translation
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{
"en": "School Founder",
"ja": "派祖"
}
|
{
"en": "Nichio",
"ja": "日奥"
}
|
{
"en": "Nikko",
"ja": "日講"
}
|
{
"en": "Head Temple",
"ja": "本山"
}
|
{
"en": "Honkaku-ji Temple (Okayama City) (Okayama Prefecture)",
"ja": "本覚寺(岡山市)（岡山県）"
}
|
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概要"
}
|
{
"en": "Fujufuse School of Nichiren Sect, which tried to observe Nichiren Sect's doctrine of fujufuse, was oppressed severely by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) through the ban of terauke (to register with a temple in order to prove their Buddhist faith) by Fujufuse School and the illegalization of the religious order itself.",
"ja": "日蓮宗の不受不施義を遵守しようとする不受不施派は、幕府の不受不施派寺請禁止令により信徒を寺請することが出来なくなり、教団自体が非合法化されるなどの厳しい弾圧を受けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under such circumstances, the religious order tried to survive by organizing an underground organization consisting of hocchu (Buddhist priest), horyu (法立, believers of fujufuse) and naishin (内信, believers who ostensibly pretended to believe in other sects or schools).",
"ja": "このような状況において教団は、法中（僧侶）-法立（不受不施信者）-内信（外見上他宗他派を装う信者）という地下組織化の道をとり、教団の存続を図った。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1682, however, disputes arose inside the religious order in the Okayama region concerning whether naishin, who ostensibly pretended to be believers of other sects or schools, could be treated equally with pure believers of fujufuse as well as whether horyu could officiate, instead of hocchu, as doshi (Lead Chanter) in Kangyo sutra (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life) for the sake of naishin.",
"ja": "しかしそのような状況の中も教団内では、天和2（1682）年頃岡山を中心とした地域において、外見上他宗他派を装う内信者と純粋な不受不施信者を同一に並べてよいか、法立が内信者のために法中の代わりに観経の導師を勤めてよいかということについて、論争が起こった。"
}
|
{
"en": "While this internal conflict was spreading from Okayama to the entire Fujufuse School, a group headed by Nikko, who was in exile in Sadohara in Hyuga, and Nichiryu at Tsudera-an Temple of Kurashiki in Bizen insisted that naishin people who were spending a calm and stable life, and the believers of fujufuse who were keeping faith without terauke, even becoming homeless, should be clearly distinguished and horyu should not be allowed to act as doshi.",
"ja": "この内紛は岡山だけに止まらず不受不施派全体に及び、日向の佐土原に流刑中の日講と備前倉敷の津寺庵の日隆を中心とするグループは、生活基盤を確保して外見上平穏な生活をしている内信者と寺請してもらえず無宿者なっても浄い信仰を守っている不受不施信者をはっきり区別して、法立が導師をすることを認めないと主張した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This group was called the Tsudera School (Fudoshi School) and it has become the Fujufuse Nichiren Komon Sect of which head temple is Honkaku-ji Temple.",
"ja": "このグループが津寺派（不導師派）と呼ばれ、本覚寺を本山とする不受不施日蓮講門宗の系統となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, a group headed by Nichigyo, who was in exile in Sanuki, and Nitsu at Hisashi-an of Kurashiki in Bizen referred to Nikko who was in exile in Sadohara and refuted by saying 'Although he is in exile, Nikko is spending a peaceful life without worrying about assassination and he cannot understand the feelings of naishin people who are keeping faith while constantly worrying about their lives' (Jokoki (writings about removing Nikko)).",
"ja": "一方、讃岐に配流中の日堯と備前倉敷の日指庵の日通を中心とするグループは、佐土原に流刑中の日講を引き合いに出し、「流罪とはいえ命を狙われる心配もなく安穏な生活をしている日講には、絶えずビクビクして信仰を守っている内信者の気持ちは分るまい」（除講記）を草して反論した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This group was called the Hisashi School (Doshi School) and it has become the Fujufuse School of Nichiren Sect of which the head temple is Myokaku-ji Temple (Okayama).",
"ja": "このグループが日指派（導師派）と呼ばれ、現在の妙覚寺（岡山）を本山とする日蓮宗不受不施派の系統となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "History",
"ja": "沿革"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1378, Nichijitsu constructed Myokaku-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto prefecture).",
"ja": "1378年（永和4年）に日実は妙覚寺(京都市)（京都府）を建立する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1595, Nichio of Myokaku-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture) refused to attend Senso kuyoe (ceremony of thousand priest mass) hosted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI while asserting fujufuse, and was oppressed.",
"ja": "1595年（文禄4年）に豊臣秀吉主催の千僧供養会に際し、妙覚寺(京都市)（京都府）日奥は不受不施義を主張して出仕を拒否し、弾圧される。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1599, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered Nichio, who was a monk of Myokaku-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture) and represented Fujufuse School, and Nichiju, who was a monk of Honman-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) and represented Jufuse (Receive but not Give) School, to hold a debate at Osaka-jo Castle (Osaka Tairon (Debate in Osaka)) and Nichio was banished.",
"ja": "1599年（慶長4年）に徳川家康は不受不施派の妙覚寺(京都市)（京都府）日奥と受不施派の本満寺（京都府）日重を大阪城にて対論（大阪対論）させ、日奥は流罪となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1630, the Tokugawa shogunate ordered the holding of a debate at Edo-jo Cattle (Miike Tairon (Debate between Ikegami School and Minobu School)) between monks belonging to Fujufuse School, Nichiju of Ikegami Hinmon-ji Temple (Tokyo), Nikken of Hokkekyo-ji Temple (Chiba Prefecture), Nikko of Hondo-ji Temple (Chiba Prefecture), Nichiryo of Konishi Danrin (a school annexed to a temple) (Chiba Prefecture), Nisshin of Enyu-ji Temple (Meguro-ku Ward, Tokyo) (Tokyo) and Nichiju of Nakamura Danrin (Chiba Prefecture), and those belonging to Jufuse School, Nikkan of Kuon-ji Temple (Yamanashi Prefecture), Nichien of Kuon-ji Temple (Yamanashi Prefecture), Nissen of Kuon-ji Temple (Yamanashi Prefecture), Nitto of Myoko-ji Temple (Chiba Prefecture), Nichijun of Myohokke-ji Temple (Shizuoka Prefecture) and Niccho of Renei-ji Temple (Shizuoka Prefecture), and Nichiju, Nikken, Nikko, Nichiryo, Nisshin and Nichiju were banished.",
"ja": "1630年（寛永7年）に徳川幕府は不受不施派の池上本門寺（東京都）日樹、法華経寺（千葉県）日賢、本土寺（千葉県）日弘、小西檀林（千葉県）日領、円融寺(東京都目黒区)（東京都）日進、中村檀林（千葉県）日充と受不施派の久遠寺（山梨県）日乾、久遠寺（山梨県）日遠、久遠寺（山梨県）日暹、妙光寺（千葉県）日東、妙法華寺（静岡県）日遵、蓮永寺（静岡県）日長を江戸城にて対論（身池対論）させ、日樹、日賢、日弘、日領、日進、日充は流罪となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1666, the Tokugawa shogunate issued Tsuchimizu Kuyo Rei (土水供養令, the act for kuyo (Buddhist memorial service) based on the thought that temple estates are regarded as kuyo of shogunate) and based on it, Nikko of Noro Danrin (Chiba Prefecture) was accused of teaching fujufuse-gi (teachings of fujufuse) and was banished.",
"ja": "1666年（寛文6年）に徳川幕府は土水供養令を発令し、野呂檀林（千葉県）日講は不受不施義を講ずるものとして、日講は流罪となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1669, the Tokugawa shogunate banned terauke by the Fujufuse School and since then, the school was oppressed for a long time.",
"ja": "1669年（寛文9年）に徳川幕府は不受不施派の寺請を禁制とし、長く弾圧される。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1871, the Meiji Government abolished the terauke system and the ban was removed.",
"ja": "1871年（明治4年）に明治政府は寺請制度を廃止とし、禁制は解かれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1882, the Meiji Government permitted the restoration of Fujufuse Nichiren Komon Sect.",
"ja": "1882年（明治15年）に明治政府は不受不施日蓮講門宗の再興を許可する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1941, Myokaku-ji Temple (Okayama City) (Okayama Prefecture) of the Fujufuse School of Nichiren Sect and Honkaku-ji Temple (Okayama City) (Okayama Prefecture) of the Fujufuse Nichiren Komon Sect merged together and officially named itself Honge Seishu Sect.",
"ja": "1941年（昭和16年）に不受不施日蓮講門宗の本覚寺(岡山市)（岡山県）と日蓮宗不受不施派の妙覚寺(岡山市)（岡山県）が合同して本化正宗と公称する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1946, Honge Seishu Sect was split into two schools and each of them became independent.",
"ja": "1946年（昭和21年）に本化正宗は分派し、それぞれ独立する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jokaku (1147 - October, 1226) was a Buddhist monk of the Shingon Sect from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period.",
"ja": "上覚（じょうかく、久安3年（1147年）-嘉禄2年（1226年）10月）は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代前期にかけての真言宗の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "His homyo (priest's name) was also written as 上学・浄覚.",
"ja": "法名は上学・浄覚ともかく。"
}
|
{
"en": "His imina (personal name) was Gyoji.",
"ja": "諱は行慈。"
}
|
{
"en": "His go (pen name) was Nishiyama Inshi.",
"ja": "号は西山隠士。"
}
|
{
"en": "His father was Muneshige YUASA who was the uncle of Myokei (Koben).",
"ja": "父は湯浅宗重で、明恵（高弁）の叔父にあたる。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool), a history book written by Jien (the son of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Fujiwara no Tadamichi) of Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai Sect), he joined hands with Taira no Kiyomori, along with his father Muneshige, when the Heiji War occurred in 1159.",
"ja": "天台座主慈円（関白藤原忠通の子）が著した歴史書「愚管抄」五によると、1159年（平治元年）平治の乱がおきた時には、父宗重とともに平清盛に加勢したという。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is believed that he entered the priesthood after that.",
"ja": "出家したのはその後と見られている。"
}
|
{
"en": "He studied under Mongaku, cooperated with Mongaku in restoring Jingo-ji Temple and strove for the management of Jingo-ji Temple after Mongaku's death.",
"ja": "文覚に師事し、文覚の神護寺復興に協力し、文覚の死後も神護寺の経営に力を尽くした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Myokei, his cousin, became a Buddhist monk of Jingo-ji Temple after studying under Jokaku.",
"ja": "従兄弟にあたる明恵は上覚に師事して出家し、神護寺に入寺している。"
}
|
{
"en": "He also excelled in waka and wrote 'Waka Iroha' () of Kagakusho (a book on the study of waka poems), and 'Genpo-shu' (玄宝集) of shisenshu.",
"ja": "歌にも秀で、歌学書に「和歌色葉」、私撰集に「玄宝集」がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Annen (841? - 915?) was a Buddhist monk of Tendai Sect in the early Heian period.",
"ja": "安然（あんねん、承和(日本)8年（841年）?-延喜15年（915年）?）は、平安時代前期の天台宗の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also called Godaiin Ajari (a master in esoteric Buddhism; a high priest), Akaku Daishi, Fukushu Kongo or Shinnyo Kongo.",
"ja": "五大院阿闍梨・阿覚大師・福集金剛・真如金剛などと称される。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was born in Omi Province.",
"ja": "近江国の生まれ。"
}
|
{
"en": "His family line is not clear but it is believed that he belonged to the same clan as Saicho.",
"ja": "出自については不明であるが、最澄と同族と伝えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "He studied Kenmitsu Buddhism (Exoteric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism), kai (precept) and siddham (Sanskrit) initially under Dengyo Daishi Ennin and after his death, under Hensho.",
"ja": "初め伝教大師円仁につき、円仁の死後は遍照に師事して顕密二教（顕教と密教）のほか戒・悉曇（しったん）を学んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "He tried to travel to China (Tang) in 877 but gave up.",
"ja": "877年（元慶元年）中国（唐）に渡ろうとしたが断念。"
}
|
{
"en": "He became Ajari and assumed the position of the head priest of Gankei-ji Temple in 884.",
"ja": "884年（元慶8年）に阿闍梨・元慶寺座主となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In his later years, he established Godaiin at Mt. Hiei and concentrated in the studies of Tendai Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism.",
"ja": "晩年は比叡山に五大院を創建して天台教学・密教教学の研究に専念した。"
}
|
{
"en": "He strongly emphasized Esoteric Buddhism, which was principally based on 'Dainichi-kyo Sutra' (Mahavairocana Sutra), and completed Taimitsu (esoteric Buddhism of the Japanese Tendai Sect).",
"ja": "安然は、「大日経」を中心とする密教重視を極限まで進めて台密（たいみつ＝天台宗における密教）を大成した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Seno IKENOBO (1482 - 1543) was a Buddhist monk of Kyoto Choho-ji Temple (Rokkakudo) as well as a tatebana (flower arrangement) master in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).",
"ja": "池坊専応（いけのぼうせんおう、文明(日本)14年（1482年）-天文(元号)12年（1543年））は、戦国時代(日本)の京都頂法寺（六角堂）の僧・立花師。"
}
|
{
"en": "During 1532 through 1555, he enhanced the Ikenobo School of tatebana to the level of art, systemized tatebana and laid the foundations of the Ikenobo School which later became the mainstream of the Tatebana world.",
"ja": "天文年間（1532年-1555年）頃、立花の流派池坊を造形芸術にまで高めて、立花の体系化をはかり、池坊が立花界の主流となるきっかけを作った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Senno Kuden,' his oral tradition in his later years, has been inherited for generations, and has been called 'Omaki' as the basis of Ikenobo flower arrangement school and even at present, it is granted to pupils.",
"ja": "晩年の口伝書「池坊専応口伝」は代々継承され、池坊華道の基本となるものとして「大巻」の名で呼ばれ、現在でも門弟に授けられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Honmon Hokke Sect is a school of Nichiren Sect of which the sect founder was Nichiren and the school founder was Nichiryu (Honmon School of Hokke Sect).",
"ja": "本門法華宗（ほんもんほっけしゅう）は、日蓮を宗祖とし、日隆(法華宗本門流)を派祖とする、日蓮門下の一派である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Sect Founder",
"ja": "宗祖"
}
|
{
"en": "Nichiren",
"ja": "日蓮"
}
|
{
"en": "School Founder",
"ja": "派祖"
}
|
{
"en": "Nichiryu (Honmon school of the Hokke Sect)",
"ja": "日隆(法華宗本門流)"
}
|
{
"en": "Daihonzan (Head temple)",
"ja": "大本山"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoren-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture)",
"ja": "妙蓮寺(京都市)（京都府）"
}
|
{
"en": "History",
"ja": "沿革"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1295, Nichizo constructed Myohorenge-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture).",
"ja": "1295年（永仁3年）に日像は妙法蓮華寺（京都府）を建立する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1394, Nikkei reconstructed Myohorenge-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) and renamed it Myoren-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture).",
"ja": "1394年（明徳5年）に日慶は妙法蓮華寺（京都府）を再建し、妙蓮寺(京都市)（京都府）と改称する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1872, Nichiryumon School merged with other schools of Nichiren Sect under a system in which each sect was allowed only one chief abbot.",
"ja": "1872年（明治5年）に一宗一管長制により、日隆門流は日蓮門下の諸門流と連合する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1874, Nichiryumon School became affiliated with the Shoretsu School of Nichiren Sect.",
"ja": "1874年（明治7年）に日隆門流は日蓮宗勝劣派に属する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1876, Nichiryumon School officially called itself Happon School and appointing its own superintendent priest and the Shoretsu School of Nichiren Sect was dissolved.",
"ja": "1876年（明治9年）に管長設置により、日隆門流は八品派と公称し、日蓮宗勝劣派は解体する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1898, Happon School was renamed Honmon Hokke Sect.",
"ja": "1898年（明治31年）に八品派は本門法華宗と改称する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1941, Honmon Hokke Sect, Honmyo Hokke Sect and Hokke Sect merged together pursuant to the Religious Corporations Act and officially named itself Hokke Sect.",
"ja": "1941年（昭和16年）に宗教団体法により、本門法華宗と本妙法華宗と法華宗が合同し、法華宗と公称する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1951, Myoren-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture) became independent from Hokke Sect and officially called itself Honmon Hokke Sect.",
"ja": "1951年（昭和26年）に妙蓮寺(京都市)（京都府）が法華宗から独立し、本門法華宗と公称する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gyoen (the dates of his birth and death are unknown) was a monk in the mid-Heian period.",
"ja": "行円（ぎょうえん、生没年不詳）は、平安時代中期の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was from Kyushu.",
"ja": "九州の出身。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although he had been a hunter in early adulthood, one day after shooting dead a stag that he came across when hunting, he saw a fawn appear out of the blood spurting from the animal's wound, and made up his mind to become a Buddhist monk.",
"ja": "壮年の時には狩人であったが、ある日山で牡鹿を見つけ射止めたところ、その傷口から血潮と共に仔鹿が生れたのを見て発心し仏門に入ったという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Becoming a hijiri (a high-ranking priest) reciting the Senju Darani Sutra, he built Gyogan-ji Temple (also called Ko-do) on Ichijo, Kyoto in 1004.",
"ja": "千手陀羅尼を誦呪する聖となり、1004年（寛弘元年）京都一条に行願寺（革堂）を建てた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Basing himself at this temple, he held several meetings such as Shiju-hachi ko (48 religious association), Shaka ko (religious association of Shkyamuni), Shibu ko (literally, religious association of four parts), and gave people lectures about the Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra).",
"ja": "以後この寺を拠点として法華経信仰を柱とする四十八講・釈迦講・四部講など行った。"
}
|
{
"en": "He attracted many believers of a variety of rank, such as FUJIWARA no Akinobu, a son of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who became a priest with Gyoen as his mentor.",
"ja": "藤原道長の子藤原顕信が行円を師と仰いで出家するなど、貴賤を問わず多くの信者を集めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He also gathered a lot of people to remove stones from the road in Awata in 1016.",
"ja": "また、1016年（長和5年）には多くの人をあつめて粟田の道筋の石を除いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was called kawa-hijiri (hijiri wearing leather) or hisen (皮仙) (unworldly person wearing leather) because he always wore a buckskin.",
"ja": "日ごろ鹿の皮をまとっていたことから革聖（かわひじり）とも皮仙とも称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "He carved a statue of the Kannon Deity of Mercy out of a keyaki (zelkova tree) at Kamo-jinja Shrine and enshrined it at Gyogan-ji Temple, and thus the temple was also called ko-do (temple built by kawa hijiri).",
"ja": "賀茂神社の槻木（つきのき）をもらって観音像を刻み、行願寺を建てて安置し、革堂（こうどう）と称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai (Also known as Manzei) (1378 – July 17, 1435) was a Buddhist monk of Daigo-ji Temple (Shingon Sect) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the middle of the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "満済（まんさい・まんぜい、天授(日本)4年/永和(日本)4年（1378年）－永享7年6月13日(旧暦)（1435年7月8日））は、南北朝時代(日本)から室町時代中期にかけての醍醐寺（真言宗）の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai also went by the title of Hosshinin Jugo (honorary rank next to the three Empresses: Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress).",
"ja": "法身院（ほっしんいん）准后とも呼ばれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a restorer of Daigo-ji Temple, Mansai was compared with the later Gien Jugo in the Momoyama period.",
"ja": "醍醐寺中興の祖として、桃山時代の義演准后と並ぶ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai's father was Juichii (Junior First Rank) Dainagon (grand councilor) Morofuyu IMAKOJI, and Mansai's mother was Shirakawadono who was a daughter of Geni, Bokan (a priest who served for the families of Monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family)) Hoin (the highest rank among Buddhist priests) of the Seigoin Temple, and served Nariko HINO, the legal wife of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "父は従一位大納言今小路師冬、母は聖護院房官法印源意の娘で室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の室日野業子に仕えた白川殿。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Imakoji family, the house where Mansai was born, descended from Yoshifuyu NIJO (a son of Kanpaku Kanemoto NIJO (chief advisor to the Emperor)) and Mansai was the 4th generation grandchild of Kanemoto.",
"ja": "生家の今小路家は関白二条兼基の子二条良冬を始祖とし、満済は兼基の四世孫にあたる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai was adopted by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and studied Buddhism under Sanboin Kenshun to come to enter the Buddhist priesthood under Hooin Ryugen.",
"ja": "足利義満の猶子となり、三宝院賢俊に入室し、報恩院隆源の下で得度した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai served as the twenty-fifth monzeki (head priest of the temple, formerly led by the sect founder) of the Sanboin Temple, and also held the post of seventy-fourth zasu (temple head priest) of Daigo-ji Temple from 1395 to 1434, creating a precedent for the monzeki of Sanboin Temple concurrently holding the post of zasu of Daigo-ji Temple.",
"ja": "三宝院25世門跡となり、応永2年（1395年）から永享6年（1434年）の間醍醐寺第74代座主を務め、以後、三宝院門跡が醍醐寺座主を兼ねる例となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "While concurrently holding the two posts, Mansai also served as To-ji choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple) and the head priest of Shitenno-ji Temple, and finally rose to Daisojo (head priest of the Buddhist sect) in 1409.",
"ja": "その間東寺長者・四天王寺別当などをも兼任し、応永16年（1409年）大僧正の位に上る。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1428, Mansai was titled Jusango (Also known as Jusangu) which was the first time the monzeki of Sanboin Temple received the title.",
"ja": "正長元年（1428年）には三宝院門跡では初めて准三后（准三宮とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai was proclaimed Jugo, the title equivalent to the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, and the Empress.",
"ja": "太皇太后・皇太后・皇后に準じる位＝准后（じゅごう））の宣旨を蒙った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Having the confidence of Yoshimitsu and his sons, the fourth shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, Mansai was deeply involved in the internal politics and diplomacy of the shogunate government and was nicknamed Kokui no saisho (a priest who has influence in politics).",
"ja": "義満とその子である4代将軍足利義持・6代将軍足利義教の信任が厚く、内政･外交などの幕政に深く関与し、黒衣の宰相と称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mansai contributed so much to the appointment of Shogun Yoshinori by lot (creating Lottery Shogun) that even Shogun Yoshinori, who was a tyrant, did as Mansai suggested on most occasions, feeling his obligation to Mansai.",
"ja": "くじ引き将軍義教を登場させたのは満済の功によるところが大きく、恐怖政治を行った義教も、満済の建言には多く従ったという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Getting involved in the corridors of power in the shogunate government, Mansai was cool in assessing the situation and warm in getting on with people, which was appreciated by his contemporaries as 'a loyal retainer of the whole country' (\"Kanmon Nikki\" (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa) by Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa).",
"ja": "幕政の中枢にありながら情勢を冷静に判断し、人情に厚い満済の態度は、同時代人から「天下の義者」（伏見宮貞成親王『看聞日記』）と賞賛された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Extant Mansai's diary is called \"Mansai Jugo Nikki\" (Also known as \"Hosshinin Jugo-ki,\" Diary of Mansai) which was recorded on the back of the guchureki (Japanese Lunisolar calendar) from 1411 through the year Mansai died, and the copies written by Mansai are existent.",
"ja": "満済が具注暦の裏にその日の出来事を記録しておいたものが『満済准后日記』（『法身院准后記』）と呼ばれ、応永18年（1411年）から死去の年までの記事があり、自筆本も伝存する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The diary is now considered as a quite important historical source on the middle of the Muromachi period because Mansai recorded not only prayers as a gojiso of the Muromachi-dono (a priest who protects the public residence of the Shogun) but also the contemporary political circumstances in detail.",
"ja": "室町殿護持僧として祈祷だけでなく、当時の政治情勢が克明に記録してあり、室町中期の極めて重要な史料となっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jokei (June 29, 1155 - March 3, 1213) was a Buddhist monk in the Hosso Sect in the early Kamakura period.",
"ja": "貞慶（じょうけい、久寿2年5月21日(旧暦)（1155年6月22日）－建暦3年2月3日(旧暦)（1213年2月24日））は、鎌倉時代前期の法相宗の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was born in Kyoto.",
"ja": "京都の生まれ。"
}
|
{
"en": "His grandfather was FUJIWARA no Michinori (Also known as Shinzei), and his father was FUJIWARA no Sadanori.",
"ja": "祖父は藤原通憲（信西）、父は藤原貞憲。"
}
|
{
"en": "His go (pen name) was Gedatsu-bo.",
"ja": "号は解脱房。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was posthumously titled Gedatsu-shonin by Imperial edict.",
"ja": "勅謚号は解脱上人。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was called himself by Kasagidera Shonin.",
"ja": "笠置寺上人とよばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He entered the priesthood at Kofuku-ji Temple and studied Hosso Sect Buddhism and Ritsu Sect Buddhism under his uncle Kakuken.",
"ja": "興福寺に入り叔父覚憲に師事して法相・律を学んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1182, Jokei, as a promising learned priest pursuing his studies, passed the Ryugi (oral examination for a novice priest as a gateway to be a Buddhist priest) to serve the Yuimae (big Buddhist Mass) and also served other big Buddhist Mass of Gosaie (ritual for the Sutra of Golden Light performed at the Imperial Palace) and Kinomidokyo (Seasonal reading of the Great Perfection of Insight Sutra).",
"ja": "1182年（寿永元年）維摩会竪義（ゆいまえりゅうぎ）を遂行し、御斎会・季御読経などの大法会に奉仕し、学僧として将来を嘱望された。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1193, though, Jokei, disgusted at the depravity of the monks, retired from the (official) monk circle to the Kasagi-dera Temple to which he had professed his worship of Miroku (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present).",
"ja": "しかし、僧の堕落を嫌って1193年（建久4年）かねてからの弥勒信仰を媒介として信仰を寄せていた笠置寺に隠遁した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, Jokei further deepened his faith in Miroku by establishing the Ryukokai (literally, gathering of dragon incense) and the Miroku Koshiki (Buddhist rite dedicated to Miroku), while improving the appearance of the Kasagi-dera Temple by constructing the Hannyadai (a monastic building meaning \"Wisdom Heights\") and the Jusanjunoto (13-storey pagoda).",
"ja": "それ以後般若台や十三重塔を建立して笠置寺の寺観を整備する一方、龍香会を創始し弥勒講式を作るなど弥勒信仰をいっそう深めていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1205, he drew up a report to the throne titled Kofuku-ji Sojo in which he criticized Honen's Senju Nenbutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nenbutsu) and asked for it to be stopped.",
"ja": "なお、1205年（元久2年）には興福寺奏状を起草し、法然の専修念仏を批判し、停止を求めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1208, he moved to the Kaijusen-ji Temple and also got interested in Kannon (Deity of Mercy) Worship.",
"ja": "1208年（承元2年）海住山寺に移り観音信仰にも関心を寄せた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Other than 'Gumeihosshinshu' (literally, spiritual awakening of those who are folly and in lost), Jokei wrote many books on the Hosso, the Ritsu, and the Miroku worship.",
"ja": "著書「愚迷発心集」のほかに法相・律・弥勒信仰に関する著作が数多く残されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Bencho (June 27, 1162 - March 23, 1238) was a Buddhist monk in the Jodo Sect from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period.",
"ja": "弁長（べんちょう、応保2年5月6日(旧暦)（1162年6月20日）-嘉禎4年2月29日(旧暦)（1238年3月16日））は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけての浄土宗の僧。"
}
|
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