translation
translation |
|---|
{
"en": "This led the 'Takiguchi soldiers' to become 'warriors' officially admitted by the Imperial court, and it was the ideal of samurai warriors in the late period of the Heian period to earn some achievements by serving as a Takiguchi warrior, and aspire to become a military attache of Rokuefu (Six guard divisions) with a position equal to Rokui (Sixth Rank).",
"ja": "これによって「滝口の武者」は朝廷が公式に認める「武士」となり、それを勤めて実績を積み、六位程度の六衛府の武官を目指すのが平安時代後期の武士の姿だった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The appointments of Takiguchi samurai were made by Sekkan families and kuge (court nobles) who recommended those who excelled in archery among their householders (samurai warriors) at the start of an Emperor's reign.",
"ja": "滝口の任命は、天皇即位のときに摂関家や公家らが家人（侍）の中から弓術に長じた者を推挙する。"
}
|
{
"en": "TAIRA no Masakado also served as the householder of FUJIWARA no Tadahira who was Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) at the time, and he became Takiguchi by the Minister's recommendation, and called himself Kojiro TAKIGUCHI.",
"ja": "平将門も当時左大臣だった藤原忠平の家人として仕え、その推挙により滝口となり、滝口小二郎と名乗っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The enrollment was initially 10 Takiguchi samurai in the Emperor Uda era and 30 samurai in the Emperor Shirakawa era.",
"ja": "定員は当初の宇多天皇の頃で10名、白河天皇の頃には30名ほどだった。"
}
|
{
"en": "TAIRA no Masakado (Kojiro TAKIGUCHI)",
"ja": "平将門（滝口小二郎）"
}
|
{
"en": "Tokiyori SAITO",
"ja": "斉藤時頼"
}
|
{
"en": "Koretaka MIYOSHI",
"ja": "三善惟孝"
}
|
{
"en": "Toshitsuna TAKIGUCHI",
"ja": "滝口俊綱"
}
|
{
"en": "Ietsuna TAKIGUCHI",
"ja": "滝口家綱"
}
|
{
"en": "Ietsugu TAKIGUCHI",
"ja": "滝口家次"
}
|
{
"en": "\"The Tale of Hogen\"",
"ja": "『保元物語』"
}
|
{
"en": "In this tale, there is some mention of Takiguchi soldiers such as 'YAMANOUCHI no Shudogyobo no jo Tsunetoshi and his son Toshitsuna TAKIGUCHI' and 'KUSAKABE Juro Daifu Sadanao, (Hasuike) Ietsuna TAKIGUCHI and (Hasuike) TAKIGUCHI Taro Ietsugu'",
"ja": "「山内首藤刑部丞俊通、その子滝口俊綱」や「草刈部十郎太夫定直、（蓮池）滝口家綱、同滝口太郎家次」などの記述が見られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "There is also some mention of Takiguchi samurai in 'Yugao' of \"The Tale of Genji\" by Murasaki Shikibu.",
"ja": "『源氏物語』「夕顔」巻（紫式部）"
}
|
{
"en": "As this man is guarding the Takiguchi, that is the eastern gate of the seiryoden, he strikes the bow with an arrow stirringly and shouts repeatedly: 'Be aware of fires!,' and then leaves for the house of the caretaker.",
"ja": "この、かう申す者は、滝口なりければ、弓弦いとつきづきしくうち鳴らして、「火あやふし」と言ふ言ふ、預りが曹司の方に去ぬなり。"
}
|
{
"en": "Genji no kimi thought, that the roll call for the night shift was already over and people staying at the Takiguchi were now reporting the names. As it was the time of the roll call, it was not yet so late at night.",
"ja": "内裏を思しやりて、名対面は過ぎぬらむ、滝口の宿直奏し、今こそ」と、推し量りたまふは、まだ、いたう更けぬにこそは。"
}
|
{
"en": "The jodai is a person who took care of a castle in the absence of the lord.",
"ja": "城代（じょうだい）とは、城主の留守中に代理として城を管理した者。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are other descriptions such as Rusuigashira and Orusui.",
"ja": "留守居頭（るすいがしら）・大留守居（おおるすい）などの別称もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), a vassal was referred to as jodai when he was assigned to take care of a castle directly controlled/managed by a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and administrative affairs and protect the castle from attacks.",
"ja": "戦国時代_(日本)に大名直轄の城の管理・政務・防衛にあたった家臣を指した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Edo bakufu established four jodai for Sunpu-jo Castle, Nijo-jo Castle, Fushimi-jo Castle, and Osaka-jo Castle (the jodai for Fushimi-jo Castle was discontinued in 1619).",
"ja": "江戸幕府は駿府城･二条城･伏見城･大坂城の4城に城代を設置した（元和_(日本)5年（1619年）に伏見城代は廃止）。"
}
|
{
"en": "When its feudal lord was away to Edo due to the Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lards in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), a vassal who had to take care of the castle during the absence of the lord was particularly called Jodai-garo (usually, a chief retainer was assigned to exercise his duties).",
"ja": "また、諸藩においては、藩主が参勤交代で不在の折に留守居の職にあった家臣（一般には家老がその職務にあたった）を特に城代家老と呼んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanto bugyo was a post held by an officer in the Kamakura bakufu or Muromachi bakufu (both of which were Japanese feudal governments headed by a shogun) who would confer ranks and titles on gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun).",
"ja": "官途奉行(かんとぶぎょう)は、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府において、御家人の位階任官を職掌とした役職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanto bugyo during the Kamakura bakufu:",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府における官途奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanto bugyo was originally set up as a personnel system for the Kamakura bakufu.",
"ja": "そもそも、官途奉行は鎌倉幕府の職制として定められたのがはじまりである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the control of the Mandokoro (the administrative and financial branch of the government), powerful gokenin who held a hereditary position on the Hyojoshu (the Council of State of the Kamakura period) held this post.",
"ja": "政所の管轄下、代々評定衆に補せられている有力御家人を以ってあてられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Only gokenin of the Minamoto clan and the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) were allowed to become kokushi (a provincial governor) in the early days of the Kamakura bakufu, with ordinary gokenin unable to rise to higher ranks.",
"ja": "幕府草創期、御家人の官位は、門葉ないし清和源氏一門のみが国司となることが許されており、一般の御家人が高い官位を得ることはなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the Seii taishogun, died, Tokimasa HOJO, an influential gokenin, was appointed as the Totomi no Kami (the highest level of Kokushi in Totomi Province) as a qualification of the father of the Shogun's wife, since then the Hojo clan was appointed to higher ranks up to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and their kin were appointed to a wide range of ranks from Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).",
"ja": "しかし、征夷大将軍源頼朝の死後、有力御家人北条時政が将軍岳父の資格で遠江国守に任ぜられ、以後、北条氏が正四位下を極位とし、北条一門においても従四位下～従五位下の間で広く叙任が行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were increasing examples for important tozama gokenin to obtain higher ranks more so than goi (Fifth Rank), such as:",
"ja": "その他、下記のように、外様の有力御家人においても五位以上の官位を受ける例が増えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "the Ashikaga clan, who, as the Toryo (the leading warrior) of the Minamoto clan, successfully filled Kyoto and large provincial governor posts such as the Jibu-no-taifu or Chief assistant to the Minister of the Ceremonies;",
"ja": "源氏の棟梁として治部大輔など京職や大国の国司を歴任した足利氏"
}
|
{
"en": "the Adachi clan, who filled jobs like Akitajo-no-suke (provincial governor of Akita-jo castle in Dewa Province) and Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province);",
"ja": "秋田城介や陸奥守などの職にも就いた安達氏"
}
|
{
"en": "the Sasaki clan, who worked as a shugo or hereditary military constable and was appointed to Omi no kami (Governor of Omi Province) and Efu no jo (Lieutenant of the Palace Guards).",
"ja": "諸国の守護を務め近江守や衛府の尉に任ぜられた佐々木氏"
}
|
{
"en": "Other than these powerful gokenin, most samurai had no ranks or titles during the Kamakura period, and even if they won honors or had a family history, the highest appointment they could receive was that of Uemon no jo/Saemon no jo (Imperial Palace guard that accompanied the Emperor whenever he left the palace) with a rank of Rokui (Sixth Rank).",
"ja": "もっとも、これら有力御家人を除くと鎌倉時代の武士はほとんどが無位無官で過ごし、功なり由緒あるもので六位の左右衛門尉に任ぜられるのが限度であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The function of the Kanto bugyo in the Kamakura bakufu was to manage exclusively the appointment of the ranks for the bakufu to control their samurai.",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府における官途奉行の役割は、幕府が武士を統制する上で官位の除目を専権的に取り扱うことにあったと言える。"
}
|
{
"en": "A gokenin awarding himself a rank of his own accord without obtaining the permission of the Kanto bugyo (and, by extension, the Kamakura bakufu) was called \"jiyu-ninkan\" (literally \"appointment without consent\"), and this was subject to punishment.",
"ja": "この官途奉行（ひいては鎌倉幕府）の許しを得ず、御家人が勝手に任官することを自由任官といい、処罰の対象となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The first known instance of jiyu-ninkan was committed by MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, who appointed himself Kebiishi saemon no jo (a post which carried the responsibility for maintaining public order and overseeing military affairs in Kyoto) without first obtaining the permission of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.",
"ja": "その最初の例といえるのが、源頼朝の許しを得ず、検非違使左衛門尉に任ぜられた源義経である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanto bugyo in the Muromachi bakufu:",
"ja": "室町幕府における官途奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "The position of Kanto bugyo in the Kamakura bakufu was also established in the Muromachi bakufu under the control of the court.",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府における官途奉行は室町幕府においても設置され、引付方の管轄下に置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Settsu clan, which was descended from the Miyoshi clan, succeeded to the hereditary post of Kanto bugyo in the Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "三善氏の末裔である摂津氏が室町幕府の官途奉行を世襲した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Muromachi period, the overall position of samurai improved; the Ashikaga shogun family filled ministerial jobs and powerful daimyo got as high as Jugoi or Jushii, with some even reaching Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), which was as high as the rank held by members of the Ashikaga clan.",
"ja": "室町時代は武士の地位は全体的に高くなり、足利将軍家も大臣の座を占めるようになり、有力な大名も従五位ないし従四位、ひいては足利一門に匹敵する従三位に昇る例すらあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Muromachi bakufu, management of the ranks of the samurai family was critically important to deal with, because the bakufu obtained its own financial resources by mediating the appointment of the ranks of kanrei (Deputy to shogun), tandai (political post), shugo, and shugodai (representative of shugo), appointing and naming of the shogun, and intermediating the appointment of the ranks of shugo and kokujin-ryoshu (residing load).",
"ja": "室町幕府は有力大名に対し管領・探題・守護・守護代の補任、将軍の偏諱、守護や国人領主の叙位任官の仲介を以って独自の財源を獲得していたこともあり、幕府における武家の官位の取扱はきわめて重要な役割を担っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The system had changed considerably in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).",
"ja": "それが、大きく変革するのは戦国時代(日本)である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The kanto bugyo in the Muromachi bakufu had at first contributed to the appointment of the ranks and recommended the promotion of daimyo in the Sengoku Period to a certain extent, eventually there had been increasing cases in which samurai appointed himself a rank without permission of the bakufu, and when the daimyo had donated to the Imperial Court individually to get the recommendation for the official posts, the significance of the kanto bugyo declined.",
"ja": "室町幕府の官途奉行も当初は一定程度、戦国大名の叙位任官や昇叙の推薦に寄与していたが、それでも幕府を介することなく叙位任官する例が増え、戦国大名が独自に朝廷に寄進や官途の推薦を請うようになると官途奉行の意義は衰えていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kyoto daikan was a post of an officer which was set up in Kyoto in the Edo period under the control of Kyoto shoshidai (the chief administrator of the imperial capital and of imperial lands), mainly administering the finance of the Edo bakufu and the Imperial court in Kinai (the five kuni in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto), such as administrating tenryo (bakufu-owned land), fief of the imperial family, and fief of the nobilities.",
"ja": "京都代官（きょうとだいかん）は、江戸時代に京都に設置された役職で、京都所司代の支配下に置かれて京都周辺の天領・皇室領・公家領の支配を行うなど畿内における江戸幕府・朝廷の財政を主として管轄した。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was called Kyoto gundai in the beginning.",
"ja": "当初の名称は京都郡代（きょうとぐんだい）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1635, Toyonao GOMI was appointed as daikan bugyo (magistrate) in Kyoto and set up an encampment called Kyoto gundai in the west side of the Nijo-jo Castle, which is allegedly the origin of the Kyoto daikan.",
"ja": "寛永11年（1635年）、五味豊直が京都の代官奉行に任じられ、二条城の西側に陣屋を設置したために「京都郡代」と呼称されたのが最初と言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the outset, it dealt with lawsuits in the Kinai together with Fushimi bugyo and had jurisdiction over Kyoto city with the shoshidai, eventually the job became busy.",
"ja": "当初は伏見奉行とともに畿内の訴訟を扱い、また所司代と共同で京都の市政なども管轄していたが、職務が繁忙となってきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "For this reason, duties of the daikan bugyo were divided between Toyomune GOMI, who was a son of Toyonao and succeeded his father's duty after his death, and Masasada KOIDE who had been in the post of Fushimi bugyo in 1660, and Toyomune GOMI took over the daikan's duty.",
"ja": "このため、万治3年（1660年）の五味豊直死去後に後任となった五味豊旨（豊直の子）と伏見奉行の小出尹貞の間で代官奉行の職務の分割が行われ、五味豊旨が代官業務専任となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is allegedly how Kyoto daikan launched, although there has been another view that it started in 1664 when Shigetatsu SUZUKI, who had succeeded Toyomune GOMI, was appointed as the daikan.",
"ja": "これが「京都代官」の始まりとされる（ただし、寛文4年（1664年）に五味豊旨の後を受けた鈴木重辰が代官に任じられた時を「京都代官」の始期とする説もある）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Four years later, duties including that of shoshidai were reorganized, thus the Kyoto machibugyo was inaugurated as a new system.",
"ja": "続いて4年後に所司代を含めた職務の再編成が行われて、新たに京都町奉行が発足した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The position was succeeded by Toyomune GOMI again, however, after his death in 1680, it was succeeded by Masanori KOBORI, and since then by the Kobori clan hereditarily.",
"ja": "その後、再び五味豊旨が継いだが、延宝8年（1680年）に五味豊旨の死去によって就任した小堀正憲以後は小堀氏による世襲となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Masanori was in the position, a fief of 600 koku and a 1000 hyo executive allowance, and status of Tsutsuji no mazume were set for the Kyoto daikan.",
"ja": "小堀氏時代には知行高600石・役料1,000俵・躑躅間詰の格式が定められていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As it administered the duties of Nijo-jo Castle and the Court, it had many subordinates numbering about 20 to 30 normally and 60 or more at the most.",
"ja": "二条城や朝廷の職務も掌ったことから属僚が多く、常時20-30名、最も多い時期には60名余が在籍していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its position and duties are:",
"ja": "役職としては、以下が挙げられる:"
}
|
{
"en": "administration of the Court fief, court nobles, and deputies to collect tax, and so on,",
"ja": "皇室・公家領の支配と租税徴収の代行・諸作事。"
}
|
{
"en": "maintenance and repair of Nijo-jo Castle,",
"ja": "二条城の管理・修繕。"
}
|
{
"en": "provision of executive allowance for temples and shrines in Kyoto,",
"ja": "京都の寺社に対する役料支給。"
}
|
{
"en": "administration of important points in river traffic in Yamashiro Province at Katsura, Kizucho, Uji City, Kamo, and Yodo, and",
"ja": "桂・木津町・宇治市・賀茂・淀といった山城国の河川交通の要所の支配。"
}
|
{
"en": "administration of the tenryo in Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi, and Tanba Provinces.",
"ja": "山城国・摂津国・河内国・丹波国における天領支配。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, as a result of negotiation with the Osaka machibugyo about management, it held an additional post of Osaka funate kaku (a class of profession in Osaka whose role was to be in charge of chartered ship management and maritime inspections) for a period.",
"ja": "また、大坂町奉行との管掌の調整の結果、大坂船手格を一時兼務したこともある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kyoto Mimawariyaku was a post established by the Edo bakufu to maintain public order in Kyoto at the end of the Edo period.",
"ja": "京都見廻役（きょうとみまわりやく）は、幕末の京都の治安維持のために江戸幕府が置いた役職。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kyoto Mimawariyaku retained Kyoto Mimawariyaku Gumi under it.",
"ja": "傘下に京都見廻組を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kyoto Mimawariyaku Gumi was installed on May 31, 1864, and the first personnel were Hirotaka MAITA from the Asao Domain and Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA, hatamoto (a direct retainer of a shogun).",
"ja": "元治元年4月26日_(旧暦)設置、初代は浅尾藩蒔田広孝と旗本松平康正。"
}
|
{
"en": "In later years, Chikayoshi HORI (Shinano Iida Domain), Choen OGASAWARA (hatamoto) and Michinori IWATA (hatamoto) were appointed.",
"ja": "以後、堀親義（信濃飯田藩）・小笠原長遠（旗本）・岩田通徳（同）が任じられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The rank of the post was Obangashira-jiseki (assistant head of Oban) with 5,000 koku (calculation system based on rice) of yakudaka (an allowance) and 3,000 hyo (sack of rice) of yakuryo (an allowance.)",
"ja": "役高5千石・役料3千俵で席次は大番頭次席。"
}
|
{
"en": "Below the Obangashira-jiseki, there were Mimawarigumi-Kumigashira (the head of Mimawarigumi) (300 hyo of bashodaka and Goshoinban-jiseki) and Mimawarigumi-Tsutomekata (200 hyo of bashodaka and Oban-jiseki), below both of which there was the Kyoto Mimawari Gumi of 200 members consisting of the second and third sons as shogun's retainers.",
"ja": "配下には見廻組与頭（場所高300俵・御書院番次席）・見廻組勤方（場所高200俵・大番次席）がおり、その下に幕臣の次男・3男ら200名からなる京都見廻組がいた。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA moved from Nijo-jo Castle to Osaka-jo Castle after Taiseihokan (restoration of the imperial regime), the Mimawariyaku and personnel of lower posts moved to Osaka for protection, but later the Mimawariyaku naturally disappeared.",
"ja": "大政奉還後に徳川慶喜が二条城から大坂城に移る際に見廻役以下もその護衛として大坂に向かい、自然消滅した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kubo-okura was the financial branch of the Muromachi bakufu, in charge of managing revenues and expenditures.",
"ja": "公方御倉（くぼうおくら）とは、室町幕府における財産の管理・出納を行っていた機関。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was simply called \"Okura.\"",
"ja": "単に御倉（おくら）とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its head called Kurabugyo (Okurabugyo) led the branch but, in fact, Nosenkata selected from private Doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) inside Kyoto City were commissioned by the Kurabugyo to handle accounting.",
"ja": "長は倉奉行（御蔵奉行・御倉奉行）であったが、実態は京都市中の民間の土倉などから選ばれた納銭方が倉奉行の委託を受けて出納業務を行っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Middle Ages there was a high risk of experiencing misfortune, such as disasters and theft.",
"ja": "中世の京都は災害や盗賊などの災難に遭う可能性が高かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore some samurai warriors, court nobles, and common people living in Kyoto tried to avoid such a risk by placing their properties in the custody of the Doso, moneylenders such as pawnbrokers, or temples surrounded by well-defended stone walls and fences.",
"ja": "そこで、京都在住の武家や公家、庶民は、土倉や質屋のような金融業者や周囲に石垣や堀などを廻らせて防御に優れた寺院に資産を預けてリスクを回避する例も見られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "So did the Imperial Court and the bakufu (feudal government), and for example those who managed money and properties of the Imperial Court were called Kinrimikura.",
"ja": "これは朝廷や幕府についても同様であり、例えば朝廷の財貨を管理する者を禁裏御倉（きんりみくら）と称していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi bakufu had its own warehouses in Shokoku-ji Temple, which was located next to its Hana no Gosho (residence of the Ashikaga Shogun family) and the family temple of Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, and had their properties managed by the Momii clan that assumed the post of the Kurabugyo for generations",
"ja": "元来、室町幕府は花の御所に隣接する足利将軍家の菩提寺・相国寺の倉庫の1つに自前の倉庫を保持して代々倉奉行を務める籾井氏らが管理を行っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the bakufu issued 'five rules regarding Doso and sake brewers scattered Rakuchu' in 1393 and started to levy the uniform yakusen tax on the Doso and sake brewers in Kyoto, Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) was elected from leading Doso and sake brewers.",
"ja": "明徳4年（1393年）には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」が出され、幕府が京都の土倉・酒屋に対する一律に役銭課税が開始された後に土倉や酒屋の有力者の中から徴収を担当する納銭方が選ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Doso and sake brewers that assumed the position of Nosenkata temporarily stored collected taxes in their own warehouse before transporting them to the government.",
"ja": "納銭方となった土倉や酒屋は一旦徴収した税を自己の倉庫に保管していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In later years, they took charge of revenue and expenditures under the written order of the bakufu (steward of the bakufu or Kurabugyo) because doing so saved them transpiration of the tax to the government.",
"ja": "後にその運搬の労を省くために幕府（政所執事あるいは倉奉行）から文書で命令を受けて出納業務を行うようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is believed to be the origin of the Kubo-okura (financial branch).",
"ja": "これが公方御倉の由来と考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kubo-okura's responsibilities included the accounting of taxes (yakusen tax and munabetsu-sen) collected from sake brewers, Dokura and miso producers, the management of gifts to the government from all quarters (arms, paper, lacquer ware, clothes and other articles, that were used for government works and gifts to vassals or converted into money to hold Buddhist services and other events), and the management of official documents of the bakufu.",
"ja": "公方御蔵には酒屋や土倉、味噌屋などから集められた役銭・棟別銭などの租税、各方面から幕府への献上品（武具・紙・漆器・衣類など。幕府の業務で用いる他に家臣などへの贈与や換金して仏事などの諸行事の費用にあてる場合もあった）の管理・出納、幕府公文書の管理などが上げられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "As the Nosenkata was a moneylender, the bakufu, when in financial difficulty, is considered to have borrowed money from it like the general public did.",
"ja": "納銭方の金融業者としての性格からして幕府の財政難の際には一般と同様に納銭方からの借入を行ったものと見られている。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the Nosenkata collected the tax and stored it in its warehouse, it sent the government a 'Uketori' (receipt).",
"ja": "納銭方が御倉に租税が入った際には「請取」を幕府に送付した。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the bakufu entrusted its properties to the okura, the Mandokoro (Administrative Board) prepared 'Okurijo' and send it to Kubo-okura with a 'Shitagaki' issued by the Kurabugyo along with the properties to be stored, and the Nosenkata of the Okura, in return, sent an 'Uketori' (receipt) to the government to acknowledge receipt.",
"ja": "幕府が手元にある財物を御倉に預ける際には政所から「送状」が作成されて倉奉行の「下書」を添付して財物とともに御倉に送られ、これに対して御倉の納銭方が「請取」を幕府に送付して受取状とした。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the bakufu requested the Okura to disburse from its deposit, an official payment order was issued by the Mandokoro and jointly signed by the Kurabugyo.",
"ja": "幕府から御倉に支払の実施を求める場合には今度は政所が作成し倉奉行が連署した公式な支払命令書が作成されていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In later years, this system was simplified; an 'Uketori' (receipt) prepared by Mandokoro was sent to the Okura along with a 'Shitagaki' prepared by the Kurabugyo to substitute for the written order.",
"ja": "後には簡略化されて政所が「請取」を作成して倉奉行の「下書」を添付して御倉に送ることで命令書の代わりとすることが行われるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Onshogata was a department set up in the Kenmu Government and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which took charge of desk work relating to administering Onsho award (reward grants).",
"ja": "恩賞方（おんしょうがた）とは、建武政府及び室町幕府に設置された恩賞業務を取り扱った部局。"
}
|
{
"en": "Emperor Godaigo overthrew the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 and set up the Onshogata to deliberate, investigate, and administer Onsho awards, appointing three people, Saneyo TOIN, Fujifusa MADENOKOJI and Mitsutsune KUJO, as the Shokei (a high rank portfolio).",
"ja": "元弘3年（1333年）に鎌倉幕府を滅ぼした後醍醐天皇が、洞院実世・万里小路藤房・九条光経の3名を上卿として恩賞業務の審議・調査のために設置した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the new administration had overthrown the Kamakura bakufu, it was essential for the administration without its own military force, to reward warriors, who participated in the coup to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, so as to prevent them from plotting a breakaway.",
"ja": "倒幕を実現させたと言えども、実際には直属の軍隊を持たない新政権にとって倒幕に参画した武士に恩賞を与えることは彼らの離反を防ぐ意味でも重要であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, regarding the Onshogata as a mere deliberative organ, the ultimate decision-making authority was delegated to Emperor Godaigo, and granting the requests from his aides, the emperor did not leave the management of Onsho awards to the Onshogata alone, but gave orders differing from the Onshogata, with the result that lawsuits were frequently raised.",
"ja": "しかし、恩賞方は審議機関でしかなく最終決定権を後醍醐天皇の親裁としたこと、天皇が恩賞問題の処理を恩賞方に一元化せずに（主に側近の要望を受けて）恩賞方の意見と違った綸旨を下したこと、そのために訴訟も頻発した。"
}
|
{
"en": "With no organs to deal with the lawsuits, the Onshogata was inundated with work related to the lawsuits, and in turn, the work of awarding Onsho became confusing.",
"ja": "更に訴訟機関が整備されていなかったために恩賞方に訴訟事務が殺到したことによって恩賞業務は混乱した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1334, the administration introduced a system called Yon-ban-sei, under which the whole country was grouped into four regions and a tonin (the director) was appointed for each.",
"ja": "そのため、翌建武_(日本)元年（1334年）に入ると、全国を4地域に分けてそれぞれに頭人を任命する四番制を導入。"
}
|
{
"en": "Sadafusa YOSHIDA (tonin for the Tokaido and Tosando regions)",
"ja": "吉田定房（東海道・東山道）"
}
|
{
"en": "Mitsutsune KUJO (tonin for the Hokurikudo region)",
"ja": "九条光経（北陸道）"
}
|
{
"en": "Fujifusa MADENOKOJI (tonin for the Kinai, Sanyodo and Sanindo regions)",
"ja": "万里小路藤房（畿内・山陽道・山陰道）"
}
|
{
"en": "Takasuke SHIJO (tonin for the Nankaido and Saikaido regions)",
"ja": "四条隆資（南海道・西海道）"
}
|
{
"en": "were appointed to the tonin, and Masashige KUSUNOKI and Nagatoshi NAWA were appointed to the Yoryudo (officer of the government).",
"ja": "を頭人に任命、楠木正成や名和長年を寄人に任じた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Concurrently holding the posts of tonin and Yoryudo of Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits), they were expected to cooperate with each other.",
"ja": "彼らは雑訴決断所の頭人や寄人を兼務していたため、両者の連携が期待された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Takauji ASHIKAGA and his fellows, however, declined appointments to the posts in the Onshogata.",
"ja": "しかし、足利尊氏とその周辺は恩賞方入りを辞退した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Meanwhile, a judicial bureaucrat from the overthrown bakufu, a Yoryudo of Zasso-Ketsudansho, was excluded from the Onshogata.",
"ja": "一方雑訴決断所の寄人になっていた旧幕府の法曹官僚も恩賞方からは排除された。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Emperor Godaigo refused Fujifusa MADENOKOJI, who gave candid advice to the emperor about his ultimate decision, Fujifusa absconded and quit the government, and as a result the Onshogata stopped functioning.",
"ja": "更に後醍醐天皇による親裁に対して苦言を申し入れた万里小路藤房の要請を天皇が拒絶すると、藤房は出奔して政府から去ってしまったために恩賞方は機能停止に陥った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the denso-shu (a consultation form of denso - the job to relay messages of court's people to the Emperor) took charge of the work of awarding Onsho shortly, it was not long before the Kenmu Government collapsed.",
"ja": "やがて伝奏の合議体である伝奏衆が恩賞業務を行うようになったが、間もなく建武政府は崩壊を迎えることになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who had overthrown the Kenmu government, aiming to establish a new government, which later became the Muromachi bakufu, set up the Onshogata (also called Ontakugata) by appointing KO no Moronao as the tonin, who was a high minister of the Ashikaga shogun family and Takauji's steward.",
"ja": "建武3年（延元元年/1336年）、建武政府を倒した足利尊氏は直ちに後の室町幕府となる新政府の樹立を図り、足利将軍家の家宰である執事高師直を頭人とする恩賞方（恩沢方（おんたくがた）とも）を設置した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thinking back on the failure of the Kenmu government, Takauji entrusted to the Onshogata a wide spectrum of work including acceptance of applications for the Onsho award, selection of land given as a reward, instructions on a land change (in the trial held between new and old lords, if the land in question belonged to the old lord) and Funshitsu Ando (providing authorization for a substitute document concerning the awarded Onsho), while he left the ultimate decision-making authority to himself.",
"ja": "尊氏は建武政府の恩賞方の失敗に学んで引き続き最終決定権は尊氏の親裁としたものの、恩賞方は恩賞の申請受理・恩賞地の選定・恩賞替地の沙汰（恩賞地が他者の所領であった場合の新旧領主間の裁判）・恩賞下文の紛失安堵などの広範な業務を任された。"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.