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{
"en": "They worked on a monthly rotating schedule.",
"ja": "月番制。"
}
|
{
"en": "Being a member of Hyojosho (conference chamber) as well as Kanjo-bugyo and Machi-bugyo, Jisha-bugyo was in charge of litigation regarding not only temples and shrines, but also many territories, except for Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of the Kanto region).",
"ja": "勘定奉行・町奉行と共に評定所を構成し、寺社領のものの他に関八州以外の地における複数の知行地にまたがる訴訟を担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The main task was to control temples, shrines and their priests.",
"ja": "主な任務は全国の社寺や僧・神職の統制である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, the Jisha-bugyo controlled temple town citizens, people in the domains of temples and shrines, folk religious leaders such as ascetic Buddhist monks and philosophers, and artists such as poets.",
"ja": "門前町民や寺社領民、修験者や陰陽師らの民間宗教者、さらに連歌師などの芸能民らも管轄した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As temples and shrines controlled the family registration of common people at that time, the role of Jisha-bugyo, which managed litigation and family registration, was similar to the present Ministry of Justice.",
"ja": "当時の庶民の戸籍は寺社が全て管理していた為、訴訟・戸籍の管理という点で、現在の法務省のような役割を果たした役職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In period dramas, tharey are often scenes where doshin (police constable) and yoriki (police sergeant) of the Machi-bugyo are annoyed at a criminal who has escaped into the grounds of a temple or shrine, because these territories were under the control of Jisha-bugyo.",
"ja": "時代劇で町奉行同心や与力が犯罪者を追いかけ、その犯罪者が寺社に逃げ込み「寺社奉行が束ねているので手出しが出来ない」と地団駄を踏むシーンが登場する。"
}
|
{
"en": "But this is not based on fact.",
"ja": "しかし、これは誤りである。"
}
|
{
"en": "When a criminal entered the territory of a temple or shrine, Machi-bugyo applied, using certain procedures, to the Jisha-bugyo to handover and/or capture the criminal.",
"ja": "犯罪者が寺社に逃げ込んだ際には、町奉行所側が寺社奉行に対し一定の手続きや捜査協力の申し出をする事によって『下手人の引き渡し』や『捕縛権の執行・代行』が行われていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata (literally, \"investigative division for arson and organized robbery) could investigate or capture the criminals within the domain of a temple oｒ a shrine without Jisha-bugyo's prior approval.",
"ja": "また火付盗賊改方は寺社奉行による事前了解が無くても、寺社地に立ち入っての犯罪者の捜査や捕縛をする事が認められていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "When a temple or a shrine protected a criminal, Jisha-bugyo investigated it strictly and sometimes took the priests into custody.",
"ja": "寺社側が犯罪者と結託してかばうような行為が明白な場合、寺社奉行によって厳しく取り調べられ、僧侶・神官を捕縛する事もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, a temple or a shrine was not immune from the law.",
"ja": "寺社地が治外法権になる様な事はことはあり得ない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kamakura kubo was an administrator post in Kamakura Government which was established as an outpost position for the ten provinces of the Kanto region by the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "鎌倉公方（かまくらくぼう）とは、室町時代に室町幕府の征夷大将軍が関東十ヶ国における出先機関として設置した鎌倉府の長官。"
}
|
{
"en": "The position was also referred to as the Kanto kubo.",
"ja": "関東公方ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kamakura kubo is categorically a historical term which a Kamakura kubo used to call himself but was not used in general during that period.",
"ja": "鎌倉公方はあくまでも歴史学用語及び鎌倉公方の自称であって当時の一般呼称ではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "The one holding the post was generally referred to as \"Kamakura Gonsho\" or \"Kamakura dono.\"",
"ja": "当時の一般呼称は“鎌倉御所”か“鎌倉殿”である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Rather than being an official government position designated by the Shogun, a Kamakura kubo was no more than substitute position while the Shogun was absent from Kamakura.",
"ja": "また、鎌倉公方は将軍から任命される正式な幕府の役職ではなく、鎌倉を留守にしている将軍の代理に過ぎない。"
}
|
{
"en": "The first person to take the post was Motouji ASHIKAGA in 1349 who went to Kamakura to take over the duties of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA when Yoshiakira had to return to Kyoto in order to administer affairs of state instead of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA who had entered into conflict with Takauji ASHIKAGA, his older brother (this conflict lead to the 'Kanno Disturbance').",
"ja": "1349年に足利尊氏と弟の足利直義が対立（「観応の擾乱」に発展）した際、直義に代わって政務を執るために上京した足利義詮の後を継いで鎌倉に下向した足利基氏を初代とする。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Kamakura kubo, Motouji controlled ten provinces in the Kanto region (later controlling Mutsu Province and Dewa Province as well) along with the Kantokanryo (estate officer of Kanto）as his assistant, but with each generation conflict became more serious with the bakufu in Kyoto.",
"ja": "関東管領を補佐役として関東十ヶ国を支配した（後に陸奥国・出羽国も管轄した）が、代を重ねるに従って京都の幕府と対立するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the Eikyo War broke out, the Kamakura kubo entered into conflict with the Kantokanryo as well, and after losing the battle in 1439, the fourth Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA was defeated and ordered to commit suicide leading to the post being temporarily discontinued.",
"ja": "永享の乱の際には関東管領とも対立し、第4代鎌倉公方足利持氏が敗れ、1439年に自害させられたことで一旦断絶した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1447, the post was restored when Mochiuji's son Nariuji ASHIKAGA was allowed to take the post of Kamakura kubo by the bakufu.",
"ja": "1447年に持氏の子足利成氏が幕府から鎌倉公方就任を許されて復活。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nariuji later came into conflict with the bakufu, and in 1455 moved his headquarters to Koga Country in Shimousa Province and called himself the 'Koga kubo' (Kyotoku War).",
"ja": "後に幕府と対立した成氏が、1455年に下総国古河市を本拠として「古河公方」と名乗るようになった（享徳の乱）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Notes on the period of tenure by name in chronological order",
"ja": "代名前在職期間備考"
}
|
{
"en": "The first Kamakura kubo: Motouji ASHIKAGA 1349-1367",
"ja": "初代足利基氏1349年～1367年"
}
|
{
"en": "The second Kamakura kubo: Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA 1367-1398",
"ja": "二代足利氏満1367年～1398年"
}
|
{
"en": "The third Kamakura kubo: Mitsukane ASHIKAGA 1398-1409",
"ja": "三代足利満兼1398年～1409年"
}
|
{
"en": "The fourth Kamakura kubo: Mochiuji ASHIKAGA 1409-1439",
"ja": "四代足利持氏1409年～1439年"
}
|
{
"en": "The fifth Kamakura kubo: Nariuji ASHIKAGA 1449-1455; moved to Furukawa, Shimousa Province in 1455 and became Koga kubo.",
"ja": "五代足利成氏1449年～1455年1455年下総国古河に移り、古河公方となる"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi was a Ryoge no kan post (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code).",
"ja": "検非違使（けびいし、けんびいし）は日本の律令制下の令外官の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "The meaning of the post was to 'do justice.'",
"ja": "「非違を検察する」の意。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi was a government official within the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).",
"ja": "検非違使庁の官人。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Tang name for the Suke (assistant) and Jo (military officer) was Eni (Fourth Rank of the Kyukei (Nine government posts of the Han Dynasty)).",
"ja": "佐と尉の唐名は廷尉。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi were in charge of maintaining security and handling civil affairs in Kyoto.",
"ja": "京都の治安維持と民政を所管した。"
}
|
{
"en": "For security purposes, the post was also placed in Ryoseikoku (provinces) in the late Heian period.",
"ja": "また、平安時代後期には令制国にも置かれるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is believed that the post of Kebiishi was created during the Heian period in 816 as this was the first time it appeared.",
"ja": "平安時代の弘仁7年（816年）が初見で、その頃に設置されたと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first, government officials of Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) combined with Kebiishi based on Senji (Imperial Decree).",
"ja": "当初は衛門府の役人が宣旨によって兼務していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi did not have an official court rank.",
"ja": "官位相当は無い。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a Kebiishi could become a Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) the post became a measure of success for a samurai when they were placed in goi (Fifth Rank).",
"ja": "五位から昇殿が許され殿上人となるため、武士の出世の目安となっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi took more and more official duties from other authorities such as Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) who was responsible for the judiciary branch, Danjodai (Board of Censors) who was responsible for police and inspections, Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau) who controlled administrative security and other judiciary branches related to the capital, and exercised enormous power.",
"ja": "司法を担当していた刑部省、警察・監察を担当していた弾正台、都に関わる行政・治安・司法を統括していた京職等の他の官庁の職掌を段々と奪うようになり、検非違使は大きな権力を振るうようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the late Heian period, 'Cho-Rei' (a common law called a historical custom of the Kebiishicho), different from the Ritsuryo Code, was applied in order to exercise the authority of the Kebiishi in criminal cases.",
"ja": "平安時代後期には刑事事件に関する職権行使のために律令とはちがった性質の「庁例」（使庁の流例ともいわれた慣習法）を適用するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Around that time, clerical work for the Kebiishicho were taken care of at the residence of Betto (Superintendent).",
"ja": "また、この頃から検非違使庁における事務は別当の自宅で行われるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the end of the Heian period, Kebiishi were replaced by Imperial Palace Guards for the North Side, who were a militant organization of Insei (ruled by the retired Emperor).",
"ja": "平安時代末期になると院政の軍事組織である北面武士に取って代わられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, when the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), Kebiishi were gradually weakened.",
"ja": "更に鎌倉幕府が六波羅探題を設置すると次第に弱体化した。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Muromachi period, the bakufu was placed in Kyoto and authority became held by the Samuraidokoro (Board of Retainers).",
"ja": "そして、室町時代には幕府が京都に置かれ、侍所に権限を掌握されることになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Betto",
"ja": "別当"
}
|
{
"en": "A Betto was equivalent to the Kami (director) of the Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).",
"ja": "四等官の長官（カミ）に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was only one Betto post and was held by the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) or the Sangi (counselor) who also held the posts of either Saemon no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Uemon no Kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) or Sahyoe no Kami (Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards) or Uhyoe no Kami (Captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).",
"ja": "定員は1名で、左右衛門督と左右兵衛督のいずれかを兼ねる中納言・権中納言または参議が務めるのが慣例であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kebiishi no Betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) held the highest authority of the Kebiishi but was not personally a Kebiishi.",
"ja": "なお、検非違使別当は検非違使を統轄する最高責任者ではあるが、自身は検非違使ではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suke",
"ja": "佐"
}
|
{
"en": "A Suke of the Government Inner Service was a post equivalent to the assistant director (also called Suke) of the Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官の次官（スケ）に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were only two posts of Suke which were served by the Uemon Gon no Suke (provisional assistant captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Saemon no Gon no Suke (provisional assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).",
"ja": "定員は2名で、左右衛門権佐が兼務していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a general rule, Uemon Gon no Suke and Saemon no Gon no Suke were Gonkan (a powerful official post) and served as Kebiishi, but the Saemon no Suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Uemon no Suke (Assistant Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) were Seikan (a regular official post) and never served as Kebiishi.",
"ja": "なお、原則として検非違使を務めるのは権官である左右衛門権佐であり、正官である左右衛門佐が検非違使を務めることはない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suke were essentially the person in charge at a Kebiishicho since Betto were often combined with other governments posts.",
"ja": "別当は兼務が多かったので実質的に検非違使庁の責任者であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was also a post of Kurodonosuke (assistant official of the Kurodo) who double posted as a Kurodo (Chamberlain) and a Kebiishi no Suke (assistant official of the Police and Judicial Chief), as well as a Sanji Kentai (a post that filled three positions) that held the post of Kurodo, Benkan (official of the Daijokan) and a Kebiishi no suke.",
"ja": "蔵人で検非違使佐を兼ねる蔵人佐や、蔵人・弁官・検非違使佐を兼ねる三事兼帯もいた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Daijo (Senior Lieutenant)",
"ja": "大尉"
}
|
{
"en": "A Daijo was equivalent to a Jo (Inspector; third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period; also known as Hogan) of the Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官の判官（ジョウ）に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The number of Daijo posts was limited to four.",
"ja": "定員は4名であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Uemon no Daijo (Senior Lieutenant of Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Saemon no Daijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) held the position of Daijo as a second post.",
"ja": "そして、衛門大尉が兼務していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The position of Daijo became a hereditary post for the Sakanoue and Nakahara clans as Myohoka (teacher of law).",
"ja": "明法家である坂上氏及び中原氏が世襲するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shojo (Junior Lieutenant)",
"ja": "少尉"
}
|
{
"en": "A Shojo was equivalent to a Jo of the Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官の判官（ジョウ）に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was no limit to the number of Shojo posts.",
"ja": "定員は不定であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Emon no Jo (Third Ranked Officers of Outer Palace Guards) were double posted as Shojo.",
"ja": "そして、衛門尉が兼務していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the late 10th century, the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan often held this post.",
"ja": "10世紀後半頃から源氏や平氏などの武士がなることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune was called Kuro-hogan because he had this responsibility.",
"ja": "源義経を九郎判官と呼ぶのもこの官職に就いていたからである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Daishi and Shoshi (Senior Assistant Lieutenants)",
"ja": "大志、少志"
}
|
{
"en": "This post was equivalent to the Sakan (secretary) of the Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官の主典（サカン）に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was no limit to the number officers who could old this post and many young Myohoka assumed the post.",
"ja": "定員は不定で、若年の明法家がなることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kadonoosa",
"ja": "看督長（かどのおさ）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kadonoosa was responsible for controlling the prison, locking up criminals, and later responsible for capturing criminals.",
"ja": "罪人を収監する監獄を管理する役であったが、後に罪人を捕縛する役になる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kadonoosa performed their duty in an atypical outfit consisting of a red Kariginu (robe), a white frock, and held a white walking stick.",
"ja": "赤狩衣、白衣、布袴に白杖を持つ異形のいでたちで職務に当たった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Anju (officer who recorded and stored documents at a Shoen; manor)",
"ja": "案主（あんじゅ）"
}
|
{
"en": "Anju was a clerical officer of the Kebiishicho which was initially limited to one post but was later increased.",
"ja": "検非違使庁の事務役人で、当初1名だったが後に人数が増えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kacho",
"ja": "火長"
}
|
{
"en": "Kacho were selected from the Eshi (guards) of Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards).",
"ja": "衛門府の衛士から選抜された者であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kadonoosa and Anju were then selected among the Kacho.",
"ja": "そして、ここから看督長や案主が選ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Homen",
"ja": "放免"
}
|
{
"en": "Homen was a former criminal, also referred to as a Shimobe, whose sins had been forgiven and worked for the Kebiishicho.",
"ja": "元罪人で、下部とも呼び、罪を許され検非違使庁で働くものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Homen were in fact put in charge of searching for criminals and responsible for their capture and torture.",
"ja": "実際に犯罪者を探索し、捕縛や拷問を担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Remarks",
"ja": "備考"
}
|
{
"en": "There was a player character from an early computer game called \"Heiankyo\" that was modeled after Kebiishi.",
"ja": "初期のコンピュータゲーム『平安京エイリアン』のプレイヤーズ・キャラクターは検非違使という設定であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"Gonkan\" means official court posts that were created beyond the prefixed number of personnel.",
"ja": "権官（ごんかん）は、朝廷の官職について、正規の員数を越えて任命する官職。"
}
|
{
"en": "It means 'supernumerary officials.'",
"ja": "「定員外の官人」の意味。"
}
|
{
"en": "Such posts were often created in the Heian period.",
"ja": "平安時代に多用された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Incidentally, ingaikan (supernumerary officials) were appointed in the Nara period.",
"ja": "ちなみに奈良時代には員外官が任命された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many court nobles were appointed to gonkan in the Heian period and the posts of gonkan were always occupied by someone.",
"ja": "平安時代には、公卿においては多数の権官が存在し、権官の席は常時誰かに占められていたとも言える。"
}
|
{
"en": "The following situation existed behind the above.",
"ja": "その理由としては次のような事情があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "At that time, there was a custom where family heads or sons of prestigious families, including the Fujiwara family, were automatically given official ranks, regardless of their ability, when they reached a certain age.",
"ja": "藤原氏をはじめとして名家の子弟や家長などは、一定の年齢に達すると、その実力とは別に、自動的に官位が与えられるのが慣習となっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, the number of government posts was predetermined.",
"ja": "一方、官職には定員が決まっていたた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under these conditions, there was a need to create gonkan in order to give them posts.",
"ja": "このため、定員外の権官として官職を授けざるを得なかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When we compare gonkan and regular posts, taking the example of Dainagon (chief council of state) and Gon Dainagon (provisional chief council of state), there were cases where both had the same authority as well as cases where one had authority while the other was a nominal post.",
"ja": "権官と正規の官のあいだで、例えば、大納言と権大納言を較べると、両者ともに同格の権力を有した場合と、一方は実力を持つが、他方は名前だけの官職であった例などがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "A nominal title of gonkan was sometimes used in order to demote one's political rival, such as the case of SUGAWARA no Michizane.",
"ja": "政敵を打倒するため、名目名の権官とすることもあり、その例が、菅原道真である。"
}
|
{
"en": "He lost his position through a conspiracy perpetuated by the Fujiwara clan and was appointed to 'Gon no sochi' (provisional governor-general) of Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region), the gonkan of Dazai no sochi (the head of Dazaifu).",
"ja": "彼は藤原氏の陰謀により失脚し、大宰府の長官である大宰帥の権官に当たる「権帥」とされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Though the post itself was a high-rank, he was actually banished to Kyushu where Dazaifu was located.",
"ja": "高い官位は維持したが、事実上は大宰府のある九州の地への流罪であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Northern and Southern courts period, according to \"Kanshoku konan\" written by Tomokiyo TAKADA, only gonkan existed, instead of regular ones, in the case of Dainagon and Chunagon (vice-council of state).",
"ja": "高田与清（たかだともきよ）の『官職今案』によると、南北朝時代(日本)以降は、大納言や中納言は権官ばかりで正員がなくなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Examples",
"ja": "例"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon Dainagon",
"ja": "権大納言"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon Chunagon (provisional vice-council of state)",
"ja": "権中納言"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon no kami (provisional provincial governor)",
"ja": "権国守（ごんのかみ）"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon no kokushi (provisional provincial governor)",
"ja": "権国司"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon no hyoe (provisional vice-minister of Imperial Guard Division)",
"ja": "権兵衛（ごんのひょうえ）"
}
|
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