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{
"en": "The actual administration of village affairs was delegated to the upper-class indigenous samurai.",
"ja": "郷での実際の行政は上級郷士により運営されていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Deputy land stewards were sent out to some of the villages.",
"ja": "また、一部の郷では地頭代が派遣された。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the part-time land steward system was introduced, land stewards normally stayed in areas around the castle, delegating administrative authority to indigenous samurai living in local communities, but they were obligated to inspect their territories within four to five years after their appointment as land stewards.",
"ja": "なお「掛持ち地頭」の勤務形態になって以降、基本的には地頭は城下に滞在し行政は地元の郷士に任せていたが、藩法上、地頭は就任から4年～5年以内に1回目の現地視察を義務づけられていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Executives of the domain included owners of private estates, who were also concurrently appointed as the land stewards of their estates, as shown by the example of Kiyomoto KOMATSU, the owner of the estate of Yoshitoshi (present-day Yoshitoshi, Hiyoshi-cho, Hioki City), who was appointed as the land steward of Kiyomizu-go (present-day Kokubunkiyomizu-cho and other areas in Kirishima City).",
"ja": "また藩重役には私領主も就任していたので、例えば吉利（現在の日置市日吉町吉利）領主小松清猷が清水郷（現在の霧島市国分清水町他）地頭職に就任したように、私領主が地頭を兼任することもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, on Nagashima (Kagoshima Prefecture) and Koshiki-jima islands where the old land steward system remained, land stewardship was a full-time position known as a \"job without other duties,\" and it was ranked between ship marshal and military commander.",
"ja": "ただし、居地頭制が存続した長島(鹿児島県)や甑島の地頭は他職との兼職ではなく「無役之移地頭」と呼ばれ、席次は船奉行と物頭の間に置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to 'Sanshu Gochisei Yoran' (Summary History of Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga Provinces), low ranking samurai who served as lackeys and servants were given the privilege of being promoted to the rank of hereditary guard if they were appointed as land stewards.",
"ja": "「三州御治世要覧」によると、小姓与格や新番格の武士が地頭に就任すると、家格を「代々小番」に昇格させることができる特権があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Samurai retainers who assumed a position with an income to support 10 persons or more were promoted to the rank of guard, which, however, was non-hereditary rank, so that their descendants remained in the previous family rank.",
"ja": "通常、小姓与格や新番格の武士が10人扶持以上の役職に就任すると「一代小番」に昇格することが出来たがこれは本人一代限りの昇格であり、子孫は元来の家格のままであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In order to be promoted to the rank of hereditary guard, it was necessary to hold a post higher than secretary or assume a position with an income to support 10 persons or more for three successive generations.",
"ja": "更に、世襲の代々小番に昇格するには側役以上の役職に就くか、三代続けて10人扶持以上の職に就く必要があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, being concurrently appointed as a land steward gave the privilege of being promoted to the rank of hereditary guard in a single generation.",
"ja": "しかし、地頭を兼務すると一代で代々小番に昇格できた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, a territory with no successive jito was called 'meisho' (明所), and it was put under the control of oban gashira (captains of the great guards).",
"ja": "また、後任の地頭が決まらない地は「明所」と呼ばれ、大番頭職の管理下に置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, if there was no person appointed to succeed the current land steward of an important local territory, such as Izumi-gun, Shibushi town and Ijuin town, a land steward of other territory was appointed to govern the territory in order to avoid making it a vacant territory.",
"ja": "但し、出水郡や志布志町、伊集院町といった重要な郷に関しては明所とせずに他の郷の地頭が兼任した。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, Hisakaze SHIMAZU was concurrently appointed as the land steward of Izumi Village twice while he was serving also as the land steward of Kaseda Village.",
"ja": "例えば島津久風は加世田郷地頭時代に二度出水郷地頭を兼務している。"
}
|
{
"en": "In this case, Hisakaze SHIMAZU's official title was not \"land steward of Kaseda and Izumi Villages\" but \"land steward of Kaseda Village, who was also in charge of Izumi Village\" (sometimes also called \"sashihiki\" (person in charge)).",
"ja": "なお、この場合、島津久風は『加世田郷地頭兼出水郷地頭』ではなく、『加世田郷地頭及び出水郷預かり（『差引』と表記される場合も）』となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The tile \"jitoshiki\" continued to be used in the Obi Domain as well.",
"ja": "飫肥藩においても、地頭職の名称が残った。"
}
|
{
"en": "The land steward of Kiyotake town, who represented the lord of the domain in Kiyotake, a pivotal territory in the north-eastern part of the Obi Domain, was of particularly importance.",
"ja": "とくに重要な地頭職は清武町地頭であり、飫肥藩東北の要である清武における藩主代理ともいえる職であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition Kiyotake jito (Kiyotake land steward), titles such as Sakatani jito, Kitagawachi jito, Aburatsu-ko Port jito and Odotsu jito are found in the Obi Domain's register of vassals recorded in 1842.",
"ja": "天保13年（1842年）の飫肥藩分限帳では、清武地頭の他に、酒谷地頭や北河内地頭、油津港地頭、大堂津地頭などが散見できる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Obi Domain, land stewards were chosen from among samurai retainers living in areas around the castle as in the Satsuma Domain.",
"ja": "なお、地頭は薩摩藩同様に城下士より任命された。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the land steward of Kiyotake was chosen from among horse guards (called \"umamawari\" in Japanese), while land stewards of other territories were chosen from among middle ranking retainers who served as servants or low ranking foot soldiers.",
"ja": "清武地頭は馬廻から出たが、その他の地頭は中士である中小姓や下士である徒士からも出た。"
}
|
{
"en": "Initially, the land steward of Kiyotake was almost always chosen from the members of the Kawasaki clan, except for ITO Oribe Yuzen, who served as the steward from 1705 until 1713, but after Zenzaemon NAGAKURA assumed the position in June 1724, retainers other than members of the Kawasaki clan were appointed for the position.",
"ja": "当初、清武地頭は宝永2年（1705年）から正徳(日本)3年（1713年）まで伊東織部祐全が就任した以外はほとんど河崎氏が就任していたが、享保9年（1724年）5月に長倉善左衛門が就任して以後は河崎氏以外が就任した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoge no kan was a newly established government post which was not defined within the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).",
"ja": "令外官（りょうげのかん）とは、律令の令制に規定のない新設の官職。"
}
|
{
"en": "Government officials managed by Ryoge no kan were also referred to as Ryoge no kanshi.",
"ja": "令外官が管掌する官司を令外官司（りょうげのかんし）と称する場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoge no kan posts were created in order to respond quickly and flexibly to real political issues regardless of the existing Ritsuryo system and organization of the government in Japan.",
"ja": "現実的な政治課題に対して、既存の律令制・日本の官制にとらわれず、柔軟かつ即応的な対応を行うために置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoge no kan posts were first established in China, and many more were created from the early to middle eighth century.",
"ja": "中国ではじまり、8世紀前期～中期に令外官が多数新設された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many Ryoge no kan posts were created in Japan toward the end of the eighth century when the reforms of Emperor Kanmu took place.",
"ja": "日本では、8世紀末の桓武天皇期の改革の際に多くの令外官が置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later on, several more Ryoge no kan posts were created in order to adapt to reality.",
"ja": "その後も現実に対応するため、いくつかの令外官が設置されていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Ritsuryo Code of the Tang Dynasty was a compilation of government posts and legislation from ancient times and had a very high level of accomplishment.",
"ja": "唐の律令は、古来の官職・法制を集大成したものであり、完成度が非常に高かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, it was also observed that government posts quintessential to a government organization and government posts that were created only as needed coexisted, sometimes resulting in an overlapping of posts.",
"ja": "その反面、理想の官制と現実に必要として置かれた官職とが併存しており、中には職務が重複すると思われるようなものもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In spite of these problems, no major changes were made to the system in the early Tang Dynasty period.",
"ja": "そうした問題を抱えながらも、唐初期は、官制に大きな動きは特になかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, at the end of the seventh century, Busokuten (Wu Zetian) created ingaikan (government officials outside of the Ritsuryo system) who were outside of the fixed number of regular government positions in order to control other nobilities and recruit competent Kakyo (also known as keju; examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats).",
"ja": "しかし、7世紀末の武則天は、貴族層をおさえ、有能な科挙官僚を登用するため、律令の定員外の員外官を設けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of government officials.",
"ja": "その結果、官人の数が激増した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Genso (Tang) appeared in the early eighth century and changed the policy on increasing the number of officials which had continued since Busokuten's era and tried to restrain their numbers.",
"ja": "8世紀前期に登場した玄宗(唐)は、武則天以来の官職増員政策を改め、官職の抑制に努めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "During that period, however, the Ritsuryo system had lost touch with realities in society producing a need to adapt.",
"ja": "しかし、その頃、社会の現実が律令制と大きく乖離していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, there was need for quickly responding to such a reality.",
"ja": "したがって、そうした現実に即応する必要が生じていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In response, from the Genso period on, government posts defined in the Ritsuryo system and separate government posts, in other words Ryoge no kan, were newly established one after another.",
"ja": "そのため、玄宗以降、律令に定める官職（令制官）と別個の官職、すなわち令外官が次々に新設されていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many Ryoge no kan posts were given a name ending with the suffix \"-shi\" or called \"shishoku\" in order to make a contrast between them and government posts defined in the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "令外官の多くは、○○使という名称が充てられたため、使職（ししょく）ともいい、令制官の官職と対比された。"
}
|
{
"en": "In place of the Fuheisei (soldier system), which became a mere shell in a military sense, an organization with a system centered on recruiting mercenaries was formed which created the post of Danrenshi and Setsudoshi.",
"ja": "まず、軍事面では、ほとんど形骸化した府兵制に代えて、募兵を中心とした組織が編成され、団練使（だんれんし）・節度使（せつどし）が置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As the mercenary system had replaced the Fuheisei, military expenses continued to rise in order to ensure a sufficient amount of soldiers.",
"ja": "府兵制が終わり募兵制に転換すると、募兵の確保などのため、軍事費が拡大の一途をたどった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In response to the increased financial demand, many financial-related shishoku were created, such as Takushishi (a post of supervising domestic products and financial works), Entetsushi (al post of managing salt and iron monopoly), Soyoshi (director general of finance), Tenunshi (regional official of transport) and Suirikuunshi (a post of managing transportation).",
"ja": "こうした財政需要の高まりに対応するために、度支使（たくしし）・塩鉄使（えんてつし）・租庸使（そようし）・転運使（てんうんし）・水陸運使（すいりくうんし）などの財政関係の使職が多数設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, for administrative inspection purposes, government posts such as Kansatsushi (inspector), Azechi (inspector of provincial governments) and Saihoshi (auditor) were also created.",
"ja": "また、行政を監察するために、観察使（かんさつし）・按察使（あぜち・あんさつし）・採訪使（さいほうし）などが置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Ryoge no kan posts were being created whenever the need arise, they gradually came to have more control over administrative activities than the officials within the Ritsuryo government.",
"ja": "これらの令外官は現実の必要に応じて設置されたので、徐々に令制官に代わって実権を握っていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, government official posts under the Ritsuryo system became an empty shell.",
"ja": "それによって、令制官の形骸化が著しくなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoge no kan posts gradually become overabundant and the number of private citizens assigned as Shori (officials responsible for practical works) increased.",
"ja": "令外官は次第に肥大化していき、胥吏（しょり、実務職員）に多くの民間人を含むようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "While appointed Ritsuryo government officials needed to be approved by the Emperor, the Kami (director) had a free hand to appoint Shori into posts or Ryoge no kan.",
"ja": "令制官では、官職の任命は天子の承認が必要だったが、令外官では、長官の裁量で胥吏を任命することができた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, wealthy people and country squires who had the financial wherewithal assumed posts of Shori.",
"ja": "そのため、富豪や地方の大地主が財力をもって胥吏に就任するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This caused the rise of country squires (Shitaifu) in the end of Tang Dynasty period.",
"ja": "そして、これが唐末期に地方地主層（士大夫層）が台頭する原因となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Japan, immediately after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) which was to be the first full-fledged Ritsuryo system, Ryoge no kan such as Sangi (councillor), Zoheijokyoshi (temporary official of Heijo Palace construction), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Azechi were established.",
"ja": "日本でも、初の本格律令となる大宝律令の制定直後から、参議・造平城京使・中納言・按察使などの令外官が置かれていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In terms of fostering literate government officials with knowledge other than Confucianism, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) were also placed, and later reached the top posts of Monjo hakase and Myobo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).",
"ja": "また、儒教以外の知識に通じた官人育成の観点から大学寮に文章博士・明法博士を令外官として設置して、後に文章博士は大学寮の博士の首位となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In both Emperor Junnin and Empress Koken (later, Empress Shotoku) periods, there was a significant upsurge in the number of Ryoge no kan posts (Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces), Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts), Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), Hoogushiki (a post of domestic governing institution for Dokyo)) which caused political instability.",
"ja": "淳仁・孝謙（称徳）両天皇の時代には大規模な令外官（造宮省・勅旨省・内豎省・法王宮職など）が乱立され政治が不安定になった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As it became the eighth century, large-scale administrative reforms were conducted by Emperor Kanmu due to the loosening of the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "8世紀末になると、律令制の弛緩が進んだため、桓武天皇による大規模な行政改革が行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Emperor Kanmu reforms, Ryoge no kan posts were actively placed in order to fix the flaws in the organization of the government in accordance with the ritsuryo code.",
"ja": "この桓武による改革以降、律令官制の不備を補うために、令外官が積極的に設置されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners), which was placed by Emperor Kanmu in 797, was responsible for inspecting the local administrations of kokushi (provincial governors).",
"ja": "桓武天皇のときに置かれたのが、797年の勘解由使で、地方国司の行政を監察する職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the early ninth century, Emperor Saga newly created the Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists) (also known as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain)) in 810 which was responsible for handling classified documents as a secretary of the Emperor.",
"ja": "9世紀前期には、嵯峨天皇が天皇の秘書官として機密文書を取り扱う蔵人所（蔵人頭）が810年に新設された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Emperor Saga also placed Kebiishi (police and judicial chief) in 824 in order to maintain security and handle civil affairs.",
"ja": "同じく嵯峨は、京都の治安維持や民政を行わせるため、824年に検非違使を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the 10th century as wealthy people appeared in local areas, security deteriorated due to territorial disputes.",
"ja": "10世紀になり、地方で富豪層が登場すると、所領紛争などにより治安が悪化していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Consequently, posts of Oryoshi (suppressor) and Tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) were established with the role of a local security police.",
"ja": "そこで、押領使・追捕使が置かれ、地方の治安警察を担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) who assisted the Emperor was placed in 884.",
"ja": "また、天皇を補佐する関白を884年においた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Other Ryoge no kan posts included the Sessho (regent), who acted as the Emperor and Nairan (private audience), who could preliminarily inspect official documents submitted from the Great Council of State to the Emperor.",
"ja": "他に天皇の権限を代行する摂政、天皇が決裁する文書を事前に閲覧できる内覧も令外官である。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the middle of the Heian Period, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan assumed these posts from generation to generation and took the regency.",
"ja": "平安中期以降、藤原北家が代々これらの職に就任し、摂関政治を行った。"
}
|
{
"en": "A listing of the main Ryoge no kan",
"ja": "主な令外官の一覧"
}
|
{
"en": "Sessho",
"ja": "摂政"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanpaku",
"ja": "関白"
}
|
{
"en": "Naidaijin (Minister of the Interior)",
"ja": "内大臣"
}
|
{
"en": "Chunagon",
"ja": "中納言"
}
|
{
"en": "Sangi (councilor)",
"ja": "参議"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurodo (Kurodo no to)",
"ja": "蔵人（蔵人頭）"
}
|
{
"en": "Monjo hakase",
"ja": "文章博士"
}
|
{
"en": "Seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\")",
"ja": "征夷大将軍"
}
|
{
"en": "Chinju-fu shogun (commander-in-chief of the defense of the north)",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍"
}
|
{
"en": "Kageyushi",
"ja": "勘解由使"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi",
"ja": "検非違使"
}
|
{
"en": "Oryoshi",
"ja": "押領使"
}
|
{
"en": "Tsuibushi",
"ja": "追捕使"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoho hakase",
"ja": "明法博士"
}
|
{
"en": "Kotaiyoriai (交代寄合） is one instance of having hatamoto (a direct retainer of a shogun) family status within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "交代寄合（こうたいよりあい）は、江戸幕府における旗本の家格の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "In a broad sense, the status was the same as a high-ranking retainer (hatamoto yoriaiseki) that also meant being a direct vassal of the shogun.",
"ja": "広義の旗本寄合席に含まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Unlike Hatamoto Yoriaiseki who had continuous residence in Edo, Kotaiyoriai participated in a system called Sankinkotai which obligated feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year to show their loyalty to the shogunate.",
"ja": "江戸定府の旗本寄合席に対して参勤交代を行う寄合の意。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term Kotaiyoriai appeared in Bukan (a book of heraldry), published for the first time in 1703.",
"ja": "交代寄合の用語は1703年（元禄16年）刊行の武鑑が初出。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is reported that among Kotaiyoriai members, twenty families were given a special high rank called Omotemuki onreishu between 1736 and 1740.",
"ja": "20家が表向御礼衆と呼ばれるようになるのは元文期（1736-1740）頃という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the stipend for a Kotaiyoriai was less than ten thousand koku (crop yields), they were treated as \"taishin hatamoto\" (hatamoto with high rank and high yields) and permitted to practice Sankinkotai like daimyo feudal lords.",
"ja": "禄高が1万石以下でありながら“大身旗本”として大名と同様に参勤交代することを許されていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "While Hatamotoyoriai (hatamoto meetings) were dominated by wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), Kotaiyoriai meetings were lead by the Roju (members of the Shogun's council of elders).",
"ja": "旗本寄合が若年寄支配であるのに対し、旗本交代寄合は老中支配となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even though Kotaiyoriai used the same anteroom seats (shikoseki) in Edo-jo Castle as feudal lords and direct retainers of the Shogun, they held no official position in the government.",
"ja": "また、伺候席が帝鑑間詰であっても役職に就くことはなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "All retainers were paid a yoriai oyakukin (stipend) in lump sum twice a year in February and August at a proportion of two units of ryo (unit of gold currency) for each 100 koku (crop yield).",
"ja": "寄合御役金は100石に付き金2両の割合で8月と2月の分納であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kotaiyoriai members were composed of local ruling families with a long and distinguished history, branch families of daimyo feudal lords, successors to a daimyo family name thus undergoing a change in rank, etc.",
"ja": "特別の由緒がある地方の豪族や大名家の分家、改易された大名家の名跡を継ぐもの等が列せられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Before meeting the shogun in Edo-jo Castle, Kotaiyoriai enjoyed the same treatment as daimyo feudal lords and were designated shikoseki (anteroom seats) in a room called \"Teikan no ma\" with paintings of famous Chinese emperors, or in a room meant for middle-rank warriors with paintings of willows called \"Yanagi no ma,\"",
"ja": "伺候席は、“帝鑑間”または“柳間”とされ大名と同等の待遇を受けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Aside from a few cases, Kotaiyoriai did not have an official rank unless they were appointed one, the same as any other hatamoto retainer.",
"ja": "官位については、一部の例外を除いて通常の旗本と同様に役職就任時以外の任官はなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Composition of Kotaiyoriai in the early 1800s:",
"ja": "なお、1800年代初頭の交代寄合は以下の通り。"
}
|
{
"en": "Other than those listed below, there were also families which served as Kotaiyoriai at an earlier time (a few cases are noted at the end of the section).",
"ja": "この一覧以外にも以前に交代寄合であった家がある（代表例を末尾に記述）。"
}
|
{
"en": "*According to the 1816 version of the \"Bukan\" book of heraldry by Suharaya (a famous publisher in the Edo period).",
"ja": "※須原屋版『文化13年武鑑』による"
}
|
{
"en": "Nasushu",
"ja": "那須衆"
}
|
{
"en": "Minoshu",
"ja": "美濃衆"
}
|
{
"en": "Inashu",
"ja": "伊那衆"
}
|
{
"en": "Mikawashu",
"ja": "三河衆"
}
|
{
"en": "Families who received the same treatment as Shishu",
"ja": "四衆に準ずる家"
}
|
{
"en": "*Families not listed in the Suharaya version.",
"ja": "※須原屋版には、記載のない交代寄合"
}
|
{
"en": "Families who received the same treatment as Shishu",
"ja": "四衆に準ずる家"
}
|
{
"en": "The following families are presumed to have served as Kotaiyoriai but have not been authenticated.",
"ja": "以下は交代寄合であったと推定される家である（真偽不明）"
}
|
{
"en": "Among others.",
"ja": "などである。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Umamawari was established in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and was a job based on the government service system for samurai families.",
"ja": "馬廻（うままわり）は、戦国時代(日本)に生まれた武家の職制のひとつである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Horse guards were mounted samurai retainers who accompanied commanders' horses as their bodyguards and served as messengers or soldiers in wars.",
"ja": "騎馬の武士で、大将の馬の周囲（廻り）に付き添って護衛に当たったり、伝令や決戦兵力として用いられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "They also served as bodyguards for feudal lords (daimyo in Japanese) and performed administrative duties as their aides or deputies.",
"ja": "平時にも大名の護衛となり、事務の取次ぎなど大名の側近として吏僚的な職務を果たすこともあった。"
}
|
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