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https://openalex.org/W234662389
|
Transforming Air Force ISR for the Long War and Beyond (Wright Flyer Paper, Number 36)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael Grunwald",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074336105"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Command and control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Component (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168167062"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Wright",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777667586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W234662389
|
Abstract : The Air Force, and more specifically the joint/combined force air component commander (J/CFACC), firmly believes airpower must operate under the twin tenets of centralized control and decentralized execution to be effective. The Cold War ushered in an era of centralized execution of airborne strategic intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations that bled into theater-level ISR execution in the 1990s and through Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. This execution construct, coupled with ISR reachback exploitation, has created a perception that theater-level ISR operations are not responsive to tactical situations. Physical distances between the operational environment, combined air operations center (CAOC), and exploitation units have fostered distrust and removed critical insight and ISR expertise from tactical level planning and execution. To maintain ISR relevancy at the tactical level, the J/CFACC must change its tactical ISR organization and execution methodology. This paper draws on well-established close air support (CAS) doctrine and organizational models to build new ISR organizational and execution constructs to bridge the gap between theater-level ISR assets and tactical operations. These models bind ISR asset, exploiter, CAOC, and the supported unit through face-to-face interactions and standardized processes that apply across any theater of operations or combatant command.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2141073728
|
Command and Control of Private Security Contractors: Are They a Viable Force Option for the Combatant Commander?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Scott H. Sherard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023222722"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W224321062",
"https://openalex.org/W647734360",
"https://openalex.org/W1970656241",
"https://openalex.org/W2071384521",
"https://openalex.org/W2510340686"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2141073728
|
Abstract : If a Combatant Commander (CCDR) or Joint Force Commander (JFC) were to take command of the approximately 25,000 security contractors in Iraq, a force of such size and capability would prove to be a valuable operational asset. Private Security Contractors (PSCs) are a viable and effective option for direct employment by JFCs or CCDRs. This is significant because contractors could provide another resource, and, as they are seemingly on the battlefield to stay, it is prudent to integrate them into U.S. military operations. This examination focuses only on those PSCs providing armed security services. The framework for analysis is command and control as defined in Joint Publication 3-0, Joint Operations. Assessment of PSC potential for employment is based on the selected aspects of the function as listed in JP 3-0, as well as legality, and legitimacy. The evaluation of these aspects yields two sets of results. The easily quantified aspects of C2 which include systems, risk management, and regional expertise, indicate PSCs are indeed a viable option for direct employment by the CCDR or JFC. A survey of the less tangible aspects of command, control, and public affairs indicates otherwise. It reveals legal and legitimacy issues that limit a commander's effectiveness in commanding and controlling PSCs. Subsequent recommendations which include populating chains of command with officers that are dual-qualified in arms and contracting, or implementing the British concept of sponsored reserve, possess potential for more effective PSC implementation.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W49993153
|
Reshaping the Army's Active and Reserve Components
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael Hansén",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016159584"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Celeste Ward Gventer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025816966"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "John D. Winkler",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088538950"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kristy N. Kamarck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088857153"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Navy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Military personnel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Active duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776822914"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W49993153
|
Abstract : This document reports the results of a research project entitled Utilization of Reserve Components Under the Army Force Generation Model. The purpose of the project was to assess the utilization of U.S. Army active and reserve forces and to analyze policy options to improve utilization of reserve forces with respect to the U.S. Secretary of Defense s planning objectives. To meet this objective, we reviewed U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) policy for managing the active and reserve components and identified different measures of utilization. We then examined the variation in utilization of capabilities across Army components and considered ways in which the Army could adjust the balance of capabilities to rebalance and equitably distribute the burden of deployment/mobilization on Army personnel. The findings should be of interest to policymakers involved in managing the active and reserve components in DoD and in each of the services, particularly the Army; to defense planners interested in how the services may balance current demands in Iraq and Afghanistan with the need to prepare for emerging, unanticipated missions; and to researchers with a general interest in military manpower and personnel issues. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Cost Analysis and Program Evaluation, and conducted within the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. For more information on the RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center, see http://www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/frp.html or cont
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2621592451
|
Army Pacific Pathways: Comprehensive Assessment and Planning Needed to Capture Benefits Relative to Costs and Enhance Value for Participating Units
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Cary Russell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040377240"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Asia pacific",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018858268"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2621592451
|
Abstract : In accordance with the shift in U.S. strategy and rebalance of military forces to the Asia-Pacific region that was first set forth in 2011, the Army has increased its presence in the Pacific by about 30,000 soldiers and civilians, and U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC)a component command of U.S. Pacific Commandhas turned its focus toward rebuilding its expeditionary readiness and deployment capabilities. USARPAC identified its exercise program with partner nationswhich according to USARPAC had atrophied for almost a decade due to force requirements in Iraq and Afghanistanas both a vehicle for innovation and an opportunity for U.S. Army forces to re-engage in the region through a more robust presence. To this end, USARPAC launched the Pacific Pathways initiative in 2014, combining multiple pre-existing exercises with partner nations into integrated operationseach operation referred to as a Pathwayfor the purposes of enhancing the readiness of participating forces, strengthening relationships with allies, and providing a crisis response option to the combatant commander. Additionally, according to USARPAC and I Corps officials, Pacific Pathways is intended, in part, to serve as a rehearsal for how the Army may operate in the Pacific during a contingency, including how it integrates with joint and international partners and moves its forces. As of September 2016, USARPAC had completed six Pacific Pathway operations to date, and it planned to complete a seventh in October 2016. Each Pathway operation deploys a battalion-sized task forceor about 400 to 900 personnelfor approximately 90 days to conduct a series of exercises. The capabilities of these Pacific Pathways task forces (hereinafter referred to as the task forces) are tailored to the requirements of the exercises that occur within the Pathway operation, and are structured around a brigade combat team headquarters and a maneuver battalion.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1529730431
|
Joint Implications for Contracted Logistics
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "George G Akin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060573934"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Joint (building)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1529730431
|
Abstract : Contractor operations are evolving to support battlefield and geostrategic realities. Understood in any future force mix involving U.S. military forces is the continuing criticality of contractor support to augment Joint and coalition forces. As the primary service providing support to landpower, the Army is challenged to balance evolving battlefield dynamics with military force efficiency and effectiveness. As such, the Army and U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) are analyzing Congressional and Department of Defense (DoD) policy to develop procedures and force structure to support contractor operations. JFCOM, as the proponent for joint doctrine, is initiating a new Joint Publication (JP) 4-10, titled and Contracting Management in Joint Operations to expand the doctrine contained in the joint capstone document, JP 4-0, Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations. Joint Publication 4-10 will expand the current contracting doctrine and support the JP 4-0 as it provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders and prescribes doctrine for joint operations and training. This paper examines current policy, doctrine, and leadership concerns regarding the evolution of contractor operations since 2001. Contractor operations provide numerous force capabilities and services to U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and changing procedures support the requirement for new joint doctrine on contractor operations. Contractor support as part of DoD's transformation must incorporate joint processes and structures to support adaptation to future battlefields. With a focus on the combatant commanders' contracting requirements for their respective areas of responsibility, the author recommends better joint training, leader development, and joint enablers for contracting operations.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W236631046
|
Building a Planning Transition Capability Into the New American Way of War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Christopher M. Hickey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072078280"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Firepower",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780048507"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Attrition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780553607"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44280652"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Vietnam War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54589662"
},
{
"display_name": "Transition (genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194232998"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W236631046
|
Abstract : Fast-tempo decisive combat operations have been called the New Way of War. This is in contrast to the traditional American Way of War, which emphasized using massive amounts of firepower in a grinding strategy of attrition like the United States did against Germany and Japan in World II. A major problem for Joint Force commanders and their staffs is that the speed of the campaign in this New Way of War challenges their ability to adequately plan for both the decisive war fight and the transition to post-conflict operations. To better facilitate the transition from the dominate phase to the stability phase will require separate operational-level headquarters, each with sufficient training and expertise, working under a geographic combatant commander's overall operational design. This monograph uses organizational theory concepts of differentiation and integration to analyze the command structures in each of three case studies. The first case study is General Eisenhower's Supreme Headquarters' Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) during World II, which is an example of the traditional American Way of War. In the SHAEF command structure, the length of the dominate phase was long, which allowed adequate time to prepare for the stability phase. The other two case studies, U.S. joint operations in Panama and Operation Iraqi Freedom, are examples of the New Way of War. These operations had dominate phases that were very short, necessitating a quick transition to the stability phase. The SHAEF case study provides insights into the types of organizations, policies, procedures, and training that need to be integrated into the New Way of War so that there is adequate time to plan for the transition between combat and post-conflict operations. The author recommends that this transition be trained for in exercises and taught in Army and Joint schools.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W350131304
|
Defining Commercial Space's Place in the Battlespace
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Bruce R DeMello",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011391061"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Battlespace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781438671"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Space industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777878659"
},
{
"display_name": "Information Operations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775"
},
{
"display_name": "Information space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776377510"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W350131304
|
Abstract : The Combined Joint Force Combatant Commander (CJFCC) relies on the ability to maintain information superiority across the spectrum of military operations. The availability of accurate and timely information, as well as the ability to rapidly exchange this information, represent key components enabling effective command and control of the battlespace. Since Operation DESERT STORM, the U.S. has relied on space-based systems to achieve information superiority and enhanced combat effectiveness. In order to meet demands for critical information flow during recent military operations (to include ALLIED FORCE, ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM), the U.S. has needed to extend beyond the capabilities of dedicated DoD and national space assets, relying on the commercial space sector to provide critical force enhancement functions. Underlying this reliance are three primary premises: first, the U.S. military force cannot meet all mission requirements without tapping into the additional resources provided by commercial space; second, commercial space will continue to provide force enhancement capabilities beyond those derived from dedicated DoD systems; and thirdly, the use of commercial space products and services often facilitates improved information sharing with coalition partners. In effect, commercial space assets fill a niche as an operational force enabler. For the combatant commander to fully leverage commercial space capabilities, the role of commercial space must continue to be defined. This will be achieved by combining U.S. national and DoD policy with Joint service doctrine, while continually applying operational lessons learned concerning the best uses of commercial space in support of the warfighter. This paper reviews the combatant commander's use of commercial space by analyzing a number of critical utility factors that must be considered when integrating commercial space into the operational battlespace.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W330552718
|
Driving towards Success in the Air Force Cyber Mission: Leveraging Our Heritage to Shape Our Future
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David S. Fadok",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001547737"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Richard A. Raines",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043527055"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Cyberspace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241145"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Military tactics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730"
},
{
"display_name": "Information Operations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775"
},
{
"display_name": "Afghan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780587734"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "National security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528167355"
},
{
"display_name": "Command and control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W330552718
|
Abstract : Just a few decades ago, we viewed airpower primarily as rated aircrews operating combat aircraft and dropping bombs on targets. Today, it means so much more. For example, 16 of the 18 Airmen whose heroic accomplishments are highlighted in the latest edition of the Air Force chief of staff s Portraits in Courage are not flyers, and 15 are enlisted personnel. All of them, however, delivered airpower on the front lines of combat, whether driving convoys, disposing of explosive ordnance, providing security outside the wire, serving as instructors to Afghan and Iraqi forces, or calling in precision strikes from aircraft flying above. In fact, the most recent version of our capstone doctrine document, AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, Organization, and Command, recognizes this changing nature of airpower by defining it as the ability to project military power or influence through the control and exploitation of air, space, and cyberspace to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical objectives. General of the Air Force Henry Hap Arnold offered sage counsel when he declared that we must think in terms of tomorrow. A large part of airpower s tomorrow will take place in the emerging operational domain of cyberspace. Rapid advancement in computer and communication technologies, as well as the tight coupling of the digital domain to physical operations, makes cyberspace increasingly important to military success. The challenges presented by cyberspace reflect its global nature, the political sovereignties it transcends, and the fact that operations take place at the speed of light. By no stretch of the imagination does the United States enjoy the clear, asymmetrical advantage in cyberspace that we do in the land, sea, air, and space domains.
|
[] |
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https://openalex.org/W241962590
|
Information Operations: Where Next?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David R. Buchholz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080476618"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Command and control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639"
},
{
"display_name": "Information Operations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775"
},
{
"display_name": "Battle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W241962590
|
Abstract : This paper addresses the ownership of joint information operations (IO) by asking if U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is the right combatant commander to coordinate all Department of Defense (DoD) information operations. Doctrine already addresses the issue of combatant commander responsibility for ensuring that IO is planned and executed in the respective commands, but an IO vacuum exists with respect to standardized IO training and integration across the combatant commands. For this reason and others there is a compelling argument for the major responsibility for DoD information operations integration to fall under the control of U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). The paper first explains how USSTRATCOM became the IO integrator for DoD IO. This is followed by the definition of joint IO as found in Joint Publication 3-13. The author then presents four historical examples of IO covering conflicts in four different geographic regions spanning 60 years. The examples include the use of IO during the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Pacific theater, World War II; during Operation Desert Storm in Iraq; during Operation Noble Anvil in Kosovo, Serbia; and during Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti. These examples highlight how IO, if successfully implemented, can be a force multiplier and mission enabler. They also shed light on the difficulties and consequences encountered if an IO strategy is not properly implemented. Finally, the command missions of USSTRATCOM and USJFCOM are analyzed to illustrate why USJFCOM is the command most suited to play the major role in the integration and projection of joint IO.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W298174647
|
Are Joint Deployment Distribution Operations Centers (JDDOCs) an Effective Instrument for Overcoming Combatant Commanders' Intra-Theater Logistical Challenges
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael Leupold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027202032"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Bryan Newkirk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026323065"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Joint (building)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W298174647
|
Abstract : During Operation Desert Storm (ODS) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Iraqi Freedom (OIF) (Phase I), the Combatant Commander's logistical management organizational structure proved to be inadequate both in its organizational structure and subject matter expert manning level to execute an efficient logistical support effort. With the waning of Cold War era symmetrical warfare and the emergence of adversaries who attempt to exploit the United States military strength by employing asymmetrical warfare, the Department of Defense (DOD) must develop logistics organization that is dynamic, mobile, adaptable and able to keep pace with the needs of deployable forces employed by Combatant Commanders. order to improve joint logistics efforts, the in theater logistics structural organization must be transformed and linked to the strategic level organization to provide the best possible support to Combatant Commanders. Increased logistical support will permit Combatant Commanders an increased freedom of action enabling them to achieve operational objective(s) within their area of responsibility (AOR). Following the establishment of U.S. Transportation Command as the single distribution process owner (DPO) and the establishment of the U.S. Central Command Deployment Distribution Operations Center (CDDOC), the logistics organization was capable of bridging the gap between strategic and theater logistics to establish a more efficient organization. Due to the overwhelming success of the newly established U.S. Central Command Deployment Distribution Operations Center (CDDOC), in 2004, it should be used as a model to develop tailored Joint Deployment Distribution Operations Centers (JDDOCs) for the four remaining Combatant Commands.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W65764243
|
ASC Addresses Unit Commanders' Concerns through LBE and Reset Programs
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mark E Young",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036842492"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Reset (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779795794"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Unit (ring theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122637931"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal year",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779999868"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W65764243
|
Abstract : Tactical unit commanders have numerous issues and concerns to address when preparing their units for deployment and redeployment from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). The U.S. Army Sustainment Command (ASC), part of the U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) team, is available to assist, identify, and resolve equipment and maintenance problems as well as materiel readiness issues for combatant commanders. The Department of the Army (DA) designated AMC as the executive agent for all aspects of Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) equipment, including funding and execution of the Left-Behind Equipment (LBE) program. An AMC ARFORGEN operations order, dated March 5, 2007, established ASC as the lead (supported) command responsible for the LBE program. During this program, ASC relieves Active Component units of the responsibility of managing equipment that is not deployed in support of their wartime mission, and ensures that the equipment is maintained, accounted for, cross-leveled, or temporarily loaned in support of the ARFORGEN process. AMC assigned ASC the mission of providing materiel readiness support for a deploying/redeploying unit's equipment. To perform the equipment readiness support mission, ASC looks to its Army Field Support Brigades (AFSBs) and Distribution Management Center (DMC). The DMC, based at ASC Headquarters on Rock Island Arsenal, Ilinois, has become the single ASC integrator for LBE and field-level reset in support of ARFORGEN. The reset of units returning from OEF/OIF consists of a series of actions to restore the units to a desired level of combat capability commensurate with future mission requirements. These actions include the repair of equipment, replacement of equipment lost during operations, and recapitalization of equipment where feasible and necessary.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2529275614
|
The Role of the Reserve Component as an Operational Reserve
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Eric J. Leib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081710628"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364"
},
{
"display_name": "Notice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779913896"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97508593"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2529275614
|
[The Nation must] ensure the right mix of operationally ready and responsive Total Army forces and capabilities to rapidly meet emergent global combatant command requirements while maintaining an operational and landpower reserve.-Gen. Raymond T. Odierno, former chief of staffof the ArmyCurrent U.S. military strategy calls for an expeditionary force that is available for short-notice deployments. This means that active component (AC) forces must conduct unpredictable mobilizations and deployments. In contrast, component (RC) forces follow predictable mobilization and deployment schedules. The Army now needs viable courses of action to synchronize employment of the RC in an Army Total Force (ATF) structure.BackgroundThe events of 11 September 2001 changed the way AC and RC forces were mobilized and deployed, as evidenced by Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Dr. John Winkler, in his 2010 article in Joint Force Quarterly, describes the operational with this statement:The concept of an operational reserve, in which Reserve forces participate routinely and regularly in ongoing military missions, is viewed as a fairly recent development. This concept is distinct from an earlier view in which the RCs were seen mainly as a strategic reserve whose primary role was augmentation and reinforcement of Active forces during a major contingency-an event that was anticipated to occur at best once in a lifetime.1Winkler further states that key developments ... in policy and practice that governed the transformation of Reserve forces and enabled the development of an operational recognized that the components provide both operational capabilities and depth to meet U.S. defense requirements across the full spectrum of conflict.2 With ongoing postwar reductions to the Army end strength in the current fiscally constrained environment, the ATF concept is a particularly useful way for the RC to be leveraged as an operational reserve.With no long-war plans, the U.S. Army must change the way it thinks about the roles of the RC as follows:* fully implement ATF strategies, concepts, and policies* integrate geographically colocated AC and RC forces* conduct ATF training at combat training centers, regional training centers, and home stations* create additional multicomponent headquarters to better utilize capabilities inherent to each componentFully Implement Army Total Force Strategies, Concepts, and PoliciesThe U.S. Army must change the way it thinks about the roles of the RC by fully implementing ATF strategies, concepts, and policies. Senior leaders at the joint and Army level are clearly calling for a better-integrated ATF, and the current fiscally constrained environment is a natural impetus for this change. Several documents discuss the role of RC forces as an operational reserve, most notably the 2015 Capstone Concept for Joint Operations (CCJO); Army Directive 2012-8, Army Total Force Policy; the former chief of staff of the Army's CSA Strategic Priorities; and, the posture statements of the chief of the Army Reserve and the chief of the National Guard Bureau. Each document identifies the requirement for an operational and the need to integrate all of the Army components.The CCJO details how future forces require pervasive interoperability, saying that interoperability refers not only to materiel, but also to doctrine, organizations, training, and leader development.3 The CCJO also states that the military will need to be more agile and expeditionary in order to meet combatant commanders' requirements. For the operational to be effective, it will require integration with AC forces. With 78 percent of the Army's sustainment forces projected to reside in the RC by 2017, the demand for this support will facilitate the ATF policy. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "Military review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2192944841
|
The Advisor and the Brigade Combat Team: Toward an Enduring Solution for an Enduring Requirement
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jeremy Gwinn",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029776951"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Infantry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198766705"
},
{
"display_name": "Officer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777189325"
},
{
"display_name": "Debriefing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202695956"
},
{
"display_name": "Afghan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780587734"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Active duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776822914"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Military personnel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2192944841
|
In August 2010, 4th Brigade Combat Team Currahees, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) deployed to Regional Command-East (RC-East) as one of first brigade combat teams (BCTs) augmented with additional advising personnel for security force assistance (SFA) in Afghanistan. Using this new model, Army assigned several dozen personnel-commisioned officers from captains through colonels and senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs)-to BCT during intensive training period of Army force generation (ARFORGEN), centrally trained them as combat advisors, then deployed them as an integrated part of formation. This change represented a shift from Military Transition Team (MiTT) concept; it is next evolution of Army's approach to organizing units for SFA.In May 2013, 4th BCT again deployed to RC-East, augmented in much same manner with additional officers and NCOs to serve as foundation of brigade's advising effort. In fact, 4th BCT was last BCT to advise and assist at subprovincial or infantry kandak (battalion) level, as focus was shifted to Afghan Army, corps level and higher. In this regard, Currahees have seen model of BCT augmented for security force assistance (SFA) through its entire life cycle in Afghanistan. As Army leaders determine how to organize for advising foreign security forces (FSF) going forward while maintaining full-spectrum capability, a closer examination of 4th BCT's experience is useful.Having deployed with BCT in 2010 as an augmentee combat advisor and again in 2013 as BCT operations officer, I have had a unique opportunity to gain a variety of perspectives on this topic. Despite differing roles, however, I have grappled with same questions every time: Will conventional Army forces retain this type of mission post-Afghanistan? Is a BCT right formation for advising missions in Afghanistan and elsewhere? If so, how should BCT organize for SFA or related building-partner-capacity missions? Are we doing right things to select and train officers and NCOs to be advisors?This article attempts to address these critical questions, concluding that mission is here to stay, and BCT, augmented and task-organized as mission demands, is still right approach to SFA. In order to realize full potential of model, however, Army should formalize process for selecting, training, and managing careers of advisors.Competing ConceptsDiscussions of institutionalizing advising capability in Army often start with mention of John Nagl's 2007 proposal for a permanent advisor corps.1 With a 20,000-strong formation commanded by a lieutenant general and organized exclusively for advising FSF, advisor corps arguably occupies one end of spectrum of solutions with respect to cost and scale. Another concept, developed by Army but determined in 2008 not to be an Army requirement, was Theater Military Advisory and Assistance Group, or TMAAG. The TMAAG concept proposed a smaller organization, tailor-made for advising, and assigned to geographic combatant commands (GCCs), under respective Army Service component commands.2 As an indicator of direction in which Army was moving, desire to retain BCT as focus of our advising efforts was cited as reason for chief of staff of Army's decision to abandon TMAAG.3 Published in 2009, Field Manual 3-07.1, Security Force Assistance, established BCT as formation of choice for SFA, able to be augmented with advisors but also retaining the capability to conduct full spectrum operations-offense, defense, and stability.4Will we ever do this again?While United States is unlikely to take on another large-scale, prolonged stability operation in near future, tempo of training and advising missions with FSF will likely continue to increase. Witness sizable training and advising component to coalition operations to defeat ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant), Operation Inherent Resolve. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "Military review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2993753859
|
Building the Capabilities and Capacity of Partners: Is This Defense Business?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "James Q. Roberts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050623340"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Mandate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775884135"
},
{
"display_name": "Prosperity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779103253"
},
{
"display_name": "Globe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775899829"
},
{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2993753859
|
The new defense strategy, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, released in January of this 2012, makes clear the mandate for the Department of Defense to continue, in fact to increase significantly, its abilities to improve the capabilities of partners around the globe. In his cover letter to the guidance, President Barack Obama directs us to join with allies and partners around the world to build their capacity to promote security, prosperity, and human dignity. Likewise, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, in his preface, stresses that the department will focus on strengthening alliances and partnerships across all regions.This is not traditional guidance for the Department of Defense. Such guidance usually focuses on how to fight and win the nation's wars. But after more than ten years of combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and in these times of impending steep fiscal reductions the utility of partners who can share the burden of defending their countries individually, and their regions collectively, has come to the fore. This guidance displays the degree to which the department in general, and the Geographic Combatant Commanders in particular, have come to recognize the value in helping partners improve their capability to govern their own territories.These efforts to help partners defend themselves, and by extension defend us, are gaining greater acceptance across the defense department, within the Executive Branch, and within the Congress. They are evolving from being considered collateral duty, or nice to do if you have the time - to becoming principal component of our Phase Zero military activities. During Phase Zero the department conducts military operations and activities designed to shape the strategic environment, build local solutions to security challenges, and decrease the chances of our having to deploy major force packages later on in the crisis. The strategy parallels the well-proven household adage a stitch in time, saves nine.Partner capability building is not cheap. But, when contrasted to the costs of deploying U.S. forces for combat operations costs pale by comparison. By way of example, DoD has spent approximately $2 billion during the sixyears that Section 1206 resources have been available for equipping and training partners. the surge in Afghanistan we spent $30 billion to deploy 30,000 troops for 18 months - or $1 million per man. Preparing others today to be able to govern and defend their territory may result in our not having to deploy major conventional formations to confront instability or associated threats tomorrow. This approach holds the promise of being far less expensive in both U.S. blood and treasure.Additionally, the new defense strategy recognizes the continued threat that al-Qaeda (AQ) terrorists and other non-state actor threats represent, and the importance of capable partners in those fights. For the foreseeable future, the United States will continue to take an active approach to countering these threats by monitoring the activities of non-state threats worldwide, working with allies and partners to establish control over ungoverned territories, and directly striking the most dangerous groups and individuals when necessary.The key goal of this approach is to deny the use of ungoverned spaces to the terrorists and other illegitimate non-state actor networks by enabling the host nation government to expand the footprint of its governance to match the footprint of its sovereignty. If the global footprint of governance could match the footprint of sovereignty there would be no ungoverned territories. Malign non-state actors could only bed down with the compliance of the hosting government, thereby shifting solutions back to more traditional foreign policy calculus between states. The strategic objective is to close as many ungoverned spaces as possible - squeezing the malign networks into fewer and ideally less hospitable safe havens. …
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[
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"display_name": "Prism: A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations",
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"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W216321389
|
Forward Unto the Digital Breach: Exploring the Legal Status of Tomorrow's High-Tech Warriors
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[
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W216321389
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In an air-conditioned compound far removed from front line, a group of people clothed comfortably in khakis and polo shirts sit intendy in front of a large array of computer screens. Half of them sit in consoles that resemble mini-cockpits, with real-time video feeds enabling them to navigate through skies. Hundreds of miles away, a formation of unmanned aircraft fly into position over an enemy convoy, launching multiple air-to-surface missiles and obliterating target. None of people in room are enlisted personnel for either combatant. Rather, they work for company that designed system that allows planes to operate under remote control with great precision. Shortly after successful attack, enemy sends a commando unit to raid compound. The unarmed employees put up no resistance, and all are kidnapped and taken behind enemy lines or to a location under enemy's territorial control. Pursuant to Geneva Convention, enemy state affords employees full protection of Convention.1 The enemy state, however, notifies employees' government that it does not believe employees are entitled to POW status and orders a tribunal to resolve issue.2 Such a scenario3 highlights two seemingly irreversible trends in military affairs, increasing automation of warfare and greater reliance on civilian contractors to perform essential military functions. The progress of these trends threatens to expose a gray area in international law. Civilian contractors are generally given same protections as members of armed forces of nation they serve.4 In clarifying protections offered to such persons, however, text of Geneva Conventions suggests that its drafters contemplated civilians operating only in a support capacity: construction, transportation, and other back-area functions designed to facilitate jobs of soldiers in field.5 A 1977 Protocol to Convention specifically denies POW status to mercenaries-civilians who, among other things, engage in combat for private gain.6 high-tech warriors of future will probably not qualify as mercenaries in a technical sense, they may operate outside support role that civilians integrated into armed forces have recently held and on which international law has based their current legal rights. This Development seeks to clarify extent of current international law's uncertainty with respect to a possible future of warfare with civilians engaging in trigger-pulling activities. This Development proposes that, for international conflicts at very least, states should either confine trigger-pulling activities to enlisted personnel or integrate such persons to highest degree possible. I. THE RUSH TO PRIVATIZE While US army has shrunk by a third since end of Cold War, private military industry has grown rapidly.7 During Gulf War, ratio of private contractors to soldiers was one to fifty; in Iraq, ratio is one to ten.8 The bulk of private contractor activity to this point has been logistical or support tasks, but increasingly US military has turned to civilians to perform tasks that blur line between contractor and soldier, such as operating drone aircraft and maintaining tactical systems.9 After laser-guided missile entertainment show of first Gulf War, US took another technological step forward with use of unmanned Global Hawk surveillance aircraft in Afghanistan. A companion model aircraft, Predator, was also deployed, equipped with Hellfire air-to-surface missiles. Despite some technical difficulties with Predator, military officials have expressed view that such equipment represents future of warfare.10 Technologically sophisticated warfare could potentially erode distinctions between different types of private military firms. A common typology used to differentiate these entities is the tip of Spear. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chicago Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S38828857",
"type": "journal"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2033512496
|
Soldiers Who Kill Themselves: The Contribution of Dispositional and Situational Factors
|
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"display_name": "Zeev Kaplan",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2033512496
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The present study compared characteristics of combatant and non-combatant Israeli soldiers (ages 18-21), who committed suicide (N = 429) with others who did not commit suicide (N = 499). Measures of pre-military psychological characteristics and data reflecting adjustment to service were culled from army records. Findings indicated that, in comparison to non-suicide soldiers (NS-soldiers), soldiers who committed suicide (S-soldiers) had greater behavioral adjustment and motivation to serve. In addition, as compared to non-combatant S-soldiers, combatant S-soldiers had fewer referrals for psychological evaluation, higher sense of duty and autonomy scores and fewer unit changes. Excessive motivation to excel in the army, and the tendency to be autonomous and independent, may account for suicide among combatant S-soldiers, whereas personality weaknesses may have an impact on suicide among non-combatants. Practical implications for the disclosure of suicide risk and for preventive efforts in both groups are discussed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Archives of Suicide Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S109655379",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1939152751
|
Combatant Ship Engineering, A Different Approach
|
[
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Southern Mississippi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I44854399",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Charles J. Gallagher",
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[
{
"display_name": "Shipbuilding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65542768"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162"
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{
"display_name": "Naval architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80462391"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
"display_name": "Shipyard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86154893"
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{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425"
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{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777212361"
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{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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] |
[
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2011636101"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1939152751
|
Abstract In 1989, Ingalls Shipbuilding contracted to design and construct three Sa'ar V Class corvettes for the Government of Israel. The available funding was considerably less than would have been needed to design and build equivalent ships for the US Navy. As a result, the Israeli Navy (IN) and Ingalls Shipbuilding, working closely together, implemented significant innovative systems engineering and design practices and the ships were delivered within the budget. Some of the key innovative design and engineering methods used during that program are described in this paper.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Naval Engineers Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S7352588",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W224402210
|
Preparing and Training for the Full Spectrum of Military Challenges: Insights from the Experiences of China, France, the United Kingdom, India, and Israel
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David E. Johnson",
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jennifer D. P. Moroney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5076990380"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Roger Cliff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061011548"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "M. Wade Markel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5085203109"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Laurence Smallman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042506200"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael Spirtas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5038242216"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Navy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162"
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{
"display_name": "Combatant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
},
{
"display_name": "Training (meteorology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777211547"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Rand corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993525830"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Military personnel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
"display_name": "Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348171"
},
{
"display_name": "Research center",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777532764"
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{
"display_name": "Military science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C451841"
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{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W224402210
|
Abstract : The RAND Corporation was asked to analyze how China, France, the UK, India, and Israel approach training for full-spectrum operations and deployments. This monograph should be of interest to those concerned with military training requirements. Material in the text was current as of October 2008, when research for the study was completed. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and conducted within the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4377011701
|
Exposure to combat experiences: PTSD, somatization and aggression amongst combat and non‐combat veterans
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160",
"lat": 31.76904,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Anna Harwood‐Gross",
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{
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{
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"long": 35.18528,
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],
"display_name": "Naftali Stern",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Herzog Hospital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2800644361",
"lat": 31.795555,
"long": 35.18528,
"type": "healthcare"
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],
"display_name": "Danny Brom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011490046"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Somatization",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778638182"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Anxiety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C558461103"
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{
"display_name": "Aggression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
},
{
"display_name": "Military personnel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820"
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{
"display_name": "Depression (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776867660"
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{
"display_name": "Nightmare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777992674"
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{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
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{
"display_name": "Military service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776948989"
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{
"display_name": "Service member",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017406211"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"Israel"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4377011701
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To this date, the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated psychological symptom profiles amongst non-combatant community-based veterans in Israel has not been studied. Data were analysed from a web-based survey of veterans via a market research platform during September 2021 and included 522 non-combat (e.g. intelligence, office-based or education corps) veterans and 534 combat (e.g. front-line infantry) veterans. The survey assessed PTSD, depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in addition to the prevalence of self-reported aggression. A two-way multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that higher PTSD and somatic symptoms were prevalent for those exposed to combat experiences even when not in a combatant role. A logistic regression indicated that of those who did not self-define as aggressive prior to service, those exposed to combat were three times more likely to be aggressive following their service than veterans not exposed to combat. This effect was not demonstrated for combat soldiers compared to non-combat soldiers. Results indicate that mental health outreach would be better targeted towards those who have been exposed to combat-type experiences during their service even in non-combat units. The current study highlights the effect of combat exposure on secondary PTSD symptoms; aggression and somatization.
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https://openalex.org/W1969392436
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Psychological Bases of War
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1969392436
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Behavioral scientists have grasped at many explanations for man's warring nature. Man's ability to rationalize any behavior is at best a weak justification. Many causes of war have been suggested: contiguity, habituation, social learning, predation, psychological defenses (eg, rationalization, blaming, denial, projection), the host of fears associated with the human condition, territoriality and power, intolerable frustration, biologically rooted aggressive instincts, and sadism. As a polished book, these conference proceedings between American and Israeli psychoanalysts represent another rationalization that illuminates yet hardly justifies the continuing existence of war. Obviously, interesting material includes thoughts of many participants who had recently lived with war. The chief weakness of applying psychoanalytic thought to social problems such as war lies in moving from individual pathology and its solutions to the group situation. War is not a "proper" object for psychoanalytic study. Conference participants demonstrate one reason for this that making war is an activity of
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https://openalex.org/W96017218
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UAVs: Holy Grail for Intel, Panacea for RSTA, or Much Ado about Nothing? UAVs for the Operational Commander
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"display_name": "Roy W. Fox",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W96017218
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Abstract : The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a force multiplier for the operational commander. Characterized as either lethal or non-lethal and employed singularly or as a system of systems, they significantly enhance a combatant or joint force commander's ability to satisfy strategic, operational, and tactical objectives. UAVs have supported military operations including the Vietnam War, the 1983 Israeli War, the Gulf War and most recently the United Nations Peace Keeping Operation in Bosnia, to name a few. Although U.S. UAV acquisition programs have followed a very rocky road to date, slowing their evolution, their future is promising. Non-lethal UAVs are intended to operate as a system of systems to provide blanket coverage for the commander in conjunction with other manned and satellite systems. Non-lethal UAV missions include RSTA, intelligence, and BDA. Lethal UAVs are essentially smart bombs that can locate, identity and attack a target. If a suitable target is not identified, they can return to fight another day. Advantages to using UAVs over manned platforms are that they provide a low risk, highly efficient and effective, and low cost solution to fighting wars and MOOTW. This is especially important in today's world of decreasing resources and increasing responsibilities. Today, UAVs uniquely support the operational functions of Operational Art and are equally suited to supporting the operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. Whether providing eyes on target, steel on target, or acting as a virtual communications satellite, UAVs provide the force commander with a low-risk high-payoff approach to warfighting. UAVs are a force multiplier for the operational commander.
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[] |
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https://openalex.org/W4311416714
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Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the physical fitness of young-adult cadets: a retrospective case–control study
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311416714
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To determine the association of symptomatic and asymptomatic mild COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 viral load with the physical fitness of army cadets.A retrospective case-control study.Officers' Training School of the Israel Defense Forces.The study included all cadets (age, 20.22±1.17 years) in the combatant (n=597; 514 males, 83 females; 33 infected, all males) and non-combatant (n=611; 238 males, 373 females; 91 infected, 57 females, 34 males) training courses between 1 August 2020 and 28 February 2021. COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in September 2020 (non-combatants) and January 2021(combatants).The primary outcome measures were the aerobic (3000 m race) and anaerobic (combatant/non-combatant-specific) physical fitness mean score differences (MSDs) between the start and end of the respective training courses in infected and non-infected cadets. Secondary outcome measures included aerobic MSD associations with various COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 viral loads.SARS-CoV-2 infection led to declined non-combatant and combatant aerobic fitness MSD (14.53±47.80 vs -19.19±60.89 s; p<0.001 and -2.72±21.74 vs -23.63±30.92 s; p<0.001), but not anaerobic. The aerobic physical fitness MSD decreased in symptomatic cadets (14.69±44.87 s) and increased in asymptomatic cadets (-3.79±31.07 s), but the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.07). Symptomatic cadets with fever (24.70±50.95 vs -0.37±33.87 s; p=0.008) and headache (21.85±43.17 vs 1.69±39.54 s; p=0.043) had more positive aerobic physical fitness MSD than asymptomatic cadets. The aerobic fitness decline was negatively associated with viral load assessed by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (n=61; r = -0.329; p=0.010), envelope (n=56; r = -0.385; p=0.002) and nucleus (n=65; r = -0.340; p=0.010) genes.SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a lingering decline in aerobic, but not anaerobic, fitness in symptomatic and asymptomatic young adults, suggesting possible directions for individualised symptom-dependent and severity-dependent rehabilitation plans' optimisation.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3200849674
|
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the legality of its claims in international law and Islamic international law
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ali Bin Ghanim Ali Al-Shahwani Al-Hajri",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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[
"Kuwait",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3200849674
|
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and its subsequent annexation is, undoubtedly, one of the most daring, aggressive acts in modern time. This invasion represented a clear violation of all recognized treaties. Despite that, discussion focused entirely on the political and legal aspects of the incasion, to the detriment of no less important issues, such as Iraq's claims justifying their invasion. The main concern of this thesis is to fill this vacuum and discuss fully the legal aspect of the Iraqi invasion to prove its illegality under both International Law and Islamic International Law.
In evaluating the legality of the Iraqi claim, the thesis discusses in the first chapter the historical development of Kuwait and how it became an independent nation. In the second chapter, the focus is on the lefality of the protection agreement of 1899 signed between the Emir of Kuwait and the British government. It proves that such agreement was legally sound.
The rest of the chapters are devoted to a discussion of all Iraqi claims vis a vis Kuwait and their legality under both modern International Law and Islamic International Law. The discussion is dealt with under three headings: invasion in response to Kuwait economic aggression, invasion upon the request of Kuwaiti dissidents, and finally the legality of the invasion under Islamic International Law.
The outcome of such discussion is that all Iraqi claims failed to meet the test of legality under the rules of both laws. Moreover, it proved that states will use the ambiguity of legal rules and exploit them to their advantage as was in the case of Iraq.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1197718508
|
Yemen, Saudi-led military intervention and international law
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042811690"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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"Qatar",
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"Bahrain",
"Yemen",
"Sudan",
"Iran",
"Jordan",
"Egypt",
"Morocco",
"United Arab Emirates"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1197718508
|
On 25 March 2015, Saudi Arabia launched a military intervention, known as “Operation Decisive Storm”, in civil war stricken Yemen changing the status of the conflict from ‘non-international armed conflict’ (NIAC) to ‘international armed conflict’ (IAC). Saudi Arabia conducted the operation in response to de jury Yemeni government request, headed by President Abd Rabb Mansur Hadi, and in coordination with a coalition comprising the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Pakistan and Egypt. The United States is on the side of the coalition providing ‘logistical and intelligence support’. The de facto Yemeni government is led by Abdul Malik al-Houthi (a Zaidi Shia Muslim) and former president Ali Abdullah Saleh (a Sunni Muslim). The de facto government is supported by Iran. Some observers describe the war in Yemen as a proxy war fought on behalf of Iran and Saudi government and the victims of the war are the poor and innocent people of Yemen. The conflict in Yemen raises numerous questions that this paper attempt to answer. Does the Operation Decisive Storm a lawful use of force? Is Iran’s support to Houthi- led de facto government lawful? Is this conflict an international armed conflict or a non-international armed conflict? Does international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to the conflict in Yemen and if so do the parties to the conflict abide by their obligation under international law? These questions will be discussed in this paper with reference to the relevant international law provisions using the primary sources as well as the subsidiary sources of the law.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1878631200
|
How Might Turkey Have Applied Jus Ad Bellum Criteria to Its Intervention in Cyprus on 20 July 1974
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Gerri M. Casse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032784620"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1878631200
|
Abstract : On July 15, 1974, the junta ruling Greece implemented a coup d'etat in Cyprus, overthrowing the elected government of President Markanos, which had been in place since independence in 1960. On July 20 Turkey intervened militarily to reverse the coup. This essay will apply the principles of jus ad bellum to the July 20, 1974 Turkish intervention. The Cyprus conflict is one of extreme complexity on which volumes have been written. This essay has a very modest scope; the focus is limited to the jus ad bellum criteria and how they might be applied in a real-world situation. Turkey has a decision to make. This is an imaginative exercise on how Turkey high have applied jus ad bellum criteria in coming to the ultimate decision to intervene. To establish a modicum of commonality of understanding the context of the just war analysis, we must first outline the background of the July 1974 events.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4361274730
|
Turkey's Extraterritorial Use of Force against Armed Non-State Actors
|
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"display_name": "Saeed Bagheri",
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
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{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Turkey",
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1501904156",
"https://openalex.org/W2002095833",
"https://openalex.org/W2021155123",
"https://openalex.org/W2032649000",
"https://openalex.org/W2088157405",
"https://openalex.org/W2131680934",
"https://openalex.org/W2140371437",
"https://openalex.org/W2322832054",
"https://openalex.org/W2330716654",
"https://openalex.org/W2347054396",
"https://openalex.org/W2942354336",
"https://openalex.org/W3096084518",
"https://openalex.org/W3125530977"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4361274730
|
Abstract The use of force in foreign territories has been contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, with the authorisation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, in ‘cases deemed legitimate by international law’ and where required by international treaties to which Turkey is a party. Yet Turkey's extraterritorial use of force against armed non-state actors lead to the most important question of identifying the circumstances under which the Turkish authorities have long justified military intervention in foreign territories. This article aims to assess whether Turkey's use of force and alleged extraterritorial self-defence contravenes international law. In order to address how Turkey interprets the right to use armed force and the right of self-defence, and to bring clarity to the state's approach to international law on the use of force ( jus ad bellum ), the article explores Turkey's practice based on the assessment of the Turkish military intervention in Syria, in line with both bilateral security or defence treaties to which Turkey is a party and the use of force in self-defence. The aim is to determine whether Turkey's justifications are compatible with the jus ad bellum criteria.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Israel Law Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S181618396",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "CentAUR (University of Reading)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402273",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3092340768
|
War, aggression and self-defence
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "South Africa",
"display_name": "Stellenbosch University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I26092322",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Andre Kleynhans",
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[
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"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Aggression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3092340768
|
This review is written against the background of the continuing Syrian conflict, and specifically Operation Peace Spring, the Turkish military intervention in northern Syria ostensibly aimed at creating a safe zone there for the resettlement of Syrian refugees present on Turkish territory. In terms of international law, the legality of this Turkish action has been analysed in some detail by a number of commentators and analysts in the popular media and on academic websites and blogs, illustrating that the branch of international law known as the jus ad bellum – the law with respect to the legality of war – remains one of the most dynamic and interesting fields of international law and international relations.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764690424",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3125546904
|
Use of Military Force in Syria by Turkey, NATO, and the United States
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Pennsylvania",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I79576946",
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Jordan J. Paust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013374804"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Insurgency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C510578393"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C527571333"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C544453697"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria",
"Jordan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125546904
|
During an ongoing insurgency in Syria, Turkey has already used military force against Syrian military targets inside Syria. Was this use of force by Turkey permissible under international law? If NATO engages in similar military force or more extensive armed force as a regional organization, will NATO’s conduct be permissible under international law? U.S. military have been deployed to Jordan. If the United States engages in the use of force in Syria under certain future scenarios, will such conduct be permissible under international law? These and related questions are explored in the following essay.
|
[
{
"display_name": "University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S21405911",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2809927789
|
Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 17 Turkey’s Intervention in Cyprus—1974
|
[
{
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"display_name": "Dörr Oliver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023203173"
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2809927789
|
This contribution discusses the 1974 intervention by Turkey in Cyprus. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the legal positions of the main protagonists (Turkey and Greece), and the international community’s reactions. Concerning the intervention’s legality, it examines, above all, the right to intervene under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee and the right to self-defence. The final section analyses the intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It is argued that the role of the territorial state’s consent to the intervention was critical in the Cyprus case, and that the case clearly demonstrates that states may effectively limit their consent by agreeing on substantial restrictions or procedural prerequisites to the use of armed force on their territory.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1505011378
|
Enforcement of maritime claims
|
[
{
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"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "The University of Law",
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"country": "United Kingdom",
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],
"display_name": "F. D. Rose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024596760"
}
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[
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"display_name": "Maritime boundary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190377246"
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{
"display_name": "Territorial waters",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93145625"
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{
"display_name": "Exclusive economic zone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113513581"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Nautical mile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37246793"
},
{
"display_name": "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183988256"
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{
"display_name": "International court",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779871314"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Compromise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46355384"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448"
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{
"display_name": "Public international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185436325"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1505011378
|
The principles governing maritime boundary delimitation have been developed sufficiently by the international Court of Justice and other tribunals to provide some predictability regarding the resolution of the remaining disputes. The complicated geography of the Aegean presents a challenge, but even this conflict should be resolvable. The median line is usually a starting point, adjusted by the proportionality of the coasts. Islands have only a limited role in maritime boundary disputes, and in the Aegean the islands should probably be considered in clusters rather than individually. The principles of nonencroachment and maximum reach are particularly important in the Aegean, because they are designed to protect the security interests of each state and to ensure that each country is allocated some maritime area. As applied to the Aegean, Greece is entitled to a majority of the maritime space, but Turkey is also entitled to an equitable share in the Eastern Aegean. Using the proportionality of the coasts as a guideline, Turkey would be entitled to a share of the Aegean's maritime space perhaps halfway between 20% (its percentage of the coastlines if all islands are included) and 41% (its percentage if no islands are included). Another important unresolved issue is the breadth of the territorial sea, which is presently 6 nautical miles in the Aegean. One possible compromise might be to allow a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea to be claimed from the continental coasts but not from the islands, or from the islands in the Western Aegean but not those in the Eastern Aegean.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Marine Policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S56205983",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W151772761
|
The legality of recourse to defensive force in Islamic and international law: (with reference to the case in Palestine)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Makram Amireh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5071015843"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Sharia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168702047"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Geometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W151772761
|
This thesis is a study of the legality of using force in a defensive way from the perspective of Islamic and International law regarding the Palestinian use of force in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. This thesis is a doctrinal and applicable study of the jus ad bellum principle of the defensive use of force in Islamic and international law, applying it to the case of Palestine. That is to say, the first part of the thesis is an analysis of the defensive use of force in Islamic and international law from a doctrinal perspective; the second part is a discussion of how to apply these norms to the case of the Palestinian use of force. The objective of the research is to understand the doctrinal concept of the principle of the defensive use of force and the legal stance of the Palestinian defensive use of force in Islamic and international law. The study of both angles of law is significant because they both function together and are relied on at the present time by Palestinian fighters who are concerned with the legality of their resistance. The study concludes that the legal concept of the defensive use of force from the perspective of Islamic and international law is applied to Palestinians living inside Palestine today.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4233003846
|
The Missing Argument: The Article that Changed the Course of History?
|
[
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],
"display_name": "Eyāl Benveniśtî",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4233003846
|
In July 1967, one month after Israel's occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights, Israel's Military Advocate General (MAG), Colonel Meir Shamgar, appeared before a Knesset committee to discuss the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)’s duties in the areas under its control. Col. Shamgar had led the MAG Corps in the preparations in the event that a future war would find the army occupying beyond Israel's borders. Col. Shamgar began his presentation by stating: In terms of the legal background, our point of departure is that we have to respect both the fundamental pursuits of the State of Israel as its military forces begin to control an area that has been liberated by the IDF, and the rules of public international law that apply to the actions of any military in control of an area that was, until its entry, subject to the sovereignty of a foreign political entity. The guiding rules in this realm are the rules of public international law, which are reflected in The Hague Regulations of 1907 … and in the … Fourth Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians in Times of War.
|
[
{
"display_name": "AJIL unbound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210207098",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3197110716
|
Having It Both Ways: The Question of Legal Regimes in Gaza and the West Bank
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Ariel University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I52170813",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Hilly B. Moodrick Even Khen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005391841"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993791327"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3197110716
|
The discourse on legal issues deriving from the second Intifada contains many controversial or undecided issues. For example, does Israel have a right to self-defense in Gaza or in the West Bank? What legal regimes should apply in Gaza and in the West Bank? In light of the above questions, the article discusses the differences and similarities of the legal status of these two territories and makes three claims. First, that Gaza and the West Bank should be considered separate legal units, and that different legal regimes should apply in each area. Second, the jus ad bellum, in particular the right to self-defense, can be applied to both the Israeli–Gaza conflict and the situation in the West Bank. Third, that despite the differences between the two legal units, neither of these geographical areas can be administered by a single legal regime.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2506600684
|
Beit Sourik Village Council <i>v</i>. Government of Israel and Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank
|
[] |
[
{
"display_name": "Belligerent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2506600684
|
189 War and armed conflict — Belligerent occupation — West Bank territories occupied by Israel since 1967 — Whether the law of belligerent occupation still applicable — Hague Regulations on Land Warfare, 1907 — Whether declaratory of customary international law — Geneva Convention No IV respecting the Protection of Civilian Persons, 1949 — Whether applicable — Powers of occupation authorities — Taking of land — Construction of security barrier — Whether permitted — Whether proportionate Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Customary law — General principles — Proportionality — Whether a general principle of international law — Applicability in Israeli courts — Conditions of proportionality — The law of Israel
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Law Reports",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210230597",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2612963655
|
The Missing Argument: The Article that Changed the Course of History?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Eyāl Benveniśtî",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014015181"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Realm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778757428"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2612963655
|
In July 1967, one month after Israel's occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights, Israel's Military Advocate General (MAG), Colonel Meir Shamgar, appeared before a Knesset committee to discuss the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)’s duties in the areas under its control. Col. Shamgar had led the MAG Corps in the preparations in the event that a future war would find the army occupying beyond Israel's borders. Col. Shamgar began his presentation by stating: In terms of the legal background, our point of departure is that we have to respect both the fundamental pursuits of the State of Israel as its military forces begin to control an area that has been liberated by the IDF, and the rules of public international law that apply to the actions of any military in control of an area that was, until its entry, subject to the sovereignty of a foreign political entity. The guiding rules in this realm are the rules of public international law, which are reflected in The Hague Regulations of 1907 … and in the … Fourth Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians in Times of War.
|
[
{
"display_name": "American Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S160097506",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3125626624
|
ISRAEL, HIZBOLLAH, AND THE SECOND LEBANON WAR
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yaël Ronen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052319450"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law of war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779280718"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W203017980",
"https://openalex.org/W219684293",
"https://openalex.org/W1988592962",
"https://openalex.org/W2044939656",
"https://openalex.org/W2065206378",
"https://openalex.org/W2086038227",
"https://openalex.org/W2086471156",
"https://openalex.org/W2130770286",
"https://openalex.org/W2740064976",
"https://openalex.org/W3158028137"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125626624
|
This article analyses jus ad bellum questions arising from the 2006 war in Lebanon between Israel and Hizbollah. In particular, it examines Israel's claim to self-defence. Part 1 describes the scene of events and the actors. Part 2 explores whether the events of 12 July qualify, in themselves, as an armed attack. Part 3 concerns Hizbollah's and Lebanon's international responsibility for the attack. Part 4 examines whether Israel's actions complied with the legal requirements for a lawful act of self-defence.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S190046117",
"type": "book series"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2883990820
|
Justum Ad Bellum & Israel’s 2006 Attack on Lebanon: An Examination of Just War Principles
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Saikou Kawsu Gassama",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018039450"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mansoureh Ebrahimi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019889139"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kamaruzaman Yusoff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037373094"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Law of war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779280718"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
}
] |
[
"Lebanon",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W253363020",
"https://openalex.org/W1485457966",
"https://openalex.org/W1531778444",
"https://openalex.org/W1558410341",
"https://openalex.org/W1580631450",
"https://openalex.org/W2334668623"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2883990820
|
Due to the continuum of Hezbollah rocket attacks from southern Lebanon, Israel attacked Lebanon in July 2006, devastating infrastructure and causing substantial loss of Lebanese lives. This paper provides a detailed documented analysis that examines the applicability of Just-War concepts and criteria for the attack with a view to determine whether or not it was morally justified according to accepted international standards. After reviewing contemporary expositors, our analysis of Just-War criteria according to traditions stemming from St. Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas indicate that although a few criteria fit Just-War Theory, Israel had overwhelmingly failed to satisfy requisite conditions for both jus ad bellum and jus in bello, thereby rendering their Lebanon incursion unjustifiable, and therefore an unjust war.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Asian Social Science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2765046590",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2051279788
|
The Great Oxymoron: Jus In Bello Violations as Legitimate Non-Forcible Measures of Self-Defense: The Post-Disengagement Israeli Measures towards Gaza as a Case Study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Solon Solomon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021984617"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Oxymoron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8786535"
},
{
"display_name": "Disengagement theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25740722"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2051279788
|
Modern warfare and the war on terror against mainly non-State actors have obliged States to resort to innovative measures which blur the limits between jus in bello and jus ad bellum and create a legal oxymoron where the same measures constitute international law violations should they be perceived under jus in bello and legitimate means of self-defense should they be seen under the lens of self-defense and jus ad bellum. In order to demonstrate the particular axiom the note will use the Israeli – Palestinian conflict as a factual and normative framework and will put under its kaleidoscope the post-disengagement Israeli measures towards Gaza.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chinese Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S59397192",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2119542431
|
Of Occupation, Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello: A Reply to Solon Solomon's "The Great Oxymoron: Jus In Bello Violations as Legitimate Non-Forcible Measures of Self-Defense: The Post-Disengagement Israeli Measures towards Gaza as a Case Study"
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Vaios Koutroulis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073444360"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] |
[
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2119542431
|
This reply critically addresses three arguments advanced in Solon Solomon's article. Firstly, it underscores the existing doubts as to the evolution of the right to self-defense towards encompassing operations against non-State actors. Secondly, it demonstrates that, contrary to Solomon's suggestion, Gaza continues to be occupied by Israel after the 2005 disengagement. This qualification blocks Israel from invoking its jus ad bellum right to self-defense against actions emanating from Gaza. Finally, this reply argues that, even if the self-defense argument is accepted, the legality of Israeli measures under international law depends on their conformity with both jus ad bellum and jus in bello, since both legal regimes are independent from one another and apply simultaneously to Israeli actions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chinese Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S59397192",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1444034714
|
Panel I Commentary - Jus ad Bellum
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Robert F. Turner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068973103"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Aside",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778120072"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
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{
"display_name": "De facto",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992317946"
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{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"United Arab Emirates"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1444034714
|
tarting with the issue of the Taliban, Mike Schmitt continues to be troubled about the legality of using force against the Taliban. I began at this position also. Indeed, at one point I authored an opinion for an editorial page stating that if the Taliban resisted when the United States used force against al Qaeda, it would be legally permissible to use force against the Taliban. Subsequently, I have re-thought this view and I now think the appropriate way to deal with this issue is to recognize that the Taliban was not in fact either de jure or de facto the lawful government of Afghanistan. To begin with, at the height of the “Taliban Regime,” only three countries in the world, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, conducted diplomatic relations with the Taliban. This means that 189 countries did not. When the UN Security Council ordered countries to either break relations with the Taliban or not to have dealings with the Taliban, the number of states with diplomatic relations with the Taliban became one, Pakistan. As an aside, I believe that Pakistan was probably encouraged by a number of states to
|
[
{
"display_name": "International law studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764702138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2317529460
|
Israel's Airstrike on Syria's Al-Kibar Facility: A Test Case for the Doctrine of Pre-emptive Self-Defence?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Andrew Garwood-Gowers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010039493"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352"
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{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
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{
"display_name": "Customary international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779921323"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Public international law",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2317529460
|
This article analyses the legality of Israel’s 2007 airstrike on an alleged Syrian nuclear facility at Al-Kibar—an incident that has been largely overlooked by international lawyers to date. The absence of a threat of imminent attack from Syria means Israel’s military action was not a lawful exercise of anticipatory self-defence. Yet, despite Israel’s clear violation of the prohibition on the use of force there was remarkably little condemnation from other states, suggesting the possibility of growing international support for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence. This article argues that the muted international reaction to Israel’s pre-emptive action was the result of political factors, and should not be seen as endorsement of the legality of the airstrike. As such, a lack of opinio juris means the Al-Kibar episode cannot be viewed as extending the scope of the customary international law right of self-defence so as to permit the use of force against non-imminent threats. However, two features of this incident—namely, Israel’s failure to offer any legal justification for its airstrike, and the international community’s apparent lack of concern over legality—are also evident in other recent uses of force in the ‘war on terror’ context. These developments may indicate a shift in state practice involving a downgrading of the role of international law in discussions of the use of force. This may signal a declining perception of the legitimacy of the jus ad bellum, at least in cases involving minor uses of force.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Conflict and Security Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S68909633",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402607",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4241942124
|
International Law and the War With Islamic State
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Saeed Bagheri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037040357"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Obligation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778447849"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Sharia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168702047"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Law of war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779280718"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4241942124
|
Armed non-state actors (ANSAs) often have economic aims that international law needs to respond to. This book looks at the aim of Islamic State to create an effective government, with an economically independent regime, which focused on key oilfields in Syria and Iraq. Having addressed Islamic State’s quest for energy resources in Iraq and Syria, the book explores the lawfulness of the war with Islamic State from a variety of legal aspects. It attempts to make inroads into the most controversial aspects of contradictions in the application of jus ad bellum and jus in bello, particularly when discussing the use of extraterritorial armed force against ANSAs, and the obligation to protect civilian objects, including the natural environment.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2811011376
|
Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 50 Israeli Airstrikes in Syria—2003 and 2007
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Moir Lindsay",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069930141"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2811011376
|
This contribution examines the airstrikes carried out by Israel against Syria in 2003 and in 2007. It sets out the facts and context of both operations and the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel and Syria), as well as the reactions of third states and international organisations. It then considers questions surrounding the legality of the airstrikes against the prevailing rules of international law regulating the resort to force, before discussing the extent to which either operation might have impacted upon the development of the jus ad bellum.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2562143861
|
El uso de la fuerza contra el Estado Islámico en Irak y Siria: problemas de fundamentación jurídica
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Spain",
"display_name": "University of Valencia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I16097986",
"lat": 39.47391,
"long": -0.37966,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Pilar Pozo Serrano",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5046983845"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Self defense",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993275398"
},
{
"display_name": "Sharia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168702047"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2562143861
|
Current military campaign against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria raises the question of the admissibility of the right to use force in self-defence against attacks by non-State actors in other States. International law in this area remains controversial and State practice ambiguous and inconsistent. This article analyses the legal basis invoked by States to justify their military operations against ISIL. Consent provided by the Iraqi government is lacking in the case of Syria, leaving only self-defence as feasible legal basis. The broad support for the use of force against Islamic State sides with conflicting views regarding the need of territorial State consent to the use of force on its territory.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anuario de derecho internacional",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210167563",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401513",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3124771972
|
The Law of War and the Responsibility to Protect Civilians: A Reinterpretation
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Fordham University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I164389053",
"lat": 40.71427,
"long": -74.00597,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Thomas H. Lee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018848376"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
},
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "State responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereign state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165341840"
},
{
"display_name": "Reinterpretation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778734905"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Acoustics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124771972
|
Two seemingly unrelated crises implicating the law of war and the responsibility to protect civilians
have arisen in recent years. In 2013, the United States considered military intervention without U.N.
Security Council preapproval in Syria after discovering that the government had exterminated its own
people with chemical agents. In 2014, Russia sent troops into Crimea, a part of Ukraine, to protect ethnic
Russians that Russia claimed were in danger after a political coup in the country. In both cases, the
military acts contemplated or undertaken were of dubious legality, albeit under different rubrics. This
Article aims to show how analysis of the lawfulness of military intervention in Syria and Crimea is
illuminated by recognizing that both are subspecies of the same problem and may thus be seen as one
customary doctrine of international law governing the grounds for war. By custom, a sovereign state may
use force in another unconsenting sovereign state without U.N. Security Council authorization or a selfdefense
justification to protect civilians facing imminent risk of group extermination—a threshold that
was arguably met in Syria but seemingly not in Crimea. The right to use armed force in such instances is
further constrained by the proportionality and exhaustion-of-other means requirements that generally apply
to the law of war.
This customary legal right to use force was traditionally limited to protecting the lives of the intervening
state’s own civilians for two related reasons. First, the bedrock principle of exclusive sovereignty
shielded a target state’s treatment of its civilians within its borders. Second, there was a consensus that
international law did not permit the use of armed force to enforce the right against death of civilians in
another country absent the nexus of nationality to the victims. However, in the past dozen years, both
principles have been fatally undermined by the norm of the “responsibility to protect” civilians, which
pierces the veil of sovereignty for states that harm or fail to protect their own peoples. Consequently, the
present customary international law of war can reasonably be construed as extending the ancient unilateral
civilian-protection use-of-force easement to the use of force to protect all civilians facing state-sponsored
mass killings, regardless of nationality.
The life-saving easement on sovereign territory logically covers only cases where civilians are facing
group death—genocide, massacre killings, or lethal use of atomic, biological, or chemical weapons—
initiated by the host state which is violating its duty to protect the people within its territory. U.N.
Security Council authorization or a self-defense justification is still required for military interventions in
response to other mass atrocities such as ethnic cleansing, war crimes, state-initiated individual killings,
non-lethal crimes against humanity (for example, systemic torture), or the possession (or non-lethal use) of
weapons of mass destruction, and to humanitarian crises where deaths are not caused by the state or its
agents. Of course, any intervening state’s decision to use armed force to protect its own or foreign civilians
in an unconsenting state is ultimately a matter of its own domestic law and policy choice, but international
law does not prohibit such a choice in the face of state-initiated mass killings.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Harvard International Law Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S124355644",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2320818389
|
The Exercise of Self-Defence Against ISIL in Syria: New Insights on the Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Oxford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I40120149",
"lat": 51.75222,
"long": -1.25596,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Olivia Flasch",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5076679034"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Self defense",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993275398"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2163307947"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2320818389
|
The extraterritorial use of force by a State against non-State actors has been a contentious issue in international law in modern times. In past cases where States have invoked self-defence to justify such attacks, the international community has been quick to condemn them as violations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the State on whose territory such attacks take place. In contrast, the current air strikes against ISIL in Syria – carried out by an international coalition in collective self-defence of Iraq – have been met with no such condemnations. Indeed, many more States appear to favour these attacks than in previous comparable cases and very few have protested on the basis of sovereignty concerns. This article seeks to analyse the reasons behind this apparent shift in State practice, and what impact it may have, if any, on the development of the law on the use of force. In particular, it discusses three potential legal justifications for the air strikes, which may underlie the condoning reactions by States: the consent of the territorial State, the crystallization of the ‘Unwilling or Unable’ test and the development of a new legal doctrine on the use of force against non-State actors.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2469773302
|
Syria: Can International Law Cope? Workshop Report
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Christopher M. Ford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064122530"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2469773302
|
This article provides a synopsis of issues discussed at a workshop on the role of international law in Syria.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International law studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764702138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2810146462
|
Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 16 The Yom Kippur War—1973
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Dubuisson François",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018816859"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Vaios Koutroulis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073444360"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Value (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Egypt",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2810146462
|
This contribution discusses the hostilities that opposed Israel against Egypt, Syria and the armed forces of other Arab states, which took place in October 1973. After setting out the context of this confrontation, which is directly linked to the 1967 Six Days War, it presents the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel, Egypt, Syria) as well as those of third states and international organizations. The third section examines the legality of this resort to force under jus ad bellum and concludes that the military operations on behalf of the Arab states can be justified as an exercise of the right to self-defence. Finally, the conclusions discuss the limited precedential value of this specific incident with respect to the interpretation of the prohibition to use force in international relations.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1166234865
|
The Syrian Crisis and the Principle of Non-Refoulement
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mike Sanderson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061555493"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical warfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101216236"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1166234865
|
This is an open access article, freely available from the International Law Studies website. Please cite the ILS published version available from https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/cbabd384-d196-4d22-92fb-57defd22d97c/Th-Syrian-Crisis-and-the-Principle-of-Non-Refoulem.aspx
|
[
{
"display_name": "International law studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764702138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W340453481
|
U.S. Military Action Against the Islamic State: Answers to Frequently Asked Legal Questions
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael John Garcia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054168732"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jennifer Elsea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075167425"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Charter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777596936"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Authorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108759981"
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{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
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{
"display_name": "Military threat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110956428"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Presidential system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197487636"
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{
"display_name": "Military science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C451841"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W340453481
|
This report addresses select legal questions raised by the use of military force against the Islamic State (IS). Questions addressed in this report include potential sources (and limitations) of presidential authority to use military force against the Islamic State without congressional authorization; the potential relevance of the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002 Iraq AUMF; P.L. 107-243) and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001 AUMF; P.L.107-40); the applicability of the United Nations Charter to ongoing U.S. military strikes in Iraq and any prospective strikes against IS forces in Syria; and the constraints imposed by the War Powers Resolution upon U.S. military action that has not been authorized by Congress.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3138240509
|
Legitimate Authority and Just War
|
[
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{
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"display_name": "Harvard University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I136199984",
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Joshua J. Craddock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014232939"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
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"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3138240509
|
Recent just war theory discussions have emphasized the just cause and right intention prongs of jus ad bellum, but have offered only cursory analysis of the legitimate authority prong in the American context. This article argues that legitimate authority depends in part on domestic law and that the sovereign's war powers must be exercised in accordance with the rule of law. In the American context, where sovereignty is divided, the Constitution's allocation of war powers should guide analysis. The article provides a survey of executive and congressional powers over war and hostilities, and then applies those legal rules to conflicts in Libya, Syria, and North Korea.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2198234145
|
The conflict with Islamic State: A critical review of international legal issues
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "University of Geneva",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I114457229",
"lat": 46.20222,
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],
"display_name": "Antonio Coco",
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{
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{
"country": "Germany",
"display_name": "Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law",
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],
"display_name": "Jean-Baptiste Maillart",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017742322"
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[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
},
{
"display_name": "State responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2198234145
|
Islamic State (IS) is a radical jihadist armed group that controls vast swathes of territory in eastern Syria and across northern and western Iraq. Its existence and activities have prompted numerous States to intervene against it. Rather than focusing on the responsibility of Islamic State itself, the present contribution assesses the legality of the behavior of the States who interact with the armed group. In particular, the authors assess the legality of the use of force against Islamic State, exploring the current international regulation of self-defense and military interventions by invitation of the territorial State. The chapter also analyses whether any State bears responsibility for (or in relation to) the violations of international law performed by Islamic State.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1793000544
|
The Law of War and the Responsibility to Protect Civilians: A Reinterpretation
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Fordham University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I164389053",
"lat": 40.71427,
"long": -74.00597,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Thomas H. Lee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018848376"
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[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
},
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "State responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereign state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165341840"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1793000544
|
Two seemingly unrelated crises implicating the law of war and the responsibility to protect civilians have arisen in recent years. In 2013, the United States considered military intervention without United Nations (“U.N.”) Security Council preapproval in Syria after discovering that the government had exterminated its own people with chemical agents. In 2014, Russia sent troops into Crimea, a part of Ukraine, to protect ethnic Russians that Russia claimed were in danger after a political coup in the country. In both cases, the military acts contemplated or undertaken were of dubious legality, albeit under different rubrics. This Article aims to show how analysis of the lawfulness of military intervention in Syria and Crimea is illuminated by recognizing that both are subspecies of the same problem and are thus controlled by one customary doctrine of international law governing the grounds for war. By custom, a sovereign state may use force in another unconsenting sovereign state without U.N. Security Council authorization or a self-defence justification to protect civilians facing imminent risk of group extermination — a threshold that was arguably met in Syria but seemingly not in Crimea. The right to use armed force in such instances is further constrained by the proportionality and exhaustion-of-other means requirements that generally apply to the law of war. This customary legal right to use force was traditionally limited to protecting the lives of the intervening state’s own civilians for two related reasons. First, the bedrock principle of exclusive sovereignty shielded a target state’s treatment of its civilians within its borders. Second, there was a consensus that international law did not permit the use of armed force to enforce the right against death of civilians in another country absent the nexus of nationality to the victims. However, in the past dozen years, both principles have been fatally undermined by the norm of the “responsibility to protect” civilians, which pierces the veil of sovereignty for states that harm or fail to protect their own peoples. Consequently, the present customary international law of war can reasonably be construed as extending the ancient unilateral civilian-protection use-of-force easement to the use of force to protect all civilians facing state-sponsored mass killings, regardless of nationality. The life-saving easement on sovereign territory logically covers only cases where civilians are facing group death — genocide, massacre killings, or lethal use of atomic, biological, or chemical weapons — initiated by the host state which is violating its duty to protect the people within its territory. U.N. Security Council authorization or a self-defence justification is still required for military interventions in response to other mass atrocities such as ethnic cleansing, war crimes, state-initiated individual killings, non-lethal crimes against humanity (for example, systemic torture), or the possession (or non-lethal use) of weapons of mass destruction, and to humanitarian crises where deaths are not caused by the state or its agents. Of course, any intervening state’s decision to use armed force to protect its own or foreign civilians in an unconsenting state is ultimately a matter of its own domestic law and policy choice, but international law does not prohibit such a choice in the face of state-initiated mass killings.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2811050616
|
Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 62 Threats of and Actual Military Strikes Against Syria—2013 and 2017
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Lagerwall Anne",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034944992"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical warfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101216236"
},
{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereign state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165341840"
},
{
"display_name": "Kingdom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13801280"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2811050616
|
This chapter examines the threats of military intervention expressed by the United States, the United Kingdom and France in reaction to the use of chemical weapons during an attack in the Ghouta area of Damascus in 2013 as well as the military strikes launched by the United States following the use of chemical weapons during an attack in the Khan Sheikhun area of Southern Idlib in 2017. After recalling the facts and context of the Syrian crisis, it studies the legal positions of the main protagonists (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) and the reactions of third States and international organisations. The final section analyses the envisaged and actual intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It argues that targeting the military assets of a sovereign State as a reaction to violations of international law that this State has supposedly committed is far from being unanimously accepted from a legal point of view.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2111076562
|
The Gulf War from the point of view of international law: An ordinary war of aggression inspired by territorial ambition?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ige F. Dekker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090245817"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Harry Post",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059482854"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Viewpoints",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035091"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Aggression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual arts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153349607"
}
] |
[
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2074116192",
"https://openalex.org/W2077967552",
"https://openalex.org/W2094089299",
"https://openalex.org/W2095148491",
"https://openalex.org/W2316209199",
"https://openalex.org/W2321160740",
"https://openalex.org/W2797967757"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2111076562
|
Iraq and Iran would certainly not come at the top of everyone's list of States which are particularly concerned with the implementation of international law. However, as is the case in virtually all international conflicts, to justify their actions in the Gulf War, these States have also adopted positions based on arguments of international law. In a complicated conflict such as this, it is by no means easy to assess the validity of such justifications, as this contribution attempts to do, if only because the facts are extremely difficult to determine objectively. For purposes of international law, this problem regarding the facts can be partially avoided by analysing the conflict mainly on the basis of the viewpoints raised during the discussions of the conflict in the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations. Moreover, only the first stage of the conflict up to 1980 is examined here.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Netherlands Yearbook of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S61703308",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W953566573
|
Proportionality in CyberWarfare
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I48379061",
"lat": 35.802223,
"long": 51.393333,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Nima Abdollahzade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011832979"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Cyberwarfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171769113"
},
{
"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W953566573
|
In June 2010, a computer worm called Stuxnet was discovered. Soon it was revealed that Stuxnet was specifically designed to attack nuclear facilities in Iran. It is claimed that this cyber attack caused mass damage in nuclear facilities of Iran namely Natanz facility. This so called cyber attack arise the question of weather Iran could use it’s right of self-defence or not? And if it can, how far it can goes. Does this attack give Iran right to bomb attackers if identified or it should limit itself to counter cyber attacks (Hack back)? This latter question is in issue in this paper.Self-defense in cyber attacks: Customary International Law (CLI) established that every states has right to undertake Self-defense measures when an adversary commits an “armed attack”. Not every cyber attack constitute an armed attack but those who enjoy “sufficient scope, duration, and intensity” can constitute it and if so there is no doubt that under CLI the state who was victim of these kind of attacks can practice it’s right to defend itself. Jus in bello rules over these measure and so they are limited to necessity and proportionality. The principle of necessity requires that any measure taken avowedly in Self-defense must have been necessary for that purpose. One of main requirement in the principle of necessity is actions taken in Self-defense must generally be taken without undue delay. In cyber attacks this requirement is not at issue as in most cases identifying cause of attack may take time. As a result nature of cyber attacks require that immediate action requirement should not strictly applied. Instead state should given enough time to practice its right of Self-defense.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4312901732
|
The Precariousness of Self-Defence in International Law by the Targeted Killing of Major General Soleimani of Iran by the United States
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Udoka Ndidiamaka Owie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061668299"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Self defense",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993275398"
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{
"display_name": "Guard (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141141315"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "George (robot)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67101536"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312901732
|
The view of the United States that it can lawfully hunt and kill terrorists plotting attacks on Americans even in the territory of other states is not peculiar to the Administration of Donald Trump. The earlier Administrations of Barack Obama and George W. Bush, Jr had acted against terrorists similarly. However, the killing of Major General Qasem Soleimani of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran, a senior state official of Iran, goes beyond the narrower issue of the targeted killing of terrorists to the right of self-defence in international law and deserves closer analysis because of its precarious implications for international law and its unique rule-making mechanism.
|
[
{
"display_name": "African yearbook of international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176918",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2291211953
|
La doctrina Bush de la guerra preventiva: ¿Evolución del "ius ad bellum" o vuelta al Medioevo? "The bush doctrine of the pre-emptive war: ¿evolution of ius ad bellum or return to the middle age?"
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Octavio Augusto",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059267202"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Caro Garzón",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081710506"
}
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"display_name": "Charter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777596936"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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{
"display_name": "History",
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
}
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[
"Iran",
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2291211953
|
After the 9/11 attacks, the United States re-elaborated a new doctrine denominated preemptive war, which does not recognize the philosophy of the Charter of the United Nations and has been used as a justification to the invasion of Iraq and to sustain a tense situation with Iran. The author maintains that this restatement of the “ius ad bellum” implies a return to the medieval doctrine of the just war and what is even more dangerous, it could lead back to the unilateral self-defense as mechanism to solve international controversies.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2895146010
|
The Right of Self-Defence: The Gravity of the Use of Force and Isolated Incidents as Armed Attack
|
[
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"display_name": "Shabnam Haji Ali Mohammadi",
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993275398"
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"display_name": "Deadly force",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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[
"Iran"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2895146010
|
In two significant Judgments (Nicaragua Case and Iranian Oil Platforms Case), International Court of Justice explicitly held that “it is necessary to distinguish the most grave forms of the use of force (those constituting an armed attack) from other less grave forms”. Once it is seen that the Court observed the criterion of armed attack in this manner, the question is that: what, then, is an armed attack? Moreover, what is the required degree of gravity to constitute an armed attack? In Iranian Oil Platforms Case, the Court by concluding that the actions by Iran did not constitute an armed attack distinguished between the most grave uses of force and less grave forms. The Court similarly concluded that, although it would not exclude the possibility that the mining of a single military vessel might be sufficient to bring into play the “inherent right of self-defence”, due to the lack of evidence, it was “unable to hold” that the mine attack in this case constituted an armed attack. Hence, the next question is whether isolated uses of force may amount to armed attack. The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of “armed attack” under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. Two research questions are formulated in order to address that purpose. The first question enquires whether uses of force have to be of a certain gravity to constitute and armed attack. The second research question focuses on the issue whether isolated uses of force can amount to an armed attack. In order to answer these questions, the paper is conducted in three main sections. Section I aims to analyse the historical developments of the creation of the right of self-defence. Section II will examine the notion of “armed attack” under the Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. Section III addresses the issue of the isolated uses of force on the basis of the States practice, International Court of justice’s decisions and academic debates.
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[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1535100907
|
Veiled Impunity: Iran's Use of Non-State Armed Groups
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"type": "government"
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"display_name": "Keith A. Petty",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Aggression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Statistics",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1535100907
|
Iran's use of non-state armed groups is a key component of its foreign policy, and is more sophisticated than the blunt use of force against other States. As such, this strategy is deceptively threatening to the territorial integrity and political independence of the target States of groups such as Hezbollah, Mahdi's Army, and Hamas. Under traditional interpretations of the jus ad bellum, indirect aggression can be attributed to sponsor States if it is comparable to the direct use of force by a State, or if the State is substantially involved in the armed group's attack. That Iranian support is veiled, and rarely meets the control requirement necessary over its armed groups, leaves a significant gap in efforts to deter this unlawful behavior. This article examines the nature of Iran's support to select armed groups, whether it constitutes unlawful aggression, and provides a comprehensive legal framework for deterring this aspect of the Islamic Republic's foreign policy.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2924837980
|
Urgency in Self-defense, Non-aggressive, From the Vantage Point of the West and Islamic Jurisprudence
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Adel Sarikhani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064035907"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Self defense",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993275398"
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{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Impossibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776261394"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C7493553"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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[
"Iran"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2924837980
|
It is said that the imminence of threat of attack، is the most controversial condition that is provided for justifying self-defense. The challenges that have been studied in this essay, are defenses that occur in non-aggressive situations and possibility or impossibility of extending the concept of imminence، especially putative self-defense and battered women syndrome. That there is no imminence and factual attack in that situation. Analyzing the concept of imminence and common approaches with respect to mentioned subjects in western laws and then considering it, under the light of Islamic and Iranian laws, are subjects of this paper. The selected approach in Islamic law، is prudently and far from biases, according to which self-defense could be justified only when there is imminence and factual attack -according to the opinion of some theorist - or impendent attack- according to some others- on the basis of certainty of the danger. Finally, it has concluded that defenses that occur in non-aggressive situations cannot be justified as legitimate self-defense. Whether، there is not any attack, or there is no imminent attack.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Comparative Study on#R##N#Islamic & Western Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306506662",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2621720515
|
Cyberspace Operations, Stuxnet, Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Grady Jr O Morton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5071577784"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Cyberspace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241145"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Cyberwarfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171769113"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
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{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2621720515
|
Abstract : Air Force Doctrine Document 3-12 defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. Cyberspace attacks are on the rise. In September 2012, hackers attacked Canadian energy companies that manage 60 percent of all oil and gas pipelines in North and Latin America. At about the same time, sophisticated hackers attacked several large United States banking institutions in cyberspace attacks that experts concluded had been planned for weeks. And the now-famous Stuxnet cyber weapon infected the software that controls Irans nuclear weapons centrifuges, resulting in what some experts believe was the first cyberspace attack targeting infrastructure control software.This paper will analyze the application of the law of armed conflict to cyber operations, applying jus ad bellum principles to cyber operations in order to determine when a cyberspace attack constitutes a use of force. Then, applying the jus ad bellum principles to the Stuxnet worm, the paper argues that Stuxnet constituted a use of force under Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. Further, analyzing the jus in bello principles of proportionality, military necessity, and discrimination, the paper concludes that the Stuxnet attack complied with all applicable principles of international humanitarian law.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2770433027
|
Cyber Attacks in International Law: From Atomic War to Computer War
|
[
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"display_name": "Maseeh Ullah",
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"display_name": "Abdul Ghani",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
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[
"Iran"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2770433027
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There can be no doubt, computers and especially the Internet have developed the way we live our lives. Information is stored in vast databases, and through the Internet, is literally at our fingertips. Many essential services and structures are dependent on computers, and they also control physical objects such as electrical transformers, trains, pipeline pumps, chemical vats, radars and stock markets. The revolution of computers and Internet has also brought with it a potential for misuse, and cyber criminals can be a serious threat. They can do anything from breaking into protected networks, stealing anything from personal files to money, or vandalize the networks by deleting or altering information, to hijacking it and controlling the computers actions. Recognizing the potential for misuse, numerous states have issued statements on the need of regulating conduct on the Internet. The United Nations General Assembly has issued numerous statements on the possibilities of cyber abuse. For instance, fifty-third session the General Assembly recalled that technological developments could have both civilian and military application. They also stated that the use of information technologies could affect the interests of the whole international community, and disturb international stability and security. In its fifty-fifth session it called on states to criminalize cyber abuse and deny their territory from being used as a safe haven.
There is also an international convention on Cybercrime which pursues a common criminal policy to protect society against cybercrime, by adopting appropriate legislation and development international co-operation. But as the U.N. General Assembly noted, the technological developments can have both civilian and military applications. In recent years numerous countries have established their own cyber branches/units within the military. To name a few examples, the USA has the US Cyber Command, China’s People’s Liberation Army has a cyber-division called Blue Team, Norway has Cyberforsvaret, and the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defence has started recruiting personnel for a new cyber unit. The USA has declared that it reserves the right to use all necessary means, including military to defend against hostile acts in cyberspace. Cyber-attacks have the potential to cause a lot of damage. There have already been large scale cyber operations that have had a significant effect on countries, but so far the effects have not been devastating. The most notorious cyber-attacks in history are “Robert Tappan Morris and the Morris Worm (1988), MafiaBoy causes $1 billion dollars in damages (2000), Google China hit by cyber-attack (2009, Teen hacks NASA and US Defense Department 1999. Recently some cases “in June 2016 that Russian intelligence had hacked a Democratic National Committee (DNC) server in an attempt to steal opposition research on Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, in 2010 in Iran targeted through cyber-attack. In early 2007, Estonia was the recipient of repeated denial-of-service attacks.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
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"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2213189361
|
Libya and Lessons from Iraq: International Law and the Use of Force by the United Kingdom
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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[
"Libya",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2213189361
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Those countries, including the United Kingdom, using force in Libya in 2011 have taken much greater care to ensure that their actions are underpinned by legality. This suggests a return to respect for the jus ad bellum, but as the operation against Libya unfolded it became clearer that some of the problems that undermined the legality and legitimacy of the invasion of Iraq 8 years earlier had not been avoided, which raises the question of how such operations can be kept within the strict bounds of the law.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Netherlands Yearbook of International Law",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402481",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2045670287
|
The Responsibility to Protect and the Responsibility While Protecting: Why Did Brazil Write a Letter to the UN?
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Uppsala University",
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"display_name": "Inger Österdahl",
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
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{
"display_name": "Public international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185436325"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "CLARITY",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777146004"
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{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Moral responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111476811"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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"display_name": "Multinational corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158016649"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2045670287
|
The responsibility to protect was invoked by the United Nations (UN) Security Council in support of its authorization of a military intervention in Libya in 2011. In the wake of the intervention, Brazil approached the UN with a new doctrine: the responsibility while protecting. The responsibility while protecting implies a greater degree of caution on the part of the international community in its exercise of the responsibility to protect. Intentionally or unintentionally, Brazil mixes aspects of the jus ad bellum with aspects of the jus in bello in the new doctrine. This is controversial and potentially detrimental to both areas of law. An additional layer of limitations on the use of armed force in multinational peace operations is introduced beyond the existing restrictions on warfare following from international humanitarian law. A lack of clarity pertaining to the use of force and to the respective roles of the Security Council and the General Assembly in this respect in the exercise of the responsibility to protect contribute to making the responsibility while protecting seem increasingly enigmatic. Interpreted constructively, however, the responsibility while protecting simply urges the international community to follow international law. This would be good.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nordic Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S38593109",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4207018289
|
Just and Unjust Uses of Limited Force
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Daniel R. Brunstetter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004989188"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
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{
"display_name": "Scholarship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778061430"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] |
[
"Libya",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4207018289
|
Limited force—no-fly zones, limited strikes, Special Forces raids, and drones strikes outside “hot” battlefields—has been at the nexus of the moral and strategic debates about just war since the fall of the Berlin Wall but has remained largely under-theorized. The main premise of the book is that limited force is different than war in scope, strategic purpose, and ethical permissions and restraints. By revisiting the major wars animating contemporary just war scholarship (Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, the drone “wars,” and Libya) and drawing insights from the just war tradition, this book teases out an ethical account of force-short-of-war. It covers the deliberation about whether to use limited force (<italic>jus ad vim</italic>), restraints that govern its use (<italic>jus in vi</italic>), when to stop (<italic>jus ex vi</italic>), and the after-use context (<italic>jus post vim</italic>). While these moral categories parallel to some extent their just war counterparts of <italic>jus ad bellum, jus in bello, jus post bellum</italic>, and <italic>jus ex bello</italic>, the book illustrates how they can be reimagined and recalibrated in a limited force context, while also introducing new specific to the dilemmas associated with escalation and risk. As the argument unfolds, the reader will be presented with a view of limited force as a moral alternative to war, exposed to a series of dilemmas that raise challenges regarding when and how limited force is used, and provided with a more precise and morally enriched vocabulary to talk about limited force and the responsibilities its use entails.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2497817891
|
Introduction to armed humanitarian intervention
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Winona State University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I5795714",
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"display_name": "Don E. Scheid",
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[
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian aid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292"
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{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W4210704584"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2497817891
|
The phrase "armed humanitarian intervention" (AHI) denotes a military intervention into the jurisdiction of a state by outside forces for humanitarian purposes. The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) rationale was implemented in 2011 when the UN Security Council approved military intervention in Libya, and this intervention again spurred debates about AHIs. In more recent times, military interventions have been justified as a way of overthrowing a noxious regime, promoting communism, installing an Islamic theocracy, or supporting a democratic form of government. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it became apparent that unlimited sovereignty in the international arena was incompatible with any hope of a world free from the devastations of war. International law began to become more prominent in international relations. Establishing a legal right to militarily intervene in another state must require authorization from some legal authority.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W47629552
|
Responsibility to Protect (R2P): International Military Intervention as an Appropriate Response? The Threshold for Considering Humanitarian Intervention as an Act of Aggression
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Borjas Monroy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010001240"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "C Alma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067037848"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
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{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W47629552
|
R2P implies responsibility to react, not only for the State concerned but for the international community as a whole. Events should cover certain characteristics to justify a military intervention: the crime must be of significant magnitude, it may occur in times of war or peace, and may be either international or internal; it must be identifiable in conventional international criminal law; its execution must have been led by a ruling or otherwise powerful elite in society and the law applicable has to render individuals criminally responsible for the commission of such crime. It should be an atrocity crime as described by Scheffer. Likewise, military intervention has to comply with certain principles too: restrain itself to cause threshold; follow precautionary principles and be authorized by the right authority (the Security Council). The questions to be discussed are: when can we really identify a situation as described before? What if we can and there is no action taken by the Security Council? If the latter’s authorization exists, where could we identify the threshold of such intervention? How can we differentiate a “humanitarian intervention” from an act of aggression? The intervention in Libya, e.g., really covers the before-mentioned requirements?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W4309168300
|
<i>Jus ad Curiam</i> and <i>Jus ad Bellum</i> Decisions in <i>Côte d’Ivoire</i>
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Luis Moreno Ocampo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090895426"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jurisdiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292"
},
{
"display_name": "Appeal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449503"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Crimes against humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776429423"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Tribunal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777438998"
},
{
"display_name": "Authorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108759981"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "War crime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195064531"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4309168300
|
Abstract This chapter reviews the 2010 post-election conflict in Côte d’Ivoire and explores how different authorities adopted jus ad Curiam and jus ad Bellum decisions and the implementations of such measures. The first jus ad Curiam decision was adopted under the Laurent Gbagbo presidency in October 2003, accepting the ICC jurisdiction. On December, 2010, elected President Alassane Ouattara confirmed the continued validity of the previous jus ad Curiam decision. On March 2011, acting under Chapter VII and at the request of ECOWAS’ heads of state, the UN Security Council adopted a jus ad Bellum decision noting the previous national jus ad Curiam decision, “the International Criminal Court may decide on its jurisdiction over the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.” On June 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor requested authorization from the pre-trial chamber to open an investigation. Pre-Trial Chamber III and the appeal chamber discussed different aspects, but finally, the Office of the Prosecution received the authorization requested. The office obtained three arrest warrants. Former President Gbagbo was surrendered to the court and challenged the jurisdiction of the ICC in his case. The appeal chamber ruled that the case was admissible. Côte d’Ivoire provides the best example of integration between national, regional, and international efforts to control massive violence. Unlike in Libya, the national government’s ability to prevent the civil war’s reappearance and the commission of crimes against humanity created years without massive crimes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3028069647
|
A study on the imposition of legal obligations upon states to intervene: operationalizing the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) / Afiqah Abdul Razak, Mohd Faizal Hiqram Azmi and Noor Hannah Mohd Nasir
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Noor Hannah Mohd Nasir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047754516"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Afiqah Abdul Razak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027013102"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mohd Faizal Hiqram Azmi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017653373"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
},
{
"display_name": "Obligation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778447849"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultra vires",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777804265"
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{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411"
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{
"display_name": "Customary international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779921323"
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{
"display_name": "Duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779103253"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Public international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185436325"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3028069647
|
This project paper discusses the status of the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in relation to international law and seeks to establish whether R2P creates legal obligations unto the international community to take the appropriate measures in situations of mass atrocities. The project paper begins with an outline of our research proposal which works to draw the focus of our research to an introduction and general background of R2P. Our project paper further comprises of the conception of R2P alongside the obstacles faced in imposing this doctrine as an international duty. Furthermore, this project paper explores two possibilities in which R2P may impose legal obligations unto States: whether, firstly, R2P introduces a new rule of customary international law or whether, secondly, R2P establishes obligations by extending upon existing rules of jus cogens. Apart from that, this project paper analyzes the two recent cases of Libya and Cote d’Iviore wherein measures echoing the doctrine of R2P were invoked by the international community via the United Nations Security Council. Based on our findings on all these matters, this project paper shall, lastly, narrow down our research to several recommendations as to the imposition of R2P as an obligation under international law.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2811310745
|
Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 20 The Larnaca Incident—1978
|
[
{
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"display_name": "Constantine Antonopoulos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075525820"
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411"
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{
"display_name": "Section (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2811310745
|
This contribution examines the 1978 Egyptian commando operation at Larnaca International Airport in Cyprus. It sets out the facts and context of the incident, the legal positions of the states involved (Egypt and Cyprus) and the international community’s reactions. It then evaluates the legality of the Egyptian operation by reference to the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the ius ad bellum, in particular whether it has contributed to an exception to the prohibition on the use of force for the protection of a state’s nationals abroad.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2810803986
|
Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 4 The Suez Crisis—1956
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Alexandra Hofer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052527663"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
"display_name": "Suez canal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991912704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C13801280"
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{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
},
{
"display_name": "Member states",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019422483"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
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{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Egypt",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2810803986
|
This chapter examines the intervention led by France, the United Kingdom and Israel against Egypt in 1956. After recalling the facts of the Suez Canal Crisis, it examines the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel, France, the United Kingdom and Egypt) and the reactions of United Nations member states. The intervention’s legality is then assessed against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood in 1956. The final section analyses the intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It is argued that if the intervention initially undermined the United Nations, the forceful reaction of UN member states affirmed the importance of the UN Organization and its principles.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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https://openalex.org/W4388436362
|
Self-Defense: Domestic and International
|
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "George P. Fletcher",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019818981"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Steve Sheppard",
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"display_name": "Self defense",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
}
] |
[
"Egypt",
"Iraq",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388436362
|
Abstract As self-defense was the central issue in the Goetz case, it is also the anchor that orients the law of war. Military aggression is prohibited under international law, but the use of military force in self-defense is permissible under the United Nations Charter Article 51. At some point, prohibited military aggression becomes justifiable self-defense. The activity might look exactly the same, with battles on the ground and in the air, but the legal valence is just the opposite. The problem for lawyers is fathoming the point of transformation when aggression becomes self defense. The classification might be controversial. Consider the Israeli defense against Egypt in 1967; some people claim that the Six Day War was a war of aggression. Or judge the American invasion of Iraq in 2003.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4387053245
|
Can Just Wars Be Fought Proportionately? A Critique of <i>In Bello</i> Proportionality
|
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"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
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"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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[
"Egypt"
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"https://openalex.org/W1999229415",
"https://openalex.org/W2043246981",
"https://openalex.org/W2065214919",
"https://openalex.org/W2067816128",
"https://openalex.org/W2070177051",
"https://openalex.org/W2135368025",
"https://openalex.org/W2167486866",
"https://openalex.org/W2574989246",
"https://openalex.org/W2718876459",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387053245
|
ABSTRACTProportionality has long been considered a pillar of just war theory, requiring that the goods achieved in an action outweigh the collateral harms it causes. In this article, I argue that the in bello principle of proportionality cannot serve its intended function of limiting the destructiveness of actions during war. I illustrate the features of war that make the in bello proportionality constraint not merely impossible to follow, but perhaps even self-defeating. I conclude by suggesting ways in which theorists and policymakers concerned with justice in war might attempt to respond to this dilemma.KEYWORDS: Just war theoryproportionalityin belloepistemological problems in war AcknowledgementsI would like to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers at JME for their insightful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank the Michael Zuckert, Matthew Hartman, Robert Wyllie, Robert Burton, and Catherine Sims Kuiper for their feedback on earlier versions of this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For instance, those used as human shields now enjoy the same status as other civilians when determining proportionality. In addition, the update included new procedures to minimize civilian casualties, such as providing warnings that an attack is coming.2 As will become apparent, this critique does not apply to ad bellum proportionality. For a good discussion of the difficulties involved in applying that principle, Brown (Citation2011).3 Unless otherwise noted, subsequent use of the term “proportionality” refers specifically to the consideration of in bello proportionality. For reasons that should become clear, the problem with in bello proportionality discussed in this article does not necessarily implicate its ad bellum counterpart.4 Although, perhaps not as old as just war thinking itself. Rory Cox (Citation2017) illustrates how ancient Egyptian doctrines of just war placed such overwhelming emphasis on ius ad bellum that no room was left for ius in bello doctrines like proportionality.5 Cf. Guelff and Roberts Citation1982, 416.6 McMahan at times distinguishes between the doctrine of proportionality and what he calls the “requirements of minimal force”. However, McMahan himself admits that in war the requirements of proportionality and minimal force blur together (McMahan Citation2009, 23). For the purposes of this argument, I make no distinction between the two.7 By this, I do not mean to reduce the idea of proportionality to a simple matter of box-ticking. Many reasonably take the purpose of just war theory to be the raising of important questions and issues as starting points to guide the thinking of combatants and policymakers. However, even if one takes this approach to just war theory, just war theorists must make sure that their questions are useful and coherent ones—rather than inherently contradictory. Otherwise, they are unhelpful as guides to thought or action.8 Cf. Guelff and Roberts (Citation1982), 422-423, 449.9 See also Fabre (Citation2012).10 See Lazar (Citation2017) for an account of the general state of the debate between these two strains of just war thinking.11 See also Lazar (Citation2017, 46).12 I assume for the purposes of argument that the combatants are adhering to all other elements of just war theory (this is a legitimate target, in service of just ends, undertaken under legitimate authority, etc.).13 For instance, McMahan (Citation2009, 19, 224-225) and Walzer (Citation2006, 276–277) both introduce special considerations for calculating this, but they do not seem to disagree about the basic logical structure of the doctrine.14 Although we do not yet have the benefit of retrospect and hindsight to say with certainty, a similar dynamic might be found in the American and allied efforts against ISIS and other terror groups.15 This is supported by McCarthy’s account of NATO’s campaign in Bosnia. Once Milosevic realized NATO’s rules of engagement, he exploited them by stationing valuable targets in civilian areas—thus prolonging the war by relying on NATO’s self-restraint. More recently, Hamas has been accused by some of using human shields to protect important military targets.16 One of the most thorough treatments of just war from the perspective of individual human rights is Draper (Citation2015).17 This is the upshot of ad bellum proportionality considerations. If the victory in the just war is not a very great good—then the whole war fails to be proportional. See Brown (Citation2011).18 Cox suggests that ancient Egyptian just war theory recognized that ad bellum considerations can work at cross-purposes with in bello restraint (Cox Citation2017, 381).19 This is assuming the conditions in the previous paragraph are met, i.e., that increased levels of destructive force do make success more likely. In those cases where this does not hold, it is once again not proportionality but some other consideration that does the work of restraint.20 Moreover, the previous constraints were already quite restrictive, as Crawford (Citation2013, 151–216) demonstrates.21 Although otherwise a defender of a more traditional just war theory, Walzer also carves out an exception he calls the “supreme emergency,” in which many in bello restraining conditions (not merely proportionality) could be abandoned (Walzer Citation2006, 251–68). However, it seems that if the conditions of ad bellum are met, a just war is more likely than not to be a great emergency (if not, perhaps, a “supreme” one). Moreover, as this article shows, one need not abandon the commitment to the values underlying proportionality (e.g., civilian immunity) for the principle to fail to serve its restraining function.22 See for instance Goemans and Fey (Citation2009) on the inherently risky nature of war. Both Sidgwick (Citation1897, 254) and Fotion (Citation2007, 21) especially seem to recognize that this fact complicates calculations of proportionality. But, it seems that just war theorists have not considered that it might actually vitiate in bello proportionality altogether.23 If this assumption does not hold for some reason (for instance, if a commander does not want to level a village because doing so would thwart his future plans), then once again the proportionality requirement is not what is limiting destructive behavior.24 At least, until considerations other than the proportionality constraint come to bear.25 For instance, Brown (Citation2003) and McMahan (Citation2011, 143). This is not to say that proportionality has received no direct attention. See Gilbert (Citation2005), Braun and Brunstetter (Citation2013), in addition to the other works discussed above.26 In a way, this argument resembles that of Valerie Morkevičius (Citation2015), who suggests that ad bellum considerations do not actually have a restraining effect on the number of permissible wars, but may in fact increase their number. Similarly, I argue, the in bello principle of proportionality does not have a limiting effect on the destructiveness of most individual actions in war—and likewise, it may in fact intensify them.27 Luban (Citation2017) compellingly illustrates this disjunction.28 See Sullivan and Frase (Citation2009, 25). Additional informationNotes on contributorsMichael C. HawleyMichael C. Hawley is an Assistant Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of Houston. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University in 2017. His research interests include the history of political thought and contemporary political philosophy. His work has appeared in Journal of Politics, Polis, Philosophy & Theology, History of European Ideas, European Journal of Political Theory, and Polity. His first book, Natural Law Republicanism: Cicero's Liberal Legacy, was published by Oxford University Press in 2022.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Military Ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S129533909",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2086164180
|
The Legality of the 2011 Kenyan Invasion of Somalia and its Implications for the Jus Ad Bellum
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Daley J. Birkett",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5071301256"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "Invocation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776527387"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Immediacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780340563"
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{
"display_name": "Kenya",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187651312"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
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{
"display_name": "Rules of engagement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778938767"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
}
] |
[
"Somalia"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2086164180
|
This article aims to offer a systematic legal assessment of Kenya’s invocation of the right of self-defence in its 2011 intervention in Somalia, Operation Linda Nchi. First, the article will establish the existing jus ad bellum framework, with particular emphasis on the permissibility of actions in self-defence against attacks carried out by non-state actors. The article will then evaluate the 2011 Kenyan military operation in light of the three core principles governing the lawful exercise of the right of self-defence—that is to say necessity, proportionality and immediacy—criteria found under customary international law. Throughout this assessment, the intervention will be compared with similar military operations carried out in response to attacks perpetrated by non-state actors. By contrasting the 2011 intervention with comparable military operations, the article aims to draw conclusions as to its legality under international law. Finally, the article will make suggestions as to the impact of the invasion upon the jus ad bellum, particularly as regards the right to use force in self-defence against non-state actors.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Conflict and Security Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S68909633",
"type": "journal"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W1992498510
|
Counter-Intervention, Invitation, Both or Neither? An Appraisal of the 2006 Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095168"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Somalia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1992498510
|
Drawing on contemporary norms of international law governing the use of force and military interventions, this article seeks to evaluate the legality of the 2006 Ethiopian military intervention in Somalia. Traversing through the principles of democratic legitimacy, international law principles of effective control and recognition, the article reflects on the legality of Ethiopia’s intervention on behalf of Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (hereinafter the Transitional Government or the TFG). By calling attention to the instabilities of the normative foundations of invitations in international law, the article will ask whether the TFG is indeed a government proper commanding the moral and legal authority to extend invitation to foreign forces to intervene in the internal affairs of the State. Questioning the validity of Ethiopia’s claim for invitation, the article further attempts to posit the unconventional state of affairs present in Somalia and explores whether there is a need for a different approach in the legal analysis of how invitation may be granted. Working through emerging theories of international law, the article tries to extrapolate the form of governmental legitimacy that is required to invite foreign forces into the State when there are two or more competing factions. Accordingly, it asks whether the TFG’s international recognition is, of itself, a sufficient parameter to entitle it to speak for the Somali State in light of international law and as such confers on it, rather than its Islamist rivals, a better right to invite foreign forces into the country.Despite allegations by the UIC and other forces, Ethiopia consistently denied sending its troops to Somalia until it formally declared war on 24 December 2006. Nonetheless, Ethiopia admitted to sending what it called “military trainers and advisers” to help strengthen the security and defensive capabilities of the fragile Transitional Federal Government even before its declaration of war. In addition to the issues raised in the preceding paragraph, this article interrogates whether the provision of “military trainers and advisers” by Ethiopia upon the invitation of the TFG constitutes a violation of Article 2(7) (the non-intervention principle) and/or 2(4) (prohibition on the use or the threat of force) of the Charter. Finally, against the backdrop of the UN Charter and general international law, the article will aspire to shed light on possible exceptions to the non-intervention principle and to determine whether Ethiopia’s conduct neatly fits into any of those exceptions.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2147566080
|
Jean Bethke Elshtain's Just War Against Terror: A Tale of Two Cities
|
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{
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[
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2147566080
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Jean Bethke's Elshtain's Just War Against Terror provoked a heated response upon its publication in 2003. The book aroused controversy by the manner in which it drew upon Augustinian just war thought as a source of support for the US-led `War on Terror'. Many scholars were especially aggrieved by Professor Elshtain's backing for the Bush administration and, in the later 2004 edition, the invasion of Iraq. This article questions the tension between Professor Elshtain's Augustinian political theology and her willingness to countenance a far-reaching jus ad bellum which would allow powerful states like the US greater licence to wage humanitarian wars. By way of conclusion, a critique of Professor Elshtain's conception of the just war tradition is offered.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S38942883",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2038537976
|
Ending the War Right:<i>Jus Post Bellum</i>and the Just War Tradition
|
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"country": "United States",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Moral obligation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777107957"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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"Iraq"
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"https://openalex.org/W2105452133",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2038537976
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Abstract The Iraq War, which provoked discussion about ethical criteria for going to war, has opened a conversation about ending wars properly. While ending wars ethically may appear oxymoronic, badly ended wars often cause new wars. Although the just war tradition has no distinct category for ending wars (jus post bellum), the ‘go to war’ category (jus ad bellum) includes criteria that provide the genesis of the new category. The time has come to consider formally what constitutes the just ending of a war. A jus post bellum has both ethical and practical value, not only at the end of a war but also before it begins. Jus post bellum emphasizes that the goal of war is a more just peace than existed prior to the war, and the victor has an obligation to assist that peace in becoming a reality, both in the defeated nation and in the international community.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Military Ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S129533909",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1451076618
|
The Occupation of Iraq: A Reassessment
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Eyāl Benveniśtî",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014015181"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Guy Keinan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088911508"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W58128690",
"https://openalex.org/W561107182",
"https://openalex.org/W1533771239",
"https://openalex.org/W2319914438",
"https://openalex.org/W2332852770"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1451076618
|
T invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq in 2003 provided a rare opportunity to examine the viability in the twenty-first century of a legal doctrine rooted in the military and political circumstances of the nineteenth century.1 The rarity of this opportunity is not a result of paucity of occupations, but of the prevalent disinclination of occupants to recognize their status as such.2 This article reflects on several key questions concerning the occupation of Iraq, not in an attempt to evaluate the occupants for their compliance with the law, but rather to study contemporary challenges to the law and possibilities for adaptations in the twenty-first century. The article addresses the beginning and end of the occupation in Iraq and potential preand post-occupation responsibilities (Part II), and examines the scope of authority of the occupants and of the UN Security Council in Iraq (Part III). Part IV concludes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International law studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764702138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2265829393
|
Legislative Reform in Post-Conflict Zones: Jus Post Bellum and the Contemporary Occupant's Law-Making Powers
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Seton Hall University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I12524447",
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"long": -74.246635,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Kristen Boon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004175498"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
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{
"display_name": "Interim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776957806"
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{
"display_name": "Legislature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83009810"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Accountability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776007630"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2265829393
|
This article distinguishes the traditional concepts of jus ad bellum and jus in bello (law of war and law in war) from the new doctrine of jus post bellum (law of post-war reconstruction). The author examines the recent legal reforms in Iraq, Kosovo and East Timor in order to demonstrate how international bodies and coalitions are increasingly assuming legislative functions, legitimately and otherwise, in the context of their duties as interim administrators. The large degree of discretion left to these administrators does not always ensure adequate levels of trusteeship, accountability, and proportionality to guarantee the stability of post-conflict zones. The author contends that a distinct jus post bellum framework that incorporates these factors would allow for a more systematic approach to legal reform in occupied territories, which would in turn ease the transition to legitimate self-government.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W377826323
|
The Morality of War: Classical and Contemporary Readings
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Larry May",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5091517162"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Eric M. Rovie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040477483"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Steve Viner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062195212"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Morality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200113983"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Natural law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155785087"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil disobedience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779533911"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779103253"
},
{
"display_name": "Law of war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779280718"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W377826323
|
I. HISTORICAL ORIGINS. A. Cicero, Duties. Seneca, Mercy. Tertullian, The Soldier's Chaplet. Augustine, City of God. Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Jihad. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica. B. Natural Law of Nations. Francisco Vitoria, the Law of Alberico Gentili, Law of Francisco Suarez, On War. Hugo Grotius, the Law of and Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. Samuel Pufendorf, the Law of Nature and Nations. C. Moralists vs. Realists. Emer de Vattel, Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law. Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace. Carl von Clausewitz, the Art of Henry David Thoreau, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. II. CONTEMPORARY MORAL FOUNDATIONS. A. Pacifism and the Credibility of the Tradition. William James, The Equivalent of War. Jan Narveson, Pacifism: A Philosophical Analysis. Stanley Hauerwas, Pacifism: Some Philosophical Considerations. Robert Holmes, Can Be Morally Theory. John Yoder, When is Unjust: Being Honest in Thinking. B. Doctrine of Joseph Boyle, Toward the Principle of Effect. Warren Quinn, Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: Doctrine of Effect. Jonathan Bennett, and Consequences. Michael Walzer, Double Effect and Intentions from and Unjust Wars. C. Absolutists and Consequentialists. G.E.M. Anscombe, War and Murder. George Mavrodes, Conventions and the Morality of War. Thomas Nagel, War and Massacre. Richard Brandt, Utilitarianism and the Rules of War. D. Michael Walzer, and Unjust Wars. David Rodin, and David Luban, Just and Human Rights. Paul Woodruff, Justification or Excuse: Saving Soldiers at the Expense of Civilians. III. RECENT APPLICATIONS. A. Michael Walzer, Terrorism: A Critique of Excuses. Robert Fullinwider, Understanding Terrorism. Andrew Valls, Can Terrorism be Justified? Joseph Boyle, Just Doctrine and the Military Response to Terrorism. B. David Luban, The Romance of the Nation-State. Fernando Teson, The Liberal Case for Intervention. Burleigh Wilkins, Humanitarian Interventions: Some Doubts. George Lucas, From jus ad bellum to jus ad pacem: Rethinking Just-War Criteria for the Use of Military force for Ends. C. Recent Armed Conflicts. George Meggle, Is this [in Kosovo] Good? An Ethical commentary. Miriam Sapiro, Iraq: Shifting Sands of Preemptive Self-Defense. William Galston, The Perils of Preemptive War. David Luban, The on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights. D. After R.M. Hare, Can I Be Blamed for Obeying Orders? Larry May, Superior Orders, Duress, and Perception. David Cooper, Collective Responsibility, 'Moral Luck,' and Reconciliation. Elizabeth Kiss, Moral Ambition Within and Beyond Political Constraints: Reflections on Restorative Justice.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W7569709
|
The Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Stability Operations
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Laurent Colassis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058543118"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Mandate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775884135"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability (learning theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112972136"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W585449026",
"https://openalex.org/W2029964895"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7569709
|
What is the role of the ICRC in stability operations in Iraq? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to examine the ICRC’s mandate, its main activities in Iraq and the major legal challenges it faces as it conducts its activities.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International law studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764702138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2025718277
|
The United States at War: Taking Stock
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kenneth R. Himes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020705462"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2025718277
|
The war in Iraq has generated a vast amount of commentary, popular and scholarly, on a broad range of topics. This note reviews literature on three issues of particularly great moral significance that have arisen from the experience of U.S. military action in Iraq. There is the jus ad bellum question of the legitimacy of preventive war, the jus in bello matter of the treatment of detainees, and the jus post bellum concern of the responsibilities of occupiers.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Theological Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S27349033",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3122108607
|
Intervention, Self-Determination, Democracy and the Residual Responsibilities of the Occupying Power in Iraq
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Illinois Institute of Technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I180949307",
"lat": 41.85003,
"long": -87.65005,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Bartram Brown",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017595287"
}
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Interim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776957806"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122108607
|
By invading and occupying Iraq, and then attempting to establish a pro-U.S. democracy, the United States government accepted potentially open-ended legal responsibility. This responsibility still weighs heavily upon the U.S., and is likely to do so for many years, despite the officially announced transfer of sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government.The just war debate should not be viewed as merely a question of politics or morality. Without a valid legal justification, attacking and occupying another sovereign country is a violation of international law, and as such entails the legal responsibility of the intervening country. But jus ad bellum should concern more than the just or unjust initiation of war. It should also encompass the no-fault legal responsibility assumed by states that initiate just wars. This article does not attempt to resolve the continuing debate on the legality of the invasion of Iraq. It argues that the U.S. bears continuing post-war responsibility for conditions in Iraq even if the war was legal.This article focuses principally upon the primary obligations under international law assumed by the U.S. as an intervening power and as an occupying power, considering only in passing the issue of possible U.S. violations of international law and corresponding secondary responsibility for reparation.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1577216882
|
Intervention, Self-Determination, Democracy and the Residual Responsibilities of the Occupying Power in Iraq
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Chicago Kent College of Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I205023500",
"lat": 41.878998,
"long": -87.64197,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Bartram Brown",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017595287"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
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{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Responsibility to protect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776508615"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Interim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776957806"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Rule of law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776847301"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1577216882
|
By invading and occupying Iraq, and then attempting to establish a pro-U.S. democracy, the United States government accepted potentially open-ended legal responsibility. This responsibility still weighs heavily upon the U.S., and is likely to do so for many years, despite the officially announced transfer of sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government.The just war debate should not be viewed as merely a question of politics or morality. Without a valid legal justification, attacking and occupying another sovereign country is a violation of international law, and as such entails the legal responsibility of the intervening country. But jus ad bellum should concern more than the just or unjust initiation of war. It should also encompass the no-fault legal responsibility assumed by states that initiate just wars. This article does not attempt to resolve the continuing debate on the legality of the invasion of Iraq. It argues that the U.S. bears continuing post-war responsibility for conditions in Iraq even if the war was legal.This article focuses principally upon the primary obligations under international law assumed by the U.S. as an intervening power and as an occupying power, considering only in passing the issue of possible U.S. violations of international law and corresponding secondary responsibility for reparation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1443114642
|
Detention Operations in Iraq: A View from the Ground
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Brian J. Bill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052637045"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
}
] |
[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1443114642
|
F many, detention operations in Iraq will be forever linked with the criminal abuses that occurred in Abu Ghraib.1 The ensuing efforts to assign personal responsibility to those involved satisfied some proportion of the public and left others demanding more. As the story eventually faded from the front pages, public interest in detention operations in Iraq faded as well, and many could be forgiven the assumption that such operations had all but ended in the wake of Abu Ghraib. Yet detention operations did not end in Iraq. Indeed, they expanded well beyond the scope that many believed possible earlier. At their height in late 2007, coalition forces2 were detaining in excess of 26,000 persons within Iraq. But like the dog that didn’t bark, the later operations failed to attract any significant notice, despite their extensive nature. This article will attempt to shed some light on subsequent detention operations conducted by the coalition forces, focusing on those aspects associated with the legal authorities to detain and release detainees. Part I will discuss the legal background against which detention of persons is authorized during conflicts and other operations. Part II will describe in some detail the command structure of the operation and the applicable regulatory guidance, and then will explain the various review processes by which detainees were initially interned and then eventually released. Because the author’s experience in
|
[
{
"display_name": "Brill | Nijhoff eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462967",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W4246585249
|
THE UNITED KINGDOM’S INVOLVEMENT IN the 2003 IRAQI WAR: JUS AD BELLUM AND JUS IN BELLO ISSUES BEFORE THE IRAQ (CHILCOT) INQUIRY
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Stefano Silingardi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5033123274"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Belligerent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
},
{
"display_name": "Jus ad bellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779980412"
},
{
"display_name": "Kingdom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13801280"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Just war theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167388122"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
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[
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4246585249
|
The Report of the Iraq (Chilcot) Inquiry was published on 6 July 2016. The Inquiry was a very vast and complex undertaking both in scope (it aimed to scrutinize UK policy decisions linked to the 2003 Iraq war adopted in the period 2001-2009) and in size (the Report comprises 12 volumes which ran to over 2.6 million words). By way of contrast, the aim of this short comment is very limited as it examines only a few sections of the Report, namely those concerning the decision to go to war (sections 5, 6.5, 9.1, 9.2 and 9.8) and the period of belligerent occupation (sections 10.1 and 10.3).
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210186039",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3006195579
|
JUS POST BELLUM AND ITS APPLICATION ON UNITED KINGDOMPARTICIPATION IN THE 2003 IRAQ WAR
|
[
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"display_name": "Zdeněk Křı́ž",
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[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3006195579
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The just war tradition is a set of criteria stemming from moral
philosophy. It is a normative approach which aims to determine
the rules of proper conduct. Although the idea of just war has
a long tradition, the just conclusion of war has received
little attention. The jus post bellum principles have developed
only over the last three decades. The paper uses Brian Orend’s
set of criteria, as he has dealt with the issue of jus post
bellum most profoundly and systematically. Out of the
principles of the just termination of war laid out by Orend,
the UK did not meet the rehabilitation criterion, as it did not
have a sound plan for the situation in post-war Iraq, and thus
it made some mistakes that could have been avoided.
Furthermore, it did not meet the principle of proportionality
and publicity either. Based on available resources, it cannot
be ruled out that the disarmament and respecting the armament
sanctions imposed on Iraq by the SC UN could have been
accomplished without the regime change. Hence, on the whole,
the UK did not act in compliance with all of the principles of
jus post bellum in Iraq.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2492506725
|
Whose Just War, What Tradition?
|
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"Iraq"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2492506725
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The profusion of unorthodox justifications offered for the invasion of Iraq, reviewed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4, suggests that significant developments are afoot in the just war tradition. It indicates that the jus ad bellum is in the process of being reconstituted along more broad-based lines: as classical moral tropes relating to good and evil, the rescue of the innocent, and the imperatives of fear are reappearing in just war discourse, the strictures of the legalist paradigm are being disregarded. Accordingly, the Iraq debate provides a context against which we can explore the renegotiation of the just war tradition. The general purpose of this chapter, and the next, is to examine the modalities of this renegotiation. What this requires is not an examination of whether the justifications canvassed in earlier chapters were appropriately applied to Iraq, but some form of second-order analysis focused on how the idiom of the just war was taken up and engaged by scholars and practitioners in this particular instance. The aim is to acquire some understanding of how the just war tradition is referred to, and deployed, in the course of moral debate, while also indicating how the tradition might be reconstituted through this very activity.
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https://openalex.org/W2063722925
|
Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law. By MARC WELLER
|
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[
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2063722925
|
The period following the Gulf War in 1991 was a turbulent one for Iraq during which time discussion of issues regarding the use of force against this recalcitrant state was never far from the lips of international lawyers. Adding to the voluminous academic literature that events during this period generated, 1Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law ‘presents and analyses developments in the Iraqi episode from an international legal perspective’, more specifically that of the jus ad bellum . (10) One may, of course, question how a book with such a description can possibly add anything new to the somewhat tired debates regarding these developments. However, it is the author's particular narrative style in setting out the legal specifics along with the book's highly detailed account of events, particularly around the construction of the ‘revival’ argument in the United Kingdom, that makes it of particular appeal, not...
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W793153682
|
Chapter XIII. Vattel et le ius ad bellum
|
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[
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W793153682
|
The overall coherence of the UN Charter is known: the primacy of peace over justice that can be read from the preamble and the first article of the Charter. The use of force on the part of States, are prohibited. This prohibition is guaranteed through collective security that the Council implements to threats against peace, breaches of the peace or act of aggression. The UN Charter recognizes only interstate wars; it prohibits preventive wars and ignores the notion of just war without confusing just war and lawful war. The state had the power to reserve the war had the legitimacy and competence to undertake on behalf of his community. The doctrine of preventive war has gained fresh momentum with the war against Iraq when a substantial part of the doctrine, particularly American put it back in the spotlight. The original text of the chapter is in French. Keywords: Iraq; lawful war; UN Charter
|
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https://openalex.org/W4230952796
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Conclusion
|
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230952796
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This book opened with an observation. This observation was simply that the jus ad bellum debate attending the invasion of Iraq seemed to mark a distinct turn away from the legalist paradigm, the dominant just war discourse since the conclusion of the First World War. Rather than referring to a restrictive right to war equated solely with defense-against-aggression, the Iraq debate was couched in much broader terms. Prompted by Bush and Blair’s unorthodox justifications for the invasion, the imperatives of anticipation, punishment, and humanitarianism provided the main focus of the debate. This book has submitted that these justifications resonated with certain classical articulations of the right to war and traced these justifications to their roots in medieval just war thought.
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https://openalex.org/W2515059299
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Iraq: A Basis in Law?
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2515059299
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In the wake of the Chilcot report, Douglas Maxwell examines the legal justifications offered for the Iraq war and the Inquiry’s findings in relation to these, along with the lessons to be drawn on the giving of legal advice to Government.
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https://openalex.org/W787285097
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Jus Post Bellum and the Pottery Barn Rule: Defining Just Peace in A Post-Westphalian World
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W787285097
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ii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION 31 OF THE JUST WAR TRADITION FROM ANCIENT GREECE THROUGH THE END OF THE COLD WAR CHAPTER THREE: JUS POST BELLUM FROM THE 53 PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER FOUR: JUS POST BELLUM ANALYSIS— 82 PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH CHAPTER FIVE: JUS POST BELLUM AND 101 INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER SIX: JUS POST BELLUM AND 126 INTERNATIONAL LAW ANALYSIS CHAPTER SEVEN: JUS POST BELLUM AND 145 SECURITY STUDIES—THE LITERATURE CHAPTER EIGHT: JUS POST BELLUM AND 169 SECURITY STUDIES ANALYSIS CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSIONS AND 188 RECOMMENDATIONS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 220 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The Problem What constitutes jus post bellum (justice after war) in the current international environment? 2 Conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere have precipitated a re-evaluation of classic just war tradition. Specifically, increasing attention is being paid to the quality of the post-war environment created as a critical factor in determining a conflict's overall justness. The umbrella term under which this discussion has been occurring is jus post bellum. In policy circles, this idea is somewhat flippantly expressed as “The Pottery Barn Rule”: you break it, you bought it. The idea of “The Pottery Barn Rule” came into common usage following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Bob Woodward's Plan of Attack, he describes a meeting between President George W. Bush and then Secretary of State Colin Powell prior to the invasion. During this meeting, Secretary Powell cautioned the President that military success would bring its own set of problems. Specifically, Powell warned the President that he was going to “own” Iraq as a result of the military action. The years following the successful military “victory” against the Iraqi army proved Powell correct. Recent American experience with rapid military success followed by uncertain strategic outcomes has led to a significantly renewed interest in ending wars well. 2 Throughout this work, justice is defined simply as the righting old wrongs or fairly administering rewards and punishment. 3 Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (London: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 270.
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https://openalex.org/W3027766940
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Niebuhrian Takeaways on the Just War Tradition and the U.S. Invasion of Iraq
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3027766940
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This chapter situates Niebuhr in the world of the just war theory, while offering an assessment of his likely views of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and whether or not it was consistent with a Niebuhrian/just war approach to <italic>jus ad bellum</italic> (considerations of <italic>whether</italic> it is just to launch a war). While most writers consider Niebuhr a firm Augustinian and solidly in the camp of the just warriors (as do I), some controversy has arisen around his consequentialism, coupled with his relative lack of attention to <italic>jus in bello</italic> considerations (considerations of justice in <italic>how</italic> a war is fought). If Niebuhr had been alive in 2003, this study concludes that he would have been firmly against the Iraq War because of what he would have seen as U.S. hubris, U.S. assumptions of American exceptionalism, and the fact that the war did not accord with just war theory’s <italic>jus ad bellum</italic> standards.
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https://openalex.org/W3201596818
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Jus Ad Bellum, Natural Law, and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3201596818
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The 2003 Invasion of Iraq violated the natural law just war standards of the Western Tradition. The disregard for Just War violated the United States Constitution and damaged the American Republic. Just War standards should be upheld and are vital for the United States to have a rational and effective national security and foreign policy.
|
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https://openalex.org/W2480781666
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The Just War Tradition and the Invasion of Iraq: A Historical Perspective
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2480781666
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The end of the cold war, brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union, signaled a sea change in the conduct of world politics. One of the more significant changes to take place was the “loosening” of the just war tradition, which has occurred in the wake of the Soviet Union’s disintegration.1 This loosening amounts to a more favorable disposition toward interventionist politics and represents a reversal of the narrowing and tightening of the jus ad bellum that took place over the previous two hundred years. The reality of such a shift was made most visible by the unorthodox just cause arguments that accompanied the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. The invasion of Iraq was variously justified by President Bush and Prime Minister Blair in terms of anticipatory war, humanitarian war, and punitive war. These arguments appear alien to the modern jus ad bellum, focused on aggression and self-defense as it is, with which most contemporary just war theorists will be familiar.2 Yet these unorthodox arguments were represented time and again by Bush and Blair as providing a bona fide just cause for war.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W2471861988
|
Punitive War: Enforcing the Law and Ridding the World of Evil
|
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2471861988
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The practice of punitive war, or wars of punishment, is a subject that typically meets with a stony silence in recent just war tradition.2 Indeed, as Chapter 1 has demonstrated, for much of the twentieth century, a legalist approach to the jus ad bellum held sway, whereby the right to war was defined almost exclusively in terms of the right of states to resist aggression.3 Accordingly, the very idea of punitive war was discredited, even scorned by latter-day theorists.4 It may be surprising, then, to realize that in the wake of September 11, 2001, the notion of punitive war has acquired a certain currency among a number of contemporary just war theorists, Jean Bethke Elshtain and Oliver O’Donovan chief among them. Even more surprisingly, perhaps, the notion of punitive war figured prominently in the justifications President Bush and Prime Minister Blair offered for the invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. Punishment was clearly not the only justification they offered for this military action, or even the main one. Bush and Blair also advanced justifications relating to anticipatory war (see Chapter 2) and humanitarianism (see Chapter 4), which attracted more attention and comment, but punishment was certainly present, and it was important.5 This chapter examines the arguments pertaining to punitive war against Iraq as presented by Bush and Blair in order to acquire some understanding of the departure they represent (or signal) from the legalist paradigm.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1594547887
|
Jus Ad Bellum: Comparing the 1979 Soviet-Afghan and 2003 US-Iraq Wars
|
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1594547887
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Although separated by almost 25 years, the 1979 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 US invasion of Iraq both contravened International Law of War and Armed Conflict (ILWAC) rules and principles. Both wars were illegitimate according to the customary international law principles and UN Charter provisions of Security Council authorization, self defence and humanitarian intervention. Both wars signify ILWAC's relative meakness in comparison to the economic and political aspirations of the world's most powerful nations, who are able to ignore ILWAC provisions for their desired goals.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2810931023
|
Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 28 Israel’s Airstrike Against Iraq’s Osiraq Nuclear Reactor—1981
|
[
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"display_name": "Nuclear weapon",
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[
"Iraq",
"Israel"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2810931023
|
This contribution discusses Israel’s 1981 air strike against the nuclear reactor of Osiraq, Iraq. It sets out the facts and context of the operation, the legal arguments invoked by Israel and the reactions within the international community. It then tests the legality of the Israeli intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force, having regard in particular to the right of self-defence, as well as to potential alternative legal bases. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum, focusing in particular on its relevance for the debate on the permissibility of pre-emptive self-defence.
|
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