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{
"en": "Naishoryo is one of the ranks outside the Ritsuryo system belonging to the Nakatsukasa-sho (Ministry of Central Affairs) under the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "内匠寮（ないしょうりょう）は律令制において中務省に属する令外官の一つである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Japanese readings include \"takumiryo\" and \"uchitakumi no tsukasa.\"",
"ja": "訓読みはたくみりょう・うちたくみのつかさなど。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naishoryo was newly established in 728 under Emperor Shomu.",
"ja": "内匠寮は神亀5年（728年）聖武天皇の時に新設された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The official duty is the manufacture of furnishing goods and ritual equipment for the Emperor's family.",
"ja": "職掌は天皇家の調度品や儀式用具などの製作である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, the scale was expanded by placing imonono tsukasa (casting bureau) of the Okura-sho under the Ritsuryo system of the Okura-sho in 774, and by merging the gakoshi (painting bureau) of the Nakatsukasa-sho and the nuribeshi (lacquering bureau) of the Okura-sho in 808.",
"ja": "また宝亀5年（774年）に大蔵省律令制における大蔵省典鋳司を、大同(日本)3年（808年）には中務省画工司と大蔵省漆部司を合併して規模を拡大した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naishoryo functioned as the leader of the government craft center during the early Heian period until mid Heian period.",
"ja": "平安時代前期から中期には官営工房の元締めとして機能した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naishoryo was considered to be an imitation of the Shofugen which was the government craft center in the Tang Dynasty, and it had another name; 'Shofu.'",
"ja": "内匠寮は唐代の官営工房である少府監（しょうふげん）の模倣と考えられ、別称も「少府」という。"
}
|
{
"en": "This bureau is characterized by operations conducted by various artisans (Zoshiki tsukurite - various craftspeople) instead of using the system of government officials of the ancient Japanese Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "本寮の特色として日本古来の律令制期の官吏制度を使わず様々な職人（雑色作手）によって運営されている点である。"
}
|
{
"en": "This can be said to be the origin of Japanese industry.",
"ja": "これは日本の工業の起点といってもよいだろう。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the mid Heian period, official duties were gradually replaced by posts such as Tsukumodokoro (the post responsible for procuring furnishing goods for the Imperial Court), Mokkoryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and Shurishiki (Office of Palace Repairs), and gradually became a mere facade.",
"ja": "平安時代中期を過ぎると次第に職掌を作物所（つくもどころ）や木工寮・修理職に奪われ形骸化していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kashira (director): Corresponds to Jugoinoge (Lower Grade Junior Fifth Rank); one person",
"ja": "頭（従五位下相当）一名"
}
|
{
"en": "Jo (assistant director): Corresponds to Shorokuinoge (Lower Grade Senior Sixth Rank); one person",
"ja": "助（正六位下相当）一名"
}
|
{
"en": "Daijo (senior secretary): Corresponds to Shoshichiinoge (Lower Grade Senior Seventh Rank); one person Shojo (junior secretary): Corresponds to Jushichiinojo (Upper Grade Junior Seventh Rank); two persons",
"ja": "大允（正七位下相当）一名 少允（従七位上相当）二名"
}
|
{
"en": "Daizoku (senior clerk): Corresponds to Juhachiinojo (Upper Grade Junior Eighth Rank); one person Shozoku (junior clerk): Corresponds to Juhachiinoge (Lower Grade Junior Eighth Rank); two persons",
"ja": "大属（従八位上相当）一名 少属（従八位下相当）二名"
}
|
{
"en": "Shisho (recorder)",
"ja": "史生"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryosho (the post for giving orders to Shibe - low ranking bureaucrats): newly established",
"ja": "寮掌 新設"
}
|
{
"en": "Shibe (low ranking bureaucrats)",
"ja": "使部"
}
|
{
"en": "Jikicho (general workers)",
"ja": "直丁"
}
|
{
"en": "Kushicho (general workers)",
"ja": "駆使丁"
}
|
{
"en": "Zoshiki tsukurite; (Chojoko (full-time bureaucratic worker), Banjoko (part-time bureaucratic worker))",
"ja": "雑色作手（長上工・番上工）"
}
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{
"en": "Shobanshu was a status indicating a position in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "相伴衆（しょうばんしゅう）は、室町幕府における役職的な身分の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "They were the ones who followed the lead of the Seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") and went together with him when he attended a banquet at the palace or visited somebody else's home.",
"ja": "征夷大将軍が殿中における宴席や他家訪問の際に随従・相伴する人々の事。"
}
|
{
"en": "As they were limited to the family of kanrei (deputy to the shogun) and the influential shugo daimyo, became a valuable social status, also reflected in the office organization inside the bakufu, were given the order of precedence after the kanrei.",
"ja": "管領の一族や有力守護大名に限定されていたため、一種の社会的身分としての価値が生じて幕府内の職制にも反映されて管領に次ぐ席次を与えられるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The custom of the shugo daimyo following Seii taishogun's lead was established around the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, but it is estimated that Shobanshu as a status and position was established during the era of Eikyo of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.",
"ja": "将軍の外出などに守護大名が随従する慣習は足利義満の頃には成立していたが、役職・身分としての相伴衆の成立は足利義教の永享年間であると推定されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, during the period of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) the appointment of more local warlords who were not from the shugo daimyo, who did not follow the Seii taishogun's lead by staying in Kyoto such as Takakage ASAKURA (the 10th family head) and Ujiyasu HOJO increased, and the meaning as a position was diluted and continued to exist only as a formal title representing the status of a feudal lord.",
"ja": "だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、朝倉孝景(10代当主)や北条氏康など守護大名ではなくかつ在京して将軍に随従する事もない地方の戦国大名が任じられる例も増えて、役職としての意味合いは希薄化して大名の格式を示す身分としてのみ存在するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moreover, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, who was originally a vassal of the Hosokawa clan, was appointed as Shobanshu by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA and, using the authority of this status, assumed control over the shogunate administration acting in the position of kanrei.",
"ja": "また、本来は細川氏の家臣であった三好長慶が足利義輝より相伴衆に任じられてその身分的権威をもって管領の役職を代行して幕政の実権を握っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Seito taishogun was a military official temporarily set up by the new government during the Boshin Civil War.",
"ja": "征討大将軍(せいとうたいしょうぐん)とは、戊辰戦争において新政府が設置した臨時軍政官のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "On January 4 in 1868, Ninnajinomiya Yoshiakira Hosshinno (later, Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito) was accepted as seito taishogun and given the banner and a sword from the emperor by the new government, and took up a position at the Toji Temple, then proceeded to Osaka where he directed military affairs in the Keihan area.",
"ja": "明治元年(1868年)正月4日、新政府は仁和寺宮嘉彰法親王(後の小松宮彰仁親王)を征討大将軍に補して、錦旗・節刀を授けられ東寺に陣を敷き、次いで大阪に進み、京阪地域の軍事を指揮した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, to foreign affairs, he was responsible for diplomatic negotiations as Gaikoku Jimu Sosai (official in charge of foreign affairs).",
"ja": "また、対外的には外国事務総裁を兼ねて外交交渉をも担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the same month on 28th, after he returned to Kyoto in glory, Ninnajinomiya was acquitted of his duty as seito taishogun, which was abolished.",
"ja": "同月28日に凱旋、帰京すると仁和寺宮は任務を解かれ征討大将軍は廃官となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the new government forces began penetrating Edo, the seito taishogun was made Tosho Daishotoku (military commander for the Eastern provinces).",
"ja": "新政府軍が江戸進軍を開始した折には、征討大将軍は東征大総督に委任されることとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jugo is an aristocratic title equal to the following three titles: taikotaigo (Emperor's grandmother), kotaigo (Empress Dowager) and kogo (Empress Consort).",
"ja": "准后（じゅごう）とは、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后の三后に准じた貴族の称号。"
}
|
{
"en": "Upon the emperor's order, those with the title of Jugo received equal treatment to the Imperial Family although they were vassals.",
"ja": "宣下されると臣下でありながら皇族あつかいとなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jugo is also called Jusango or Jusangu.",
"ja": "准三后（じゅさんごう）、准三宮（じゅさんぐう）ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "What is Jugo?",
"ja": "准后とは"
}
|
{
"en": "Jugo is a title with the meaning of being equal to sango (sangu), which includes the following three titles: taikotaigo (Emperor's grandmother), kotaigo (Empress Dowager) and kogo (Empress Consort).",
"ja": "准后は、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后の三后（三宮）に准ずるという意味を持つ称号のことである。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a kanji character '后' (ko) is used for any of the above three titles in particular, many tend to regard it as a title for women, especially a lady of the Imperial Family.",
"ja": "とりわけ、后の字があてられていることから、女性とりわけ皇族の夫人の称号ととらえられがちである。"
}
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{
"en": "However, Jugo means being equal to 'ko' (empress or queen) and the title was given to the nobility regardless of sex.",
"ja": "しかし、准后とは后に准ずるという意であり、性別に関わらず貴人に授けられた。"
}
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{
"en": "Jugo was given to the lady of Emperor, the Imperial Family, kugyo (aristocrats), the Shogun family and high priests for the purpose of receiving nenkan (a rank given to the emperor's wives), nenshaku (a right to be bestowed a rank) and fuko, all of which were equal to those of sango, in order to favor them economically.",
"ja": "准后は三后に準じた年官・年爵・封戸を賜り、経済的に優遇する目的で天皇の夫人、皇族、公卿、将軍家、高僧に与えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The position of Jugo was created in 871 when the sessho (regent) of that time, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa (who was a maternal relative of Emperor Seiwa), was granted nenkan, nenshaku and fuko by the emperor; subsequently, Jugo became firmly established as an institution of the Imperial Court when, during his tenure as sessho, FUJIWARA no Mototsune was granted zuishin hyojo (armed government officials who accompanied aristocrats as a mark of their dignity and to provide them with protection), ninjin, nenkan, and nenshaku by the emperor in the same way as the Sango would be.",
"ja": "准后は貞観_(日本)13年(871年)、清和天皇が外戚である摂政藤原良房に、三宮に準じて年官・年爵・封戸を賜ったのがはじまりであり、以後、良房の養嗣子 藤原基経が摂政在任中に、三后に准じて随身兵杖、任人、年官・年爵を賜ったことで准后が朝廷の正式な制度として定着した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since then, it became an established custom that the title of Jugo was given to the emperor's relatives such as to a lady who could not be ranked in the position of an empress because of her mean birth, even though she was the emperor's real mother, a maternal relative, the father of a nyogo (imperial consort), and so forth, with treatment equal to Jugo after being declared Jugo and Sangu by the emperor.",
"ja": "以後、天皇の生母でありながら、卑しい氏族であったことから后位につけなかった夫人、外戚、女御の父など天皇の縁戚に与えられるのが恒例となり、准后宣下ないし准三宮宣下として准后の待遇が与えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the Sessho, FUJIWARA no Kaneie who was Emperor Ichijo's maternal relative was Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and ranked third among the dajokan (Imperial Council of state), and even though he resigned from the position of Udaijin, received treatment equal to Jugo and was sankan (leisure government posts), according to the order of the imperial court, he was treated equally to the upper ranks of the Sanko (State ministers) (August 25 of the second year of the Kanwa era (old calendar)).",
"ja": "一条天皇の外戚であった摂政藤原兼家は太政官では第3位の右大臣であったが、右大臣を辞任して准后の待遇を得て宮中の序列に置いては散官であっても三公の上位に列する待遇を得た（寛和2年8月25日詔）。"
}
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{
"en": "The emperor's declaration of Jugo gradually came to be extended to the imperial princes and princesses within the third degree of the imperial kinship.",
"ja": "准后宣下は主に次第に内親王及び女王(皇族)も対象となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Among the male imperial family, in 1011, Jugo was given to Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, and since then the Imperial Family members who had entered the priesthood such as Monk imperial princes received the title, while prince and princess who did not enter the priesthood did not.",
"ja": "男性皇族では寛弘8年(1011年)、敦康親王に与えられたが、それ以降は法親王など僧籍に入った皇族が主な対象となり、俗親王には与えられなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "With regard to the wives of nobility and samurai warriors, Jugo was first given to MINAMOTO no Rinshi who was a legal wife of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, and TAIRA no Tokiko, who was a legal wife of Chancellor of the State, TAIRA no Kiyomori, while with regard to monks, it was the first example when Jugo was given to the Ninna-ji Hojo, who was a son of the kanpaku (advisor to the emperor) Michiie KUJO and was called Kaidenjugo in the Kamakura period.",
"ja": "貴族・武士の妻に対しては准后は藤原道長の正室・源倫子や、太政大臣平清盛の室平時子が初例であり、僧に対しては、鎌倉時代に関白九条道家の子である仁和寺法助に与えられて開田准后と称されたのが初例となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is unknown as to what extent economically favorable treatment was of any substance, but since then and in more recent years its meaning gradually transformed from Jugo as an economically favorable treatment into a title intended for preferential treatment in status.",
"ja": "いつごろまで経済的優遇が実体を伴っていたかは不明であるが以後、時代が下るにつれ、次第に経済的優遇としての准后から身分上の優遇を目的とした称号へと転化することとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the period of Northern and Southern Courts began, with Chikafusa KITABATAKE being given the title of Jugo, even the vassals who were not the emperor's maternal relatives started to be given the title of Jugo.",
"ja": "南北朝時代(日本)に入ると、北畠親房にも与えられたのに伴い、天皇の外戚以外の臣下にも准后が宣下される道が開かれるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to do trade with the Ming Dynasty, he was rejected because he was the emperor's vassal; therefore, he was given the title of Jusangu and with the diplomatic title of Japan Jugo, he sent a Japanese envoy to China during the Ming Dynasty; thus, Jugo were politicized for the purpose trading, by receiving the title of Japanese king and approval for tribute trade.",
"ja": "室町幕府3代征夷大将軍足利義満が明との勘合貿易を目論んだ際は、臣下であるとして拒否されたため、准三宮宣下を受けて日本国准后の外交称号で遣明使を派遣、日本国王の封号と朝貢貿易の許しを得て巨万の富を得るなど政治的に利用されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As this became a custom, from Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA to the 15th Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Jugo was given to the Ashikaga Shogun family.",
"ja": "これが慣例となり、足利義満以降、15代将軍足利義昭に至るまで足利将軍家に准后が宣下された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai of the Sanbo-in and Godai-ji Temple, who was also called the \"Chancellor in black\" and served as a political advisor under the regime of Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, also became a Jugo.",
"ja": "また「黒衣の宰相」と呼ばれ足利義持政権下で政治顧問を務めた醍醐寺三宝院満済も准后となっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) is one of the ranks in the ranking order (ikai) and the ranking order of Shinto gods (shinkai) in Japan.",
"ja": "正四位（しょうしい）とは、日本の位階及び神階における位のひとつ。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is the rank below Jusanminoge (Lower Grade Junior Third Rank) and Jushiinojo (Upper Junior Fourth Rank).",
"ja": "従三位の下、従四位の上に位する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of posthumous honors, it is called Zoshoshii (Zo Senior Fourth Rank).",
"ja": "贈位の場合、贈正四位という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank)",
"ja": "正四位"
}
|
{
"en": "Shoshii was divided into upper and lower, and ranked below Jusanmi no ge and above Jushiinojo under the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "正四位は律令制下においては上下に分けられ、従三位の下、従四位の上に位する。"
}
|
{
"en": "With regard to the order of merit, it is equivalent to the Third Order of Merit, while with regard to official ranks, Shoshiinojo (Upper Grade Fourth Rank) was equivalent to Nakatsukasasho (Inner Ministry) and Sangi (advisor), and Shoshiinoge (Lower Grade Fourth Rank) was equivalent to the posts of Kotaishinofu (one of the teachers of the crown prince) and Kyo (Minister) who was the head of the 8 Ministries - Ministry of Ministry of Administration (Shikibusho), Ministry of the Ceremonies (Jibusho), Ministry of Registration (Minbusho), Ministry of the Military (Hyobusho), Ministry of Justice (Gyobusho), Ministry of Finance (Okurasho), Minister of the Imperial Palace (Kunaikyo).",
"ja": "勲等では、勲三等に相当し、官位相当では正四位上は中務省、参議に相当し、正四位下は皇太子傅及び八省の長官である卿（式部省、治部省、民部省、兵部省、刑部省、大蔵省、宮内卿）の職がこの位にあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As with Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank), it is fundamental that the title of respect, \"ason,\" of those who are ranked in Shii (Fourth Rank) is put after their surname and imina, as done by the self-declared ason (a prestigious title in the Nara period).",
"ja": "従四位同様、四位にある者の敬称は氏及び諱の下に、朝臣を付ける名乗り朝臣が基本である。"
}
|
{
"en": "One example of this was Shoshiinoge Iyo no kami MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi Ason.",
"ja": "例として「正四位下前伊予守源頼義朝臣」など。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, even if they were ranked Shoshii, when they became sangi, and were raised to kugyo, the title of respect was 'ason' after their surname and 'kyo' after their imina.",
"ja": "しかし、正四位であっても参議となり、公卿に列した者への敬称は氏の下に「朝臣」、諱の下に「卿」と称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shoshii was the peak rank, i.e. the highest rank, for a family which was not permitted to ascend to kugyo, and many leading warriors of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) were prominent.",
"ja": "正四位は公卿に昇ることを許されない家柄の極位、即ち最高位であり、著名なところでは清和源氏や河内源氏の棟梁に多く見られた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Seiwa-Genji, MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was a son of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, and Mitsunaka's eldest son, the leader of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, and Mitsunaka's fourth son, the leader of the Kawachi-Genji, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, as well as leaders of the Kawachi-Genji such as MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ascended to that rank.",
"ja": "清和源氏では初代 源経基その子の源満仲、また満仲の長男 摂津源氏の棟梁、源頼光、同じく満仲の四男で河内源氏の棟梁 源頼信はじめ源頼義、源義家など河内源氏代々の棟梁がその位に昇った。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), TAIRA no Tadamori from the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) ascended to Shoshii and was named Gyobukyo (official of the Ministry of Justice).",
"ja": "桓武平氏では伊勢平氏の平忠盛が正四位に昇り、刑部卿に任ぜられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moreover, as it became a custom that Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of Palace Guard) who was originally supposed to be ranked as Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) also held the post of Minister, it also became a rule that someone ranked as Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) was named Konoe no chujo (Middle Captain of Palace Guard) and became Sanmi chujo (Third Rank Middle Captain), and someone ranked as Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) often came to be named Konoe shosho (Minor Captain of Palace Guard) such as Hideyasu YUKI.",
"ja": "また、本来従三位相当である筈の近衛大将が大臣の兼官となることが慣例化するに連れて、従三位の者が近衛中将に任ぜられ、三位中将となることが通例化すると、正四位の者は近衛少将に任ぜられることが多くなった（結城秀康など）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Edo period, the following daimyo families were allowed to ascend to the rank: the head of Mito Tokugawa family of Mito Domain from three branch families, Echizen Matsudaira family of the Fukui Domain (4 out of 15 heads of family) from the kamon daimyo, Ii clan of Hikone Domain from the fudai daimyo (3 out of 17 heads of family), Maeda clan of Kaga Domain and Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain from the tozama daimyo (only Narinobu SHIMAZU of 12 heads of family), and DATE clan of Sendai Domain (only Yoshikuni DATE of successive daimyos).",
"ja": "江戸時代は、御三家では水戸藩の水戸徳川家の当主、家門大名では福井藩の越前松平家（15代中4人）、譜代大名では彦根藩の井伊氏（17代中3人）、外様大名の加賀藩の前田氏や薩摩藩の島津氏（12代中、島津斉宣のみ）、仙台藩の伊達氏（歴代では伊達慶邦のみ）などの大名家が昇ることを許された。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the beginning of the Meiji period, Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) was conferred as a posthumous honor on those who had accomplished a great deed, except for those who had already received a rank above Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), kazoku (new nobility) such as kugyo and daimyo, and especially on people of merit who had died during the 'Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian'-Period and the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "明治時代以降は、幕末の尊皇攘夷や明治維新において亡くなった功労者のうち、従三位以上に叙せられた元勲や公卿、大名などの華族を除いた、特に偉勲著しい者に対して正四位が贈位された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The government regarded Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) as the first rank awarded to the deputy secretary and those of the rank of General (taisho) in the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy.",
"ja": "政府においては正四位は事務次官、大日本帝国陸軍大日本帝国海軍では、大将の階級にある者の初叙位階とされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, there are many examples where Diet members were awarded a rank between Juichii (Junior First Rank) and Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) according to their careers and achievements.",
"ja": "その他、国会議員もその経歴・実績に応じ従一位から正四位の間で叙位される例が多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the current Honors System, when those credited with the Second Order of Merit die, they are awarded the rank..",
"ja": "今日の栄典制度では、勲二等相当の功績ある人物が亡くなった際に叙位される。"
}
|
{
"en": "Major examples are members of the House of Councilors and university professor with great achievements.",
"ja": "主な例としては参議院議員や功績著しい大学教授にその例が見られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Doboshu were people who had the responsibility for miscellaneous duties and entertainment near the shogun since the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "同朋衆（どうぼうしゅう）とは室町時代以降将軍の近くで雑務や芸能にあたった人々のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "It originated from excellent entertainers who gathered together in Ji sect founded by Ippen.",
"ja": "一遍の起した時宗教団に、芸能に優れた者が集まったものが起源とされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Doboshu were also called Amishu and Obozushu.",
"ja": "阿弥衆、御坊主衆とも呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was abolished in 1866.",
"ja": "1866年（慶応2年）に廃止された。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Ji sect, there is a custom of identifying themselves as Amigo (the pseudonym of Ami), but even if they use Amigo, it is not always true that they are a Buddhist monk of the Ji sect.",
"ja": "時宗を母体としているために阿弥号を名乗る通例があるが、阿弥号であっても時宗の僧であるとは限らない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Examples are Kanami, Zeami and Doboshu in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "観阿弥、世阿弥や、江戸幕府における同朋衆がその例である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Following the end of the Kamakura period, many of the Jinso (monks who accompanied samurai into war) were Buddhist monks from the Ji sect, so their connections with samurai (buke) families became stronger; in times of peace, they provided samurai warriors with entertainment by making use of their abilities in the performing arts, while also fulfilling their duties as aides and intermediaries.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代末期から合戦に同行する陣僧の中に時衆の僧が多かったことから、武家との結び付きが強まり、平時においても芸能を活かして武士の慰めとするようになっていき、同時に側近、取次ぎ人としての役目も果たすようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The origin of the system of Doboshu began when Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA became a shitsuji (steward), had 6 Buddhist monks, and had them serve Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.",
"ja": "制度としての起源は、細川頼之が執事となって6人の法師を抱えて足利義満に仕えさせたことに始まる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Dobo were in charge of performing arts such as sarugaku and landscape gardening, and during the reign of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, Noami (one of the major Doboshu) with a good judgment concerning imported goods from China made selections of Higashiyama gomotsu (tools for tea ceremonies, etc. held by Yoshimasa).",
"ja": "同朋は猿楽や庭園作りなどの芸能を司り、足利義政の代には唐物の目利きに優れた能阿弥による東山御物の制定(選定？）などを行った。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, it is said that the stone gardens of the Ryoan-ji and Daisen-in Temples were made by Soami (one of the major Doboshu), and thought to have had a great influence on forming Higashiyama culture.",
"ja": "また竜安寺や大仙院の石庭は相阿弥の作と伝えられ、東山文化の形成に大きな影響を与えたと考えられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Subsequently, Doboshu also served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.",
"ja": "続いて織田信長、豊臣秀吉にも同朋衆は仕える。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the reign of the Tokugawa clan, the system began in 1580 when TANI Shinrokuro Masatsugi (later his last name became UCHIDA) changed his name into Zenami and started serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA as Doboshu.",
"ja": "徳川氏では、天正8年に谷新六郎正次（後に内田姓）が全阿弥と改名して同朋衆として徳川家康に仕えたのが始めとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "And then, Doboshu managed Edo-jo Castle, directed and supervised the Okubozushu, serving under the Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) in the Edo bakufu.",
"ja": "その後江戸幕府においては若年寄の配下で江戸城内の管理に携わり、奥坊主衆を監督指揮した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Maiami (Tea ceremony)",
"ja": "毎阿弥（茶道）"
}
|
{
"en": "Noami (karamono (things from China), tea ceremony, ink painting, renga (linked verse), flower arrangement)",
"ja": "能阿弥（唐物、茶道、水墨画、連歌、華道）"
}
|
{
"en": "Geiami (karamono, tea ceremony, ink painting)",
"ja": "芸阿弥（唐物、茶道、水墨画）"
}
|
{
"en": "Soami (karamono, tea ceremony, ink painting, flower arrangement, landscape)",
"ja": "相阿弥（唐物、茶道、水墨画、華道、庭師）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanami (Sarugaku (a form of theatre popular in Japan))",
"ja": "観阿弥（猿楽）"
}
|
{
"en": "Zeami (Sarugakuno)",
"ja": "世阿弥（猿楽能）"
}
|
{
"en": "Onami (Sarugakuno)",
"ja": "音阿弥（猿楽能）"
}
|
{
"en": "Zenami (sakutei (landscape gardener), renga)",
"ja": "善阿弥（作庭、連歌）"
}
|
{
"en": "Juami (igo (game of go))",
"ja": "重阿弥（囲碁）"
}
|
{
"en": "Juami",
"ja": "拾阿弥"
}
|
{
"en": "Takiguchi no musha (Takiguchi samurai) were bushi (samurai warriors) who guarded the dairi (imperial palace) under the command of the Kurodo dokoro (imperial secretariat) from the end of the ninth century.",
"ja": "滝口武者（たきぐちのむしゃ）は、蔵人所の下で9世紀末頃から内裏の警護にあたっていた武士。"
}
|
{
"en": "They are also called Takiguchi no bushi.",
"ja": "滝口の武士ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the 9th century, although the Konoefu (Division of Palace Guards) guarded the dairi (imperial palace), as a result of antagonism between the brothers Emperor Heizei (Retired Emperor) and Emperor Saga who were sons of Emperor Kanmu, the Kusuko no hen (Kusuko Incident) led to the creation of the Kurodo dokoro (imperial secretariat) in order to administer the dairi starting at the end of the 9th century during the Kanpyo era (889-897) of Emperor Uda.",
"ja": "9世紀、内裏の警護にあたっていたのは近衛府だったが、桓武天皇の子である平城天皇（上皇）と嵯峨天皇兄弟の対立による薬子の変を契機に、新たに設置された蔵人所が、9世紀末、宇多天皇の寛平年中（889年-897年）から管轄するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "At this Kurodo dokoro (imperial secretariat), in a room of the Tenjo no ma at Seiryoden, the emperor's residence, Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) with the official rank of Shii (Fourth Rank) and Goi (Fifth Rank) was on night duty in turn.",
"ja": "その蔵人所の元で、天皇の在所・清涼殿の殿上の間には官位四位・五位の殿上人が交代で宿直する。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, as the soldiers who guarded the garden inside kept night watch at a corridor, their station near Mikawamizu no ochiguchi, also called 'Takiguchi,' in the northeast of the eastern garden of the Seiryoden, these warriors who guarded the Seiryoden came to be called 'Takiguchi.'",
"ja": "一方、庭を警護する兵士は清涼殿東庭北東の「滝口」と呼ばれる御溝水（みかわみず）の落ち口近くにある渡り廊を詰め所にして宿直したことから、清涼殿警護の武者を「滝口」と呼ぶ様になる。"
}
|
{
"en": "This station is called 'Takiguchi no jin.'",
"ja": "またこの詰め所は「滝口陣（たきぐちのじん）」などと呼ばれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, as the Kurodo dokoro (imperial secretariat) was a position not established under the Ritsuryo system (a position outside of the Ritsuryo system), Takiguch, itself, was not a government post.",
"ja": "なお、蔵人所は律令制では定められていなかった役職（令外官）のため、滝口それ自体も官職ではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although only the official military attaches were allowed to have weapons, especially bows and arrows during the 10th century of Heian period, 'An abbreviated Record of Japan' said that on December 26, 977 'Takiguchi samurai' were allowed to go in and out the imperial court with bows and arrows.",
"ja": "平安時代10世紀の京では兵仗（武器）特に弓箭（弓矢）を帯びることは正規の武官以外には許されていなかったが、『日本略記』によると貞元(日本)2年（977年）11月9日に「滝口の武者」が弓箭を帯びて宮中に出入りすることが許されている。"
}
|
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