Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

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translation
translation
{ "en": "He was born in 1989.", "ja": "1989年生まれ。" }
{ "en": "Oe", "ja": "大江（おおえ）" }
{ "en": "His former name was Erimonobuo.", "ja": "旧名エリモノブオー。" }
{ "en": "Male, color; grey.", "ja": "牡、馬の毛色芦毛。" }
{ "en": "His father's name was Shakapool, his mother was Erimogyallop, his mother's father was Geisan.", "ja": "父シャカプール、母エリモギャロップ、母の父ゲイサン。" }
{ "en": "On May 8, 1990, he was born at the Erimo farm of Hokkaido.", "ja": "1990年5月8日、北海道のえりも農場で生まれる。" }
{ "en": "His race results were 0 win out of 5.", "ja": "競走成績は5戦0勝。" }
{ "en": "After retiring he was the lead horse at the Kyoto Race Track.", "ja": "引退後は京都競馬場で誘導馬として活動していた。" }
{ "en": "Ogura", "ja": "小倉（おぐら）" }
{ "en": "His former name was Hayprest", "ja": "旧名ヘイプレスト。" }
{ "en": "Color; Grey", "ja": "芦毛。" }
{ "en": "Born in 1988", "ja": "1988年生まれ。" }
{ "en": "Atago", "ja": "愛宕（あたご）" }
{ "en": "His former name was Inzapink.", "ja": "旧名インザピンク。" }
{ "en": "Color; roan.", "ja": "馬の毛色粕毛。" }
{ "en": "Born in 1985.", "ja": "1985年生まれ。" }
{ "en": "In medieval Japan, a kokushi was a government officer who was sent by the central government to administer a ryoseikoku (an area of regional administration).", "ja": "国司（こくし）は、古代から中世の日本で、地方行政単位である令制国の行政官として中央から派遣された官吏である。" }
{ "en": "The four ranks of the kokushi system were known as the shitokan, with the individual ranks being kami (governor), tsuke (vice-governor), jo (secretary) and sakan (clerk) (for more information, refer to 'the local government system in ancient Japan').", "ja": "四等官である守(国司)（かみ）、介(国司)（すけ）、掾（じょう）、目(国司)（さかん）等を指す（詳細は古代日本の地方官制も併せて参照のこと）。" }
{ "en": "Gunji (district officials) were appointed by influential people from the region, namely former gozoku (local ruling clan) members.", "ja": "郡の官吏（郡司）は在地の有力者、いわゆる旧豪族からの任命だった。" }
{ "en": "For these reasons, the kokushi were pivotal to central government control.", "ja": "そのため、中央からの支配のかなめは国司にあった。" }
{ "en": "A kokushi's tenure was six (subsequently four) years.", "ja": "任期は6年（のちに4年）であった。" }
{ "en": "A kokushi performed his duties in the kokuga (provincial government office).", "ja": "国司は国衙において政務に当たった。" }
{ "en": "He had supreme authority in the area under his jurisdiction and was responsible for all matters pertaining to religious services, administration, the law and the military.", "ja": "祭祀・行政・司法・軍事のすべてを司り、管内では絶大な権限を持った。" }
{ "en": "The \"Nihonshoki\" (Chronicles of Japan) records how the kokushi system was introduced by imperial decree at the time of the Taika Reforms.", "ja": "『日本書紀』には、大化の改新時の改新の詔において、国司を置いたことが記録されている。" }
{ "en": "At this time there were no plans to distribute kokushi uniformly throughout the country.", "ja": "このとき、全国一律に国司が設置されたとは考えられていなかった。" }
{ "en": "It is said that kokushi were originally known as 'kuni no mikoto mochi' (provincial governors), and above them were the 'oho mikoto mochi' (provincial governor-generals) who were in charge of several provinces (it is said the name 'Dasaifu' (an area in Kyushu) is derived from 'oho mikoto mochi', as it shares the same Chinese characters).", "ja": "また当初は国宰（くにのみこともち）という呼称されたと言われており、国宰の上には数ヶ国を統括する大宰（おほみこともち）が設置されたという（「大宰府」の語はその名残だと言われている）。" }
{ "en": "From this point on until the end of the 7th century, kokushi were placed throughout the country following the establishment of the ryoseikoku system.", "ja": "その後7世紀末までに令制国の制度が確立し、それに伴って国司が全国的に配置されるようになったとされている。" }
{ "en": "In the early 8th century, the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - a fully-fledged system of law - was issued, and the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code) was established.", "ja": "8世紀初頭には、本格的な法典体系である大宝律令が公布され、中央集権的な律令制が布かれることとなった。" }
{ "en": "Kokushi occupied a very important position in the Ritsuryo system.", "ja": "律令制において、国司は非常に重要な位置に置かれた。" }
{ "en": "The Handen Shuju system (a system for periodically reallocating rice land) was the basis of the Ritsuryo system and involved the creation of the ancient family registry system, the allotment of rice fields and the collection of tax/corvee, all tasks carried out by the kokushi.", "ja": "律令制を根幹的に支えた班田収授制は、古代の戸籍制度の作成、田地の班給、租庸調の収取などから構成されていたが、これらはいずれも国司の職務であった。" }
{ "en": "In this way, the kokushi were entrusted with spreading the ideas of the Ritsuryo system throughout Japan.", "ja": "このように、律令制の理念を日本全国に貫徹することが国司に求められていたのである。" }
{ "en": "In the Heian period, the Imperial Court revised the system for governing local areas.", "ja": "平安時代になると、朝廷は地方統治の方法を改めた。" }
{ "en": "The main responsibility of the kokushi became the collection of a fixed amount of tax, and they were relieved of the duty of governing, a duty which had been part of the Ritsuryo system.", "ja": "国司には一定の租税納入を果たすことが主要任務とされ、従前の律令制的な人民統治は求められなくなっていった。" }
{ "en": "This was because it became possible to collect these taxes without relying on the Ritsuryo system of governance.", "ja": "それは、律令制的な統治方法によらなくとも、一定の租税を徴収することが可能になったからである。" }
{ "en": "A group of rich farmers named the Tato (cultivators) made their appearance around the 9th and 10th centuries, and during the same period, koden (land directly controlled by the kokuga (provincial government office)) was reorganized into units of land known as myoden.", "ja": "9世紀～10世紀ごろ、田堵と呼ばれる富豪農民が登場し、時を同じくして、国衙（国司の役所）が支配していた公田が、名田という単位に再編された。" }
{ "en": "The kokushi were able to secure the fixed amount of taxes by entrusting the Tato with the management of and collection of taxes from the myoden (the Tato so entrusted were known as Fumyo).", "ja": "国司は、田堵に名田を経営させ、名田からの租税納付を請け負わせることで、一定の租税額を確保するようになった（これを負名という）。" }
{ "en": "Under the Ritsuryo system, tax was levied on each individual so it was necessary to administer each person individually.", "ja": "律令制下では、人民一人ひとりに租税が課せられていたため、人民の個別支配が必要とされていた。" }
{ "en": "However, as described above, around the 10th century a system was established for levying tax on myoden or, in other words, on land (this system was known as the myo taisei).", "ja": "しかし、10世紀ごろになると、上記のように名田、すなわち土地を対象に租税賦課する体制が確立したのである（この体制を名体制（みょうたいせい）という）。" }
{ "en": "When a fixed amount of tax had been secured, several kokushi appeared from outside the area (these were known as yonin).", "ja": "一定の租税収入が確保されると、任国へ赴任しない国司が多数現れるようになった（これを遥任という）。" }
{ "en": "The head of the kokushi who were assigned to and resided in a province became known as the zuryo.", "ja": "そして現地赴任する国司の中の最高責任者を受領と呼ぶようになった。" }
{ "en": "With the switch to this new system, known as the Ocho Kokka system, as long as the zuryo delivered a set amount of tax to the treasury, they were free from control by the imperial court and were able to privately secure/accumulate any revenues that exceeded the set amount.", "ja": "王朝国家体制への転換の中で、受領は一定額の租税の国庫納付を果たしさえすれば、朝廷の制限を受けることなく、それ以上の収入を私的に獲得・蓄積することができるようになった。" }
{ "en": "At that time, it was mainly middle-ranking royalty who were assigned to be kokushi.", "ja": "当時、国司に任命されたのは主に中級貴族だったが、彼らは私的に蓄積した富を摂関家などの有力貴族へ貢納することで、生き残りを図った。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, a kokushi assignment was directly connected to the accumulation of wealth, so middle-ranking royalty fought for the appointments and also sought to be reappointed.", "ja": "また、国司に任命されることは富の蓄積へ直結したため、中級貴族は競って国司への任命を望み、また重任を望んだ。" }
{ "en": "\"Makura no Soshi \"(The Pillow Book) includes a description of the day when a person was assigned to kokushi (the assigning ceremony is called a jimoku).", "ja": "『枕草子』には国司任命（除目という）の日の悲喜を描いている。" }
{ "en": "In the middle and later periods of the Heian period, the chigyo-koku system (see the next sentence) was established.", "ja": "平安中期以降、知行国という制度ができた。" }
{ "en": "In this system, the right to recommend the kokushi of a province was given to a member of the imperial family or a dominant royal, and the dominant royal, who was given the right, appointed his family member or vassal to the kokushi, obtaining a vast amount of income from the province.", "ja": "これは皇族や大貴族に一国を指定して国司推薦権を与えるもので、大貴族は親族や家来を国司に任命させて当国から莫大な収益を得た。" }
{ "en": "Kokushi existed in the Kamakura period as well.", "ja": "鎌倉時代にも国司は存続した。" }
{ "en": "However, the bakufu (military government) dispatched jito (estate stewards) to several areas, and these jito became actively involved in the shoen (manors) and the kokugaryo (public lands) administered by the kokushi.", "ja": "しかし、幕府によって各地に配置された地頭が積極的に荘園、そして国司が管理していた国衙領へ侵出していった。" }
{ "en": "Naturally, the kokushi resisted this situation.", "ja": "当然、これに国司は抵抗した。" }
{ "en": "However, jito made inroads into Kokugaryo, depriving kokushi of their right to control the provinces.", "ja": "しかしながら、地頭は国衙領へ侵出することで、徐々に国司の支配権を奪っていった。" }
{ "en": "Shugo (provincial constables) were granted substantial rights entering the Muromachi period, for example the hanzei kyufu (the right to collect half the tax from an area) and the shisetsu jungyo (the right to settle land disputes on behalf of the bakufu).", "ja": "室町時代になると、守護に大幅な権限、例えば半済給付権、使節遵行権などが付与された。" }
{ "en": "These rights also exerted a strong effect in the kokugaryo lands administered by the kokushi, resulting in a substantial transferal of kokushi rights to the shugo.", "ja": "これらの権限は、国司が管理する国衙領においても強力な効力を発揮し、その結果、国司の権限が大幅に守護へ移ることとなった。" }
{ "en": "In this way, the kokushi became government officers in name only and real power shifted to the shugo (these people were known as shugo daimyo (shugo lords)).", "ja": "こうして国司は名目だけの官職となり、実体的な支配は守護（守護大名という）が執行するようになった。" }
{ "en": "The kokushi evolved to become only an honorary post.", "ja": "ここに至り、国司は単なる名誉職となった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the role of kokushi was appointed to someone irregardless of whether they were in control of the province or not.", "ja": "従って、被官される人物の実効支配地に関係なく任命された。" }
{ "en": "During the Sengoku (warring states) period, many people such as busho (warlords) appointed themselves kokushi or pretended to be kokushi.", "ja": "戦国時代(日本)の武将などでは国司を自称、あるいは僭称する者も多かった。" }
{ "en": "While real political power was in the samurai class, for example, in a bakufu, kokushi was only a honorary post.", "ja": "政治の実権が幕府等の武家にあるうちは、単なる名誉職にしか過ぎなかった国司であった。" }
{ "en": "However, the Sengoku period saw many cases of people of lower standing overthrowing their social superiors, and during this time increasing numbers of hereditary daimyo without an official bakufu post such as shugo or shugodai (deputy shugo) began to demand official posts in order to assert the legitimacy of their control over a promise or their excursions into other provinces.", "ja": "しかし、下克上が頻発した戦国時代では守護や守護代等の幕府役職者以外の出自の大名が、自国領土支配もしくは他国侵攻の正当性を主張するために任官を求める事が増加した。" }
{ "en": "In this era, daimyo in the sengoku period actively donated money or other valuables to the imperial court in order to secure a kokushi post.", "ja": "この時代では国司職を求めて戦国大名が朝廷へ盛んに献金などを行った。" }
{ "en": "This situation allowed the emperor to be recognized again as having a position of power.", "ja": "これは、天皇の地位が再認識される契機ともなった。" }
{ "en": "In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI took the position of kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), the title of kokushi changed into an official post for a samurai family to show the level of its social position or authority and became completely nominal.", "ja": "安土桃山時代には豊臣秀吉の関白に伴い、国司の称号は武家の地位・権威を示す武家官位へと変質し、完全に名目だけのものとなった。" }
{ "en": "After the Edo bakufu was established, the bakufu recommended to the imperial court that a daimyo should be appointed to kokushi, according to the social standing of his family.", "ja": "江戸幕府成立以降は、家格に応じて、幕府から朝廷へ大名の国司補任が推挙された。" }
{ "en": "There were also many cases of normal samurai appropriating the kokushi title as their own personal name (this act was known as hyakan-na).", "ja": "また、一般武士が通名として国司を私称することも多く見られた（百官名）。" }
{ "en": "This tradition continued until the Meiji Restoration.", "ja": "この傾向は明治維新まで続いた。" }
{ "en": "Classification of province ranks", "ja": "国等級区分" }
{ "en": "Based on its economical criteria, such as provincial power, each province was classified into taigoku (a major province), jogoku (an upper-class province), chugoku (a middle-class province) or gekoku (a minor province), and the amount of tax on a province was determined based on its rank in this classification.", "ja": "各国は国力等の経済上の基準で大国（たいごく）・上国（じょうごく）・中国（ちゅうごく）・下国（げこく）の4等級に区分され、この各区分毎に適正な納税の軽重が決められた。" }
{ "en": "This classification changed according to the situation surrounding the provinces and times.", "ja": "この区分は各国の国情、時勢により変動した。" }
{ "en": "Also, the kokushi rankings and personnel were also base don this classification (for example, the position of taigoku no kami (governor of a major province) was reserved for Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), the position of jogoku no kami (governor of a second ranking province) were reserved for Jurokunoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), while suke (vice-governors) were not appointed to chugoku (middle-ranking provinces) or gekoku (lower-ranking provinces).", "ja": "また、国司の格や人員も（大国の守は従五位上だが上国の守は従六位下、中国・下国には介は置かないなど）これに基づいた。" }
{ "en": "Shinno ninkoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes)", "ja": "親王任国" }
{ "en": "For more details, refer to the 'shinno ninkoku' page.", "ja": "親王任国についての詳細は親王任国を参照" }
{ "en": "The Emperor Kammu had many children, and many of these princes were given official posts as kokushu (governor).", "ja": "桓武天皇は皇子を多く授かったため、親王の役職として国守が当てられた。" }
{ "en": "Some provinces known as shinno ninkoku always had princes appointed as kokushi, and these princes were known as taishu (governor-generals).", "ja": "親王が必ず国守を務めることとされた国が親王任国と云われており、各国の国守は太守と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "It is said that the actual works of the head governor were handled by its suke (his deputy).", "ja": "実務上の長官は介が担う形であったと云われる。" }
{ "en": "The term sengoku daimyo refers to a daimyo who exercised unitary control over several districts or provinces during Japan's sengoku (warring states) period.", "ja": "戦国大名（せんごくだいみょう）は、日本の戦国時代(日本)に数郡から数カ国規模の領域を一元的に支配した大名を指す。" }
{ "en": "Compared with shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) in the Muromachi period, daimyo in the sengoku period centralized control of territories, which were not under the influence of the central government.", "ja": "室町時代の守護大名と比べると、戦国大名は、中央権力と一線を画して領国の集権化を図った。" }
{ "en": "In particular, sengoku daimyo strengthened their control over hikan (low-level bureaucrats) and kashin (vassals), and established the kandakasei system, a system for imposing military duties in return for chigyo daka (a stipend based on a fief's rice production).", "ja": "特に被官・家臣の統制を強化し、知行高に応じて軍役を課す貫高制を確立した。" }
{ "en": "Some daimyo in the period established bunkokuho (the laws to be enforced in their own territories) to mediate disputes between hikan and vassals or among residents in their territories.", "ja": "独自に被官・家臣間、領民間の争いを調停する分国法を制定するものもあった。" }
{ "en": "The highly independent and solid territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.", "ja": "このような戦国大名による独自性の高い強固な領国支配体制を大名領国制という。" }
{ "en": "It is said that the control style of this system was reached by increasing the level of central control in the shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo controlled a province).", "ja": "これは守護大名の守護領国制がより集権性を高めて発展した支配形態とされる。" }
{ "en": "Many daimyo in the sengoku period were appointed to shugo by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to establish their own legitimacy so as to surpass adjacent daimyo.", "ja": "戦国大名は、支配の正統性を確立し、近隣大名を凌駕するために、幕府から守護への補任を受ける者が多かった。" }
{ "en": "Based on this, some people view sengoku daimyo as being sengoku-period shugo.", "ja": "このことから戦国大名を戦国期守護という概念で理解する見解もある。" }
{ "en": "In order to legitimize their control or gain an advantage over neighboring daimyo, many sengoku daimyo gave substantial donations to the Imperial Court in return for an official title (these titles reserved for samurai were known as buke kani).", "ja": "一方、支配正統性の確立・近隣への優越という動機に基づいて、朝廷へ多額の貢納を行う見返りに官位（武家官位）を獲得する戦国大名も多数存在した。" }
{ "en": "In this situation, the authority of Emperor, having been on the brink of ruin, came to be recognized again.", "ja": "これにより衰亡寸前だった天皇の権威が再認識されることとなった。" }
{ "en": "The Emperor at the time played no small role in unifying the entire nation around the end of the sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.", "ja": "天皇は戦国末期～安土桃山時代の天下統一に少なからぬ役割を果たした。" }
{ "en": "Daimyo in the sengoku period advanced the level of independent control over their territories significantly, which decentralized control of the nation.", "ja": "戦国大名による領国化が著しく進展し、国内は分権的な様相を呈していた。" }
{ "en": "However, the unification of the nation by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI brought the nation under centralized control, making activities by sengoku period daimyo less independent.", "ja": "しかし、織田信長・豊臣秀吉の天下統一により一転して集権化へと向かい、戦国大名の独立性は薄まっていく。" }
{ "en": "Under these circumstances, sengoku daimyo made the transition to being early-modern daimyo in the shogunate system.", "ja": "こうした流れの中で、戦国大名は幕藩体制下の近世大名へと移行していった。" }
{ "en": "The origins of daimyo in the sengoku period are roughly as follows:", "ja": "戦国大名の出自の概要は以下の通りである。" }
{ "en": "Many sengoku daimyo were originally shugo daimyo (such as the Satake, Inagawa, Takeda, Toki, Rokkaku, Ouchi, Otomo and Shimazu clans), while many others were originally shugodai (shugo deputies) or their vassals/retainers (such as the Asakura, Amago, Nagao, Miyoshi, Chosokabe, Jinbo, Hatano, Oda and Mastunaga clans). There were also many who were originally local lords or religious powers (such as the Mori, Tamura, Ryozoji and Tsutsui clans).", "ja": "佐竹氏・今川氏・武田氏・土岐氏・六角氏・大内氏・大友氏・島津氏らのように守護大名に出自した例、朝倉氏・尼子氏・長尾氏・三好氏・長宗我部氏・神保氏・波多野氏・織田氏・松永氏らのように守護代やその臣・陪臣に出自した例が多数を占めたが、毛利氏・田村氏・龍造寺氏・筒井氏らのように国人層や宗教勢力に出自した例も多かった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there were also many sengoku daimyo who were originally bakufu officers or ronin (masterless samurai), such as the Gohojo and Saito clans).", "ja": "その他、後北条氏・斎藤氏のように幕府吏僚・浪人に出自する者も少なからずいた。" }
{ "en": "There were some who were originally kokushi (like the Uesugi or Kitabatake clans, who held both shugo and kanrei (shogunal deputy) positions) and others who were originally court royals (such as the Tosaichijo clan).", "ja": "また、守護と管領を兼ねていた上杉氏や北畠氏のように国司から、土佐一条氏のように公家から戦国大名化した例もあった。" }
{ "en": "A daimyo in the sengoku period was completely in control of his territory.", "ja": "戦国大名は、領国内に一円的な支配を及ぼした。" }
{ "en": "Being highly independent, each of these territories could be called a regional nation.", "ja": "この領国は高い独立性を有しており、地域国家と呼びうる実態を持っていた。" }
{ "en": "A daimyo in the sengoku period organized persons in the kokujin (local samurai) or hikan (low-level bureaucrats) class as his vassals and made them live around his base place to form a castle town.", "ja": "戦国大名は、国人・被官層を家臣として組織化し、自らの本拠地周辺に集住させて城下町を形成した。" }
{ "en": "In this way, the daimyo dissolved or weakened the relations of power between the kokujin/hikan class and the land/general populace.", "ja": "このようにして国人・被官層と土地・民衆との間の支配関係を解消もしくは弱体化しようと図った。" }
{ "en": "As well as imposing military duties on the local populace in exchange for maintaining order, the daimyo also established a new taxation system after carrying out a land survey.", "ja": "在地社会に対しては、在地社会の安全を確保する見返りに軍役を課すとともに、検地を実施して新たな租税収取体系を構築した。" }
{ "en": "Some daimyo established bunkokuho as a base for mediating disputes among persons in the kokujin and hikan classes and other disputes in their territories.", "ja": "また、国人・被官層及び在地社会における紛争を調停する基準として分国法を制定する者もいた。" }
{ "en": "This territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.", "ja": "こうした戦国大名による地域国家内の支配体制を大名領国制という。" }
{ "en": "However, the authority of daimyo in the sengoku period was not always unlimited.", "ja": "ただし、戦国大名は、地域国家内において必ずしも超越的な存在ではなかった。" }
{ "en": "Power of daimyo in the sengoku period was based on the persons in the kokujin or hikan class who were organized as his vassals.", "ja": "戦国大名の権力基盤は、家臣として組織化された国人・被官層だった。" }