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https://openalex.org/W68009762
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Sharp Jordan-type inequalities for Bessel functions
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In this paper our aim is to establish some sharp Jordan and Kober type inequali-
ties for Bessel and modi¯ed Bessel functions of the ¯rst kind by using the monotone
form of l'Hospital's rule. Moreover, by using the classical Cauchy mean value theo-
rem inductively we deduce new series expansions for the Bessel and modi¯ed Bessel
functions. These results extend and improve many known results in the literature.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1980307970
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A Note on Jordan, Adamović-Mitrinović, and Cusa Inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1980307970
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We improve the Jordan, Adamović-Mitrinović, and Cusa inequalities. As applications, several new Shafer-Fink type inequalities for inverse sine function and bivariate means inequalities are established, and a new estimate for sine integral is given.
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https://openalex.org/W3130794632
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An analog of Thompson's triangle inequality in Euclidean Jordan algebras
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In a recent paper [Linear Algebra Appl., 461:92--122, 2014], Tao et al. proved an analog of Thompson's triangle inequality for a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra by using a case-by-case analysis. In this short note, we provide a direct proof that is valid on any Euclidean Jordan algebras.
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https://openalex.org/W2963758571
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Maximum quantum violations of a class of Bell inequalities
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We study a class of Bell inequalities and find their maximum quantum violation. These inequalities involve $n$ parties, two measurements per party, with each measurement having two outcomes. The $n=2$ case corresponds to the Clauser-Horne inequality. We use the method of Jordan bases to find the maximum quantum violations. Results are found for the cases $n=2$ through $n=7$.
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https://openalex.org/W127047533
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On Several New Inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W127047533
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In this paper, we find some new inequalities by Redheffer inequality, Jordan inequality and Jensen inequality. As application, we generalize one result which was given in [1].
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[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2129978012
|
Some remarks on inequalities that characterize inner product spaces
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The purpose of this paper is to obtain some new characterizations of inner product spaces in the line of the Jordan-von Neumann identity and to make some remarks on similar known characterizations of Day, Delbosco, Rassias and Senechalle, among others.
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https://openalex.org/W2085299454
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Absolutely (completely) monotonic functions and Jordan-type inequalities
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Detailed analysis shows that a function f admits the double Jordan-type inequality if and only if f is analytic and even. Associated with f is the function g with f ( x ) = g ( x 2 ) . In this short note, based on this association, and using properties of absolutely and/or (completely) monotonic functions, we propose a concise method to derive the inequality from the coefficients in the Taylor’s series of f . The results include some existing ones as special cases.
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https://openalex.org/W4327559109
|
A Fiedler-type determinantal inequality in Euclidean Jordan algebras
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The Fiedler's determinantal inequality stated by M. Fiedler in [5] (1971) provides bounds for the determinant of the sum of two Hermitian matrices. In this note, we extend the Fiedler's result to Euclidean Jordan algebras. In our proof, we use the commutation principle for variational problems which was recently introduced in these algebras. As an application, we obtain some Minkowski-type determinantal inequalities in Euclidean Jordan algebras.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W942529012
|
A Note on Certain Jordan Type Inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W942529012
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We offer a survey on Jordan type inequalities.
By using the convexity method, some new results will be
pointed out.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2275960515
|
Inequalities for harmonic measures with respect to non-overlapping domains
|
[
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"display_name": "В. Н. Дубинин",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2275960515
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Let and be the components of the complement of a closed Jordan curve , and let , where . We extend the known inequality for the harmonic measures of with respect to and to the case of an arbitrary number of pairwise non-overlapping domains , , and prove analogous inequalities for the harmonic measures of sets concentrated in several discs or continua , , of a given logarithmic capacity. We also establish bounds for these measures in terms of the Schwarzian derivatives of functions that conformally map the domains onto the unit disc.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W1997425859
|
Generalizations of a parameterized Jordan-type inequality, Janous’s inequality and Tsintsifas’s inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1997425859
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In this work, we first prove a generalized version of a parameterized Jordan-type inequality. We then use it to prove the generalized versions of Janous’s inequality and Tsintsifas’s inequality which reduce to two inequalities conjectured by Janous and Tsintsifas as special cases.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2811375186
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Refining trigonometric inequalities by using Padé approximant
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2811375186
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A two-point Padé approximant method is presented for refining some remarkable trigonometric inequalities including the Jordan inequality, Kober inequality, Becker–Stark inequality, and Wu–Srivastava inequality. Simple proofs are provided. It shows to achieve better approximation results than those of prevailing methods.
|
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https://openalex.org/W2112424870
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Grunsky inequalities and coefficients of bounded schlicht functions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2112424870
|
Abstract : Let D be a plane finitely connected domain whose boundaries are closed Jordan curves C sub nu and let f(z) be a regular analytic function in D whose coefficients in power series expansion about a point zeta epsilon D are b sub nu. Grunsky had given a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, depending upon b sub nu, so that f(z) may be extended as a schlicht function in D. In the present report, Grunsky's conditions have been extended to the case when f(z) has the additional restriction of being bounded, i.e., /f(z)/ less than 1, z epsilon D. These conditions have then been used to get distortion theorems and coefficient inequalities for bounded schlicht functions in /z/ less than 1 and in /z/ greater than 1. (Author)
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W2334133163
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Jordan type inequalities using monotony of functions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2334133163
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In this paper we will consider Jordan type inequalities involving hyperbolic trigonometric functions. Mathematics subject classification (2010): 26D05, 33B10.
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|
https://openalex.org/W1971331566
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Classical linear algebra inequalities for the Jordan models of C0 operators
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We extend to the class C0 certain inequalities, relating the sizes of the Jordan blocks of a matrix with those of a restriction/compression of the matrix. The proofs seem to be more natural than those in the original linear algebra approach.
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https://openalex.org/W2322259335
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Inequalities for discrete higher order convex functions
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[1] E. BOROS AND A. PREKOPA, Closed Form Two-Sided Bounds for Probabilities That Exactly r and at Least r out of n Events Occur, Mathematics of Operations Research, 14 (1989), 317–342. [2] D. DAWSON AND A. SANKOFF, An Inequality for Probabilities, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 18 (1967), 504–507. [3] H.P. EDMUNDSON, Bounds on the Expectation of a Convex Function of a Random Variable, The RAND Corporation, P–982, April 9, 1957. [4] M. FRECHET, Les Probabilites Associees a un Systeme d’Evenement Compatibles et Dependants, Actualites Scientifiques Industrielles, Nos. 859, 942, Paris, 1940, 1943. [5] A. GILANYI AND ZS. PALES, On Convex Functions of Higher Order, Math. Inequalities and Appl., 11 (2008), 271–282. [6] A. GOBERNA AND M.A. LOPEZ, Linear Semi-Infinite Optimization, Wiley, New York, 1998. [7] J.L. JENSEN, Sur les fonctions convexes et les inegalites entre les valeurs moyennes, Acta Math., 30 (1906), 175–193. [8] C. JORDAN, Calculus of Finite Differences, Chelsea Publishing Company, New York, 1947. [9] S. KARLIN AND W.J. STUDDEN, Tchebycheff Systems: With Applications in Analysis and Statistics, Interscience, New York, 1966. [10] J.H.B. KEMPERMAN, The General Moment Problem, a Geometric Approach, Ann. Math. Statist., 39 (1968), 93–122. [11] S.M. KWEREL, Most Stringent Bounds on Aggregated Probabilities of Partially Specified Dependent Probability Systems, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70 (1975), 472–479. [12] C.E. LEMKE, The Dual Method for Solving the Linear Programming Problem, Naval Research Logistic Quarterly, 1 (1954), 36–47. [13] A. MADANSKY, Bounds on the Expectation of a Convex Function of a Multivariate Random Variable, Annals of Math. Stat., 30, 743–746. [14] P.J. OLVER, On Multivariate Interpolation, School of Math., Univ. of Minnesota, MN, 2005. [15] J. PECARIC AND V. CULJAK, Interpolation Polynomials and Convex Functions of Higher Order, Math. Inequalities and Appl., 5 (2002), 369–386. [16] T. POPOVICIU,Sur quelques proprietes des fonctions d’une ou de deux variables reelles, Mathematica (Cluj), 8 (1934), 1–85. [17] T. POPOVICIU,Les Fonctions Convexes. Actualites Scientifiques et Industrielles 992, Hermann, Paris, France, 1944. [18] A. PREKOPA, Boole–Bonferroni Inequalities and Linear Programming, Oper. Res., 36 (1988), 145– 162. [19] A. PREKOPA, The Discrete Moment Problem and Linear Programming, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 27 (1990), 235–254.
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https://openalex.org/W2544229579
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Bernstein- and Markov-type inequalities for rational functions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2544229579
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Asymptotically sharp Bernstein- and Markov-type inequalities are established for rational functions on $C^2$ smooth Jordan curves and arcs. The results are formulated in terms of the normal derivatives of certain Green's functions with poles at the poles of the rational functions in question. As a special case (when all the poles are at infinity) the corresponding results for polynomials are recaptured.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2949918495
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The Small-Community Phenomenon in Networks
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2949918495
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We investigate several geometric models of network which simultaneously have some nice global properties, that the small diameter property, the small-community phenomenon, which is defined to capture the common experience that (almost) every one in our society belongs to some meaningful small communities by the authors (2011), and that under certain conditions on the parameters, the power law degree distribution, which significantly strengths the results given by van den Esker (2008), and Jordan (2010). The results above, together with our previous progress in Li and Peng (2011), build a mathematical foundation for the study of communities and the small-community phenomenon in various networks. In the proof of the power law degree distribution, we develop the method of alternating concentration analysis to build concentration inequality by alternatively and iteratively applying both the sub- and super-martingale inequalities, which seems powerful, and which may have more potential applications.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W4318777520
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A wage-led or profit-ledge demand regime: the case of Jordan (1990-20220)
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318777520
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Purpose- For too long, the performance of the Jordanian economy has been dissapointing. During the period 2010-2020, the mean annual growth rate in real Gross Domestic product (GDP) was equal to 2.0 percent. In addition, the overall unemployment rate increased from 12.5 percent in 2010 to 23.2 percent in 2020. To decrease the doublie-digit unemployment, any growth strategy requires a good understanding of the characteristics of the Jordanian economy. In other words, increasing the profit share in a wage-led economy, and increasing the wage share in a profit-led economy will both have negative consequences to economic growth. Therefore, it important to identify whether the Jordanian economic regime is wage-led or profit-led. Methodology- This paper investigates the effect of changes in the functional income distribution on economic growth in Jordan during the period 1990-2020. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used to assess the presence of the long-run relationship between changes in income distribution and aggregate demand. Findings- Based on the estimated results, it is argued that the the demand regime in the Jordanian economy Jordan is wage-led. In other words, an increase in the wage-share leads to higher economic growth. Conclusion- Given the challenge of unemployment, the Jordanian government and the leaders of the private sector should not allow the supply and demand sides of the labor market determine wages. The economy needs pro-labor institutional reforms to realize strong and sustainable economic growth rates. Keywords: Jordan, growth, unemployment, wage-led, profit-led, net exports, ARDL, cointegration. JEL Codes: B50, E11, E12
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https://openalex.org/W4386193471
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The Impact of Digital Transformation on Income Distribution and Job Creation - The Jordanian Economy Case
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386193471
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of digital transformation on income distribution and job creation by systematic literature review methodology. The author gathered literature from well-reputed journals to analyze and collect evidence. It is important to analyze the outcomes of digitalization as some questions were in the mind of different researchers from different papers. The major concern of researchers was to investigate digitalization’s impact on employment because if people lose jobs, the distribution of income suffers, and people with low skills are not beneficiaries of digitalization. Studies provide evidence that digitalization is enabling economies with more well-paid jobs, Jordanian economy is also a beneficiary of digitalization because the Jordanian government is active in building the digital infrastructure that can be seen in Jordanian public sector organizations. The Jordanian economy is developing economy in the context of digitalization and evidence from the literature supports the positive impact of digitalization on employment in developing economies. This study also examined studies conducted in the Jordanian economic environment these studies also second that digital transformation is vital for the Jordanian economy.
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https://openalex.org/W2107353326
|
Several Identities And Inequalities Involving Jordan Closed Curves
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2107353326
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In this paper, we define an outer adjoint curve and outer adjoint region of a Jordan closed curve. Under proper hypotheses, we obtain several identities and inequalities involving the outer adjoint curves and the outer adjoint regions of Jordan closed curves.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2043542766
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Inequalities for Generalized Minors
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It is a classical result that the absolute value of any k-minor of an r × s real or complex matrix is bounded by the product of its first k singular values. We generalize this statement to the context of real or complex simple Jordan pairs with generalized minors given by Jordan algebra determinants.
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https://openalex.org/W4299427963
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Inequalities for generalized minors
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It is a classical result that the absolute value of any $k$-minor of an $r\times s$ real or complex matrix is bounded by the product of its first $k$ singular values. We generalize this statement to the context of real or complex simple Jordan pairs with generalized minors given by Jordan algebra determinants.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W4315497992
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A wage-led or profit-ledge demand regime: the case of Jordan (1990-20220)
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4315497992
|
Purpose- Recently, the Jordanian economy has been finding it increasingly challenging to create sufficient job opportunities and absorb the new labor market entrants and hence, reduce unemployment. The economy must achieve healthy and persistent economic growth. Within this context, this paper looks at the relationship between income distribution of labor and capital on economic growth. In other words, the overall purpose of this paper is to examine whether the Jordanian economy is profit-led or wage-led. Methodology- To examine the functional distribution of income in Jordan, the paper uses the period 1990-2020 (annual data) and time series techniques including stationarity test, lag length selection criteria, and augmented autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration. Findings- Based on the period 1990 –2020, the results indicate that the demand regime in Jordan is wage-led and not profit-led. In more specific terms, a one-percentage-point increase in the profit share decreases output by 0.08 percent. Conclusion- To rise-up to the growth and unemployment challenges that face the Jordanian economy, the government would be well-advised if it ensures that nominal wages increase in line with inflation as well as productivity. In addition, the government should adopt a wage-led strategy that rests on labour market policies whose aims are to pre-distribute income (such as minimum wage and better education and health policies) and redistribute income through progressive taxes.
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https://openalex.org/W2952740295
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Inequalities for generalized minors
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It is a classical result that the absolute value of any $k$-minor of an $r\times s$ real or complex matrix is bounded by the product of its first $k$ singular values. We generalize this statement to the context of real or complex simple Jordan pairs with generalized minors given by Jordan algebra determinants.
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https://openalex.org/W2382743873
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Notes on Jordan inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2382743873
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Jordan inequality is generalized nearby zero point, and a more accurate estimation of the function of sin x/x is presented.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4378508548
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The Fan-Taussky-Todd inequalities and the Lumer-Phillips theorem
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4378508548
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We argue that a classical inequality due to Fan, Taussky and Todd (1955) is equivalent to the dissipativity of a Jordan block. As the latter can be characterised via the zeros of Chebyshev polynomials, we obtain a short new proof of the inequality. Three other inequalities of Fan-Taussky-Todd are reproven similarly. By the Lumer-Phillips theorem, the semigroup defined by the Jordan block is contractive. This yields new extensions of the classical Fan-Taussky-Todd inequalities. As an application, we give an estimate for the partial sums of a Bessel function.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2142425948
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The Harnack inequality and the Jordan-Kinderlehrer-Otto scheme
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2142425948
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We establish a version of the Harnack inequality for the Jordan-Kinderlehrer-Otto scheme of the heat equation on the flat torus.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W2357765309
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The further improvement and proof for Jordan inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2357765309
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Jordan inequality is studied.Making use of derivative method,an improvement for the results of predecessors is given,which makes the results more accurate.
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https://openalex.org/W2963139778
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Intersection theory and the Horn inequalities for invariant subspaces
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We provide a direct, intersection theoretic, argument that the Jordan models of an operator of class C_{0}, of its restriction to an invariant subspace, and of its compression to the orthogonal complement, satisfy a multiplicative form of the Horn inequalities, where `inequality' is replaced by `divisibility'. When one of these inequalities is saturated, we show that there exists a splitting of the operator into quasidirect summands which induces similar splittings for the restriction of the operator to the given invariant subspace and its compression to the orthogonal complement. The result is true even for operators acting on nonseparable Hilbert spaces. For such operators the usual Horn inequalities are supplemented so as to apply to all the Jordan blocks in the model.
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https://openalex.org/W1827064909
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On some new analytic inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1827064909
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In this paper, we find some new inequalities by Redheffer inequality, Jordan inequality and Jensen inequality. As application, we generalize one result which was given in [1].
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https://openalex.org/W2383519408
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Another Proof for Jordan Inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2383519408
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This paper gives another proof for Jordan inequality by uniform continuity and monotonicity of the function,which enriches the results obtained before.At the same time,its application is discussed in this paper.
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https://openalex.org/W2358268675
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Max-min inequality property for quasidisk
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By using the invariance of the max-min inequality preperty of Jordan domain under quasiconformal mappings and the max-min inequality preperty of a disk,the papar proves that the quasidisk has the max-min inequality property too.
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https://openalex.org/W4297799400
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Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4297799400
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We prove various new trigonometric and hyperbolic inequalities of Jordan, Wilker, Huygens or Cusa-Huygens type. Connections with bivariate means, as well as monotonicity and convexity properties are pointed out, too.
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https://openalex.org/W2362419098
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On Some Inequalities for Trigonometric Functions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2362419098
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In this paper,several new inequalities for trigonometric functions are established by using the monotonicity of functions,Cauchy Mean Value Theorem,and some common inequalities for trigonometric functions such as Jordan inequality and Huygens inequality.
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https://openalex.org/W2380548045
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The New Type Expansion and Application for Jordan Inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2380548045
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By virtue of the decision system for polynomial and mathematical soft Maple,a new Jordan-type inequality is established,and formed to obtain sharpening upper and lower bounds about Seiffert Mean and the extension for Kober inequality and Yangle inequality.
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https://openalex.org/W2369919263
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The extension and application of Jordan inequality II
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2369919263
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Based of the virtue of the decision system for polynomial and mathematical soft Maple,new Jordan-type inequalities were established and based on these inequalities three double inequalities with parameter about Seiffert's mean and an extension for Yangle's inequality were obtained.
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https://openalex.org/W4241595290
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Decomposition of Positive Projections onto Jordan Algebras
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If a positive projection $P$ from a ${C^*}$-algebra onto a Jordan algebra can be decomposed as a sum of maps satisfying certain inequalities of the Schwarz type, then $P$ is actually a sum of completely positive and completely copositive maps.
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https://openalex.org/W2350904691
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Extension and Application of Jordan Inequality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2350904691
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Based on polynomial discrimination and the mathematical software-Maple,new Jordan-type inequalities were established which are stronger than that proposed in the previous articles. Shafer-Fink type inequalities,Seiffert's mean inequality and Yangle's inequality are also improved.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2021856202
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The Jordan River basin: potential initial routes to a cooperative process amongst the riparians
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"Jordan"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2021856202
|
Several types of solutions have been offered to resolve the conflicts and inequality inherent in the current allocation regime for fresh water in the Jordan River basin. In several previous manuscripts a positive-sum outcome was described for fresh water development and use by the five riparians of the Jordan River basin. The mechanism as proposed would allow all parties to receive enhanced fresh water resources concurrently, through the acceptance of equitable allocations; the development of ‘new water’; and a more efficient use of the existing water supplies. This approach would provide significant economic benefits for all of the riparians. However, it has not been possible to date to implement the positive-sum outcome, nor to generate any momentum towards consistent cooperation on water issues among the riparians. This manuscript focuses on the process for initiating discussions among the five parties that could enhance their own fresh water resources, and build confidence step by step for introducing cooperative measures over time.
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[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Sustainable Society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S158954972",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4319071846
|
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL INEQUALITIES WITH 3K-VARIABLE BASED ON JORDAN-VON NEUMANN TYPE ADDITIVE FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS IN BANACH SPACE
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[
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[
"Jordan"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4319071846
|
In this paper, we study to solve the Cauchy, Jensen and Cauchy-Jensen additive function inequalities with 3k-variables related to Jordan-von Neumann type in Banach space. These are the main results of this paper.
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[
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"display_name": "International Journal For Research In Mathematics And Statistics",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2963314455
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A sharp inequality for harmonic diffeomorphisms of the unit disk
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2963314455
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We extend the classical Schwarz-Pick inequality to the class of harmonic mappings between the unit disk and a Jordan domain with given perimeter. It is intriguing that the extremals in this case are certain harmonic diffeomorphisms between the unit disk and a convex domain that solve the Beltrami equation of second order.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400194",
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https://openalex.org/W4299959263
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A sharp inequality for harmonic diffeomorphisms of the unit disk
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[
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"Jordan"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4299959263
|
We extend the classical Schwarz-Pick inequality to the class of harmonic mappings between the unit disk and a Jordan domain with given perimeter. It is intriguing that the extremals in this case are certain harmonic diffeomorphisms between the unit disk and a convex domain that solve the Beltrami equation of second order.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W4390697068
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Some Explicit Solutions and Bounds to the Generalized Lyapunov Matrix Inequality
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{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390697068
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We review the generalized Lyapunov matrix inequality for both continuous-time and discrete-time cases and we provide a solution based on a modification of the Jordan normal form. The proposed construction allows to obtain explicit bounds to the decay rate and the inertia of the solution to the generalized Lyapunov matrix inequality.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4296945530
|
Bernstein- and Markov-type inequalities for rational functions
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[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4296945530
|
Asymptotically sharp Bernstein- and Markov-type inequalities are established for rational functions on $C^2$ smooth Jordan curves and arcs. The results are formulated in terms of the normal derivatives of certain Green's functions with poles at the poles of the rational functions in question. As a special case (when all the poles are at infinity) the corresponding results for polynomials are recaptured.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W4384339399
|
Some Inequalities over the Eigenvalues of a Strongly Regular Graph
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4384339399
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Let’s consider a primitive strongly regular graph G. In this paper, we establish some inequalities over the spectrum of G in the environment of a real finite dimensional Euclidean Jordan algebra A associated with G recurring to a spectral analysis of some elements of A and recurring to a spectral analysis of the Generalized Krein parameters of G.
|
[
{
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"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4298174187
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Maximum quantum violations of a class of Bell inequalities
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{
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{
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[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4298174187
|
We study a class of Bell inequalities and find their maximum quantum violation. These inequalities involve n parties, two measurements per party, with each measurement having two outcomes. The n=2 case corresponds to the CH inequality. We use the method of Jordan bases to find the maximum quantum violations. Results are found for the cases n=2 through n=7.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400194",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2031067948
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Maximum quantum violations of a class of Bell inequalities
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[
{
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"display_name": "V. Uğur Güney",
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{
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"display_name": "Mark Hillery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039580366"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2031067948
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We study a class of Bell inequalities and find their maximum quantum violation. These inequalities involve n parties, two measurements per party, with each measurement having two outcomes. The n=2 case corresponds to the CH inequality. We use the method of Jordan bases to find the maximum quantum violations. Results are found for the cases n=2 through n=7.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2383980212
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On the Inequality of Polynomials and Interpolation in a Jordan Domain
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2383980212
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In this paper we obtained an inequality which shows that the norm of polynomials in Lp(Γ), p1, are dominanted by its values and derivatives at the Fejers points in a Jordan domain D, where Γ is the boundary of D. Besides, using this inequality the degree of approximation in Lp(Γ), 0p+∞, of functions of class A(D) by Her-mite-Fejer interpolation polynomials is presented again.
|
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"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2280693503
|
Unification and refinements of Jordan, Adamovi\'c-Mitrinovi\'cand and Cusa's inequalities
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2280693503
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In this paper, we find some new sharp bounds for $\left(\sin x\right) /x$, which unify and refine Jordan, Adamovi\'{c}-Mitrinovi\'{c}and and Cusa's inequalities. As applications of main results, some new Shafer-Fink type inequalities for arc sine function and ones for certain bivariate means are established, and a simpler but more accurate estimate for sine integral is derived.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W2346057509
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Bernstein type inequalities for rational functions on analytic curves and arcs
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2346057509
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Borwein and Erd\'elyi proved a Bernstein type inequality for rational functions on the unit circle and on the real line. Here we establish asymptotically sharp extensions of their inequalities for rational functions on analytic Jordan arcs and curves. In the proofs key roles are played by Borwein-Erd\'elyi inequality on the unit circle, Gonchar-Grigorjan type estimate of the norm of holomorphic part of meromorphic functions and Totik's construction of fast decreasing polynomials.
|
[
{
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"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2963054122
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Weak values and the Leggett-Garg inequality in solid-state qubits
|
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Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text A. N. Jordan and N. S. Williams, "Weak values and the Leggett-Garg inequality in solid-state qubits," in International Conference on Quantum Information, (Optica Publishing Group, 2008), paper QMC6. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
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https://openalex.org/W2397665794
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The Static Analysis of Linear Loops.
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In the first part of the paper, we consider the problem of generation of polynomial invariants of iterative loops with operator of initialization of loop and non-singular linear operator in the loop body. In the article we also show the algorithm for calculating the basic invariants for linear operator of the Jordan cell, and an algorithm for calculating the basic invariants of diagonalizable linear operator with an irreducible minimal characteristic polynomial. The second part presents a new method for proving the invariance of the system of linear inequalities and of termination of certain linear iterative loops of imperative programs whose data are elements of the constructive linearly ordered field. The theoretical material of the paper is illustrated by examples.
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https://openalex.org/W2603062119
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Frank Stilwell and Kirrily Jordan, Who Gets What? Analysing Economic Inequality in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2007
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2603062119
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Competence and honesty are not a problem here. Stillwell and Jordan present an exhaustive description of Australian incomes and wealth, the rich, the poor, and geography and gender inequalities. There are no big surprises, but a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the available data, its strengths, and its weaknesses (such as the tendency of the BRW rich list to miss old family fortunes). I must admit that I do not see the trend to increasing inequality in this data as clearly as they do. Equivalised household incomes have been bouncing around in a fairly narrow range for the last decade, as has the wages share of income since the winding back of the Whitlam and Fraser wage breakouts. While the pro ts share has been rising more consistently and is now at a record high, this has eaten into rent and interest as much as wages.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1501774103
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Invitation to linear operators : from matrices to bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C175454919"
},
{
"display_name": "Cauchy–Schwarz inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184701930"
},
{
"display_name": "Bounded function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34388435"
},
{
"display_name": "Bessel's inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59037737"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84135550"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Banach space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132954091"
},
{
"display_name": "Extension (predicate logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778029271"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] |
[
"Jordan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1501774103
|
HILBERT SPACES Inner Product Spaces and Hilbert Spaces Jordan-Neuman Theorem Orthogonal Decomposition of Hilbert Space Gram-Schmidt Orthonormal Procedure and its Applications FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF BOUNDED LINEAR OPERATIONS Bounded Linear Operations on Hilbert Space Partial Isometry Operator and Polar Decomposition of an Operator Polar Decomposition of an Operator and its Applications Spectrum of an Operator Numerical Range of an Operator Relations Among Several Classes of Non-normal Operators Characterizations of Convexoid Operators and Related Examples FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDED LINEAR OPERATORS Young Inequality and Holder-McCarthy Inequality Lowner-Heinz Inequality and Furuta Inequality Chaotic Order and the Relative Operator Entropy Aluthge Transformation on P-Hyponormal Operators and Log-Hyponormal Operators A Subclass of Paranormal Operators Including Loh-Hyponormal Operators and Several Related Classes Operator Inequalities Associated With Kantorovich Inequality and Holder-McCarthy Inequality Some Properties on Partial Isometry, Quasinormality and Paranormality Weighted Mixed Schwarz Inequality and Generalized Schwarz Inequality Selberg Inequality An Extension of Heinz-Kato Inequality Norm Inequalities Equivalent to Lower-Heinz Inequality Norm Inequalities Equivalent to Heinz Inequality Bibliography Index
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3124658105
|
Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market for Higher Education Graduates in Egypt and Jordan
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Caroline Krafft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034931068"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ragui Assaad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074701331"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663"
},
{
"display_name": "Split labor market theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179879699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Secondary labor market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72614640"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788"
},
{
"display_name": "Factor market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195534400"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081"
},
{
"display_name": "Labor relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80984254"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
}
] |
[
"Jordan",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124658105
|
In the Middle East and North Africa, unequal opportunities occur in both the education system and the labor market. The outcomes that individuals achieve in the labor market depend on circumstances beyond their control, such as gender or parents’ education, as well as the effort they expend in succeeding in the education system and in the labor market itself. The extent to which outcomes depend on circumstances outside an individual’s control is typically referred to as inequality of opportunity. It could be that unequal opportunities in the labor market are due to unequal human capital (pre-market inequality) or, alternatively, to individuals being treated unequally in the labor market even after accounting for differences in their human capital (in-market inequality). This paper tests whether there is in-market inequality of opportunity in Egypt and Jordan, focusing on the labor market experiences of higher education graduates. Specifically, the paper examines whether a number of labor market outcomes are affected by circumstances, such as family background, gender, and place of birth, after carefully controlling for the type and quality of human capital an individual possesses. We find that substantial in-market inequality exists in both settings, but more so in Egypt, suggesting that the functioning of the labor market itself is a substantial source of inequality of opportunity.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2548992767
|
Linear Equation Solving for Constraint Logic Programming
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Leon Sterling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079262002"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Backtracking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156884757"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint logic programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176783269"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173404611"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint satisfaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44616089"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint (computer-aided design)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776036281"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary constraint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79475747"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220"
},
{
"display_name": "Concurrent constraint logic programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204306468"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint satisfaction problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199622910"
},
{
"display_name": "Simplex algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144521790"
},
{
"display_name": "Variable (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182365436"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41045048"
},
{
"display_name": "Solver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778770139"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29230964"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84135550"
},
{
"display_name": "Stochastic programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137631369"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Geometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010"
},
{
"display_name": "Probabilistic logic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49937458"
}
] |
[
"Jordan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2548992767
|
Linear constraint solving in constraint logic programming requires incremental checks of the satisfiability of a system of equations and inequalities. Experience has shown that Gauss-Jordan elimination and the simplex method are efficient enough to be of practical value in the implementation of CLP languages based on linear arithmetic constraints [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8]. However, these algorithms must be modified to accommodate the special demands of CLP execution. First, they must be applied incrementally. Secondly, they must co-exist with backtracking. An added consideration is that constraints containing new variables be brought into the constraint set efficiently. Finally, the recognition of any variable for which a unique value has been determined may be necessary for programs with non-linear constraints. In light of the special nature of the CLP constraint-solving problem, it is difficult to make a clear theoretical argument in favor of one constraint solver over another. Empirical comparisons are in order so that the nature of the typical CLP program can be taken into account. The purpose of this paper is to describe and empirically compare a number of direct linear arithmetic constraint solvers for CLP, focusing on programs which contain only equations, or inequalities which immediately become ground.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2593672819
|
May I Leave the House? Return Migration and the Transfer of Gender Norms
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michele Tuccio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5045173140"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jackline Wahba",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036302774"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Empowerment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Emigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104151175"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778098375"
},
{
"display_name": "Women's empowerment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775982641"
},
{
"display_name": "Severance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781039245"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654"
},
{
"display_name": "Weighting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183115368"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite indicator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992405062"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Jordan"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1966651164",
"https://openalex.org/W1968224500",
"https://openalex.org/W1981241340",
"https://openalex.org/W1982772919",
"https://openalex.org/W2012591093",
"https://openalex.org/W2020634704",
"https://openalex.org/W2025138585",
"https://openalex.org/W2038458296",
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"https://openalex.org/W2079820094",
"https://openalex.org/W2091614027",
"https://openalex.org/W2092616234",
"https://openalex.org/W2096988944",
"https://openalex.org/W2117701253",
"https://openalex.org/W2129710351",
"https://openalex.org/W2130080266",
"https://openalex.org/W2149002626",
"https://openalex.org/W2156911579",
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"https://openalex.org/W2909090437",
"https://openalex.org/W2916263013",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2593672819
|
The present paper studies the existence of a migration-induced transfer of gender norms. We exploit the recently-released rst wave of the Jordan Labour Market Panel Survey (JLMPS) of 2010 to construct a composite index of female empowerment which aggregates variables on the self-perceived role of women through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We then adopt a Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) and Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) set-up in order to control for both selection into emigration and selection into return migration. Our estimates show that women with a returnee in the household are more likely to have internalized discriminatory gender norms than women with no migration experience. Findings are robust to the use of dierent weighting techniques for the construction of the composite index, such as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and equal weights, and to the use of an alternative measure of gender norms, which focuses on freedom of mobility. We test whether the signicant and negative relationship between return migration and female empowerment is driven by an actual transfer of discriminatory norms against women by disaggregating the impact of returnees on the basis of their destination. Interestingly, we nd that results are driven by returnees from Arab countries, which indeed bear great level of gender inequalities.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Giornate di Studio sulla Popolazione 2015",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306511503",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3021972337
|
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Drexel University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I72816309",
"lat": 39.95238,
"long": -75.16362,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Bernard Kolman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073725393"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Calculus (dental)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777686260"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813"
}
] |
[
"Jordan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3021972337
|
Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses some of the basic methods for solving systems of linear equations. It discusses both Gaussian elimination and Gauss–Jordan elimination, methods that can be extended to systems of linear equations of any size. Similar techniques can be applied to systems of equations that include at least one second-degree equation. The chapter presents a graphical technique for solving systems of linear inequalities. When one solves a system of linear equations by graphing, one must estimate the coordinates of the point of intersection. If one requires the answers to be accurate to, say, five decimal places, it is clear that graphing would not suffice. The method of substitution provides one with exact answers but suffers from the disadvantage that it is difficult to program for use in a digital computer. The method of elimination overcomes these difficulties. The strategy of the method is to obtain an equation in just one variable that is easily solved. The method of substitution and the method of elimination can both be applied to systems of linear equations in three unknowns and, more generally, to systems of linear equations in any number of unknowns. There is a method known as Gaussian elimination that is ideally suited for computers and can be applied to solving linear systems in three unknowns. The objective of Gaussian elimination is to transform a given linear system into triangular form.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Elsevier eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463230",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2078941917
|
Quality and Inequality of Jobs Created in MENA Region: The Case of Labor Market in Jordan
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ibrahim Alhawarin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050959418"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mamdouh Al Salamat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050877834"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Underemployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698172"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788"
},
{
"display_name": "Salary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780090960"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Social security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777111884"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Unemployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
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[
"Jordan"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W1607958638",
"https://openalex.org/W2021181840",
"https://openalex.org/W2054516487",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2078941917
|
Using micro-level data sets, the current study constructs a Job Quality Index (JQI) for Jordanian wage and salaryworkers. Due to the unavailability of data for some years, the study covers only the period 2000–07. FactorAnalysis is utilized to compile the index based on the following four dimensions: adequate earnings;underemployment and overemployment (which together represent adequate working hours); and social security.The main findings of the study are as follows:(1) The JQI appears to have improved in 2007 compared to the mid-2000s, reaching similar levels of thoseprevailing in 2000. (2) There exists a persistent gender gap in favor of male workers, whose jobs arecharacterized by a higher JQI. This finding does not change even when taking into account other interveningvariables, particularly a worker’s age. Good jobs as a percentage of total jobs held by females appear to declinein 2007, unlike males, whose share of good jobs has grown in the same year. Therefore, no sign of convergencein job quality between males and females is detected. (3) JQI varies across education levels, however, lessobviously. Workers with basic education and lower are found to obtain considerably poorer jobs and jobsgenerally characterized with lower JQIs. (4) The JQI differs across age groups. New entrants to the labor marketand workers on the verge of retirement are more likely to have lower job quality in comparison with otherworkers belonging to age groups in the middle of their work lives. (5) The quality of jobs in agriculturalactivities is found to be on average lower than other activities. On the other hand, real estate activities tend tohave higher job quality ratings than other sectors, especially in 2007.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International journal of business and management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210230633",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2791910781
|
Bi-Additive s-Functional Inequalities and Quasi-∗-Multipliers on Banach Algebras
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Hanyang University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4575257",
"lat": 37.55747,
"long": 127.04531,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Choonkil Park",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008506821"
}
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136119220"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
}
] |
[
"Jordan"
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first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing: Column Width: Background: Open AccessFeature PaperArticle Bi-Additive s-Functional Inequalities and Quasi-∗-Multipliers on Banach Algebras by Choonkil Park Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea Mathematics 2018, 6(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/math6030031 Received: 4 January 2018 / Revised: 14 February 2018 / Accepted: 14 February 2018 / Published: 26 February 2018 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Fixed Point Theory) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes Abstract: Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of quasi-∗-multipliers on Banach ∗-algebras and unital C*-algebras, associated to bi-additive s-functional inequalities. Keywords: quasi-multiplier on C*-algebra; quasi-∗-multiplier on Banach algebra; Hyers-Ulam stability; fixed point method; bi-additive s-functional inequality 1. Introduction and PreliminariesThe stability problem of functional equations originated from a question of Ulam [1] concerning the stability of group homomorphisms.The functional equation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) is called the Cauchy equation. In particular, every solution of the Cauchy equation is said to be an additive mapping. Hyers [2] gave a first affirmative partial answer to the question of Ulam for Banach spaces. Hyers’ Theorem was generalized by Aoki [3] for additive mappings and by Rassias [4] for linear mappings by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference. A generalization of the Rassias theorem was obtained by Găvruta [5] by replacing the unbounded Cauchy difference by a general control function in the spirit of Rassias’ approach.Gilányi [6] showed that if f satisfies the functional inequality ∥ 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( y ) − f ( x − y ) ∥ ≤ ∥ f ( x + y ) ∥ (1) then f satisfies the Jordan-von Neumann functional equation 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( y ) = f ( x + y ) + f ( x − y ) . See also [7]. Fechner [8] and Gilányi [9] proved the Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional inequality (1).Park [10,11] defined additive ρ -functional inequalities and proved the Hyers-Ulam stability of the additive ρ -functional inequalities in Banach spaces and non-Archimedean Banach spaces. The stability problems of various functional equations and functional inequalities have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (see [12,13,14,15]).The notion of a quasi-multiplier is a generalization of the notion of a multiplier on a Banach algebra, which was introduced by Akemann and Pedersen [16] for C * -algebras. McKennon [17] extended the definition to a general complex Banach algebra with bounded approximate identity as follows.Definition 1. [17] Let A be a complex Banach algebra. A C -bilinear mapping P : A × A → A is called a quasi-multiplier on A if P satisfies P ( x y , z w ) = x P ( y , z ) w for all x , y , z , w ∈ A .Definition 2. Let A be a complex Banach ∗-algebra. A bi-additive mapping P : A × A → A is called a quasi-∗-multiplier on A if P is C -linear in the first variable and satisfies P ( x , z ) = P ( z , x ) * , P ( x y , z ) = x P ( y , z ) for all x , y , z ∈ A .It is easy to show that if P is a quasi-∗-multiplier, then P is conjugate C -linear in the second variable and P ( x y , z w ) = x P ( y , w ) z * for all x , y , z , w ∈ A .We recall a fundamental result in fixed point theory.Theorem 1. [18,19] Let ( X , d ) be a complete generalized metric space and let J : X → X be a strictly contractive mapping with Lipschitz constant α < 1 . Then for each given element x ∈ X , either d ( J n x , J n + 1 x ) = ∞ for all nonnegative integers n or there exists a positive integer n 0 such that(1) d ( J n x , J n + 1 x ) < ∞ , ∀ n ≥ n 0 ;(2)the sequence { J n x } converges to a fixed point y * of J;(3) y * is the unique fixed point of J in the set Y = { y ∈ X ∣ d ( J n 0 x , y ) < ∞ } ;(4) d ( y , y * ) ≤ 1 1 − α d ( y , J y ) for all y ∈ Y .In 1996, Isac and Rassias [20] were the first to provide applications of stability theory of functional equations for the proof of new fixed point theorems with applications. By using fixed point methods, the stability problems of several functional equations have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (see [21,22,23,24,25]).This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 and Section 3, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following bi-additive s-functional inequalities ∥ f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) , (2) 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) (3) in complex Banach spaces by using the fixed point method. Here s is a fixed nonzero complex number with | s | < 1 . In Section 4, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability and the superstability of quasi-∗-multipliers on Banach ∗-algebras and unital C * -algebras associated to the bi-additive s-functional inequalities (2) and (3).Throughout this paper, let X be a complex normed space and Y a complex Banach space. Let A be a complex Banach ∗-algebra. Assume that s is a fixed nonzero complex number with | s | < 1 . 2. Bi-Additive s -Functional Inequality (2)Park [26] solved the bi-additive s-functional inequality (2) in complex normed spaces.Lemma 1. ([26] Lemma 2.1) If a mapping f : X 2 → Y satisfies f ( 0 , z ) = f ( x , 0 ) = 0 and ∥ f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) (4) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X , then f : X 2 → Y is bi-additive.Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the bi-additive s-functional inequality (4) in complex Banach spaces.Theorem 2. Let φ : X 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function such that there exists an L < 1 with φ x 2 , y 2 ≤ L 2 φ x , y (5) for all x , y ∈ X . Let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and ∥ f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) + φ ( x , y ) φ ( z , w ) (6) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ L 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) (7) for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. Letting w = 0 and y = x in (6), we get ∥ 2 f ( 2 x , z ) − 4 f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) (8) for all x , z ∈ X . So f ( x , z ) − 2 f x 2 , z ≤ 1 2 φ x 2 , x 2 φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ L 4 φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X .Consider the set S : = { h : X 2 → Y , h ( x , 0 ) = h ( 0 , z ) = 0 ∀ x , z ∈ X } and introduce the generalized metric on S: d ( g , h ) = inf μ ∈ R + : ∥ g ( x , z ) − h ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ μ φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) , ∀ x , z ∈ X , where, as usual, inf ϕ = + ∞ . It is easy to show that ( S , d ) is complete (see [27]).Now we consider the linear mapping J : S → S such that J g ( x , z ) : = 2 g x 2 , z for all x , z ∈ X .Let g , h ∈ S be given such that d ( g , h ) = ε . Then ∥ g ( x , z ) − h ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ ε φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . Hence ∥ J g ( x , z ) − J h ( x , z ) ∥ = 2 g x 2 , z − 2 h x 2 , z ≤ 2 ε φ x 2 , x 2 φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ 2 ε L 2 φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) = L ε φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So d ( g , h ) = ε implies that d ( J g , J h ) ≤ L ε . This means that d ( J g , J h ) ≤ L d ( g , h ) for all g , h ∈ S .It follows from (8) that f ( x , z ) − 2 f x 2 , z ≤ 1 2 φ x 2 , x 2 φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ L 4 φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So d ( f , J f ) ≤ L 4 .By Theorem 1, there exists a mapping B : X 2 → Y satisfying the following:(1) B is a fixed point of J, i.e., B x , z = 2 B x 2 , z (9) for all x , z ∈ X . The mapping B is a unique fixed point of J in the set M = { g ∈ S : d ( f , g ) < ∞ } . This implies that B is a unique mapping satisfying (9) such that there exists a μ ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ) satisfying ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ μ φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X ;(2) d ( J l f , B ) → 0 as l → ∞ . This implies the equality lim n → ∞ 2 n f x 2 n , z = B ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ X ;(3) d ( f , B ) ≤ 1 1 − L d ( f , J f ) , which implies f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ≤ L 4 ( 1 − L ) φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So we obtain (7).It follows from (5) and (6) that ∥ B ( x + y , z + w ) + B ( x + y , z − w ) + B ( x − y , z + w ) + B ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 B ( x , z ) ∥ = lim n → ∞ 2 n f x + y 2 n , z + w + f x + y 2 n , z − w + f x − y 2 n , z + w + f x − y 2 n , z − w − 4 f x 2 n , z ≤ lim n → ∞ 2 n s 4 f x + y 2 n + 1 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 n + 1 , z + w − 4 f x 2 n , z + 4 f y 2 n , w + lim n → ∞ 2 n φ x 2 n , x 2 n φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ s 4 B x + y 2 , z − w + 4 B x − y 2 , z + w − 4 B ( x , z ) + 4 B ( y , w ) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X , since 2 n φ x 2 n , x 2 n φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ 2 n L n 2 n φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) tends to zero as n → ∞ . So ∥ B ( x + y , z + w ) + B ( x + y , z − w ) + B ( x − y , z + w ) + B ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 B x + y 2 , z − w + 4 B x − y 2 , z + w − 4 B ( x , z ) + 4 B ( y , w ) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X . By Lemma 1, the mapping B : X 2 → Y is bi-additive. ☐Corollary 1. Let r > 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers and let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and ∥ f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) + θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) ( ∥ z ∥ r + ∥ w ∥ r ) (10) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 2 r − 2 ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 2 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ X . Choosing L = 2 1 − r , we obtain the desired result. ☐Theorem 3. Let φ : X 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function such that there exists an L < 1 with φ x , y ≤ 2 L φ x 2 , y 2 (11) for all x , y ∈ X . Let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying (6) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 1 4 ( 1 − L ) φ x , x φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. Let ( S , d ) be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 2.Now we consider the linear mapping J : S → S such that J g ( x , z ) : = 1 2 g 2 x , z for all x ∈ X .It follows from (8) that f ( x , z ) − 1 2 f ( 2 x , z ) ≤ 1 4 φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X .The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 2. ☐Corollary 2. Let r < 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers and let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying (10) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 2 − 2 r ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 3 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ X . Choosing L = 2 r − 1 , we obtain the desired result. ☐ 3. Bi-Additive s -Functional Inequality (3)Park [26] solved the bi-additive s-functional inequality (3) in complex normed spaces.Lemma 2. ([26] Lemma 3.1) If a mapping f : X 2 → Y satisfies f ( 0 , z ) = f ( x , 0 ) = 0 and 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) (12) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X , then f : X 2 → Y is bi-additive.Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the bi-additive s-functional inequality (12) in complex Banach spaces.Theorem 4. Let φ : X 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function satisfying (5). Let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) + φ ( x , y ) φ ( z , w ) (13) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 1 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) (14) for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. Letting y = w = 0 in (13), we get 8 f x 2 , z − 4 f ( x , z ) ≤ φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) (15) for all x , z ∈ X .Consider the set S : = { h : X 2 → Y , h ( x , 0 ) = h ( 0 , z ) = 0 ∀ x , z ∈ X } and introduce the generalized metric on S: d ( g , h ) = inf μ ∈ R + : ∥ g ( x , z ) − h ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ μ φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) , ∀ x , z ∈ X , where, as usual, inf ϕ = + ∞ . It is easy to show that ( S , d ) is complete (see [27]).Now we consider the linear mapping J : S → S such that J g ( x , z ) : = 2 g x 2 , z for all x , z ∈ X .Let g , h ∈ S be given such that d ( g , h ) = ε . Then ∥ g ( x , z ) − h ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ ε φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . Hence ∥ J g ( x , z ) − J h ( x , z ) ∥ = 2 g x 2 , z − 2 h x 2 , z ≤ 2 ε φ x 2 , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ 2 ε L 2 φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) = L ε φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So d ( g , h ) = ε implies that d ( J g , J h ) ≤ L ε . This means that d ( J g , J h ) ≤ L d ( g , h ) for all g , h ∈ S .It follows from (15) that f ( x , z ) − 2 f x 2 , z ≤ 1 4 φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So d ( f , J f ) ≤ 1 4 .By Theorem 1, there exists a mapping B : X 2 → Y satisfying the following:(1) B is a fixed point of J, i.e., B x , z = 2 B x 2 , z (16) for all x , z ∈ X . The mapping B is a unique fixed point of J in the set M = { g ∈ S : d ( f , g ) < ∞ } . This implies that B is a unique mapping satisfying (16) such that there exists a μ ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ) satisfying ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ μ φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X ;(2) d ( J l f , B ) → 0 as l → ∞ . This implies the equality lim l → ∞ 2 n f x 2 n , z = B ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ X ;(3) d ( f , B ) ≤ 1 1 − L d ( f , J f ) , which implies f ( x , z ) − P ( x , z ) ≤ 1 4 ( 1 − L ) φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X . So we obtain (14).The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 2. ☐Corollary 3. Let r > 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers and let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) + θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) ( ∥ z ∥ r + ∥ w ∥ r ) (17) for all x , y , z , w ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 2 r − 2 θ 2 r − 2 ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 4 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ X . Choosing L = 2 1 − r , we obtain the desired result. ☐Theorem 5. Let φ : X 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function satisfying (11). Let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying (13) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ L 4 ( 1 − L ) φ x , 0 φ ( z , 0 ) (18) for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. Let ( S , d ) be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 4.Now we consider the linear mapping J : S → S such that J g ( x , z ) : = 1 2 g 2 x , z for all x ∈ X .It follows from (15) that f ( x , z ) − 1 2 f ( 2 x , z ) ≤ 1 8 φ ( 2 x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ L 4 φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ X .The rest of the proof is similar to the proofs of Theorems 2 and 4. ☐Corollary 4. Let r < 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers and let f : X 2 → Y be a mapping satisfying (17) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ X . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : X 2 → Y such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 4 ( 2 − 2 r ) ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r for all x , z ∈ X .Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 5 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ X . Choosing L = 2 r − 1 , we obtain the desired result. ☐ 4. Quasi-∗-Multipliers in C * -AlgebrasIn this section, we investigate quasi-∗-multipliers on complex Banach ∗-algebras and unital C * -algebras associated to the bi-additive s-functional inequalities (4) and (12).Theorem 6. Let φ : A 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function such that there exists an L < 1 with φ x 2 , y 2 ≤ L 2 φ x , y (19) for all x , y ∈ A . Let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and ∥ f ( λ ( x + y ) , z + w ) + f ( λ ( x + y ) , z − w ) + f ( λ ( x − y ) , z + w ) + f ( λ ( x − y ) , z − w ) − 4 λ f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) + φ ( x , y ) φ ( z , w ) (20) for all λ ∈ T 1 : = { ν ∈ C : | ν | = 1 } and all x , y , z , w ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ L 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) (21) for all x , z ∈ A .Furthermore, If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) and ∥ f ( x y , z ) − x f ( y , z ) ∥ ≤ φ ( x , y ) 2 φ ( z , 0 ) , (22) ∥ f ( x , z ) − f ( z , x ) * ∥ ≤ φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) (23) for all x , y , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. Let λ = 1 in (20). By Theorem 2, there is a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A satisfying (21) defined by B ( x , z ) : = lim n → ∞ 2 n f x 2 n , z for all x , z ∈ A .If f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then we can easily show that B ( x , z ) = f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A .Letting y = x and w = 0 in (20), we get ∥ 2 f ( 2 λ x , z ) − 4 λ f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) for all x , z ∈ A and all λ ∈ T 1 . So ∥ 2 B ( 2 λ x , z ) − 4 λ B ( x , z ) ∥ = lim n → ∞ 2 n 2 f 2 λ x 2 n , z − 4 λ f x 2 n , z ≤ lim n → ∞ 2 n φ x 2 n , x 2 n φ ( z , 0 ) ≤ lim n → ∞ 2 n L n 2 n φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A and all λ ∈ T 1 . Hence 2 B ( 2 λ x , z ) = 4 λ B ( x , z ) and so B ( λ x , z ) = λ B ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A and all λ ∈ T 1 . By ([28] Theorem 2.1), the bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A is C -linear in the first variable.It follows from (22) that ∥ B ( x y , z ) − x B ( y , z ) ∥ = lim n → ∞ 4 n f x y 2 n · 2 n , z − x 2 n f y 2 n , z ≤ lim n → ∞ 4 n φ x 2 n , y 2 n 2 φ z , 0 ≤ lim n → ∞ 4 n L 2 n 4 n φ ( x , y ) 2 φ ( z , 0 ) = 0 for all x , y , z ∈ A . Thus B ( x y , z ) = x B ( y , z ) for all x , y , z ∈ A .It follows from (23) that ∥ B ( x , z ) − B ( z , x ) * ∥ = lim n → ∞ 2 n f x , z 2 n − f z 2 n , x * ≤ lim n → ∞ 2 n φ x 2 n , 0 φ z , 0 ≤ lim n → ∞ 2 n L n 2 n φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Thus B ( x , z ) = B ( z , x ) * for all x , z ∈ A . Hence the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier. ☐Corollary 5. Let r > 2 and θ be nonnegative real numbers, and let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and ∥ f ( λ ( x + y ) , z + w ) + f ( λ ( x + y ) , z − w ) + f ( λ ( x − y ) , z + w ) + f ( λ ( x − y ) , z − w ) − 4 λ f ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ s 4 f x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f x − y 2 , z + w − 4 f ( x , z ) + 4 f ( y , w ) + θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) ( ∥ z ∥ r + ∥ w ∥ r ) (24) for all λ ∈ T 1 : = { ν ∈ C : | ν | = 1 } and all x , y , z , w ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 2 r − 2 ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r (25) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) and ∥ f ( x y , z ) − x f ( y , z ) ∥ ≤ θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) ∥ z ∥ r , (26) ∥ f ( x , z ) − f ( z , x ) * ∥ ≤ θ ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r (27) for all x , y , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 6 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ A . Choosing L = 2 1 − r , we obtain the desired result. ☐Theorem 7. Let φ : A 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function such that there exists an L < 1 with φ x , y ≤ 2 L φ x 2 , y 2 (28) for all x , y ∈ A . Let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying (20) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 1 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , x ) φ ( z , 0 ) (29) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (22), (23) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. The proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 6. ☐Corollary 6. Let r < 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers, and let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying (24) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 2 − 2 r ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r (30) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (26), (27) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 7 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ A . Choosing L = 2 r − 1 , we obtain the desired result. ☐Similarly, we can obtain the following results.Theorem 8. Let φ : A 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function satisfying (19) and let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and 4 f λ x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f λ x − y 2 , z + w − 4 λ f ( x , z ) + 4 λ f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) + φ ( x , y ) φ ( z , w ) (31) for all λ ∈ T 1 and all x , y , z , w ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 1 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) (32) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (22), (23) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Corollary 7. Let r > 2 and θ be nonnegative real numbers, and let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 and 4 f λ x + y 2 , z − w + 4 f λ x − y 2 , z + w − 4 λ f ( x , z ) + 4 λ f ( y , w ) ≤ s f ( x + y , z + w ) + f ( x + y , z − w ) + f ( x − y , z + w ) + f ( x − y , z − w ) − 4 f ( x , z ) + θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) ( ∥ z ∥ r + ∥ w ∥ r ) (33) for all λ ∈ T 1 and all x , y , z , w ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ 2 r − 2 θ 2 r − 2 ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r (34) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (26), (27) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 8 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ A . Choosing L = 2 1 − r , we obtain the desired result. ☐Theorem 9. Let φ : A 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function satisfying (28). Let f : A → A be a mapping satisfying (31) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ L 4 ( 1 − L ) φ ( x , 0 ) φ ( z , 0 ) (35) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (22), (23) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Corollary 8. Let r < 1 and θ be nonnegative real numbers, and let f : A → A be a mapping satisfying (33) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable, such that ∥ f ( x , z ) − B ( x , z ) ∥ ≤ θ 4 ( 2 − 2 r ) ∥ x ∥ r ∥ z ∥ r (36) for all x , z ∈ A .If, in addition, the mapping f : A 2 → A satisfies (26), (27) and f ( 2 x , z ) = 2 f ( x , z ) for all x , z ∈ A , then the mapping f : A 2 → A is a quasi-∗-multiplier.Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 9 by taking φ ( x , y ) = θ ( ∥ x ∥ r + ∥ y ∥ r ) for all x , y ∈ A . Choosing L = 2 r − 1 , we obtain the desired result. ☐From now on, assume that A is a unital C * -algebra with unit e and unitary group U ( A ) .Theorem 10. Let φ : A 2 → [ 0 , ∞ ) be a function satisfying (19) and let f : A 2 → A be a mapping satisfying (20) and f ( x , 0 ) = f ( 0 , z ) = 0 for all x , z ∈ A . Then there exists a unique bi-additive mapping B : A 2 → A , which is C -linear in the first variable and satisfies
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https://openalex.org/W2341223996
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The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution
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1. The Evolution of Labor Supply and Unemployment in the Egyptian Economy: 1988-2012 2. The Structure and Evolution of Employment in Egypt: 1998-2012 3. Wages and Inequality in the Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Financial Crisis and Revolution 4. Patterns of Labor Market Insertion in Egypt, 1998-2012 5. Determinants of Unemployment Duration 6. Young People's Job Aspirations in Egypt and the Continued Preference for a Government Job 7. Education in Egypt: Improvements in Attainment, Problems with Quality and Inequality 8. Women's Participation in the Egyptian Labor Market: 1998-2012 9. Changes in the Institution of Marriage in Egypt: 1998-2012 10. Micro and Small Household Enterprises in Egypt: Potential for Growth and Employment Generation 11. Through the Keyhole: International Migration in Egypt 12. Job Accession, Separation and Mobility in the Egyptian Labor Market over the Past Decade 13. Duration to Coverage: Dynamics of Access to Social Security on the Egyptian Labor Market during the 1998-2012 Period
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https://openalex.org/W610843050
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The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited
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"Egypt"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W610843050
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Abstract This book is a follow-up to a 1998 publication by the Economic Research Forum (ERF). Its significance lies in the contributors' reliance on fresh data and solid analytical techniques used to examine a wide spectrum of issues concerning the labor market in Egypt. The range of topics includes labor supply, employment and unemployment, youth labor market school-to-work transition, internal and international migration, earnings and inequality, and gender and education. The papers in the book are based on data collected in the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey of 2006, a follow-up to the Egypt Labor Market Survey of 1998.
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https://openalex.org/W1866639753
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Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt: Facts and Perceptions across People, Time, and Space
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1866639753
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This book joins four papers prepared in the framework of the Egypt inequality study financed by the World Bank. The first paper prepared by Sherine Al-Shawarby reviews the studies on inequality in Egypt since the 1950s with the double objective of illustrating the importance attributed to inequality through time and of presenting and compare the main published statistics on inequality. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a comprehensive review is carried. The second paper prepared by Branko Milanovic turns to the global and spatial dimensions of inequality. The objective here is to put Egypt inequality in the global context and better understand the origin and size of spatial inequalities within Egypt using different forms of measurement across regions and urban and rural areas. The Egyptian society remains deeply divided across space and in terms of welfare and this study unveils some of the hidden features of this inequality. The third paper prepared by Paolo Verme studies facts and perceptions of inequality during the period 2000-2009, the period that preceded the Egyptian revolution. The objective of this part is to provide some initial elements that could explain the apparent mismatch between inequality measured with household surveys and inequality aversion measured by values surveys. No such study has been carried out before in the Middle-East and North-Africa (MENA) region and this seemed a particular important and timely topic to address in the light of the unfolding developments in the Arab region. The fourth paper prepared by Sahar El Tawila, May Gadallah and Enas Ali A. El-Majeed assesses the state of poverty and inequality among the poorest villages of Egypt. The paper attempts to explain the level of inequality in an effort to disentangle those factors that derive from household abilities from those factors that derive from local opportunities. This is the first time that such study is conducted in Egypt. The book should be of interest to any observer of the political and economic evolution of the Arab region in the past few years and to poverty and inequality specialists that wish to have a deeper understanding of the distribution of incomes in Egypt and other countries in the MENA region.
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https://openalex.org/W3124056035
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Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Malnutrition in the Developing World
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Among the conclusions the authors reach about malnutrition rates, among different economic groups: 1) inequalities in malnutrition almost disfavor the poor; 2) it's not just that the poor have higher rates of malnutrition. The rate of malnutrition declines continuously with rising living standards; 3) the tendency of poorer children to have higher rates of stunting, and underweight, is not due to chance, or sampling variability. Inequalities in stunting, and underweight, as measured by the concentration index, are statistically significant in almost countries; 4) inequalities in underweight tend to be larger than inequalities in stunting, which tend to be larger than inequalities in wasting; 5) in most cases, whatever the malnutrition indicator, differences in inequality between countries are not statistically significant; 6) even if attention is restricted to the cross-country differences in inequality that are statistically significant, interesting conclusions emerge, Egypt, and Vietnam have the most equal distributions of malnutrition, and Nicaragua, Peru, and, to a lesser extent, Morocco, have highly unequal distributions; 7) some countries (such as Egypt and Romania) do well in terms of both the average (the prevalence of malnutrition) and the distribution (equality). Others do badly on both counts. Peru, for example, has a higher average level of stunting than Egypt, and higher poor-non-poor inequality. But many countries do well on one count, and badly on the other. Brazil, for example, has a far lower (less than 20 percent) stunting rate overall, than Bangladesh (more than 50 percent), but has four times as much inequality (as measured by the concentration index); 8) use of an achievement index that captures both the average level, and the inequality of malnutrition, leads to some interesting rank reversals in the country league table. With stunting, for example, focusing on the achievement index moves Egypt (a low-inequality country) from sixth position to fourth, higher than Brazil and Russia (two countries with high inequality).
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https://openalex.org/W2473317156
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Is Inequality Underestimated in Egypt? Evidence from House Prices
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Household income surveys often fail to capture top incomes which leads to an underestimation of income inequality. A popular solution is to combine the household survey with data from income tax records, which has been found to result in significant upward corrections of inequality estimates. Unfortunately, tax records are unavailable in many countries, including most of the developing world. In the absence of data from tax records, this study explores the feasibility of using data on house prices to estimate the top tail of the income distribution. In an application to Egypt, where estimates of inequality based on household surveys alone are low by international standards, the study finds strong evidence that inequality is indeed being underestimated by a considerable margin. The Gini index for urban Egypt is found to increase from 36 to 47 after correcting for the missing top tail.
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https://openalex.org/W2980149114
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An Exploration of the Drivers of Private Tutoring in Egypt
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2980149114
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The rise of private tutoring globally has raised concerns over the hidden costs of “free” education systems and how these costs contribute to the persistence of inequality. We examine the drivers of tutoring at different levels of education in Egypt in an effort to understand why private tutoring has expanded despite policy efforts to prevent its spread. We use nationally representative survey data and qualitative data on youth experiences in public, private, and religious schools. Our findings indicate that the drivers of tutoring are multiple and vary by schooling level. Structured around high-stakes exams, the Egyptian education system has fostered the growth of a diverse tutoring market. In general secondary school, tutoring has become so widespread that teachers and students shirk in school to devote more attention to tutoring. Structural factors and the expectation that students will engage in tutoring have thus become self-reinforcing. In basic education, teacher pressure is a major motivation for public school students to take tutoring. Given the failure of Egypt’s efforts to ban and create alternatives to tutoring, there is an urgent need to test mechanisms for ensuring accountability in schools.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W1518681925
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The Fall and Rise of Earnings and Inequality in Egypt: New Evidence From the ELMPS, 2006
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[
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[
"Egypt"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1518681925
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This paper investigates the distributional and structural developments of real hourly wages and monthly earnings in Egypt in the last two decades on the basis of three nation-wide labor force sample surveys (the 1988 LFSS, the 1998 ELMS and the 2006 ELMPS). The results reveal that after the initial period of real wage erosion and wage compression (1988-98), both real wages and wage inequality started rising again for most groups in Egypt. In 2006, although the overall wage distribution is much wider, median real wages have sufficiently increased such that the proportion of wage workers that can be classified as low-waged has significantly declined in comparison to 1998. In fact, in many ways, the 2006 wage structure very much resembles that of 1988, in terms of the level and dispersion of real wages as well as the percentage of workers with low wages. In other words, after almost twenty years of structural adjustment measures, labor market rewards in Egypt have mostly followed a U-turn path of decline followed by recovery and return to pre-adjustment levels. Further analysis of returns to education, sector and gender-based wage differentials indicate that the relative rewards of women have significantly improved compared to the situation in 1998. Finally, compared to 1988, the Egyptian labor market seems much less affected by the legacy of the public sector employment guarantee. Thus, although the government sector remains a haven for groups such as women or vocational school graduates, paying them higher wages than elsewhere, the magnitude of those wage gaps have significantly declined compared to the past. Moreover, rewards to the university level of education are now highest in the private sector, and the government sector has a much more decentralized/dispersed wage structure than in the 1980s.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2037133023
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Male–Female Earnings Differentials Among the Highly Educated Egyptians
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[
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[
"Egypt"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2037133023
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The position of women in Arab/Islamic societies has been the subject of numerous studies by sociologists, economists, historians, feminists and political scientists. With a remarkable consistency, almost all these studies claim that Arab/Muslim women suffer gross inequalities in many aspects of their lives, including pay. This paper estimates male-female earnings differentials for a sample of university graduates in Egypt, and finds that just over one-quarter of the gross earnings differential between men and women remains 'unexplained'. This, which is usually taken to be the result of discrimination, is not large compared with the results obtained from other countries. Thus, at least in the case of graduates, Egyptian females do not suffer grossly from discrimination in pay.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S5043877",
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|
https://openalex.org/W1593110266
|
Returns to education and regional earnings differentials in Egypt
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[
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1593110266
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This paper presents an empirical investigation of the determinants of labour market earnings in Egypt. Using Human Capital model, the determinants of regional earnings and returns to education by region are examined. The relative importance of individual and regional effects on earnings inequality is assessed. The main findings of the paper are: (i) the estimated rates of return to education increase with rising educational levels; this is different to the common pattern found in most developing countries. (ii) there are substantial variations in returns to education across regions. (iii) estimates point to the importance of credentials in the Egyptian labour market.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
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|
https://openalex.org/W1502574164
|
The Poor in the Egyptian Labor Market during an Adjustment Period: for better or worse?
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tamer Afifi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036567903"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656"
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[
"Egypt"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W647665629",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1502574164
|
The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes in the level and distribution of earnings in the Egyptian labour market and the main factors underlying these changes during the period of the Egypt Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP 91). Geographically, the paper is concerned with Egypt as a whole, and the time period is 1988-1998. The methodology used in this paper is based on a comparison between two sets of micro data at the household level, before and after the implementation of ERSAP 91, using earning percentiles, variances and percentile differentials. The main finding is a decrease in earnings inequality in Egypt during the study period.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3124567200
|
Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Vladimír Hlásny",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064212584"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Paolo Verme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5035459214"
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124567200
|
By all accounts, income inequality in Egypt is low and had been declining during the decade that preceded the 2011 revolution. As the Egyptian revolution was partly motivated by claims of social injustice and inequalities, this seems at odds with a low level of income inequality. Moreover, while income inequality shows a decline between 2000 and 2009, the World Values Surveys indicate that the aversion to inequality has significantly increased during the same period and for all social groups. This paper utilizes a range of recently developed statistical techniques to assess the true value of income inequality in the presence of a range of possible measurement issues related to top incomes, including item and unit non-response, outliers and extreme observations, and atypical top income distributions. The analysis finds that correcting for unit non-response significantly increases the estimate of inequality by just over 1 percentage point, that the Egyptian distribution of top incomes follows rather closely the Pareto distribution, and that the inverted Pareto coefficient is located around median values when compared with 418 household surveys worldwide. Hence, income inequality in Egypt is confirmed to be low while the distribution of top incomes is not atypical compared with what Pareto had predicted and compared with other countries in the world. This would suggest that the increased frustration with income inequality voiced by Egyptians and measured by the World Values Surveys is driven by factors other than income inequality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "World Bank policy research working paper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210231086",
"type": "ebook platform"
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{
"display_name": "The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)",
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"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2500884904
|
The Fall and Rise of Earnings and Inequality in Egypt: New Evidence from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2006
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ragui Assaad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074701331"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361"
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{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788"
},
{
"display_name": "Real wages",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777885895"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Panel data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2500884904
|
Abstract This chapter examines the distributional and structural developments of real hourly wages and monthly earnings in Egypt between 1988 and 2006 on the basis of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2006 (ELMPS 2006), and compares the results to those of the Labor Force Sample Survey 1988 (LFSS 1988) and Egypt Labor Market Survey 1998 (ELMS 1998). In particular, it explores the changes in average hourly wages and monthly earnings across important socio-economic groups (by gender, occupation, industry, level of education, and sector of ownership). The chapter also investigates how the share of earners with low wages changed over time and across socio-economic groups. In general, the results reveal that after the initial period of real-wage erosion and wage compression (1988–98), both real wages and wage inequality started rising again for most groups in Egypt. In addition, after almost twenty years of structural adjustment measures, labor market rewards in Egypt mostly followed a U-turn path of decline followed by recovery and return to pre-adjustment levels.
|
[
{
"display_name": "American University in Cairo Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462830",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2155903441
|
A cross-sectional ecological study of spatial scale and geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "University of Southampton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I43439940",
"lat": 50.90395,
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Weiyu Yu",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "United Nations Children's Fund",
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2155903441
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Measuring inequality in access to safe drinking-water and sanitation is proposed as a component of international monitoring following the expiry of the Millennium Development Goals. This study aims to evaluate the utility of census data in measuring geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation. Spatially referenced census data were acquired for Colombia, South Africa, Egypt, and Uganda, whilst non-spatially referenced census data were acquired for Kenya. Four variants of the dissimilarity index were used to estimate geographic inequality in access to both services using large and small area units in each country through a cross-sectional, ecological study. Inequality was greatest for piped water in South Africa in 2001 (based on 53 areas (N) with a median population (MP) of 657,015; D = 0.5599) and lowest for access to an improved water source in Uganda in2008 (N = 56; MP = 419,399; D = 0.2801). For sanitation, inequality was greatest for those lacking any facility in Kenya in 2009 (N = 158; MP = 216,992; D = 0.6981), and lowest for access to an improved facility in Uganda in 2002 (N = 56; MP = 341,954; D = 0.3403). Although dissimilarity index values were greater for smaller areal units, when study countries were ranked in terms of inequality, these ranks remained unaffected by the choice of large or small areal units. International comparability was limited due to definitional and temporal differences between censuses. This five-country study suggests that patterns of inequality for broad regional units do often reflect inequality in service access at a more local scale. This implies household surveys designed to estimate province-level service coverage can provide valuable insights into geographic inequality at lower levels. In comparison with household surveys, censuses facilitate inequality assessment at different spatial scales, but pose challenges in harmonising water and sanitation typologies across countries.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2167723246
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Fekete-Szegö Inequalities for Certain Class of Analytic Functions of Complex Order
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[
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{
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{
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[
"Egypt"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2167723246
|
R. M. EL-Ashwah Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Damietta New Damietta 34517, Egypt. e-mail: [email protected] M. K. Aouf Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura Mansoura 35516, Egypt. e-mail: [email protected] F. M. Abdulkarem Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Damietta New Damietta 34517, Egypt. e-mail: [email protected]
|
[
{
"display_name": "International journal of open problems in complex analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210222938",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2089256894
|
Growth, employment and income distribution in Egyptian agriculture, 1964–1979
|
[
{
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{
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{
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[
"Egypt"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2089256894
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This paper is a study of the aggregate behavior of crop production in Egypt. We find that the output growth rate declined in the 1970s but there were some signs of recovery towards the end of the decade. This trend cannot be explained by the observed-cyclical movements in profitability and in the real price of aggregate output. On the other hand, investment in infrastructure goes a long way towards explaining the trends both in aggregate output and in land profitability. Increased investment in agriculture infrastructure tends to raise the growth rate of the sector and, at the same time, to increase labor's share in production at the cost of property share. Our observations also suggest that the demand for agricultural labor is rather inelastic with respect to the wage rate. Therefore, using the agricultural sector as an absorbent of employment shocks in the rest of the economy may lead to significant variability in income distribution.
|
[
{
"display_name": "World Development",
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{
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|
https://openalex.org/W658502393
|
The Egyptian economy : Current Challenges and Future Prospects
|
[
{
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"display_name": "Hanaa Kheir-El-Din",
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[
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055"
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
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[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W658502393
|
This book presents studies on growth, employment, and fiscal sustainability in Egypt's economic sector.The Egyptian economy has undergone several reforms since the early 1990s. However, it was not until recently that the reform process picked up speed and intensity. Key initiatives included shifting to a flexible exchange rate regime, liberalizing trade, revising and reducing the tariff structure, and improving the income tax system. Plans are underway to restructure the financial sector and privatize most state-owned enterprises.This volume aims to evaluate the impact of recent reform policies and highlight priority areas for further reform at the macroeconomic and institutional levels. The topics addressed include growth, distribution, and poverty reduction; monetary policy and the impact of exchange rate liberalization; unemployment and job creation; and the new pension system. The objective is to contribute to ongoing efforts to stimulate growth and employment, ensure fiscal sustainability, improve the external sector, and address issues related to poverty and income distribution. The volume focuses on the health and energy sectors in Egypt, with the aim of assessing each sector in three areas: financing, organization, and policy management, in order to suggest ideas for reform in light of international experience.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2114000899
|
Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Basic Services Among Egyptian Children
|
[
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{
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[
"Egypt"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2114000899
|
This paper estimates inequality of opportunities among Egyptian children over time between the years 2000 and 2008 using Egypt Demographic and Health Surveys. The Human Opportunity Index (HOI) is calculated across four categories of access to services, including health utilization, nutrition, basic infrastructure services and school enrolment. Over these years, Egypt implemented several policies in the health and education sectors that improved the access of children to services through the nation-wide Family Health Model (FHM), as well as through a social marketing campaign to promote iodized salt. This paper finds improvements in the Human Opportunity Index linked to such policies, with HOI increasing from 38.8 to 67.7 for instance for the probability of blood sample being taken from mother during pregnancy, and from 37.6 to 63.4 for births taking place in public or private health facilities. Increases in overall coverage of health services were responsible for improvements in the HOI. However, in terms of malnutrition, indicators have deteriorated during this time period, with HOI for not being stunted decreasing from 78.2 to 74. The decomposition of the HOI finds that the probability of malnutrition among Egyptian children is not closely linked to family circumstances, contrary to what one might expect, calling for more supply-side (and less targeted) efforts to reduce malnutrition for all Egyptian children.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W3044191612
|
The asymmetric effects of 20 years of tariff reforms on Egyptian workers
|
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3044191612
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Abstract After more than two decades of trade liberalization, faced with deep structural problems which were exacerbated by the 2008 financial crisis and culminated in the 2011 Spring Revolution and government change, in 2016 Egypt started to protect some sectors from foreign competition. This paper assesses how tariff reforms during the 1998–2018 period affected the Egyptian labour market by focusing on real wages and job stability (i.e. having a permanent position). The empirical analysis is carried out on worker-level data from the available four waves of Egyptian Labour Market Panel Survey (ELMPS), including the recently released 2018 wave. We find that higher tariff protection tends to worsen labour market conditions, both lowering real wages and decreasing the probability of finding a stable job. Furthermore, tariff changes show remarkable asymmetries. There is a negative and significant correlation between tariffs increases and real wages, while the positive impact of tariff reductions turns out to be negligible and insignificant. Our findings support the view that in Egypt protectionism hampered working conditions, contributing to inequality, while liberalizations did not improve nor deteriorate them.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economia Politica",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S26598852",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Florence Research (University of Florence)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402033",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2937065146
|
Inequality of opportunity linked to disability in school enrollment among youth: Evidence from Egypt
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Cairo University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I145487455",
"lat": 30.0276,
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"display_name": "Somaya El‐Saadani",
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{
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{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Cairo University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I145487455",
"lat": 30.0276,
"long": 31.21014,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Soha Metwally",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050106395"
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[
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"display_name": "Inequality",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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"display_name": "Medical model of disability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172399796"
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{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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[
"Egypt"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2937065146
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Literature concerned with the impact of disability on youth’ educational opportunities is scarce in Egypt. The paper provides a profile of youth with a disability, and examines the impact of disability among youth on their school enrollment. Results revealed that two in one hundred youth live with severe disability. One third of youth with disability have never attended school compared to less than five percent among their peers without disabilities. Disability plays a dominant role in hindering school enrollment, and it interacts with the individual’s standard of living in a way that exacerbates inequity in educational opportunities.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Educational Development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S20152851",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1903015222
|
Land-ownership, Working Capital and Agricultural Output: Egypt 1913-58
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jean‐Louis Arcand",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089081986"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C137607661"
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"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750"
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{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518"
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{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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[
"Egypt"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1903015222
|
A simple model is constructed in which short-term credit is needed to finance the purchase of inputs, in which there is bankruptcy risk, and in which land is the preferred means of saving of the small land-owner. These imperfections, which I argue were important characteristics of Egyptian agriculture during the first half of this century, result in aggregate agricultural output being dependent on the distribution of land-ownership. I study the effect on aggregate agricultural output of changes in the distribution of land-ownership by using Rothschild-Stiglitz' mean-preserving spreads. The main theoretical insight is that aggregate agricultural output will be increased by a decrease in the inequality of the distribution of land-ownership when returns to scale are decreasing. The results are extended to two concepts of Lorenz domination. Testable short- and long-run empirical propositions are formulated and carefully tested on Egyptian data for the period 1913–58. I find that, controlling for factor inputs, there is no trade-off between equity and efficiency for Egyptian agriculture—they go hand in hand in the short-run.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of African Economies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S36588791",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "@nalyses (University of Ottawa)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400658",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1562246684
|
HAVE ECONOMIC REFORMS PAID-OFF? GENDER OCCUPATIONAL INEQUALITY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM IN EGYPT
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Fatma El-Hamidi",
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mona Said",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5051581938"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663"
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{
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1562246684
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This study considers the impact of over a decade of structural adjustment policies in Egypt on gender wage and occupational inequality. Using newly released Labor Force Sample Surveys (LFSS) for the years 2000-2004, a slight drop in public sector employment and a comparable increase in private sector employment for women is observed. Regardless of sector of employment, women still earn less than men, with private sector workers being the worst. Wage discrimination in the private sector in favor of men is evident at three groups of occupations: white collars, blue collars and professionals. Results also indicate occupational segregation and crowding of women in specific job types is a more serious issue in pay differences for blue collars in recent years, while pure discrimination is dictating wage differentials for professionals and white collars. Elements of productivity in terms of human capital endowments are not directly responsible for wage inequality in the private sector. Despite having less education, men receive higher wages for their comparative advantage in years of experience. Contrary to years of education, experience, as a factor endowment and a proxy for productivity, is highly valued and compensated for in favor of men.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4284989366
|
Sticky Floors and Glass Ceilings: Gender Wage Gap in Egypt
|
[
{
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"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "American University in Cairo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I80693520",
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"display_name": "Mona Said",
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"display_name": "Ghada Barsoum",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4284989366
|
The fact that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the lowest labor force participation rate for women in the world has been extensively studied, but discrimination in pay against working women has received considerably less attention. Using recently available datasets, this study examines the distribution of wages (inequality) across men and women employed in the public versus the private sector in Egypt. The analysis shows that because working women tend to be more educated than working men, the gender wage gap would have been larger if women had the same endowments. Quantile regressions and recentered influence functions show that the gender wage gap is wide at the top of the distribution, primarily in the public sector, which is a sign of a glass ceiling. The gap is also wider at the bottom of the wage distribution in the private sector, a sign of sticky floors.HIGHLIGHTS The Egyptian public sector has a relatively equitable gender wage structure, except for the top jobs.The gender wage gap is much larger in Egypt’s private sector for the low paid.Since lower-educated women often do not work, the gender pay discrimination in Egypt might be even greater than observed.Policy interventions are needed to prepare women for leadership positions and to increase their promotion opportunities.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Feminist Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S148397273",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3056283823
|
Constructing Inequalities: Tenure Trajectories of Immigrant Workers and Union Strategies in the Milan Construction Sector
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
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"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "Université du Québec à Montréal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I159129438",
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"display_name": "Lorenzo Frangi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5028615196"
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Merrimack College",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4058158",
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"display_name": "Tingting Zhang",
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{
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"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "Toronto Metropolitan University",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3056283823
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Abstract In this mixed‐methods study, we examined the employment trajectories of immigrant employees in the construction sector in Milan and the role of unions in promoting their labour market inclusion. Drawing on a unique dataset of 417,004 contracts representing more than 166,000 construction workers over a 12‐year period (2000–2011), we employed Growth Curve Modelling (GCM) to explore national group differences in contract, firm and sector tenure trajectories. We found Egyptian and Romanian workers suffer from lowest tenure levels. To investigate these results, we conducted 15 interviews with key informants. Results suggested firm characteristics and position along the production process (mono‐task), pervasive immigrant hiring queues (mono‐national) and union's use of class strategies are interlocking forces that shape deep labour market segregation. We recommend unions develop and apply tailored ethnic strategies to empower highly segregated immigrant groups.
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https://openalex.org/W2962859244
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The Neglected Role of Inequality in Explanations of the Collapse of Ancient States
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2962859244
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Despite recent and past research into the collapse of ancient states and into ancient inequality, the possible role of inequality in collapse has been ignored. Inequality as a potential explanatory factor in civil war and collapse in modern states has been the subject of around 150 flawed regression analyses, from which no consensus has emerged. Data for ancient states is insufficient to enable such quantitative modelling. But case studies of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, the Western Roman Empire and the Classic Maya suggest some role for inequality, although the data is sparse and contentious. Paucity of data probably reflects lack of interest and a recent study (Kohler and Ellyson 2018) shows what can be achieved.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2315981495
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Abdel-Fadil Mahmoud, The Political Economy of Nasserism: A Study in Employment and Income Distribution Policies in Urban Egypt 1952–72. University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economics. Occasional Paper, No. 52 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). Pp. xii + 140.
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2315981495
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Abdel-Fadil Mahmoud, The Political Economy of Nasserism: A Study in Employment and Income Distribution Policies in Urban Egypt 1952–72. University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economics. Occasional Paper, No. 52 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). Pp. xii + 140. - Volume 14 Issue 1
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https://openalex.org/W4285999356
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The Cambridge Companion to the Ancient Greek Economy
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4285999356
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This is the most comprehensive introduction to the ancient Greek economy available in English. A team of specialists provides in non-technical language cutting edge accounts of a wide range of key themes in economic history, explaining how ancient Greek economies functioned and changed, and why they were stable and successful over long periods of time. Through its wide geographical perspective, reaching from the Aegean and the Black Sea to the Near East and Egypt under Greek rule, it reflects on how economic behaviour and institutions were formed and transformed under different political, ecological and social circumstances, and how they interacted and communicated over large distances. With chapters on climate and the environment, market development, inequality and growth, it encourages comparison with other periods of time and cultures, thus being of interest not just to ancient historians but also to readers concerned with economic cultures and global economic issues.
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https://openalex.org/W194044395
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Foreign Aid, Economic Development and Income Distribution: Some Inferences from a CGE Model for Egypt
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This paper examines the sensitivity of quantitative assessments of foreign aid on the level of income and its distribution across income groups to alternative modelling and parametric assumptions. It does so with the use of a computable general equilibrium model for Egypt by subjecting the model to alternative assumptions. Although the results are (as expected) sensitive to the assumptions made, they indicate that at least potentially, as for example, when foreign aid takes an appropriate form and is accompanied by appropriate offsetting policies, it can be a useful tool for achieving development at minimum social cost. The purpose of this paper is to examine the sensitivity of quantitative assessments of the effects of foreign aid on the level of income and its distribution across income groups to different modelling and parametric assumptions. It does so within an analytical framework that is considerably more general and flexible than that which has typically been used for such purposes. The sensitivity of the results is determined by subjecting a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of an important foreign aid-receiving country, namely, Egypt, to a series of different simulation experiments. The presentation is organized as follows: Section 1 reviews the considerable change in attitude to the efficacy of foreign aid in promoting economic development and an equitable distribution of its benefits; Section 2 briefly describes the CGE model which has been employed and its flexibility features; Section 3 outlines the simulation experiments and presents the results; finally, the conclusions are presented in Section 4.
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https://openalex.org/W3123390823
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Inequality of Opportunity in Egypt
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123390823
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This paper evaluates the contribution of inequality of opportunity to inequality in earnings in Egypt and analyzes its evolution across four age cohorts and over three periods of time. On average, inequality of opportunity is found to account for 30 percent of total earnings inequality. The results reveal important variations of the inequality of opportunity indicators across age cohorts and over time. We find evidence that an important part of earnings inequality in the age cohort between 40 and 49 years old is due to unequal access to opportunities. The findings indicate that despite a small increase in total earnings inequality over time, the share of inequality of opportunities is decreasing. A sharp decline is observed in 2006.
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https://openalex.org/W595922178
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Working Paper 188 - Remittances and their Macroeconomic Impact: Evidence from Africa
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W595922178
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This paper examines macroeconomic trends, drivers and impact of remittances in Africa. First, it documents the increasing share of remittances relative to other foreign capital flows to Africa, distribution of remittance inflows across countries, and some key properties. This is followed by some analysis of the macroeconomic drivers of remittances in recipient countries, such as the level of income, inflation and nominal exchange rate depreciation. Specifically, remittances are positively impacted by higher income, but deterred by an unstable macroeconomic environment, pointing to the investment motive in remitting to Africa. The paper also examines the role of remittances in funding Africa’s external balances. Finally, drawing on the case of Egypt, the paper shows the positive impact that rising remittances can have on public debt sustainability.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2001454080
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Food Price Policy and Income Distribution in Low-Income Countries
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Previous articleNext article No AccessFood Price Policy and Income Distribution in Low-Income CountriesJohn W. MellorJohn W. Mellor Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 27, Number 1Oct., 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451071 Views: 34Total views on this site Citations: 59Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kuhelika De, Venoo Kakar Effects of Monetary Policy on Food Inequality in India, The Journal of Development Studies 57, no.1111 (Apr 2021): 1852–1870.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1906861Ethan Ligon, Elisabeth Sadoulet Estimating the Relative Benefits of Agricultural Growth on the Distribution of Expenditures, World Development 109 (Sep 2018): 417–428.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.007John W. Mellor Prices and Price Policy, (Oct 2017): 135–150.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65259-7_11Katarzyna Boratyńska, Raqif Tofiq Huseynov An innovative approach to food security policy in developing countries, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 2, no.11 (Jan 2017): 39–44.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.007Joseph V. Balagtas, Humnath Bhandari, Ellanie R. Cabrera, Samarendu Mohanty, Mahabub Hossain Did the commodity price spike increase rural poverty? Evidence from a long-run panel in Bangladesh, Agricultural Economics 45, no.33 (Sep 2013): 303–312.https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12066Paul A. Dorosh, John W. Mellor Why Agriculture Remains a Viable Means of Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ethiopia, Development Policy Review 31, no.44 (Aug 2013): 419–441.https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12013Francesco Caracciolo, Fabio Gaetano Santeramo Price Trends and Income Inequalities: Will Sub-Saharan Africa Reduce the Gap?, African Development Review 25, no.11 (Mar 2013): 42–54.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12012.xHuang Chunyan, Zhong Funing, He Jun Income vs price subsidy: policy options to help the urban poor facing food price surge, China Agricultural Economic Review 5, no.11 (Jan 2013): 89–99.https://doi.org/10.1108/17561371311294775Asma Mohsin, Khalid Zaman RETRACTED: Distributional effects of rising food prices in Pakistan: Evidence from HIES 2001–02 and 2005–06 survey, Economic Modelling 29, no.55 (Sep 2012): 1986–1995.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.06.002Benjamin D.K. Wood, Carl H. Nelson, Lia Nogueira Poverty effects of food price escalation: The importance of substitution effects in Mexican households, Food Policy 37, no.11 (Feb 2012): 77–85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.11.005Nora Claudia Lustig Coping with Rising Food Prices: Policy Dilemmas in the Developing World, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1392424Nora Claudia Lustig Thought for Food: The Challenges of Coping with Soaring Food Prices, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1299182Akhtar Hossain Agriculture and Economic Development, (Aug 2013).https://doi.org/10.1201/b15747.ch40Sanzidur Rahman Environmental impacts of technological change in Bangladesh agriculture: farmers' perceptions, determinants, and effects on resource allocation decisions, Agricultural Economics 33, no.11 (Jun 2005): 107–116.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2005.00284.xTravis J Lybbert, Christopher B Barrett, Hamid Narjisse Market-based conservation and local benefits: the case of argan oil in Morocco, Ecological Economics 41, no.11 (Apr 2002): 125–144.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00020-4Christopher B. 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Mellor Poverty and Development: Prospects and Priorities for the 1990s, (Jan 1990): 156–173.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11415-3_11Mohammad Alauddin, Clem Tisdell Poverty, resource distribution and security: The impact of new agricultural technology in rural Bangladesh, Journal of Development Studies 25, no.44 (Jul 1989): 550–570.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388908422129John W. Mellor Rural Employment Linkages through Agricultural Growth: Concepts, Issues, and Questions, (Jan 1989): 305–319.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19746-0_14 Alain de Janvry , and Elisabeth Sadoulet The Conditions for Compatibility between Aid and Trade in Agriculture, Economic Development and Cultural Change 37, no.11 (Oct 2015): 1–30.https://doi.org/10.1086/451706Mohammad Alauddin, Clem Tisdell Impact of new agricultural technology on the instability of foodgrain production and yield, Journal of Development Economics 29, no.22 (Sep 1988): 199–227.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(88)90035-1John W. 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HALL, JAMES COOMBS The Agro-Energy Filière: Experiences and Perspectives, (Jan 1988): 257–284.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-70461-0.50024-8Per Pinstrup-Andersen Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies and Human Nutrition: Available Evidence and Research Needs, Food and Nutrition Bulletin 9, no.11 (Nov 2018): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1177/156482658700900101Barbara Harriss Nutrition and international agricultural research, Food Policy 12, no.11 (Feb 1987): 29–34.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(87)90045-5John W. Mellor, Sarah Gavian Famine: Causes, Prevention, and Relief, Science 235, no.47884788 (Jan 1987): 539–545.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4788.539John W. Mellor Food Aid for Food Security and Economic Development, (Jan 1987): 173–191.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09214-7_10Andrew P. Davidson Does farming systems research have a future?, Agricultural Administration and Extension 24, no.22 (Jan 1987): 69–77.https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7475(87)90071-7Mohammad Alauddin, Clem Tisdell Market Analysis, Technical Change and Income Distribution in Semi‐Subsistence Agriculture: the Case of Bangladesh, Agricultural Economics 1, no.11 (Dec 1986): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1986.tb00002.xCarl K. Eicher Facing Up to Africa’s Food Crisis, (Jan 1986): 149–180.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18371-5_7Martha Gephart African States and Agriculture: Issues for Research, IDS Bulletin 17, no.11 (Jan 1986): 57–63.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1986.mp17001010.xKeith Griffin, Jeffrey James Managing the Transition to Egalitarian Development, (Jan 1984): 97–115.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17461-4_6Richard H. Adams The role of research in policy development: The creation of the IMF cereal import facility, World Development 11, no.77 (Jul 1983): 549–563.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(83)90001-3David E. Sahn, Nevin S. Scrimshaw Hunger, Health and Society, Food and Nutrition Bulletin 5, no.11 (Nov 2018): 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1177/156482658300500111Hartmut Elsenhans Rising mass incomes as a condition of capitalist growth: implications for the world economy, International Organization 37, no.11 (May 2009): 1–39.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300004185Ranadev Banerji Food shortage and international trade in food : Analysis of long-term trends, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 118, no.22 (Jun 1982): 338–365.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706192Bruce F. Johnston Integrated Multisectoral Nutrition Interventions at the Village Level, (Jan 1982): 173–207.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4091-1_12Diana Callear Resettlement: Zimbabwe's first step, Food Policy 6, no.44 (Nov 1981): 266–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(81)90053-1Alan Richards Agricultural Mechanization in Egypt: Hopes and Fears, International Journal of Middle East Studies 13, no.44 (Jan 2009): 409–425.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800055835B. Bowonder The Myth and Reality of High Yielding Varieties in Indian Agriculture, Development and Change 12, no.22 (Apr 1981): 293–313.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1981.tb00098.xC.Peter Timmer Food prices and food policy analysis in LDCs, Food Policy 5, no.33 (Aug 1980): 188–199.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(80)90127-XROGER W. HAY THE FOOD ACCOUNTING MATRIX: AN ANALYTICAL DEVICE FOR FOOD PLANNERS*, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 42, no.22 (May 2009): 97–124.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1980.mp42002003.xKEITH GRIFFIN, JEFFREY JAMES PROBLEMS OF TRANSITION TO EGALITARIAN DEVELOPMENT, The Manchester School 47, no.33 (Sep 1979): 248–269.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1979.tb00627.xDavid Dawe The Practical Experience with Agricultural Trade Liberalization in Asia, (): 175–195.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6080-9_10
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Analytical Study of Happiness Inequality in Egypt
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Based on World value survey (3 waves: 2001, 2008 &amp; 2012) the happiness inequality in Egypt has been enlarged. This paper illustrates the concept of happiness inequality and analysis the status of happiness inequality in Egypt. Also the paper aim to determine the main factors affecting happiness inequality in Egypt. This paper used RIF regression (Recentered influence function) to investigate the impacts of several factors like: age, educational level, employment status, gender, martial status and health status on happiness inequality in Egypt. We found that increase the population share of middle age people and increase unemployment rate can enlarge Egypt&rsquo;s happiness inequality. While an increase in educational level, improvement in health and having good job has a reducing impact on happiness inequality.
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https://openalex.org/W3125054061
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Land Ownership, Working Capital, and the Agricultural Output: Egypt, 1913-1958
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A simple model is constructed in which short-term credit is needed to finance the purchase of inputs, in which there is bankruptcy risk, and in which we argue were important characteristics of Egyptian agriculture during the first half of this century, result in aggregate agricultural output being dependant on the distribution of land ownership. The main theorical insight is that aggregate agricultural output will be increased by a decrease in the inequality of the distribution of land ownership when returns to scale are decreasing. Testable short- and long-run empirical propositions are formulated and carefully tested on Egyptian data for the 1913-1958 period. We find that, controlling for factor inputs, there is no tradeoff between equity and efficiency for Egyptian agriculture - they go hand in hand in the short run.
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Earnings and regional inequality in Egypt
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This paper presents an empirical investigation of the determinants of labor market earnings inequality in Egypt. Using the Human Capital model, the determinants of regional earnings are examined. The relative importance of individual and regional effects on earnings inequality is assessed. This paper finds that the estimated rates of return to education increase with rising educational levels. This is different to common patterns found in most developing countries. Also, there are substantial variations in returns to education across regions. Moreover, estimates point to the importance of credentials in the Egyptian labor market.
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https://openalex.org/W3123216172
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A Multilevel Analysis of the Unemployment in Egypt
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123216172
|
Despite its recent economic development, Egypt employment inequalities among gender and between different age cohorts are still an unresolved issue. In this work we apply a Multilevel Generalized Linear Mixed Model to the Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey 2006 (ELMPS 2006) and 2012 (ELMPS 2012). By exploiting the hierarchical structure of the survey data, we investigate how the interplay between individual characteristics and regional context conditions Egyptians' individual probability of being unemployed. Moreover, we attempt to check \textit{if} and \textit{how} these same characteristics have changed between 2006 and 2012, that is, before and after the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2011 Revolution of the Arab world.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2133583342
|
Income distribution in rural EgyptA three-village case
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Erina Iwasaki",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041884238"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322"
},
{
"display_name": "Income distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510"
},
{
"display_name": "Household income",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780892066"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Linkage (software)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31266012"
},
{
"display_name": "Net national income",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63805789"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
"display_name": "Farm income",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780117336"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross income",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172008318"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Tax reform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C551662922"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684"
},
{
"display_name": "State income tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74939039"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W197726088",
"https://openalex.org/W566324049",
"https://openalex.org/W598939432",
"https://openalex.org/W602361327",
"https://openalex.org/W625121704",
"https://openalex.org/W1487858013",
"https://openalex.org/W1518553328",
"https://openalex.org/W1519530867",
"https://openalex.org/W1523693456",
"https://openalex.org/W1538934614",
"https://openalex.org/W1570133365",
"https://openalex.org/W1866639753",
"https://openalex.org/W1897222908",
"https://openalex.org/W1975922401",
"https://openalex.org/W2011246460",
"https://openalex.org/W2091428619",
"https://openalex.org/W2092648848",
"https://openalex.org/W2135295898",
"https://openalex.org/W2164539197",
"https://openalex.org/W2223618306",
"https://openalex.org/W2789104570",
"https://openalex.org/W2943326090",
"https://openalex.org/W3123771906",
"https://openalex.org/W3176682987"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2133583342
|
Using household survey data, this paper examines the case of three villages in rural Egypt to shed light on the determinants of income distribution. We first employ decomposition techniques to identify the contribution of farm and non-farm income to overall household inequality. We then use regression analysis to identify the role of different factors in determining the level of farm and non-farm income. Based on the analysis of household income structure and its determinants, we clarify the strong effect of land holding on rural household income distribution, and the differing effects of non-agricultural employment opportunities through the linkage to non-agricultural labor markets. Overall, while non-farm employment is obviously an important determinant of income distribution in rural Egypt, the relationship between land, non-agricultural sector, and household income levels assume different patterns according to the specific socio-economic (village) setting.
Key words: Egypt, rural household, income distribution, land, case study.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of African Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764966111",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3121351315
|
Inequality of opportunity among Egyptian children
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "World Bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717",
"lat": 38.89511,
"long": -77.03637,
"type": "other"
}
],
"display_name": "Lire Ersado",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037993766"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Meltem A. Aran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060282728"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Lagging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776962539"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
},
{
"display_name": "Opportunity cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68359772"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121351315
|
This paper analyzes the level and trends in inequality of opportunity among Egyptian children during the 2000s. The analysis uses severall tools, including comparison of the distributions of early risks and outcomes across circumstance groups; estimation of the human opportunity index; measurement of the relative contributions of circumstances to inequality of opportunity; and decomposition of changes in inequality of opportunity and factors driving them over time. Egypt has made significant progress in the availability of and access to basic services for children and mothers, in some cases with an overall pro-poor effect. In particular, appreciable improvements have been made in healthcare utilization before and during pregnancy and immunizations. As a result, there has been a decline in inequality of opportunity over the past decade, largely attributable to increased coverage by basic services rather than through redistributive effects. However, there are areas of persistent and emerging concerns, including postnatal care utilization, nutrition, and schooling. Nutrition indicators have deteriorated during the 2000s, affecting a quarter of children regardless of their circumstances. Wide disparities in school enrollment persist, notably at the higher levels. Large regional disparities in access to basic infrastructure exist, with Upper Egypt and the Frontier Governorates lagging the rest of the country. Family background, especially parents'education and wealth, and geographic factors are key factors affecting child development outcomes in Egypt. While interventions targeted at the less advantaged circumstance groups may offer significant potential for enhancing overall equity in postnatal care utilization and schooling, a more inclusive approach would be needed to improve child nutrition outcomes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4287988079
|
Was r Greater Than g? Evidence from Roman Egypt
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "King's College London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I183935753",
"lat": 51.50853,
"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Paul V. Kelly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075854072"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Agrarian society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157140304"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750"
},
{
"display_name": "Rate of return",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86637286"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution of wealth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778096659"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W47558246",
"https://openalex.org/W184357535",
"https://openalex.org/W1981006143",
"https://openalex.org/W2008592399",
"https://openalex.org/W2162881088",
"https://openalex.org/W2290949264",
"https://openalex.org/W2507311617",
"https://openalex.org/W2801838712",
"https://openalex.org/W3122220411",
"https://openalex.org/W3173156845",
"https://openalex.org/W4206806133",
"https://openalex.org/W4211137698",
"https://openalex.org/W4235125193",
"https://openalex.org/W4235823226",
"https://openalex.org/W4298224484",
"https://openalex.org/W4302406673",
"https://openalex.org/W4388390550"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4287988079
|
This paper examines whether r, the rate of return on capital, was greater than g, the rate of economic growth, in Roman Egypt. If this were the case, then, according to Piketty’s model, wealth would tend to concentrate and social inequality increase. A maximum limit on the likely average level of g is determined based on inflation estimates and comparative data for other agrarian economies. Then, using a stochastic model, the likely distribution of r is constructed, using data from financial transactions in the credit and land markets of Roman Egypt. Thus both the risk and the return on capital is assessed. The measures of r and g are compared and conclusions reached.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave studies in ancient economies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210167786",
"type": "book series"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3121401930
|
Wealth distribution in an ancient Egyptian society
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "A. Y. Abul‐Magd",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024589907"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient city",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994338106"
},
{
"display_name": "Period (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010"
},
{
"display_name": "Wealth distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992390665"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121401930
|
Modern excavations yielded a distribution of the house areas in the ancient Egyptian city Akhetaten, which was populated for a short period during the 14th century BC. Assuming that the house area is a measure of the wealth of its inhabitants allows us to make a comparison of the wealth distributions in ancient and modern societies.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2616553931
|
Is Value added Tax Progressive? Evidence from Egypt using a CGE Model
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Abeer Elshennawy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040339296"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Computable general equilibrium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20522121"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Value (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640"
},
{
"display_name": "Value-added tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111326686"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418"
},
{
"display_name": "Income distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235"
}
] |
[
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2616553931
|
The objective is examine the effect of value added tax in Egypt on income distribution and inflation CGE model Contrary to the experience of many countries, the value added tax was found to be marginally progressive
|
[
{
"display_name": "EcoMod2016",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306508629",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
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