Datasets:
may-ohta
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kftt

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translation
{ "en": "After the establishment of the bakufu, Takauji transferred not only the civil administration, but also partial authority as a commander to his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA for him to be a symbolic person, however, concerning the Onshogata, Takauji made the ultimate decision by understanding the work and participated in discussions when necessary.", "ja": "尊氏は幕府成立後は民政のみならず軍権の一部まで弟の足利直義に譲って、半ば象徴的存在にもなっていたが、恩賞方の業務のみは自らが把握して親裁を行い、必要があれば審議にも参加した。" }
{ "en": "Ultimate decision made by Takauji was called 'Goonsata.'", "ja": "これを「御恩沙汰（ごおんさた）」と呼んだ。" }
{ "en": "When a confrontation between Takauji and Tadayoshi in the Kanno Disturbance forced Tadayoshi and many bureaucrats supporting Tadayoshi to break away, many organizations in the Muromachi bakufu stopped functioning, but ironically, only the Onshogata was able to maintain its function because bureaucrats supporting Takauji had occupied the posts in the Onshogata.", "ja": "皮肉にも観応の擾乱によって尊氏と直義が対立して直義とこれを支持する幕府官僚の多くが離反した時、室町幕府の機構の多くが機能停止に陥ったが、恩賞方のみは尊氏派の官僚がそのまま残留したためにこれを免れたのである。" }
{ "en": "Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, who took the initiative in reconstructing the bakufu and later became the second Seii taishogun, designed the reconstruction work with setting a strategic base in the Onshogata, and later presided over a council called Gozensata at the Onshogata.", "ja": "幕府組織の再建を主導した後の2代征夷大将軍足利義詮は恩賞方を拠点として再建を図り、後にここで御前沙汰と呼ばれる会議を主宰した。" }
{ "en": "Afterward, Gozensata was changed by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the successor of Yoshiakira, into the virtual highest advisory panel controlled by the chief vassals and close advisers personally chosen by the shogun, which discussed important matters besides administering Onsho awards.", "ja": "後に御前沙汰は義詮の後継者である足利義満によって恩賞以外の重要事項も審議するとともに、将軍の個人的な人選によって選ばれた重臣・側近による事実上の最高諮問機関へと変化していく。" }
{ "en": "When the bugyonin (magistrate, who originally took charge of the office work in the Onshogata) gradually took part in administration as the bugyoshu (group of magistrate, also called yuhitsukata), despite their low ranking in the Onshogata, they were included among the members of Gozensata in accordance with the shogun's instruction and called Onshogatashu (members of the Onshogata).", "ja": "特に恩賞方などで事務を担当していた法曹官僚である奉行人が次第に奉行衆（右筆方）として幕政に深く関わってくると、本来恩賞方の下級官僚でしかない彼らが将軍の意向で御前沙汰の一員に加えられて恩賞方衆と呼ばれるようになる。" }
{ "en": "During the rule of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, separated from the Onshogata, the Gozensata was incorporated in the center of the bakufu, and the Onshogatashu was generally called 'Gozensatashu' or 'Gozenbugyonin' (bugyonin with qualifications for attending the Gozensata).", "ja": "さらに足利義教になると、御前沙汰そのものが恩賞方から離れて幕府中枢に置かれるようになり、恩賞方衆も「御前沙汰衆・御前奉行人」などと呼ばれるのが一般的となる。" }
{ "en": "The Onshogata was also changed into an office for the Gozensata in reality and occupied by the bugyonin, the reserve members of Gozensatashu.", "ja": "また、恩賞方も実際には御前沙汰のための事務機関となり、御前沙汰衆の予備軍とも言える奉行人達が詰める様になった。" }
{ "en": "It was presumed that Onshobugyo or Goonbugyo (bugyonin who distributes the rewards), was separately appointed as the 'Betsubugyo' (bugyo with a special mission) from among the members of bugyoshu to engage in the work of awarding Onsho, however, the details are not clear.", "ja": "このため、別個に奉行衆の中から「別奉行」として恩賞奉行あるいは御恩奉行などが任命されて恩賞業務を置いたと推定されているが、詳細は不明である。" }
{ "en": "The Nosenkata was an organization commissioned to collect the dosoyaku (taxes imposed on pawnbrokers and moneylenders by the Muromachi bakufu - Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and sakayayaku (taxes imposed on sake brewery by the Muromachi bakufu), whose members were appointed by the Muromachi bakufu from among influential figures belonging to the doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) or the sakaya (sake breweries).", "ja": "納銭方（のうせんかた/なっせんかた）とは、室町幕府が土倉役・酒屋役を徴収するために土倉・酒屋の有力者から任命した徴税委託の機関。" }
{ "en": "In Kyoto, the doso and sakaya had developed rapidly since the latter part of the Kamakura period.", "ja": "京都では鎌倉時代後期から土倉・酒屋が急速に発展してきた。" }
{ "en": "Leading Buddhist temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, as well as the miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office, the Oshikoji family took charge for generations) in the Imperial Court, had collected taxes from the doso and sakaya by dominating them.", "ja": "延暦寺に代表される有力寺院や朝廷の造酒正（押小路家）などは、こうした土倉や酒屋を支配下においてそこから税を徴収していた。" }
{ "en": "The Muromachi bakufu, established in Kyoto, had originally put its financial base on the income from goryosho (land owned by the Emperor or bakufu) and others, however, the financial base gradually scaled down with the occupation of the goryosho from the Southern Court (Japan) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and with the appropriation of the goryosho for rewards allocated to their military commanders.", "ja": "京都に成立した室町幕府は本来、御料所などからの収入に財政基盤を置いていたが、南北朝時代(日本)の中で南朝(日本)方によって占領されたり、自軍の武将への恩賞に宛てられるなどして次第に縮小していく傾向にあった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the Muromachi bakufu tried to cover the financial shortage by collecting taxes from the doso and sakaya, and started to exclude the clout of other influential families using the military force employed for keeping the peace in Kyoto city.", "ja": "そこで幕府も土倉・酒屋からの徴税によって不足分を補う方針を採るようになり、軍事力による京都市中の掌握を背景に他の権門の影響力を排除しつつあった。" }
{ "en": "In 1371, during the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's service, the Muromachi bakufu collected the dosoyaku from the doso in Kyoto to supplement various expenses needed for Emperor Gokogon's abdication, and in 1393, the bakufu issued an ordinance comprised of five rules regarding doso and sakaya in and around Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto).", "ja": "3代征夷大将軍足利義満が在任していた応安4年（1371年）に後光厳天皇譲位のための諸経費を補うためとして京都の土倉より土倉役を徴収し、明徳4年（1393年）には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。" }
{ "en": "By this ordinance, the bakufu prohibited the influential families from collecting taxes from the doso and sakaya, except for such taxes as the miki no tsukasa paid to the Court, instead, the bakufu imposed an annual payment of 6,000 kan on the doso and sakaya.", "ja": "これにおいて幕府は造酒正が朝廷財政に納入する分などを例外として、諸権門が土倉・酒屋より税を徴収することを禁じ、その代償として土倉・酒屋が年間6,000貫を幕府に納税することとなった。" }
{ "en": "Dominating the doso and sakaya, the bakufu initially tried to collect taxes directly from individual traders, but their efficiency was poor.", "ja": "京都の土倉・酒屋を支配下に置いた幕府は当初は直接個々の業者より徴収を行おうとしたものの、徴収効率が悪かった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the bakufu adopted a new policy; the 'shuchu' (leading figures among individual traders) takes responsibility in collecting taxes from every tens of traders on behalf of the bakufu, and pays income generated by the taxation to the bakufu.", "ja": "そこで、「衆中」と呼ばれていたそれぞれの業者内の有力者が責任者となって、数十軒単位で幕府に代わって徴税を行い、その収入を幕府に納付する方針に変更した。" }
{ "en": "The person responsible was Nosenkata.", "ja": "その責任者が納銭方である。" }
{ "en": "There were two groups of shuchu in the Nosenkata, one was a group belonged to the doso, which collected the dosoyaku commensurate with the number of pawns for the mortgage, and the other was a group belonging to the sakaya, which collected the sakayayaku commensurate with the number of jars for brewing.", "ja": "納銭方には、土倉の担保用質物の員数に応じて土倉役を徴収する土倉の衆中と酒屋の醸造用酒壷の壷数に応じて酒屋役を徴収する酒屋の衆中が存在した。" }
{ "en": "While the existence of the priest-styled Nosenkata using the Buddhist title and the Nosenkata using a popular name is suggested in a record, the doso had originally been put under the control of temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, therefore the Buddhist title is regarded as the remains of their work style as priest belonging to the Buddhist temples.", "ja": "なお、記録上において納銭方の中に法体の姿を取って｢○○坊｣と名乗っている者と普通に俗名を名乗っている者が存在するが、これは土倉が本来は延暦寺などの支配下にあったため、その一員である証としてそれらの寺院に属する僧侶の体裁を取った名残であると考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Reflecting the importance of the dosoyaku and sakayayaku on the bakufu finance in those days, the word \"goryosho\" was often used for the Nosenkata, though the \"goryosho\" originally indicated the territory directly controlled by the bakufu.", "ja": "また、当時の土倉役・酒屋役の幕府財政における重要性を反映して、本来は幕府直轄地を指していた料所（御料所と同義）を納銭方に対して用いる例もあった。" }
{ "en": "Some doso in the Nosenkata were appointed to the officer of the Kubo-okura (finance branch).", "ja": "こうした納銭方であった土倉の中には公方御倉に任じられる者も存在した。" }
{ "en": "Originally, there was a post called kurabugyo in the bakufu, which had managed the property and documents belonging to the bakufu, however, in the light of the labor involved in shipment and security, some Nosenkata took charge not only of taxation but also of business relating to revenue and expenditure for the bakufu finance.", "ja": "本来、幕府の財貨や文書を管理する倉奉行という役職が存在していたが、運搬の手間や安全を考えて納銭方に徴税だけではなく、幕府財政の出納実務をも特定の納銭方に一任するようになった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, the kurabugyo was scaled down to deal with only restricted duties such as collecting taxes from specific traders who were approved to pay taxes directly to the bakufu, managing special accounts including 'Zodairitobetsu' (building expenses for the Imperial Palace) and dealing with a small amount of revenue and expenditure.", "ja": "倉奉行は幕府に直接納付を許された特定の業者からの納税（直進）や幕府の特別会計（内裏造営経費である「造内裏棟別」など）及び小口の出納のみを扱う限定的な職務に縮小されることとなった。" }
{ "en": "There had been drastic changes since the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.", "ja": "ところが、6代将軍足利義教以後になると状況が変わってくることになる。" }
{ "en": "Whenever the Tokuseirei was issued after peasant uprisings, the bakufu had to exempt the seriously damaged doso from the dosoyaku payment to save them.", "ja": "まず、土一揆などによって徳政令が出されると、それによって打撃を受けた土倉を救済するために土倉役を免除しなければならなかった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, the income from the Nosenkata fell into arrears and the shogun's daily life was threatened.", "ja": "その場合、納銭方からの収入が滞り、将軍の日々の生活にも影響が出る恐れも生じた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the bakufu allowed the Nosenkata to form a za (guild) called 'Nosendokoro kaisho' (meeting place for the Nosenkata) aiming to establish a cooperative system among the Nosenkata, and restricted the free trade and free closure of the doso and sakaya by strengthening the bakufu-led protection and supervising systems.", "ja": "そこで、「納銭所会所」と呼ばれる一種の座を結成させて同業者間の協力組織を確立させるとともに幕府による保護・監督体制を強化して土倉や酒屋の自由な営業・廃業を規制した。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, the bakufu introduced the Bunichi Tokusei (borrowers are exempted from returning money to the doso and sakaya if they paid 10 to 20% of their debts to the bakufu) to impose a fee on the procedure for the issue of the Tokuseirei, and set up the bajoyaku (taxes imposed on the fermented soybean paste manufacturers, public bath managers and others), as well as introduced a contract system giving privileges to the Nosenkata under the condition that they paid the taxes in advance.", "ja": "また、分一徳政の導入による徳政令の手続に手数料を導入したり、新たに味噌屋や風呂屋なども対象に含めた馬上役を設定、更に納銭方に対して予め予定税収額を納付させた上での請負制を導入するなどの財政安定策が採られた。" }
{ "en": "Consequently, it is believed that the bakufu finance was kept comparatively stable until immediately before the Onin War despite losing its authority.", "ja": "これによって応仁の乱直前まで、幕府の権威低下にも関わらず幕府財政は比較的安定していたといわれている。" }
{ "en": "After the Onin War, with the devastation of Kyoto city and refusal of tax payment, the tax income did not reach the expected income calculated on the basis of the contract system, and as a result the bakufu finances went into the red.", "ja": "だが、応仁の乱後には京都の荒廃や納税拒否の動きによって請負額に徴税額が達せずに赤字となった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, not a few people refused to be a Nosenkata.", "ja": "さらに納銭方を辞退する者が相次いだ。" }
{ "en": "As a countermeasure, the bakufu tried to curb the tax revenue decrease by imposing a tax on the'請酒' (sake retailer) and 'hizeniya' (new money-lender which lends money at a high interest rate with daily interest), however the tax revenue was not restored.", "ja": "これに対して幕府は「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や「日銭屋」と呼ばれる高利・日歩の新興金融業者に対しても課税を行うなどして税収低下を抑制しようとするが、税収回復は困難であった。" }
{ "en": "When Kanrei (shogunal deputy) Harumoto HOSOKAWA decided in 1539 to leave the monopolistic contract for the Nosenkata business entirely to 'Shojitsubo' (a doso of Enryaku-ji Temple extraction), which had repeatedly taken charge of Nosenkata and Kubo-okura, as a measure against the dosoyaku and sakayayaku decrease due to the damage from the Tenbun Hokke War, the doso and sakaya strongly opposed his decision and requested direct tax payment to the bakufu.", "ja": "天文(日本)8年（1539年）に天文法華の乱の影響による土倉役・酒屋役の減少への対策として管領細川晴元が明徳以来度々納銭方や公方御倉を務めた延暦寺系の土倉｢正実坊｣による納銭方業務の請負一任（事実上の独占化）が決定されると、土倉や酒屋がこれに強く反対して幕府への直納（直進）要求するに至った。" }
{ "en": "Harumoto however refused their request.", "ja": "だが、晴元はこれを拒絶した。" }
{ "en": "In 1552, demanding the same privileges as 'Shojitsubo,' 'Gyokusenbo,' a long-established doso similar to 'Shojitsubo,' filed a lawsuit only to lose.", "ja": "同21年（1552年）には｢正実坊｣と同じく老舗業者であった「玉泉坊」も納銭方の地位確認を求めて訴訟を起こしたが、敗訴した。" }
{ "en": "While the Nosenkata was abolished along with the dissolution of the Muromachi bakufu in 1573, the system of Nosenkata is thought to be absorbed by the Oda administration, because Shojitsubo Joun, the family head of Shojitsubo at that time, was continuously appointed by Nobunaga ODA to the post for collecting taxes.", "ja": "納銭方は天正元年（1573年）の室町幕府解体とともに廃止されるが、当時の正実坊の当主であった正実坊掟運は織田信長によってそのまま徴税担当に起用されており、その仕組みは織田政権によって吸収されていったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "The Naidankata, that functioned from 1344 to 1349, was a Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled deliberative organization managing the shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues).", "ja": "内談方（ないだんかた）とは、康和3年（興国5年/1344年）－貞和3年（正平(日本)4年/1349年）に存在した室町幕府の所務沙汰審議機関。" }
{ "en": "At the beginning of the Muromachi bakufu, Seii taishogun (great general) Takauji ASHIKAGA entrusted his real younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA with a civil administration and a part of the military administration.", "ja": "室町幕府成立当初は、征夷大将軍足利尊氏は実弟の足利直義に民政と一部軍政を一任していた。" }
{ "en": "Tadayoshi had managed the shomusata by establishing the Hikitsukekata (adjudication office) based on an old system adopted by the Kamakura bakufu, however the business became gradually complicated.", "ja": "直義は鎌倉幕府の旧制に基づいて引付方を設置して所務沙汰にあたってきたが、事務が煩雑化した。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, he was annoyed by a feud with KO no Moronao, a main retainer of the Ashikaga clan.", "ja": "更に足利氏の家宰であった高師直との確執にも悩まされた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Tadayoshi abolished the Hikitsukekata and instead established the Naidankata.", "ja": "そこで今までの引付方を廃止して代わりに設置したのが、内談方である。" }
{ "en": "Dividing the national land into three regions, the bakufu set up an office in each region, and appointed KO no Moronao, Tomosada UESUGI (the Futahashi Uesugi family) and Shigeyoshi UESUGI as the tonin (the director).", "ja": "内談方は地域単位で3番に分けて高師直・上杉朝定_(二橋上杉家)・上杉重能を頭人に任じた。" }
{ "en": "They each managed the shomusata with ten subordinate Yoryudo (officer of the bakufu).", "ja": "その下に10人ずつの寄人を配して所務沙汰を審議させたのである。" }
{ "en": "In the original Hikitsukekata, the discussion and the shogun's ultimate decision-making (Tadayoshi made decision on behalf of shogun Takauji) on the settled items were thoroughly separated.", "ja": "従来の引付方では審議と決定事項に対する将軍の親裁（ただし、当時は直義が代行）は別に分けられていた。" }
{ "en": "Meanwhile, the newly established Naidankata was significant in some respects: Tadayoshi attended the discussion held at Naidankata and made an ultimate decision on the spot, Hikitsukekata had nearly a hundred members of naidanshu (judges) but the number was drastically reduced in the Naidankata to only thirty who were appointed by Yoryudo, moreover, attendance of Tadayoshi and his political rival KO no Moronao, a leader of opposition group, at the Naidankata gave no room to complain about the decision made by the Naidankata.", "ja": "内談方には直義自らが臨席してその場で親裁を行ったこと、引付方には100名近い内談衆がいたが、これを寄人に任じられた30名のみに大幅に削減したこと、直義と反対派の領袖である政敵・高師直がともに列席したために、内談方の決定に異議を挟むことが出来なくなったことに意義があった。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, it is said that Tadayoshi tried to ensure his authority in decision making by gathering bushi (group of warriors) supporting him to the Naidankata, aiming to keep Moronao in check.", "ja": "また、直義はここに自派の武士を集めて自らの親裁権を確保することで師直を牽制する目的もあったと言われている。" }
{ "en": "Consequently, in spite of success in enhancing its political influence on the shomusata, the Muromachi bakufu could not achieve another goal of putting a period to the confrontation between Tadayoshi and Moronao, it rather deteriorated.", "ja": "これによって所務沙汰に対する室町幕府の政治的影響力は高まったものの、もう1つの目的である直義と師直の対立に終止符を打つことは出来ずむしろ悪化した。" }
{ "en": "Murder of captive Shigeyoshi UESUGI by Moronao forced the Naidankata to stop functioning only five years after its establishment.", "ja": "内談方は設置からわずか5年後に師直が上杉重能を捕らえて殺害したことから機能停止に陥った。" }
{ "en": "It was not long before the Naidankata was effectively abolished because gokenin (vassal of the shogunate) belonged to the Tadayoshi group, the main members of the Naidankata, left the bakufu.", "ja": "更に直義と内談方の主要構成員であった直義派の御家人が事実上幕府から去ることとなったために事実上廃止された。" }
{ "en": "Afterwards, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA (later the second shogun), who took charge of the civil administration instead of Tadayoshi, restored the abolished Hikitsukekata without any reform, with the result that the discussion and the shogun's ultimate decision were separated again.", "ja": "その後、直義に替わって民政を担当することになった足利義詮（後の2代将軍）は廃止された引付方をそのまま復活させたために、審議と将軍の親裁は再び分離されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The Nenyo was an official position during the middle ages in Japan.", "ja": "年預（ねんよ）は、中世日本に置かれた役職の1つ。" }
{ "en": "The Nenyo is an official position in the Inshi (officials of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office)", "ja": "年預（ねんよ）は、院司に置かれた役職の1つ。" }
{ "en": "The Nenyo supervised the In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) and took the responsibility for running administrative affairs in the In.", "ja": "院庁を監督して院中の事務執行を担当する責任者である。" }
{ "en": "The Zuryo (head of the provincial governors) of the fourth or fifth Court Ranks worked as a Betto (chief administrator), which was commonly called \"Innonenyo\" or \"Nenyo Betto.\"", "ja": "四位・五位の受領が別当を務めて院年預（いんのねんよ）あるいは年預別当（ねんよべっとう）と呼称されるのが恒例であった。" }
{ "en": "In later years, some stewards or regents served concurrently as Nenyo.", "ja": "後には院の執事や執権がこれを兼務する場合もあった。" }
{ "en": "Prominent Nenyo includes FUJIWARA no Mototaka under Emperor Shirakawa, FUJIWARA no Tadataka under Emperor Toba, FUJIWARA no Toshimori under Emperor Goshirakawa, and TAIRA no Tadamori under Bifukumon-in.", "ja": "著名な年預に白河天皇の藤原基隆、鳥羽天皇の藤原忠隆、後白河天皇の藤原俊盛、美福門院の平忠盛などがいる。" }
{ "en": "A historical book described that the position of Nenyo was also provided later for government officials such as the Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) and Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) as well as for the Keishi (household superintendent) of the Sekkan families (Sekkanke).", "ja": "後に大蔵省・大炊寮と言った正式な官司や摂関家家司にも年預が設置された記録が見られる。" }
{ "en": "The Nenyo is an official position in temples such as the Todai-ji Temple, To-ji Temple, and the Kongobu-ji Temple.", "ja": "年預（ねんよ/ねんにょ）は、東大寺・東寺・金剛峯寺などの寺院に置かれた役職の1つ。" }
{ "en": "The Nenyo organized meetings and consultations of the Daishu (Buddhist monks residing in the zendo) by arranging and chairing the meetings and recording, storing and putting into practice what was decided in the meetings.", "ja": "大衆_(仏教)による集会評定の幹事となり、集会の開催・進行、決定事項の記録・保管・執行を行う。" }
{ "en": "They were elected from the Daishu by drawing lots or held the position by rotation once a year.", "ja": "大衆の中から1年ごとに籤などで選出されるか、輪番制で交代した。" }
{ "en": "Enjo-ji Temple set up the Nenyo position in 889, which was the oldest historical record of the position.", "ja": "寛平元年に円成寺に置かれたのが最古の記録である。" }
{ "en": "This practice of assigning Nenyo in temples had an influence on samurai warriors in later years.", "ja": "後にこうした寺院の慣習が武士に対しても影響を与えた。" }
{ "en": "The influence of the Nenyo system and its election system is said to have been found in the systems of the Kamakura bakufu such as the Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) as well as monthly shift or duty system.", "ja": "鎌倉幕府の評定衆や引付衆、月番制などに年預の制度・選出が影響が見られるとされている。" }
{ "en": "The Shokei, mainly in the Heian period, referred to a person of the highest rank in an organization or a function that nobles were involved in, but the Shokei commonly served in the following two posts:", "ja": "上卿（しょうけい）は、主に平安時代において、公卿が関わる組織、役目の中の筆頭の者を指すが、通常現れるのは次ぎの２つである。" }
{ "en": "The Shokei was the head equivalent to the chairperson of 'Jin no sadame' (Jingi - the ancient cabinet council), which was a de facto supreme council under the Dajokan (Great Council of State) System--the administrative body of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).", "ja": "律令制の行政機関である太政官機構の事実上の最高審議会議体である「陣定」（陣議）においては、議長に相当する一番上の者。" }
{ "en": "The Sadaijin (minister of the left) or, if absent, the Udaijin (minister of the right) assumed the head of the 'Jin' (the council), because the Sessho (regent) and the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) served as assistant and deputy of the Emperor and did not participate in the Jin and Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) that was an honorary post.", "ja": "摂政・関白は天皇の補佐・代理人の位置づけであるので陣には加わらず、太政大臣も名誉職であるので「陣」の筆頭は左大臣、出席していなければ右大臣となる。" }
{ "en": "When the Shokei is referred to in connection with important events for the Imperial Court such as Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) and Kamo Festival, he worked as the director and ran such events.", "ja": "平安時代の大嘗祭（だいじょうえ）賀茂祭他、朝廷にとっての重要な行事と関連して言われる場合には、その行事を取り仕切る行事所の長官であった。" }
{ "en": "The Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) assigned.nobles of higher ranks as an assistant of the head depending on how important the event was.", "ja": "その行事の重要度によっては、貴族の中でも上級の公卿が除目により補任された。" }
{ "en": "Heian cavalry (Heian Kibatai) is the cavalry of the Kyoto Prefectural Police.", "ja": "平安騎馬隊（へいあんきばたい）は京都府警察の騎馬隊である。" }
{ "en": "It was founded in 1994 to commemorate the 1200th anniversary of the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto).", "ja": "1994年に平安京遷都1200年を記念して創設された。" }
{ "en": "1921", "ja": "1921年" }
{ "en": "Mounted police officers were deployed at the Kyoto Prefectural Police Department.", "ja": "当時の京都府警察に騎馬警官が配置される。" }
{ "en": "However, they disappeared 10 years after 1945.", "ja": "しかし1945年以降10年内に消滅。" }
{ "en": "1994", "ja": "1994年" }
{ "en": "On February 10, the Hean Cavalry was founded", "ja": "-2月10日に平安騎馬隊が創設。" }
{ "en": "At first the Kyoto racetrack was its main base of activity.", "ja": "当時は京都競馬場を活動拠点としていた。" }
{ "en": "1997", "ja": "1997年" }
{ "en": "The facilities for the Heian cavalry were constructed in the Ikoi no Mori (forest of relaxation) of Takaragaike Park, moving its base there in October.", "ja": "宝ヶ池公園憩いの森内に施設が整備され10月から活動拠点を移動した。" }
{ "en": "Many of the horses belonging to the Heian cavalry were thoroughbreds that were ex-race horses.", "ja": "所属馬は元競走馬だったサラブレッドが多い。" }
{ "en": "The names of the horses were taken from the names of locations in Kyoto.", "ja": "馬名は京都の地名等から取られている。" }
{ "en": "Kasagi", "ja": "笠置（かさぎ）" }
{ "en": "The old name is Biko Alpha.", "ja": "旧名ビコーアルファー。" }
{ "en": "The horse is male and its hair color is dark bay.", "ja": "牡、馬の毛色黒鹿毛。" }
{ "en": "His father was Rivlia, his mother was Kuriremon, and his mother's father was Indiana.", "ja": "父リヴリア、母クリレモン、母の父インディアナ。" }
{ "en": "He was born April 24, 1990 at the Hasegawa farm in Hokkaido.", "ja": "1990年4月24日、北海道の長谷川牧場で生まれる。" }
{ "en": "In the former competitive system of Japanese horseracing and belonging to the Yukiharu SHIKATO stable of the Japan Racing Association, he won the Fuji Stakes of the Open Tokubetsu Jidai and ran well in big prize horse races, ranked 2nd in the Keio Hai Spring Cup and came in 2nd in the Keisei Hai Autumn Handicap.", "ja": "日本中央競馬会の鹿戸幸治厩舎に所属していた元日本の競馬の競走体系競走条件区分で、オープン特別時代の富士ステークスに優勝しているほか、京王杯スプリングカップ2着、京成杯オータムハンデキャップ2着など、重賞でも好走を見せていた。" }
{ "en": "His record as a racehorse was 7 wins out of 58 races.", "ja": "競走馬としての通算成績は58戦7勝。" }
{ "en": "After retiring, he became the lead horse at the Hanshin racetrack.", "ja": "その引退後は阪神競馬場で誘導馬となった。" }
{ "en": "In July 2007 he retired from being a lead horse and changed his name to Kasachi and joined the cavalry.", "ja": "2007年7月に誘導馬を引退し、笠置と改名して騎馬隊に入隊した。" }
{ "en": "Daimonji", "ja": "大文字（だいもんじ）" }
{ "en": "His former name was Osumi gian.", "ja": "旧名オースミジャイアン。" }
{ "en": "The horse is male and its hair color is bay.", "ja": "牡、馬の毛色鹿毛。" }
{ "en": "His father's name was Northern Taste, his mother was Begonia, and his mother's father was Plagudonikuru.", "ja": "父ノーザンテースト、母ベゴニア、母の父プラグドニクル。" }
{ "en": "On May 20, 1994 he was born on a Northern farm in Hokkaido.", "ja": "1994年5月20日、北海道のノーザンファームで生まれる。" }
{ "en": "His racing results were 3 wins out of 15 races, and he ranked 4th at the Aoba sho in 1997.", "ja": "競走成績は1997年の青葉賞4着など15戦3勝。" }
{ "en": "Kurama", "ja": "鞍馬（くらま）" }
{ "en": "His former name was Springtime.", "ja": "旧名スプリングタイム。" }
{ "en": "Color; chestnut.", "ja": "馬の毛色栗毛。" }