in wages: theory and evidence from Hong Kong, Labour Economics 10, no.55 (Oct 2003): 609–626.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00032-0Nigel Barber Parental Investment, Human Capital, and Cross-National Differences in Wealth, Cross-Cultural Research 36, no.44 (Jul 2016): 338–361.https://doi.org/10.1177/106939702237306Shawna E. Sweeney, Shareen Hertel, Lanse Minkler Government Respect for Women's Economic Rights: A Cross-National Analysis, 1981–2003, (): 233–266.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511511257.011 | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2157312414 | While the topic of gender equality turns out to be an important element in the preparation of Turkey to join the European Union, very little empirical research on this issue has been done using Turkish data. This paper aims to contribute toward filling this gap. We propose an estimate of the wage discrimination in Turkey relying on different decompositions of the gender waga differential. The data set used is the 2003 Turkish Household Budget Survey. In Turkey, the observed average gender wage gap is about 25,2 % in favor of men for the salaried population and around 60 % of it may be attributed to discrimination. In terms of gender wage discrimination, with an observed wage gap close to those observed in France and Italy, and a discrimination component close to the ones obtained in Spain and Greece with comparable methods, Turkey happens to do not so bad. But, in the Turkish case, wage discrimination appears to be a bad indicator of gender inequalities in the labor market, as exclusion and segregation of women are the main concerns. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3130448364 | Gender Inequality At Work: An Analysis of Selected Periodical Publications Between 2007-2017 | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3130448364 | While gender inequality at both organizations and societies is one of the prevalent problems all around the world, distinct issues related to this problem come forward based on countries. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to find most salient dimensions of gender equality at work in organizations in Turkey because of the complexities in Turkish political and social life. With accordance to our aim, we examined some leading newspapers during years period 2007-2017 to reveal the outstanding issues which are mentioned by business environment on gender equality. The newspapers are Hürriyet, Sabah, Cumhuriyet and the business magazine is Capital Turkey. We applied thematic analysis which is a qualitative method used for the analysis of large qualitative data sets. The analysis resulted in four themes called participation, underrepresentation, gender bias, work-family conflict. Despite many efforts which are said to taken by companies and government the participation of women to work life in Turkey remains as a major problem for Turkey regarding gender equality. Also, underrepresentation of women at upper echelons in Turkey is seen as another major issue on gender equality by Turkish businesses. Besides these equally important issues, bias and work family conflict also emerged as critical issues for gender equality at work in Turkey. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4245156134 | Conservative line will delay Turks' gender progress | [] | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4245156134 | Significance He claimed Turkey had implemented many reforms to improve women's situation, but he and those around him have adopted an increasingly conservative discourse on women and been accused of hate speech against LGBT+ individuals. Turkey displays high levels of gender inequality, discrimination, intolerance and gender-based violence, especially by European standards. Impacts AKP’s discourse will make it the natural pole for that part of society that will remain very conservative for the foreseeable future. Oppositionists will continue criticising the government over violence against women in particular. Turkey will have an image problem and difficult relations with the EU and others, with even Saudi Arabia moving to improve women’s status. Women’s emancipation is set to continue, however slowly, despite few economic opportunities and COVID-19 increasing their domestic burdens. Turkey is likely to mirror gradually increasing global tolerance towards LGBT+ individuals. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3141367443 | Why Don’t Highly Skilled Women Want to Return? Turkey’s Brain Drain from a Gender Perspective | [
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https://openalex.org/W3206388686 | The Long-Overlooked Gender Inequality Problem in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W2969112570 | Education, religious practice and gender ideology in Turkey | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2969112570 | In this paper we explore how education and religious practice influence gender ideology in Turkey, using survey data for 2003, 2008 and 2013. The two concepts of “male authority” and “female autonomy” are used as proxies for gender ideology, taking advantage of a set of statements intended to capture gender role attitudes among ever-married women 15-49 years. They were constructed using factor analysis. We then analyzed how attitudes to male authority and female autonomy differ by educational level and religious practice. In the ten-year period from 2003 to 2013 there has been a rapid increase in education while religious practice has remained high. We found that post-secondary education has a strongly positive effect on non-traditional gender attitudes, although declining over time, while the positive effect of not wearing headscarf mostly has remained high. Thus, the propagation of patriarchal religious values, which can be observed in Turkey since the turn of the century, promoting gender inequality and the confinement of women to the domestic realm, seems to be counteracting the positive influence of increasing female education on egalitarian views of women in Turkey. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W4377289682 | Once upon a time in Turkey: the sex influx, gender inequality, and revisiting past pornographies | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4377289682 | In Turkish cinema culture, something akin to a ‘golden era’ dates to the years 1974–1980. During this time, some of the most prominent figures in mainstream Turkish cinema, directors included, shot various sorts of sex films: almost half of the 1091 features shot during these years were designated as sex films. This article asks: how did this era end? What happened to its performers? What kinds of gendered realities appeared on-screen and off-screen? In what ways have these films reappeared in popular memory? In order to address these questions, the article introduces debates and testimonies concerning the sex influx and discusses how its materials are revisited today. In conclusion, the article points out some future research directions. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3194101857 | Understanding women’s well-being in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3151824589 | Estimating the Impact of the Recent Economic Crisis on Work Time in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W4387056335 | The Gendered Relationship Between Temporary, Informal Employment and Wages: Evidence from the Turkish Labor Market | [
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https://openalex.org/W4211025543 | Gender Gap in the Authorship of Gynecology and Obstetrics Literature in Turkey: An Evaluation From 1995 to 2020 | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4211025543 | Although it is not the only output of academic productivity and representation, authorship can be considered as an important outcome. The present study aims to explore obstetrics and gynecology literature in Turkey, to assess the representation of women in academic journals as the author, of the male gender, and the inter-annual variation of article types. The journals which were indexed in the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Academic Network and Information Center’s Turkish journal index in 2020, were included in the study. The volumes of the journals in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, investigated online. Year of the articles, gender of the first author, gender of the last author, gender of corresponder author, number of female authors, number of male authors were coded.The variables of year, first author gender, last author gender, correspondent author gender, number of female authors, number of male authors were coded. A total of 1312 articles from 7 journals were analyzed. The gender inequality in the position of the first writer has been closed by years, and the gender inequality in the position of the writer responsible for correspondence has disappeared; however, there was no statistically significant change in the position of the last author from 1995 to 2020. In order to eliminate the current inequality in leadership positions, the clinical and educational work should be shared among the academicians in a balanced way, work environments where work life balance can be achieved should be created, sexual harassment and gender-based discrimination should not be tolerated. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4381799859 | Gender Equity and Fairness in Socio-Technical Assemblages of Digital Food Markets in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3090237395 | Gender Inequality in Businesses: Woman Managers and Resilient Gender Norms | [
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https://openalex.org/W4252552785 | The Outlook of Female Labor in Turkey in the Context of Social Gender Perception from a Global Perspective | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281614012 | This paper aims to analyse the gender-biased consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey through the views of working women and men who have experienced changes in their routines during the outbreak. Within this context, in-depth interviews were conducted with 216 participants, and they were asked to reply to the Masculine and Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale. As a result, gender-based discrimination has reinforced during the pandemic and inequalities have deepened. It is thought that the social impact of the pandemic was felt both by women and men, but more in women, and that these women lost some of the gains they had until the pandemic in the context of gender equality. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4388161579 | Role of women in today’s society and the inequality in genders | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388161579 | The main method used was a survey which around 350 working women from multiple countries including Pakistan, Turkey, and Lebanon responded to, regarding different aspects of their professional ideologies and observations. Extensive secondary research was employed to explore the issues of role of women in society, sexual harassment faced by women in their homes and workplaces, and the magnitude of gender inequality in developing versus developed countries. The main findings concluded that gender inequality is a long-standing hurdle in the path of women. It exists at all levels in the society and is not limited to a single culture or country. The gender inequality is not the only barrier faced by women in their journeys; however, it may pave way for other obstacles like sexual harassment. The measures presently taken to combat the negative impacts of gender inequality on women are inadequate and require more thought and better implementation for them to prove fruitful in eradicating the issue. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3148649957 | How Costly Are Labor Gender Gaps? Estimates by Age Group for the Balkans and Turkey | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3148649957 | In this article we use survey data from the Balkan countries and Turkey to document the presence of gender gaps in the labor market and examine its economic consequences in terms of aggregate income per capita. We first show that the age of women in the labor force, as well as in the categories of employers and self-employed, are clearly below the corresponding figures for men. These gender inequalities display a slightly negative time trend and are present in all age groups, with the middle-age group displaying the lowest inequality in terms of labor force participation but the largest inequality in terms of employers share. Using a theoretical framework we calculate that, on average, the loss associated with these gaps is about 20% of income per capita. Taking into account that the weight of each age group in the total population is different, we find that the aggregate costs associated with each age group are quite similar on average. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1912089923 | Explanation for variation of women's rights among moderate Muslim countries | [
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"Turkey",
"Tunisia",
"Egypt",
"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1912089923 | Due to the actions of radicals and extremists, many in the West have come to view Islam as a religion of gender inequality that perpetuates the severe oppression of women. However, there is actually great variation in women’s rights across Muslim countries. This thesis presents a theoretical framework seeking to explain this variation, by examining differences in family law. The theory supposes that variation can be explained by the strategic actions of political leaders. From this theory, I hypothesize that the variations in women’s rights come from the variation in family law, which in large, are due to the existence of groups threatening the power of the political leaders, and the leader’s subsequent understanding of this threat. Using a most similar systems research design, I examine 4 moderate Muslim countries, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt. Through case study research, I find limited support for the above hypothesis. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4390988193 | ASSESSING GENDER EQUALITY PERFORMANCE IN THE ISTANBUL LABOR MARKET | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390988193 | OBJECTIVES: The study aims to analyze the Istanbul labor market from a gender equality perspective and to provide relevant recommendations. METHODS: To achieve results, this research has applied a systematic approach. Prisma Guidelines are followed to report the research findings. This paper selected 13 studies that are relevant to the research questions. Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was also employed in this research. RESULTS: The research systematized the factors that determine gender inequality in the Istanbul labor market, including religious aspects and cultural pattern, access to education for women, differentiation in educational levels, lack of work-life balance, and lack of necessary professional skills in women. It was shown that historically, the gender income gap was mostly explained by differences in education and occupational choice. The conducted research forms the range of issues of individual motivational professional preferences of women’s employment while maintaining a stable trend of maximally reducing gender segregation to a conditional threshold level of gender professional preferences. CONCLUSIONS: This paper would serve policymakers in Turkey in identifying the potential gender gaps and their underlying causes in the labor market and help in formulating laws and policies that can enhance gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. NOVELTY/ORIGINALITY: The paper provided a novel approach to a comprehensive understanding of gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. This study is the first research that has employed a systematic research approach along with the integration of PRISMA guidelines and CASP for investigating gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. Keywords: career development, gender equality, labor market, wage gap. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2766901409 | The Effect of Welfare Policy and Gender Equality Gendered Division of Domestic Labor in Germany, Sweden and Turkey | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2766901409 | This study discusses the relation of sexual division of domestic labor with gender equality under effect of social policies of different welfare regime types which followed through Germany, Sweden and Turkey. In this paper, the relationship between gender equality and gender division of housework is analyzed. Since, housework, chores have been mostly described as tasks of women whereas men are related within paid labor. Yet, rates of gender equality and sequences of countries have been measured due to public institutions and public politics towards gender relations to the exclusion of division of labor. Gender Inequality Index (GII) which is a report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure gender inequality of countries is used to evaluate gender inequality by using three important aspects of human development: reproductive health, empowerment and economic status, expressed as labor market participation. This study tries to associate GII with OECD statistics indicating time spent in unpaid and paid work by men and women. In light of these secondary quantitative data, the study seeks to relate these data with the Esping Anderson’s classification of welfare states which give us different approaches towards gender equality. These three countries will be held as cases to be compared to each other according to their gender inequality index and unpaid employment hours of men and women in those countries. This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between these two variables. For this purpose, the study examines concurrency between gender equality policies and equal sharing housework between couples. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4386928726 | First encounter with the celluloid ceiling: female representation at a student film festival in Türkiye | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386928726 | ABSTRACTGender inequality in the film industry and the barriers women encounter are referred to as the “celluloid ceiling.” To fully understand the structural and social causes of this phenomenon, comprehensive data collection and analysis are required. The current research aims to explore women’s representation in student projects to examine how women studying in film schools encounter the celluloid ceiling before graduating and entering the workforce. For this purpose, 266 short films submitted over three years to a student film competition in Türkiye were investigated. The gender distribution in leadership positions, such as producing, directing, and screenwriting, as well as technical and acting roles, were examined. The study also looked at how having a woman in a leadership position in a film affected recruiting more women for positions behind the camera. The findings revealed that women are underrepresented behind the camera compared to men, and the proportion of women working behind the camera was higher when a female director or producer was present. A female director’s or screenwriter’s presence in a film also significantly affected passing the Bechdel-Wallace Test, an indicator of on-screen representation.KEYWORDS: Women’s representationsBechdel-Wallace Testcelluloid ceilingfilm studentsfemale film students Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBahar Kılıç AdilçeBahar Kilic Adilce (1976, Izmir) is a director and academician. She graduated from Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Cinema-TV Directing, in 2001. She has been an assistant professor at Okan University-Cinema-TV Department since 2014 and has directed films mainly in the field of documentary. In 2009, she won an Artistic Grant from the European Cultural Foundation for her project Punk Islam _God Is Not Death. The Ministry of Culture also supported the documentary. The 2017 film “Başka Mevzu/Another Matter” was her first short film in fiction. The film was screened in many international festivals and online platforms. She realized his latest project, “Sounds of Corona (2021),” in collaboration with the Goethe Institute.Isil Coklar OkutkanIsil Coklar Okutkan (1981, Izmir) is a social psychologist. She completed her Ph.D. at Ankara University and her master’s and undergraduate studies at Ege University. Her research interests are gender, justice sensitivity, interpersonal and intergroup relations. She has worked as a lecturer in various universities in Turkey for eight years. She is currently working as a post-doctoral researcher at Trinity Centre for Practice & Healthcare Innovation, Trinity College Dublin. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4231152415 | The Persistence of Gender Inequality | [] | [
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Despite increased employment of women; women work more in lower productivity activities than men and in the informal sector; resulting in a gender gap in earnings; even when working; women remain primarily in charge of housework and care. Within the home; women often have little say over decisions and finances; constrained by tradition or law not to own land or inherit; and they may suffer violence. Despite voting rights; few women pursue elected office and wield political power. Gendered impact of external shocks; which can generate large losses in welfare and well-being; needs to be addressed in development policy; otherwise females face reversals in education and economic opportunities. Constraints on one aspect of gender equality can hold back progress on other dimensions. 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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2749531278 | No AccessApr 2017Applying a Household- Centered Framework to Gender AnalysisAuthors/Editors: Josefina Posadas, Pierella Paci, Zurab Sajaia, Michael LokshinJosefina PosadasSearch for more papers by this author, Pierella PaciSearch for more papers by this author, Zurab SajaiaSearch for more papers by this author, Michael LokshinSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0775-6_ch1AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (0.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Introduces the ADePT software and ADePT Gender module, which allows users to analyze microdata from sources such as household surveys to generate print-ready, standardized tables and charts along the framework of the World Development Report on gender equality and development (World Bank 2012). This framework provides comprehensive coverage of all the dimensions of gender inequalities, including endowments, economic opportunities, and agency. The results can then help identify areas for further analysis and priority actions. For instance, the systematic review of gaps helps answer such questions as: (1) Should a country focus on addressing missing women or gender gaps in education? (2) Does domestic violence present a problem in the country? (3) Do gender gaps in employment and wages prove important? and (4) How much of the gender gap can result from occupational segregation? The software automates the analysis, helps minimize human errors, and encourages development of new economic analysis methods. ReferencesAnnan, Jeannie, Aletheia Donald, Kathryn Falb, Gayatri Koolwal, and Markus Goldstein. 2016. “Measuring Women’s Agency.” Working Paper, Gender Innovation Lab, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarBecker, Gary S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. 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LinkGoogle ScholarLokshin, Michael, Sergiy Radyakin, Zurab Sajaia, and William Creitz. 2013. ADePT User Guide. Version 5. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarMason, Andrew D, Reena Badiani, Trang Van Nguyen, Katherine Patrick, and Ximena Del Carpio. 2012. Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific: A Companion to the World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarMunoz, Boudet, Ana Maria, Patti Petesch, Carolyn Turk, and Maria Angelica Thumala. 2012. On Norms and Agency: Conversations about Gender Equality with Women and Men in 20 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/01/17041656/norms-agency-conversations-gender-equality-women-men-20-countries. Google ScholarMunoz, Boudet, Ana Maria, and Josefina Posadas. 2014. Russian Federation Gender Assessment: Main Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/19286033/russian-federation-gender-assessment-main-report. 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Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: April 2017ISBN: 978-1-4648-0775-6e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0776-3 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsEducationGenderSocial Development KeywordsADEPT SIMULATION MODULEDOMESTIC VIOLENCEEDUCATIONAL EQUALITYEQUAL OPPORTUNITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER ISSUESGIRL’S EDUCATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSINCOME INEQUALITYOCCUPATIONSSEX DISCRIMINATIONWAGE GAPSWOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT PDF DownloadLoading ... | [
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https://openalex.org/W4376504456 | Ambivalent Sexism in the State of Qatar: Gender Roles and Patriarchal Attitudes | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4376504456 | Abstract This article examines public attitudes toward ambivalent sexism in the State of Qatar, which has taken considerable initiatives to prioritize women’s empowerment strategies and promote equality between men and women. It investigates whether these equality initiatives are reflected in nationals’ attitudes toward women by measuring scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory ( ASI ). While prior research has focused almost exclusively on the role of social implications, much less has been explored regarding the public sentiments underlying traditional gender roles and patriarchal attitudes in Qatari society. This study uses original survey data from a national sample of a 2019 survey. The results of the novel analytical descriptive approach used here suggest that individuals in Qatar are highly sexist on average, indicating that as a nation, Qatar scores low on gender equality measures. The analysis also reveals that benevolent sexism is evaluated more positively than hostile sexism, although its underlying dimensions correlate with patriarchal views and gender stereotyping in the context of high gender inequality. These findings are especially important considering the ever-emerging dynamics of gender roles and the increased efforts being gradually expended for improved gender parity. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3038950080 | Gender Inequality And Its Impact On Economy – A Case Study Muslim Countries | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3038950080 | There is an immense need for muslim countries to recognize the importance of women especially in education and their well-being in order to establish a prosperous society from economic perspective. A cross-section data of 1forty-nine muslim countries was analyzed along with theoretical and empirical explanation of few outlier muslim countries who were economically robust but paradoxically showed low gender-equality profile. The results in few cases showed very different results than expected however those cases in general belonged to oil-rich countries, where their strong economy stands only on the export of oil and its derivatives. The extreme case of Qatar, which has a big per-capita income however its gender inequality profile was comparable to Pakistan, whose per-capita income was only three percent as that of Qatar. Moreover, Saudi Arab’s per capita income is ten times more as that of Pakistan but its gender equality profile much less than Pakistan’s. Apart from these few cases, the variable explaining the robustness of an economy, roughly regressed negatively with the gender inequality profile, showing that observing gender equality will have positive effects on the economy of muslim countries. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1844820061 | Invisible disasters: the effects of Israeli occupation on Palestinian gender roles | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1844820061 | Women's participation in the First Intifada allowed for increased gender equality in Palestine. However, the weakness of the Palestinian Authority, established by the Oslo Accords, created space for non-state actors (dominated by the Islamist political organization Hamas) to emerge and gain popularity. Likewise, during the post-Oslo period conservative positions on gender resurged. This paper re-examines the structural factors that facilitated increased gender inequality and argues that the nature of the occupation itself serves as the greatest force for gender inequality in Palestine. To develop and test our theory, we draw on original, large-n survey data and in-depth interviews. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4213154171 | Fundamentals 2: The Nexus of Gender Inequality and Poverty | [] | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4213154171 | No AccessOct 2019Fundamentals 2: The Nexus of Gender Inequality and PovertyAuthors/Editors: Isis GaddisIsis GaddisSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1232-3_Fundamentals2AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (0.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Reports that in many nonmonetary dimensions, girls and women suffer large inequalities in Africa and other regions. African women, relative to men, tend to have (1) significantly inferior human capital endowments (though education gaps have closed in many countries); (2) worse access to labor markets; (3) lower wages; (4) limited access or title to productive assets (land, credit, and other inputs); (5) fewer political and legal rights; and (6) more-stringent constraints on mobility and socially acceptable activities. They also face discrimination and higher burdens of childcare and eldercare. For all these reasons, returns to their investments can appear inferior. Poverty traps emerge when a minimum threshold for capital—whether human, physical, or financial—proves necessary for an individual to remain productive and stay out of poverty, and while they affect both men and women, because women face more-severe borrowing constraints and lower levels of human and physical capital, their trap often proves deeper. ReferencesADB (Asian Development Bank). 2015. Balancing the Burden? Desk Review of Women’s Time Poverty and the Infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB. Google ScholarAli, Daniel A, Klaus Deininger, and Markus Goldstein. 2014. “Environmental and Gender Impacts of Land Tenure Regularization in Africa: Pilot Evidence from Rwanda.” Journal of Development Economics 110: 262–75. 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LinkGoogle Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: October 2019ISBN: 978-1-4648-1232-3e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1233-0 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaRelated TopicsEducationGenderHealth Nutrition and PopulationPoverty Reduction KeywordsGENDER EQUALITYHUMAN CAPITALPOVERTY TRAPCHILD CAREELDER CAREACCESS TO FINANCERETURN ON INVESTMENTMOVING OUT OF POVERTYWOMEN’S EMPOWERMENTSEX DISCRIMINATIONWAGE GAPSGENDER ISSUESWOMEN EMPLOYEES PDF DownloadLoading ... | [
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https://openalex.org/W4390966853 | Gender Inequalities In Basketball: Time To Call For A Time-Out? | [
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https://openalex.org/W4372346092 | Gender bias in Lebanese teachers' behaviors. (c2002) | [
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https://openalex.org/W3014143379 | Combating Gender-Based Violence in the Arab World | [
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https://openalex.org/W4307321318 | Conceptualizing Conflict-Related Child and Early Marriage as Insecurity: At the Intersection of Gender and Age | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4307321318 | Abstract Child, early, and forced marriage (CEFM) remains prevalent worldwide. Rates are especially high in areas affected by crisis and conflict. CEFM predominately impacts girls, who are married to adult men; it increases their vulnerability to other threats, including physical, economic, and health insecurities, and curtails access to education. Moreover, because of these resultant threats, CEFM entrenches gender inequality and compromises the extent to which girls engage in community-based crisis response and recovery, thereby undermining efforts to build inclusive, meaningful, and sustainable peace and security. In spite of this, there is little consideration of CEFM in security theorizing or practice. This article explores the security-related causes and effects of CEFM on adolescent girls in conflict-affected contexts by drawing from research conducted in four crisis contexts: Lake Chad (Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon), South Sudan and Uganda, Lebanon (Beirut), and Bangladesh (Cox's Bazar). The article argues that, using an age-responsive critical feminist security framework, clear links can be made between gender inequality, CEFM in adolescent girls, and security. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2884874193 | Gender Inequality In Samia Shariff’s Autobiography Le Voile De La Peur | [
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https://openalex.org/W3139725498 | The Socio-Economic Development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Gender Inequality Index and Policy Recommendation | [
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https://openalex.org/W4286666954 | Unpacking Women’s Career Advancement: The Case of Saudi Senior Managers | [
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in the US and Europe, exploring such a subject in the developing countries is still relevant
and very little processed. This article is part of the perspective that involves examining and
bringing additional insight to the phenomenon of the technological change skewed in the
Tunisian context. Estimating a multinomial logit model directed to 902 employees
generated very original results. First, these results confirm the existence of a technological
bias in favour of skilled workers in the Tunisian labour market. However, it is no longer the
access or the intensive use of ICT at work that privileges some employees and not others, in
terms of pay, but rather the employees’ digital skills which contribute to rising inequality.
Even more, it is the ability to get, select, process and evaluate information based on the
specific needs and capacity to use it to achieve specific objectives, and not the simple
manipulation of digital technologies and structures, that are at the core of the problem.
Finally, the organizational change also contributes to the amplification of the existing wage
disparities. Actually, the more independent the employee is in carrying out his tasks and
works per project, the higher the probability of earning a high salary vs low and medium
salary. However, several other types of organizations do not have any significant positive
effect on the wage rise. This reflects a weakness in the labour organization in the Tunisian
firms. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2972832139 | Measuring attitudes on gender equality and domestic violence in the Arab context : The role of framing, priming and interviewer effects | [
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"Tunisia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2972832139 | Eliciting attitudes on sensitive topics such as women empowerment is subject to a wide range of measurement challenges such as social desirability bias and refusals. Even subtle changes in wording or context can profoundly affect how respondents answer to a question. Using data from two randomised experiments built into a nationwide representative household survey in Tunisia, we analyse the effects of (i) framing and (ii) priming on attitudes towards gender equality and domestic violence in the Arab context. Moreover, we look at impact heterogeneity with respect to the interviewers' gender and perceived religiosity. Our first experiment shows that questions on attitudes towards decision-making power invite stronger responses towards gender inequality when framed in an inequality frame. In our second experiment we find that attitudes towards domestic violence are susceptible to an audio primer. Oral statistical information about the incidence of domestic violence in Tunisia leads to lower support for domestic violence among the male subsample but has no effect on women. Lastly, impacts co-vary with interviewer characteristics. While female interviewers seem to trigger less justification for domestic violence on average, we find the opposite effect for female interviewers wearing a hijab, arguably signalling stronger perceived religiosity and social norms aligned with (more) tolerance of domestic violence. We discuss the implications of our findings for development research on gender attitudes and behaviour in gender-sensitive contexts. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2544017927 | Child Labour and Schooling in South Sudan and Sudan: Is There a Gender Preference? | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2544017927 | Abstract Based on the 2009 household surveys conducted in Sudan and South Sudan, the objective of this article is to analyse gender inequality for the young population aged 10 to 14 who should be at school. Although education is free in both countries, children's enrolment at school is low especially for girls, many of them stay home performing domestic chores or have an economic activity particularly in rural areas. The bivariate probit model highlights the key role of the household head's education, gender and poverty status in determining children's schooling. Drawing on Pal ( ) who extended the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition, we confirm that children's activity in Sudan and South Sudan is strongly determined by the fact of being a girl or a boy. The article also provides some policy recommendations to address the issues of low school attendance and high gender inequality. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3137637649 | “If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan | [
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https://openalex.org/W831042616 | Assessment of gender gap in Sudan | [
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] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2146411203",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W831042616 | This paper examines the gender gap in education and investigates the related implications on the labour market and returns to education in Sudan. Our results confirm two stylized facts: first, the incidence of significant gender gap in education in Sudan and second, the incidence of gender inequalities and gap in skill level, share of women in economic activities, labour force participation rate, employment and returns to education can be interpreted in relation to the incidence of gender gap in education. We fill the gap in the Sudanese literature by addressing the gender gap in education and related implications in labour market and returns to education, since these issues are not adequately discussed in the Sudanese literature. A novel element in our analysis is that we use new primary survey data at the micro level to show the gap and differences in returns to education and correlation between wage and education, experience and its square defined by gender in Sudan. Our findings at the micro level imply that the slight gender gap or difference in the rate of return to education in favour of women is only 0.2 which is not very noticeable. These findings indicate the importance of enhancing educational attainment for women to facilitate improvement of return to education for women. We find that in general women are likely to be more unemployed than men. The major policy implications and recommendations from our analysis are that Sudan needs to reduce the gender gap in education and related implication in the labour market. By investing large amounts of resources in increasing women's educational attainment, improving economic participation, increasing employment opportunities and improving equal and fair returns to education for Sudanese women to better integrate Sudanese women into the economy to reap the benefits of investment in empowerment of women. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2289158232 | Working Paper 230 - Child Labour and Schooling in South Sudan and Sudan: Is There a Gender Preference? | [
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] | [
"Sudan"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2289158232 | Based on the 2009 household surveys conducted in Sudan and South Sudan, the objective of this article is to analyse gender inequality for the young population aged 10 to 14 who should be at school. Although education is free in both countries, children’s enrolment at school is low especially for girls, many of them stay home performing domestic chores or have an economic activity particularly in rural areas. The bivariate probit model highlights the key role of the household head’s education, gender and poverty status in determining children’s schooling. Drawn on Pal (2004) who extended the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we confirm that children’s activity in Sudan and South Sudan is strongly determined by the fact of being a girl or a boy. The article also provides some policy recommendations to address the issues of low school attendance and high gender inequality. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4280615214 | Gender and Protection Analysis: Juba, Rumbek and Pibor, South Sudan | [
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Anthropology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224"
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] | [
"Sudan"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4280615214 | This research was conducted to analyse the distinct gender needs and protection concerns of women, girls, men and boys in order to inform the implementation by Oxfam and its partners of the Sida-funded project, ‘Building resilience through gender- and conflict-sensitive approaches to education, skills development, and sustainable livelihoods in South Sudan’. It explores the gendered power relations between women, girls, men and boys, with a focus on the differences in their roles and responsibilities, decision-making power and access to and control over resources. It draws attention to the limited decision-making power held by women and girls, their specific needs, and the rights denials they face pertaining to education and livelihoods in Juba, Rumbek and Pibor. It provides practical recommendations to meaningfully address gender inequalities during project implementation, but is also intended to be used by the broader humanitarian community working in South Sudan to better inform humanitarian design, programming and response. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2627847763 | Female Genital Mutilation in Djibouti: A “Women's Issue” in the Hands of Men | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Séverine Carillon",
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Véronique Petit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025753877"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C40422974"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
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{
"display_name": "Female circumcision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018711458"
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{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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{
"display_name": "Gender inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994533747"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Optics",
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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] | [
"Djibouti"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2627847763 | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Djibouti is generally considered as “women’s deal”. Thus, not only is the practice of FGM relegated to the domestic sphere but so is the fight against it. If this assertion is far from being groundless, it nevertheless gives the illusion of a power granted to women and suggests the absence of men. However, if women’s involvement in the fight against FGM seems to be legitimate regarding the cause- they are the first victims – men’s absence in this particular context of Djibouti – strong male dominated society- raises some questions. Why don’t men involved in the FGM scene? Based on the results of an anthropological fieldwork, this article aims to deconstruct the so-called “women’s business”. It explores the rationale behind this assertion and investigates the apparent absence of men in order to shed light on what is played out through this invisibility. We will thus see how by making themselves invisible in the FGM scene, men succeed in reinforcing gender inequality in society. | [
{
"display_name": "Autrepart",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S147803082",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2327092173 | Changing Gender Stereotypes in Iran | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "University of Tehran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I23946033",
"lat": 35.70347,
"long": 51.3952,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Maryam Rafatjah",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080649089"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C168127410"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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] | [
"Iran"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2265171425",
"https://openalex.org/W2277900427"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2327092173 | Abstract In recent decades, because of the vast socio-cultural changes which occurred in Iran, Iranian women have experienced new values and identities and they have achieved more advanced education and consciousness, so that they oppose the gender stereotypes which attribute inferior characteristics to women and cause inequalities and limitations in their everyday life. Although gender stereotypes still exist both in people’s minds and in Iranian social institutions, it seems that the intensity of gender stereotypes is declining nowadays. The findings of this study demonstrate that in the domestic sphere, gender stereotypes tend to persist and this situation causes some paradoxes in the responsibilities and values concerning family. Women have stepped into the public sphere and participated in providing the family expenditures, but men still underestimate household chores and do not tend to take part in them. On the other hand, occupations are still divided into feminine and masculine in the minds of Iranians. Accordingly, a large section of Iran’s job market is still considered masculine. However, gender views towards women’s employment show some improvement so that working outdoors is not allocated only to men and women’s employment is accepted. Finally, it is found that the intensity of gender differentiation is declining both in people’s minds and social institutions. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4237448862 | Towards Substantive Equality in Iranian Constitutional Discourse | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Amin Reza Koohestani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059306344"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Public sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779610281"
},
{
"display_name": "Norm (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191795146"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender equality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992299759"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Transition (genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194232998"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994533747"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18650270"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684"
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] | [
"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4237448862 | This paper discusses to what extent, if any, recent street uprisings in Iran have been fuelled by gender inequalities; and, what the legal challenges of transforming such gender equality demands into the constitution are. I argue that a demographic transition that commenced two decades ago in Iran changed the status of women in family and society. Such a transition has unavoidably increased the presence of women in the public sphere and challenged gender presumptions within the law. To give a constitutional response to such demands, I argue, the Iranian Constitution must re-examine the correlation between women and men as biological and/or social groups, and the relationship among women themselves as a group consisting of diverse identities. Moreover, equal attention must be paid to womens norm, diversity, and agency. | [
{
"display_name": "Muslim World Journal of Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S43270013",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2473709885 | Gender Gap and Inequality in health professionals’ income in Iran | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Enayatollah Homaie Rad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027966949"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yahya Bayazidi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004179282"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sajad Delavari",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060441205"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Satar Rezaei",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5033561573"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Health professionals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513380476"
},
{
"display_name": "Health equity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2250968"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994533747"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
}
] | [
"Iran"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W192420002",
"https://openalex.org/W2000243437",
"https://openalex.org/W2020070800",
"https://openalex.org/W2022544345",
"https://openalex.org/W2029958985",
"https://openalex.org/W2030334271",
"https://openalex.org/W2038067248",
"https://openalex.org/W2043403877",
"https://openalex.org/W2043715819",
"https://openalex.org/W2044894402",
"https://openalex.org/W2056552730",
"https://openalex.org/W2057215069",
"https://openalex.org/W2062608375",
"https://openalex.org/W2092663734",
"https://openalex.org/W2098652232",
"https://openalex.org/W2107338156",
"https://openalex.org/W2124134613",
"https://openalex.org/W2126593011",
"https://openalex.org/W2146434318",
"https://openalex.org/W2156967312",
"https://openalex.org/W2162688898",
"https://openalex.org/W2166241043",
"https://openalex.org/W2299214799"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2473709885 | Objective: The income inequality has increased significantly throughout the world. The aim of current study was to examine income inequality using Gini Coefficient among health professionals in Iran in 2012. Also, gender income gap and its determinant were assessed in this study.
Material and methods: Using propensity scoring method, we examined the existence of income gap between male and female physicians. At the end OLS regression was estimated to find variables effect health professional income.
Results: The results of the study showed that Gini coefficient for health professional income was 0.428. A significant difference was found between male and female income after adjustment of confounder variables.
Conclusion: There are differences in income by the type of the work of professionals, working in private sector and sex. It is suggested that the government make policies to reducing the income gap between health professionals. | [
{
"display_name": "Medical journal of Bakirköy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2765067651",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2105388456 | The Effects of International Trade on Gender Inequality: Women Carpet Weavers of Iran | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "University of Mazandaran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4871159",
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"long": 52.65011,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Zahra Karimi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053243085"
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] | [
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
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] | [
"Iran"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W1556459231",
"https://openalex.org/W1997627781",
"https://openalex.org/W2052378056",
"https://openalex.org/W2886744141",
"https://openalex.org/W2889950641",
"https://openalex.org/W4233728740",
"https://openalex.org/W4301453773"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2105388456 | The process of economic globalization has winners and losers. Iran's carpet industry provides a good illustration of the adverse side of this process. As the production costs of its rivals have fallen, surging international trade has reduced the market share of Iran's labor-intensive products, especially Persian carpets. This paper reports the findings of an informal survey of carpet weavers conducted in and around the Iranian city of Kashan, showing how harsh international competition has reduced the weavers' real wages and restructured the labor force of the industry in Iran. Middle-income families have left the industry, and poor Afghan immigrant householders and their children are increasingly taking the place of Iranian weavers. Furthermore, weaving is consistent with the subordinate position of women carpet weavers within the household; as a form of employment, it has hardly affected the social status quo. | [
{
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"type": "repository"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401696",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2040266738 | The sexual gerrymander: Women and the economics of power | [
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991839931"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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] | [
"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2040266738 | This qualitative study investigated attitudes toward gender roles and perception of freedom among Iranian students (n = 20) in Hungary. Four topics were extracted from the abductive content analysis of semi-structured interview transcripts: (1) gender essentialism, (2) gender-role egalitarianism, (3) traditional gender stereotypes, and (4) gendered freedom. Results indicated that: many men adopted gender essentialism, although women did not; men held transitional gender-role attitudes, whereas women held egalitarian gender-role attitudes; men generally displayed greater gender stereotypes and sexism as compared to women; almost all students, regardless of gender, endorsed gender equality and freedom and reported feeling more freedom in Hungary than in Iran; although, women expressed greater outrage over gender inequality and put greater emphasis on gender role differences; some forms of freedom in Hungary seemed to be more of a privilege to one gender than the other (e.g., no veiling requirement for women and relaxed cross-gender relationship for men). | [
{
"display_name": "Women's Studies International Forum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S18053921",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3217031434 | Gender EFL Classes-Conversational Inequalities between Male and Female Learners in Iranian Advanced Mixed | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "علیون، سعید",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062242832"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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https://openalex.org/W4387452080 | THE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER REPRESENTATION IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS OF IRANIAN HIGH SCHOOLS: | [
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"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387452080 | The present study adopted an exploratory critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to examine gender representation in Iranian government mandatory high school ELT textbooks using Fairclough model. Considering the model, female and male characters’ visibility, semantic, domestic, and social roles, activities, and pictorial representations in the textbooks were scrutinized. These factors were described, interpreted, and explained both qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 experienced high school educators and their responses were coded, scrutinized, and interpreted. The findings revealed the permanence of male dominance in the textbooks and that the gender bias in educational materials would have strong socio-cultural effects on students’ mind sets, future careers, and fields of study. The findings highlight the must to address gender inequalities as one of the most crucial socio-cultural concerns of Iran EFL educational textbooks. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4210549556 | Men’s role in violence against women in disasters: studies in Iran and Australia | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4210549556 | Sexual violence is largely absent from studies on violence against women in disasters. The role of men in perpetrating violence against women is overlooked or excused and women are usually blamed in both countries. A review of 2 studies of men’s violence against women after floods and earthquakes in Iran and bushfires in Australia show remarkable similarities. Although cultural contexts and the way gender inequality is established and demonstrated are different, these studies reveal unexpected parallels. The context of disaster lays it bare. Participants of both studies were disaster-affected people in Iran and Australia who revealed the taboos that prevent women speaking of violence that is exacerbated in a disaster context. Men play important roles in preventing and responding to violence against women as the result of their responsibilities and positions at the household and community levels. The objective of this paper was to compare the findings from these studies and consider the difficulties faced in conducting studies related to the roles of men and women roles during and after disaster events. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4390271862 | Kadın Siyasetçilerin Seçim Kampanyalarındaki Mitler Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme: İran’daki Yerel Seçimler Örneği | [
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https://openalex.org/W4200041496 | Perceptions of gender roles and freedom among Iranian international students in Hungary | [
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"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W48615344 | Abstract
ISSUE: In economic literature, there are two hypotheses regarding the link between economic development and gender inequality. the first gender inequality decreases with economic development. Second, economic development increases gender inequality. This research is conducted to investigate the effects of economic development on gender inequality according to Kuznets gender curve in Iran provinces. This curve is estimated using OLS. The results showed an inverted U relationship between gender inequality and per capita income in the provinces. Also there is inverse relationship between gender inequality and exports, and gender inequality with foreign direct investment. While the relationship between gender inequality and the share of industry in the economy, is indirect. Our findings challenged feminist and neoclassic perspectives about uniform effect of development on gender inequality and instead of accepting a general policy, suggests the need for gender inequality reduction programs tailored to economic development of different regions.
Keywords: Economic Development ,Gender Inequality,Kuznets Curve,Iran
JELClassification: , B54, , J16, O12, R11 | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2993396554 | The survey association between gender inequity with health- adjusted life expectancy in Iranian women and comparison it’s indicators with other world countries with health equity approach | [
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"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2993396554 | Gender inequality is a preventable inequality which exists between two genders in economic, social, political and cultural areas. In the meantime, healthy life expectancy is the most beneficial index that presents the average level of population health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the indexes of gender inequality and healthy life expectancy to compare these indicators with global data. In this ecological study, the index of healthy life expectancy was applied based on the World Health Organization report in 2008 as a criterion. Then the gender inequality indexes of Iranian women, as the research population, were determined. Next, it descriptively was compared with some countries across the world to assess its relationship with gender inequality indexes of women using correlation analysis. The results showed that Iranian women do not have the opportunity to participate in economic, social and political areas widely compared to women in other countries under study. In this regard, the worst situation belongs to political participation of women. Also a significant correlation was observed between the index of healthy life expectancy and female literacy rate, as well as the combined enrollment ratio of women in all three levels of education (grades), and the income earned by women. According to the observed gender inequality of the women in this study, the opportunity for further and more tangible contributions for women in economic, social and especially political affairs must be provided via developmental programs. Besides, the causes and factors affecting this participation should periodically be investigated. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764469789",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2547946750 | The association of gender inequality with healthy life expectancy indicator among iranian women compared with that of other countries | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2547946750 | Gender inequality is a preventable inequality which exists between two genders in economic, social, political and cultural areas. In the meantime, healthy life expectancy is the most beneficial index that presents the average level of population health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the indexes of gender inequality and healthy life expectancy to compare these indicators with global data. In this ecological study, the index of healthy life expectancy was applied based on the World Health Organization report in 2008 as a criterion. Then the gender inequality indexes of Iranian women, as the research population, were determined. Next, it descriptively was compared with some countries across the world to assess its relationship with gender inequality indexes of women using correlation analysis. The results showed that Iranian women do not have the opportunity to participate in economic, social and political areas widely compared to women in other countries under study. In this regard, the worst situation belongs to political participation of women. Also a significant correlation was observed between the index of healthy life expectancy and female literacy rate, as well as the combined enrollment ratio of women in all three levels of education (grades), and the income earned by women. According to the observed gender inequality of the women in this study, the opportunity for further and more tangible contributions for women in economic, social and especially political affairs must be provided via developmental programs. Besides, the causes and factors affecting this participation should periodically be investigated. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4320914615 | Gender gap in Iran: An examination of unemployment duration | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4320914615 | Abstract We examine the gender gap in unemployment duration in a large developing economy that is characterised by high gender inequality in social and economic opportunities. Due to sensitivity concerns, such data are often released by authorities in the form of contingency tables, which consist of multiple categories of count data. To overcome this limitation, we estimate a Bayesian log-linear Poisson regression model and develop the Oaxaca-Blinder (O-B) decomposition based on multi-way contingency tables. Using data from the 2019 Iranian Labour Force Survey, our findings indicate that gender gap can be narrowed most substantially if women with university educations face the same labour market opportunities as men. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4388225006 | Gendered Perspectives on Social License and Corporate Crime | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388225006 | This chapter is founded on empirical evidence of stable female involvement in white-collar crime independent of the extent of gender inequality in India, Norway, Portugal, Iran, and the United States, with relative convenience emerging as a potential explanation of the stability. Coverage attempts to move beyond the traditional perspectives of emancipation versus focal concern, which argue that less inequality will increase women involvement in white-collar crime versus women socializing into accepting responsibilities for social concerns by caring for others. Examining the notion of gendered corporate social license the chapter considers convenience theory propositions which include gender motive variability, gender willingness variability, and associated perceptions of the glass ceiling and the glass cliff and the impact of such concepts on the study of corporate crime. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3133545435 | Gender inequality in Internet images: A case study of Iranian healthcare occupations in Google images | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3133545435 | Considering the importance of Internet searches in obtaining information and their impact on gender beliefs between occupations, this study was conducted to display the gender status of Iranian health professionals based on Google images. We selected 19 healthcare occupations, each occupation title being searched as Farsi quotes in Google images. Nursing, general practitioners and occupational health professionals showed the largest gender gap with 95, 85, and 85%, respectively. Overall, men were dominant in most occupations. Although our study was at the national level, further research analyzing images in elsewhere of the globe is needed to help the gender inequality problem. | [
{
"display_name": "Health Care for Women International",
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|
https://openalex.org/W3212220207 | Community Perceptions Of Rural Tourism Development Based on The Gender Analysis Approach | [
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"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3212220207 | This quantitative and descriptive research was conducted using the gender analysis approach to examine community perception regarding tourism development. It seeks to investigate the differences between the perceptions of women and men regarding tourism effects, and to describe what generates this difference? The research took place in seven villages in the northwest region of Tehran—Capital city of Iran—and from a total of 560 households, 158 households were selected as a sample. The questionnaires were completed by 50 women and 108 men who were active in tourism. The results show although women’s involvement in tourism development increased their social connections and knowledge about their society, men are more positive about the economic effects of tourism.My research findings illustrate that men and women do not have the same perception of the impact of tourism, mainly because they have different expectations and not benefited equally. Although tourism has created new job opportunities for women, because of their concentration in the secondary labour market and due to gender differences in access to tourism advantages, tourism development did not affect reducing gender inequality in the area. A comprehensive approach and gender-sensitive rural tourism planning are needed to prevent a gender gap in rural society.
Keywords: gender analysis, gender perceptions, Iran, rural tourism, tourism effects, women’s participation________________________
Perceptions communautaires du developpement du tourisme rural sur la base de l'approchede l’analyse de genre
ResumeCette recherche quantitative et descriptive a ete menee en utilisant l'approche de l’analyse de genre pour examiner la perception de la communaute concernant le developpement du tourisme. Il cherche a etudier les differences entre les perceptions des femmes et des hommes concernant les effets du tourisme et a decrire ce qui genere cette difference. La recherche a eu lieu dans sept villages de la region nord-ouest de Teheran, capitale de l'Iran, et sur un total de 560 menages, 158 menages ont ete selectionnes comme echantillon. Les questionnaires ont ete remplis par 50 femmes et 108 hommes actifs dans le tourisme. Les resultats montrent que bien que la participation des femmes au developpement du tourisme ait accru leurs liens sociaux et leurs connaissances sur leur societe, les hommes sont plus positifs quant aux effets economiques du tourisme.Les resultats de mes recherches montrent que les hommes et les femmes n'ont pas la meme perception de l'impact du tourisme, principalement parce qu'ils ont des attentes differentes et n'en ont pas beneficie de la meme maniere. Bien que le tourisme ait cree de nouvelles opportunites d'emploi pour les femmes, en raison de leur concentration sur le marche du travail secondaire et en raison des differences entre les sexes dans l'acces aux avantages touristiques, le developpement du tourisme n'a pas affecte la reduction des inegalites entre les sexes dans la region. Une approche globale et une planification du tourisme rural sensible au genre sont necessaires pour eviter un ecart entre les sexes dans la societe rurale.
Mots-cles: analyse de genre, perceptions de genre, Iran, tourisme rural, effets du tourisme, participation des femmes | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4317433977 | Mutahhari, Natural Rights, and Women's Exclusion from Public Life | [
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"Iran"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4317433977 | Abstract Gender‐based violence is a phenomenon that takes place in almost all societies around the world. It is violence directed against men or women due to their gender in various physical, sexual, psychological, and socio‐political forms. However, the majority of victims are women. Undoubtedly, gender inequality is one of the root causes of many forms of violence against women, including their exclusion from social activities. Nonetheless, misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the primary religious sources play a significant role in gender inequality in both domestic and public realms and create wounded memories for women within different communities in the name of religion. This research does not aim to investigate different forms of violence against women; rather, it intends to probe the theoretical basis of the exclusion of women from social realms. The main focus is the thought of Ayatollah Murtada Mutahhari, a 20th‐century philosopher, theologian, and traditional reformer in Iran. This study demonstrates how Mutahhari, with reference to the philosophy of natural rights, deals with unfair attitudes toward women's social activities and paves the way for their active participation in society. This study is based on library research and textual analysis. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W3010524408 | Gender Inequality and Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices in Jordanian Commercial Banks | [
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{
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"Jordan"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3010524408 | This research aims at investigating the inequality practices against women in Jordanian commercial banking sector. To reach this objective, the research studied both HRP and inequalities faced women. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data. The HRP used as independent variable, while the inequalities resulted used as dependent variable. Simple random sample was selected of female bankers. The results showed that inequality practices existed in banking workplace. These inequalities resulted from both, the HRP and managers’ evaluation of women in baking sector. The results showed the inequality practices are source of minimizing women empowerment in banking sector. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764848322",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4313361789 | Promoting Gender Equality in Jordan: A Gender Review of the National Entrepreneurship and SME Growth Strategy 2015-2017 | [
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"Jordan"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313361789 | The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is an upper –middle income country with very low participation of women in the formal economy. Through the promotion of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), there is an opportunity to promote greater gender equality in an important sector of the economy. Unfortunately, national policies are rarely developed with a systematic gender analysis. Using Jordan’s National Entrepreneurship and SME Growth Strategy 2015-2017 (the SME Strategy) as a case study, this article assesses the extent to which entrepreneurship policy in Jordan is inclusive of gender. Overall, the assessment concludes that the SME Strategy does not adequately address gender inequalities or the needs of women in business. It lacks a gender analysis and consequently gender is not integrated into the Strategy’s objectives, activities, budgeting or indicators. The assessment provides recommendations for greater gender sensitivity in national policies. They include ensuring stakeholder engagement to support women entrepreneurs, conducting a systematic gender analysis and implementing further actions based on the analysis. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210231371",
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|
https://openalex.org/W1558041255 | Private and Group Tutoring in Egypt: Where is the Gender Inequality? | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1558041255 | Private tutoring is being practiced at an alarming scale in Egypt and in many other developing countries. Nonetheless, the literature on tutoring is still scant. The purpose of this paper is to gain an understanding of the nature and determinants of tutoring in Egypt, using micro-level data, in order to investigate whether gender bias exists in tutoring decisions. It is expected that since gender disparities are present in educational investments in general, they would be more pronounced in optional educational investments like that of receiving tutoring. It is also expected that since labor market outcomes are more favorable to boys, parents would be less willing to spend on tutoring for girls. Surprisingly, however, no gender bias against girls was detected with respect to tutoring. The absence of bias is in itself a significant and puzzling finding. We conclude that the education premium in the marriage market may be the answer to the puzzle. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2128577180 | Gender-Based Wage and Occupational Inequality in the New Millenium in Egypt | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1542879058 | ABSTRACT Microcredit is a poverty alleviation strategy strongly associated with gender inequality and the feminization of poverty. In Egypt, microcredit operates within two major models. The economic survival model targets a female clientele with very small loan sizes and mainly group lending mechanisms. The business enhancement model primarily targets a not-so-poor clientele. A gap emerges where there are hardly any lending mechanisms addressing poorer men. I argue in this paper that the lopsided focus on providing microfinance services within the economic survival model to poor women and the exclusion of poor men constitutes a myopic poverty alleviation strategy that can actually oppress women rather than empower them. It is also a strategy that excludes a significant proportion of the poor, namely poor men who primarily work within the rubrics of the informal economy. The paper is based on fieldwork in rural Upper Egypt and in two urban squatter areas in Cairo. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2157557045 | Trade Liberalization, Gender Segmentation, and Wage Discrimination: Evidence from Egypt | [
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https://openalex.org/W318678234 | Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: Egypt | [
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"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W318678234 | This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. Their purpose is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family's central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals. The objectives of this report are to examine the legal, social, and policy context in which gender relations operate in Egypt and to better understand the links between gender dynamics and reproductive behavior. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3018643461 | Barriers to Employment that Women Face in Egypt: Policy Challenges and Considerations | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3018643461 | Young women in Egypt face substantial inequalities in job opportunities and wages. In this report, the authors examine issues (such as childcare costs, negative attitudes, and sexual harassment) that constrain women's employment and could hinder improvement of Egypt's economic outlook. The authors also consider initiatives that are underway to address these challenges and present policy considerations to build on these efforts. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2152583422 | Socialization to gender roles and marriage among Egyptian adolescents | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2152583422 | Using nationally representative survey data, this paper explores gender role socialization and attitudes toward marriage among unmarried Egyptian adolescents aged 16-19 years. We examine the daily activities of adolescent boys and girls, views about age at marriage and desirable qualities in a spouse, and various indicators of gender role attitudes including opinions about whether wives should defer to husbands, about sharing household decisionmaking, and about responsibility for domestic tasks. Our findings reflect strong gender differentiation: girls have much less free time than boys, are much less mobile, are much less likely to participate in paid work, and have heavier domestic responsibilities regardless of whether or not they are in school. Girls favor a later age at marriage for both sexes, but particularly for boys. Boys are significantly more likely than girls to favor educational inequality between spouses. While neither boys nor girls have particularly progressive gender role attitudes, girls are significantly more likely to express less traditional attitudes. Multivariate analyses indicate that girls’ and boys’ attitudes do not vary consistently and significantly by socioeconomic background; in particular, increased schooling does not always promote egalitarian attitudes. The implications of these findings for policies and programs are discussed. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1582607578 | La mondialisation de l’Égypte rurale : femmes, hommes et division agraire du travail | [
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"Egypt"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W270523071",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1582607578 | It is tempting to see globalization as a response to large, impersonal market forces detached from individual agents and their more parochial interests. Yet while such abstract forces might set up appealing conditions, motivations and intentions operate at a more concrete level. This example from Egypt demonstrates that a near-constant “battle of the sexes” in rural Egypt, perpetrated by patriarchal stereotypes and wage differentials, provides a critical dynamic that feeds both the rural and urban labor markets in one politically important “node” of the expanding global economy. After drawing the formal contours of this “battle”, this chapter first examines the cataclysmic agricultural crisis of 1961 that is best explained by recourse to gender inequities. It then demonstrates how more recently, workers of both genders have resisted these gender wars, stereotypes, and inequalities and, in the process, have established more formal, now religious, opposition to Egypt’s dismal position in the global division of labor. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2319415732 | Promoting Masculine Hegemony through Humour: A Linguistic Analysis of Gender Stereotyping in Egyptian Sexist Internet Jokes | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2319415732 | Promoting Masculine Hegemony through Humour: A Linguistic Analysis of Gender Stereotyping in Egyptian Sexist Internet Jokes Heba Nayef, Mohamed El-Nashar Abstract The study aims at shedding some light on the stereotypical patterns of the representation of women in Egyptian sexist internet jokes. The paper shows how language is used and manipulated to serve maintaining the status quo of gender inequality and masculine hegemony in the Egyptian society. It addresses four themes: women and language; women in the public and private spheres; women as sex objects and finally the image of Egyptian women as compared to non-Egyptian women. Through employing van Dijk's (2003) ideological discourse strategies, the study shows that in all these themes that there has been a common explicit or implicit division of the world. There were always two images presented: A positive image of the superior, knowledgeable, rational men, and a negative image of the talkative, ignorant women who are unfit for the public sphere. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijlc.v2n4a5 | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4380052105 | Gender equality: caught between policy reforms and manager beliefs | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4380052105 | Sustainable development has gender equality as one of its primary objectives. Although many countries have implemented policy changes aimed at addressing gender inequality, the issue of limited access to employment opportunities for women remains prevalent. This study investigates (1) the underlying beliefs held by hotel managers regarding the hiring of women, (2) the role of different pressures in increasing women participation, and (3) potential conflicts between policy reforms and manager beliefs. Three studies on the hospitality sector in Egypt were conducted using a mixed-methods approach. The first study involves interviews with 32 managers, the second is a quantitative analysis of data from 200 managers, and the third consists of in-depth interviews with 20 experts. Our findings demonstrate: (1) thirteen key female-hiring beliefs, which inform hotel managers’ hiring decisions; (2) perceived policy pressures play a significant role in the hiring of more women, but managers’ attitudes remain the most important determinant; and (3) four conflicts between policy-level reforms and managerial beliefs may arise, attenuating female hiring. This research creates a scenario-based model and proposes potential remedies. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4312932540 | ROLE OF ECONOMIC DISPARITY IN FEMALE VICTIMIZATION IN NAGUIB MAHFOUZ’S NOVEL ‘THE BEGINNING AND THE END’ | [
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"display_name": "Fatima Khan",
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] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312932540 | The objective of the study is to examine the impact of economic disparity in female victimization in Nagiub Mahfouz’s novel “The Beginning and the End”. Economic inequality has played a key role in maintaining the secondary role given to women. A female is affected in many ways by socio-economic and socio-political structures depending on their class, race, nationality, religion, language, disability, sexual preferences and education (Liu, 2022). The theoretical framework of Socialist Feminism (Armstrong, 2020) was used to understand the concept of inferiority of women in society; the female has been given a secondary position in society on the basis of economic factors throughout the ages. The textual analysis of Naguib Mahfouz’s novel ‘The Beginning and the End’ unfolded the role of economic disparity for female victimization particularly in Egyptian culture. The current study helped not only to explore the reasons of economic disparity in gender roles but also provided a door for further study in same context. Key Words: Economic Disparity, Female victimization, Gender roles, socio-political structures, Egyptian culture and Textual analysis. | [
{
"display_name": "Pakistan journal of social research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210221535",
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] |
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