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https://openalex.org/W46265537
Inter and intra-class distribution of income in Turkish manufacturing, 1970-2000
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Emel Memiş", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069736401" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Profit (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C181622380" }, { "display_name": "Bargaining power", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48057960" }, { "display_name": "Stock (firearms)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W46265537
The central contribution of this work is the identification of the determinants of the changes in the profit rates and wages among different subsectors of the Turkish manufacturing industry, with a major emphasis on the impact of changing conditions of external competition. In the Turkish manufacturing industry, the force of external competition reveals itself particularly when the State’s direct role in accommodating private returns diminishes. One outcome of this has been intensification of the conflictual features of the economic system, resulting in changes in the distribution of income between and within classes.  A long-term analysis of the structure of profit rates and real wages at subsectoral level is the main analytical approach of the investigation. We generate a capital stock series using the ‘perpetual inventory method’ at the aggregate level for both private and public manufacturing sectors and at the two-digit level of ISIC (Rev.2) only for the private sector.  With these capital stock series, we are able to in calculate profit rates.  We then subject to analysis the profit rate data, both within and between classes, using a variety of analytical tools such as distribution frontiers and decomposition methods.  As the state’s accommodating role recedes, we find, relative to the impacts of the ‘environmental’ factors, such as changes in trade related variables, an increasingly significant impact on distributional dynamics of conflict-based factors that have roots in changes in the bargaining power of labor vis-a-vis capital such as changes in the unionization index, the unemployment rate, the female share of employment.  Estimates of profit rate effects provide evidence for direct impacts of the rise in the unemployment rate and the rising female share of employment on profit rate changes, consistent with the reserve army of labor and the feminization of labor hypotheses.  We end by presenting a simple theoretical model with numerical simulations based on a conflicting claims framework, incorporating the insights from the methodological and conceptual discussions, which we find to have been supported by the empirical evidence.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2092408065
Effects of income distribution in non-agriculture on agricultural prices and income: The Turkish case
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Middle East Technical University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201799495", "lat": 39.91987, "long": 32.85427, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hayri Önal", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012107478" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388" }, { "display_name": "Net national income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C63805789" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Agricultural economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518" }, { "display_name": "Income in kind", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194477218" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Gross income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172008318" }, { "display_name": "Public economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Tax reform", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551662922" }, { "display_name": "State income tax", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74939039" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2092408065
Price endogenous sector models have long been used for agricultural policy analysis. Some earlier works have shown that the performance of agriculture is strongly influenced by the overall national income level. This article demonstrates that the distribution of income is as important as the level of income in this regard. A small-scale mathematical programming model is applied to Turkish agriculture for quantifying the effects of current urban wage policies upon farm prices and incomes. The model uses the surplus maximisation approach.
[ { "display_name": "European Review of Agricultural Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S32361082", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2990568129
Reference group inequality, positional goods, and their impact on subjective well-being: evidence from Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I250383648", "lat": 38.48573, "long": 27.080524, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of North Georgia", "id": "https://openalex.org/I924760719", "lat": 34.53259, "long": -83.98491, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "M. Burak Önemli", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5045304627" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of North Georgia", "id": "https://openalex.org/I924760719", "lat": 34.53259, "long": -83.98491, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Joel Potter", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012412837" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Happiness", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778999518" }, { "display_name": "Life satisfaction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780945536" }, { "display_name": "Ceteris paribus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138090074" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Externality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C16118543" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "General Social Survey", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146804397" }, { "display_name": "Social psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W748497126", "https://openalex.org/W1779119392", "https://openalex.org/W1835396724", "https://openalex.org/W1977156924", "https://openalex.org/W1978050391", "https://openalex.org/W1995410581", "https://openalex.org/W2018754567", "https://openalex.org/W2030420183", "https://openalex.org/W2037964443", "https://openalex.org/W2050675020", "https://openalex.org/W2092668098", "https://openalex.org/W2092963382", "https://openalex.org/W2096681727", "https://openalex.org/W2099663772", "https://openalex.org/W2110577535", "https://openalex.org/W2112484287", "https://openalex.org/W2137895888", "https://openalex.org/W2146883062", "https://openalex.org/W2161686850", "https://openalex.org/W2170331458", "https://openalex.org/W2567289819", "https://openalex.org/W3022808291", "https://openalex.org/W3121225713", "https://openalex.org/W3124282563", "https://openalex.org/W4244524245", "https://openalex.org/W4254369935" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2990568129
Using the 2013 Turkish Life Satisfaction Survey, we investigate two hypotheses that are novel to the happiness literature. The first of these hypotheses is that income dispersion/inequality within an individual’s reference group has a negative effect on happiness, ceteris paribus; we find evidence to support this hypothesis. The second hypothesis is that housing is a positional good that has a negative positional externality; we find evidence to support this hypothesis as well. Additionally, we explore the notion that non-pecuniary factors (like social life satisfaction) carry more weight in explaining happiness than do standard pecuniary factors (such as an individual’s own income). Our findings suggest that in large part, the path to a happy life is through gaining access to a wealth of non-pecuniary characteristics. In a broad sense, our study explores the significance that comparison effects in the pecuniary domain can have on individual happiness.
[ { "display_name": "Review of Social Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/S14568501", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4236193785
Gender Diversity in Board of Directors
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[ { "display_name": "Gender diversity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778397978" }, { "display_name": "Diversification (marketing strategy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C180916674" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Diversity (politics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041" }, { "display_name": "Workforce", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778139618" }, { "display_name": "Accounting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636" }, { "display_name": "Representation (politics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362" }, { "display_name": "Glass ceiling", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779674044" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Workforce diversity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992512960" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W98047223", "https://openalex.org/W587094361", "https://openalex.org/W1970177130", "https://openalex.org/W1985959854", "https://openalex.org/W1997701957", "https://openalex.org/W2022114122", "https://openalex.org/W2040218078", "https://openalex.org/W2049047701", "https://openalex.org/W2070970562", "https://openalex.org/W2074530823", "https://openalex.org/W2117142641", "https://openalex.org/W2134079487", "https://openalex.org/W2148702225", "https://openalex.org/W2239909543", "https://openalex.org/W2254767743", "https://openalex.org/W2624535983", "https://openalex.org/W2735527550", "https://openalex.org/W2799419280", "https://openalex.org/W2800911920", "https://openalex.org/W3022830279", "https://openalex.org/W3122725938", "https://openalex.org/W3123323948", "https://openalex.org/W3124283066", "https://openalex.org/W3124690405", "https://openalex.org/W3124996064", "https://openalex.org/W4252269642", "https://openalex.org/W4362209259" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4236193785
Gender diversity in corporate governance is a popular topic in management environment studies. One of the most significant components of this concept is women in boards. Due to the inequalities of women in boards there are a number of academic studies on women in top management. This chapter explains gender diversification problem in boards. Furthermore, reasons for workforce diversity in decision-making levels are determined. The role and critical mass of women members in different cultures are discussed. Finally, it introduces the representation levels of women in the boards of BIST 100 companies in Turkey. Data is obtained from annual reports, websites, and related documents of companies.
[ { "display_name": "Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210223929", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2913793791
Policy transfer and innovation for building resilient bridges to the youth labor market
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "María Petmesidou", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072692636" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "María González Menéndez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008411815" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Policy transfer", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776731479" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Youth unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780438764" }, { "display_name": "Recession", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195742910" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Policy learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779436431" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Knowledge transfer", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776960227" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Machine learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2473406333", "https://openalex.org/W2480661975" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2913793791
Abstract In the aftermath of the Great Recession, rising levels of youth unemployment led to an array of policy responses involving learning, transfer, and experimentation to address the complex needs of youth at risk. Reviewing these recent experiences, this chapter examines nine European countries (including Turkey) representing a range of different school-to-work transition regimes and with varying levels of youth unemployment and gender inequalities. It analyzes the institutional and process “enablers” of and “barriers” to policy learning and innovation, and it traces the pathways and major foci of learning and transfer within and between countries, as well as through supranational channels. This examination highlights where changes in policy governance have occurred. It is concluded that innovative initiatives for sustained labor market integration of youth require a policy environment that is conducive to coordinated sharing and diffusion of knowledge between different levels of administration and joint stakeholders’ bodies.
[ { "display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3157381102
Anecdotes From Turkish Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2142225512", "https://openalex.org/W3010682937", "https://openalex.org/W3016449286", "https://openalex.org/W3026092958", "https://openalex.org/W3027965967", "https://openalex.org/W3036343377", "https://openalex.org/W3036516493", "https://openalex.org/W3036979579", "https://openalex.org/W3037440052", "https://openalex.org/W3038644445", "https://openalex.org/W3040291008", "https://openalex.org/W3040379579", "https://openalex.org/W3041330080", "https://openalex.org/W3041408536", "https://openalex.org/W3046539507", "https://openalex.org/W3048895994", "https://openalex.org/W3081671631", "https://openalex.org/W3081917218", "https://openalex.org/W3082022052", "https://openalex.org/W3082567316", "https://openalex.org/W3090419807", "https://openalex.org/W3090703477", "https://openalex.org/W3092217212", "https://openalex.org/W3097672916", "https://openalex.org/W4323283676" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3157381102
Emergency remote teaching, on the one hand, constitutes the ground for equality of opportunity for students; but on the other hand, it can result in inequality becoming even more pronounced for disadvantaged groups. This chapter aims to present anecdotal evidence of inequalities from the perspectives of students, educators, parents, support personnel, and administrators during pandemic in Turkey. The study is based on the embedded single-case design and was applied with a total of 250 participants. According to the findings, lack of hardware, and/or issues of an infrastructural nature were some of the most cited forms of inequality. The stakeholders also noted problems having been experienced during live sessions, unclear measurement and evaluation grading systems, and educational materials applied to students with disabilities as forms of inequality. For the future of the next generation, there is a requirement for conscious state policies to be developed and implemented during the upcoming period as countries attempt to deal with the ongoing pandemic crisis.
[ { "display_name": "Advances in mobile and distance learning book series", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212919", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2134445644
Towards a Distribution-Sensitive Better Life Index
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[ { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Aggregate (composite)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4679612" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Set (abstract data type)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Index of dissimilarity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134246092" }, { "display_name": "Aggregate data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778058735" }, { "display_name": "Data set", "id": "https://openalex.org/C58489278" }, { "display_name": "Macro", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166955791" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Materials science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Composite material", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019" }, { "display_name": "Programming language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2134445644
The Better Life Index was introduced by the OECD as a tool to chart the multi-dimensional well-being of OECD member countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation. However, the Better Life Index relies only on aggregate country-level indicators, and hence is insensitive to how multi-dimensional well-being outcomes are distributed within countries. This paper discusses how a distribution-sensitive Better Life Index could be designed and implemented. Based on five concrete recommendations for the design of the index, a family of indices is suggested. These indices are shown to be decomposable in interpretable building blocks. While a rich and comprehensive micro-level data set is necessary to implement the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index, no such data set is currently available for all OECD member countries. The paper proposes a ‘synthetic’ data set that relies on information about macro-level indicators and micro-level data from the Gallup World Poll. The implementation of the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index is illustrated with this synthetic data set. While the small sample size and other survey features of the Gallup World Poll imply a number of potential biases, illustrative calculations based on this synthetic data set indicates that, when taking distribution into account, Nordic countries are top-ranked whereas Greece, the Russian Federation and Turkey occupy the bottom positions. The results indicate sizeable losses due to multi-dimensional inequality for OECD member countries. Moreover, there are large differences in the level and composition of multi-dimensional inequality.
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https://openalex.org/W2110285965
Life Chances in Turkey: Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2110285965
Life chances explore the state of equality of opportunities in Turkey. It builds on the concepts and ideas presented in the World Development Report 2006: equity and development. The authors assess how today's distribution of wealth and the success of children in learning to read and write are shaped by the past, by factors predetermined at birth, factors over which today's children and families have no control: one's gender, parents' and grandparents' education, region and area of birth, or mother tongue. Some of the findings are stark, especially as they pertain to how the opportunities today's children have affect the future of the country: a girl born in a remote village to a poor family and parents with primary education degrees will very likely struggle in almost every area of her development. Compared with a boy born to well-off, highly educated parents in one of the urban centers in the country's west, that girl is four times as likely to suffer from low birth weight, one-third as likely to be immunized, and ten times as likely to have her growth stunted as a result of malnutrition. Similarly she has a one-in-five chance of completing high school, whereas the boy will likely finish school and move on to college. Life chances shows how investing in early childhood education has huge payoffs, for disadvantaged children as well as social and economic development at large. This book goes beyond tradeoffs between efficiency and equity. It shows that a focus on equity, equality of opportunities, can also lead to enhanced efficiency, once the productive capabilities of all citizens are nurtured to their fullest extent regardless of the luck of the draw at birth.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1539109449
Tectonic Shifts in the Structures of International Inequality?
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[ "Turkey", "Algeria", "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Tunisia", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Syria", "Iran", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1539109449
The article analyses further develops the neo-dependency approach already presented by the same author and looks at recent time series trends in the structure of international capital penetration, international savings, and the dynamics of unequal transfer and their effects on social well-being today. It emerges that the European Center is going to become the main loser in the structural changes that affect the position of Europe in the 21st Century. The world system approach, pioneered today, above all by Giovanni Arrighi and the late Andre Gunder Frank, teaches us that the centers of gravity in the world economy are dramatically shifting towards the Asia- Pacific region, and that the days of Eurocentrism are outnumbered. Foreign savings become an important indicator of the center-periphery structure of the world system and its changing nature (with its ongoing shifts favoring mainly the Asia - Pacific region) as well. Savings rate in Europe almost everywhere decline. It is simply unthinkable that ongoing changes in the structure of unequal transfer (ERDI, with ERDI being the exchange rate deviation index, developed by Stanford Professor Pan Yotopoulos) will not affect the entire system. The center received inputs to the tune of around 8 % of its current GDP through to the middle of the 1990s, however at the end of the 1990s we seem to have arrived at a historical junction where this very structure seems to evaporate and be substituted by another one.By and large, it is shown that the member countries of the old EU-15 are on the losing side in the shifts of unequal transfer (ERDI) from 1998 to 2002.. No old European country improved its position, on the contrary, old Europe becomes a region that is itself a victim of unequal transfer. It also emerges that ceteris paribus the Muslim world indeed became the main loser of these tectonic shifts. It is entirely conceivable that these pressures - as Gernot Kohler has shown - also explain a good part of the negative trends on the labor markets in the Muslim countries and in Europe. It is clear that rising rates of unequal transfer are causing rising rates of unemployment. Our approximate, admittedly crude measure is tto correlate DYN ERDI (in the short term, assuming that this reflects a longer-run tendency as well) with the changes in unemployment over the last 2 decades since 1980, observable from the ILO Laborsta data set. A non-linear function explains 16 % of the rise in unemployment (time series correlations, ILO Laborsta data series). So, while the Muslim world can optimistically evaluate recent trends in world savings, recent changes in unequal exchange rather differentiate between those Muslim countries with a favorable world economic prospect and those that further remain in a peripheral status. Inter alia, prospects for the following Muslim nations deteriorate due to rising unequal exchange, and they will be faced, according to this analysis, with a rising unemployment: Algeria; Bangladesh; Egypt; Eritrea; Iran, Islamic Rep. of; Kazakhstan; Malaysia; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Pakistan; Senegal; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Uzbekistan. The escalating violence in former Soviet Central Asia, most notably, Uzbekistan, is a dramatic example for the relevance of this approach. Thus it is shown in this article that transnational integration is and remains to be a contradictory process that does not lead 1:1 to a greater amount of social cohesion and sustainable development in the host countries of transnational penetration.
[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2035674587
Choice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of Income
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Milton Friedman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046399823" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2035674587
Previous articleNext article No AccessChoice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of IncomeMilton FriedmanMilton Friedman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 61, Number 4Aug., 1953 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/257390 Views: 65Total views on this site Citations: 142Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1953 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Yu Qin, Jianqing Ruan, Ling Wang, Jubo Yan Genetic distance and intra-national variation in preferences and behaviours, Journal of Asian Economics 83 (Dec 2022): 101535.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101535Nagihan BOZALİ, Mehmet Sedat UĞUR MEASURING EARNINGS INEQUALITY BETWEEN GENDERS IN TURKEY, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1109617Meheli Basu, Vanitha Swaminathan Consuming in a crisis: pandemic consumption across consumer segments and implications for brands, Journal of Product & Brand Management 26 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-12-2020-3263Michael Frechette, Timothy Reilly Effects of income and financial strain on risky social behaviour in the COVID-19 era: a comparison of the US and Canada, Journal of Marketing Management 37, no.17-1817-18 (Dec 2021): 1954–1971.https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.2006273Gillian MacNaughton, Diane Frey, Catherine Porter Human Rights and Economic Inequalities, 10 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006545Gillian MacNaughton, Diane F. 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Petrakis The Era of Low Growth and High Inflation: Contemporary International Trade Theories, New Classics, New Keynesian, Human Capital, Contractization Theories, and Behavioral Economics Under Uncertainty, (Oct 2020): 347–364.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50068-9_15Raphaele Chappe, Willi Semmler Financial Market as Driver for Disparity in Wealth Accumulation—A Receding Horizon Approach, Computational Economics 54, no.33 (Dec 2018): 1231–1261.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-018-9870-1Jonathan Malagon, Camila Orbegozo The New Drivers of Fear of Floating: Evidence from Latin America, Journal of Globalization and Development 0, no.00 (Jun 2019).https://doi.org/10.1515/jgd-2017-0012Yifan Gong, Todd Stinebrickner, Ralph Stinebrickner Uncertainty about future income: Initial beliefs and resolution during college, Quantitative Economics 10, no.22 (May 2019): 607–641.https://doi.org/10.3982/QE954Hanzhe Zhang A Marriage-Market Perspective of Risk-Taking and Career Choices, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3069013Richard E. Wagner Inequality within a System of Entangled Political Economy: Reflections on Mikayla Novak’S Disentanglement of Fact and Value, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3331197Yu Qin, Jianqing Ruan, Ling Wang, Jubo Yan Genetic Distance and Intra-National Variation in Preferences and Behaviour, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3380953Colin R. Kuehnhanss, Bruno Heyndels All’s fair in taxation: A framing experiment with local politicians, Journal of Economic Psychology 65 (Apr 2018): 26–40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2018.01.004Julia M. Puaschunder Ethical Decision-Making Under Social Uncertainty, (Feb 2018): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53121-2_34-1Julia M. Puaschunder Ethical Decision-Making Under Social Uncertainty, (Jun 2018): 221–241.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71312-0_34Seung Jin Baek , ( 2018): 85.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_4Seung Jin Baek , ( 2018): 119.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_5Robert Tamura Rosen, Sherwin (1938–2001), (Feb 2018): 11797–11807.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2570Anthony F. Shorrocks Inequality Between Persons, (Feb 2018): 6411–6416.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_784Mauro Boianovsky Cambridge Anticipations of the Natural Rate Hypothesis? Robertson and Champernowne Revisited, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189057Richard E. Wagner Economic Theory and 'The Social Question;' Some Dialectics Regarding the Work-Dependency Relationship, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3301325Julia M. 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An Augmented Inequality Dynamics, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2962302Alexander William Salter, Richard E. Wagner Constitutional Catallaxy: Friends and Enemies in an Open-Ended Social Order, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2967875Daniel Ferreira, Radoslawa Nikolowa How to Sell Jobs, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3091006Franz Fuerst, Elias Oikarinen, Oskari Harjunen Green signalling effects in the market for energy-efficient residential buildings, Applied Energy 180 (Oct 2016): 560–571.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.076Leonard Savage Allais’s Paradox, (Jan 2016): 357–360.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20451-2_19Ravi Kanbur, Adam Wagstaff How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct?, (Jan 2016): 131–150.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137554543_4Raphaele Chappe, Willi Semmler Disparity in Wealth Accumulation: A Financial Market Approach, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2727819Pradeep K. Dubey, John Geanakoplos Money and Status: How Best to Incentivize Work, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2828331Brian E. Roe The Risk Attitudes of U.S. Farmers, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 37, no.44 (Aug 2015): 553–574.https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppv022Ferdinand M. Vieider, Mathieu Lefebvre, Ranoua Bouchouicha, Thorsten Chmura, Rustamdjan Hakimov, Michal Krawczyk, Peter Martinsson COMMON COMPONENTS OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY ATTITUDES ACROSS CONTEXTS AND DOMAINS: EVIDENCE FROM 30 COUNTRIES, Journal of the European Economic Association 13, no.33 (Aug 2014): 421–452.https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12102Maria Lissowska Is Poverty and Inequality Actually Good for Growth?, Forum for Social Economics 44, no.22 (Aug 2014): 133–158.https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2014.951377Henrik Cronqvist and Stephan Siegel The Origins of Savings Behavior, Journal of Political Economy 123, no.11 (Jun 2015): 123–169.https://doi.org/10.1086/679284Franz Fuerst, Elias Oikarinen, Oskari Harjunen Green Clientele Effects in the Housing Market, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2703584Peter J. 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Rustichini Social Decision Theory: Choosing within and between Groups, The Review of Economic Studies 79, no.44 (Jan 2012): 1591–1636.https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds006Alexis Akira Toda The double power law in income distribution: Explanations and evidence, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 84, no.11 (Sep 2012): 364–381.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.04.012Justin Esarey, Tim Salmon, Charles Barrilleaux Social Insurance and Income Redistribution in a Laboratory Experiment, Political Research Quarterly 65, no.33 (Sep 2012): 685–698.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911411096, Arnold C. Harberger, Sylvia Guillermo-Peón Estimating Private Returns to Education in Mexico, Latin American Journal of Economics 49, no.11 (May 2012): 1–35.https://doi.org/10.7764/LAJE.49.1.1Béatrice Cherrier The Lucky Consistency of Milton Friedman’s Science and Politics, 1933–1963, (Oct 2011): 335–367.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004077.019Jonathan Levy The Freaks of Fortune: Moral Responsibility for Booms and Busts in Nineteenth-Century America, The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10, no.44 (Sep 2011): 435–446.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781411000284Arthur J. Robson, Larry Samuelson The Evolutionary Foundations of Preferences, (Jan 2011): 221–310.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53187-2.00007-3Willi Semmler, Raphaële Chappe The Operation of Hedge Funds: Econometric Evidence, Dynamic Modeling, and Regulatory Perspectives, (Jan 2011): 3–34.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230295209_1Henrik Cronqvist, Stephan Siegel The Origins of Savings Behavior, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1649790Julia M. Puaschunder Ethical Decision Making Under Social Uncertainty: An Introduction of Überethicality, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1963379Julia M. Puaschunder Socio-Psychological Motives of Socially Responsible Investors, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1977714NIKOLAI ROUSSANOV Diversification and Its Discontents: Idiosyncratic and Entrepreneurial Risk in the Quest for Social Status, The Journal of Finance 65, no.55 (Sep 2010): 1755–1788.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01593.xScott Drewianka CROSS-SECTIONAL VARIATION IN INDIVIDUALS' EARNINGS INSTABILITY, Review of Income and Wealth 56, no.22 (Jan 2010): 291–326.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00370.xRobert S. Goldfarb Jacob Mincer: A Founding Father of Modern Labour Economics, The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no.11 (Feb 2010): 151–155.https://doi.org/10.1080/09672561003593075Richard E. 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Schooling and Inequality from Generation to Generation
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Previous articleNext article No AccessSchooling and Inequality from Generation to GenerationSamuel BowlesSamuel Bowles Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 80, Number 3, Part 2May - Jun., 1972Part 2: Investment in Education: The Equity-Efficiency Quandary Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259996 Views: 55Total views on this site Citations: 176Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1972 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Gary N. 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Previous articleNext article No AccessOn Limiting the Domain of InequalityJames TobinJames Tobin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Law and Economics Volume 13, Number 2Oct., 1970 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/466693 Views: 61Total views on this site Citations: 208Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Yongqing Dong, Quheng Deng, Shaoping Li The Health Inequality of Children in China: A Regression-Based Decomposition Analysis, Child Indicators Research 15, no.11 (Sep 2021): 137–159.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09854-9Sharon Walsh, John Cullinan, Darragh Flannery, Brendan Kennelly Modelling student preferences for the design of campus counselling services, Studies in Higher Education 47, no.22 (Mar 2020): 305–317.https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1744124Georg Meran, Markus Siehlow, Christian von Hirschhausen Water Tariffs, (Sep 2020): 123–184.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48485-9_4Jeff Frooman Where MLM Intersects MFA: Morally Suspect Goods and the Grounds for Regulatory Action, Business Ethics Quarterly 31, no.11 (Dec 2020): 138–161.https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2020.42Piotr Dworczak, Scott Duke Kominers, Mohammad Akbarpour Redistribution Through Markets, Econometrica 89, no.44 (Jan 2021): 1665–1698.https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA16671Malcolm Abbott, Bruce Cohen The changing nature of community service obligations in the postal sector and the future of Australia Post, Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 27, no.11 (Dec 2020): 35–57.https://doi.org/10.22459/AG.27.01.2020.02Shreya Banerjee, Indrani Roy Chowdhury, Hafiz T.A. 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Coats APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL-AGENT MODELS TO GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY DECISION MAKING, International Journal of Public Administration 25, no.44 (Apr 2002): 441–461.https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120013250Shlomo Yitzhaki Do we need a separate poverty measurement?, European Journal of Political Economy 18, no.11 (Mar 2002): 61–85.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(01)00069-6Sarah Marchand, Daniel Wikler Health Inequalities and Justice, (Jan 2002): 209–221.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1195-1_12Mark A. Lutz Social economics, justice and the common good, International Journal of Social Economics 29, no.1/21/2 (Jan 2002): 26–44.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290210412967George Karatzas On the determination of the US aggregate health care expenditure, Applied Economics 32, no.99 (Jul 2000): 1085–1099.https://doi.org/10.1080/000368400404236Adam Wagstaff, Eddy van Doorslaer Chapter 34 Equity in health care finance and delivery, (Jan 2000): 1803–1862.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80047-5Alan Williams, Richard Cookson Chapter 35 Equity in health, (Jan 2000): 1863–1910.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80048-7Ralph Dolgoff What does social welfare produce?, International Social Work 42, no.33 (Jul 1999): 295–307.https://doi.org/10.1177/002087289904200304Werner W. Pommerehne, Albert Hart, Friedrich Schneider TRAGIC CHOICES AND COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF VOTER PREFERENCES FOR ALTERNATIVE COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING MECHANISMS*, The Economic Journal 107, no.442442 (Jan 2012): 618–635.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.1997.tb00030.xSerge-Christophe Kolm Risk, Justice and Social Policies, (Jan 1997): 289–321.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60652-6_16Theodore Palivos, Carol A. Scotese Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health, Journal of Population Economics 9, no.44 (Dec 1996): 415–428.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00573073Bruno S. Frey, Felix Oberholzer-Gee Fair siting procedures: An empirical analysis of their importance and characteristics, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 15, no.33 (Dec 1998): 353–376.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199622)15:3<353::AID-PAM2>3.0.CO;2-HEphraim Kleiman, Yona Rubinstein Sex and the Leuthold Free Rider Experiment: Some Results from an Israeli Sample, The Journal of Economic Education 27, no.33 (Jul 2014): 238–257.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220485.1996.10844914Serge-Christophe Kolm PLAYING FAIR WITH FAIRNESS (A COMMENT ON ARNSPERGER'S 'ENVY-FREENESS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE'), Journal of Economic Surveys 10, no.22 (Jun 1996): 199–215.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.1996.tb00009.xSimon Appleton, John Hoddinott, John MacKinnon Education and health in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of International Development 8, no.33 (May 1996): 307–339.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199605)8:3<307::AID-JID394>3.0.CO;2-DSerge-Christophe Kolm Moral public choice, Public Choice 87, no.1-21-2 (Apr 1996): 117–141.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00151732Serge-Christophe Kolm Rational Just Social Choice, (Jan 1996): 167–196.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25214-5_13J. v. d. S. HEYNS Equity and Redistribution in South Africa Some Fiscal Federalism Perspectives, The South African Journal of Economics 63, no.22 (Jun 1995): 85–95.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1995.tb00233.xSerge-Christophe Kolm Economic justice: The central question, European Economic Review 39, no.3-43-4 (Apr 1995): 661–673.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00073-9Amiram Gafni, Stephen Birch Preferences for outcomes in economic evaluation: An economic approach to addressing economic problems, Social Science & Medicine 40, no.66 (Mar 1995): 767–776.https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)E0109-6Bo Bengtsson Politics and housing markets—four normative arguments, Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 12, no.33 (Nov 2007): 123–140.https://doi.org/10.1080/02815739508730382Robert E. Goodin Selling Environmental Indulgences, Kyklos 47, no.44 (Nov 1994): 573–596.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02067.xHarry R. Clarke Entry Charges on Immigrants , International Migration Review 28, no.22 (Jun 2018): 338–354.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800206Peter D. Linneman, Isaac F. Megbolugbe Privatisation and Housing Policy, Urban Studies 31, no.4-54-5 (May 1994): 635–651.https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989420080611Serge-Christophe Kolm Rational normative economics vs ‘social welfare’ and ‘social choice’, European Economic Review 38, no.3-43-4 (Apr 1994): 721–730.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)90107-4Karl Mosler Majorization in economic disparity measures, Linear Algebra and its Applications 199 (Mar 1994): 91–114.https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(94)90343-3Judith Yates Private finance for social housing in Australia, Housing Policy Debate 5, no.22 (Jan 1994): 177–202.https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1994.9521159A.J Culyer, Adam Wagstaff Equity and equality in health and health care, Journal of Health Economics 12, no.44 (Dec 1993): 431–457.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(93)90004-XGeorge Fallis On choosing social policy instruments: The case of non-profit housing, housing allowances or income assistance, Progress in Planning 40 (Aug 1993): 1–88.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(93)90008-HChristine H. Rossell Using Multiple Criteria To Evaluate Public Policies, American Politics Quarterly 21, no.22 (Apr 1993): 155–184.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9302100201Roberta Dahl, Porque mercados livres não bastam, Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política , no.28-2928-29 (Apr 1993): 227–236.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-64451993000100010Günther Schmid Equality and efficiency in the labor market: Towards a socio-economic theory of cooperation in the globalizing economy, The Journal of Socio-Economics 22, no.11 (Mar 1993): 31–67.https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-5357(93)90005-6A. J. Culyer, Andrew Meads The United Kingdom: Effective, Efficient, Equitable?, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 17, no.44 (Aug 1992): 667–688.https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-17-4-667 References, (Dec 2009).https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203400098.bmattA. J. Culyer The morality of efficiency in health care—some uncomfortable implications, Health Economics 1, no.11 (Apr 1992): 7–18.https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4730010105Walter Korpi Armutsforschung in den USA, (Jan 1992): 300–323.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83590-1_14Peter P. Yuen Factors Affecting the Supply of Private Hospital Beds in the UK: Priva te Insurance, NHS Pay Beds, or NHS Waiting List?, Health Services Management Research 4, no.33 (Jun 2016): 216–229.https://doi.org/10.1177/095148489100400306Robert D. Cooter Lapses, conflict, and akrasia in torts and crimes: Towards an economic theory of the will, International Review of Law and Economics 11, no.22 (Sep 1991): 149–164.https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(91)90016-7THOMAS W. ROSS ON THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF CASH TRANSFERS AND SUBSIDIES, Economic Inquiry 29, no.33 (Jul 1991): 485–496.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb00841.xA. J. Culyer Incentives: For What? For Whom? What Kind?, (Jan 1991): 15–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76580-3_2Kjell Nyman, Brita Schwarz Evaluating housing policies from an income‐distribution perspective—The case of Sweden, Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 8, no.44 (Jan 1991): 221–238.https://doi.org/10.1080/02815739108730276George Fallis The optimal design of housing allowances, Journal of Urban Economics 27, no.33 (May 1990): 381–397.https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(90)90008-BDavid P. Ellerman The Corporation as a Democratic Social Institution, (Jan 1990): 365–387.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2498-7_11Joop Hartog, Jozef M. M. Ritzen Theoretical Issues in Size Income Distribution Policy, (Jan 1989): 3–21.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20381-9_1Jeffrey H. Weiss Is vote-selling desirable?, Public Choice 59, no.22 (Nov 1988): 177–194.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054453STEPHEN SMITH, SHEILA WATSON Consequences of the Abolition of the Inner London Education Authority, Fiscal Studies 9, no.33 (Aug 1988): 68–85.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1988.tb00326.xRichard Arnott Rent control: The international experience, The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 1, no.33 (Jan 1988): 203–215.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00658917Giorgio Brosio, Carla Marchese The Growth of Public Expenditure in Italy Since the Second World War, (Jan 1988): 187–200.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-70426-9.50013-5Roger M. Battistella, Robert J. Buchanan National health policy: Efficiency-equity synchretism, Social Justice Research 1, no.33 (Sep 1987): 329–360.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01047667David Parkin, Alistair McGuire, Brian Yule Aggregate health care expenditures and national income, Journal of Health Economics 6, no.22 (Jun 1987): 109–127.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(87)90002-6Marc Nerlove, Assaf Razin, Efraim Sadka Introduction, (Jan 1987): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-515752-0.50005-XA.B. Atkinson Chapter 13 Income maintenance and social insurance, (Jan 1987): 779–908.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4420(87)80008-3Walter S. Misiolek, Harold W. Elder Cost-Effective Redistribution: Implications of a Basic Needs Approach to Public Assistance, Public Finance Quarterly 15, no.11 (Jan 1987): 76–97.https://doi.org/10.1177/109114218701500105Richard A. Musgrave Excess bias and the nature of budget growth, Journal of Public Economics 28, no.33 (Dec 1985): 287–308.https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(85)90061-1Assar Lindbeck Redistribution policy and the expansion of the public sector, Journal of Public Economics 28, no.33 (Dec 1985): 309–328.https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(85)90062-3Albert Weale The Welfare State and Two Conflicting Ideals of Equality, Government and Opposition 20, no.33 (Mar 2014): 315–327.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1985.tb01087.xJames Warner Björkman EQUITY AND SOCIAL POLICY: CONCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY IN WELFARE CRITERIA, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 5, no.22 (Feb 1985): 16–32.https://doi.org/10.1108/eb012982GEORGE FALLIS The Economic Rationale for Housing Policy, (Jan 1985): 117–128.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-409-82940-2.50009-5 References, (Jan 1985): 221–231.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-409-82940-2.50015-0Harvey S. Rosen Chapter 7 Housing subsidies, (Jan 1985): 375–420.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4420(85)80010-0Joop Hartog On the efficiency of labor markets, De Economist 132, no.33 (Sep 1984): 279–299.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02380332Roger Bolton Equity in financing local services: The case of residential refuse, Resources and Conservation 11, no.11 (Jun 1984): 45–62.https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-3097(84)90004-XGunter Lorenzen Güterverteilungsmatrizen und ihre Bewertung, Statistische Hefte 24, no.11 (Dec 1983): 93–119.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932494A. J. Culyer Economics Without Economic Man?, Social Policy & Administration 17, no.33 (Sep 1983): 188–203.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1983.tb00188.xRobert E. Goodin Freedom and the Welfare State: Theoretical Foundations, Journal of Social Policy 11, no.22 (Jan 2009): 149–176.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400011648 Albert P. Weale Representation, Individualism, and Collectivism, Ethics 91, no.33 (Oct 2015): 457–465.https://doi.org/10.1086/292253John H. Beck An alternative campaign finance reform: public ?laundries? for secret cash contributions, Public Choice 33, no.33 (Jan 1978): 125–127.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154691Lars Gulbrandsen, Ulf Torgersen Concern with Redistribution as an Aspect of Post-War Norwegian Housing Policy, Acta Sociologica 21, no.1_suppl1_suppl (Sep 2020): 227–242.https://doi.org/10.1177/000169937802101s14A. B. Atkinson Housing Allowances, Income Maintenance and Income Taxation, (Jan 1977): 3–16.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02917-4_1Michael Parkin Inflation without growth: A long-run perspective on short-run stabilization policies, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 5 (Jan 1977): 31–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(77)90003-3 References, (Jan 1977): 133–139.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-586550-0.50022-6Michael Bruno Equality, complementarity and the incidence of public expenditures, Journal of Public Economics 6, no.44 (Nov 1976): 395–407.https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(76)90050-5A.B. Atkinson, J.E. Stiglitz The design of tax structure: Direct versus indirect taxation, Journal of Public Economics 6, no.1-21-2 (Jul 1976): 55–75.https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(76)90041-4 Dennis C. Mueller , Robert D. Tollison , and Thomas D. Willett On Equalizing the Distribution of Political Income, Journal of Political Economy 82, no.2, Part 12, Part 1 (Oct 2015): 414–422.https://doi.org/10.1086/260200 Noel M. Edelson Efficiency Aspects of Local School Finance: Comments and Extensions, Journal of Political Economy 81, no.11 (Oct 2015): 158–173.https://doi.org/10.1086/260012Martin Rein Social Policy Analysis as the Interpretation of Beliefs, Journal of the American Institute of Planners 37, no.55 (Sep 1971): 297–310.https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367108977836Robert S. Goldfarb, Thomas C. Leonard INEQUALITY OF WHAT AMONG WHOM?: RIVAL CONCEPTIONS OF DISTRIBUTION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, (): 75–118.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-4154(05)23003-1
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https://openalex.org/W3146649495
The skill biased technological change in Turkish manufacturing industries
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3146649495
The skill biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis relates earnings inequality to the change in technology with the hypothesis that technology increases the relative demand for skilled labor. In this paper we will investigate the evidence of SBTC hypothesis for two digit level 9 sectors in Turkey between 1982-1998. This paper is, in fact, a replication of Betts (1997) with Turkish data. The main finding of our study is the fact that there is no statistically significant support for skill biased technological change hypothesis for Turkish manufacturing sector between 1982 and 1998.
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https://openalex.org/W1688088374
The skill biased technological change in Turkish manufacturing industries
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1688088374
The skill biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis relates earnings inequality to the change in technology with the hypothesis that technology increases the relative demand for skilled labor. In this paper we will investigate the evidence of SBTC hypothesis for two digit level 9 sectors in Turkey between 1982-1998. This paper is, in fact, a replication of Betts (1997) with Turkish data. The main finding of our study is the fact that there is no statistically significant support for skill biased technological change hypothesis for Turkish manufacturing sector between 1982 and 1998.
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https://openalex.org/W3003726560
INVESTIGATING HOUSEHOLD INCOME CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN TURKEY
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[ "Turkey" ]
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The household income distribution (i e. how many households had which income) gives important information for social research We investigate the concentration and distribution of the income earned in 1994 by households in 19 Turkish province centers. The empirical bas is is a recent publication of DİE (Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü). An analysis of the rank correlation between average income and income concentration reveals interesting features of Turkey.
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https://openalex.org/W2302751750
Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımında Adaletsizlik Sorununa Bir Örnek: Kit’lerde Uygulanan Ücret Politikasının Gelir Dağılımında Yarattığı Adaletsizlik Ve Beşeri Sermaye Teorisi İlişkisi
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2302751750
In this article; salaries of “career occupations” dependent on act of number 657 in Turkey and wages of labour dependent on act of number 4857(Labour Law) are compared to state an example of income distribution inequality in Turkey. This study consists of three sections. In the first section, the importence of wage policy in income distribution policy is explained. In second section, wage formation and education and employment relations are taken in hand in the frame of assumptions of human capital theory. In the last section, wages of labour dependent on act of number 4857 and salaries of career occupations dependent on act of number 657 are compared in a state economics enterprise which displays activity in energy sector in Turkey.
[ { "display_name": "Isguc The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/S75264612", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1971042120
Multiple-correlations improve well pressure-loss calculations
[]
[ { "display_name": "Subsidy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Productivity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608" }, { "display_name": "Subject (documents)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Library science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1971042120
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Tubitak) gives subsidies to researchers for their publications. Tubitak groups journals into subject categories, and gives equal subsidies to publications from journals with comparable standing. This formulation aims at interfield equality among journals. Unfortunately, interfield equality among journals does not necessarily lead to interfield equality among researchers because there are interfield productivity differences. We show that chemists in prestigious Turkish universities on average receive 4.30 times more subsidies than economists. We also apply the subsidy formula to the publications of the researchers from world’s most prestigious universities. In this case, the inequality between chemists and economists is less pronounced.
[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Multiphase Flow", "id": "https://openalex.org/S18204665", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2986270564
Institutions for Wage Determination in the EU and Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I250383648", "lat": 38.48573, "long": 27.080524, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Gürdal Aslan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013877038" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Collective bargaining", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776665811" }, { "display_name": "Wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Statutory law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C158129432" }, { "display_name": "Efficiency wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6968784" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Wage share", "id": "https://openalex.org/C130944947" }, { "display_name": "Wage bargaining", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993229322" }, { "display_name": "Minimum wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778716609" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W628963096", "https://openalex.org/W1599207538", "https://openalex.org/W2000040179", "https://openalex.org/W2025783930", "https://openalex.org/W2073512802", "https://openalex.org/W2106019335", "https://openalex.org/W2109072432", "https://openalex.org/W2164274543", "https://openalex.org/W2562692562", "https://openalex.org/W2737388632", "https://openalex.org/W3122307510", "https://openalex.org/W3124128996", "https://openalex.org/W3124222848", "https://openalex.org/W3125999846" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2986270564
This study provides information on wage floor determining institutions, the statutory minimum wages, and collective bargaining agreements, in the EU countries to examine differences and commonalities of these institutions between the EU countries and Turkey. The interaction between these institutions and the labor market performance of the EU Member States and Turkey is also investigated. Therefore, the minimum wage levels and the collective bargaining coverage with the labor market indicators, namely the wage inequality measured with D1/D9 ratio and the incidence of low-wage workers, are compared. Findings indicate that the wage inequality and the incidence of low-wage workers are relatively lower in the countries with comprehensive collective bargaining systems characterized by high rates of collective bargaining coverage and union density. Turkey is one of the countries with the highest wage inequality compared to the EU countries. Improving the coverage rate of collective bargaining might help to reduce wage inequality.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2752325418
Educational Reform in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Cynthia Lindquist", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5000296629" } ]
[ { "display_name": "European union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868" }, { "display_name": "Pace", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777526511" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Geodesy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2752325418
As a country seeking admission to the European Union, this paper explores educational reforms in Turkey that enhance its possible entry into the European Union and changes still needed for it to be an equal partner. An overview of the school system in Turkey is provided including information on teacher training and preparation, special education policy, and post high school participation. Its educational system still faces significant hurdles and must address human rights issues in order to provide equal access and nondiscriminatory education for all. While strides have been made to improve educational opportunities, inequality is still a reality for many females and those of lower socio-economic status. Higher education opportunities continue to improve with infrastructure problems competing to keep pace with the number of facilities available. Turkey continues to address these educational concerns while progressing toward the goal of improving its status as a European Union candidate.
[ { "display_name": "The International Journal of Progressive Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764712967", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3007857937
Political Economy of the Internet in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Serhan Gül", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004434816" } ]
[ { "display_name": "The Internet", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604" }, { "display_name": "Mainstream", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3007857937
This study covers the subjects of digital divide, digital inequality, concentration and content of the internet. The main goal is to reveal the market structure of the internet today, its relation with the content and user preferences in Turkey. In order to achieve this, we define the political economy of the internet and focus on two components of it, the ownership structure of the internet and the content. In contrast to the common idea, the internet is not only a virtual universe. According to this, our study endeavors how the internet globally not only reproduces inequalities of access and usage to the internet, but also imbalance between the oppressed classes, social groups, developed and undeveloped countries and carries a largely monopolistic structure today. Consequently, the study explains how the internet market is structured in Turkey and its dependency relations with foreign capital. In this regard, we illustrate the strong correlation between concentration and increasing mainstream and commercial content on the internet in Turkey.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4293738297
Cliometrics Rehabilitated: Inequalities of Wealth and Income in Ottoman Economy as Reflected in Cadastral Surveys
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nenad Moačanin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041297567" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Cadastre", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134207755" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Cartography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4293738297
Few professions are so closely associated with a specific individual. Few individuals are so attached to their vocations that it is impossible to observe them separately. In Croatia the word turkologist has become almost synonymous with Professor Ekrem Čaušević, a scholar known world-wide, who established the first university program in Turkish studies in the country—hence the title for the collection of essays dedicated to the Professor on the occasion of his 70th birthday. This volume contains twenty-five papers, mostly from the realm of Turkish studies, authored by the Professor’s colleagues, friends and associates. There are many links in it to the honoree—dedications, acknowledgments, and references to his works—eloquent reminders of the influence of his research accomplishments and longstanding successful collaboration with scholars in Turkish studies, Croatian studies, historians and linguists. Contributions authored by junior colleagues in Turkish studies are proof of the Professor’s determination to encourage the most competent students to engage in research. The diverse topics in this volume reflect the extensive research interests of Ekrem Čaušević. The first part, “Philology”, is focused on the area Čaušević contributed to the most. The second part, “History”, contains contributions that do not belong to the research interests of Ekrem Čaušević in the narrower sense. However, historiography still presents a relevant and valuable framework for his linguistic works which include a diachronic perspective as well.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2512777694
From planning to chaos to market : Ethnic inequality in Bulgaria
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Vigile Marie Fabella", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080075583" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Georgi Kocharkov", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064228228" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Ethnic group", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100" }, { "display_name": "Earnings", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361" }, { "display_name": "Bulgarian", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780343019" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Accounting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2098324749", "https://openalex.org/W2130980823" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2512777694
We document changes in relative earnings of the ethnic Turkish workers in Bulgaria through the country’s transition from planning to markets. Using data from four periods: pre-transition communist era (late 1980s), early transition years (early 1990s), late transition years (early 2000s), and post-transition (late 2000s), we find that the level of raw ethnic inequality (measured as earnings differences between Turkish and Bulgarian workers) increased immediately after the regime change and plateaued throughout the course of transition. Ethnic inequality measures adjusted for observable characteristics follow a similar pattern but post-transitional differences between ethnic groups disappear. Changes over time in the ethnic earnings gaps differ for men and women. The raw and adjusted male ethnic gaps increased steadily during transition years but dropped post-transition, while the raw female ethnic gap fluctuated across the four periods. The adjusted female ethnic gap disappeared completely in the postransitional years. We identify different sources of the changes in the level of ethnic inequality, such as changes in the labor market characteristics and in the wage structure. Evidence suggests that the decline in the relative earnings of Turkish men was due primarily to the widening of the wage structure. Turkish working women improved their relative standing mainly from more favorable changes in labor market characteristics. These changes were only partially due to a selection in labor force participation.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2188374148
AN ANALYSIS ON THE INCOMES AND EXPENDITURES OF TURKISH FOOTBALL FEDERATION AND THE INCOMES OF THE FOUR MAJOR CLUBS
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Okan University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I96268669", "lat": 40.952106, "long": 29.391989, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Lale Orta", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075220208" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Anadolu University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I133743585", "lat": 39.77667, "long": 30.52056, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Murat Korkmaz", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017159346" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Football", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778444522" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Test (biology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654" }, { "display_name": "Normality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776157432" }, { "display_name": "Wilcoxon signed-rank test", "id": "https://openalex.org/C206041023" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mann–Whitney U test", "id": "https://openalex.org/C12868164" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Paleontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2188374148
In our study, the financial structure of Turkish Football Federation (TFF) and the clubs called four majors in Turkish public was examined over their income and expenditure items. Certain income and expenditure items of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 football seasons were used as data for TFF. Firstly, it was focused on whether there was a change between the average incomes of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. A normality test was made for income items, and Wilcoxon test was applied due to the fact that data did not demonstrate a normal distribution. As a result of the test, it was found that there was not a meaningful difference between the average incomes of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. On the other side of the study, it was examined whether there was a change between TFF’s average expenditures of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. The same normality test was also made for expenditure items, and paired t test was applied due to the fact that data demonstrated a normal distribution. As a result of the test, it was found that there was not a meaningful difference between the average expenditures of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. In the final part of the study, it was examined whether there was a change between the average incomes of the four major Turkish clubs in the 2010-2011 football season. Several income items were used as data for that purpose. A normality test was applied for the income items, and it was found that data did not demonstrate a normal distribution. In that case, Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine whether there was a change between the average incomes of the four major Turkish clubs in the 2010-2011 football season, and a graphical demonstration was presented for income levels.
[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2309629096
The Analysis of Expenses for R&D Activities in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gökhan Karan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082950076" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yavuz Elitok", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089830721" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Developed country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160050368" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2309629096
Purpose: Nowadays, inequality between developing and under developied countries differences has a rapid increasing. Developed countries impress underdeveloped countries to become dependent through them. Methodology: For that reason, Turkey has to increase its capability of making technological innovations. Findings: It has tried to be identified by examining the expenses of R&D in public, mercantile establishments and universities in Turkey that which expense isn’t enough and which expense should be doubled. Recommendations: As a result, developing new resolution strategies will be easier.
[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764624118", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2910745175
EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN TURKEY: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sinem Sefil Tansever", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046315345" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Oya Kent", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028973505" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Perspective (graphical)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177" }, { "display_name": "Earnings", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Accounting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Geometry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2910745175
This study examines the regional earnings inequality between NUTS-1 regions in Turkey using Theil-T statistics by employing Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) data provided by Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). We attempt to investigate the evolution of regional earnings inequality for the years 2006 and 2014 by decomposing the Theil T index in order to distinguish its within and between groups components with the special focus on the several attributive subgroups of labor such as education, economic sector, position in occupation and gender. We interpret the decomposition of Theil-T index with regard to its marginal and gross contributions of these subgroupsto total inequality in order to measure their explanatory power of earnings inequality.
[ { "display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4324056192
Testing Convergence of Fiscal Policies in Regions of Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Dumlupinar University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3018710136", "lat": 39.42417, "long": 29.98333, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "G. E. Karas", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050100187" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Usak University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I204585392", "lat": 38.67351, "long": 29.4058, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ebru KARAŞ", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011644064" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Convergence (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404" }, { "display_name": "Scope (computer science)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447" }, { "display_name": "Fiscal policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Point (geometry)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Public economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Geometry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010" }, { "display_name": "Programming language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1590423778", "https://openalex.org/W1930187923", "https://openalex.org/W1974172032", "https://openalex.org/W2003755888", "https://openalex.org/W2017701886", "https://openalex.org/W2053161969", "https://openalex.org/W2091821632", "https://openalex.org/W2094441042", "https://openalex.org/W2094569041", "https://openalex.org/W2100084310", "https://openalex.org/W2126579422", "https://openalex.org/W2790368190", "https://openalex.org/W2894701137", "https://openalex.org/W2912516707", "https://openalex.org/W2916838337", "https://openalex.org/W2917517814", "https://openalex.org/W2974580226", "https://openalex.org/W3008560757", "https://openalex.org/W3022319239", "https://openalex.org/W3035763012", "https://openalex.org/W3048585600", "https://openalex.org/W3091708195", "https://openalex.org/W3125843894", "https://openalex.org/W3134251792", "https://openalex.org/W3170858938", "https://openalex.org/W4224998000", "https://openalex.org/W4230634625", "https://openalex.org/W4285122748", "https://openalex.org/W4298859129" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4324056192
The presence of convergence in the fiscal policies implemented at the national level in order to eliminate regional inequalities is an indication that the resources are rationally distributed among the regions and the differences are decreasing. From this point of view, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the convergence of the fiscal policy implemented in the period of 2004:01-2020:12 in Turkey within the scope of the fiscal purpose of taxes. In the study, nonlinear convergence analysis was performed, but linear convergence analysis was used because the linearity hypothesis could not be rejected. According to the findings, there is an absolute convergence between the regions in the fiscal policy implemented in Turkey. However, in terms of regions, the first region is differentiated from other five regions, while the other regions are very close to each other. Regarding this, it may be possible to bring the first region and the other five regions closer to each other by reducing the difference with the arrangements to be made in taxation policies. The obtained findings offer important implications for policy makers.
[ { "display_name": "Ekonomika", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210235913", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3176695270
Testing the Goodwin Growth Cycles with Econophysics Approach in 2002-2019 Period in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kerim Eser Afc{s}ar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039822889" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mehmet Özyiğit", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049824802" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yusuf Yüksel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077110639" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ümit Akıncı", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069101012" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Period (music)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Turkish economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993230221" }, { "display_name": "Pareto principle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137635306" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Pareto distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190373308" }, { "display_name": "Gompertz function", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134463574" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Acoustics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3176695270
The Turkish economy between 2002-2019 period has been investigated within the econophysical approach. From the individual income data obtained from the Household Budget Survey, the Gompertz-Pareto distribution for each year and Goodwin cycle for the mentioned period have been obtained. For this period, in which thirteen elections were held under the single-party rule, it has been observed that the income distribution fits well with the Gompertz-Pareto distribution which shows the two-class structure of the Turkish economy. The variation of the threshold value $x_t$ (which separates these two classes) as well as Pareto coefficient have been obtained. Besides, Goodwin cycle has been observed within this period, centered at $(u,v)\cong (66.30,83.40)$ and a period of $T=18.30$ years. It has been concluded that these observations are consistent with the economic and social events experienced in the mentioned period.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2970841517
Fair Income Distribution in Islamic Economics: Wealth Taxes in Turkey in Theory and in Practice
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Gazi University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I95634034", "lat": 39.91987, "long": 32.85427, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ahmet Ak", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073528127" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Dumlupinar University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3018710136", "lat": 39.42417, "long": 29.98333, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdullah Burhan Bahçe", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087864027" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Dumlupinar University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3018710136", "lat": 39.42417, "long": 29.98333, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Öner Gümüş", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5084278363" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Income tax", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165786947" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Gross income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172008318" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Economic interventionism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172886114" }, { "display_name": "Revenue", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195487862" }, { "display_name": "International taxation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C557009689" }, { "display_name": "Unearned income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146406624" }, { "display_name": "State income tax", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74939039" }, { "display_name": "Redistribution of income and wealth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110458093" }, { "display_name": "Net national income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C63805789" }, { "display_name": "Adjusted gross income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91064468" }, { "display_name": "Public economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284" }, { "display_name": "Tax reform", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551662922" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Theology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2970841517
Islamic economy holds various features in its body. It is possible that one of the most important features is to provide a fair income distribution. Income distribution has a capacity to create indignation in society when income distribution is not formed as fair. Hence, income is not distributed as fair generally in primary income distribution. The government has to interfere in market to provide justice in secondary income distribution. One of the tools in intervention is tax. However, when collecting taxes, Islamic economy displays sensitivity to labor. In turkey, wealth taxes are applied for the revenues earned without labor. In other words, the sensitivity to labor in Islamic economy finds its place as theoretical in Turkish tax system. In this study, it is revealed the similarities of wealth taxes and fair income distribution which is one of features of Islamic economy as theoretical. And, it is exhibited as hypothesis of the study that wealth taxes and Islamic economy show similarities; but, it is not reached these similarities in practice.
[ { "display_name": "International journal for empirical education and research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217436", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3169905590
Testing the Goodwin Growth Cycles with Econophysics Approach in 2002-2019 Period in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kerim Eser AFŞAR", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063714931" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mehmet Özyiğit", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049824802" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yusuf Yüksel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077110639" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Dokuz Eylül University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I193615760", "lat": 38.41273, "long": 27.13838, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ümit Akıncı", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069101012" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3169905590
The Turkish economy between 2002-2019 period has been investigated within the econophysical approach. From the individual income data obtained from the Household Budget Survey, the Gompertz-Pareto distribution for each year and Goodwin cycle for the mentioned period have been obtained. For this period, in which thirteen elections were held under the single-party rule, it has been observed that the income distribution fits well with the Gompertz-Pareto distribution which shows the two-class structure of the Turkish economy. The variation of the threshold value $x_t$ (which separates these two classes) as well as Pareto coefficient have been obtained. Besides, Goodwin cycle has been observed within this period, centered at $(u,v)\cong (66.30,83.40)$ and a period of $T=18.30$ years. It has been concluded that these observations are consistent with the economic and social events experienced in the mentioned period.
[ { "display_name": "arXiv (Cornell University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400194", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3144698819
Turkey - Inflation and the Distribution of Income
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Dong He", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011189016" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Relative price", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185782297" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Monetary economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Theoretical physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3144698819
During the inflationary process, prices, wages, and interest rates are all rising. In this panorama of movement in relative and absolute prices, are there systematic changes that have a predictable effect on the distribution of income? Chronically high inflation has often been blamed for making income distribution less equal in Turkey. This paper attempts to present some evidence. It seeks to determine the impact of inflationary processes on the economic well being of different income classes through both expenditure effects and income effects.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2302259557
Structural Adjustment Programs in Turkey in terms of Income Distribution (1980-2000)
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I250383648", "lat": 38.48573, "long": 27.080524, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Alper Doğan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059337883" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Obstacle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776650193" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Debt", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767" }, { "display_name": "Debt crisis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780747039" }, { "display_name": "Dilemma", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695" }, { "display_name": "Structural adjustment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779627474" }, { "display_name": "Financial crisis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778300220" }, { "display_name": "Emerging markets", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121087249" }, { "display_name": "State (computer science)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Globalization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116" }, { "display_name": "Interest rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175025494" }, { "display_name": "Monetary economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Algorithm", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2302259557
The major obstacle for the instable and developing economies of the developing countries were seen as governmentintervention in the economy. This led to debt crisis for emergency economies in the beginning of 1980s in which theamount of loans they borrowed with low interest rates increased very fast after rising interest rates. This problem gavenew objectives to the IMF and the World Bank to stabilize those economies under deficit pressures with a more profoundand comprehensive package of policy reforms which is known by its famed name, Structural Adjustment Programs. Thephilosophy was the minimalization of the state via trade and financial liberalizations. However, the last situation indicatesthat there is a certain income gap among different states and this seems like a big dilemma concerning the globalizedworld after SAPs. And this study tried to explain one of the transition periods of the globalization in Turkey under the WorldBank-IMF co-operated structural adjustment program in the early 1980s and the effect of the program on incomedistribution in Turkey until 2001 crisis.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of social sciences research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210192854", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1622334065
Turkey - Inflation and the Distribution of Income
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Dong He", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011189016" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Relative price", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185782297" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Monetary economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Theoretical physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1622334065
During the inflationary process, prices, wages, and interest rates are all rising. In this panorama of movement in relative and absolute prices, are there systematic changes that have a predictable effect on the distribution of income? Chronically high inflation has often been blamed for making income distribution less equal in Turkey. This paper attempts to present some evidence. It seeks to determine the impact of inflationary processes on the economic well being of different income classes through both expenditure effects and income effects.
[ { "display_name": "MPRA Paper", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520297", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2513161282
<i>The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey</i>. Ergun Özbüdün , Aydin Ulusan
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Anne O. Krueger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072469230" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2513161282
Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsThe Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey. Ergun Özbüdün , Aydin Ulusan Anne O. KruegerAnne O. Krueger Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 31, Number 2Jan., 1983 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451334 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1983 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
[ { "display_name": "Economic Development and Cultural Change", "id": "https://openalex.org/S71670289", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2995851441
An Examination of the Relationship between Exports and Wages for Turkey
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2995851441
In this study the together with increasing foregin trade after trade liberalization, affects of changing income distribution on wages has been discussed. Assuming wages as an issue of income distribution, it continues with foregin trade theories which are related to foreign trade and affect of export on wages in particular. The developments such as effective markets after trade liberalization, high efficiency and removal of barriers in front of international trade increase cost competitiveness and wage levels change. It is still discussed whether foreign trade has positive or negative affects on wages but it can be claimed that differences of opinion vary depending on economical structures and trade volumes of countries. Using a model which has been supplied from both theoretical and practical literature, this research will try to find out affects of export and openness on wages using unit root test, cointegration techniques and error correction mechanism on Turkish economy during the period of 1988:Q1-2010:Q4. Affects of both export and openness on wages has been studied seperately for sub sectors of Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Although there is not a full compliance in all sectors which are studied in all models within periods examined, it has been found out that export and openness create a negative affect on wages.
[ { "display_name": "Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216963", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2141091233
Türkiye'de Gelir Gruplarına Göre Gıda Talebi (The food demand by income groups in Turkey)
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2141091233
The paper describes a two stage model of households’ food demand by income groups in Turkey. Demand for the food aggregate is represented by a Working-Leser type single equation model while demand for eight dictict food types is modelled in a complete demand system using the LA/AIDS functional form. Estimation is based on household budget survey data for 1994. The results indicate that the medium, high and the highest income households’ demands are responsive to prices, income and socio-demographic variables. Demand by the low and lowest income households were responsive to income and prices only.
[ { "display_name": "METU Studies in Development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4387291387", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2739877491
An Analysis of Education Policy Towards Private Tutoring Centers in Turkey
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2739877491
This study estimates determinants of Private Tutoring choice in Turkey by using 2003 Household Budget Survey. According to findings, which were obtained by Logit Regression Models, income level, education level, numbers of siblings are some of the variables that effect Family’s decision to send their child to Private Tutoring Centers (PTC). In addition to that, PTCs are found to increase economic efficiency in an economy. Finally, we conclude that PTCs create inequality in education. However, inequality can exacerbate when PTCs are banned.
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https://openalex.org/W3146020017
Income Distribution and Activity Levels in an Open Economy: The Case of Turkey, 1988-2016
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3146020017
We assess in this paper the relationship between functional income distribution and the level of activity for the case of Turkey, by estimating a version of the Bhaduri-Marglin model using a structural VAR approach over the period 1988-2016. We found that a positive shock to the share of wages in income appeared to have a positive effect on GDP, which would point to the existence of a wage-led regime. In addition, the unemployment rate responded negatively to GDP, but not to the wage share, suggesting that policies aimed to reduce unemployment should be based on a higher level of aggregate demand, rather than on falling wages.
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https://openalex.org/W1531889070
Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: the case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Cansu Akpinar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052218391" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1531889070
The situation where gender pay gaps are typically wider at the top of the wage distribution is known as the 'glass ceiling'. It is one of the most compelling metaphors recently used for analyzing inequality between men and women in the workplace, in order to describe a barrier to further advancement once women have attained a certain level. The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. This study presents an overview of glass-ceiling type barriers in organizations based on the perceptions of a sample of French and Turkish mid-level women managers. This study investigates how women in middle management perceive their career advancement opportunities and what they consider their organizations to be doing to support their advancement. This study begins with an introduction of the concept of a glass ceiling that prevents women from advancing, and then continues with previous studies on corporate practices and data analysis of samples from French and Turkish organizations. The objective of this work is to summarize the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon and make a comparison of different arguments of researchers. In particular with this study, It has been pointed out that most past research has been relied on indirect tests which fail to distinguish studies of the glass ceiling effect who have investigated a variety of labour market outcomes such as promotions (Powell and Butterfield 1994, Yap and Konrad(2009)), women carrier (Belgihiti Kartochian, Laufer(2004)), inequality (David J. Maume Jr.) and sex segregation (Mia Hultin 2003)
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https://openalex.org/W2568174484
Measuring inequalities in the distribution of health workers by bi-plot approach: The case of Turkey
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2568174484
Optimal planning of the health workers is of vital importance for a country. Distribution of health workers among provinces in emerging markets is an important development criterion. In this study, biplot graphical approach is used to determine the distribution of health workers. The results of biplot analysis point out that the distribution of the healthcare staff in Turkey is unbalanced. The number of health workers should be planned and considered according to the desire, need, population, target and workload criteria. The new employment opportunities should be created and the workers should be encouraged to serve in low income regions by providing better conditions.
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https://openalex.org/W2981666193
The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Selin Pelek", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011174385" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2981666193
In this paper, we investigate the effect of the minimum wage on the entire system of wage distribution. More specifically, we address the issue of wage inequality by taking into account the potential distributional outcomes of minimum-wage legislation. We decompose the wage differences and the variations in the wage inequality before and after the sizable minimum-wage boost in 2004, following the methodology introduced by DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996). We use a non-parametric reweighting approach to decompose the effects of the minimum-wage hike as well as other factors that may have affected the wage distribution. Our main findings confirm that the minimum wage played a pivotal role in reducing wage inequality for both Turkish male and female wage earners between the years 2003 and 2005.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2597851047
Intertemporal CGE Analysis of Income Distribution in Turkey
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2597851047
This study focuses on the effects of public policies on the size distribution of income in Turkey. To this end, an intertemporal dynamic equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents in a small open economy framework is constructed. This study serves several extensions to the literature via its algebraic structure and the calibration process in which various micro-level data sets are utilized. The results reveal that, in line with the previous findings of the literature, increasing budget allocations to unilateral social transfer programs has no significant effect on the size distribution of income and has adverse effects on the labor market decisions of relatively poor laborers. On the contrary, subsidizing the cost of labor has positive impacts on labor supplies and the size distribution of income improves in favor of relatively poor households.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4213291445
EDUCATION, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND GENDER PAY GAP: THE CASE OF TURKEY
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Bahadır KÖSEOĞULLARI", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066726415" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hakan Ulucan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013274297" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Quantile regression", "id": "https://openalex.org/C63817138" }, { "display_name": "Estimation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C96250715" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Wage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Quantile", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118671147" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W272333429", "https://openalex.org/W1079546939", "https://openalex.org/W1965396779", "https://openalex.org/W1971310904", "https://openalex.org/W1976930309", "https://openalex.org/W1987133051", "https://openalex.org/W1999715817", "https://openalex.org/W2020792171", "https://openalex.org/W2030684768", "https://openalex.org/W2053452094", "https://openalex.org/W2109543881", "https://openalex.org/W2120018325", "https://openalex.org/W2139122730", "https://openalex.org/W2739017712", "https://openalex.org/W2944153815", "https://openalex.org/W2956050036", "https://openalex.org/W2973505241", "https://openalex.org/W3122324357", "https://openalex.org/W3124026725", "https://openalex.org/W3124407600", "https://openalex.org/W3124533069", "https://openalex.org/W3125459117", "https://openalex.org/W3166746509", "https://openalex.org/W4241653265" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4213291445
This article aims to reveal the characteristics of the relationship between education and income distribution in Turkey. Additionally, it examines the role of gender pay gaps in this relationship. In the study, Heckman two-stage estimation and tranche regression methods were applied by using the data from the Household Labor Force survey of 2017 of TURKSTAT. According to the results of the study, according to the Heckman two-stage estimation method, increases in education level increase the wage income of women faster than men. According to the quantile regression method, the effect of education on wages is greater for males in low earning segments and higher for females in high earning segments. The results of the study show that increasing the education level of women is the shortest way to reach a higher level in income distribution equality.
[ { "display_name": "Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764855418", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4319163733
THE EFFECT OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON THE INFORMAL ECONOMY: THE CASE OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES AND TURKEY
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Gelişim Üniversitesi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210091267", "lat": 40.995052, "long": 28.695988, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Duygu Çelik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5018106354" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Informal sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C64089585" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Unit (ring theory)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122637931" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Capital (architecture)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Theoretical physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1506422827", "https://openalex.org/W2088938452", "https://openalex.org/W2129988230", "https://openalex.org/W2789139405", "https://openalex.org/W2963133715", "https://openalex.org/W2999076931", "https://openalex.org/W3125266595" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4319163733
In this study, using the data between 1990 and 2018, the effect of various macroeconomic indicators on the informal economy was investigated for 9 Balkan countries consisting of Greece, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary and North Macedonia and Turkey. According to the results of the study, a one-unit increase in national income reduces the informal economy by 5.53 units. A one-unit increase in gross fixed capital formation increases the informal economy by 0.266 units. A one-unit increase in unemployment increases the informal economy by 0.164 units. A one-unit increase in inflation increases the informal economy by 0.007 units. A one-unit increase in taxes on goods and services reduces the informal economy by 1.18 units. There is a positive and significant relationship between income inequality and the informal economy. A one-unit increase in income inequality increases the informal economy by 0.361 units.
[ { "display_name": "Uluslararası iktisadi ve idari incelemeler dergisi", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210185524", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3090670792
Modeling Distributional Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks: Increasing female participation and formal employment in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Israel Osorio Rodarte", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005098722" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Counterfactual thinking", "id": "https://openalex.org/C108650721" }, { "display_name": "Macro", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166955791" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Applied general equilibrium", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780029475" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomic model", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55986821" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "General equilibrium theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C103382277" }, { "display_name": "Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium", "id": "https://openalex.org/C489367" }, { "display_name": "Macro level", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017399102" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Business cycle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83873408" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Monetary policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Programming language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3090670792
The Global Income Distribution Dynamics is a top-down macro-micro simulation modeling framework used to generate counterfactual income distributions based on changes in economywide macroeconomic conditions. This paper documents latest innovations in the GIDD model. While it remains focused on the microeconomic underpinnings, this paper is intended to be used by macroeconomic modelers interested in adding an extra distributional modeling layer to simulations. Better coverage of harmonized household surveys permitted a more consistent treatment of macroeconomic inputs and allow for increased detail in the microeconomic model. Macro inputs from a recursive dynamic general equilibrium model and GIDD simulations suggest progressive distributional effects from increased female labor participation and human capital accumulation in Turkey. Possible future extensions to the modeling framework are discussed.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4388204280
Earthquake convexity and some new related inequalities
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Bayburt University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I140940799", "lat": 40.25631, "long": 40.22289, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahir Kadakal", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080959514" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Giresun University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I148202161", "lat": 40.91698, "long": 38.38741, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "İ̇mdat Işcan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015246772" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Bayburt University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I140940799", "lat": 40.25631, "long": 40.22289, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Huriye Kadakal", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080064071" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Convexity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C72134830" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770" }, { "display_name": "Pure mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C202444582" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W832700260", "https://openalex.org/W1568307856", "https://openalex.org/W1658949615", "https://openalex.org/W1989479808", "https://openalex.org/W2049888876", "https://openalex.org/W2056135743", "https://openalex.org/W2595030369", "https://openalex.org/W2604267845", "https://openalex.org/W2608520934", "https://openalex.org/W2771629192", "https://openalex.org/W2905737345", "https://openalex.org/W2907844687", "https://openalex.org/W2921265605", "https://openalex.org/W2991271761", "https://openalex.org/W4250589301", "https://openalex.org/W4298105114" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388204280
Abstract Unfortunately, eleven of our provinces were severely affected due to two severe earthquakes that occurred in our country, the Republic of Turkey, on February 6, 2023. As a result, thousands of buildings were destroyed and tens of thousands of our citizens lost their lives. From past to present, such disasters have occurred in many parts of our world and will continue to happen. In order to raise awareness for researchers and academicians reading our article, we will give a new definition of convexity in this article, and we will call it “earthquake convexity”. In this paper, we study some algebraic properties of the earthquake convexity. Then we compare the results obtained with both Hölder, Hölder–İşcan inequalities and power-mean, improved power-mean integral inequalities and show that the results obtained with Hölder–İşcan and improved power-mean inequalities are better than the others. Some applications to special means of real numbers are also given.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of Applied Analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/S152731354", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3124259600
On The Size And The Evolution Of The Informal Sector In Developing Countries: The Case Of Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "D. Şirin Saracoğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5001474291" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Informal sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C64089585" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Capital good", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118661131" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Sector model", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136710728" }, { "display_name": "Goods and services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187452473" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124259600
This paper studies a three-sector growth model with households differentiated in their factor endowments, resulting in asset and income inequality among the households. Production occurs in agricultural, formal, and informal sectors. In particular, household preferences display Engel effects in two of the goods: agricultural and informally produced goods. Income elasticity of demand for formally produced goods, on the other hand, is equal to one. The model is calibrated to Turkish National data for 1997, and the simulation results indicate that as the economy transitions into the long-run equilibrium with the process of capital accumulation, the importance of agricultural and informal sectors diminish, and that of the formal sector increases, given any degree of inequality. However, with higher degrees of asset inequality, the results show that in the long-run, the economy ends up with a larger informal sector output and a smaller formal sector output. Furthermore, it is shown that lowering the labor taxes in the formal sector yields favorable results in terms of capital stock, income, and formal sector output in both transition and the long-run.
[ { "display_name": "2003 Annual meeting, July 27-30, Montreal, Canada", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306497597", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3118941791
Applicability of a possible robot taxation in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ceyda Kukrer Mutlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091752212" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Pinar Bengi Kaya", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063514973" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Robot", "id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Pillar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105289051" }, { "display_name": "Production (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673" }, { "display_name": "Process (computing)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186" }, { "display_name": "Industrial robot", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776126113" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Structural engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2526781987", "https://openalex.org/W2602584096", "https://openalex.org/W2801000970", "https://openalex.org/W2805640087", "https://openalex.org/W2908438595" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3118941791
The aim of the industrial revolution is to completely change the industrial processes. An important pillar of this change is the robots. With Industry 4.0, production will be completely transferred to robots capable of communicating with each other, recognizing needs with data analysis, and detecting the environment with sensors. The inclusion of robots in the production process will reduce the need for human labor and this will lead to an increase in unemployment. For the purpose of solving this problem, in 2017 “robot taxing” was proposed by Bill Gates to the literature. The employers who choose to employ a robot are required to pay tax according to Bill Gates’ proposition. These taxes will be used for the aim of reducing unemployment and helping to minimize the inequality of income. Turkey's fourth industrial revolution can be said to follow behind. However, it is still to prepare the policy in question. The problem of taxing robots is encountered. In this paper, it is aimed to evaluate the applicability of a possible robot taxation system in Turkey.
[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Research In Business and Social Science", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2738623827", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1490800408
ON THE SIZE AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF TURKEY
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "D. Şirin Saracoğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5001474291" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Informal sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C64089585" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Capital good", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118661131" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Goods and services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187452473" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1490800408
This paper studies a three-sector growth model with households differentiated in their factor endowments, resulting in asset and income inequality among the households. Production occurs in agricultural, formal, and informal sectors. In particular, household preferences display Engel effects in two of the goods: agricultural and informally produced goods. Income elasticity of demand for formally produced goods, on the other hand, is equal to one. The model is calibrated to Turkish National data for 1997, and the simulation results indicate that as the economy transitions into the long-run equilibrium with the process of capital accumulation, the importance of agricultural and informal sectors diminish, and that of the formal sector increases, given any degree of inequality. However, with higher degrees of asset inequality, the results show that in the long-run, the economy ends up with a larger informal sector output and a smaller formal sector output. Furthermore, it is shown that lowering the labor taxes in the formal sector yields favorable results in terms of capital stock, income, and formal sector output in both transition and the long-run.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1574815405
Turkey's economy and regional income distribution.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "A.J. Oskam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015394827" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Natasha Longworth", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014593339" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulmecid Yıldız", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091028335" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Accession", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778221078" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Turkish economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993230221" }, { "display_name": "Balance of payments", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109948328" }, { "display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Position (finance)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "European union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Section (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039" }, { "display_name": "Exchange rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776988154" }, { "display_name": "International economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Theoretical physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235" }, { "display_name": "Advertising", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1574815405
<title>Abstract</title> This chapter provides the macroeconomic context within which other chapters analyse agrifood issues and the consequences of Turkey's accession to the EU. After a brief overview of the economy in Section 2.2, Section 2.3 gives information on economic growth, inflation, employment, exchange rates, trade and the balance of payments on current account. The Turkish economy has gone through a period of instability and high inflation, which makes it difficult to measure the underlying growth trend. The growth of Turkey's economy will, however, strongly influence its future position relative to the European Union, and will, together with the exchange rate at and after accession, determine the size of budgetary flows. Section 2.4 gives a brief discussion of this issue. Section 2.5 analyses inter-household and regional income distribution in some detail, since large regional differences in income in an acceding country have implications for targeting EU structural and rural policy.
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https://openalex.org/W4309008589
Does the distribution of income between labor and capital affect economic growth?
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[ "Turkey", "Israel" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W3147688661", "https://openalex.org/W4235483901", "https://openalex.org/W4298413470" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4309008589
The work is devoted to obtaining quantitative estimates of the impact of the dis-tribution of income between labor and capital on the rate of economic growth in the modern world. We used UN data on a set of European countries, post-Soviet countries, Israel, Canada, the USA and Turkey. To assess the impact of the distribution of income between labor and capital on economic growth rates, linear econometric models of the dependence of economic growth rates on the share of labor force in GDP by years of the period from 2007 to 2019 built. The obtained results showed that the relationship between the rates of economic growth and the share of labor force in GDP in the mod-ern world is not significant, the influence of the share of labor force in GDP on econom-ic growth is negative, but declining obliquely, in recent years it has become insignificant. it can be expected that in the 2020s this influence may become positive. Outpacing wage growth rates can help increase labor productivity and accelerate economic growth in the transition to a post-industrial economy.
[ { "display_name": "Научные исследования и разработки. Экономика", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210240617", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3212175100
Глобальный дефицит донорских органов: анализ национальных стратегий самообеспечения (Global Shortage of Donor Organs: An Analysis of National Self-Sufficiecy Strategies)
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[ { "display_name": "Economic shortage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194051981" }, { "display_name": "Organ donation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994510829" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Transplantation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2911091166" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Surgery", "id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3212175100
Russian Abstract: С позиций социально-гуманитарного знания в статье анализируется проблема глобального дефицита донорских органов. Рассматриваются основные представления международного медицинского сообщества о дефиците органов и основные предложения по его преодолению. Особое внимание уделяется трем наиболее показательным национальным стратегиям самообеспечения донорскими органами – американской, испанской и иранской. Обсуждается вопрос о влиянии культурных различий и фактора социально-экономического неравенства на сложившиеся практики донорства органов на примере Мексики, Турции, Пакистана и Бангладеш.English Abstract: From the standpoint of socio-humanitarian knowledge, the article analyzes the problem of the global shortage of donor organs. The basic ideas of the international medical community about organ deficiency and the main proposals for overcoming it are considered. Attention is paid to the three most revealing national strategies for self-sufficiency of donor organs - American, Spanish and Iranian. The question of the influence of cultural differences and the factor of socio-economic inequality on the established practices of organ donation is discussed on the example of Mexico, Turkey, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2187212508
Income Distribution in Europe and its Effect on Investment Priorities
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[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2039670582", "https://openalex.org/W2049163369", "https://openalex.org/W2051042200", "https://openalex.org/W2054145075", "https://openalex.org/W2128468882" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2187212508
This paper focuses on the measurement of regional priorities and their effect on the allocation of regional funds in the European Union (EU) looking at the less well of countries. The application of distributional welfare weights in the appraisal of development projects is emphasized in the guidance provided by the European Commission (EC). Application of such weights in a regional context is an important consideration given that the EC has provided a large budget of over €300 bn to finance investment projects in the European Union over the period 2007-2013. The main beneficiaries of these funds are the 12 less well off new member states some of whom have suffered considerably during the latest economic crisis. Living standards in the new member states, based on the gross domestic product (GDP) exhibit substantial regional variation, and thus it is of interest to explore the potential funding allocation impact resulting from the application of regional welfare weights in the social appraisal of investment projects in the EU-12 region. This paper develops a suitable model for the application of regional welfare weights in cost benefit analysis and then applies it to a number of new EU member states and one negotiating country, Turkey.
[ { "display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2791219165
Immigrant/Native Labor Market Inequalities: A Portrait of Patterns and Trends in France and the United Kingdom, 1990-2007
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[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2791219165
This article gives insights into immigrants' incorporation into the French and British labor markets in the 1990s and the 2000s, using British and French Labor Force Surveys harmonized by the authors. It compares inequalities in earnings and employment between natives and immigrants in the two countries, but also among immigrant groups. These two countries are among the most commonly included in comparative studies of immigration, but we still have surprisingly little comparative evidence on immigrants' socioeconomic disadvantage. The results suggest that labor market inequality is sharper in the UK, especially with respect to earnings. More precisely, the most underprivileged immigrant groups in the UK (Pakistanis, Bangladeshis) are disadvantaged to a greater extent than their counterparts in France (Turkish and African immigrants). At the same time, diversity within the immigrant population is much more marked in the UK; some groups have very little labor market disadvantage or even do better than natives, which is almost never the case in France. The French labor market is characterized by a significantly higher level of gender inequality, particularly in earnings, and this compounds the labor market disadvantage of immigrant women.
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https://openalex.org/W4313635728
An Assessment on the Risk of Falling to the Lower-Middle Income Group Beyond the Middle Income Trap
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Beykent University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I8666313", "lat": 41.11747, "long": 29.003557, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Cevat Gerni", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024317399" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Doğuş University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I129994210", "lat": 41.00028, "long": 29.046944, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Selahattin Sarı", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079043281" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Erzurum Technical University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I265519392", "lat": 39.90861, "long": 41.27694, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adem Türkmen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017816544" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Atatürk University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I64134780", "lat": 39.90861, "long": 41.27694, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ömer Selçuk Emsen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5009168815" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Middle income trap", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777185184" }, { "display_name": "Middle income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2991659908" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Falling (accident)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779079380" }, { "display_name": "Liberian dollar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655" }, { "display_name": "Middle class", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779233565" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313635728
The Turkish economy succeeded in moving from the lower-middle income group to the upper-middle income group in 2005. If Türkiye had been able to sustain its growth performance in 2005 and the following 5-10 years, it could have risen to the class of high-income countries in a not too long period of time. However, it has experienced declines in dollar-denominated income in response to real growth between 2014 and 2020. In this process, a literature began to emerge about Türkiye falling into the middle-income trap. At this point, Türkiye, which had the possibility of rising to the high-income country group in 2013 but declined to the median income in the upper-middle income group as of 2020, seems worth examining with its experiences. In this study, the descriptive analyzes implies that the risk that Türkiye will fall to the lower-middle income level in 2027, if the continuous decline trend in dollar-based income figures in the post-2013 period continues. It can be said that the de-dollarization effects in exchange rates, as a reflection of the improvement in institutional structures and the foreign capital inflows triggered by this, played an important role in the great leap observed in Türkiye’s dollar-based income before 2013. Given the continuous decline in dollar-based income after 2013, it is noted that the deterioration in institutional structures and the dollarization effects in exchange rates are significant.
[ { "display_name": "Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216963", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2623610725
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: EVIDENCE FROM THE TURKISH CASE (2006-2015)
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[ { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2099793938" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2623610725
This study analyzes income distribution types, both individual and functional, in terms of the first and the last quintiles in Turkey from 2006 to 2015. In this respect, the study first reveals how income types represented by functional income distribution are distributed for the first and last quintiles. Secondly, the inequalities arising within different income types obtained by the respective income quintiles are involved to the analysis. TURKSTAT Income and Living Conditions Survey dataset has been used in the study. With regards to methodology, first the variations that occurred in the shares obtained by households in different income categories for the first and last income quintiles have been used from 2006 to 2015. The improving or deteriorating effects of the relevant income quintiles on income inequality have been put forth for these variations. Then, the Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficients have been used to assess the distribution within each income category. According to the findings of the study, items that increase income equality for the first quintile are salaries and wages, pensions and survivors’ benefits, property income and other social transfers. On the other hand, casual incomes, entrepreneurial incomes, household transfers and rental incomes are the income categories that deteriorate income equality against the first income quintile. While wages and salaries have a positive effect on establishing income equality within this category, rental and property income are the types of income that reveal the most unequal distribution within themselves.
[ { "display_name": "Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2737340592", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2073916953
Turkey - Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population
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[ { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Principal (computer security)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144559511" }, { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Sample (material)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Chromatography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2073916953
This report on the Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population in Turkey is one in a series that provides basic information about health, nutrition, and population (hnp) inequalities within fifty-six developing countries. The report's contents are intended to facilitate preparation of country analyses and the development of activities to benefit poor people. To this end, the report presents data about hnp status, service use, and related matters among individuals belonging to different socio-economic classes. The principal focus is on differences among groups of individuals defined in terms of the wealth or assets of the households where they reside. The report is organized in four principal parts. Part one constitutes the report's core, and consists of tables presenting quintile-specific data for each hnp indicator covered from the two most recent DHS surveys available at the time of the report's publication. Part two provides supplementary technical information designed to help readers understand the data presented in part one. Part three presents supporting tables that deal with three of the technical matters covered in part two: the size of the sample for each indicator covered; the standard error for each quintile-specific estimate in the total population; and the items used in constructing the wealth index, along with the weight assigned to each. An additional fourth part consists of three annexes, for readers interested in applying the approach used in the report or in learning more about the other reports in this series.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4311682258
The Importance of Midwifery Services in Achieving Healthy Cities: A Review Article
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[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311682258
Introduction: WHO has developed the Healthy Cities Project, based on how a city can be a healthy city. Effective delivery of midwifery services is very important in delivering healthy services to all segments of the society. In this study, we aimed to draw attention to the importance of effective provision of midwifery services in the way of being a healthy city. Methods: Data were collected using the literature review method. The keywords "healthy city", "women-friendly city", "child-friendly city", "midwifery", "sustainable development" and "urban health" were used for the search. Turkish and English articles obtained through PubMed, GoogleAcademic were analyzed and compiled in line with the scope. The review of the subject was carried out between June and July 2022. Results: Healthy societies and cities can be achieved by protecting children from all kinds of harm from prenatal period to adulthood, providing quality birth and postpartum services to mothers and making these services accessible. In order to reach a healthy society, midwifery care provided by midwives is very important to protect and improve the health of women, families and children, and especially to reduce health inequalities in the society. In order to be a healthy city, midwifery care services must be well organized. Conclusion: The Healthy Cities Project makes significant contributions to the formulation, implementation and evaluation of health policies in the city. Each of the Sustainable Development Goals and the concept of a healthy city are interrelated. It is important for cities to organize and expand midwifery services well in order to achieve their sustainable development goals.
[ { "display_name": "Asian Journal of Health Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4387279433", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4311190396
Does The Distribution of Income Respond to the Development of Institutions?
[]
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[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311190396
The study aims to measure the impact of institutional factors on income distribution. Panel data for the period (2002-2018) were collected for 12 countries characterized by low levels of institutions, namely Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Peru, El Salvador, and Turkey. The fixed effects model (FEM) was adopted. The model used took into account the impact of institutional quality indicators issued by the World Bank (control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, quality of regulation, rule of law, and voice and accountability). The model took the effect of other variables, such as the government spending ratio, unemployment rate, and trade openness, on the income shares held by (the poorest 40%, middle 40%, and richest 10%). The results showed the response of the income distribution to institutional variables was weak, as all the calculated elasticities were less than one. However, it was found that the most dominant institutional variables in the distribution of income in favor of the richer class are (control of corruption, Regulatory quality, and the rule of law). While it was found that the institutional variables whose distributional impact is in favor of the poor are (government effectiveness, Regulatory quality, and rule of law). The effective variables in the distribution of income in favor of the middle class were (government effectiveness, and rule of law). On the other hand, we found thatthe unemployment rate and trade openness have a negative effect, and government expenditure has a positive effect, on the share of income held by the poor and middle class. While trade openness has a positive effect, and government spending has a negative effect, on the share of income held by the rich.
[ { "display_name": "تنمیة الرافدین", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172590", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3210322747
Interaction Between Self-rated Health and Labour Force Participation: A Panel Data Probit Model with Survival Estimates
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Hacettepe University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I66514158", "lat": 39.91987, "long": 32.85427, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Songül Çınaroğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012400347" } ]
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[ "Turkey" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3210322747
This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008–2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X 2 values of the log-rank and Peto–Peto–Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married ( p &lt; 0.001), highly educated ( p &lt; 0.001), do not have any chronic disease ( p &lt; 0.001), do not have any health restrictions ( p &lt; 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs ( p &lt; 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of Health Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/S184789190", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3149318521
Some Economic Consequences of Higher Education Expansion in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sezgin Polat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066101232" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Subsidy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765" }, { "display_name": "Convergence (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Higher education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120912362" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Social mobility", "id": "https://openalex.org/C37129596" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3149318521
This article discusses recent structural changes in Turkish higher education to draw attention to a number of social and economic consequences of this expansion in terms of mobility and inequality over the last ten years. First, we outline the institutional background of the expansion of higher education in order to identify various re-distributive dimensions of the policy. Compared to 2004, creating new universities and increasing the existing capacity almost doubled the college enrollment rates. Subsidies facilitating more education grants and fee waivers were followed by heavy investment in public student accommodation. This policy was initiated as a political move targeting regional development, taking on a redistributive character by reorienting public funds toward poorer eastern regions. In this paper, we limit our focus to the impacts of these policies on the local labor market. By using household labor force surveys between 2004 and 2014, firstly, we explored how college proximity had an effect on access to college for the local families. Our results from a difference-in-difference model provide evidence that this policy had an equity-enhancing effect for daughters of low-educated families in some regions with largescale expansion. The results also indicate that the regional mobility of educated workers may be slowed by this expansion. Secondly, we investigated whether the compositional change has affected local returns to college degrees and relative convergence across regions. Estimation results show that despite the increase in college graduates, returns in terms of wages at the local level are increasing and that some regional convergence was attained.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2500800839
Some Economic Consequences of Higher Education Expansion in Turkey
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sezgin Polat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066101232" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Subsidy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Convergence (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Higher education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120912362" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Social mobility", "id": "https://openalex.org/C37129596" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2500800839
This article discusses recent structural changes in Turkish higher education to draw attention to a number of social and economic consequences of this expansion in terms of mobility and inequality over the last ten years. First, we outline the institutional background of the expansion of higher education in order to identify various re-distributive dimensions of the policy. Compared to 2004, creating new universities and increasing the existing capacity almost doubled the college enrollment rates. Subsidies facilitating more education grants and fee waivers were followed by heavy investment in public student accommodation. This policy was initiated as a political move targeting regional development, taking on a redistributive character by reorienting public funds toward poorer eastern regions. In this paper, we limit our focus to the impacts of these policies on the local labor market. By using household labor force surveys between 2004 and 2014, firstly, we explored how college proximity had an effect on access to college for the local families. Our results from a difference-in-difference model provide evidence that this policy had an equity-enhancing effect for daughters of low-educated families in some regions with largescale expansion. The results also indicate that the regional mobility of educated workers may be slowed by this expansion. Secondly, we investigated whether the compositional change has affected local returns to college degrees and relative convergence across regions. Estimation results show that despite the increase in college graduates, returns in terms of wages at the local level are increasing and that some regional convergence was attained.
[ { "display_name": "MPRA Paper", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520297", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1575106864
Determinants of educational attainment in Egypt and MENA : a microeconometric approach
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Menshawy Badr", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078968812" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Quantile", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118671147" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Iran", "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1575106864
Using TIMSS data set on MENA countries, this study examines the determinants of educational outcome and gender inequality of learning in eight selected countries. The complicated structure of the data has been considered carefully during all the stages of the analysis employing plausible values and jackknife standard error technique to accommodate the measurement error of the dependant variable and the clustering of students in classes and schools. The education production functions provide broad evidence from mean and quantile analysis of very low returns to schooling; few school variables are significant and none have effects across countries and quantiles. In general, student characteristics were far more important than school factors in explaining test scores, but there was considerable variability across countries in which specific factors were significant. Strikingly, computer usage was found to influence students’ performance negatively in six MENA countries. Only Turkey and Iran had a significant positive effect of computer usage on maths achievements. Gender inequality of academic achievement has been investigated thoroughly using mean and quantile decomposition analysis. There is mixed picture of gender inequality across the eight countries with three pro-boys, three pro-girls and two gender-neutral. This exercise gives no general pattern of gender inequality across MENA. A detailed analysis of Egyptian students’ achievements explains the differential gap between school types, notably being single or mixed sex and Arabic or language schools. Single-sex schools perform better than mixed schools especially for girls. The single-sex language schools are more effective than the Arabic single sex school. This confirms the dominance of the language schools and is also related to the style and social-economic status of enrolled students.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4304193313
Toward a History of Dangerous Work and Racialized Inequalities in Twentieth-Century Palestine/Israel
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nimrod Ben Zeev", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058350330" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Palestine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Palestine", "West Bank", "Gaza Strip", "Gaza", "State of Palestine", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4304193313
AbstractIn recent years, a high number of fatal work accidents in the construction industry in Palestine/Israel has led several Israeli civil society organizations to begin documenting and publicizing the details of work accidents and identities of the victims. This novel documentation work has laid bare the unequal racialized distribution of dangerous work and bodily harm in the land. Palestinian construction workers from across the Green Line consistently constitute the overwhelming majority of victims of construction accidents, followed by migrant workers. Considering the long history of racial divisions of labor in Israel/Palestine over the last century, and building on the insights of scholarship on disability and political economy, this essay argues for the historical study of dangerous work as a crucial field of inquiry for scholars seeking to understand inequality, exploitation, the production of difference, settler colonialism, and communities’ experiences of these phenomena and processes in Palestine/Israel since the early twentieth century.Keywords: laborrace and racismthe bodyexploitationhealthdiscriminationPalestineIsrael Notes1 Kav LaOved aggregates data it collects, as well as that generated by the research of policy initiatives, such as “The Group for Combating Work Accidents” and others: Kav LaOved, “Work Accidents in Israel: Kav LaOved’s Work Accidents Documentation Project,” accessed August 18, 2022, https://work-accidents.kavlaoved.org.il/; The Group for Combating Construction and Industrial Accidents, “Help Us Promote Workers’ Safety,” accessed August 18, 2022, https://www.safeworkisrael.org.il/. I use the term “at least” since there are several recorded deaths for which there are no details about the deceased. Kav LaOved’s statistics do not include accidents in areas nominally controlled by the Palestinian Authority or those in the Gaza Strip. There is a rather substantial body of research conducted by Palestinian scholars of safety that examines working conditions, occupational protections, and accident statistics in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in construction. For example, Hanan S. Tuhul et al., “Development of a Conceptual Framework for Occupational Safety and Health in Palestinian Manufacturing Industries,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (2021): 1338, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031338; Adnan Enshassi, Yasmine El-Rayyes, and Suhair Alkilani, “Job Stress, Job Burnout and Safety Performance in the Palestinian Construction Industry,” Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 20, no. 2 (2015): 170–87, https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-01-2015-0004; Nour Ahmad Hussain, “Assessment of the Palestinian Stone and Marble Industry in Terms of Quality Management and Safety Management Systems” (master’s thesis, An-Najah National University, 2014); Adnan Enshassi, Rafiq Choudhry, and Moheeb Abualqumboz, “Quality and Safety in the Palestinian Construction Industry,” Revista Ingeniería de Construcción 24, no. 1 (2009): 49–78. Adnan Enshassi et al., “Safety Performance of Subcontractors in the Palestinian Construction Industry,” Journal of Construction in Developing Countries 13, no. 1 (2008): 51–62.2 Kav LaOved, “Work Accidents in Israel”; “8.3: Arab Employed Persons and Employees, by Industry, Occupation, Average Weekly Work Hours, Religion and Sex,” Labour Force Survey, 2018, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, February 27, 2020, https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/publications/pages/2020/labour-force-survey18-e.aspx; “8.3: Arab Employed Persons and Employees, by Industry, Occupation, Average Weekly Work Hours, Religion and Sex,” Labour Force Survey, 2019, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, March 18, 2021, https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/publications/Pages/2021/Labour-Force-Survey-2019.aspx; Israel Builders Association, The Construction and Infrastructure Industry: Review of Developments for 2020 and Forecast for 2021–2022 [in Hebrew], July 2021, https://www.acb.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA-2020-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-2021-2022-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99-2021-2.pdf; Israel Builders Association, The Construction and Infrastructure Industry: Review of Developments for 2018 and Forecast for 2019–2020 [in Hebrew], June 2019, https://www.acb.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-2019.pdf.3 Ministry of Labor, Welfare, and Social Services and the National Insurance Institute, Report on Work Accidents and Occupational Disease: Situation Report 2012–2016 [in Hebrew], State of Israel, 2017, 16, https://employment.molsa.gov.il/Employment/SafetyAndHealth/ResearchAndProjects/Reports/Reports/AccidentReport2012-2016.pdf.4 Sabri Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, trans. Inea Bushnaq, 2nd ed. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976), 304–5; Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel 1963 [in Hebrew], Jerusalem, State of Israel, 498–501.5 Leila Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation (New York: Routledge, 2005).6 Gideon Zaira, The Employment of Foreign and Palestinian Workers in the Construction Industry [in Hebrew], Interior and Environmental Protection Committee, Israeli Knesset, July 23, 2015, 1, https://main.knesset.gov.il/activity/info/research/pages/incident.aspx?ver=2&docid=e3f133d5-3177-e511-80cf-00155d6ffed6; Population and Immigration Authority, “Conditions for the Permit to Employ Foreign Workers in the Construction Industry by Human Resources Contractors” [in Hebrew], Procedure no. 9.4.0001, State of Israel, December 15, 2021, https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/policy/manpower_construction_foreign_workers_procedure/he/9.4.0001.pdf.7 When discussing the period after 1948, I refer to the territory historically identified as Palestine (or Eretz Yisrael in Hebrew) as “Israel/Palestine” and “Palestine/Israel” interchangeably, to recognize both identifications of the land without granting preference or precedence to either.8 Yuval Evri and Hagar Kotef, “When Does a Native Become a Settler? (With Apologies to Zreik and Mamdani),” Constellations 29, no. 1 (March 2022): 3–18, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12470; Areej Sabbagh-Khoury, “Citizenship as Accumulation by Dispossession: The Paradox of Settler Colonial Citizenship,” Sociological Theory 40, no. 2 (June 2022): 151–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/07352751221095474; Areej Sabbagh-Khoury, “Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel,” Politics & Society 50, no. 1 (March 2022): 44–83, https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329221999906; Sai Englert, “Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession,” Antipode 52, no. 6 (November 2020): 1647–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12659; Hagar Kotef, The Colonizing Self: Or, Home and Homelessness in Israel/Palestine (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020); Rana Barakat, “Writing/Righting Palestine Studies: Settler Colonialism, Indigenous Sovereignty and Resisting the Ghost(s) of History,” Settler Colonial Studies 8, no. 3 (2018): 349–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2017.1300048; Rachel Busbridge, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society 35, no. 1 (January 2018): 91–115, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416688544; Raef Zreik, “When Does a Settler Become a Native? (With Apologies to Mamdani),” Constellations 23, no. 3 (September 2016): 351–64, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12240.9 Jasbir K. Puar, The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017); Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). Another disability studies perspective related to Puar’s study of maiming, which future studies of dangerous work in Palestine/Israel should take into consideration, is that of debilitation and the production of disability as sacrifice, particularly in the context of national causes and in relation to gendered modes of sacrifice. This context is, of course, particularly relevant in Israel/Palestine, but also elsewhere in the Middle East and beyond. In fact, the idea of sacrifice is already part of the Palestinian discourse about work accidents whose victims are frequently referred to as “martyrs of the daily bread” (shuhada luqmat al-‘ysh) by Palestinian social media users and news outlets. See: Salih Can Açiksöz, Sacrificial Limbs: Masculinity, Disability, and Political Violence in Turkey (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2020); Liat Ben-Moshe, “Movements at War? Disability and Anti-Occupation Activism in Israel,” in Occupying Disability: Critical Approaches to Community, Justice, and Decolonizing Disability, ed. Pamela Block et al. (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Dordrecht, 2016), 47–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9984-3_4; John M. Kinder, Paying with Their Bodies: American War and the Problem of the Disabled Veteran (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015); Sagit Mor, “Between Charity, Welfare, and Warfare: A Disability Legal Studies Analysis of Privilege and Neglect in Israeli Disability Policy,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 18, no. 1 (2006): 63–137, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/7378; Meira Weiss, The Chosen Body: The Politics of the Body in Israeli Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002).10 Englert, “Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession.” Puar too states that studying maiming and debilitation puts “analytic pressure” on settler-colonial studies’ assumption of a “logic of elimination,” a concept which Patrick Wolfe developed, as the sole logic of settler colonialism: Puar, The Right to Maim, 144; Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8, no. 4 (2006): 387–409, https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240.11 For the data regarding the percentage of Mizrahi Jews (classified under the heading of “Asian & African born”) in different industries, see: Central Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey (1957), State of Israel, 1959, 40, cited in K. J. Mann et al., “Epidemiology of Disabling Work Injuries in Israel,” Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 9, no. 4 (1964): 511. For statistics on Palestinian citizens in Israel in the workforce see: Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel; Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel 1963, 498–501.12 Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel, 109.13 Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel; Avia Spivak and Meir Amir, Foreign Workers in the Construction Industry: Update to a Previous Report from June 2010 [in Hebrew], January 2011, https://meiramir.co.il/wp-content/files/meir-amir-37.pdf.14 Idan Eretz, “The Contractors Versus the State: The Conflicting Numbers on Accidents in the Construction Industry” [in Hebrew], Globes, February 17, 2022, https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001402609; Gideon Ze‘ira, Mapping of Work Safety and Occupational Health Data [in Hebrew], Knesset Research and Information Center, December 26, 2021, https://fs.knesset.gov.il/globaldocs/MMM/73dba453-e05b-ec11-8141-00155d0401c3/2_73dba453-e05b-ec11-8141-00155d0401c3_11_18303.pdf; Oded Ron, “Pikuah Nefesh: Safety Inspectors in the First Three Decades and the Last” [in Hebrew], Parliament, The Israeli Institute for Democracy, no. 85 (April 28, 2020), https://www.idi.org.il/parliaments/31404/31443; Yosef Yambur, “400 Construction Accidents in Tel Aviv in a Single Year” [in Hebrew], ‘Al ha-Mishmar, The National Library of Israel, May 3, 1948, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1948/05/03/01/article/27; Banu Hayut, On the Safety of Workers in Buildings [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Defus Kooperativi ‘Ahdut’, 1935), 3.15 A. Pines, S. T. Halfon, and R. Prior, “Occupational Accidents in the Construction Industry of Israel,” Journal of Occupational Accidents 9, no. 3 (November 1987): 225–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(87)90014-9; Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel; Mann et al., “Epidemiology of Disabling Work Injuries in Israel,” 510.16 Sobhi Samour, “Covid-19 and the Necroeconomy of Palestinian Labor in Israel,” JPS 49, no. 4 (2020): 53–64, https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.4.53; Andrew Ross, Stone Men: The Palestinians Who Built Israel (London: Verso, 2019); Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration; Avram S. Bornstein, Crossing the Green Line Between the West Bank and Israel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002); Moshe Semyonov and Noah Lewin-Epstein, Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1987).17 Salim Tamari, “Building Other People’s Homes: The Palestinian Peasant’s Household and Work in Israel,” JPS 11, no. 1 (1981): 31–66, https://doi.org/10.2307/2536046.18 Samour, “Covid-19 and the Necroeconomy.”19 Sabbagh-Khoury, “Citizenship as Accumulation,” 161.Additional informationNotes on contributorsNimrod Ben ZeevNimrod Ben Zeev is a fellow at the Polonsky Academy for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute and a postdoctoral fellow in the department of history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research examines the twentieth-century history of Palestine/Israel through the lenses of labor, race, political economy, material culture, and the body. Ben Zeev is also coeditor of the Hebrew-language Social History Workshop blog, which aims to make cutting edge scholarship on the Middle East and beyond that is accessible to a non-academic audience.
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https://openalex.org/W3016708728
Top expenditure distribution in Arab countries and the inequality puzzle1
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Vladimír Hlásny", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064212584" } ]
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[ "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Sudan", "Jordan", "Egypt" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1963651339", "https://openalex.org/W1976467935", "https://openalex.org/W1999814784", "https://openalex.org/W2023876745", "https://openalex.org/W2032565183", "https://openalex.org/W2039961364", "https://openalex.org/W2040543785", "https://openalex.org/W2041961924", "https://openalex.org/W2048649579", "https://openalex.org/W2061076586", "https://openalex.org/W2094314205", "https://openalex.org/W2108054096", "https://openalex.org/W2153706962", "https://openalex.org/W2154990558", "https://openalex.org/W2155251188", "https://openalex.org/W2161082841", "https://openalex.org/W2510632043", "https://openalex.org/W2745341086", "https://openalex.org/W2884354847", "https://openalex.org/W2897795927", "https://openalex.org/W2936433103", "https://openalex.org/W3000232474", "https://openalex.org/W3022470331", "https://openalex.org/W3121749799", "https://openalex.org/W3124011779", "https://openalex.org/W3125591395" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3016708728
This study was motivated by reports of a mismatch between inequality experienced on the streets across the Arab region, and that estimated in household expenditure surveys. The study uses eleven surveys from Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Sudan and Tunisia to investigate whether the dispersion of top ex penditures and measurement errors in them bias the measurement of inequality. The expenditure distributions are corrected by replacing potentially mismeasured values with those drawn from parametric distributions. Across all surveys, expenditure inequality is found to be at or below that found in emerging countries worldwide. The Gini is consistently 0.30–0.32 in Egypt, 0.35–0.37 in Jordan, and 0.38–0.43 in Palestine, Sudan and Tunisia. Several surveys include outliers raising inequality estimates. The Egyptian, Palestinian, and Tunisian surveys exhibit smoother top tails of expenditures, approximable by parametric distributions. Across years leading up to the Arab Spring, the estimates in these countries show falling inequality, suggesting that data problems are not behind the Arab inequality puzzle.
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https://openalex.org/W3109150891
Discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market
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[ "Palestine" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3109150891
Purpose This paper examines the level and structure of the wage inequality between nonrefugee and refugee workers in Palestine and the extent to which such wage gap reflects any marginalization and discrimination against refugees. It also investigates how the disparities in distribution to individual worker characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine. Design/methodology/approach The authors use both Oaxaca and Blinder (OB) (Oaxaca, 1973 and Blinder, 1973) and Fortin et al. (2011) unconditional quantile decomposition approaches to measure the size of the wage gap along with the wage distribution and to decompose the wage differences into productivity (i.e. explained or the composition effects) and wage structure effects (i.e. unexplained or discrimination effects). Findings Results indicate that most of the wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is attributed to the wage structure effect (possibly explained by discrimination) against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. The wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is not uniform throughout the wage distribution and supports the “sticky floor effect.” Practical implications This work introduces important policy implications for the policymakers in the Palestinian labor market. It reveals the economic and social factors, individual worker characteristics as well as labor market characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine. Social implications This research reveals a crucial social challenge in the Palestinian society, represented by the wage discrimination against refugees in Palestine. This is despite the denial of such discrimination from official bodies, local institutions and many other policymakers. It also captures gender inequality between men and women. Originality/value This is the first empirical work in Palestine that contends with a very sensitive issue in the Palestinian society, that is, the discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. Most of the existing studies have approached this issue from a humanitarian view in order to show the deterioration of social and economic situations in the refugee camps.
[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Manpower", "id": "https://openalex.org/S201037040", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3121473921
Top Expenditure Distribution in Arab Countries and the Inequality Puzzle
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Vladimír Hlásny", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064212584" } ]
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[ "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Sudan", "Jordan", "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121473921
This study was motivated by reports of a mismatch between inequality experienced on the streets across the Arab region, and that estimated in household expenditure surveys. The study uses eleven surveys from Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Sudan and Tunisia to investigate whether the dispersion of top expenditures and measurement errors in them bias the measurement of inequality. The expenditure distributions are corrected by replacing potentially mismeasured values with those drawn from parametric distributions. Across all surveys, expenditure inequality is found to be at or below that found in emerging countries worldwide. The Gini is consistently 0.30–0.32 in Egypt, 0.35–0.37 in Jordan, and 0.38–0.43 in Palestine, Sudan and Tunisia. Several surveys include outliers raising inequality estimates. The Egyptian, Palestinian, and Tunisian surveys exhibit smoother top tails of expenditures, approximable by parametric distributions. Across years leading up to the Arab Spring, the estimates in these countries show falling inequality, suggesting that data problems are not behind the Arab inequality puzzle.
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https://openalex.org/W4328096317
Inequality of bargaining power in cellular telecommunication services agreements
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[ "Palestine", "West Bank" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W564773912", "https://openalex.org/W1966646125", "https://openalex.org/W1995026436", "https://openalex.org/W2033873703", "https://openalex.org/W2039209692", "https://openalex.org/W2049240872", "https://openalex.org/W2052716296", "https://openalex.org/W2053153880", "https://openalex.org/W2070027557", "https://openalex.org/W2081245799", "https://openalex.org/W2156065018", "https://openalex.org/W2412916352", "https://openalex.org/W2623703952", "https://openalex.org/W2893353992", "https://openalex.org/W2905444147", "https://openalex.org/W2915878921", "https://openalex.org/W2948794145", "https://openalex.org/W2973048520", "https://openalex.org/W3009195577", "https://openalex.org/W3010221818", "https://openalex.org/W3014518866", "https://openalex.org/W3081905135", "https://openalex.org/W3089223274", "https://openalex.org/W3121426264", "https://openalex.org/W3126424840" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4328096317
This research examined the inequality of bargaining power between the contracting parties in mobile phone service contracts in the West Bank, Palestine. It identified several legislative gaps in regulating the requirements of this balance. Also, the relevant government departments and civil society organizations do not provide adequate consumer support in these contracts. The field research showed the respondents' dissatisfaction with communication service providers' compliance with the balanced contractual relationship requirements. What are the features and reasons for this imbalance? To what extent do neighboring countries introduce regulatory solutions to ensure the balance of the contractual relationship during this phase? What solutions would be proposed to ensure the balance of the contractual relationship during this phase? This research proposed legislative amendments to provide a balanced representation of consumer interests compared to providers.
[ { "display_name": "Telecommunications Policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/S120991925", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2808124972
Reducing Inequalities in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals
[]
[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Hygiene", "id": "https://openalex.org/C547646559" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Water resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]
[ "West Bank", "Gaza" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2808124972
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank’s corporate goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity call for specific attention to the poor and vulnerable. The overarching objective of the SDGs is to end poverty in all its forms, but their key difference from the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the integration of social, economic, and environmental goals (UN 2015). This has significant implications for reforms aimed at improving service delivery. With this understanding as its guiding compass, the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic Initiative focuses on what it will take to reduce existing inequalities in WASH services worldwide. This report, a synthesis of that global initiative, offers new insights on how data can be used to inform allocation decisions to reduce inequalities and prioritize investment in WASH to boost human capital. It also offers a fresh perspective on service delivery that considers how institutional arrangements1 affect the incentives of a range of actors. When it comes to improving services, politics matters as much today as it did in the London of the mid-19th century. Importantly, as will be discussed below, the report does not offer prescriptive global solutions for service delivery challenges. Instead, it seeks to encourage a dialogue on ways to think and work differently, using a problem-driven approach and engaging with the constraints imposed by the broader governance environment. Built on in-depth country-level analysis, the WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative aims to provide data-driven recommendations to help policy makers, stakeholders, and donors plan more strategically and equitably. The present report synthesizes multisectoral research from 17 low and middle-income countries and the West Bank and Gaza, undertaken since 2015. It presents new evidence on inequalities in access to WASH services, examines the impact of unequal services on the poor, and explores context-specific constraints that go beyond technical issues to understand why service delivery continues to be inadequate and inefficient. It highlights findings from individual countries, involves substantial reanalysis of existing data sets in new and innovative ways, brings new evidence on spatial inequalities at the subnational level, and shares insights on SDG parameters that were previously invisible. The work confirms some prior findings, even as it challenges water sector practitioners and decision makers to do business differently.
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https://openalex.org/W2188175720
Wage Compression and the Returns to Schooling for Palestinian men from 1995 to 2001
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Agnes Scott College", "id": "https://openalex.org/I64506506", "lat": 33.77483, "long": -84.29631, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Edward Sayre", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063993841" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Katherine Miller", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058951369" } ]
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[ "West Bank", "Gaza Strip", "Gaza", "Israel" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1485601772", "https://openalex.org/W1538443123", "https://openalex.org/W1548707149", "https://openalex.org/W1971886956", "https://openalex.org/W2009497334", "https://openalex.org/W2064557492", "https://openalex.org/W2107497267", "https://openalex.org/W2166402013" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2188175720
Changes in earnings inequality in the developing world can often cause social upheaval. During the years leading up to the first Intifada, Palestinian men experienced dramatic wage compression. The returns to schooling fell significantly, especially for those with a college degree. Many observers believe that it was not a coincidence that these young, educated and underemployed youths quickly became the vanguard of the Intifada. During the early part of the Oslo period (1993-2000), with an increase in overall economic growth and government employment, there is some evidence that the labor market for educated workers improved. However, once the peace process stalled, the Palestinian economy collapsed and Palestinian workers became even more dependent on unskilled work in Israel. This paper investigates variations in wage inequality and schooling returns for Palestinian men living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip from 1995 to 2001 using recently released Palestinian labor force survey micro data. In order to do so, we first examine the wage distribution. Next, we examine the returns to schooling using a simple Mincerian model. The evidence from this paper shows that leading up the Al-Aqsa Intifada Palestinian workers saw noticeable wage compression, but mostly because less educated workers saw their wages rising. Our next step is to examine some of the possible causes for these changes in the returns to schooling. We find that the size of the government sector and the ability of Palestinians to work in Israel strongly affect the returns to schooling.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4387850302
National priority regions (1971–2022): Redistribution, development and settlement
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[ { "display_name": "Redistribution (election)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74080474" }, { "display_name": "Settlement (finance)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Payment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563" } ]
[ "West Bank" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387850302
Abstract National Priority Regions (NPRs) are one of Israel’s most robust tools for redistribution: a resource allocation governmental plan that favors some regions over others, mostly according to their socioeconomic status and peripherality. Drawing on archival research, this article is the first to focus on this topic and provide a detailed description and analysis of this measure. It provides historical and theoretical accounts of NPRs, tracing their history, starting in the 1970s, over three periods and showing how they have been used and abused. This allows for some important observations about the stakes of using a "color-blind" place-based distributive mechanism, and about the complex relationship between redistribution, development, and settlement. At the national level, this article shows how NPRs changed over the years from a discriminatory tool that excluded almost all Palestinian-Arab localities into a more inclusionary mechanism, but one that also works to support and incentivize Jewish settlement in the Occupied West Bank. At the theoretical level, this article lends itself to and supports a ‘region-skeptic’ approach that sees the regional scale, much like other seemingly “race-neutral” criteria, mostly as an elusive exercise of power that often deepens inequality. However, drawing on Israel’s experience with NPRs, this article provides some more specific cautionary tales that can, I suggest, work to improve the regional scale rather than eliminate it altogether.
[ { "display_name": "Theoretical Inquiries in Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/S30990483", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W111515794
The Collapse of Place: Derelict Land, Deprivation, and Health Inequality in Glasgow, Scotland
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Juliana Maantay", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054987814" } ]
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[ "West Bank" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W111515794
Glasgow is Scotland’s most populous city, with nearly 600,000 people. It covers an area of 68 square miles, and is located along the north and south banks of the River Clyde in West Central Scotland. [Figure 1] Since World War II (WWII) it has become one of the quintessential examples of a post-industrial city whose fortunes suffered a sharp decline and many of whose peoples’ lives epitomize the tragedies of the “dependency culture” of the modern welfare state, rapid deindustrialization, urban blight, multi-generational worklessness, hopelessness, and random violence, some of which was instigated by faulty policies at the national level (such as those pertaining to trade labor unions, deindustrialization, and rapid slum clearances). Although the city began to turn itself around economically in the 1980s, these negative perceptions and realities remain an influence on the health status of its residents.
[ { "display_name": "Apple Academic Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462842", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3174878460
The Fay–Herriot model for multiply imputed data with an application to regional wealth estimation in Germany
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[ "West Bank" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3174878460
The increasing inequality of private income and wealth requires the redistribution of financial resources. Thus, several financial support schemes allocate budget across countries or regions. This work shows how to estimate private wealth at low regional levels by means of a modified Fay-Herriot approach that deals with (a) unit and item non-response, especially with used multiple imputation, (b) the skewness of the wealth distribution, and (c) inconsistencies of the regional estimates with the national direct estimate. One compelling example for financial redistribution is the promoted catching-up process of East Germany after the German reunification. This work shows that 25 years after the reunification differences are more diverse than just between the East and the West by estimating private wealth at two regional levels in Germany. The analysis is based on the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) that the European Central Bank launched for all euro area countries in 2010. Although the application in this paper focuses particularly on Germany, the approach proposed is applicable to the other countries participating in the HFCS as well as to other surveys that make use of multiple imputation.
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https://openalex.org/W3159407790
Inequalities in COVID-19 disruption of routine immunisations and returning to pre-COVID immunisation rates
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As the world continues to navigate the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, in the absence of effective treatments and curative pharmaceutical interventions, countries have resorted to behavioural measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic. Widespread national and regional lockdowns, curfews, and social distancing have become the norm, with devastating consequences for all aspects of life, including public health. The pandemic has disrupted all essential health services. However, routine immunisation services are amongst the hardest hit, with a suspension of mass vaccination campaigns, low footfall across vaccination centres, and disruptions in global vaccine supply chains [[1]Nelson R COVID-19 disrupts vaccine delivery.Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 546https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30304-2Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar]. In this issue of The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, a cross-sectional survey by Harris and colleagues [[2]Harris R Chen Y Côte P Ardillon A Nievera MC Ong-Lim A Aiyamperumal S Chong CP Kandasamy KV Mahenthiran K Yu T-W Huang C El Guerche-Séblain C Vargas-Zambrano JC Chit A Nageshwaran G Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunisation in South-East Asia and Western Pacific: disruptions and solutions.Lancet Reg Health – West Pac. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100140Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar] shows that 18 out of 19 participating countries in the Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions reported disruption to routine immunisations across all age groups, with a median of 15 antigens disrupted per country. The authors further showed that DTP, measles, rubella, and inactivated polio vaccines were affected in 17 out of the 19 countries. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was impacted in all 12 countries that routinely delivered the vaccine. These findings substantiate the extent of disruption and serve as a harbinger for future outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in children as collateral damage of the pandemic. Preliminary evidence of dangerous immunity gaps worldwide is already coming to the forefront, evident from recent surges of measles and polio outbreaks in around 30 countries including Niger, Afghanistan, and Pakistan [[3]Dinleyici EC Borrow R Safadi MAP van Damme P Munoz FM. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2021; 17: 400-407https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1804776Crossref PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar]. The study shows 6 out of 10 antigens in High-income countries (HICs) and 9 out of 10 antigens in Upper and Lower Middle-income countries (LMICs) being affected. This finding reaffirms the widespread setbacks in routine immunisation globally regardless of economic status. However, LMICs are under greater threat given their fragile health systems, and limited political and economic leverage for dealing with the dual problem of mitigating the pandemic and maintaining essential health services. Even pre-COVID-19, 70% of unvaccinated children lived in middle-income countries [[4]WHO/UNICEF. Progress and challenges with achieving universal immunization coverage. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/who-immuniz.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar], with under-15 children in LMICs up to 15 times more likely to die than children in HICs [[5]WHO. A child under 15 dies every 5 seconds around the world. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/18-09-2018-a-child-under-15-dies-every-5-seconds-around-the-world-.Google Scholar]. Through disproportionately disrupting immunisation rates across LMICs, the pandemic has widened inequity in health outcomes between high and low-income countries. Without targeted support directed towards LMICs, children residing in these countries will continue to be denied vaccination and fall victim to debilitating diseases at even higher rates, causing decades of progress to unravel. Furthermore, the authors also touch upon the intra-country variations in disruption, with seven countries reporting within-country heterogeneities in coverage rates on the basis of socio-economic conditions, geographies, and ethnic disparities. This finding reinforces the importance of investigating nuanced effects in disruption at a sub-national level, often masked when looking at national or regional estimates. However, to understand the accurate picture of heterogeneity in coverage rates within countries, gender equity is a vital indicator that was missing from the authors’ analysis. Exploring the gendered dimensions of inequity has been embedded as a key goal in the Gavi 5.0 Strategy and Immunisation Agenda 2030 with a vision to ‘leave no-one behind with immunisation’ [[6]Gavi. The equity goal. 2020. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/our-alliance/strategy/phase-5-2021-2025/equity-goal.Google Scholar,[7]WHO. Immunization agenda 2030. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/IA2030_draft_4_WHA.pdf.Google Scholar]. The COVID-19 pandemic is further deepening the pre-existent gender-based inequities. For instance, preliminary evidence from Pakistan shows that sub-regional gender inequities are rampant even today, especially in rural areas, with a considerably higher proportion of boys being vaccinated than girls. Furthermore, the mitigation strategies such as enhanced outreach activities to catch up children who missed immunisations during COVID-19 lockdowns are disproportionately vaccinating more boys than girls [[8]Health Department, Government of Sindh. Zindagi Mehfooz Electronic Immunization Registry Data. 2020.Google Scholar]. A common observation is that many times despite a rhetorical focus on increasing equitable coverage for routine immunisation services, countries fall short in practically implementing this goal. For instance, the World Bank supported disbursement linked indicators (DLIs) to increase equitable coverage focus on overall vaccination coverage targets, without an emphasis on disaggregated progress by gender, income status, ethnicity (or other dimensions of inequity) [[9]EPI Sindh. Mid-term review for National Immunization Support Project (NISP). Technical Workshop. February 3-5, 2020. Pakistan. Presentation slides.Google Scholar,[10]World Bank. Project information document. 2015. Available from: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/705261468123880348/text/PID-Appraisal-Print-P132308-02-12-2015-1423771182618.txtGoogle Scholar]. Capturing data on equity indicators, including gender in immunisation coverage, is essential to adequately measure and address all dimensions of inequities and appropriately incentivise countries to achieve equity goals. A key limitation to study results is the reliance upon the initial four months (February/March–May 2020) of the pandemic, making it less relevant to policymaking as the situation has evolved over the last year. With the increasing use of digital health technologies like Electronic Immunisation Registries, longitudinal tracking of data is a more robust alternative to investigating real-time changes in coverage rates, effective monitoring, and data-driven mitigation strategies. The study contributes to the evidence-base regarding restoration of coverage rates to pre-COVID-19 levels. The findings showed that by June 2020, 29% of the countries had returned to pre-COVID-19 coverage. This adds to evidence showing a rebounding of coverage rates shortly after easing of lockdown restrictions in other countries [[11]Chandir S Siddiqi DA Setayesh H Khan AJ Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on routine immunisation in Karachi, Pakistan.Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8 (Epub 06/29. doi:): e1118-e1e20https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30290-4Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar]. Recovery of immunisation coverage rates overtime, even for LMICs, is therefore achievable. However, as in Pakistan's context, the recovery is primarily driven by intensive door-to-door vaccinations that are costly and hard to sustain. As countries begin to shift priorities from containing the pandemic to restoring immunisation services, the focus should be on sustainable interventions including rebuilding vaccine confidence and increasing immunisation uptake by caregivers. Systematic efforts to clearly communicate benefits of childhood immunisations, reduce infection risk, and promptly counter misinformation and rumours around vaccinations will go a long way in helping drive demand and encouraging caregivers to actively bring children to immunisation centres. SC developed the outline. SC and DAS jointly drafted and approved the final manuscript. We declare no competing interests. Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunisation in South-East Asia and Western Pacific: Disruptions and solutionsCOVID-19-induced disruption of routine vaccination was more widespread than previously reported. Adaptable solutions were identified which could be implemented in SEAR/WPR and elsewhere. Governments and private providers need to act urgently to improve coverage rates and plan for future waves of the pandemic, to avoid a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Full-Text PDF Open Access
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https://openalex.org/W2483870814
Inequality in Africa
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No AccessMar 2016Inequality in AfricaAuthors/Editors: Kathleen Beegle, Luc Christiaensen, Andrew Dabalen, Isis GaddisKathleen BeegleSearch for more papers by this author, Luc ChristiaensenSearch for more papers by this author, Andrew DabalenSearch for more papers by this author, Isis GaddisSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0723-7_ch4AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (1.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Reviews the evidence on inequality in Africa by examining, in addition to patterns of monetary inequality, other dimensions, including inequality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility in occupation and education, viewing inequality from beyond the realm of household surveys, by exploring extreme wealth (billionaires and millionaires). The latest evidence on inequality paints a complicated picture, because while the most unequal countries in the world reside in Africa, excluding the seven countries with extremely high inequality, inequality does not prove higher or lower than in other countries at similar income levels. A portion of inequality resides in inequality of opportunity, circumstances at birth that remain major determinants of one’s poverty status as an adult. Fortunately, at least in some countries, a rise in intergenerational educational mobility creates hope that inequality of opportunity will decline. Nevertheless, intergenerational occupational persistence, at least as captured by three broad occupation categories, remains high in some countries. ReferencesAfrica Progress Panel. 2013. Africa Progress Report 2013: Equity in Extractives; Stewarding Africa’s Natural Resources for All. Geneva: Africa Progress Panel. 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Google Scholar Previous chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: March 2016ISBN: 978-1-4648-0723-7e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0724-4 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaRelated TopicsPoverty Reduction KeywordsINEQUALITYPOVERTY AND POVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY ASSESSMENTSEQUAL OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESINTERGENERATIONAL POVERTYINTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITYPOVERTY TRAPSMOVING OUT OF POVERTY PDF DownloadLoading ...
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The Bonds of Inequality: Debt and the Making of the American City
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In his insightful history of the post–World War II city, Destin Jenkins invites readers to place the municipal bond industry at the center of inquiries about urban development and racial inequality. The postwar municipal credit regime emerged out of New Deal banking reforms, a 1941 federal tax exemption on income from state and local bonds, and an urban infrastructure badly in need of fixing after the Great Depression and the war. In the decades that followed, cities became increasingly dependent on debt financing to build, maintain, and repair their physical and social services infrastructure. Central to this book's contribution is Jenkins's attention to how the application of these financial tools built an urban political economy that was deeply invested in racial inequality, or what Jenkins perceptively labels the “infrastructural investment in whiteness” (15, 195).The selection of San Francisco for this study is apt. This city is the site for historian Terrance J. McDonald's pathbreaking investigation of urban fiscal policy (1986), an earlier undertaking to “follow the money,” and one of the case studies in political scientist John Mollenkopf's influential Contested City (1990), a project that shares Jenkins's aim to chart this West Coast city's postwar development trajectory. Whereas Mollenkopf narrates the political and policy deals crafted by “political entrepreneurs,” Jenkins tracks another cohort of entrepreneurs, homing in on the bond deals led by private lenders. He illuminates how the ties between the public and private sector that were integral to issuing and selling municipal bonds, presumably for the benefit of the city, enabled instead a “bondholder supremacy” in which private sector and corporate interests reaped power and profits.In contrast to histories of deindustrialization or real estate markets that probe race and structural inequalities in the metropolitan United States, Jenkins examines the cumulative impact of debt financing mechanisms and decisions. He shows how these were systematically skewed toward physical and social infrastructure projects that favored the city's white neighborhoods and residents, as well as prospective white beneficiaries, by underwriting redeveloped places for downtown offices, improved roads and transit for commuters, and destinations for tourists. All of this was built at the expense of Black and Asian American neighborhoods and residents who were displaced or neglected yet paid taxes and fees that kept this system going.The book divides this history into two periods. The first twenty years following World War II featured the steady rise of the municipal bonds trade, much of it in the form of long-term general obligation or special project debt. Frequent bond referenda offered the appearance of democracy, but technocrats largely ruled. In San Francisco, significant growth in the city's Black population also occurred during these years, a time when urban renewal projects financed by the redevelopment agency's bonding authority disproportionately targeted neighborhoods in which these newer residents had settled. The second or post-1965 period (which in this account runs through the 1980s) was marked by a credit crunch in 1966 and, later, the pressures of inflation that altered the calculus and practices of municipal bond deals, defined now by high interest rates, moves toward shorter-term lending, and commercial banks’ exit from the municipal bond market. Such changes had a damaging impact on public housing, among other city operations; bond issues proved wholly inadequate for maintenance and upkeep, putting public housing residents, especially people of color, at risk. This second era witnessed a period of “revolt,” including a 1966 uprising sparked by a violent confrontation between police and Black teenagers in Hunters Point, a “neighborhood that suffered from many layers of structural racism” (133). Jenkins also notes Black and Asian American legal challenges and boycotts, but characterizes these as “popcorn politics, not a social movement” (131). Of greater consequence were the white taxpayer revolts that further undermined investors’ confidence in the city's ability to pay—making municipal borrowing even more expensive—and reinforced the austerity messages that private investors pressed during the 1970s and 1980s.Jenkins is at his best when he takes this history close to the ground, offering concrete accounts of the work and deals done in everyday (although often exclusive) settings, showing how these events were driven by capital's logic to commodify city streets, sewers, and schools. The book reconstructs the world of a white male “fraternity” that populated the debt industry—bankers, attorneys, ratings agency representatives, and city comptrollers. The cast is large, but a starring role is played by Alan K. Browne of the Bank of America (BOA), who left an extensive trail of evidence (kudos to the archivists and oral historians who made these sources available for researchers). A municipal bond expert who built BOA's shop (first in crowded second-floor quarters and later in an upper-floor suite) and a leader of the San Francisco Bond Club, Browne was at the center of action in this city during the decades when commercial banks held an ever-greater share of its municipal debt.The Bonds of Inequality takes on a large challenge, linking the histories of race and cities to histories of capitalism. In doing so, the book opens the door to many fresh lines of inquiry. Labor historians are well situated to appreciate and to build on this history. Jenkins's forays into office buildings provide glimpses of white-collar work in the postwar city. White building trades workers enter as a key constituency that supported and constructed this infrastructure. Needing further study is the intersection of an increasingly troubled credit regime and the growth of public sector unions. Along with service sector unions—especially as Black, Brown, and Asian American workers filled their ranks in San Francisco and other cities—these groups had a large stake in how the city financed its physical and social infrastructure. While Jenkins understandably concludes by depicting a severely “circumscribed urban democracy,” scholars and activists should continue exploring contests to bondholder power (216).
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https://openalex.org/W2792493021
Exploring the Role of Minimum Wages and Unions in Recent Inequality Trends
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No AccessDec 2017Exploring the Role of Minimum Wages and Unions in Recent Inequality TrendsAuthors/Editors: Julián Messina, Joana SilvaJulián MessinaSearch for more papers by this author, Joana SilvaSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1039-8_ch5AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Identifies three country specific factors that determine the extent to which minimum wages and the level of unionization equalize the distribution of wages, including the extent to which minimum wages are binding; overall economic growth and minimum wage; and effects of falling union density. In Latin America, minimum wages doubled or tripled over roughly a decade (1995 to 2014) in many countries, with the noticeable exception of Mexico. Compliance with minimum wage laws varies throughout the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region: Brazil and Chile have highly binding minimum wages, while countries such as Colombia and Paraguay show fewer signs of binding minimum wages. Given the fragmented nature of unionization in the region, the effect of unions depends on where the unionized workers lie along the income distribution and on the preferences of unions concerning inequality among their members. Results appear mixed and country-specific, with falling unionization being either equalizing or not equalizing depending on the country context. ReferencesAbowd, J M, F Kramarz, and D N Margolis. 1999. “Minimum Wages and Employment in France and the United States.” NBER Working Paper 6996, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. CrossrefGoogle ScholarAbrache, J S 1999. “Do Unions Always Decrease Wage Dispersion? The Case of Brazilian Manufacturing.” Journal of Labor Research 20 (3): 425–36. 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CrossrefGoogle ScholarSilva, J, R Almeida, and V Strokova. 2015. Sustaining Wage and Employment Gains in Brazil: A Skills and Jobs Agenda. Directions in Development: Human Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarUlyssea, G and M Foguel. 2006. “Efeitos do Salário Mínimo Sobre o Mercado de Trabalho Brasileiro.” IPEA Discussion Text 1168, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasilia. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: December 2017ISBN: 978-1-4648-1039-8e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1040-4 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsLatin America & CaribbeanRelated CountriesArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaGuatemalaHondurasMexicoParaguayPeruUruguayRelated TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthPoverty ReductionSocial Protections and Labor KeywordsMINIMUM WAGEWAGE GAPSWAGESLABOR ORGANIZATIONS PDF DownloadLoading ...
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https://openalex.org/W3087659226
Food choice motivations and perception of a healthy diet in a developing Mediterranean country
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[ { "display_name": "Perception", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741" }, { "display_name": "Descriptive statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Food choice", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18767781" }, { "display_name": "Test (biology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Social psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Paleontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Neuroscience", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540" } ]
[ "Lebanon" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3087659226
Abstract This study investigated the Lebanese consumers’ knowledge about healthy food perception and their food motivations according to gender and also to environmental, social, and health behaviors. The survey consisted of a longitudinal study undertaken on a sample of 450 participants from which only 410 questionnaires were considered to be valid. For the analysis of the data, basic descriptive statistics were used, complemented with statistical tests (Student t -test for comparisons between two groups and ANOVA for comparisons between three or more groups). Finally, analyses were done to evaluate the importance of healthy food perception among these people, and the possible sociodemographic variables are as follows: age group, level of education, gender, and living environment. The results allowed identifying which types of factors mostly influence people's food choices. They revealed that both the economic and availability motivations (mean scores 2.83 and 2.98 for female and male participants, respectively) and the social and cultural motivations (mean scores 2.90 and 3.09) have less impact on the perception of a healthy diet than the healthy motivations (mean scores 3.48 and 3.29) and the environmental and political motivations (mean scores 3.35 and 3.43), this last being also the highest expression and without statistical gender differences. This work is relevant because it highlights the food motivation factors that influence people’s perception about a healthy diet in a developing country, facing social and economic crisis in addition to many gender inequalities, yet having the highest education levels in the region in addition to its multiethnical diversity and religiosity.
[ { "display_name": "Open Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176224", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402512", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Viseu (Instituto Politécnico de Viseu)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400867", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3094604548
The Development Of Human Resources Within The Employment And The Economy Of Lebanon
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Siham Jibai", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046630974" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Legislature", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83009810" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Lebanon" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3094604548
This paper aims at presenting, from a theoretical perspective, the development of human resources, regarded as a means of evolution for the employment and the economy in Lebanon. The method used for investigation was documentary analysis and the findings present a broader perspective of human resources and the Lebanese labor market. The characteristics of the Lebanese labor market are not sufficiently diversified to include a wide range of skills. The two big employers in Lebanon are the banks, which have a very specific corporate culture that is not suitable for everyone, and the Food and Beverage sector, which is highly oriented towards commercial and promotional skills. On the economic side, Lebanon has a strong banking sector, benefiting from international aid. Its educational side is high, the number of graduates increases over the years, but the lack of job offer in the market is considerable. The public and private Lebanese universities produce every year a number of graduates that the local market is unable to absorb. SMEs, which represent the majority of businesses in Lebanon, are family-owned and attach a very little importance to the human resources department. In general, human resources departments are not involved in the company's decisions and strategy, but simply at an operational level. In addition, there are gaps at the legislative and regulatory levels. Inequality is also remarkable in the demand for employment between men and women. Women lack support at the corporate level to reach higher positions and be able to participate in decision-making as managers, but this is less easy than with men.
[ { "display_name": "Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306524167", "type": "conference" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3161025542
Inequality in education in developing countries and its relationship with income and gender: comparative study (2014-2018)
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Maryam Ra'ed Taha Dabash", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073969970" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Multicollinearity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189285262" }, { "display_name": "Hausman test", "id": "https://openalex.org/C58980837" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Random effects model", "id": "https://openalex.org/C168743327" }, { "display_name": "Test (biology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Regression analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C152877465" }, { "display_name": "Fixed effects model", "id": "https://openalex.org/C44970651" }, { "display_name": "Panel data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946" }, { "display_name": "Meta-analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95190672" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Paleontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Tunisia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3161025542
The general framework of the study. Literature review and theoretical framework. Literature review. Theoretical framework. Inequalities in Arab region (Lebanon and Tunisia). Methodology of study and standard analysis. Methodology of the study. Data sources. Econometrics model. Matrix correlation between variables (multicollinearity). Serial correlation. Fixed or random hausman test. Estimate the model. The comparative between Lebanon and Tunisia. Results and recommendations.
[]
https://openalex.org/W3152187440
THE IMPACT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ON LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS: THE CASE OF UNDP IN LEBANON
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "Beirut Arab University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I36314861", "lat": 33.89332, "long": 35.50157, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Farah Jabbouri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071099142" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Lebanon" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1492561274", "https://openalex.org/W1967871478", "https://openalex.org/W1997952274", "https://openalex.org/W2005171113", "https://openalex.org/W2013972209", "https://openalex.org/W2152098839", "https://openalex.org/W3150477482" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152187440
This research intends to study the influence of female empowerment on leadership effectiveness in the UNDP Lebanon. It was once believed that men were the only ones that could fill positions of power and leadership. Even nowadays, women still face great difficulties while obtaining the positions of power in their career and suffer from inequality at work. This study will be looking at the impact of women empowerment and its influence on fulfilling work outcomes and meeting organizational objectives as well as proving that gender equality is the basis of empowerment. The research utilizes mixed methods for conducting interviews and sending online anonymous questionnaires. The results of the interviews show that the UNDP strongly encourages female applicants to apply to power and leadership positions. Upon conducting the study, the distribution of jobs among men and women at the UNDP was shown to be equitable. 52% of the employees are female and 48% are male. Furthermore, the findings show that 50% of the employees that filled the questionnaire have female managers. The online questionnaire shows that the staff are satisfied with the empowerment initiatives at the UNDP and that both men and women are empowered equally.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2332785266
Fluid pressure arrival time tomography: Estimation and assessment in the presence of inequality constraints, with an application to production at the Krechba field, Algeria
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[ { "display_name": "Interferometric synthetic aperture radar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C22286887" }, { "display_name": "Geology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Inversion (geology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1893757" }, { "display_name": "Inverse", "id": "https://openalex.org/C207467116" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Production (economics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673" }, { "display_name": "Algorithm", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529" }, { "display_name": "Geodesy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743" }, { "display_name": "Synthetic aperture radar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87360688" }, { "display_name": "Seismology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528" }, { "display_name": "Remote sensing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Geometry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010" }, { "display_name": "Tectonics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Algeria" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2332785266
PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009Fluid pressure arrival time tomography: Estimation and assessment in the presence of inequality constraints, with an application to production at the Krechba field, AlgeriaAuthors: A. RucciD. W. VascoF. NovaliA. RucciPolitecnico di Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this author, D. W. VascoBerkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CASearch for more papers by this author, and F. NovaliTRE‐Tele‐Rilevamento Europa, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255677 SectionsSupplemental MaterialAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements provide accurate, large‐scale estimates of displacements within material overlying a producing reservoir. Such deformation proves useful in deducing spatial and temporal changes in reservoir fluid pressure. Starting from the pressure field we estimate the diffusive travel times, and then, as the solution of a linear inverse problem, the effective permeability of the reservoir. We incorporate inequality constraints into the inversion for volume change, under the assumption that the production only results in fluid volume decreases, and we find that the inequality constraints improve the resolution by roughly 30 to 40%. We apply the formulation to subsidence in the material overlying a thin gas production zone at the Krechba field in Algeria.Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255677FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2009 Pages: 4338 publication data© 2009 Copyright © 2009 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 14 Oct 2009 CITATION INFORMATION A. Rucci, D. W. Vasco, and F. Novali, (2009), "Fluid pressure arrival time tomography: Estimation and assessment in the presence of inequality constraints, with an application to production at the Krechba field, Algeria," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 3879-3883. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255677 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
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https://openalex.org/W4293241887
TRADE FLOWS BETWEEN ALGERIA AND EUROPEANUNION COUNTRIES
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "Ziane Achour University of Djelfa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086990", "lat": 34.657608, "long": 3.286573, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammed Elaguab", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014800636" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "University of Béjaïa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I187560010", "lat": 36.75587, "long": 5.08433, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdelkrim Kaki", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064228739" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "University of Béjaïa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I187560010", "lat": 36.75587, "long": 5.08433, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammed Bouznit", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025868284" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Gravity model of trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87889798" }, { "display_name": "Bilateral trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780967403" }, { "display_name": "International economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055" }, { "display_name": "International trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549" }, { "display_name": "Gravity equation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992128022" }, { "display_name": "Trade barrier", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Economic integration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C506295513" }, { "display_name": "European union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868" }, { "display_name": "International free trade agreement", "id": "https://openalex.org/C90924733" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Regional trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994171286" }, { "display_name": "Free trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C35532855" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" } ]
[ "Algeria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4293241887
This article aims to empirically analyze the determinants of trade flows between Algeria and the five European Union trading partners, namely, Italy, France, Germany, Spain and Portugal, over the period 1990-2018, using the basic gravity model and the augmented gravity model of international trade. The obtained results show that Algeria’s bilateral trade flows with its trading partners is positively affected by GDP growth, and negatively influenced by economic inequality and geographical distance. There is also evidence that colonial past and trade agreements have a weak impact on Algeria’s trade flows. Moreover, by suppressing trade barriers and concluding bilateral agreements, Algeria has a real trade potential to promote trade exchanges with Germany, France and Spain.
[ { "display_name": "les cahiers du cread", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4212763005", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4309836865
Rethinking the Contribution-Benefit Linkage in Pay-As-You-Go Retirement Systems Based on Algerian Case
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "Centre de Recherche en Économie Appliquée pour le Développement", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210152254", "lat": 36.776566, "long": 3.0038, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Farid Flici", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079049924" } ]
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[ "Algeria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4309836865
In Pay-As-You-Go systems, retirement benefits result from the multiplication of the reference wage by the contribution duration by an annuity rate. This formulation can undergo some adjustments to ensure sustainability within a changing environment. In this paper, we showed that the current contribution-benefit linkage might generate a large gap between individuals in terms of profitability and thus in terms of wealth accumulation over long periods. Considering the possible career scenarios in the Algerian retirement system, we found that return rates vary from 9.6% to 13.2%. To reduce inequality, we propose a new retirement benefit formula partially based on the actuarial fairness principle. Keywords: retirement, PAYG, equality, IRR, scenario, Algeria.
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https://openalex.org/W3135076404
The asymmetrical bank-client relationship Case of Algerian public banks
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3135076404
Asymmetric information remains one of the most crucial problems in finance, though many works have been produced since the first writings of Akerloff, Spence and Stiglitz and many others. The inequality of getting information causes many problems to entreprises, because the responsible needs all information to solve these problems and decides what solution should fulfil the purpose in vew. In this context, the information and communication technologies (ICT) play a dominant role for the spreading of information to different users and researchers. The present work is articulated around two main parts. The first deals with the theoretical aspects of asymmetric information. The second is an empirical approach realised using a sample of questions in Algerian public Banks. All the questions deal with the impact of asymmetric information on the banking activity.
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https://openalex.org/W2528257980
Tackling inequalities in cancer care and outcomes: psychosocial mechanisms and targets for change
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Disparities in cancer incidence, outcomes, and prevalence persist globally among countries.1, 2 While incidence and mortality rates for most cancers are falling in many high-income Western countries, the opposite is true in numerous less-developed and economically transitioning regions.1 With regard to colorectal cancer, for example, there is a 10-fold variation in incidence rates worldwide, with high and rapidly increasing incidence rates in Eastern European countries and Japan, the lowest rates in Africa, Central and South America, and South Central Asia, and stabilizing or declining rates in the USA, New Zealand, and Canada.1 Five-year relative survival rates for colorectal cancer range from approximately 20% in Algeria compared with nearer 60% in the USA.2 Cancer incidence and mortality also vary within and across countries by sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. For example, incidence rates of stomach cancer vary by gender, although much more so in some countries than others. Incidence rates per 100 000 are 65.8 in men compared with 24.2 in women in Japan, for instance, but just 3.3 in men relative to 2.0 in women in Egypt.1 Across countries, individuals with higher socioeconomic status have been found to have better cancer survival rates than those with lower socioeconomic status.3-5 In Sweden, for instance, individuals with university-level education have been found to have survival rates 40% higher than those of people with less than 9 years of school education.3 Disparities in cancer incidence and mortality are underpinned by geographical and sociodemographic inequalities at numerous points across the cancer continuum: in risk factors for cancer (e.g., smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection), in cancer screening participation, in cancer symptom awareness and timely diagnosis, in cancer treatment including psychosocial care, and in long-term morbidities among survivors (e.g., depressive symptoms and pain).1, 6-10 Some examples of these inequalities include the following: Research in Britain, stemming from the National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative in England launched in 2008, has consistently found lower awareness of cancer warning signs and symptoms among minority ethnic groups and lower socioeconomic status groups.7 Some research studies have found age disparities in stage of cancer at diagnosis, although the nature of these disparities varies by cancer type. For some cancers (e.g., cervical), increasing age has been found to be associated with more advanced stage at diagnosis, whereas for other cancers (e.g., lung), the reverse has been found, with older patients less likely to be diagnosed at later stages.8, 11 While it is increasingly recognized that psychosocial care is a key component of high-quality, comprehensive cancer care, provision varies markedly geographically. Psychosocial care is generally more established and implemented in higher-income countries relative to less developed countries and is more likely to be provided in cancer centers and university hospitals, which are typically situated in urban areas than in smaller facilities based in the community.9, 12 Reducing disparities in cancer care and outcomes is an ongoing priority in many countries as well as internationally. For example, current cancer strategy in England (2015-2020) aims for “a reduction in the variability of access to optimal diagnosis and treatment and the resulting inequalities in outcomes” (www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/cancer-strategy-in-england), and achieving health equity and eliminating disparities is an overarching goal of the Healthy People 2020 initiative in the USA, which sets out a comprehensive agenda for improving the health of all Americans in numerous areas including cancer (www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm). The Union for International Cancer Control's 2013 World Cancer Declaration calls upon government leaders and health policy-makers to reduce the global cancer burden and promote greater equity (www.uicc.org/world-cancer-declaration). This special issue of Psycho-Oncology focusing on cancer health disparities was called for and coordinated by members of the Executive Committee of the British Psychosocial Oncology Society in response to the fact that cancer disparities persist as a global problem and priority, and to highlight the contribution that psychosocial oncology research can make in helping to tackle these. Over 50 papers were submitted to the call for this issue (the most for any Psycho-Oncology special issue to date), and 148 reviewers based in 14 different countries have been involved in peer-reviewing the submissions. Sixteen of the submissions are included in this special issue: 3 literature reviews,13-15 9 research papers,16-24 and 3 clinical correspondence pieces,25-27 as well as a report from the International Federation of Psycho-Oncology Societies which documents and highlights the heterogeneity of the federated societies and the global between-country differences in the development and implementation of psycho-oncology care.28 Collectively, the papers in this special issue use a wide range of methodologies and analytic techniques with a diverse range of samples, to look at disparities in cancer care and outcomes at several points on the cancer continuum: from screening,16-18 to symptom attribution,19, 21 to diagnosis, treatment and care,20, 21, 25, 26 and into survivorship,22-24, 27 in relation to a number of different factors: chiefly education,16, 19, 22 ethnicity,14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 27 and cultural factors (such as religious beliefs17 and English language proficiency25, 26) and the presence of comorbid health conditions13, 20, 22 but also residential location,15 age,22, 24 and relationship status.23 For example, Ruiz and colleagues24 examine differences in smoking, alcohol, and drug use on the basis of age and ethnicity among adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer, who remain at risk for poor long-term health outcomes. Lower educational level, and more broadly lower socioeconomic status, is associated with lower uptake of cancer screening,6, 29 increased likelihood of being diagnosed with certain types of cancer,5, 30 a more advanced cancer stage at diagnosis,4, 8 and poorer morbidity and mortality outcomes.3-5, 10, 31 Three of the papers in this special issue examine education-based cancer disparities.16, 19, 22 Importantly, these papers elucidate psychosocial and behavioral factors and processes that, to some extent, mediate the link between low educational attainment and poorer preventive care and outcomes. Crucially, as these mediators are potentially modifiable, they offer a target for interventions to reduce cancer inequalities. The papers also usefully identify psychosocial factors which do not appear to underpin education-based disparities and are thus unpromising targets for intervention. For example, in their paper concerning inequalities in colorectal cancer screening participation in the UK, Smith et al.16 demonstrate a consistent and graded effect of education on perceived emotional and practical barriers to uptake. In particular, beliefs that one would worry more about colorectal cancer after screening and concerns about tempting fate were strongly negatively associated with education. Interestingly, no educational gradient was observed for perceived benefits of screening. Marcu and colleagues' paper19 focusing on cancer symptom attribution shows that a lower level of education is associated with a lower likelihood of considering cancer a possible cause for breast cancer symptoms. Moreover, they found that this is the case not only for a less well-known symptom (nipple rash) but also for a very familiar symptom (axillary lump) and that this association persisted even after adjustment for cancer avoidance. There is some evidence to show that, in comparison with majority ethnic groups, some minority ethnic groups are less likely to participate in cancer screening.32, 33 Also, some ethnic groups have a higher risk of being diagnosed with some types of cancer and higher mortality rates for some cancer types. For example, research in many countries consistently finds an elevated incidence of prostate cancer among men of African descent,34, 35 and there is strong evidence of a disproportionately high breast cancer mortality rate in African American women, even after accounting for socioeconomic status.36 Nine of the papers in this issue seek to enhance our understanding of ethnic and cultural cancer disparities.14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24-27 For instance, Seymour-Smith and colleagues18 elucidate reasons for the low uptake of digital rectal examination screening for prostate cancer among UK African-Caribbean men. Interviews exploring the men's perceptions of digital rectal examination reveal salient fears of the examination stemming from cultural homophobic beliefs and in turn a fear of stigma associated with transgressing cultural norms. In a similar study, but focused on breast cancer screening, Padela et al.17 examine how Islamic religious beliefs inform American Muslim women's intentions to undergo mammography. This study highlights the influence of religious beliefs on screening intentions, but moreover, details the complexity of this influence; although some religion-related beliefs may be barriers to screening (e.g., modesty preservation necessitating gender concordant health care), others may in fact enhance mammography intention (e.g., notions about duty to God and stewardship of one's body). Both Seymour-Smith and Padela's papers provide insight into, and inform understanding of, belief systems influencing cancer screening participation among groups with low uptake. Such knowledge is crucial for developing culturally sensitive initiatives to reduce ethnic and cultural disparities. Perez and collegaues26 report one of the first studies to interview US-based medical interpreters to obtain their perceptions of potential mechanisms underlying disparities in the cancer care of patients with limited English proficiency. The study highlights underuse of interpreters as a principal factor compromising patient care due to factors such as privacy concerns and families' desires to interpret or withhold information, as well as lack of understanding of the US medical system among patients with limited English proficiency, which linguistic interpreter services alone cannot address. With a growing aging population in many countries, increasing numbers of people living with and beyond cancer will also have a diagnosis of 1 or more other chronic physical, mental, and/or cognitive health conditions. There is evidence to indicate that patients with cancer with comorbidities are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage (depending on the type of cancer and the type and severity of comorbidity),37 are less likely to be offered and to receive curative treatment,37, 38 and have poorer survival.5, 37, 38 However, evidence in this area is lacking due to, among other things, under and unsystematic recording of comorbidity information in medical records and cancer registries and the fact that patients with comorbidities are often excluded from randomized controlled clinical trials.37 Three papers in this special issue examine the experiences of patients with cancer with comorbidities.13, 20, 22 These include our Editor's Choice paper by Hopkinson and colleagues,13 which reports a novel and topical systematic review on what is currently known about the experience of cancer treatment and its outcomes in adults with dementia. Hopkinson et al. find that, compared with other patients with cancer, those with dementia are diagnosed at a later stage, receive less treatment, are more likely to experience treatment complications, and have poorer survival and that the reasons for these disparities remain to be determined. In their paper reporting on a national survey of US-based cancer survivors, Stein et al.22 show that among survivors experiencing ongoing pain, those with physical and/or mental health comorbidities had experienced more barriers to pain management at patient, provider, and system levels. Compared with survivors with no comorbidities, those with other health conditions had greater odds of reporting, for example, a belief that their pain could not be relieved, concerns about addiction and side effects, that their physician did not ask them about their pain, and that their health insurance would not cover pain treatment. Two of the clinical correspondence papers in this special issue report pilot study results of interventions to ameliorate cancer disparities. Lipson-Smith et al.25 examine a multi-faceted communication intervention to increase non-English speaking migrant patients' involvement in, and understanding and recall of, clinical consultations. They found the intervention proved culturally acceptable, although only the audio-recording of consultations component was perceived to be effective. Two other aspects of the intervention (information sheets and a question prompt list) were unused by many participants, suggesting that in future work the intervention should be simplified. Bava et al.27 appraise a parent-directed psychoeducational intervention to improve scholastic attainment among survivors of childhood leukemia; the intervention is part of the clinical services routinely provided at their US-based institution, which treats a high proportion of Latino, lower socioeconomic status patients. They report that the intervention is valued by families and shows preliminary feasibility and efficacy. Although just 2 of the papers in this special issue report intervention research, the findings of all the papers have, to varying degrees, implications for intervention development. Considering these implications collectively, 3 key themes emerge: That interventions to reduce cancer disparities (a) need to be targeted and socioculturally tailored to groups experiencing disparities; (b) might, amid other things, fruitfully look to boost social support and its salubrious effects among these groups; and (c) need also to focus on enhancing relevant aspects of health professionals' knowledge and skills. Several papers in this issue highlight that reducing the inequalities gap requires interventions that are targeted and socioculturally tailored to particular groups most in need. For example, Seymour-Smith et al.18 assert that initiatives to increase prostate cancer digital rectal examination screening among African-Caribbean men need to address the fear of homophobia in this population, and Padela et al.17 recommend that interventions to improve mammography rates among Muslim women incorporate religiously tailored messages. Interventions which are not carefully designed to address the specific psychosocial factors and processes contributing to the disadvantaged position of a particular group are unlikely to succeed in narrowing the inequalities gap. Smith et al.'s paper,16 for instance, found that while some perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening were strongly graded by education level, perceptions of the benefits of screening were not. Therefore, initiatives focused on increasing the perceived benefits of screening may improve uptake overall but are unlikely to reduce the socioeconomic gap in participation rates. It is possible that ill-designed interventions could even exacerbate inequalities, if they were to improve health outcomes among already advantaged groups, but prove ineffective among those groups experiencing disparities.39 A large body of literature attests to the importance of social support to health and wellbeing,40 and some of the papers in this issue underscore the importance of social support to good outcomes across the cancer continuum. For example, Leung et al.23 show that breast cancer survivors without partners have poorer health-related quality of life than those with partners, and, moreover, demonstrate that this disparity is mediated by lower levels of social support among women without partners. Interventions to reduce inequalities might look to provide or enhance social support among groups experiencing disparities; this may be particularly important in communities or countries where stigma surrounds cancer and its treatment. In their meta-synthesis review examining minority ethnic patients' experiences of prostate cancer, Rivas et al.14 found that the literature indicates that there is a “silencing stigma” which discourages men from disclosing their diagnosis and thus receiving social support, yet also shows that men who do disclose report the value to wellbeing of social support from close networks. Indeed, supportive social networks may help buffer against stigma. In their paper reporting on interviews with breast cancer survivors in Uganda, Meacham et al.21 show that stigma impedes women from seeking and completing medical treatment, but more importantly, they also show that women who do engage with, and remain in cancer care, create “pockets” of social support which are a key enabling factor. A number of the papers in this issue call for interventions to increase health professionals' awareness and understanding of relevant psychosocial factors and processes contributing to cancer disparities, so that they may provide care and services which help to mitigate these disparities. For example, Marcu et al.19 suggest that knowledge of sociodemographic variation in cancer symptom attribution would allow general practitioners to have a greater sense of patients who may normalize their symptoms and thus be at risk of late diagnosis, and Padela et al.17 recommend programs that sensitize health care providers to the importance of modesty and gender concordance for Muslim patients. Also, several papers recommend initiatives to enhance various different aspects of health professionals' communication skills. For example, Flynn et al.20 interviewed people with intellectual disabilities and found that they are often excluded in cancer consultations from conversations and decisions about their care and treatment, and thus call for interventions to enhance health professionals' patient-centered skills to enable optimal involvement of patients with intellectual disabilities in their own care. As Flynn et al. note, theoretically, such skills are generalizable and thus may serve to enhance consultations with patients with other comprehension or communication difficulties (such as dementia or limited proficiency in the local language). The work in this special issue highlights several areas and priorities for future research. The review papers all identify a number of research gaps. For instance, Youl and colleagues15 examined variations in psychosocial outcomes by residential location and indigenous status in women with breast cancer in Australia and found no research literature examining inequalities by indigenous status, only a few studies which directly compared outcomes according to residential location and a lack of studies focusing on women with advanced breast cancer. Hopkinson and colleagues' review13 highlights the dearth of research investigating the supportive care needs and preferences of patients with comorbid cancer and dementia; yet, such research is needed to inform guidelines for the care and management of these patients. Despite the vital role of family carers in supporting patients and the adverse impact caregiving can have on carers' own health and wellbeing, Hopkinson et al.'s review also highlights the absence of research considering carers and their support needs. Almost all of the papers in this special issue report research conducted in high-income, developed countries. There is a need for more research examining inequalities in less developed and economically transitioning countries, particularly as the burden of cancer shifts toward these countries, where incidence and mortality rates are increasing.1 With an aging population globally, in future years, many countries will see an increasing prevalence of comorbidity and multi-morbidity among people with cancer. More multi-morbidity research is needed to understand the influence of other co-occurring health conditions on cancer symptom awareness, help-seeking and diagnosis, and to inform guidelines for the management and long-term follow-up of patients with cancer with other chronic conditions. This will mean collaborative working outside the single-disease framework which is currently typical of most specialist health care services, research, and education. The papers in this issue examine disparities based on numerous different factors (e.g., age, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity); yet, many of these have overlap. Future research should focus on the needs and outcomes of those patients at the intersection of multiple categories of disadvantage who are likely to experience the greatest inequalities. A priority for future research is to develop, test, and implement interventions to tackle cancer inequalities. Interventions may have a greater chance of success if they are not only targeted and socioculturally tailored to particular groups experiencing disparities but also developed in collaboration with them. In their paper on mammography participation among Muslim women, Padela and collegaues17 recommend that developing successful interventions to improve uptake requires partnering with Islamic scholars and Imams in a two-way dialogue, and Seymour-Smith and colleagues18 have used the findings from their interview study to produce a mobile application (PROCEE, which provides prostate cancer information and evaluates risk) which was designed with key members of the African-Caribbean community. To summarize, the excess mortality attributable to socioeconomic and other inequalities is considerable and reducing disparities in cancer care and outcomes between and within countries should remain a high priority on political and research agendas. The research in this special issue shows the contribution that psychosocial oncology research can make towards understanding and tackling disparities across the cancer continuum. Psychosocial research can contribute by delineating theoretically modifiable psychological, social, and behavioral factors and processes underpinning cancer disparities and developing interventions to mitigate or change these and reduce disparities. However, much remains to be done to realize the potential of psychosocial research, and future work needs to focus on designing and implementing successful interventions which can effect change and reduce cancer inequalities. We would like to thank Maggie Watson and Jimmie Holland for their support and guidance, and the editorial team at Wiley for their input and assistance.
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https://openalex.org/W4385338067
Overview
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[ "Algeria", "Tunisia", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385338067
No AccessJun 2023OverviewAuthors/Editors: Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Marco Ranzani, Nistha Sinha, and Adam ElsheikhiGladys Lopez-AcevedoSearch for more papers by this author, Marco RanzaniSearch for more papers by this author, Nistha SinhaSearch for more papers by this author, and Adam ElsheikhiSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1988-9_ovAboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Discusses the characteristics and incentive structure that have led to the prevalence of informal employment in three Middle East and North Africa (MENA) pilot countries—the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia—by adopting a comprehensive perspective to focus on features of, and interrelationships between, various aspects of a country’s institutional landscape—such as contributory and noncontributory social insurance, labor regulations, taxes, and market conditions—to make sense of the complex incentive structure workers and firms face when deciding whether to work formally or informally. These issues fall into three broad realms: entrepreneur-worker relations; taxes and transfers; and market conditions. MENA countries need to (1) design better social protection systems to protect workers and their families against risks; (2) improve the functioning and effectiveness of the welfare state with more effective risk pooling and higher tax revenues to help reduce inequality; and (3) incentivize firms to grow and raise overall productivity and long-term economic growth. ReferencesAngel-Urdinolo, Diego F, Abdoul Gadiry Barry, and Jamal Guennouni. 2016. “Are Minimum Wages and Payroll Taxes a Constraint to the Creation of Formal Jobs in Morocco?” Policy Research Working Paper 7808, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7808. Google ScholarAssaad, R 2014. “Making Sense of Arab Labor Markets: The Enduring Legacy of Dualism.” IZA Journal of Labor & Development 3 (6). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-3-6. Google ScholarBachas, P, L Gadenne, and A Jensen. 2020. “Informality, Consumption Taxes and Redistribution.” NBER Working Paper 27429. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBoughzala, M 2017. “Employment and the Functioning of the Labour Market in Tunisia.” Economic Research Forum, Giza, Arab Republic of Egypt. Google ScholarBouzaiene, A 2021. “Tax Justice in Tunisia: An Ideal Crushed by Debt Policies.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Bonn, Germany. Google ScholarCAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt). 2018. “Egypt Labour Market Panel Survey 2018.” CAPMAS, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt. Google ScholarCuesta Leiva, Jose Antonio, Abdelrahmen El Lahga, and Gabriel Lara Ibarra. 2015. ”The Socioeconomic Impacts of Energy Reform in Tunisia: A Simulation Approach.” Policy Research Working Paper 7312, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarFeenstra, R C, R Inklaar, and M P Timmer. 2015. “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table.” American Economic Review 105 (10): 3150–82. www.ggdc.net/pwt. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHCP (High Commission for Planning, Government of Morocco). 2015. “Morocco Household Budget Survey 2015.” HCP, Rabat, Morocco. Google ScholarIanchovichina, E and S Devarajan. 2021. “Why Does the Arab Spring Keep Coming Back?” ABCDE Conference, June 21–25. World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarILO (International Labour Organization). 2019. Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 3rd ed. Geneva: ILO. Google ScholarIMF (International Monetary Fund). 2022. “World Revenue Longitudinal Data Set.” IMF, Washington, DC. Google ScholarLevy, S and G Cruces. 2021. “Time for a New Course: An Essay on Social Protection and Growth in Latin America.” UNDP LAC Working Paper 24. Background Paper for Regional Human Development Report 2021: Latin America and the Caribbean Region. United Nations Development Programme, New York. Google ScholarNIS (National Institute of Statistics, Government of Tunisia). 2015. “Tunisia Household Budget Survey 2015.” NIS, Tunis, Tunisia. Google ScholarOxfam and Reuters. 2021. “Moroccan Government Looks to Taxes to Cut Deficit.” Reuters, July 14. https://www.reuters.com/article/morocco-taxation-idAFL1N2OQ19F. Google ScholarSouag, A and R Assaad. 2017. “The Impact of the Action Plan for Promoting Employment and Combating Unemployment on Employment Informality in Algeria.” Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany. CrossrefGoogle ScholarWahba, J and R Assaad. 2017. “Flexible Labor Regulations and Informality in Egypt.” Review of Development Economics 21 (4): 962–84. CrossrefGoogle ScholarWorld Bank. 2014. Striving for Better Jobs: The Challenge of Informality in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2018. “Morocco Systematic Country Diagnostic: Governing towards Efficiency, Equity, Education and Endurance.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2021a. The Long Shadow of Informality: Challenges and Policies. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2021b. Doing Business 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2022a. “Tunisia’s Jobs Landscape.” World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38381. LinkGoogle ScholarWorld Bank. 2022b. Jobs Undone: Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarWorld Bank, EBRD, and EIB (World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and European Investment Bank). 2022. Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa: Evidence from the Enterprise Survey. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: June 2023 ISBN: 978-1-4648-1988-9 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1989-6 Copyright & Permissions Related Regions Middle East and North Africa Related Countries Egypt, Arab Rep. Morocco Tunisia Related Topics Private Sector Development Social Development Social Protections and Labor KeywordsINCLUSIVE GROWTHJOB CREATIONPRIVATE SECTORSOCIAL PROTECTION POLICYLABOR MARKET RISK MANAGEMENTTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX REFORMSOCIAL INSURANCELABOR REGULATIONENTREPRENEURSRISK-POOLINGLABOR POLICY PDF DownloadLoading ...
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https://openalex.org/W2771759026
The Impact of Income Distribution and Agricultural Credit Facilities on Rural-Urban Migration
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2771759026
Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Unbalanced rural-urban migration, on the one hand, negatively affects the demographic structure, gender structure, and human resource development; while on the other hand, it affects the process of human capital accumulation in emigrant and immigrant regions. The experience of developing countries has shown that the rapid growth of urban populations is far greater than that of rural areas, and the source of this rapid growth is largely due to the mal performance of macroeconomic budgetary policies and dysfunctional dilemmas with the agricultural and industrial sector activities; hence, in many rural areas of developing countries, rural-to-city migration has caused the rapid destruction of rural economies and the creation of chronic poverty and food insecurity. What is certain is that investing in the agricultural sector, in addition to generating production and employment in this sector, will contribute to the growth of production and employment in other sectors through the earlier and later communications of this sector with other sectors. Given the fact that most agricultural activities are carried out in rural areas, the expansion of investment in this sector creates more job opportunities in rural areas and prevents villagers from migrating to cities. Increasing investment in the agricultural sector, in addition to creating new jobs and reducing the unemployment rate in the country, also increases farmers' incomes, thereby reducing their migration to cities, and improving income distribution. The purpose of this study is to answer the fundamental question whether the adoption of financial policies including government payments and credit facilities in the agricultural sector in Iran during the years 1982-2012 has had a significant effect on the process of rural-urban migration. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Tadaro (1970), like other thinkers of migrations, has been trying to explain the rural-urban migration. The main premise of Todaro model is that each potential immigrant decides to migrate based on the purpose of recording the expected earnings. In this decision, two fundamental economic factors are involved; the first is the actual difference between wages in the city and the villages due to different skills and training periods for workers. The second main element of the model and the most important part, which is not in the other migration patterns from village to city, is the probability of success of every immigrant in obtaining a job in the city. The key for understanding the apparently contradictory phenomenon of continuing immigration to centers, where unemployment is high, is to study the migration process with an expected or permanent income approach in which the expected income also relates to the payment of wages to the urban workers and to the extent it is possible that he can get a job. 3. METHODOLOGY In this study, the annual data during the period 1982-2012 and the ARDL self-explanatory method have been used to investigate the effect of income distribution and provision of agricultural sector credit facilities on rural-urban migration. For this purpose, an ideal estimation model is defined to investigate the short-term and long-run coefficients of independent variables’ effect on dependent variable. The variables are rural-urban migration rate, agricultural sector credit facilities paid, rural-urban wage ratio, annual precipitation of the rain, and rural Gini coefficient. The source for collecting the data is the Central Bank, the statistical Center of Islamic Republic of Iran, and the annual statistical yearbooks of Management and Planning Organization. 4. DISCUSSION The results of estimating the factors affecting the migration of villagers to cities indicate that in the short run, a significant share of the fluctuations of rural migration to cities is attributed to the explanatory variables such as the value added to the agricultural sector, the amount of facilities granted by the banking system to the agricultural sector, the rural-urban wage ratio, and the average rainfall, while the coefficient of determination in the short-run model is 92%. The results showed that the agricultural value added has a positive and significant effect on the migration of villagers to cities. The effect of this variable is greater than the amount of facilities granted to the agricultural sector. It was also found that the proportion of wages in the rural sector to the urban sector had the most important effect on the economic factors affecting the rural population's migration to the cities. The average rainfall in the country as one of the most important factors affecting the improvement and prosperity of agriculture in the short-term is significant with a lag. From the economic point of view, the result is correct because farmers, based on the amount of rainfall in a year, decide on the volume and type of cultivation for the next year, and in fact, the amount of agricultural production of this year is a function of rainfall in the previous year. Moreover, in the long run, the coefficient of the above-mentioned is -0.74. 5. CONCLUSION Rural areas of the country have been kept in underdeveloped status for several reasons during the last decades, and problems like poverty, inequality between the city and the countryside, and countless welfare problems for the villagers have been made for villagers. Hence, rural people are ultimately in the process of promoting their livelihoods by going to the country's urban settlements. In Iran, along with the industrialization of cities, the recruitment of young people, in excess of agricultural labor from rural to city, began in favor of industrial and service activities. The amount of facilities granted by the banking system to the agricultural sector, and the number of rural migrants to cities during the period examined have a negative effect both on the short term and the long run, which means that in the short and long term, provision of banking facilities to the agricultural sector has improved the attractiveness of the village and reduced the migration of villagers to cities. The positive effect of the agricultural surplus on the amount of immigration suggests that the increase in value added has led to an increase in the income of the villagers and because of the lack of suitable social facilities in villages, this increase in income encourages villagers to migrate to the cities in order to benefit from facilities available in cities. Based on the findings estimated by the research model and the determination coefficient of 92%, it can be concluded that explanatory variables affecting rural-urban migration are significant in the short term such as value added by the agricultural sector, the banking facilities granted to the agricultural sector, the rural-urban wage ratio, and the average amount of rainfall.
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https://openalex.org/W2605188535
Lyapunov-type inequalities for a higher order fractional differential equation with fractional integral boundary conditions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2605188535
The research of J. J. Nieto was partially supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain under grant MTM2013-43014-P, co-financed by the European Community fund FEDER, and XUNTA de Galicia under grant GRC2015-004. The third author extends his appreciation to Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP) at King Saud University (Saudi Arabia)
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https://openalex.org/W2405277532
Gender inequality in the clinical outcomes of equally treated acute coronary syndrome patients in Saudi Arabia
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original articleGender inequality in the clinical outcomes of equally treated acute coronary syndrome patients in Saudi Arabia Ahmad Hersi, Khalid Al-Habib, Husam Al-Faleh, Khalid Al-Nemer, Shukri AlSaif, Amir Taraben, Tarek Kashour, Ahmed Mohamed Abuosa, and Mushabab Ayedh Al-Murayeh Ahmad Hersi Colllege of Medicine, King Saud University, Cardiac Science, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Khalid Al-Habib Colllege of Medicine, King Saud University, Cardiac Science, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Husam Al-Faleh Cardiology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riaydh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Khalid Al-Nemer Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Shukri AlSaif Cardiology, Saud AlBabtain Cardiac Center, Dammam, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Amir Taraben Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Tarek Kashour Colllege of Medicine, King Saud University, Cardiac Science, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Ahmed Mohamed Abuosa Medicine, King Khalid National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , and Mushabab Ayedh Al-Murayeh Department of Cardiology, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Aseer, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author Published Online:1 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2013.339SectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutAbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gender associations with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), remain inconsistent. Gender-specific data in the Saudi Project for Assessment of Coronary Events registry, launched in December 2005 and currently with 17 participating hospitals, were explored.DESIGN AND SETTINGS: A prospective multicenter study of patient with ACS in secondary and tertiary care centers in Saudi Arabia were included in this analysis.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients enrolled from December 2005 until December 2007 included those presented to participating hospitals or transferred from non-registry hospitals. Summarized data were analyzed.RESULTS: Of 5061 patients, 1142 (23%) were women. Women were more frequently diagnosed with non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI [43%]) than unstable angina (UA [29%]) or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI [29%]). More men had STEMI (42%) than NSTEMI (37%) or UA (22%). Men were younger than women (57 vs 63 years) who had more diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. More men had a history of coronary artery disease. More women received angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and fewer had percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Gender differences in the subset of STEMI patients were similar to those in the entire cohort. However, gender differences in the subset of STEMI showed fewer women given β-blockers, and an insignificant PCI difference between genders. Thrombolysis rates between genders were similar. Overall, in-hospital mortality was significantly worse for women and, by ACS type, was significantly greater in women for STEMI and NSTEMI. However, after age adjustment there was no difference in mortality between men and women in patients with NSTEMI. The multivariate-adjusted (age, risk factors, treatments, door-to-needle time) STEMI gender mortality difference was not significant (OR=2.0, CI: 0.7–5.5; P=.14).CONCLUSION: These data are similar to other reported data. However, differences exist, and their explanation should be pursued to provide a valuable insight into understanding ACS and improving its management.IntroductionCoronary artery disease (CAD) is well recognized as a most common cause of death in both women and men in large parts of the industrialized world.1 Over the past decade, the existence of sex/gender differences in terms of presentation of symptoms, validity of diagnostic tests, in-hospital medication, drug side effects, clinical outcomes, complications, and management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are frequently reported in the published reports.2–5The prevalence of ACS diagnosed in emergency departments is lower for women than men,6 with rates dependent on clinical presentation at the time of admission. The percentage of women diagnosed with ACS can range from 33% to 45%.7 Furthermore, a smaller percentage of women than men presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (secondary to occlusive thrombus), but more presented with unstable angina (reflecting subtotal occlusion).1,8 Moreover, sex differences in symptoms of ACS exist, which might be explained by differences in anatomic, physiologic, bio logic, and psychologic characteristics among them.3,9Previous studies demonstrating important differences in the outcomes of men and women with ACS have focused on the management and the performance of revascularization procedures.10–12 A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of CAD found significant evidence that women admitted to hospital with ACS are less likely to receive aspirin, β-blockers, or thrombolysis; less likely to undergo exercise stress testing; and also are less likely to undergo angiography or revascularization. 13 Although not all studies have found such gender differences, particularly after adjusting for important confounding factors such as age.14,15Several studies are available from Western countries on gender disparities in ACS treatment and outcomes; however, no data is available from Saudi Arabia. Accordingly; our objective was to explore whether gender-related differences exist in the treatment and outcomes of patients presenting with ACS in Saudi Arabia.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe Saudi Project for Assessment of Coronary Events study is a prospective registry and a quality improvement initiative of all consecutive ACS patients that were admitted to the participating hospitals.16 Ethical approval was obtained in all participating centers. The diagnosis of the different types of ACS was based on the definitions of the Joint Committee of the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology (ACC).16 Serum cardiac biomarkers used to assist in the diagnosis of myocardial injury were measured locally at each hospital’s laboratory using its own assays and reference ranges.Study design and populationACS patients include those with STEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA). We report here the results of the 2 phases of the study that lasted from December 2005 until December 2007. There were 13 hospitals in phase-I and 17 in phase-II; one third of the hospitals were nontertiary care hospitals with no cardiac catheterization and/or cardiac surgery facilities. The details of these phases were outlined previously.17In summary, phase-I extended over a 1-year period and included baseline registry of process of care, outcomes, and health care services. Subsequently, the overall and individual-hospital results were sent to each hospital to improve on the knowledge-care gap and get a comparison with national practices.Phase-II extended for another 1 year and data was collected using the Internet ( www.space-ksa.com). Overall and individual-hospital results were also provided “real-time” during this on-line phase to all participating hospitals.Study organizationA case report form (CRF) for each patient with suspected ACS was filled out on hospital admission by assigned physicians working in each hospital using standard definitions, and then was completed throughout the hospital stay. All CRFs were verified by a cardiologist and then sent to the principal coordinating center where the forms were further checked for incomplete data and mistakes before submission for final analysis. To avoid double-counting patients, each patient’s national identification number was used. An independent clinical research organization (Dubai Pharmaceutical, Dubai, UAE) was contracted to randomly audit all data collected from 20% of the hospitals in phase-I. Data accuracy was found to be more than 99%.Case report form data variablesData collected included the following variables: patients’ demographics, medical history, provisional diagnosis on admission and final discharge diagnosis, electrocardiographic findings, laboratory investigations, medical therapy, use of cardiac procedures and interventions, inhospital outcomes, and mortality.StatisticsDifferences in categorical variables between respective comparison groups were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Continuous variables were analyzed using a t test or Mann-Whitney U test based on the satisfaction of normality assumption. P values were reported as 2-sided test results with a 5% level of significance for each test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify whether gender was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Variables considered for inclusion were baseline demographic characteristics medical history diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), in-hospital therapies, and door-to-needle-time. All analyses were performed using STATA version 9 (StataCorp LP, United States).RESULTSA total of 5061 patients with the diagnosis of ACS were enrolled from 30 hospitals during the period between December 2005 and December 2007. Table 1 depicts the baseline characteristics of the whole cohort. A total of 77.4% (3919) were men and 22.3% (1142) were women. The mean age of women was 63 years compared with 57 years for men (P<.001) (Table 1). Women had significantly higher baseline risks like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, higher body mass index and tachycardia in men (P<.001 for all comparisons). However, the prevalence of CAD in men was higher than in women (15.2% vs 11.2%; P=.001), but there was no difference in the rate of men and women who underwent PCI and CABG surgery without any disparity.Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with ACS stratified by gender in Saudi Arabia.VariablesOverall n=5061 n (%)MaleN=3919(77.4)FemaleN=1142 (22.6)P valueAge (mean [SD])58.01 (12.9)56.7 (12.9)62.5 (11.9)<.001Key risk factors Diabetes mellitus2937 (58.1)2104 (41.6)835 (73.2)<.001 Nationality (Saudi)4167 (82.4)3104 (61.4)1063 (93.2)<.001 Hypertension2785 (55.3)1936 (49.5)849 (75.1)<.001 Coronary artery disease718 (14.2)592 (15.2)126 (11.2).001 PCI700 (13.8)543 (13.9)157 (13.7).65 CABG296 (5.8)232 (5.9)64 (5.6).36 Smoker1636 (32.3)1591 (40.6)45 (3.9)<.001 Hyperlipidemia2086 (45.4)1526 (39.0)560 (49.6)<.001 CVA/TIA309 (6.1)228 (5.8)81 (7.1).24 PAD203 (10.5)149 (10)54 (11.5).22Clinical features on presentation Systolic BP≤90148 (3.2)116 (3.3)32 (3.0).72 Heart rate≥100679 (14.9)468 (13.3)211 (20.2)<.001 Body mass index27.6 (6.1)27.7 (4.3)29.7 (6.9)<.001 Ischemic chest pain3057 (87.6)2419 (89.3)638 (81.9).4 Atypical chest pain115 (3.3)84 (3.1)31 (4).8Key investigations Troponin3152 (62.5)2453 (62.9)699 (61.4).21 Coronary angiogram3403 (67.2)2658 (67.8)745 (65.3).27In-hospital treatment Aspirin4935 (97.7)3826 (97.9)1109 (97.4).19 Clopidogrel4231 (83.8)3273 (83.7)958 (84.1).74 β-blocker4120 (81.6)3206 (82)914 (80.2).18 ACEI3508 (69.5)2735 (69.9)773 (67.9).17 ARB297 (5.9)183 (4.7)114 (10.0)<.001 Statin4711 (93.3)3656 (93.5)1055 (92.6).29 PCI1775 (35.3)1416 (36.3)356 (31.6).001 CABG425 (8.4)332 (8.5)93 (8.1).52In-hospital outcomes Recurrent ischemia639 (12.6)473 (12.1)166 (14.5).02 Re-MI77 (1.5)54 (1.4)23 (2.0).12 Death155 (3.0)96 (2.5)59 (5.2)<.001 CHF520 (10.2)335 (8.6)185 (16.2)<.001 Cardiogenic shock222 (4.4)161 (4.1)61 (5.3).07 Major bleeding68 (1.3)46 (1.2)22 (1.9).05 Stroke48 (0.9)32 (0.8)16 (1.4).07Discharge diagnosis STEMI2099 (41.5)1772 (45.2)327 (28.6)<.0001 NSTEMI1844 (36.5)1357 (34.6)487 (42.6)<.0001 UA1118 (22.1)790 (20.1)328 (28.7)<.0001SD: Standard deviation, CVA/TIA: cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack, PAD: peripheral artery disease, BP: blood pressure, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, UA: unstable angina, CABG: coronary artery bypass graft, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI: non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction, CHF: congestive heart failure, re-MI: remyocardial infarction.A significant difference in presenting diagnosis based on gender was observed where STEMI was common in male patients (45.2% vs 28.6%, P<.001), whereas the NSTEMI (34.6% vs 42.6%; P<.001) and UA (20.1% vs 28.7%; P<.001) were more common in women patients (Figure 1).Figure 1 Distribution of gender according to the ACS type.Download FigureThere was no significant difference between men and women in terms of symptoms at presentation to hospital (89.3% vs 81.9%; P=.4). Women were more likely than men to have more severe clinical abnormalities (i.e., lower systolic BP and higher pulse rate) but less likely than their male peers to have unusual chest pain. The incidence of cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease was not different between the 2 groups. Moreover, key diagnostic investigations like troponin and coronary angiogram were similar in both the genders.In-hospital medications and clinical outcome comparisonsNo significant differences were observed in the administration of aspirin, clopidogrel, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/blockers, β-blocker, and lipid-lowering agents between female and male patients in the hospital. PCI was more significantly performed in men than women (36.3% vs 31.6%; P=.001); however, there was no significant difference in the rate of CABG between the 2 groups. The rate of in-hospital death was significantly more in women than men (5.2% vs 2.5%; P=.02), the rate of congestive heart failure (CHF) was significantly more in women than men (16.2% vs 8.6%, P<.001), and the rate of recurrent ischemia was also significantly more in women than men (14.5% vs 12.1%, P=.02). Moreover the rate of cardiogenic shock (5.3% vs 4.1%, P=.07), stroke (1.4% vs 0.8%, P=.07), major bleeding (1.9% vs 1.2%, P=.05), and re-MI (remyocardial infarction) (2.0% vs 1.4%, P=.12) were not significantly different between the 2 groups.Table 2 depicts the demographic, in-hospital treatment, and the outcomes of patients with STEMI. The mean age of women was significantly higher than of men (62.5 vs 56.7, P=.001). There was no difference in the use of evidence-based medication or the rate of thrombolytic and primary PCI between the 2 groups. Women had higher in–hospital mortality rate (11% vs 3.3% P<.001), higher CHF (20.2% vs 9.8%, P<.001), and higher cardiogenic shock rate (11% vs 6.95, P=.01) than men. However; there was no significant difference in the rate of major bleeding, stroke or re-MI between the 2 groups.Table 2 In-hospital medications and clinical outcome comparisons. Comparing baseline characteristics, in-hospital treatment, and outcomes in women and men who were admitted with STEMI.VariablesOverall n=2099 n (%)MaleN=1772( 45.2)FemaleN=327 (28.6)P valueAge (mean [SD])58.01 (12.9)56.7 (12.9)62.5 (11.9)<.001Clinical features on presentationSystolic BP≤90148 (3.2)116 (3.3)32 (3.0).72Heart rate≥100679 (14.9)468 (13.3)211 (20.2)<.001In-hospital treatmentAspirin2061 (98.4)1738 (98.3)323 (98.8).53Clopidogrel1681 (80.2)1420 (80.3)261 (79.8).83β-blocker1628 (77.7)1388 (78.5)240 (73.4).04ACEI1560 (74.5))1316 (74.4)244 (74.6).94ARB45 (2.1)37 (2.1)8 (2.4).68Statin1937 (92.5)1640 (92.8)297 (90.8).22Thrombolysis1152 (60.6)994 (61.3)158 (56.4).10Primary PCI425 (8.4)332 (8.5)93 (8.1).51DNT (median, IQR)52 (55)52 (64)71 (100).035In-hospital outcomesRecurrent ischemia318 (15.2)259 (14.6)59 (18).11Re-MI49 (2.3)37 (2.1)12 (3.7).08Death95 (5.4)59 (3.3)36 (11)<.001CHF240 (11.4)174 (9.8)66 (20.2)<.001Cardiogenic shock158 (7.5)122 (6.9)36 (11).01Major bleeding27 (1.3)22 (1.2)5 (1.5).67Stroke30 (1.4)22 (1.2)8 (2.4).09SD: Standard deviation, BP: blood pressure, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, CHF: congestive heart failure, re-MI: remyocardial infarction, DNT: door-to-needle-time..In-hospital mortalityTable 3 depicts the crude and age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) associated with the in-hospital mortality. The crude OR associated with the in-hospital mortality was higher in women 3.5 (95% CI: 2.3–5.5) for SETMI and was 2 (95% CI: 1.2–3.5) for NSTEMI. There was no significant difference in the mortality between the 2 groups in patients with UA. Age-adjusted OR for the in-hospital mortality was higher in women for STEMI 2.5 (95% CI: 1.5–3.8; P<.001) and was not significant for NSTEMI OR 1.5 (95% CI: 0.97–2.9; P=.060).Table 3 In-hospital mortality by ACS type.VariableOR95% CIAge-adjusted OR95% CIP valueSTEMI3.52.3–5.52.51.5–3.8<.001NSTEMI2.01.2–3.51.50.97–2.9.06ACS: Acute coronary syndrome, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI: non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.Multiple logistic regression models were developed to adjust for potential confounders that may explain the gender variability in mortality (Table 4). When we adjusted for baseline characteristics or in-hospital treatments, excess mortality in women was significantly higher (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] 2 [95% CI: 1.2–3; P=.003] and AOR 2.5 [95% CI: 1.4–4.2; P=.001], respectively). When we adjusted for treatment and risk factors, excess mortality in women was significantly higher aand AOR was 2 (95% CI: 1.1–3.4; P=.017). Adding DNT time, the AOR was no longer significant, i.e., 2 (95% CI: 0.7–5.5; P=.14).Table 4 Age-adjusted odds ratio (OR)and 95% confidence interval for hospital mortality in women compared to men with ACS in Saudi Arabia for those admitted with STEMI.Confounder adjusted forAdjusted ORP valueRisk factors (age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CAD, smoking, PCI, and CABG)2 (1.2–3).003Treatment (aspirin, β-blocker, ACE I, ARB, clopidogrel, statin, and thrombloytic)2.5 (1.4–4.2).001Age, risk factors, and treatments2 (1.1–3.4).017Age, risk factors, treatments, and DNT2 (0.7–5.5).14PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass graft, CAD: coronary artery disease, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, DNT: door-to- needle time.DISCUSSIONThis study provides information on the demographics, in-hospital treatment, and outcomes of women presenting with ACS compared to men in Saudi Arabia. The main findings of the present study were that the Saudi women developed ACS at higher age, had a higher prevalence of traditional risk factor, equally treated with evidence-based therapies with a significant delay in the administration in these therapies, and had worse inhospital outcomes than men. Previous reports showed that women had their first cardiac event 6 to 10 years later than men and had higher attributable risk factors. 18Furthermore, typically, more women with ACS present without chest pain or discomfort; however, the difference is not universal and prompted12,19,20 to emphasize that public health symptom messages should not be changed to include lesser chest pain in women. In the present study, neither the lesser frequency of ischemic chest pain nor the slightly greater frequency of atypical chest pain in women compared with men was significant.Saudi women presented more often with UA and NSTEMI, whereas men had more frequently STEMI, which is in accordance with earlier studies such as GUSTO IIb (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes), TIMI IIIB (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction), and the Euro Heart Survey.21–23 These gender- related differences may be accounted for the differences in anatomy, pathophysiology of CAD, and clinical characteristics in women versus men.21Concerning patient management, there is conflicting evidence for a gender-related bias. Several studies documented a clear gender bias in referral to diagnostic procedures and treatment of coronary artery disease.24–26 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for NSTEMI ACS care at hospital discharge include aspirin, clopidogrel, β-blockers, ACE inhibitor, lipid-lowering agent, smoking cessation, dietary modification, counseling, and cardiac rehabilitation. In our study, in-hospital medications irrespective of gender followed the protocol treatment guidelines. However, more female patients were prescribed angiotensin receptor blockers compared to men, possibly for renal protection attributing to higher baseline risk factors such as diabetes.27,28 In addition, no significant differences were noted in the rate of CABG or thrombolytic therapies between the 2 groups; however, the rate of PCI was significantly lower in female patients than male.Like other reports,29 our study showed that CHF and recurrent ischemia were more often reported in the female group, whereas no significant gender difference was found in the occurrence of cardiogenic shock, stroke, major bleeding, and re-MI rate. For example, Maynard et al reported a higher incidence of CHF in women ACS patients during hospitalization,30–32 suggestive of diastolic dysfunction as a large component of the presentation of heart failure in ACS women.22In one of the studies, a subset of women presented with STEMI showed higher rate of in-hospital mortality than men.7 This difference was attributed to their older age, higher baseline risks, more frequent comorbidities, and less frequent use of revascularization or undertreatment, or restricted to a subgroup of female patients (possibly related to smaller target vessel size, increased vessel tortuosity, and other biological differences). 33–36 Similar to our study several reports from randomized clinical trial (GUSTO, ISIS 3) and lager databases (RESCATE, Washington, NARMI) indicate that women gender is an independent risk factor for CHF, cardiogenic shock and in-hospital mortality after adjusting for age, comorbidities and evidence-based therapies for STEMI. In addition, it is argued that under-referral of women may have been the cause of increased morbidity and mortality in women, particularly associated with PCI procedure.37,38 However, there was no difference in rate of referral for PCI in our STEMI between the groups. Moreover, reports indicate that women with STEMI tend to delay seeking medical attention than men (GUSTO 1), upon arrival to the hospital they typically experience further delay in administration of thrombolytic therapy. Jacson et al reported that women waited a mean of 23 minutes longer before receiving thrombolytic therapy than men (112.2 [84.1] vs 89.6 [68.7]) minutes, P<.1; median 100 and 75 minutes, women and men, respectively. In our study there was a significant delay in administrating thrombolytic therapy to women, which is not explained by differences in symptoms at presentation (median 52 vs 71 minutes, men and women, respectively; P=.035). Adjusting for DTN time did remove the increased in-hospital mortality in women with STEMI.LimitationsOur data is based on observational registry. The main limitation of such design is nonrandomized nature and unmeasured cofounders. However, well-designed registry data provide valid results. We did not systematically capture the time of onset of symptoms to hospital presentation, which perhaps confounded the findings of this study.In conclusion, women develop ACS at a higher age in Saudi and have higher attributable baseline risk factors. They predominantly present with NSTEMI and unstable angina. Saudi women with STEMI independently predicted poorer outcomes in terms of CHF, cardiogenic shock, and in-hospital mortality. In our study, this finding is related to delay in the administration of thrombolytic therapy. Hence physicians need to increase the awareness of prompted administration of effective therapy in women with STEMI.ARTICLE REFERENCES:1. 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Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 33, Issue 4July-August 2013 Metrics History Published online1 August 2013 AcknowledgmentsThis study was funded by Sanofi Aventis.InformationCopyright © 2013, Annals of Saudi MedicineThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.PDF download
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System of nonsmooth variational inequalities with applications
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2008591096
AbstractIn this paper, we consider a system of vector variational inequalities and a system of nonsmooth variational inequalities defined by means of Clarke directional derivative. We also consider the Nash equilibrium problem with vector pay-offs and its scalarized form. We present some relations among these systems and problems. The existence results for a solution of system of nonsmooth variational inequalities are given. As a consequence, we derive an existence result for a solution of Nash equilibrium problem with vector pay-offs.Keywords: system of vector variational inequalitiessystem of nonsmooth variational inequalitiesNash equilibrium problem with vector pay-offsscalarizationexistence resultsAMS Subject Classifications: 90C2990C3049J4049J52 AcknowledgmentsThis research was done during the stay of third author at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran Saudi Arabia. It was supported by a KFUPM funded project No. IN 101009.
[ { "display_name": "Optimization", "id": "https://openalex.org/S158016561", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2083134002
Corrigendum to “A survey of Jensen type inequalities for functions of selfadjoint operators in Hilbert spaces” [Comput. Math. Appl. 59 (2010) 3785–3812]
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[ "Saudi Arabia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2083134002
a Department of Mathematical Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901 6975, USA bMathematics and Statistics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia cMathematics, School of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne City, MC 8001, Australia d School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
[ { "display_name": "Computers & Mathematics with Applications", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210205691", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4378448394
Unfolding carbon inequality across Belt and Road Initiative countries and regions under a global trade network
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Giannetti", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5040173987" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "China", "display_name": "State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210128533", "lat": 39.92256, "long": 116.40845, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "China", "display_name": "Beijing Normal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I25254941", "lat": 39.9075, "long": 116.39723, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Paulista", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210111188", "lat": -23.943436, "long": -46.331882, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Feni Agostinho", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028694764" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "China", "display_name": "State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210128533", "lat": 39.92256, "long": 116.40845, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "China", "display_name": "Beijing Normal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I25254941", "lat": 39.9075, "long": 116.39723, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Paulista", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210111188", "lat": -23.943436, "long": -46.331882, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Camila de Almeida", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015478157" } ]
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[ "Saudi Arabia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4378448394
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has boosted global trade and economic development. Carbon inequality embodied in global trade may occur across BRI countries and regions in the world. How to quantify this inequality is the key to achieving the green development of the Belt and Road. In this study, we constructed a methodological framework to analyze carbon inequality across BRI countries and regions under the global trade network. Results showed that nearly half of BRI countries and regions exported net embodied carbon emissions while obtaining net economic benefits. The most severe bilateral trade carbon inequality existed between China and BRI West Asia, whose bilateral trade carbon inequality index (BCI) reached 2.76. Except for Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and BRI West Asia, BRI countries and regions were negatively affected by global trade carbon inequality, with China and India suffering the most, whose global trade carbon inequality indices (GCI) were -2.06 and -1.26, respectively. This methodological framework can be applied to analyze the inequality of other kinds of ecological impacts embodied in trade on any scale. Furthermore, this study can provide policy implications for the green development of the Belt and Road.
[ { "display_name": "Ecological Modelling", "id": "https://openalex.org/S88315673", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3164145631
Indicators in Higher Education for Bachelor of Public Universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - A comparative study between the parity index for each university and for each administrative region for the years 2016, 2017, 2018.: حساب مؤشرات التكافؤ بين الجنسين في التعليم العالي لمرحلة البكالوريوس للجامعات الحكومية السعودية - دراسة مقارنة بين مؤشر التكافؤ لكل جامعة ولكل منطقة إدارية للأعوام؛ 2016، 2017، 2018.
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[ "Saudi Arabia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3164145631
The present study aims: sought to research in the indicators of gender parity in higher education for Bachelor degree of public universities in Saudi Arabia. Its importance was that it seeks to provide a database of indicators of sustainable development in general and the equivalence index in particular, and the localization of sustainable development goals within the vision of the Kingdom 2030, in addition to know the differences between universities in terms of the equivalence index. The researcher used a descriptive analytical method. The research came out with several results, most notably: The gender parity index in most higher education in public universities in the baccalaureate stage according to statistics, was in favor of females in the years: 2016، 2017، 2018. The inequality index over the three years 2016، 2017، 2018 was favored by females in the north, and south of Saudi Arabia. It also made a number of recommendations, including: Increase the number of studies and researches concerned with higher education in public universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (undergraduate).
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https://openalex.org/W2164686403
Inequalities Among Some Measures of Location
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[ "Saudi Arabia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2164686403
Abstract Inequalities involving some sample means and order statistics are established. An upper bound of the absolute difference between the sample mean and median is also derived. Interesting inequalities among the sample mean and the median are obtained for cases when all the observations have the same sign. Some other algebraic inequalities are derived by taking expected values of the sample results and then applying them to some continuous distributions. It is also proved that the mean of a non-negative continuous random variable is at least as large as p times 100(1 − p)th percentile. Keywords: InequalitiesOrder statisticsSample meansMathematics Subject Classification: Primary 26D99Secondary 60E15, 62G30 Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent research support provided by King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. The authors also thank an anonymous referee and Prof. N. Balakrishnan for constructive suggestions that have improved the quality of the article.
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https://openalex.org/W3123877987
Inequality, Concentration of Wealth and the Ownership Structure of Islamic Banks
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[ "Bahrain" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123877987
An important Islamic imperative is prevention of concentration of wealth among a few so that wealth circulates widely to enhance shared prosperity. In contemporary economic discourse inequality and concentration of wealth have emerged as among key causes of instability and crisis. Unfortunately, while Islamic finance has emerged as a Shari’ah-compliant industry, it does not seem to be connected with the Islamic concern about inequality and concentration of wealth. Are Islamic banks, as the dominant component of the industry, helping to improve inequality and concentration of wealth and thus offer a better framework to deal with instability and crisis? Is the ownership structure of Islamic banks conducive to meeting the Islamic imperative regarding inequality and concentration of wealth? The research in this paper illuminates the pertinent issues in light of the experience of Bahrain as one of the hubs of Islamic banking and finance.
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https://openalex.org/W2494339905
The Republic of Yemen
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[ "Yemen" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2494339905
No AccessJan 2015The Republic of YemenAuthors/Editors: Safaa El-Kogali, Caroline KrafftSafaa El-KogaliSearch for more papers by this author, Caroline KrafftSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0323-9_ch15View ChaptersAboutFull TextPDF (1.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Explains that children in the Republic of Yemen face a series of challenges and risks that seriously jeopardize their early development, including high early mortality, disease, malnutrition, lack of immunizations, and wasting. In terms of their social and emotional development, only a quarter of children experience development activities and only 3 percent attend early childhood care and education (ECCE); over 90 percent of children between ages 2 and 5 are violently disciplined, and 16 percent of 5-year-old children engage in child labor. The Republic of Yemen has a large youth population with enormous development potential, but children face unequal opportunities for healthy development while still in utero; substantial differences in circumstances influence whether their mothers receive prenatal care and whether their births are handled by a skilled birth attendant. Wealth, mother’s education, and geography make the largest contributions to children’s unequal opportunities; a child’s gender contributes very little to inequality. ReferencesHill, Kenneth and Dawn M Upchurch 1995. “Gender Differences in Child Health: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys.” Population and Development Review 21 (1): 127–51. CrossrefGoogle ScholarMinistry of Health and Population and UNICEF. 2008. Yemen Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006. New York: UNICEF Division of Policy and Planning. Google ScholarUNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2014. “Human Development Index.” (accessed April 23, 2014), https://data.undp.org/dataset/Table-2-Human-Development-Index-trends/efc4-gjvq. Google ScholarUNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2008. “The State of the World’s Children 2009 Maternal and Newborn Health.” New York: UNICEF. Google ScholarUNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2010. Child Disciplinary Practices at Home: Evidence from a Range of Low- and Middle-Income Countries. New York: UNICEF. Google ScholarUNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2014. The State of the World’s Children 2014 in Numbers: Every Child Counts: Revealing Disparities, Advancing Children’s Rights. New York: UNICEF. Google ScholarWorld Development Indicators (database). World Bank, Washington, DC. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: January 2015ISBN: 978-1-4648-0323-9e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0324-6 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsMiddle East and North AfricaRelated CountriesYemen, Republic ofRelated TopicsEducationHealth Nutrition and PopulationSocial DevelopmentSocial Protections and Labor KeywordsGAP BETWEEN POOR AND WEALTHYCHILD DEVELOPMENTNUTRITIONMALNUTRITIONHEALTH OUTCOMESCHILD REARINGEARLY CHILDHOODSTUNTINGCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTIMMUNIZATIONSPRENATAL CAREINFANT MORTALITYEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONCHILD LABOR PDF downloadLoading ...
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https://openalex.org/W1527540421
Household Expenditure Polarization: Evidence from The Arab Region
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[ "Yemen" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1527540421
This paper analyzes the trend and changes of household expenditure polarization in five Arab countries between 1975 and 2006. Applying a set of recent polarization measures developed by Duclos et al. (2004) and Wolfson (1994), we find that polarization remained stable in most countries except Yemen which witnessed a significant increase of polarization during the period 1998–2006. While bi-polarization evolves in the same direction as inequality, our empirical results show that polarization per se behaves differently from inequality. The decomposition of polarization by geographical region shows that in all five countries’ household expenditures are spatially polarized, where nearly 80% of overall polarization is explained by intra-regional polarization.
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https://openalex.org/W2100388752
Level of Students' Achievement in Mathematics at the End of Elementary Education in Yemen
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[ "Yemen" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2100388752
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the level of student’s achievement in mathematics in Yemen. This study use a sample of 200 male students and 200 female students, chosen from eight government schools on the basis of diversified sampling techniques. A mathematics test which composed of seventy five items that covered geometrical arithmetical concepts, (national, integers and rational) numbers groups, and it is four basic arithmetical operations as well as the equations, and inequalities that were administered to the selected students. The result showed that 35% of the students answered correctly 50% or more items of the test, while 80% of the students made errors in the arithmetic problems, inequalities, equations solutions, division and addition of decimal fractions and Pythagorean Theorem applications. Result also showed that females tend to achieve better results in mathematics than males do. The most common errors made by the students were found to be the basic arithmetical operations for the group of integers and rational numbers as well as the solution of the equations and inequalities. Recommendations for future research were suggested.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2028612862
The Wealth Effect on New Business Startups in a Developing Economy
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[ "Tunisia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2028612862
The paper tests for nonlinearities in the wealth effect on self‐employment, as can arise from startup costs or liquidity constraints. Using both nonparametric and parametric methods, we show that the relationship between the probability of a return migrant to Tunisia starting up a business and the stock of his savings repatriated at return is concave for almost the entire range of our data, though we find weak evidence of a convex relationship at very low wealth levels. Our results suggest that the aggregate self‐employment rate is an increasing function of aggregate wealth, but a decreasing function of wealth inequality.
[ { "display_name": "Economica", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210191078", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3122635286
Wealth Distribution and Self-Employment in a Developing Economy
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[ "Tunisia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122635286
The extent of entrepreneurial activity in an economy with poorly developed capital markets depends on the distribution of wealth, though in potentially complex ways. A non-parametric model of the wealth effect on self-employment is estimated using micro data on the occupational choices of return migrants in Tunisia. Controls for heterogeneity are included, and tests are made for selection bias and separability between wealth and the controls. There is no sign of increasing returns at low wealth, suggesting generally low start-up costs in this setting. The aggregate self-employment rate is an increasing function of aggregate wealth, but a decreasing function of wealth inequality, though even substantial redistributions of wealth would have only a small impact.
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