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https://openalex.org/W4308092388 | Investigating the Energy Production Trends of Countries and Its Relationship Between Economic Development | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4308092388 | There are three main energy resources for energy production that is currently used by the countries can be listed as fossil fuels, renewable energy, and nuclear energy. Since the industrial revolution, the fundamental energy resource of the world is fossil sources. Due to their problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, production cost, etc., fossil fuels are not sustainable sources in terms of world ecology and economy. Developed countries of the world focused on using alternative energy resources like renewable energy and nuclear energy to produce green and sustainable energy for a better future. An assumption might be made about the relationship between the types of energy resources used by a country and its development level. In this study, we investigate the connection between the economic development of the countries and energy consumption patterns using a machine learning approach. We used a custom data set created by the combination of two separate data sets to deduce that relation by using the clustering method. It can be seen that developed countries are prone to cease the usage of fossil fuels and increase the energy produced by renewable and nuclear energy while underdeveloped or developing countries still rely mostly on fossil fuels. This trend among the developed countries has increased by the year. Additionally, we also wanted to see where Turkey stands among the selected countries and make an observation on its energy and economic development progress. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4310250815 | A Comprehensive Analysis of Strategies, Challenges and Policies on Turkish Sustainable Energy Development | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4310250815 | Turkey's rapid population and economic growth have caused a significant increase in energy demand over the last two decades. As a result, a process of evaluating alternative energy strategies and policies was required to be formulated carefully along with the country's longer-term decarbonisation aims. Although Turkey's considerable renewable energy potential exists, its dependency on foreign energy and its dramatically depreciating currency have been the main drivers of revisions to these renewable energy-related policies. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate all the strategies and challenges of Turkey's green steps toward a sustainable future. Sustainable developments of many developed countries have been examined and compared to assess Turkish strategies and significant policies that have been taken. As findings, it has been revealed that policy revisions regarding the use of domestic technology in green power plants decelerate investments for a short time. However, it has been found that renewable energy patent applications have declined, although domestic technology in green energy plants has been promoted through these policy revisions. As a result of this dilemma, the quality and effectiveness of green research and development (R&D) in Turkey have been investigated and then benchmarked with most leading countries. It has been observed that there is no correlation and relation between the patent application and the articles on renewable energy. Therefore, the paper has provided insight into new policies and strategies to enhance the productivity of R&D for both Turkey and developing similar countries. Consequently, potential measures to increase Turkey's green energy use and production are discussed and proposed systematically, considering those findings. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4234852419 | Eight building blocks for coherent implementation of the SDGs | [] | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234852419 | Enhancing policy coherence is one of the most difficult challenges to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), according to most Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) presented by UN members to the UN High-level Political Forum (HLPF).This chapter looks at plans and initial steps towards adapting institutional frameworks for SDG implementation taken by the 20 OECD countries that have presented VNRs to the HLPF so far: Belgium, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey. It applies eight key elements of the Framework for Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) as a lens to identify good institutional practices for PCSD as required in SDG Target 17.14. The analysis benefits from several examples from the VNRs that serve to illustrate national variations in the approaches and mechanisms used for implementation. This chapter also includes two contributions by two member institutions of the Partnership for Enhancing Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development which have developed analytical tools for coherent implementation of the SDGs. This chapter is complemented by country profiles presented in Chapter 3. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4220798882 | The Effect of Cooperatives Producing Non-Wood Forest Products on Rural Development: The Example of Kozak Subdistrict Agricultural Development Cooperative in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4220798882 | Pine nuts from stone pine are important non-wood forest products produced in Turkey. Thus, cooperative organizations engaged in the production and marketing of pine nuts play an important role in the development of forest villages in Turkey. This study reports and evaluates the effect of Kozak Subdistrict Agricultural Development Cooperative on economic development of the township. In this regard, a survey was conducted with 190 participants, and data were evaluated statistically. After villagers participated in this cooperative, forest villagers’ income from pine nuts increased and constituted 59.8% of total household income. Although the cooperative has no effect on the animal production of forest villagers, it has positive effects on migration, income level, agricultural production, land used for pine nut cultivation, fuel use and standards of living. Therefore, the number of cooperatives utilizing non-wood forest products should be increased, and efforts should be made to conserve non-wood forest products to increase their added value and sustainable use in the future. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2803242640 | Designing a sustainable rangeland information system for Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2803242640 | The purpose of this study is to identify the deficiencies of the rangeland information system currently used in Turkey and, as an alternative, design a sustainable rangeland information system. In the study, both the extent of changes that occurred over time in the rangelands and the factors that caused such changes were identified, and solutions were suggested to eliminate those factors. The rangelands located in the Akçaabat district of Trabzon province were selected as the study area. Land use maps were produced by using the object-based classification method. According to the results of change analyses made with this information system, it was found out that, from 1973 to 2012, a surface area of 159.8 hectares had been degraded, demonstrating that the current information system had not been successful enough in the management of rangelands. For that reason, a sustainable rangeland information system free from all deficiencies was designed. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2955081423 | Recycling Challenges for Electronic Consumer Products to E-Waste: A Developing Countries’ Perspective | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2955081423 | Recycling and sustainable development issues are increasing in importance around the world. This aspect is more prominent in developing countries, in which there are many informal recycling activities and few environmental legislations regulating waste management. This chapter discusses the recycling challenges regarding the adoption of e-waste reverse logistics under the perspective of developing countries. For this purpose, we gathered information from papers published in international databases and reports such as the United Nations Environment Programme and Global e-waste Monitor, thus identifying data available to American countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico), South Africa and Asian countries (China, India, Russia, Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, South Korea, Thailand and Singapore). As key findings we can point out the categorization of the barriers into financial/economics, environmental, market related, legal, policy related, management, knowledge related and technical and technological related. As main contributions of this chapter, we can highlight (i) the compilation of information related to recycling challenges of e-waste in developing countries, and (ii) the identification of some solutions and actions to overcome these barriers is also performed, which can be useful for practitioners and researchers in this field. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1161206935 | Contribution of Tourism to the Sustainable Development of the Local Community : Case Studies of Alanya and Dubrovnik | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1161206935 | The Mediterranean is the world’s number one tourist destination and the biggest tourism region in the world, which has been visited by 260 million tourists in 1990 and what is more, it is expected that this number will increase to 655 million by the year 2025. In the last 10 years Croatia and Turkey became two of the most popular Mediterranean destinations, and joined the trend of a growing number of European cities that are promoting the development of tourism in order to overcome the post-industrial crisis, or as in the case of Croatia, the post-war crisis. Consequently, today both countries see tourism as their economic future. However, to achieve continuous and sustainable development of tourism, three interrelated aspects should be taken into consideration: economic, social, and environmental. The main question that we tried to answer is in what ways tourism is contributing to the sustainable development of the local community - based on the case studies of Alanya in Turkey, and Dubrovnik in Croatia. Both communities have experienced rapid development of the tourism sector in the last 10 years, which still seems to rise continuously. As a result, various impacts have occurred. Some of them are positive and there is an obvious contribution to sustainable development, while some of the impacts have negative influence on sustainability. Alanya is characterized by the 3S or mass tourism, while Dubrovnik is a world heritage city, which is offering cultural tourism. Notably, mass tourism in Alanya and cultural tourism in Dubrovnik have different impacts on a place. Although Alanya has the opportunity to diversify their tourism, mass tourism is still the main tourism activity. Since mass tourism generally involves a large number of people visiting a small area, it can change an area dramatically. What is interesting about Dubrovnik is that its tourism has suffered a series of devastating events throughout history, such as a major earthquake in 1979 and war between 1991 and 1995, which has left the local tourist economy in tatters. However, cultural tourism in Dubrovnik has been proven as a more sustainable type of tourism than the mass tourism in Alanya, which can be mostly seen through the environmental impacts. In Dubrovnik, tourism is used to increase environmental awareness of the local population, and moreover, the city has recognized the financial values of cultural sites, which are used for the protection and preservation of the heritage.While Dubrovnik is putting a lot of effort to preserve its culture and heritage, Alanya’s main aim is to attract more tourists. For that reason, Alanya is much more sensitive than Dubrovnik concerning the possible threats to become an overdeveloped and overcrowded destination. The rich cultural and historical heritage make Dubrovnik a special and unique tourist destination, and therefore it is facing less risk than Alanya that it will be replaced by the other destinations in the near future. What is important for both communities is to be aware that positive consequences of tourism can arise only if, and when tourism is carried out and developed in a sustainable way. In order to achieve positive correlation between tourism and the local community, an involvement of the local population is essential. In Dubrovnik, the local population has been already involved in the implementation of the tourism, but the potential is still not completely used and there is much more to be done. On the other hand, the priority for Alanya perhaps should be a development of the alternative types of tourism with the special focus on the cultural tourism, which would enable Alanya to become a year-round tourist destination and provide more jobs for the local population, as well as greater income for the community. Moreover, earned money could be used for the protection of the environment and cultural heritage, and involvement of the local population in the planning process would arguably lead to more sustainable tourism. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2014742570 | CREATING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES IN HISTORICAL HERITAGE SITES: ISTANBUL'S HISTORIC NEIGHBOURHOODS | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2014742570 | In the light of the growing literature on sustainability, which strongly recommends the development of sustainable cities and communities to tackle the complex and multi-dimensional problems of urban areas, this paper aims to address the question of how to create sustainable communities in the deprived residential neighbourhoods of historical heritage sites. It highlights the interplay between notions of sustainable community, community needs and conservation in Turkey, focusing on Istanbul. After exploring the community needs of Fener and Balat, old Jewish and Christian quarters located in the Historic Peninsula that are under grave threats from physical, social and economic decline, it examines the effectiveness of a recent European Union-funded regeneration programme in developing a sustainable community. After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the regeneration initiative, this paper highlights the principles that are necessary for future initiatives to achieve sustainable communities in deprived historic neighbourhoods of Istanbul. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3209363643 | Life Cycle Assessment with BIM Towards Sustainable Energy Policy-Making: The Case of Urban Transformation in Istanbul | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3209363643 | Buildings are responsible for almost forty percent of global energy. Due to their high consumption of energy, buildings are on the front line of sustainability researches. In Turkey, six million out of twenty-two million buildings need to be demolished and rebuilt to meet seismic standards. These buildings are also far below the standards in terms of energy efficiency. Therefore, urban transformation can be thought of as a great opportunity for energy efficiency. This study investigates four things: (i) the energy-efficient urban transformation strategy in Gaziosmanpaşa-Istanbul region, which is selected as a case study; (ii) the effect of energy efficiency in this market; (iii) the adequacy of energy standards of Turkey; and (iv) contribution of digitalization in construction to sustainability with Building Information Modelling (BIM) and energy analysis. According to the energy efficiency scenarios, energy analyses were carried out on the BIM model. The most cost-effective strategy was determined with the Life Cycle Cost method. When compared with the current situation, it is possible to save energy up to 227 GWh a year, which is equal to the annual heating energy demand of approximately 30,000 housing, in the case study area with the most efficient scenario to be realized. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4307376181 | Comparative Performance Analysis of Sustainable Themed Funds with Traditional Funds in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4307376181 | Sustainable finance aims to contribute to the development of an environmentally and socially sensitive production approach of economic activity in order to leave a more livable world to future generations with an environmental and social investment approach. It increases the importance of comparing the performances of sustainable-themed funds with traditional themed funds, for investors to consider investing with a socially responsible investment approach. In this study, the performances of sustainable-themed funds with traditional funds and indices in Turkey were analyzed comparatively. BIST Sustainable index (XUSRD) as the market index of sustainable funds; the BIST100 index (XU100) was chosen as the market index of traditional funds. Since the history of sustainable funds in Turkey is not very old, daily data for the years 2019-2022 were analyzed as the data period. In the study, firstly, the performances of the funds were compared with annual return, standard error, Sharpe ratio, Jensen's alpha and Treyner criterion. Then XU100 and XUSRD were selected as the market portfolio, and the returns and systemic risks of the portfolios were obtained with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). According to the results obtained from the study, it has been observed that the performance of sustainable themed funds is better than their traditional substitutes and market indices. | [
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https://openalex.org/W46244313 | Overview of Water Management in Turkey: Issues, Constraints, Achievements, Prospect | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4210434483 | Sustainability and Sustainable Tourism for Generation Z: Perspectives of Communication Students | [
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"Turkey",
"United Arab Emirates"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4210434483 | In this study, the Generation Z undergraduate communication students’ understanding of sustainability and sustainable tourism was analyzed. Five focus groups were conducted with students from a university in Turkey (3) and the United Arab Emirates (2). This study reflected on these students’ personal travel experiences and their observations of sustainable tourism from their domestic and international experiences. Issues in sustainable tourism and opportunities for achieving both sustainability and sustainable tourism were also discussed in these focus groups. The findings offer implications for teaching and learning about sustainability. The participating students were generally aware of sustainability, but in a limited scope. In sum, Generation Z students, as future travellers, are sensitive to the concepts of sustainability and sustainable tourism. These students are not entrepreneurs in this respect, that is, they do not waste the water and do not pollute the sea or the environment but are neither involved in any sustainability campaign nor initiate anything that will influence others. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2076416314 | Central business district planning and the sustainable urban development process in Istanbul | [
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https://openalex.org/W3180787791 | Energy Transition and Sustainable Road Transportation in Turkey: Multiple Policy Challenges for Inclusive Change | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3180787791 | This paper aims to explore energy insecurity in Turkey at the intersection of environmental sustainability, human security and justice vis-à-vis growing energy demand coupled with greenhouse gas emissions coming from the transport sector. High dependence on fossil fuel imports creates bottlenecks for the economy and require urgent shift to renewable energy sources. Prospects for renewable energy transition are analyzed based on focusing on total final energy consumption by energy and transport sector as well as greenhouse gas emissions. In order to propose holistic clarifications to the triangular problem of high fossil fuel dependence, energy demand increase and greenhouse gas mitigation, sustainable energy transition in road transport is put forward. It is justified based on the share of greenhouse gas emissions originating from road transport sector and high taxation levels that create extra burden on private consumers. Energy transition is conceptualized with the theoretical offerings of sustainability transition literature that point out to socio-technical processes, hence the societal, technological as well as external structural contexts of change. Upon this background, this policy and practice review outlines the current policy instruments in order to highlight the mismatch between policy and practices for just energy transition in conjunction with sustainable mobility in Turkey. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2994169700 | 13 Things you need to know about neoliberalism : political economy | [
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https://openalex.org/W2995228406 | The Role of Rural Tourism in Economic Development: Example of Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W2944668020 | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND FISCAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES | [
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https://openalex.org/W2032107950 | The MEDCOAST Initiative: contributing towards sustainable development of coastal and sea resources of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea | [
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https://openalex.org/W4306160497 | Sustainable Waste Management Companies with Innovative Smart Solutions: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model | [
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https://openalex.org/W2184468374 | Conflicts in benefits from sustainable natural resource management: two diverse examples from Turkey. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4361226530 | The Effect of Responsible Tourism Perception on Place Attachment and Support for Sustainable Tourism Development: The Moderator Role of Environmental Awareness | [
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https://openalex.org/W1005019042 | Frameworks for sustainable agriculture and forestry: applications to Finland and Spain | [
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https://openalex.org/W2115592997 | Basic principles of CO<SUB align="right">2 emission calculations at airports: a case study from Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3165735460 | An urban techno-economic analysis and modelling for Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3213889596 | A Multi-attribute Decision-Making to Sustainable Construction Material Selection: A Bayesian BWM-SAW Hybrid Model | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3213889596 | The increase in urbanization and developments in the production industry has led to rapid progress in the construction sector. Many new strategies are developed in the industry to reduce costs and improve building quality. In recent years, the necessity of sustainable construction practices comes to the fore to renew the building stock damaged as a result of natural disasters and reduce the cost concerns that arise in this situation to a reasonable level. Due to limited resources and environmental concerns, researchers and practitioners have begun to develop sustainable building materials. The problem of selecting these materials when constructing a new building is vital. In particular, depending on the sector's rapid growth in Turkey, it is becoming more and more important to select the best sustainable construction material. Therefore, this paper proposes a model to evaluate the most appropriate sustainable construction material via two multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods called “Bayesian Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)”. Initially, the criteria derived from existing literature were evaluated with the aid of construction sector-based respondents and extra information about the interrelationship between the criteria were determined by credal ranking in Bayesian BWM. Then, via SAW, the most appropriate material was selected among a set of alternatives. Two cases regarding sustainable insulating material selection are considered for the demonstration of the proposed MADM model. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3201085348 | Anticipating an Urban Green Infrastructure Design for the Turkish Mediterranean City of Antalya | [
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https://openalex.org/W4224099632 | The Impact of Perceived Support and Barriers on the Sustainable Orientation of Turkish Startups | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4224099632 | Sustainable entrepreneurship is a critical component of the solutions to the global challenges of our time. Yet to stimulate sustainable entrepreneurship orientation (SEO), creating supportive environmental conditions is key. While the impact of various external conditions on entrepreneurship orientation is highly studied, the impact of such factors on sustainable orientation of startup founders is not yet well-researched, particularly outside of the western hemisphere. This quantitative study sheds light on the impact of perceived support and barriers on SEO in Turkey, drawing on the theory of planned behavior, extending entrepreneurship literature, and providing novel insights to practitioners. Findings of linear regression analysis reveal that perceived support has a significant and positive impact on SEO, while barriers are found to not have an effect. Those results may indicate that founders are able to circumvent perceived barriers when enough support is received, promoting their ability to behave sustainably despite contextual challenges. Young founder age is also found to positively and significantly influence sustainable orientation. Implications of those results are discussed with researchers and practitioners in mind. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3094539656 | On the issue of sustainable development of tourism in the Black Sea countries | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3094539656 | The article observes the relevance and substantiates the need to raise the problem of tourism development in the countries of the Black Sea region (Turkey, Ukraine, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Romania and Bulgaria) on the basis of sustainability. Systematization of approaches to the definition of «sustainable development of tourism», «sustainable tourism» and «tourism constancy» has conditioned the elaboration of a sustainable tourism development model, the elements of which are the needs of tourists, tourism resources, tourism services, types of tourism, tourism activities, subjects - tourist, tourist enterprise, destinations and the state (management). It was determined that the achievement of sustainable tourism development in the country should be evaluated from the standpoint of meeting the needs of tourists and considering the factors such as security, sustainable tourism services, economic and environmental sustainability, socio-cultural sustainability, the country’s basic sustainaility and political and regulatory constancy. During the study, the needs of the tourist were identified (cognition, recognition and his acceptance of the cultural, historical, national heritage of the destination, the development of spiritual potential and self-development), which act as a driving force for the growth of demand for sustainable types of tourism. It was found that satisfying the physiological needs of a tourist, his staying in a safe environment, confirming his social, professional, family status is associated with mass tourism, and does not fully contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals. It is determined that the development of tourism in the Black Sea countries is characterized by a high loading on tourist facilities and irregular tourist flows, the irrational use of natural resources, and the continuous expansion of infrastructure that allows only fragmentary observance of the principles of sustainable development . To assess the sustainability of tourism in the countries of the region, we used the author’s methodology for ranking the factors of the tourism sustainability index. Calculations demonstrated that the most important factors for tourists in the Black Sea region are the factor of safety, tourism services and the basic state of stability of the country, which is based on the level of food technology usage; the presence of harmful industries in the country; unemployment rate in the country; the importance of tradition in everyday life; international openness safety factors, tourist services and the basic condition of stability of the country. Environmental sustainability and a sociocultural strategy have a moderate impact. In the ranking of the countries of the Black Sea region according to the calculated tourism sustainability index, Georgia took the first place, and Ukraine received the lowest indicator. By the method of cluster analysis, the countries of the Black Sea region were combined into three clusters. The first cluster was formed by Turkey - a country that has a developed system of mass tourism and actively contributes to its reorientation continuously. The second cluster includes Bulgaria, Romania and Georgia, which combine the processes of active development of traditional and sustainable tourism. In the third cluster, which includes Russia and Ukraine, the development of tourism on the principles of sustainability practically does not occur. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2591239063 | Efficient Use of Energy in the Industry | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2591239063 | It’s well known that energy is the most important input of the industry. The energy sector must be kept under control, observed and planned carefully for the future in developing countries; migration to large cities, the altering and improving life standards, and the development in many industries have increased the demand for energy rapidly and continuously. However, the supply of energy has not been able to meet the consumption and the problem was solved by importing energy from other countries. The key issue to a sustainable development is the balance between the supply and demand of energy, keeping the environment clean, healthy, and pollutant free. This topic is very important for Turkey, who is in the process of becoming a member to EU and a cosigner of the KYOTO protocol. Turkey imports more than half of her energy although she has a variety of primary sources. The difference between supply and demand is expected to reach 200 million TOE by 2020. Energy has become the main issue in almost all engineering applications in the world today due to its steadily increasing price and its unpredictability. Energy efficiency is “a low-hanging fruit” on the “energy tree” which can help address a number of objectives at the same time and at a low or negative cost, such as security of supply, environmental impacts, competitiveness, balance of trade, investment requirements, social implications, and others. This chapter has been prepared to illustrate the energy efficiency measures and methods utilized in the industry, presenting the outcome of an energy analysis for the consumption for processes, heating and conditioning of production areas, and office space heating of a pharmaceutical plant. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4288056426 | Sustainable development awareness and related factors in nursing students: A correlational descriptive study | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4288056426 | To determine the sustainable development awareness and related factors in nursing students.Sustainable Development Goals have an important place in nursing education. While the Sustainable Development Goals set out the determinants of health, they also provide guidance to nurses for their interventions. In this respect, it is important to determine the awareness of nursing students and to address this issue in nursing education.Correlational descriptive study.A total of 199 Turkish nursing students were included in the study. Data were collected online through Google Forms between March and June 2021 by the demographic characteristics form and "Sustainable Development Awareness Scale".The mean age of the nursing students in the study was 20.18 ( ± 1.27) years. Students' mean score from the scale was 164.41 ( ± 15.13) points. While 63.8 % of the participants stated not hearing of the sustainable development concept before and 77.4 % of them did not know about Sustainable Development Goals. The social sustainability, environmental sustainability and total scale scores were determined to show significant differences between the genders and female participants got higher scores compared with males. Participants over the age of twenty were found to score significantly higher in the environmental sustainability sub-dimension. According to the status of thinking that there is a relationship between sustainable development and nursing, the environmental sustainability scores of the students were found to differ statistically. According to the status of wanting to get more information about Sustainable Development Goals, the economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and total scale scores of the students were found to show a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).The sustainable development awareness levels of nursing students were found to be higher than the average. While more than half of the participants stated not hearing of the sustainable development concept before and three quarters of them did not know about Sustainable Development Goals. In this study, the scale total or sub-dimension scores were found to show significant differences according to gender, age, the status of thinking that there is a relationship between sustainable development and nursing and the status of wanting to get more information about Sustainable Development Goals. To mobilize future nurses, it can be suggested that SDGs be added to the curriculum, considering their knowledge and willingness. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3152181645 | Green production-clean technology and eco-efficiency keys for sustainability | [
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"Turkey"
] | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152181645 | Preserving their place on the agenda of international platforms in recent years, green (clean/eco efficiency) technologies are one of the basic components of the important concept of achieving sustainable development. Eco efficiency associates economic production with environmental factors in an internal union of economic development and protecting the ecosystem, in addition to revealing the importance of sustainable development and green economy in all stages of economic production. Green production controls the effects of process, product and services on human health and the ecosystem, while also being an approach to increase the sustainable efficiency of production. Changes to production and product development stages affect the whole value chain of products and steps taken within the scope of green technologies in this situation should be evaluated with the holistic approach of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). LCA within this scope assesses the total environmental effect to prevent transfer of environmental load from one stage to another. In this study, to leave a livable world for future generations, all aspects of the absolute relationships between green technologies and eco efficiency are dealt with and analysis of the current status in Turkey is performed. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2994665712 | An Evaluation of Turkish and Kazakh Mining Laws from the Perspective of Sustainable Development Principles | [
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{
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2994665712 | Some initiatives were established at international level in order to attain sustainable development in the mining sector, which is being discussed worldwide starting 1980s. The concept of sustainable development is defined as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the future generation’s ability to meet their own needs. The law of sustainable development is a cross-sectored system of legal thinking that was evaluated by the national and international economic law, environmental law and human rights law. In the reforms of mining law, which have been realized after 1990s, the sustainable development is used a focus concept. The mining codes were enacted under the influence of having provisions related to security of tenure, establishment of transparent mining administration, access to mining land, and competitive-fair fiscal regime. In this paper, sustainable development is defined as a concept and its legal dimensions are explained. The mining reforms, which is being considered in the context of the sustainable development, are examined and a resolution that offers view of de lege ferenda is proposed. In addition, the related regulations and practices in the current Turkish and Kazakh Mining Laws are also included. 
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|
https://openalex.org/W4311623244 | Do economic complexity and trade diversification promote green growth in the BRICTS region? Evidence from advanced panel estimations | [
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"display_name": "Xiaodong Yang",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311623244 | Green growth is a comprehensive and integrated approach that ensures the potential economic deliverables of the natural capital on a sustainable basis. Existing studies have explored various deriving factors of green growth. However, none of the studies has evaluated the combined effect of economic complexity, trade diversification, renewable energy consumption, and environment-related taxes to promote green growth. Therefore, this study quantified the impact of these variables on achieving green growth goals for BRICTS countries (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, Turkey, and South Africa) from 1995 to 2018. The study addressed the potential econometric issues of panel data, such as cross-section dependency, slope heterogeneity, data nonstationary through robust testing. Cross-Sectional ARDL has been applied to investigate the long-run and short-run association among the study variables. The findings suggest that economic complexity, trade diversification, renewable energy consumption, and environment-related taxes significantly drive green growth in BRICTS countries. However, their marginal contribution substantially varied. Similar results are endorsed using alternative estimators and offer pertinent policy implications. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4296643035 | THE RUSSIAN FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX IS THE FUTURE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE REQUIREMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION | [
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https://openalex.org/W4361301560 | Effect of High-Tech Exports and R&D Expenditures on Sustainable Economic Growth-Case Study of BRICS Countries and Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W4387423200 | A validated measurement scale for sustainable product innovation performance | [
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https://openalex.org/W2915503004 | The Effects of Urban Spatial Development on Coastal Ecosystems: The Case of Mersin, Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2915503004 | In the process of urbanization, protection of ecosystems and ensuring the continuity of the services they provide are very important in terms of the functionality of life support systems. Otherwise, degradation in ecosystems can have negative consequences for different dimensions, such as biodiversity decline, over-consumption of resources and climate change. In this context, as a result of urbanization, the loss of surface water drainage areas, the interruption of the continuity of green corridors and the increase in the size of impermeable surfaces cause problems in terms of sustainable development. Therefore, the attempts to ensure urban spatial development in harmony with natural areas in coastal areas are one of the most important issues of the planning agenda. The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between the urban development pattern and the natural areas in the context of sustainable urban development, in the case of Mersin a coastal city in southern of Turkey. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach by using geographic information systems and remote sensing has been applied to understand the urban spatial patterns of Mersin. A multi-temporal change by using a series of satellite images for the three periods of 1987-2000-2015 have been analyzed. Threshold values was employed to detect built-up land and non-built-up land on the images. The results revealed that Mersin has spatially grown more than 6 times since 1980. The spatial growth is observed to increase by 80 % between 1987 and 2000 and by 60 % between 2000 and 2015. Under these circumstances, the development in Mersin has resulted in critical problems about decreasing of natural area in size, disconnecting of green network and degradation of coastal ecosystem. The results of the paper highlight the importance of determining the measurable variables for analyzing problems of urban forms for the future development strategies of cities. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2089000399 | Preface: Empiricism and hermeneutics | [
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https://openalex.org/W3113586044 | A research on provide competitive advantage of energy use on the tourism sector | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3113586044 | The tourism sector plays a locomotive role in the development of the country and in this regard, the energy factor plays a vital role in providing locally sourced conditions for competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between energy production and the tourism sector within a competitive advantage. In this selected issue five countries (China, the USA, Germany, Russia, and Turkey) have been compared. The findings show that energy creates a competitive advantage in service infrastructure and transportation facilities, especially in tourism. Identifying the relationship between energy use and tourism will contribute to local governments to determine an appropriate strategy for energy management and sustainable tourism development policies, and reveal how energy will create a competitive advantage over the tourism sector. | [
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https://openalex.org/W638702564 | Competitiveness : psychology, production impact, and global trends | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W638702564 | Preface The Cost of Economic & Environmental Integration Between Turkey & the EU: Impact of Factor Movements & Adopting EU Energy Policies The Impact of Social Networks in Firm Competitiveness Is HRM a Genuine Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage? Theoretical & Empirical Analysis The Impact of Carbon Abatement Policies Combined with Trade & Factor Market Liberalization in the Context of the EU Enlargement The Psychology behind Tax Crime: An Evolutionary & Game Theoretical Scenario Hybrid Management of Technology in Innovation Ecosystem The Need for Double-Edged Sword: Co-Existence of Intra-Firm Competition & Intra-Firm Cooperation New Work Practices & Competitive Advantage: The Role of Independent Voice in the New Psychological Contract New Competitive Challenges for European SMEs: Responses, Innovation & Synergies Index. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W4220736487 | AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AWARENESS LEVELS OF 60-72-MONTH-OLD CHILDREN | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4220736487 | Like many other development areas, awareness and attitudes towards environmental issues take shape in early childhood and have an important place in forming positive attitudes and behavior towards the environment in later life. For this reason, sustainability education in early childhood plays an essential role in society’s transition to sustainable lifestyles. This study examines the ecological footprint awareness levels of 60-72-month-old children attending preschool. A total of 266 children (127 girls and 139 boys) enrolled in six schools (one private school, one primary school, and four preschools) in a city in the Aegean region of Turkey. One of the novelties of the study is the use of a game-based survey model, Ecological Footprint Awareness Scale for 60-72-Month-Old Children (EKAY-O), developed by the researchers of this study. Non-parametric tests were applied in the analysis of the data using SPSS 22. Results show that children's awareness of the concept of an ecological footprint was mostly at the medium level (51.5%). Some key findings indicate that their awareness varied significantly depending on the type of school they attended. The students in private schools demonstrated higher performance. Their parents' education levels also had a significant effect on awareness. This study contributes to studies and practices aimed at raising awareness of ecological footprints in preschools, thus aiding the development of collective efforts to minimize the negative impact on the environment to help bring about a sustainable future. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2162039666 | Land use planning regarding sustainable development through agritourism: žarky example | [
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"Turkey"
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2162039666 | In rural areas, where agricultural tourism activities are not dense but having apparent potential, in order to provide sustainable development, it is necessary to maintain a rational and protective planning process. With this point, firstly, landscape potential of a field should be determined, while the activities which can be performed and the implementation areas regarding this potential should be determined. This is because planning decisions made without considering conservation-use balance and providing daily solutions would damage unique sources of the rural areas in an irrecoverable way. At this stage, analysis studies performed to determine land use feasibility are important. Within this scope, this study aims to reveal the capacity of the field, actively regarding sustainable agritourism of Ažarkoy, which has importance with its variety of agricultural products, the values of natural and cultural resources and its social structure in the Thracian Region. In this research, a trial is made to answer questions such as: “at which level subjects regarding agricultural activities are convenient?” and “what should be done to develop agritourism activities?” Parallel to this, firstly, through forming a database by processing the natural and cultural characteristics of the research field in geographical information system (GIS) environment, evaluation factors regarding use of agritourism (viticulture and olive cultivation) and convenient coefficients were ranked according to their importance. The convenience values obtained were questioned and convenience maps were made and the local people’s recommendations were developed within the dimensions of local people and participation. The results obtained in this research will be guiding both the local people and local administrations in the decisions of planning made about agritourism subject and in the implementation phase.
Key words: Agritourism, land use planning, sustainable development, Ažarkoy/Turkey. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210181926",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4220747015 | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS): Assessment of Implementation Progress in BRICS and MINT | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4220747015 | The transformational prospects of the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are doubtless. Nonetheless, finding the appropriate implementation mechanisms to accomplish these goals and their targets and deliver on the promise of Agenda 2030 is proving challenging. Using publicly available documentary evidence from Voluntary National Reviews and Sustainable Development Reports, we analysed the progress of environmental SDG implementation in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey) countries. The findings reveal an overall implementation progress level of 64% and 62% in BRICS and MINT, respectively. Relatively, countries in BRICS outperformed their MINT counterparts in five of the six environmental SDGs analysed. Our assessment broadly notes a promising engagement with environmental SDGs in these blocs, albeit with limited progress, and the presence of impressionistic practices in reportage of successes compared with challenges. We highlight the critical environmental goals and areas for practical actions to accomplish Agenda 2030 moving forward. The study specifically draws the attention of policymakers to issues of climate action (SDG13) and affordable and clean energy (SDG7), where immediate actions are needed to ramp up environmental actions. Given the limited time left to accomplish Agenda 2030, the findings of this study provide timely insight into the environmental SDGs that are at risk of failure in these developing countries. The study significantly implicates developing countries' ability to achieve Agenda 2030 and provides practical and actionable policy measures that are urgently needed to address the situation. | [
{
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|
https://openalex.org/W2187217132 | KÜRESEL İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA ÇABALARI VE TÜRKİYE | [
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{
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2187217132 | Increase in use of fossil fuels, industrialization, lacking in forestry, transportation and increase in unconscious use of agricultural areas after Industrial Revolution increased emission volume of green house gases in the atmosphere and this increase made climate change term one of the most important matters of today by causing global warming. Climate change is in a close relation with sustainable development by being decisive in life standards of coming generation. Consequently this study aims to analyze relations between climate change and policies against climate change to carry on sustainable development starting from effects of climate change on environmental and socio-economic factors. In this frame firstly relations between climate change and sustainable development climate change term is dealt besides the measurements to carry on sustainable development efforts of Turkey are analyzed. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306507446",
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https://openalex.org/W771799851 | Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry in Southern Mediterranean Countries: Policy Impacts and Challenges | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W771799851 | In this chapter, the impacts of policies on sustainable agriculture, forestry and rural development are assessed. The assessment is based on a qualitative policy impact analysis carried out in three MPCs and Turkey. For the analysis, a qualitative policy analysis framework was developed to capture the impacts of different policy programs on the different dimensions of sustainability. The developed framework was applied to reviewed policies and the data available. The results show that there exist significant trade-offs and controversies between the different dimensions of sustainability. In order to maximise the policy effectiveness, these trade-offs need to be accounted for in policy implementation. To tackle the trade-offs a sufficient number of different policy programs and instruments need to be implemented. In order to ensure the proper evaluation of policies, institutions need to be set to ensure the collection of time-series data for selected relevant indicators. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2183218574 | Promoting Sustainable Tourism in Coastal Cities and Their Hinterland : The Case of Turkey's Bodrum Peninsula | [
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] | [
"Turkey"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2045949779"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2183218574 | INTRODUCTION Throughout the world, coastal zones provide the ideal conditions for housing, recreation, agriculture, industry, transport and communications, and, consequently, socio-economic development has been more rapid in coastal zones than in any other geographic part of the world (van der Plas, 1993). This has, however, generated increasing friction between the natural dynamics of coastal zones and the various demands of the humans who exploit them. Coastal use has become the subject of conflicting claims from multiple user groups, with many incompatible uses and large vested interests at stake. Coastal zone management is thus fraught with difficulties. Some of the conflicts that emerge in the coastal zones of the world are resolved through the operation of the market. For others, there is no mechanism through which resolution can be found, and so conflict persists. The popular tourist destination of the Bodrum Peninsula in Turkey is thus not alone in facing ongoing conflict and difficulties in the resolution of complex issues in coastal development. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2906353418 | DEVELOPING TOURISM IN FOÇA: VIEWS OF BACHELOR STUDENTS | [
{
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{
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"display_name": "Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",
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],
"display_name": "Nil Sonuç",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
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{
"display_name": "Fishing village",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018719075"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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{
"display_name": "Fishing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514101110"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"Turkey"
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"https://openalex.org/W1551992677",
"https://openalex.org/W1948349135",
"https://openalex.org/W1991250261",
"https://openalex.org/W2114299733",
"https://openalex.org/W2171161819",
"https://openalex.org/W2499264017"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2906353418 | Located on the Aegean Coast, Foça is the district of the third biggest city of Turkey, İzmir. This little fishing town welcomed international tourism throughout the bright years of tourism beginning from 1970s till 2000s. Foça lost its popularity and a good deal of socio-economic support of tourism through the years after the international holiday villages closed down. Today, the tourism in Foça is restricted to summer season especially by second home owners and excursionists. The people of Foça are striving for ways to revive the tourism. This study is conducted to understand the views of the students of university getting tourism education thus being a more conscious part of the society about developing tourism in Foça. The results of the qualitative analysis reveal the vulnerable sides of Foça to improve as well as its treasures to enhance. Finally, suggestions are provided for more sustainable ways of tourism development in Foça. | [
{
"display_name": "International journal of contemporary tourism research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210193935",
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{
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{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2074484866 | What about industrial water sustainability? | [
{
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2074484866 | Some have said that water will be in the 21st century what energy was in the 20th century, obviously referring to the issue of meeting adequate demand, availability, and safety issues of these resources for maintaining our living standards. It is true that the availability of fresh water is becoming increasingly a problem with time in many parts of the world, resulting from unsustainable withdrawals from surface and underground resources and from contamination making existing sources unfit. With respect to energy, however, the statement is indeed hyperbolic. If anything, concerns for energy availability will be even more enhanced, as evidenced by rapidly increasing demand and the rush to developing alternative sources of energy for both transportation and power needs all over the world. In the US about half of the water consumption is devoted to power generation, about a third for agriculture, and a relatively smaller amount, 5%, for industrial purposes. The bulk of the publicly or privately funded research on water technologies has been conducted to satisfy standards for municipal needs (11% of US water use), and the results of these studies are widely available publicly. The standards for municipal water are roughly similar everywhere. Industrial sectors, however, being many and of different types, technology needs are likewise varied. For instance the water quality needs of the textile dying industry are very different from those of the semiconductor processing industry. The effluents from these two sectors are also different, as are the technologies required to treat these effluents for reclamation purposes. Deficiency of overall water availability is already causing water scarcer for industrial needs, which is why industry will have to increasingly pay more attention to water sustainability. Thus industry will have to find ways of becoming less dependent on municipal sources. When there is a conflict between the two sectors for access to fresh water, municipal needs will garner higher priority from the governing bodies. This situation requires three actions: (1) minimizing water needs for industrial operations, (2) treating effluents to the standards for repeated recycling and reuse in the same industrial site, and (3) safely disposing the residuals or sludge from the treatment operations. Various modeling techniques have recently been developed and applied industrially, for instance, water pinch technologies and mass exchange network. There are no generic technologies for recycle/reuse, each application requiring means suitable to the specific needs. The advancement made in this regard is still in its infancy. Sludge disposal is a big problem, and techniques such as incineration, encapsulation/stabilization, compaction/drying, and land-filling and others are options to consider. In September 2010, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Advanced Research Workshop was held in Ankara, Turkey, on the sustainability issues of industrial water. Experts from more than 20 countries from North America, Western Europe, East Europe, and the Middle East gathered to share their research with one another. All the presentations are available in the website: http://www. epa.gov/nrmrl/events/event09162010.html. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S101593883",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4281701756 | CLUSTERS: ARE THEY PROPITIOUS ECOSYSTEMS WHEREIN SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURS CAN THRIVE? | [
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{
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"Turkey"
] | [
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"https://openalex.org/W3131544927",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281701756 | We live in an era marked by climate change issues, gaping social inequalities, and natural resource depletion. Traditionally, entrepreneurship is focused on profits but obtaining financial gain to the detriment of the environment and society is not sustainable. Future generations should also be able to meet their own needs. Therefore, sustainable entrepreneurs have an essential role in sustainable development efforts by creating financially viable and innovative business models that create environmental and social value. Clusters might contribute to this process by their dynamic structure that creates synergy among multiple actors. The literature review revealed that the impact of clusters on sustainable entrepreneurship is under-researched and that there is a gap. This article explores how sustainable entrepreneurship can emerge and thrive in clusters by reviewing the relevant literature on these concepts and analyzing several clusters fostering sustainable entrepreneurship. Finally, the article concludes with suggestions for the Turkish business context. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210202342",
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|
https://openalex.org/W3135173427 | FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS' ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | [
{
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{
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"display_name": "Afyon Kocatepe University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I52407163",
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3135173427 | The present study proposes to identify some important factors for sustainable environmental development. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 from Agenda 2030 is focused on education including university. In addition, higher education has a central role in delivering a number of the other SDGs. The universities become a role model of sustainable development and environmental protection behavior and practices. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between environmental attitude and behavior of university students and their care and participation in and for environmental development. A total of 2038 students enrolled at Afyon Kocatepe University Turkey and Cluj Napoca University Romania participated in this survey. It was revealed that the students environmental attitude and behavior are similar, but there are also some differences due to the cross-culture environmental education. The vision of universities regarding the future for sustainable environment envisages the development of students care, stimulation and participation in and for the environment. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S169219760",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4309116991 | An Integrated Quality Function Deployment and Multichoice Goal Programming Approach for Sustainable Transportation: The Case of Eskişehir | [
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{
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4309116991 | Limiting individual transportation and increasing the share of public transportation has an important place in planning a sustainable transportation system in the urban environments of today. The most important goals for city governments include the ability to attract automobile users to public transportation. At this stage, there is a need for a public transportation system that aims to optimize the criteria of cost, safety, organization, and comfort. It is highly important to measure, assess, and improve the satisfaction of those who use public transportation for sustainable transportation. This study used an integrated quality function deployment (QFD) and multichoice goal programming approach to assess the satisfaction of people who use public transportation and to improve the transportation systems quality. The proposed approach was implemented for the tram system that is currently operational in Eskişehir in Turkey. According to the results that were obtained, with a low cost, it was seen that customer priorities could be met to a great extent as 93.1%. The results of the study are helpful for the decision makers to develop incentive policies regarding public transportation systems. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W202373096 | Tourists' perception of green practices in eco-friendly hotels: a case study from the Antalya region of Turkey. | [
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"display_name": "Faruk Alaeddinoğlu",
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W202373096 | Introduction Since environment is an essential part of tourism industry (Batra & Kaur, 1996; Van Rheede, 2012), environmental awareness has increased not only for tourism industry (Anderec, 2009) but also for general public (Constantin, Ispas, & Candrea, 2013) and tourists (Millar, Mayer, & Baloglu, 2012) in late twentieth century. As a result of this increasing importance of environmental sensitiveness, hotel industry now recognizes need to adapt sustainable business practices such ecolabelling or environmental management systems (EMS) (Chan & Hawkins, 2012; Robinot & Giannellloni, 2010), which is becoming more common internationally (Fairweather, Maslin, & Simmons, 2005). Even attention to ecological issues has been gaining increasing momentum within both business and academic communities since early 1970s, when first worrying signs about environment began to appear (Leonidou, Leonidou, Fotiadis, & Zeriti, 2013, p.94), introduction of eco-labelling systems and their application in tourism industry as one of most effective tools to achieve sustainable development (Chen & Hawkins, 2010, p.642), began in early 1990s (Kozak & Nield, 2004). Developing and implementing more sustainable practices in hotel sector requires availability of reliable tools for assessment and benchmarking of hotel environmental performance (Bohdanowichz, Simanic, & Martinac, 2005). Consequently, certification programs, a significant strategy, are necessary to encourage sustainable production of goods and services (Medina, 2005) in hotel industry. Since national destination management organization, environmental groups, tourism boards, tourists, and others focused on sustainability, initiatives has began to form, assess, and standardize sustainable tourism practices and to create certification programs (Bowman, 2011). Since many countries and regions have developed their own evaluation standard for eco-friendly (Tseng & Kuo, 2013, p.248), different eco labels and sustainability standards are available in implementation of standards in hotel industry. The most commonly adopted certified Management Systems are Sector Specific, ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 (Rodriguez-Anton, Alonso-Almeida, Celemin, & Rubio, 2012). Turkish tourism decision maker has started a national environmentally friendly tourism establishment's certification scheme since September 2009 (www.kulturturizm.gov.tr) the government initiative has an impact on certain aspects of hoteliers' attitudes and actions (Bohdanowic, 2006) and ecotourism certification is important in destination branding (Bowman, 2011). The scheme is based on a point system including variety of measures for different kinds of tourism accommodation establishments such hotels and holiday villages. It assesses energy, water, and chemical consumption, well environmental management, social commitment, solid waste management, landscape, and built environment. By reviewing theoretical and empirical studies, Dolnicar, Crouch, and Long (2008) stated that little is known about environment-friendly tourists that jeopardises quality of cumulative knowledge on this critical issue. Furthermore, there is a little empirical research examining customers' perception of environmentally friendly programs (Kim, Palakurthi, & Hancer, 2012). In this regard, this article aims to fill this gap by examining tourists' perception of green practices in eco-friendly hotels referring to lodging establishments that follow various green practices such water conservation, energy efficiency, and waste reduction and certified by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT) eco-friendly hotels. In this regards, article brings new findings in terms of providing comparison of theoretical approaches and practical criteria for eco-friendly hotel practices in addition to exploring tourists' evaluation of green practices that are adopted by tourism authorities in environmentally friendly hotels in case of Turkey. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W4230891054 | Overcoming Barriers to Investing in Energy Efficiency | [] | [
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"Turkey",
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230891054 | Energy efficiency is widely viewed as one of the most effective ways to achieve multiple economic, social and environmental benefits and is at a core of making significant progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This publication presents the outcome of a survey among the energy efficiency practitioners on the challenges and solutions for overcoming barriers to energy efficiency investments. The primary geographic focus is the UNECE region comprising 56 member States from Western Europe (members and non-members of the European Union), North America (Canada and the United States), South-East Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Israel, Turkey and the Russian Federation. This is a joint effort by the UNECE and the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency. The analysis of the survey and its conclusions and recommendations will serve as a useful tool for energy efficiency community. Policy makers can apply the results to the situation in their countries and find approaches to improve investment climate for energy efficiency. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210227499",
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https://openalex.org/W4293014376 | Turkey's water allocation regime under institutional change | [
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{
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"display_name": "Çankırı Karatekin University",
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"display_name": "Burçin Demirbilek",
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"display_name": "David Benson",
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4293014376 | Abstract Due to multiple drivers many countries are experiencing significant water-related risks, particularly to agriculture, making sustainable management of water resources critical for national development. One of the most susceptible countries to these risks is Turkey, where over-abstraction of surface and groundwater resources has occurred in agricultural regions, leading to severe environmental, social and economic impacts. In response to such risks, national water governance is currently undergoing a significant transformation through the implementation of river basin planning in the form of the EU Water Framework Directive alongside institutional innovations for water allocation. In this chapter, we therefore illustrate how this institutional change is occurring and then assess the effectiveness of this new, evolving water allocation regime in the agricultural sector in terms of its sustainability. By examining institutional change in two specific river basin case studies, Konya Closed Basin and Küçük Menderes, this chapter shows that it is not resulting in sustainable use of water resources. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3081402376 | Tourist spending and productivity of economy in OECD countries – research on perspectives of sustainable tourism | [
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] | [
"Turkey",
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3081402376 | Tourism represents the sector of services which is developing the most considerably and dynamically. However, its development is influenced by: trends in globalization, process of demographic aging, economic parameters, geographical conditions of a country, consumers, and other aspects. The following aspects contribute to its development: new destinations, markets, innovative activities in service sector, and also technological development. Tourism plays a significant economic role in a process of sustainable regional development, where it helps to develop low-growth regions. Monitoring and quantification of tourism outputs is a very complicated process. There also absents a quality database, which complicates a quantification of sector’s efficiency and a creation of national and international benchmarking indicators that inform of sustainable tourism level. These aspects demand a realization of multi-dimensional analyses, which would examine causal relations between tourism factors and economic parameters of a country. The study’s motivation was driven by all of the above-mentioned facts. It aims at researching an influence of tourism spending on OECD countries’ productivity. Consequently, it evaluates their potential of the sector’s sustainability. Multiple analytical procedures, which were determined by database availability, were performed in order to achieve the, research aim. The following analyses were performed besides the descriptive statistics: variance analysis of researched variables between individual years and OECD countries, context analysis, regression and cluster analyses. There were analysed 5 variables that characterize individual types of tourist spending: Business Tourism Spending, Domestic Tourism Spending, Leisure Tourism Spending, Outbound Travel & Tourism Expenditure , Visitor Exports (Foreign Spending) and one variable that characterizes productivity during 2010 – 2018 for all OECD countries. Spending variables were standardized per 1,000 inhabitants of a given country and productivity was measured by GDP per capita, while both groups of variables were provided in USD (fair value). The analyses’ results provided interesting findings. The regression models’ outputs confirmed an influence of tourist spending on a country’s productivity. All variables that indicate spending are significant. The cluster analysis’s results allowed a selection of countries into four groups. There is two huge clusters and other two clusters represent only one countries in specific cluster. Luxemburg and Iceland give us different values than countries in other clusters. The countries with higher rank are as follows: Australia (AUS), Austria (AUT), Belgium (BEL), Canada (CAN), Germany (DEU), Denmark (DNK), Finland (FIN), France (FRA), Unites Kingdom (GBR), Switzerland (CHE), Ireland (IRL), Italy (ITA), Netherland (NLD), Norway (NOR), New Zealand (NZL), Sweden (SWE), United States (USA), Island (ISL) and Luxembourg (LUX). On the other hand, the countries with lower rank are as follows: Czech Republic CZE, Spain (ESP), Estonia (EST), Greece (GRC), Hungary (HUN), Chile (CHL), Israel (ISR), Japan (JPN), Korea (KOR), Lithuania (LTU), Latvia (LVA), Mexico (MEX), Poland (POL), Portugal (PRT), Slovak Republic (SVK), Slovenia (SVN) and Turkey (TUR). These findings provide a space for a deeper research of effect between determinants of tourism development and economic indicators, while they enable to reveal a space for a growth of countries’ productivity that would provide a sustainability in tourism sector. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2163591689 | Transboundary Water Management in the Euphrates—Tigris Basin: Dynamics of Regional Cooperation, Sustainability and Governance | [
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"Syria",
"Iraq"
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"https://openalex.org/W4255222503",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2163591689 | Since the late 1980s, numerous academic studies and non-academic popular writings have argued that the Euphrates—Tigris Basin is one of the transboundary river systems in the Middle East where conflicts would break out due to water scarcity, degradation of water quality and competing water-based socio-economic development policies of the riparian states, namely Turkey, Syria and Iraq. On the one hand, various incidents have occurred since 1970s that have caused tensions among the riparian states. On the other hand, however, the crises and deadlocks in the hydropolitical relations of the co-riparians have also paved the way for various cooperation efforts and initiatives regarding the utilization of the Euphrates—Tigris waters. This study analyzes those efforts and initiatives, as well as various aspects of sustainable water resource management and governance practices that can act as tools for preventing future disputes among the co-riparians in the future | [
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https://openalex.org/W4381480573 | Stochastic regional-based profit-maximizing hub location problem: A sustainable overview | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4381480573 | Climate change is one of the most important concerns globally, and countries need to improve their transportation infrastructure to handle flows with the least air pollution. In specific cities and regions, carbon emissions may cause in future many issues for people and societies. Although transportation hubs are very helpful in the reduction of transportation costs, they may cause an increase in carbon emissions in some regions, leading to long-term environmental problems. In this study, a model is developed for the profit-maximizing hub location problem that incorporates three pillars of sustainability. The proposed model is not only designed to maximize profit but also to control carbon emissions using a carbon cap policy and to reduce differences in emissions between regions with consideration of population density. This scheme will lead to achieving a sustainable transportation network. A two-stage stochastic programming approach is employed to cope with demand uncertainty. An enhanced sampling based on the self-organizing map method was utilized to cluster scenarios that lead to dealing with small-sized problems. Furthermore, classical Benders decomposition, Pareto-optimal cut Benders decomposition, and L-shaped algorithms are employed to solve the proposed models more efficiently. The proposed models are analyzed using the well-known Turkish Network (TR) data set. Computational results demonstrate that the proposed models help to achieve sustainability. Factors of sustainability such as environmental and social can be achieved by slightly reducing the amount of profit in the economic factor. Furthermore, results show that the L-shaped algorithm with a multi-cut scheme outperforms the commercial solver, classical Benders decomposition, and Pareto-optimal cut Benders decomposition algorithms in large-size instances. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2790758543 | HEALTHY AND QUALITY URBAN SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HERITAGE SITES | [
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https://openalex.org/W3006292178 | Green Building Concept with The World’s Largest Seismic Isolated Hospital in Turkey | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3006292178 | Certification systems used to test green buildings have become popular nowadays. In addition, there has been a gradual increase in the involvement of the players in the construction sector and public awareness of sustainability. These systems, which are useful in mitigating the building's environmental impacts, reveal difficulties in their implementation, especially for devoloping countries. Because of the problems affecting the population, such as air pollution and health problems, most world states came together and held conferences to take joint binding decisions. In Turkey, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is first on the total number of certified green buildings, followed by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB). This article summarizes the methodology used by some of these rating methods, shows a comparative approach between these rating systems, and provides an overview of how green building relates to sustainable development practices. Lastly, the building of the hospital was analyzed using LEED certification system as a case study and the differences in the results were evaluated. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2969434804 | Business and Human Rights Concerns in the Indonesian Textile Industry | [
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https://openalex.org/W3184965390 | Inter-continental differences in waste management in developing countries: Turkey and Ghana | [
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https://openalex.org/W1565651482 | Children and the environment: creating environmental awareness among preschool children | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1565651482 | Environmental conditions on earth are rapidly deteriorating due to human impact. Young generations need to be educated who will be capable of dealing with the problems of the future. Creating environmental awareness has become a necessity so that people will live in a healthier and safer environment. Environmental education in early years is important since children are our future . Providing children with the attitudes, values, information and skills that are required for the creation of a healthy and sustainable future is among the most important duties of society (Davis, 1998). Preschool education plays a very important role in the development of children’s attitudes and behaviors towards the environment. Studies show that information about and attitudes towards the environment begin to take shape in the preschool period, and that environmental awareness acquired in preschool years is an important determinant of positive attit udes towards the environment in the future (Smith, 2001). Even though studies to provide preschool children with environmental training have shown increased in Turkey, in recent years, but there are still some spaces in this research area. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3200347277 | Water Resource Management for Renewable and Sustainable Hydro Energy in Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W4365503446 | Frugal Innovation a Game Changer to Sustainable Affordable Housing | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4365503446 | Globally the demand for housing is far more than supply, resulting to 100 million+ been homeless and with one billion people living in inadequate homes. In addition, recent world crisis such as high rural urban migration, natural disasters like the Syria-Turkey earth quake, flooding, conflicts such as the ongoing Russia-Urkraine war, COVID-19 protocols of social distance and isolation, etc. exacerbates the housing deficit. Whilst the current approach to housing especially in developing countries concentrates on convention unsustainable approach to affordable housing delivery. With the few sustainable housing development attempts been far luxurious beyond average Ghanaian affordability. This research seeks to contribute to address housing deficit problems using frugal Innovation (FI) as a game changer to sustainable affordable housing (SAH) through a bibliometrics and a systematic review study. With regards to financial, resource-constrained, significant cost reductions over existing options and sustainable solutions, one idea currently gaining traction is frugal innovation (FI). It is more affordable than the conventional approach to development and can convert constraint into opportunity in a sustainable manner, as well as have a direct link to sustainable affordable development. Search for this study was on all disciplines with publications linked to frugal innovation and sustainable affordable housing limited to only online articles, conference publications, books, and other materials published in English on Scopus, science direct, and Google Scholar. The finding revealed, FI is a combination of all similar innovations, under one umbrella to serve the underserved bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) market, making it superior to other forms of innovation. This study will contribute significantly to improving the policy direction of stakeholders in an attempt to reduce the housing deficit in Ghana and other developing countries globally. In addition, it will contribute to the UN-SDGs and UN-Habitat policymakers on the sustainable cities 2030 agenda. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4211035072 | ARTSAKH IN THE GEOPOLITICAL AGENDA OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS: BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE | [
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https://openalex.org/W2286143174 | A Post-Disaster Dilemma : Temporary Settlements in Düzce City, Turkey | [
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https://openalex.org/W3119518635 | SIMURG_CITIES: Meta-Analysis for KPI's of Layer-Based Approach in Sustainability Assessment | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2594483845 | This article aims to present an e-learning conceptual framework that will lead to strengthen the overall capacities and accountability of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs). It will also provide ways to guarantee the quality of services of CSOs as well as ways to build up a sustainable role of them in the democratic process through e-learning. CSOs in EU have a well-developed content for the capacity development and taking this into consideration, we will use some already implemented projects as good examples for the present study. An important component of those projects was the Capacity Development of CSOs, the main objective being to increase the capacity of CSO representatives. This was done by offering them new knowledge on contemporary methodologies and techniques as well as the opportunity for exchange and practical knowledge via the development and delivery of e-learning capacity building programmes. This encompasses regional and national trainings, regional and national conferences, development of educational materials and so on. What is important is the fact that critical thinking of CSOs is increasing mostly because of the applied e-learning and blended learning approaches to the trainings and capacity building programmes to the organizations. Many CSOs in EU conduct local/regional/country level training courses on topics of common interest. Manuals and training guides are being published as part of the initiative – but are those of any good? Why not use electronic media to develop a set of basic training components to successfully reach the target audience? The value of this paper came from the research we have made among the e-learning projects implemented in Romania and Turkey, trying to find out if the objectives and the scopes have been fulfilled properly. The way we are going to do that, is by analysing the outputs of the projects we have implemented as partners or leaders, looking mostly to the dissemination plans.   | [
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https://openalex.org/W568737001 | Organic Agriculture Cluster in Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey: A collaborative initiative to foster local economic development | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W568737001 | GAP is an acronym in Turkish for “Southeastern Anatolian Project”. The GAP region today is poised to undergo a transformation from a region mired with low productivity, unemployment, migration, social problems and relative underdevelopment to a region based on new competitive advantages. The main strategies for the regional transformation include sustainable production: This involves a realignment of key productive sectors (e.g. agriculture, tourism and textiles) around a common strategy featuring organic products, produced by utilizing renewable energy resources, under fair labour market conditions, and in a entrepreneurship-supporting environment.. Through the combination of such techniques, the region is intented to carve out a leading position among emerging regions worldwide. At the moment around 400.000 ha land area is being irrigated and the figure is expected to reach to 1 million ha by the end of year 2015. This indicates that irrigated farming will be available in vast areas in a very short period of time. GAP Organic Agriculture Cluster Project is being implemented by the Southeast Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration (GAP RDA) of Ministry of Development with the technical assistance of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Project, which was initiated in 2009 and expected to be completed in 2015, has an overall budget of 6.5 million TL. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W87544136 | CSR Initiatives in two Higher Education Institutions from Belgium and Romania | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W87544136 | The paper reveals the strategic role of CSR in two higher education institutions from Belgium and Romania - ICHEC Brussels Management School and Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Galati as institutions which influence sustainable development, by proving their implications in training students as future responsible citizens. Our main goal of this study was not to realise a comparative analysis of CSR initiatives managed by these two faculties, as we focused our attention on the emphasis of the outcomes related to the CSR projects, in the context in which they were designed in a totally different manner. ICHEC Housing Project provides to the students from ICHEC Brussels Management School the experience of intercultural openness, making them take part of a social work and be conscious of the reality in three countries from South: India, Burkina Faso and Benin. Within the CSR workshop organized by Faculty of Economics and Business Administration from Galati, in partnership with a NGO and four participants from Turkey, Bulgaria, France and Austria helps the students to achieve and develop their skills related to the tools, methods and procedures which can be used in CSR operational management. The project aims at increasing the level of implication of citizens in the process of sustainable development. We are aware that each project described in this paper could be considered as a model and replicated by other higher education institutions from worldwide. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4312416772 | GLOBAL FOOD FORUM — 2021 DIALOGUE WITHOUT BORDERS | [] | [
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https://openalex.org/W53533855 | Coastal zone resource management: tools for a participatory planning and decision making process | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W53533855 | Coastal zones around the globe experience rapid development and change, and the Mediterranean, and in particular the Southern and Eastern parts, is undergoing dramatic demographic and related socio-economic development with growing and conflicting demands on natural resources. This leads to often irreversible degradation of these resources including the littoral and sub-littoral zones and thus the very basis for development. Two ongoing projects sponsored by the European Commission under the INCO framework address these issues with a combination of information technology, environmental sciences and engineering, and socio-economic analysis. The projects develop and explore methods and tools for longterm policy analysis and strategic decision support for integrated and sustainable coastal development with special emphasis on land use and water resources including coastal water quality. Parallel case studies in Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco are used to test the methodology. The approach is based on the integration of quantitative and qualitative analysis, combining tools of quantitative analysis with methods of environmental, socio-economic and policy impact assessment using rule-based expert systems technology. Indicators and indices are used to link a cascade of modelling tools including land use change modelling, water resources modelling, and a coastal water quality model. The model system is used to obtain a realistic and detailed representation of spatially distributed and dynamic resource management strategies and development scenarios. In a final step, a discrete multicriteria optimisation methodology is used to provide input to an interactive and participatory policy and decision making process, involving local actors and stakeholders. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2060802745 | Sustainable regional development and provincial development planning: the case of Bolu | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2060802745 | This paper analyzes the possibilities of a development strategy for realizing sustainable spatial development in Bolu (an important tourism center and transit point of Northwestern Anatolia in Turkey). The paper also analyzes the principles and limitations of the 2023 Provincial Development Plan of Bolu (BIGEP). In Bolu province, where the co-existence of nature protection areas, a rich flora and fauna and historical settlements has provided suitable conditions for the development of mass tourism facilities, the earthquakes in the Eastern Marmara and Duzce in 1999 accelerated the urbanization of agricultural lands for housing needs at the sub-regional level. Both the need for spatial and economic planning of the future development of urban and rural settlements and the priorities of pre-disaster planning in the provincial area made necessary the preparation of a sub-regional development plan in Bolu. The BIGEP plan comprising the economic and spatial development strategies of Bolu province for 2023 can be evaluated as an effort to reveal the sub-regional development dynamics under the heading of a “provincial development plan”. However, the content of the BIGEP requires elaboration in terms of the priorities of sustainable development. The implementation scope of the plan as a region under constant threat from earthquakes means that the discussion of sustainability is far from being a priority. Here, the crucial questions are which priorities, emphases and contents do the policies on spatial and economic structure in a region under threat of earthquake have? Which natural contradictions exist for a strategy on making such a region the focus of economic development? And lastly, can provincial development planning be a planning level for sustainable development of the build environment? | [
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https://openalex.org/W2995794540 | Supporting the Sustainable Development, R&D and Innovation Cooperation Among the Universities of Eurasian Countries | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2995794540 | In the 21st century, the universities are evolving to have new functions including entrepreneurship, innovation, value creation, to contribute to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 with the new patents. R&D is a sine qua non for the universities. R&D and design supports the production processes through information technology and the knowledge production based on technology contributes to a faster sustainable development. This explains the mutual benefit for both sides to establish regional cooperation among the universities. The Bologna Process supports such cooperation. R&D and innovation cooperation among the universities can further the development of Eurasian economies. This type of cooperation will universalize entrepreneurship and creativity based on an increased number of scientific research and innovation in agriculture, industry and service sectors. Developing R&D and innovation cooperation, utilizing the application opportunities, initiating common projects would also contribute to the internationalization and recognition of the universities. The Eurasian economies can increase their GDP and the level of welfare using their existing natural resources and the increasingly qualified human resources. The R&D and innovation activities of the universities will give them the leading role for producing qualified human resource and visionary leaders. This study discusses the opportunities for R&D and innovation cooperation among the potential universities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan and the possible effects of such cooperation on the sustainable development. This research is a review of the possible sectors and the disciplines for R&D and innovation cooperation in the universities of these countries. The study develops common objectives, policies and strategy suggestions for possible cooperation and the projects. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216963",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2774217776 | Healthy Environments or High Prices? Residents’ Perspective to the Urban Regeneration Projects in Atasehir, Istanbul | [
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"Turkey"
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"https://openalex.org/W2131641538"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2774217776 | Regeneration movement is an irreplaceable necessity for Istanbul not only to prevent the destructions of earthquake and improve physical quality, but also to enhance the quality of life, reduce social vulnerability and maintain both social and physical sustainability. In Turkey, the term of urban regeneration has had different descriptions according to various agencies and stakeholders since 1980s. While academicians evaluate the regeneration projects as planning tools for having sustainable and high quality urban environments from social, ecological and economic approaches, investors for instance justify that they need more development rights and need to make more money to build good condition buildings for having that kind of neighborhoods. Residents, however, are the most important stakeholders to decide the future of the neighborhood. This research aims to evaluate what the residents’ satisfaction level, perceptions and expectations are about the conditions and the possible urban regeneration movements in the neighborhood. 5 main headings are specified as main indicators for the research and conducted by surveys and interviews with current residents in the case of Atasehir, Barbaros Neighborhood which is a new developing and attractive area for real estate investments and urban regeneration projects in Istanbul. At the end of this research, it is stated that residents are very aware of the content of urban regeneration at practice level, and they believe in their neighborhood needs to regenerate for several reasons. They, however, discredit the term about having environment which is healthy and has high quality of life. They are just interested in the economic returns of the projects, and they expect to be built high level income housing to sell the prices out of the market. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2153811776 | The next wave of sustainable planning: green neighbourhood assessment systems | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2153811776 | Since the 1970s, seeking solutions for global environmental problems have been on the agenda of both national and international debates where quantifying and measuring ‘sustainability’ have been an emerging foci. Within this perspective, analysis of areas through new methods and measurable parameters is among recent research fields in both academia and practice. To this end, in the literature, studies on ‘green building rating and assessment systems’ aiming more liveable places through less carbon emissions and more environmentally friendly construction materials gained significant importance. Among such rating systems, leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) and building research establishment environmental assessment method (BREEAM) are the two well-known ‘building’ rating systems both in the literature and practice. On the other hand, these parameters based on the ‘building’ scale are now on the pursuit of ‘neighbourhood’ or even ‘regional’ scale applications. The subject of re-questioning these rating systems with the focus of ‘neighbourhood’ level rather than only ‘building’ scale is a new research field in the literature with few cases in practice. Having started in the early 1990s, the UK-based BREEAM and US-based LEED systems have responded to these needs by formulating BREEAM-communities and LEED-ND (LEED-neighbourhood design) in 2007. This paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of the parameters covered by assessment systems (LEED-ND and BREEAM-communities) through literature survey and evaluate how they can contribute in urban planning studies with an emphasis on the state of these assessment systems in Turkey. | [
{
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|
https://openalex.org/W2004990448 | Space-based technologies and high performance computing in support of environmental sustainability in developing countries | [
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"Turkey",
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2004990448 | Inspired by recent service on the User Working Group for NASA’s Socio-Economic Data Applications Center (SEDAC), the Science Review Panel for the Arctic Region Supercomputer Center, the Technology Advisory Committee for South Africa’s Center for High Performance Computing and participation in the NATO Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes over the past four years, our distributed interdisciplinary research collaborators intensified our efforts to address some of the fundamental issues with respect to societal sustainability. We particularly focused on highly vulnerable communities, at risk for an array of immediate and long-term biogenic and anthropogenic disasters. Specifically, we sought to address the question: ‘‘How should state-of-the-science computational capabilities and earth observing satellites be optimally placed in the service of environmental sustainability and sustainable development?’’ In the on-going process of examining this issue, it has been encouraging to observe the technological progress that has recently occurred within Latin America, Asia and Africa. CONAE http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/aplicaciones/ salud_new.html, the Argentine Space Agency’s SAC-C satellite has been operational since 2000 and its successor, Aquarius (SAC-D) will be launched in 2010; while SABIA (SAC-E), the Argentine-Brazilian Satellite for Information on Food, Water and the Environment, ALSAT-2 (SAC-F) and SAOCOM 1-A, with microwave radar and a thermal infrared camera, are each currently under production. Brazil’s other collaboration with China, the ChineseBrazilian Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) has been generously offered without licensure fees to developing countries. China, as well, freely offers its Fung Yun 1D MVISR globally to receiving stations. Robust earth observing satellite launch schedules are apparent in China, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. African engagement in satellite remote sensing has been actively promoted by the African Association for Remote Sensing of Environment (AARSE) and by the 2009 IEEE International Geo-science & Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) held in Cape Town, South Africa. As a follow-on to the NATO Committee on the Challenges to Modern Society’s Pilot Study on Clean Products & Processes, the NATO Science for Peace Program has awarded funding to establish the Kamal Ewida Earth Observatory http://www.itap.purdue.edu/pto/NATO_KEEO/ index_en.html, which will include real-time satellite ground stations in Egypt at Cairo University and Al Azhar University, primarily for early warning and mitigation of disasters, including storms, flooding and epidemics, through identifying and monitoring infectious disease vector habitat, as well as for facilitating natural resource management. This initiative is in collaboration with the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute at Bogazici University in Istanbul, Turkey and with the Purdue Terrestrial Observatory at Purdue University’s Rosen Center for Advanced Computing in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Analysis of the real-time satellite data will benefit from a recently installed IBM Blue Gene L Supercomputer at Egypt’s National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences (NARSS), which has the capability to produce data products in near-real-time, as input to decision support for time-critical events. The other civilian supercomputer facility on the African continent is at South G. L. Rochon (&) Purdue Terrestrial Observatory (PTO), Information Technology at Purdue (ITaP), Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, 203 Martin Jischke Drive, Mann Hall 160, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA e-mail: [email protected] | [
{
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|
https://openalex.org/W2174659698 | Developing a sustainable satellite-based environmental monitoring system In Nigeria | [
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"Turkey",
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"https://openalex.org/W4210293659"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2174659698 | Increased anthropogenic activities over the year have remained a major factor of the Earth changing environment. This phenomenon has given rise to a number of environmental degraded sites that characterize the Nigeria's landscape. The human-induced elements include gully erosion, mangrove ecosystems degradation, desertification and deforestation, particularly in the south east, Niger Delta, north east and south west of Nigeria respectively, as well as river flooding/flood plain inundation and land degradation around Kainji lake area. Because of little or no effective management measures, the attendant environmental hazards have been extremely damaging to the infrastructures and socio-economic development of the affected area. Hence, a concerted effort, through integrated and space-based research, is being intensified to manage and monitor the environment in order to restore the stability, goods and services of the environment. This has justified Nigeria's investment in its space programme, especially the launch of NigeriaSat-1, an Earth observation micro-satellite in constellation with five (5) other similar satellites, Alsat-1, China DMC, Bilsat-1, DEMOS and UK DMC belonging to Algeria, China, Turkey, Spain and United Kingdom respectively. The use of data from these satellites, particularly NigeriaSat-1, in conjunction with associated technologies has proved to be very useful in understanding the influence of both natural and human activities on the Nigeria's ecosystems and environment. The results of some researches on specific applications of Nigerian satellites are presented in this paper. Appropriate sustainable land and water resources management in the affected areas, based on Nigeria‟s satellite data capture and integration, are also discussed. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W592073727 | Sustainable Retail Development: New Success Strategies | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W592073727 | Foreword.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- Abbreviations.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.- 1. Sustainability Matters.- 1.1 Multi Development.- 1.1.1 Multi's Sustainability Principles.- 1.1.2 Turning Principles into Development Activity.- 1.1.3 Getting the Company on Board.- 1.1.4 Getting the Customers on Board.- 1.2 Sonae Sierra.- 1.2.1 Sustainability.- 1.2.2 Implementation Issues.- 1.3 Marks & Spencer.- 1.3.1 Beyond Environmentalism.- 1.3.2 2008 Plan A Update.- 1.4 Regency Centers.- 1.4.1 Branding.- 1.4.2 Training.- 1.4.3 Capital Allocation.- 1.4.4 Developing a Sustainability Program.- 1.4.5 Taking a Larger Perspective.- 1.4.6 Progress.- References.- 2. Green Buildings Around the World.- 2.1 Why Retail Should Go Green.- 2.2 North American Case Studies.- 2.2.1 Developer Case Studies.- 2.2.2 Retailer Case Studies.- 2.3 The U.K.- 2.4 Austria.- 2.5 Japan.- 2.6 Australia.- 2.7 Turkey.- 2.8 Singapore.- 2.9 China.- References.- 3. What Is a Green Building?- 3.1 Green Buildings Since 2000.- 3.2 High-Performance Building Characteristics.- 3.3 Green Building Practices.- 3.4 The LEED Rating System.- 3.4.1 LEED for New Construction.- 3.4.2 LEED for Core and Shell Buildings.- 3.4.3 LEED for Commercial Interiors.- 3.4.4 LEED for Existing Buildings.- 3.4.5 LEED for Neighborhood Development.- 3.5 Typical Green Building Measures.- 3.6 To LEED or to Lead?- 3.7 LEED for Retail.- 3.8 The Future of High-Performance Buildings in the U.S.- 3.9 Non-U.S. Green Building Rating Systems.- 3.9.1 BREEAM.- References.- 4. The Business Case for Green Retail.- 4.1 Who Benefits and Who Pays?- 4.2 The Developer's Perspective.- 4.2.1 The Entitlement Process.- 4.2.2 Cost Offsets.- 4.2.3 Tax and Other Incentives in the U.S.- 4.2.4 Renewable Energy Incentives in the U.S.- 4.3 Branding and Marketing.- 4.4 Case Study-First Capital Realty, Toronto, Canada.- 4.5 The Retailer's Perspective.- 4.6 Six Key Areas of Focus forGreen Retailing.- 4.7 Challenges for Greening the Retail Sector.- References.- 5. Costs of Greening Buildings and Developments.- 5.1 Barriers to Green Building Growth.- 5.2 Hard and Soft Cost Elements.- 5.3 Cost Drivers.- 5.4 Design Team Capabilities.- 5.5 Design Process and Scope.- 5.6 The Cost of Learning to Be Green.- 5.7 Cost of a Developer's Sustainability Initiative.- References.- 6. Solar Power.- 6.1 The Solar Power Movement.- 6.2 Solar Technology.- 6.3 The Current Market.- 6.4 Economics of PV Solar Power.- 6.5 Financial Benefits of PV Solar Power.- 6.6 Noneconomic Benefits of Solar Power.- 6.7 The Solar Services Model.- References.- 7. Greening Shopping Centers.- 7.1 European Green Building Program.- 7.2 SES Development, Austria.- 7.3 Forum Duisburg, Germany.- 7.4 ECE, Germany.- 7.5 PRUPIM.- 7.6 Redevco.- 7.7 North America.- 7.7.1 Uptown Monterey Shopping Center, Monterey, California.- 7.7.2 Green Circle Shopping Center, Springfield, Missouri.- 7.7.3 Station Park Green, San Mateo, California.- 7.7.4 Northgate Mall Redevelopment, San Rafael, California.- 7.7.5 Tanger Outlet Center at the Arches, Deer Park, New York.- References.- 8. Greening Retail Buildings.- 8.1 Wal-Mart Case Study.- 8.2 LEED Certification for New and Renovated Retail Buildings.- 8.3 Case Study-Target, McKinley Park, Chicago.- 8.4 Case Study-Kohl's.- 8.5 Case Study-Subway.- 8.6 Case Study-ASDA.- 8.7 The John Lewis Partnership.- 8.8 Case Study-Tesco.- References.- 9. Greening Retail Interiors.- 9.1 LEED for Commercial Interiors.- References.- 10. Operating Green Retail Spaces.- 10.1 Sustainable Site Management.- 10.2 Water Conservation.- 10.3 Energy Efficiency.- 10.4 Materials and Resources Conservation.- 10.5 Indoor Environment.- 10.6 Case Study- Stop & Shop.- References.- 11. Marketing Sustainable Retail Development.- 11.1 Four Key Marketing Steps for | [] |
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1967725424 | Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes By 1998 Kazakhstan ranked below neighbouring Uzbekistan, a self-styled gradual reformer, on the EBRD transition index (see European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 1998, Table 2.2.1). Trade reform commitments included in 1998 IMF-supported programmes were not implemented. Kazakhstan, however, maintained its commitment to current account convertibility, unlike Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which responded to economic difficulties by introducing draconian exchange controls in 1996 and 1998 respectively. The emigration was to a small extent offset by immigration of Kazakhs from the former USSR and Mongolia; UNDP, Human Development Report Kazakhstan 2000, p. 6, estimated the number of Kazakh repatriations over the 1990s at 260,000. In part this was a reaction to the first phase of privatisation, which was considered to have favoured other ethnic groups because Russians had held better jobs associated with better housing allocation and Uzbeks and other minorities had run the small service businesses. During the transition from central planning inequality increased and there were substantial movements within the income distribution (Anderson & Pomfret, 2003 Anderson Kathryn Pomfret Richard Consequences of Creating a Market Economy: Evidence from Household Surveys in Central Asia (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar 2003 [Google Scholar]). By the start of 1995 only a third of vouchers had been used (Kalyuzhnova, 1998 Kalyuzhnova Yelena The Kazakhstani Economy: Independence and Transition Basingstoke, Macmillan 1998 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], p. 76). According to Sandor Thoenes, ‘Kazakhstan's Sale of the Century’, ‘speed differentiates Kazakhstan's privatisation more than anything. One company asked a consultancy to submit a proposal for a three-week legal and commercial investigation for a bid. Two days later the consultancy found that the company had already won the bid’; see Financial Times, 25 October 1996 (quoted in Kalyuzhnova, 1998 Kalyuzhnova Yelena The Kazakhstani Economy: Independence and Transition Basingstoke, Macmillan 1998 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], p. 78). These included Halyk Savings Bank (the country's largest), Borly coalmines, the largest trade centre in Almaty, two oil companies and a number of metal producers (Olcott, 2002 Olcott Martha Brill Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2002 [Google Scholar], p. 286 n. 38). In late 2002 the state raised $199 million when it sold its residual 34.6% stake in the copper mining company Kazakhmys through public tender. In April 2003 the state's 31.8% stake in Aluminium of Kazakhstan was sold to Corica, a subsidiary of J&W Holding AG (Switzerland) for $21 million. In May 2003 the auction of the state's 25.1% share in an oil exploration JV with Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) and Aktobemunaigaz was won by CNPC for $150 million. Luong (2004 Luong Pauline Jones Economic “Decentralization” in Kazakhstan: Causes and Conseqences in Pauline Jones Luong (ed.), The Transformation of Central Asia, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press 2004 pp. 182 – 210 [Google Scholar], p. 203), writing about the 1997 decentralisation legislation, explains this legislation in terms of clearing up contractual inconsistencies which had arisen from oil and gas investors' accumulation of legal obligations to both central and regional governments during a de facto decentralisation period (1995 – 98) in Kazakhstan's institutional development. In September 1998 Kazakhstan sold its share of the consortium to Phillips Petroleum and Inpex. In summer 2001, after Agip became sole operator, the consortium was renamed AgipKCO (Agip – Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company). By February 2003 LUKoil had invested $1 billion in Kazakhstan, with a 15% stake in the Karachaganak gasfield, 50% in Turgay (Kumkol), 5% in Tengiz and 15% in the CPC (Rutland, 2003 Rutland, Peter. 2003. Russia's Response to U.S. Regional Influence. NBR Analysis, 14, 4: pp. 27 – 50 [Google Scholar], p. 49), and in April 2003 LUKoil and Kazmunaigaz signed a joint venture agreement to develop the offshore Khvalynskoe field. In early 2003 two Chinese state firms offered British Gas $1.23 billion for its 16.7% share of the Karachaganak oil and gas venture but existing shareholders exercised their rights to pre-empt the bid; later in the year CNPC took control of the North Buzachi oilfield, and in December 2003 Sinopec bought a 50% share in three large exploration blocks near Tengiz. Trans-World Metal Corporation, Japan Chrome, Ivedon International and White Swan are sister companies owned primarily by a group of Russian metal traders, headed by an Israeli, David Reuben, reportedly with close ties to Kazhegeldin. Sale of the Pavlodar and Aksu aluminium facilities to the Trans-World Group was especially controversial (Olcott, 2002 Olcott Martha Brill Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2002 [Google Scholar], pp. 161 – 163; Richard Behar, ‘Capitalism in a Cold Climate’, Fortune, 12 June 2000). Although Trans-World's influence waned after 1997, it received substantial compensation (‘Trans-World settles with Kazakhstan’, Financial Times, 8 February 2000). After Kazhegeldin's fall from power, one of the original partners, Aleksandr Mashkevich, attempted to grab company assets, reportedly with President Nazarbaev as a silent partner (Olcott, 2002 Olcott Martha Brill Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2002 [Google Scholar], pp. 139 – 140). A suit filed in London in autumn 1997 by an international businessman named Farhat Tabbah accused Balgymbaev, three US businessmen and a subsidiary of Mobil of cheating him out of millions of dollars. Although the suit failed, it stimulated US investigations which led to a high-profile trial of one of the US businessmen (James Giffen, a former Adviser to President Nazarbaev) under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and to the conviction of a second of the US businessmen (Bryan Williams, a former Mobil executive) to 47 months in jail for failure to declare in his tax return monies received from Giffen. The two high Kazakhstan officials implicated in the US cases, originally referred to only as KO1 and KO2, were identified in April 2004 by the New York court as Nazarbaev and Balgymbaev. In May 2000 a buy-out was agreed which turned over Almatyenergo to Access Industries, a group headed by Len Blavatnik, a businessman with close ties to Nazarbaev. Vasilkovskoe was finally sold in 2000 to an Israeli diamond dealer, although some reports claimed its real owner was Floodgate Holding, a company registered in the Dutch Antilles (Olcott, 2002 Olcott Martha Brill Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2002 [Google Scholar], pp. 166 – 167). For more details see Seymour M. Hersh, ‘The Price of Oil; What was Mobil up to in Kazakhstan and Russia?’, New Yorker, 9 July 2001, pp. 48 – 65. Steve Le Vine, ‘Kazaks Face Money Laundering Charge’, Wall Street Journal, 6 July 2001. Data from European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 2003; cumulative FDI 1989 – 2002 of $13,568 million or $938 per capita is the highest in the CIS, although less than FDI in Poland, Hungary or the Czech Republic. Kazakhstan has, for example, gradually slipped down the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking 100th out of 133 countries in 2003 (Transparency International, 2004 Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2004 Transparency International, Berlin 2004 [Google Scholar]). European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 2003, p.158. Kalyuzhnova et al. (2003 Kalyuzhnova, Yelena, Vagliasindi, Maria and Casson, Mark. 2003. Recent Developments in the Short-term Employment in Kazakhstani Firms. Comparative Economic Studies, 45, 4: pp. 466 – 492 [Google Scholar]), using industrial survey data from 1996 – 98, found no difference in efficiency apart from within the sub-group of export-oriented firms, where there was some evidence of privatised firms' superior efficiency. Table 1 suggests a lack of short-term benefits at the macroeconomic level from the privatisation of the 1990s. IMF estimates from International Monetary Fund, ‘Cross-Border Issues in Energy Trade in the CIS Countries’, IMF Policy Discussion Paper PDP/02/13, December 2002; see also International Monetary Fund (2003 International Monetary Fund Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix IMF Country Report No. 03/211 July 2003 [Google Scholar]). Chevron was reportedly unhappy at Mobil's buying into Tengiz, but in 1997 Chevron itself sold a 5% stake in the joint venture to LUKoil. Delays in the late 1990s and early 2000s in agreeing new investment were related to the increased number of principals and Chevron's wariness of its partners. The $12 calculation is reported in International Monetary Fund (2003 International Monetary Fund Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix IMF Country Report No. 03/211 July 2003 [Google Scholar], p. 9), and also by Gaël Raballand (a World Bank economist) & Ferhad Esen (a petroleum economist in the research department of a French bank). Raballand & Esen (no date) estimate that the costs would have been reduced to $8 if PetroKazakhstan could have joined the CPC, but it was induced by the Kazakhstan government to sign on to construction of a 700 km link to the existing pipeline network which will reduce its transport costs to $9.5 per barrel. The CPC is half-owned by Russia (24%), Kazakhstan (19%) and Oman (7%), and the other half is divided among ChevronTexaco (15%), LUKoil (12.5%), ExxonMobil (7.5%), Rosneft/Shell (7.5%), Agip (2%), British Gas (2%), Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures (1.75%) and Oryx Caspian Pipeline (1.75%). After the dissolution of the USSR, the CPC (then consisting of Transneft, Kazakhstan and Oman) was awarded the rights to transport oil from Tengiz to the Black Sea, but negotiations dragged on how much Chevron should pay towards construction. In 1997 LUKoil/Arco purchased 5% of Tengiz, and in 1996 Mobil bought 25% of Tengiz, and together with other investors the Tengiz partners took a half-share in the CPC. The 1760 km long Baku – Ceyhan pipeline is due to become operational in 2005 with an eventual capacity of one million barrels of oil per day. Initially it will mainly serve Azerbaijan, but as Kazakhstan's Caspian oil output increases it is expected that substantial amounts will be exported via the Turkish port of Ceyhan, especially if Azeri production begins to decline at the same time. To understand the heightened expectations since the late 1990s see the survey by Ruseckas (1998 Ruseckas, Laurent. 1998. Energy and Politics in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Access Asia Review (National Bureau of Asian Research), 1, 2: pp. 41 – 84 [Google Scholar]), who in 1997 placed Kazakhstan's total proven oil reserves at 10 billion barrels and considered $18 per barrel as a reasonable, but perhaps optimistic, world price over the life of the reserves. Seven years later IMF (2003 International Monetary Fund Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix IMF Country Report No. 03/211 July 2003 [Google Scholar], p. 16) placed proven reserves at 30 billion barrels, with potential new discoveries in the northern Caspian and technical change making a doubling of this figure plausible. In 2004 the world oil price reached $40 per barrel and in early 2005 has exceeded $50. The 1995 law permitted trading in lease rights, but they were not traded much in practice and appear not to have been accepted as collateral for loans. The June 2003 land code introduced the principle of private ownership of land, but private ownership is restricted to Kazakh residents and only applies to about a third of the country's land area. Whether the new code will increase farm productivity and improve access to capital is yet to be seen. According to IMF (2003 International Monetary Fund Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix IMF Country Report No. 03/211 July 2003 [Google Scholar], p. 23) estimates, TFP in agriculture declined by an annual average of 1.8% during 1996 – 2001, when TFP growth averaged 5.8% in industry, 9.5% in construction and 4.0% in services, and labour productivity fell by 8.2% per year in agriculture while it was increasing by more than TFP in the other sectors. The increased trade in farm products after Kazakhstan's own WTO accession, which is likely to follow Russia's closely, should yield an overall net benefit through lower prices to consumers, while seriously harming only domestic producers of sugar (Weber, 2003 Weber, Gerald. 2003. Russia's and Kazakhstan's Agro-food Sectors under Liberalized Agricultural Trade: A Case for National Product Differentiation. Economic Systems, 27: pp. 391 – 413 [Google Scholar]). In July 2003 the Development Bank's capital was $270 million, the Investment Fund's authorised capital was $148 million and that of the Fund for Innovation was less than $20 million. The Export Insurance Corporation had less than $50 million. The combined capitalisation of all of these institutions amounted to less than a fifth of the oil fund's assets and less than a tenth of the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves; see International Monetary Fund, Staff Report for the 2003 Article IV Consultation, 7 May 2003, p. 5. The government has earmarked a more substantial one billion dollars for a three-year programme (2003 – 05) for restoration and development of the agricultural sector, but this too is unlikely to be sufficient, even if it is well used. See for example the literature review and regression analysis in the first two sections of Sala-i-Martin & Subramanian (2003 Sala-i-Martin Xavier Subramanian Arvind Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria IMF Working Paper WP/03/139 Washington DC, International Monetary Fund July 2003 [Google Scholar]) and the unpublished papers by Damania & Bulte (2003 Damania Richard Bulte Erwin Resources for Sale: Corruption, Democracy and the Natural Resource curse unpublished ms, University of Adelaide and Tilburg University 2003 [Google Scholar]) and Bolaky & Freund (2004 Bolaky Bineswaree Freund Caroline Trade Regulation and Growth World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.3255 March 2004 [Google Scholar]). The Dutch disease literature has a lengthy theoretical pedigree, but empirically Dutch disease appears to be the least important link. Sala-i-Martin & Subramanian (2003 Sala-i-Martin Xavier Subramanian Arvind Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria IMF Working Paper WP/03/139 Washington DC, International Monetary Fund July 2003 [Google Scholar]) reject Dutch disease explanations of Nigeria's dismal growth record and emphasise the institutions link. Auty (2001 Auty, Richard. 2001. Transition Reform in the Mineral-rich Caspian Region Countries. Resources Policy, 27, 1: pp. 25 – 32 [Google Scholar]) suggests that Dutch disease effects will be small for the formerly centrally planned energy-exporting countries, but they face a high risk of policy failure because abundant rents discourage economic reform. Other authors have suggested other links, e.g. resource abundance reduces the incentive to invest in human capital, but these have not received much attention in the empirical literature. The deleterious effect of volatility was emphasised in the case studies in Gelb (1988 Gelb Alan et al. Oil Windfalls: Blessing or Curse? (New York, Oxford University Press 1988 [Google Scholar]). Hard landings were typical of crises of the 1990s; both the Mexican 1994 crisis and the Thai 1997 crisis could have been avoided or moderated if the governments had been willing to accept six months earlier that the reversal of a boom had to be accommodated by slower growth. When the Indonesian government turned to the IMF for assistance after its 1997 crisis and reduction of the budget deficit was a key condition for such assistance, most of the immediate burden fell on cuts in cooking oil subsidies, which fell disproportionately on the poor. The poverty among plenty aspect of Indonesia's experience is reflected in Transparency International (2004 Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2004 Transparency International, Berlin 2004 [Google Scholar]) ranking the Indonesian president at the time of the crisis as the most corrupt politician in the world, measured by the amount of public revenue diverted to his family; the same report paints a very similar picture of diversion of public revenue in Kazakhstan. There are several strands to this intellectual history. An influential one in the twentieth century was the staple theory associated with Canadian economists, adopted by Douglass North to explain nineteenth century US history, and applied by Robert Baldwin to the twentieth century Third World. Tornell & Lane (1999 Tornell, Aaron and Lane, Philip. 1999. The Voracity Effect. American Economic Review, 89, 1: pp. 22 – 46 [Google Scholar]) analyse competition for, and dissipation of, rents as the source of the resource curse. | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2762229750 | In this article, under the concept of environmental sustainability, it is focused on sustainability of sports organizations, ecologic footprints and its environmental effects. Sustainable development tries to maximize the resource productivity through activities such like protection of energy and un-renewable resources, reducing the risks, pollution prevention, reducing the ecologic footprints and minimization of wastes. Active and passive participation to sports events create an important effect on natural environment. Environmental degradation is caused by carbon emissions stemming from going to the events and coming back by all the shareholders, wastes produced in those areas, water and energy used to keep the playgrounds very green, arrangement of the fields, environmental damages of the constructions and many other factors, and they are required to be eliminated. In recent years, studies conducted on the environmental effects of big sports events have become frequently a current issue and host cities/countries have taken the proper steps in this regard and tried to apply the sanctions. We encounter development of a sustainability plan intended to produce carbon neutral, zero waste and a sustainable organization as one of the most efficient practices in determination of score in candidacy competition for the Olympic Games. Although IOC has involved aspect for protection of the environment, as third one, into the sports and culture aspects of Olympic movement, our way to use natural resources of the world in terms of sports organizations demonstrate that our ecologic footprint has increased. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu makalede, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik kavramı çatısı altında, spor organizasyonlarının sürdürülebilirliği, ekolojik ayak izleri ve çevresel etkileri konularına odaklanılmıştır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, enerji ve yenilenemeyen kaynakların korunması, risklerin azaltılması, kirliliğin önlenmesi, ekolojik ayak izinin küçültülmesi ve atığın en aza indirgenmesi gibi faaliyetler yoluyla kaynak verimliliğini en üst düzeye çıkarmak için çabalamaktadır. Spor olaylarına aktif ve pasif katılım, doğal çevre üzerinde önemli bir etki yaratır. Tüm paydaşlar tarafından olaylara gidiş ve gelişten kaynaklanan karbon emisyonları, bu alanlarda üretilen atıklar, oyun alanlarını yemyeşil tutabilmek için kullanılan su ve enerji, alanların düzenlenmesi, inşaatlarının çevresel zararları ve daha birçok etmen çevresel bozulmaya yol açmakta ve elimine edilmesi gerekmektedir. Büyük spor olaylarının çevresel etkileri konusunda yapılan çalışmalar, son zamanlarda sık sık gündeme gelmekte ev sahibi şehir\ülkeler bu konuda gerekli önlemleri alarak, yaptırımları uygulamaya çalışmaktadırlar. Karbon nötr, sıfır atık ve sürdürülebilir bir organizasyon gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlayan bir sürdürülebilirlik planını geliştirilmesi, Olimpiyat Oyunları adaylık yarışında sonucun belirlenmesinde en etkili uygulamalardan birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. IOC Olimpik hareketin spor ve kültür boyutunun yanına üçüncü olarak, çevrenin korunması boyutunu eklemesine rağmen, spor organizasyonları açısından dünyadaki doğal kaynakları kullanma şeklimiz ekolojik ayak izimizin büyüdüğünü göstermektedir. Önemli spor olaylarının çevresel etkisini azaltmaya yönelik birçok çabaya rağmen, kapsamlı ölçümler, değerlendirmeler ve spor sektöründeki çevresel sürdürülebilirlik çalışmaları, yeterince tatmin edici olmadığı görülmektedir. Yönetim alanında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik literatürünün zengin olmasına rağmen, spor yönetimi içinde çok sınırlı kaldığı söylenebilir. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2783029761 | Geothermal energy use in terms of a more balanced & sustainable urban-rural development of Southeast Serbia, with focus on Nis region | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2783029761 | The surrounding of Nis has been known for various geothermal manifestations (see Figure 3 and 4). The city itself has direct use of Nis Spa, where a couple of sites have been used for balneology and where heating systems have been installed. However, other local resources in Nis surrounding are little known. Also, Sokobanja has a long history of thermal waters 'use throughout its rich history, from the Antiquity throughout the middle ages and Turkish rule. This is also present in towns of Bela Palanka and Svrljig in South-East Serbian region surrounding Nis. These resources can be used for supplying the cities and villages with heat in the future. More importantly, communities in local towns in the region can be supported by more proficient use of geothermal potentials, as this idea supports the alleviated concentration of inhabitants in the region. It supports local renewable energy sources and a greater ration between potentials and actual use of geothermal sources, which tends to be very low in Serbian cities and rural places. In this paper, these resources are going to be presented, for the community in Serbia to have an insight and to be reminded of its potentials and significance for regional development and local resource utilization. Built heritage and urban-architectural wholes in some of these towns and in the villages, are neglected and geothermal resources in their vicinity underused. A more organized use of geothermal potentials can lead to their regenerations. It can support the idea of a more balanced rural-urban development of the region of Nis. However, geothermal energy can also be beneficial for future regional energy planning and cooperation between towns and villages in South-Eastern Serbian regions like Nis region. And this can be an important strategy in regional planning and energy planning for the future, once the economic crisis would stop to prevail in Serbia. The authors of this paper point out to the long-term planning opportunity of Nis region, once geothermal energy is made more accessible and the constraints, being mostly of financial nature, however of societal nature, are minimized. The problem of the equilibrium between the city and its surrounding rural places can be made through the local resource's utilization, such as geothermal, where this can be applicable or in combination with other renewable sources available at the locale (solar, biomass etc.). It is of great importance that the regions in Serbia cooperate in terms of geothermal energy planning. Various studies in Vojvodina are beneficial for Nis region. On the example of Reykjavik in Iceland, one can draw lessons on urban sprawl that has been influenced by the abundance of energy despite the clean energy utilization. Nis as a city is characterized by urban sprawling and environmental burden created by fossil fuel use and this can be further mitigated by utilizing geothermal and more importantly, strategic rural-urban planning with the existing geothermal resources. A change for the individual user still must make a 'break-through' for renewable energy to 'pay off'. In terms of geothermal application in rural places, there is a question of densities of the end users, that still should be tackled as a problem in the future of urban planning for the Nis region. As recommendations of this paper, a new initiative for achieving long-term planning goals is suggested, involving more profound geothermal energy utilization in the region of Nis as one of the possible generators for sustaining the urban-rural development of the region in the long run. Next thing to do would be to do long-term research involving multidisciplinary teams and to come closer to developing maps of geothermal potentials and their connection to urban and spatial planning of the region in the future. This is important for achieving a contra-weight to the existing inert energy situation and to the common global city strategy in planning cities such as Nis. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3190517463 | ЕАБР Макрообзор, Август 2018. Страны ЕАБР: курс на устойчивое развитие (EDB Macroreview, August 2018. EDB Economies: A Course for Sustainable Development) | [
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"https://openalex.org/W2769882110"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3190517463 | English version is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3278316
Russian Abstract: В начале августа внешние условия для стран ЕАБР ухудшились на фоне дальнейшей эскалации торговых ограничений и санкционного давления со стороны США. Дополнительным негативным фактором стал рост волатильности на развивающихся рынках, прежде всего в Турции, где национальная валюта продемонстрировала рекордное обесценение. Среди стран ЕАБР основное давление на себе испытали обменные курсы России и Казахстана – российский рубль в августе превышал 68,8 рублей за доллар США, отклонившись от уровня начала месяца на 9,1%, в то время как максимальное обесценение тенге ограничилось 4,3%. Для нейтрализации негативных внешних факторов ЦБ РФ приостановил закупки валюты для Минфина, но с 17 августа возобновил приобретение валюты, сигнализируя таким образом о снижении рисков.
Следует отметить: несмотря на трудности для рубля, которому надо преодолеть гравитацию движений валют развивающихся стран, макроэкономические индикаторы российской экономики отличаются в выгодную сторону от показателей Турции и большинства других развивающихся рынков. В настоящее время в российской экономике наблюдаются двойные профициты – положительный бюджетный баланс подкрепляется накоплением фискальных и валютных резервов в условиях благоприятных цен на нефть. При этом инфляция близка к историческим минимумам на уровне немногим выше 2%. Денежно-кредитная и фискальная политика основывается на правилах, что способствовало повышению российского суверенного рейтинга в этом году до инвестиционного.
В условиях повышенной волатильности на мировых финансовых рынках ключевым ориентиром для стран ЕАБР должен стать курс на устойчивое развитие, что предполагает реализацию потенциала экономического роста при укреплении основ макроэкономической стабильности. Ключевым фактором макроэкономической устойчивости развивающихся рынков в текущих условиях становится показатель общей долговой нагрузки, который включает в себя как государственный долг, так и задолженность частного сектора, в том числе корпоративного.
В этом отношении следует отметить низкий уровень госдолга в крупнейших экономиках стран ЕАБР – в России и Казахстане. В то же время повышательная долговая динамика в других странах ЕАБР привела в ряде случаев к необходимости ужесточения бюджетной политики и более внимательному отношению к проблеме долговой устойчивости. В рамках специального доклада к макрообзору коллектив авторов Евразийского фонда стабилизации и развития (ЕФСР) приводит свои оценки долговой устойчивости ряда стран ЕАБР/ЕФСР.
Проведенный анализ в рамках данной работы экономистов ЕФСР свидетельствует о том, что рост долга в странах ЕАБР/ЕФСР за 2009–2017 гг. во многом является следствием активного применения фискального стимула, при котором расходы бюджета поддерживались за счет заимствований правительства, «компенсирующих» выпадающие вследствие экономического спада налоговые доходы. В исследовании были проанализированы риск-факторы, которые могут повлиять на долговую устойчивость экономик региона в среднесрочном периоде, и сделан ряд выводов. Во-первых, увеличение доли менее льготных займов и, соответственно, стоимости обслуживания долга в среднесрочной перспективе может оказать давление на фискальные счета и макроэкономическую стабильность. Во-вторых, высокий накопленный объем долга, в частности, его валютной составляющей, ограничивает возможности макроэкономической политики в части противодействия внешним шокам.
Несмотря на усиление внешних вызовов и необходимость дальнейших мер по стабилизации долговой динамики ряда стран региона, в целом можно отметить значительное улучшение макроэкономических параметров стран ЕАБР за последние несколько лет. При этом бюджетная политика в большей степени начинает ориентироваться на цели придания большей устойчивости экономическому развитию. Благоприятное развитие внутренних экономических условий в странах – участницах ЕАБР отмечают международные рейтинговые агентства, подтвердив во II – начале III квартала 2018 г. рейтинг России (S&P), Беларуси (Fitch), Армении (Fitch) и Казахстана (Fitch).
Что касается экономического роста в регионе, то прогноз для стран – участниц ЕАБР на 2018 г. остался без изменений и составляет 2,1%. Основным драйвером роста в большинстве стран региона в текущем году стало расширение потребительского спроса на фоне увеличения денежных доходов населения и роста кредитования. Наблюдаемое по итогам II квартала текущего года замедление инфляционных процессов нашло отражение в пересмотре прогнозов по инфляции в сторону снижения в 2018 г. Так, прогноз по инфляции в Армении снижен с 4,1% до 2,2%, в Беларуси – с 6% до 5,1% и Таджикистане – с 4,2% до 2%. При этом в 2019 г. прогнозируется некоторое превышение инфляцией целевого ориентира в России до 4,9%, где основным источником роста выступит запланированное увеличение налога на добавленную стоимость.
English Abstract: In early August, external conditions for EDB countries deteriorated amid a further escalation of trade restrictions and US sanctions. An additional negative factor was the growth of volatility in emerging markets, especially in Turkey, where the currency showed a record level of depreciation. Among EDB countries, the highest pressurewas seen in the Russian and Kazakh exchange rates – the Russian ruble in August exceed 68.8 rubles to the US dollar, depreciating by 9.1% since the start of the month, while the depreciation of the tenge was limited to 4.3%. To neutralize the negative external factors, the Russian Central Bank suspended purchases of foreign currency for the Ministry of Finance, but, starting from August 17, it resumed purchasing foreign currency, thereby signaling a reduction in risks.
It should be noted: despite the challenges for the ruble, which needs to overcome the general downward pressure affecting developing countries’ currencies, the Russian economy’s macroeconomic indicators differ favorably from those of Turkey and most other emerging markets. At present, the Russian economy is experiencing twin surpluses – a positive budget balance supported by growth in fiscal and foreign exchange reserves against a background of favorable oil prices. At the same time, inflation is close to historical lows at a level slightly above 2%. Monetary and fiscal policy is based on rules that have contributed to an increase in Russia’s sovereign rating this year to investment grade.
Against a backdrop of increased volatility in world financial markets, a key priority for EDB countries should be maintaining sustainable development, which implies achieving the potential for economic growth while strengthening the foundations of macroeconomic stability. A key factor in the macroeconomic stability of emerging markets in the current environment is the overall debt load, which includes both public debt and private sector debt, including corporate.
In this regard, the low level of public debt should be noted in the largest economies of the EDB countries – Russia and Kazakhstan. At the same time, the trend towards growing debt in other EDB countries has in a number of cases led to the need for stricter fiscal policy and more attention to the problem of debt sustainability. In this macro overview’s special report, the Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development’s (EFSD) team of authors presents its debt sustainability assessments for a number of EDB/EFSD countries.
The analysis carried out by the economists of the EFSD points to the growth in debt of EDB/EFSD countries for 2009–2017 being in many respects a consequence of the active use of fiscal stimulus, in which budget expenditures were supported by government borrowing, “compensating” for falling tax revenues due to economic recession. The study analyzed risk factors that could affect the debt sustainability of the region’s economies in the medium term and a number of conclusions were drawn. The first was that they had experienced an increase in the share of less concessional loans and, consequently, the cost of debt servicing in the medium term may put pressure on fiscal accounts and macroeconomic stability. The second was that the high level of accumulated debt, in particular, its foreign currency component, limits the options for macroeconomic policy in terms of countering external shocks.
Despite the increased external challenges and the need for further measures to stabilize the debt trends of a number of countries in the region, we note in general a significant improvement in the macroeconomic parameters of EDB countries over the past few years. At the same time, budget policy is beginning to focus more on providing greater stability to economic development. The favorable development of domestic economic conditions has been noted by international rating agencies in respect of EDB member countries. Ratings of Russia (S&P), and Belarus, Armenia and Kazakhstan (all Fitch) were confirmed over the second and early third quarters of 2018.
As for economic growth in the region, our overall forecast for the EDB member countries for 2018 has remained unchanged at 2.1%. The main driver of growth in most countries of the region this year has been the expansion of consumer demand amid growth of household real income and growth in lending. The slowdown in inflation observed in 2Q of this year has been reflected in the downward revision to our 2018 inflation projections. Our inflation forecasts have been reduced from 4.1% to 2.2% for Armenia, from 6% to 5.1% for Belarus and from 4.2% to 3% for Tajikistan. However, our 2019 inflation forecast for Russia exceeds the government’s target, with a rise to 4.9%, the main source of inflation growth being the planned increase in value-added tax. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2533062065 | Watersheds as a sustainable development tool | [
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"https://openalex.org/W2532690541"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2533062065 | In Turkey, a number of watershed-based development and application projects have been under consideration and are at various phases of development. Watersheds are gaining critical roles for sustainable development programs all over the world. In this respect, it will be useful to look at the entire watershed boundaries of Turkey. The list taken from State Hydrolics Works of Turkey (DSI), contains 26 watersheds. In this communication we review the very basic information about Turkish Watersheds and discuss some criteria about their classification based on EU Land-Water-MED Program. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2144573336 | Making use of biotechnology applications in Turkish agriculture: Why is it not yet happening? | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2144573336 | One of the primary challenges for developing countries is to create new opportunities for sustainable economic development through the use of new technologies such as biotechnology. In this context, the use of agricultural biotechnology to produce cheap biofuel made from agricultural crops as well as agricultural waste (cellulose) might have a great potential to promote rural development in Turkey. Yet, in order to make it happen it needs a clear commitment of the Turkish government. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Turkish Science and Technology Policy in making better use of biotechnology to address the country's economic, environmental and social challenges. The insufficient use knowledge to promote endogenous economic development is related to inadequate regulation of science and technology in Turkey and the lack of political leadership in the effective implemenation of national initiatives to promote technological innovation. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1512597435 | Regulating sustainable public procurement in Turkey in the context of the European Union membership | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1512597435 | This thesis examines the regulation of sustainable public procurement in the Republic of Turkey in the context of Turkey’s membership negotiations with the European Union. Sustainable public procurement is the procurement whereby contracting authorities take account of all three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) when procuring goods, services or works.
The thesis aims to clarify whether and to what extent sustainable development concerns can be taken into account under the Public Procurement Act numbered 4734, which is the main legal framework of public procurement in Turkey. Furthermore, it aims to identify possible options for improving sustainable development-oriented public procurement regulation in Turkey. The thesis essentially uses black letter and comparative legal research methods in order to achieve its objectives.
This thesis argues that the correlation between public procurement and sustainable development is strong in the EU, whereas such a correlation shows a weak profile in Turkey. In that regard, this thesis proposes the rules that need to be improved for establishing a sustainable public procurement system in Turkey, taking into account the local dynamics of the Turkish public procurement system, and in the context of the membership negotiations with the EU. This thesis argues that the existence of a clear mandate for sustainability concerns, putting forward a strong political backing, establishing a coherent institutional framework and laying down a consistent and clear legal framework and an effective enforcement/remedy system are the essential peripheral conditions for promoting sustainable public procurement in Turkey.
[CD-ROM accompanying print thesis contains text in PDF form.] | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2229473519 | Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade byApplying Green Economy Indicators | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2229473519 | In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by
international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union,
OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social,
environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green
economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries
which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect
environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the
negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of
the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation,
natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These
negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has
averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green
economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production,
animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The
basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey
has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones
of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies
in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In
this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which
sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in
2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4
global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to
economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has
increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production
hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to
an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic
development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable
resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial
structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and
enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4389165563 | Hydrogen energy development in Turkey: Challenges and opportunities | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4389165563 | In 2023, the Turkish government set ambitious targets for hydrogen production, aiming to reach a price of $2.40 per kilogram by 2035 and halve it by 2050. This article explores the development potential of hydrogen energy in Turkey based on current data. The analysis encompasses critical elements, such as research and development, governmental hydrogen strategy, economic & energy advantages, production & application technologies. There is also a SWOT analysis of the current hydrogen energy landscape in Turkey. Overcoming various challenges and increasing investments in scientific research and infrastructure development are crucial for the successful expansion of the hydrogen economy. In summary, the development of hydrogen green energy is pivotal for enhancing energy security, reducing environmental impact, and meeting international climate commitments, thus strengthening Turkey's economic position in the global energy arena. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3146440981 | An analysis of Turkish hydropower policy | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3146440981 | Over the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. This paper deals with hydropower policies to meet increasing electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/year and 140 TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically, corresponding to the second largest economic potential in Europe. Currently only 35% of economic hydro potential of the country is utilized. After completion of hydropower plants under construction, this figure will increase to 49%. It is obvious that even after the construction of all projects there will still be a huge hydro potential in Turkey. Besides, Turkey is a poor country in terms of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal and so on) and has no nuclear power plant in operation, which strengthens the role of hydro energy among other alternatives. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2752097306 | The role of travel intermediaries in the development of sustainable mountain tourism: The case of Turkey | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2752097306 | The aim of the study is to investigate the current situation of mountain tourism and its sustainability in Turkey. Not only the tourism policies of the government are enough to promote a new alternative tourism type, but also the role and effects of tourism middlemen such as travel agencies, tour operators, and tour wholesalers cannot be denied in the promotion of a destination. Mountain tourism could be one of the best alternative tourism opportunities for many destinations if they have sufficient resources, namely naturally attractive mountains and related infra and/or superstructure. Turkey and Aegean region have many attractive resources in this sense. In this research, in addition to analyzing the current situation in Turkey; ways of developing mountain tourism in a sustainable way as well as possible roles and effects of travel intermediaries in this area are questioned. With this purpose, the contents of the research vary differently. The first part depends on literature review presenting general definitions and discussions concerning mountain tourism. In the second part of the study, tourism policies in general and the mountain tourism policies of Turkish Government will be discussed. In the last part, the field survey is applied by developing and distributing questionnaire to major group A travel agencies in Turkey and outbound tour operators organizing tours to Turkey as well. The sample of the research consists of 83 firms and each was reached via e-mail. The data gained through the survey were analyzed by computer based statistical program, SPSS 16. In the discussion part of the research, depending on the major findings, the comments and suggestions for further researches were developed. . | [
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https://openalex.org/W2268790081 | An analysis of Turkish hydropower policy | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2268790081 | Over the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. This paper deals with hydropower policies to meet increasing electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/year and 140 TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically, corresponding to the second largest economic potential in Europe. Currently only 35% of economic hydro potential of the country is utilized. After completion of hydropower plants under construction, this figure will increase to 49%. It is obvious that even after the construction of all projects there will still be a huge hydro potential in Turkey. Besides, Turkey is a poor country in terms of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal and so on) and has no nuclear power plant in operation, which strengthens the role of hydro energy among other alternatives. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3023882931 | Adaptation and changes in vocational and technical high school education in the process of integrated sustainable development in Turkey | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3023882931 | Projects in collaboration with the European Union such as the project for Strengthening Vocational Education and Training (SVET) in vocational and technical high school education in Turkey, have these goals: to increase competition among Turkish entrepreneurs; and to prepare them for the common market with the European Union by increasing the activities and quality of vocational education and teaching in Turkey to be parallel with the demands and participation of the private sector. The project for the Modernization of the Vocational and Technical Training Institutions (MVET) aimed to improve the conditions of vocational and technical training and to increase its efficiency, to improve the qualifications of the teachers and to strengthen the capacities of vocational and technical training institutions. The success of SVET and MVET are expected to solve this problem by increasing the attractiveness and quality of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and the employment rate of TVET graduates. In the process of integrated sustainable development, new projects should be put into action in order to orient vocational and technical education in Turkey closer to both national and international labor market needs. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2995007444 | Measuring the Effect of Globalization Level to Economic Growth for Turkey in the Duration of Integration to the Global Economy, 1961-2013 | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2995007444 | The economic problems due to foreign trade and foreign direct investments are recently solved in the frame of global economy. This study surveys the effects of globalization to the economic growth in Turkey in the period 1961-2013 by the channels of the trade openness (OPENNESS) and foreign direct investments (FDIs) by using annual time series data. The data are obtained from Penn World Tables and World Development Indicators (2014 for Turkey). It is found with setting up the econometric model that, the trade openness is positively affecting the investment level and economic growth in the long term. On the other hand, the results of the applied economy policies are affecting the trade openness and economic growth significantly and positively. Those findings tell that Turkey is a successful actor of globalization process. In addition to this, what the economic policies that Turkey needs to do for a sustainable economic growth are emphasized in the study. | [
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https://openalex.org/W630204241 | A Critical Approach to Geothermal Energy in Turkey Terms of Sustainability and Health Tourism | [
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"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W630204241 | The world is changing; it is slowly running out of resources. The change and the depletion of energy resources are being discussed all the time. The rapid development of sustainable tourism is constantly changing and shaping the concept of sustainability. Every country has its own way for this reshaping and some countries have chosen sustainable renewable and environmentally-friendly energy resources in this movement. Due to its geographical position Turkey has advantage in using a wide range of renewable energy resources. This study is related to one of this green energy – geothermal energy (GE). Turkey has a great potential regarding geothermal energy. Turkey is Europe’s number one and the world’s number seven country concerning its geothermal resources. The most significant geothermal systems are located in the western, central and eastern parts of Turkey. The first search for geothermal energy was launched in Turkey in the Aegean region. Geothermal energy is an important sustainable source and this energy is also important for health tourism. Health tourism is developing in the world and Turkey wants to be a part of this movement. Izmir has an important role in health tourism and has a significant advantage in terms of thermal energy. Moreover, health tourism is in Izmir’s program for the EXPO 2020. The aim of study is to provide the information on the sources of thermal energy in the region and to the evaluate the investments in this regard. Firstly the importance of geothermal energy potential is discussed and geothermal energy in Izmir is analyzed. After information of thermal energy sources in the region is collected and investments are examined, the connection of geothermal power with health tourism is evaluated. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2336854071 | Sustainable Forest Management and Cadastre in | [
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] | [
"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2336854071 | In Turkey the forest is one of the most important natural resources. It both affects the rural development processes and is affected from these. Nevertheless is the main forest problem in Turkey. Sustainable forest management is required for the forests meet the social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of the next generation. protect and to secure the forest areas is the initial studies to be done for sustainable forest management. To prevent deforestation is possible with the cadastral studies. Forests and cadastre are connected to each other very closely. It is seen in the laws and in social life very clearly. Because of these entire reasons main legal infrastructure in Turkey is examined and interpreted according to the current conditions. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1520479791 | Human mobility for sustainable development: the Turkish experience | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Esen Altuğ",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090296988"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] | [
"Turkey"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1520479791 | Turkey has assumed the Chairmanship of Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) for the 18-month term from the middle of 2014 through 2015.Turkey has decided to take on this challenging tas... | [
{
"display_name": "Migration and development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210192817",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
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