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http://iwalk-free.com/injury-resource-center/broken-ankle/ | Broken Ankle Recovery Time , Treatment & Surgery A broken ankle or ankle fracture is one of the most common bone or joint injuries a person can have . They can happen to anyone , regardless of age , gender , or athletic ability , whether you are the type of person that enjoys playing sports , or the type that enjoys watching them on TV . However these injuries occur , they raise similar questions for everyone . This article will address everything you need to know about recovering from a broken ankle . Including even how to start walking after a broken ankle . Your Guide To Recovery : What types of ankle injuries are there ? How can sprained ankles or broken ankles occur ? What are the symptoms of a broken ankle ? Immediate care of your broken ankle How to diagnose a broken ankle & fracture Broken ankle recovery time What can I expect during my broken ankle recovery ? Is there additional information about ankle fractures and broken ankles ? What types of ankle injuries are there ? Broken ankle injuries can range from a fracture , or a break , in one or more of the bones . Ankle sprains ( a muscle or tendon that has been stretched past its normal range of motion ) are also possible . These injuries that occur due to a trauma or over use are quite painful . You will require a medical diagnosis , treatment , and rehabilitation to get back into your usual active lifestyle The Tibia Commonly known as the shinbone . The Fibula The thinner of the two lower leg bones . The Talus A small , wedge shaped bone that is located deep in the ankle and supports both the tibia and the fibula How can a sprained ankle or broken ankle occur ? Broken ankles are a common , though unfortunate injury . Approximately half are due to athletic activities . That means the other half can occur from regular , day - to - day life events . In many cases these injuries are caused by something as simple as rolling the ankle . Rolling the ankle can be done as easily as stepping down off of a curb onto uneven ground . Some other common life events that can result in ankle sprains , dislocated ankles , or fractured ankles include ; Twisting , rotating or rolling your ankle A slip , or trip that results in landing on your ankle An impact from a vehicular accident Jumping or falling that results in landing on your feet heavily A heavy item falling on your ankle joint What are the symptoms of a broken ankle ? In some cases , a small fracture or break wo n โ t initially stop you from going about your daily activities , but it is important to note that delaying diagnosis and treatment could cause a smaller break or fracture to develop into a more major break or fracture over time . Even a broken ankle can feel the same as a severe ankle sprain , so it is very important that every ankle injury be evaluated and that you seek medical attention quickly . Because not all ankle fractures will result in immediately being unable to walk , it is also important to know what to look for when faced with an ankle injury . Some of the symptoms that you might experience with an ankle fracture or break are : Swelling at the ankle joint Bruising , redness , or discoloration of any part of the lower leg Tender to touch , move , or bend Can not put any weight on the injured ankle or foot Immediate & severe pain in the ankle . Often times this pain will radiate up into the โ shinbone โ or tibia as well as below to the foot Your foot may hang in an unnatural position , look โ out of place โ , or twist to one side or the other Immediate Care & Comfort of Your Ankle If you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above , you may have an ankle fracture or broken ankle . As foot and ankle injuries are complex and difficult to diagnose , especially to self - diagnose , it is very important that you see a medical professional as soon as possible . Whether you go to your own physician , or to an emergency room , will depend on proximity and your ability to get in to see your own doctor quickly . Here are a few tips for the immediate care and comfort of your ankle fracture If the skin is unbroken : control swelling by wrapping it with a compression bandage or kitchen towel and apply an ice pack ( Do not apply ice directly to bare skin ) Remain off of the injured ankle to prevent further injury , and keep the injured leg elevated to decrease swelling If the bones are protruding through the skin , do not push them back into place โ cover it with a clean dressing , cloth or towel and seek medical attention immediately How To Diagnose a Broken Ankle & Fracture In addition , a non - steroidal , anti - inflammatory drug or aspirin may be useful for immediate pain relief as well as reducing swelling . When using pain relievers , always follow the directions on the product label , listen to your physician , and remember to ask before using if you have any other medical conditions or are taking other medications or supplements . Once you arrive at the emergency room or your doctor โ s office , they will take a short medical history , listen to your symptoms , and ask you how the injury occurred . The next step : Will be a careful examination of your ankle , foot , and lower leg to determine where the injury might be . Since ankle fractures and ankle sprains can mimic each other in a physical examination , they will most likely order more tests if either an ankle sprain or fracture is suspected . Additional testing can range from an X - Ray to MRI . Please see below for a list and short explanation of each : X - ray The most commonly used imaging technique and offer a high degree of success in diagnosing ankle fractures . X - rays can tell if there is an ankle fracture , or if the joint is dislocated . X - rays will also determine the severity of the ankle fracture as well as if there are additional fractures in the leg or foot . Stress X - Rays are X - Rays that are done while the technician puts a certain amount of stress on the injured or fractured ankle to see if more specialized treatment is required . CT Scan A CT ( CAT , Computed Tomography ) scan produces a cross - sectional image of the ankle , ankle joint , and leg quickly and painlessly . A CT scan shows both hard and soft tissues . This makes it very helpful in diagnosing both ankle fractures that do n โ t show up on X - Rays as well as ankle sprains and ankle dislocations . MRI An MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) scan creates high - resolution pictures of the bones , soft tissue and ligaments in your leg . If the X - Ray or CT scan shows damage to the soft tissue or ligaments an MRI may be done . Broken Ankle Recovery Time The recovery time for a broken ankle can range from 6 weeks to 12 weeks and longer depending on the severity . After your break or fracture has been fully diagnosed , you will receive a treatment plan . Your ankle injury treatment plan will depend on the type and severity of your injury . Your physician will recommend the best treatment for you and your type of ankle fracture , so be sure to follow their advice and guidelines . You may also have x - rays done of your ankle while your ankle fracture heals to make sure that it is healing properly . Do n โ t expect to be running on your broken ankle anytime soon . . If you have extensive damage , your broken ankle can only be treated with surgery . Some surgeries will need to be done right away to make sure the bones are repaired quickly , but other times , the surgeon may place you in a splint and wait several days for the swelling to go down before they do the surgery . If your ankle fracture is not dislocated , and your doctor deems your ankle stable , you may be treated non - surgically . There are several different ways to treat a broken ankle non - surgically so that it heals correctly . These range from an ankle brace , aircast , walking boot , to a fiberglass cast and usually includes orders to not put any weight on your injured ankle , or being non - weight bearing , for six weeks or more . Whether your ankle fracture is treated surgically or non - surgically , your physician will determine , especially through broken ankle surgery recovery , when you can begin to walk on the leg again with crutches or a non - weight bearing device , depending on how well your bones are healing Some additional broken ankle recovery tips . . What can I expect during my broken ankle surgery recovery ? Your treatment and recovery may depend on the need to be non - weight bearing , if so , you will have to avoid putting any weight on your fractured ankle and you will not be able to walk on it . Often , it will be a necessity to use crutches after ankle surgery . This will require identifying the best crutches for ankle surgery . Your doctor will tell you for how long , but as mentioned , your ankle fracture recovery can range anywhere from several weeks to several months , depending on your type of ankle Traditional Crutches Traditional crutches are one option for ankle fractures . They will allow you to walk while holding your fractured ankle up , but you must also use both hands to operate them . Unfortunately โฆ Broken ankle crutches of this type may be difficult for anyone with poor balance , while trying to navigate your workplace , or while caring for children , or any other common activity . Any of these reasons can make these not the best crutches for ankle surgery . Because of these limitations , patients often begin walking on the fractured ankle far too soon , which can cause serious complications to the fracture while healing . It gets worse . Crutches may also cause pain in the arms and hands , or cause falls if not used correctly . Also , these broken ankle crutches will not allow you to keep your injured ankle partially elevated , which is often prescribed by physicians . Knee Scooter A knee scooter or knee walker is another option while recovering from an ankle fracture . They may be more efficient than broken ankle crutches and require less upper body strength , but can still be quite restricting when performing your daily activities . Consider โฆ Along with needing both hands to operate a knee scooter , you can not use them on stairs , in small areas , on slopes , or uneven terrain . These are just some of the challenges to consider when selecting crutches after ankle surgery . Hands Free Knee Crutch This hands free crutch provides a non - weight bearing option for your ankle fracture and can often be among the best crutches for ankle surgery . The iWALK2 . 0 allows you to continue your daily activities hands - free . You gently kneel on the iWALK2 . 0 knee platform , and with the straps secured properly the device becomes an extension of your natural leg , functioning like your own leg would without the ankle fracture . The hands free crutch allows you to easily maneuver in places that other broken ankle crutches options create challenges ; up and down stairs , on uneven terrain , in small areas , and on sloping ground , in fact , you can even use the in the shower ! This option eliminates many of the challenges you would face while on crutches after ankle surgery . To learn more about the iWALK2 . 0 , click here Additional information about ankle fractures & broken ankles Having a broken ankle can be painful , but with the right information , it does n โ t have to be as scary . Another way to eliminate fear is by staying proactive and asking your doctor any important questions you might have about your specific ankle injury or fracture , treatment plan and recovery . Here are a few questions you may want to ask after being diagnosed with an ankle fracture ; Do I have to have surgery and what are the risks ? How long before I can go back to work ? Will any of my lifestyle conditions or medical conditions put me at risk for longer healing time ? Do I have osteoporosis ( low bone density ) ? When will I be able to start walking on my leg again ? How long before I can get back to my regular activities ? As discussed , every case of a fractured ankle and ankle injury is different , but if you โ re an active participant in your own broken ankle recovery you will find ways to stay positive while your fracture heals . Follow your treatment plan closely , and to help your broken ankle recovery time , remember to always rest when needed , and find the best non - weight bearing device so that you can regain mobility and independence while taking care of your fractured ankle in the best way possible . Which mobility device is best for you ? Find out here After your physician has determined that your broken ankle and injuries have healed sufficiently during your broken ankle surgery recovery , you will then wean off the non - weight bearing device that worked best for you , and begin to resume your normal activities . In addition , they may prescribe physical therapy as part of your broken ankle surgery recovery for your ankle to help you regain your full range of movement , and it may still take up to a year for you to feel completely healed and back to normal after injuries resulting in an ankle The information above is intended for informational purposes only and is not intended to prevent , treat , or diagnose any illness or disease . We aim to provide the highest quality information , so if you have any questions on the information above , we welcome your feedback Do you hate crutches ? Learn more or buy the revolutionary iWALK2 . 0 hands free crutch . Learn More Buy Now | [
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http://iwalk-free.com/injury-resource-center/broken-foot/ | Broken Foot and Foot Fracture โ Symptoms , Causes , Treatments , Surgery and Recovery A foot fracture , or broken foot occurs when one or more bones of the foot break as a result of either a sudden trauma or from chronic overuse . Regardless of the cause , a broken foot can be a serious injury with a lengthy recovery that may require you to become non - weight bearing . Proper knowledge about the particular foot fracture you are faced with can help you to make the most educated rehabilitation choices to ensure as comfortable a recovery as possible . In this article , we will go over ; Different Types of Foot Fractures Symptoms of Foot Fracture Injuries Foot Fracture Treatment Options Recovery and Rehabilitation for Foot Fractures The Different Types of Foot Fractures Many people are unaware that there are actually two different types of fractures ; full foot fractures that are caused by a trauma , and stress fractures from over use of the foot . While the foot pain experienced with either of these foot injuries may feel quite similar , there are crucial differences that you should be aware of . The Different Types of Foot Fractures Stress Foot Fracture : A stress fracture may sound non - severe , but it is still a break in the bone or bones of the foot . It โ s caused by repeated stress to the bone . Full Foot Fracture : There are two different types of full fractures , both of which are typically a result of a one - time trauma , such as a car crash , or dropping something on the foot . The Two Different Types of Full Foot Fractures Closed or Simple Full Foot Fracture : A closed foot fracture does not damage the surrounding tissue or skin of the foot . Typically , this means that only the broken bone or bones have become damaged . Open or Compound Full Foot Fracture : An open foot fracture causes damage to the skin and surrounding tissue of the injury . Generally speaking , open foot fractures are more serious than closed , or simple fractures . This is due to the fact that in most cases the break is more severe in order to break through the skin and tissue . An open fracture is also more susceptible to infection due to the open wound and the damage to the soft tissue of the foot . Athletes often suffer from stress fractures , as the pain can be mistaken as a strain or sprain and be overlooked as a โ lesser injury โ . Stress fractures are often harder for the patient to diagnose , because there is no single action that caused the break . Overuse or repeated stress over time are the most common causes of this sort of foot injury . Three factors play into the likelihood of developing a stress fracture to the foot ; Frequency of impact to the foot Duration of impact to the foot Intensity of impact to the foot All three of these factors relate to the impact you place on your foot by repeatedly participating in activities such as running or jumping . For example , a hurdler would generally have a higher intensity of impact , but a long distance runner would have a higher duration of impact since they run for very long distances without rest . If you are suffering from any sort of serious foot pain , and you suspect you might have suffered either a full foot fracture or a stress fracture , we recommend seeing a medical professional as soon as possible for an accurate diagnosis , treatment , and rehabilitation plan . Symptoms of a Broken Foot or Foot Fracture The following is a list of symptoms commonly experienced after a foot fracture occurs ; Pain in the foot that increases when you bear weight Pain in the foot that steadily increases in severity Swelling along the top of the foot and / or outside of the ankle Ankle / Foot is tender to the touch Ankle / Foot show signs of bruising in certain cases if you are experiencing one or more of these symptoms it โ s important that you seek the attention of a medical professional immediately for an accurate diagnosis of your injury . If you are diagnosed with either a full foot fracture from some sort of trauma to your foot , or a stress fracture from repeated over use , you will have to make some choices in regards to treatment . Your doctor will guide you with his or her recommendations and treatment plan depending on the exact nature of your injury . It will either be a surgical treatment or non - surgical treatment , but an order to be non - weight bearing will likely follow either treatment option . Broken Foot & Foot Fracture Treatment Options Non - surgical treatment of a foot fracture Surgery is not typically necessary for a foot fracture ; only your doctor will be able to assess if you require surgery . If no surgery is required , here are the most important things to remember when you are dealing with a fracture of the foot . Rest : Rest is crucial to helping your body heal effectively . Keeping weight off the injury : Your doctor will most likely recommend that you become non - weight bearing as putting any weight on the broken bone will cause stress to the healing bone , or bones , and slow down the time it takes for you to heal . Crutches for foot injury are often necessary . Elevation : Keep your ankle above the heart to reduce swelling and inflammation Ice : Icing your foot for 20 minutes at a time helps to reduce pain and inflammation Casts / protective footwear : Your doctor will let you know what type of protection is necessary . They also will let you know how long you should wear your protective brace for optimal healing . 6 - 12 weeks is the common time frame for wearing a cast . Surgical Treatment of a Foot Fracture Surgery is not the typical route for healing a broken foot , but it may be necessary if multiple bones are broken , or if the bones of the foot were injured beyond the point of being able to heal naturally and with correct alignment . Broken foot surgery often involves fasteners such as pins , screws , or plates . These fasteners provide the necessary support for the bone to heal with correct alignment , which can lower the risk of re - injury later on . After surgery , you will follow the same general guidelines as those Recovery and Rehabilitation for Foot Fractures As mentioned earlier , it is most likely that your recovery and rehabilitation will depend on your being non - weight bearing for a period of time . With foot fractures this period of time can be 6 - 12 weeks or longer depending on both your particular injury , and your ability to find the best mobility device for your active lifestyle . Without a good mobility device that allows you to care for yourself and others , return to work , or even just manage your day - to - day duties around your house , the temptation to โ cheat โ becomes greater and greater . Cheating occurs when you walk on your injury for even just a second to perform a task and can cause additional damage to your foot fracture or re - injury . Cheating can lead to greatly increased recovery times , so let us help you find the best mobility device Traditional Crutches : While crutches are inexpensive and commonly used , they can cause pain throughout your hands , wrists , underarms and chest . When using crutches for walking or standing you will not have use of your hands and arms , making common everyday tasks impossible . Due to these limitations , using traditional crutches often leads to cheating and increases the risk of re - injury . Knee scooters or โ knee walkers โ Knee scooters are becoming an increasingly popular option due to the overwhelming dislike of crutches . With knee scooters , you kneel on a raised platform with your injured leg , and roll by propelling yourself with your uninjured foot . They are efficient for distances on even terrain , but do not work on grades , in tight places , or on stairs . They are heavy and bulky as well , which makes them difficult to transport . They are quite restricting when performing your daily activities , and you will also need both hands to operate a Hands Free Crutch The 0 is a pain free and hands free crutch alternative that combines the best of knee scooters and conventional crutches . Like a knee scooter , you kneel on a platform , but your weight is supported by your leg , not your hands and arms . Unlike the knee scooter , the iWALK2 . 0 is lightweight , inexpensive and 100 % hands free . It also allows you to walk normally , using the crutch as an extension of your leg , so you can return to your daily routine . It โ s fast and easy click here Which mobility device is best for you ? Find out here In closing , dealing with a broken or fractured foot can be challenging , but if you โ re an active participant in your recovery you will find ways to stay positive while your fracture heals . Follow your doctor โ s treatment plan closely . To help your broken foot recovery time , remember to always rest when needed . Also , while you are ordered to be non - weight bearing , it is important to find the best mobility device so that you can regain mobility and independence while taking care of your broken or fractured foot The information above is intended for informational purposes only and is not intended to prevent , treat , or diagnose any illness or disease . We aim to provide the highest quality information , so if you have any questions on the information above , we welcome your feedback Do you hate crutches ? Learn more or buy the revolutionary iWALK2 . 0 hands free crutch . Learn More Buy Now | [
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http://iws.collin.edu/kwilkison/Resources%20for%20Students/ForeignPolicy.html | U . S . Foreign Policy , 1901 - 1941 Kyle Wilkison United States foreign policy between 1901 and 1941 can be characterized as generally confident , sometimes aggressive and , occasionally , even cautious . The first twenty years of the century saw the U.S. leadership pursue confidently interventionist strategies in dealing with other countries . The next decade - a - half witnessed a clear modification toward cautious non - entanglement if not outright isolationism . With the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the White House a gap grew between the isolationist American public and an increasingly internationalist policy . This gap temporarily disappeared with Japan โ s attack on Pearl Harbor and America โ s entry into World War II . Period of Confident Intervention , 1901 - 1919 Theodore Roosevelt โ s arrival as president could not have been less auspicious , coming as it did at the hands of an assassin who ended the life of President William McKinley . While others may have doubted Roosevelt ' s abilities , the new president gave no indications that such doubts ever troubled his over - sized self - confidence . President Theodore Roosevelt relished the โ strenuous life โ almost as much as he enjoyed his status as a media celebrity . Horseback riding was a favorite pastime and helped boost his image as the " Cowboy President . " ( Smithsonian Institution ) He moved aggressively to realize the long - held U.S. goal of building ( and controlling ) an inter - oceanic canal through Central America . For U.S. policy - makers the best choice lay through the northern end of the Republic of Colombia ; the Colombian government , however , proved resistant to the notion of surrendering territory to the American government . Roosevelt promptly supported a highly suspect โ independence movement โ within the northernmost Colombian state of Panama and hastily recognized the government of a pro - canal American sympathizer there . Panama began its fight for Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty granting the U.S. the rights to the Panama Canal . Note the date the treaty was originally negotiated as well as the remarkable statement in Article I . Alarmed at the prospect of European intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American nations , Roosevelt also toughened and extended the historic โ Monroe Doctrine โ ( 1824 ) with his โ Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine . โ After clicking on the following link , first read the editor โ s note then scroll down and read the text of the " Roosevelt Corollary " as delivered to Congress in 1904 . ( See the section entitled " Policy Toward Other Nations of the Western Hemisphere . " ) What did Roosevelt promise would happen if Latin American countries โ invited foreign aggression โ ? What assumptions does he make regarding the relative status of the U.S. in comparison with its Latin American neighbors ? Roosevelt further confidently intervened in world affairs by practicing a unique form of presidential diplomacy . In 1905 he personally led negotiations to end a war between Japan and Russia , resulting in his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . A year later he successfully handled a similarly explosive colonial conflict between France and Germany . Overall , Roosevelt sought to strengthen the U.S. Navy and solidify previous gains in the Pacific . His successor , President William Howard Taft , more or less continued the Roosevelt strategy , minus some of the bluster and impetuousness . Generally aimed at protecting American corporate interests around the globe , Taft called his policy " Dollar Dip l omacy . " Wilson ( Woodrow Wilson Library ) President Woodrow Wilson ' s foreign policy was much like his predecessors โ but informed more by paternalism than aggressiveness and opportunism . Much of Wilson โ s concerns focused on Asia where the rising Japanese Empire competed with the old European empires for dominance in China . Seeking to maintain an โ open door โ for American trade with China , Wilson , like both his predecessors and successors in the White House , struggled to balance the dangers of either European or Japanese dominance in that region . Wilson preferred to characterize his โ Roosevelt Corollary โ style interventions as being in the best interest of the particular Latin American nation involved . Often that conveniently mirrored U.S. commercial interests . Such was the case in revolutionary Mexico where American investors ( mainly oil companies ) owned over forty percent of the nation โ s property , according to diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber . Convinced that Mexico and her neighbors needed to be โ properly directed โ toward stability , if not democracy , Wilson sent to or retained U.S. troops in Mexico , Haiti , Santo Domingo , Cuba and Nicaragua . The largest such operation involved General John J . Pershing โ s 6,000 troops fruitlessly pursuing Mexican revolutionary Francisco " Pancho " Villa across northern Mexico , 1916 - 1917 . In early 1917 Wilson pulled Pershing and his troops out of Mexico for an even greater act of confident intervention to โ make the world safe for democracy โ with U.S. entry into World War I . Despite Wilson โ s hopeful Fourteen Points and his proposed peace - keeping League of Nations , the U.S. Senate chose not to allow American membership in the League by refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles . Driven by a variety of motives , the Senate was at least partially responding to a new sense caution among influential Americans . Period of Cautious Non - entanglement , 1920 - 1937 Traditionally historians have assigned the label of โ isolationist โ to American foreign policy in the 1920s and early 1930s . Clearly the mood of the American people became more and more isolationist as the years went by . The decision to reject the League of Nations certainly gave the appearance that U.S. policy was isolationist , as well . Yet , recent historians have emphasized the continued role America played in world affairs . What best describes the policy of the period , then , is cautious non - entanglement . Policymakers sought not isolation but a โ free hand โ to operate , according to diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber . Two notable foreign policy achievements from the era tend to bolster this view . The Washington Naval Conference of 1921 - 22 sought to slow the rise of the intense rivalry between the great Pacific powers . President Warren G . Harding โ s Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes shocked the international gathering of diplomats by announcing that Britain , Japan and the U.S . should each scrap dozens of warships to end the dangerous Pacific arms race . The resulting treaty probably did stabilize the region temporarily ; however , the Japanese were not as pleased with the outcome of the treaty as were the British and Americans , a circumstance that would come back to haunt the Pacific rim years later . The Herbert Hoover Administration โ s Kellogg - Briand Pact serves as another good example of the โ hit - and - run โ diplomacy that characterized the 1920s . The ambitious Kellogg - Briand Pact ( 1928 ) โ outlawed โ war by having each of the eventually five dozen signatory nations promise never to wage offensive war against each other . All of the major belligerent powers of the Second World War signed this document . Notice that Kellogg - Briand was not an isolationist document and that the U.S. took the lead in negotiating it . Yet , unlike the League of Nations , this pact required no definite commitment , no continuous engagement ( entanglement ) on America โ s part . The dangerous 1930s The international economic collapse of the 1930s helped to create an ever more dangerous world . Beginning in the 1920s , totalitarian fascist parties rose to power throughout Europe promising both economic resurgence and protection from the communists . Benito Mussolini in Italy , Adolf Hitler in Germany and Francisco Franco in Spain each rose to power by exploiting fears of the left . In the case of Germany and Italy , a combination of calculation , ideology and megalomaniacal leadership would drive those nations toward ever more explosive confrontations with nearby states . Meanwhile , a similarly militaristic coterie gained power in Japan and set that increasingly powerful nation down the path of imperialism . The American public โ s steady isolationism received a huge boost from the sensational Nye Committee findings Sen . Gerald P . Nye investigated the role of business in bringing America into World War I . His committee โ s reports , especially as simplified and exaggerated by the media , strengthened the public ' s determination to never be misled into another foreign war . Catching the public mood , the Congress responded with the Neutrality Acts of the late1930s . In their various versions the laws forbade American businesses from loaning money to , selling war material to or carrying goods aboard American ships to nation ' s at war . The last few years of the 1930s , then , saw a battle for public opinion between President Franklin D . Roosevelt who Franklin Roosevelt โ s Struggle to Return to Internationalism , 1937 - 1941 The American people remained staunchly isolationist although the president tried to rouse them with the famously cautionary " Quarantine speech " of 1937 . Meantime , facing equally ant - war public sentiment , the governments of Britain and France charted a diplomatic path of appeasement in order to keep peace with Hitler . The low point of this policy of appeasement arrived with the Munich Peace Conference with Hitler , 1938 . Desperately gambling for peace at any price , the British and French countenanced the take - over of western Czechoslovakia under the terms of the Munich treaty . The folly of appeasement became undeniably clear the following year when Hitler ' s war machine roared into Germany ' s neighbor to the east , Poland , starting World War II in Europe . At first Roosevelt proclaimed U.S. neutrality while doing what he could to assist the French and British . In 1939 the president persuaded the Congress to pass the " cash and carry " amendment to the earlier , tougher neutrality laws preventing the U.S. from getting any material to the Allies . Then , as the rest of the world looked on in shock , the Germans ( having already disposed of Poland and Belgium ) knocked France completely out of the war in June of 1940 . Realizing that Britain stood alone against the Nazis in Europe , under | [
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http://iws2.collin.edu/dcain/CCCCD%20Micro/macconkeyagar.htm | MacConkey Agar Quadrant 1 Growth on the plate indicates the organism , Enterobacter aerogenes , is not inhibited by bile salts and crystal violet and is a gram - negative bacterium . The pink color of the bacterial growth indicates E . aerogenes is able to ferment lactose Quadrant 2 : Growth on the plate indicates the organism , Escherichia coli , is not inhibited by bile salts and crystal violet and is a gram - negative bacterium . The pink color of the bacterial growth indicates E . coli is able to ferment lactose Quadrant 3 : Absence of growth indicates the organism , Staphylococcus epidermidis , is inhibited by bile salts and crystal violet and is a gram - positive bacterium . Quadrant 4 : Growth on the plate indicates the organism , Salmonella typhimurium bacterium . The absence of color in the bacterial growth indicates S . typhimurium is unable to ferment lactose Back to Tutorial | [
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http://ixtapacantina.com/how-to-make-taco-shells/ | How to Make Taco Shells August 1 , 2013 by Ixtapa Mexican Restaurant & Cantina Tacos are one of the most widely recognizable dishes derived from Mexican culture . They can be as simple as a taco with beef and cheese or as extravagant as a taco with a shell made out of bacon . Tacos have been assimilated heavily into American culture as well , and even non - Mexican themed restaurants have begun serving tacos . One of the most well - known features of a taco as we think of it traditionally is its hard shell ( although soft - shell tacos are actually the more authentic version eaten in Mexico ) . Once you have made the hard taco shell , you can fill it with whatever toppings you desire . Learning how to make taco shells is a very easy process , and is the first step on your path to endless taco dinners . Make Taco Shells : Ingredients In order to learn how to make taco shells , you only need two ingredients . ( If you are feeling really adventurous , you can attempt to make the corn tortillas from scratch . ) Corn Tortillas Corn , Canola or Vegetable Oil Make Taco Shells : Step 1 The first step in learning to make taco shells is to fill a skillet with one inch of oil and allow the oil to heat up for 10 - 15 minutes . Once the oil has begun to simmer , drop in your corn tortilla . After one second has passed , remove half of the taco from the oil . Make Taco Shells : Step 2 The next step is to fold the taco in half so it has the U - shape that helped make the traditional hard - shelled taco shape . Be sure to use a pair of tongs in order to avoid burning your skin . The oil will be extremely hot . Once the side that is in the oil has heated to a crisp , flip the taco over so the crispy side is up . Remember to leave a space inside the taco for toppings . Once both sides are crispy , remove the taco shell from the oil Make Taco Shells : Step 3 Now that you have been successful in your journey to learn how to make taco shells , take the shells and drain the oil out of them using paper towels . Once the taco shells have drained , place them in the oven to keep them warm until you are ready to fill them . Once you learn how to make taco shells , the possibilities for the tacos you can make are endless . You do n โ t always have to rely on making your own taco shells , however . At Ixtapa Mexican Grill & Cantina , you have many choices for how you can order your tacos . From beef and chicken to fish and steak , we have plenty of tacos to choose from for any palate . We โ d love for you to visit us at one of our locations in Groton , Lexington , Lunenburg , or Woburn , Massachusetts . What do you like in your tacos ? Do you prefer tacos with a hard or soft shell ? Filed Under : blog Mexican Culture Tagged With : Cooking Ingredients Family Friendly Mexican Recipes Ixtapa Cantina Ixtapa Mexican Restaurant & Cantina mexican cooking Mexican cooking tips mexican food Mexican Food Recipes salsa taco tortillas | [
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http://iyp2016.org/resources/what-are-pulses | What Are Pulses and Why Are They Important ? Pulses , also known as grain legumes , are a group of 12 crops that includes dry beans , dry peas , chickpeas , and lentils . They are high in protein , fibre , and various vitamins , provide amino acids , and are hearty crops . They are most popular in developing countries , but are increasingly becoming recognized as an excellent part of a healthy diet throughout the world . Pulse crops are one of the most sustainable crops a farmer can grow . It takes just 43 gallons of water to produce one pound of pulses , compared with 216 for soybeans and 368 for peanuts . They also contribute to soil quality by fixing nitrogen in the soil . Though pulses are a very popular crop in the developing world , there is a massive gap in productivity between pulse crops inside and outside the developing world . With the introduction of improved varieties and promotion of better management techniques , pulse crops can continue to be an excellent choice for farmers in the developing world . Up to 25 % of pulses are used as feedstuff , particularly for pigs and poultry . As a steady source of nutrition , feed for animals , and soil sustainability , pulse crops play a major role in food security , a role which will only grow in the future . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Visit our YouTube channel for more videos Documents Event Toolkits FAO Promotional Materials Infographics Lesson Plans Mapping Pulse Genomes National Committee Kits The World โ s Greatest Pulse Dishes Photos Photo Gallery Social Sharing Photos Technical Reports Videos Visuals for Kids What are Pulses ? | [
"grain legumes",
"Pulses",
"dry beans"
] |
http://izombie.wikia.com/wiki/Season_2 | in : IZombie TV Series Season 2 Season 2 Episodes and 2 more Season 2 View source Comments ( 19 ) Share Season 2 Number of Episodes 19 Aired October 6 , 2015 - April 12 , 2016 Premiere Episode Grumpy Old Liv Finale Episode Salivation Army iZombie was renewed for a second season on May 6 , 2015 and was scheduled to air in the fall . The season aired on Tuesdays at 8 / 9 central , after The Flash , beginning on October 6 , 2015 and ending with a two - hour finale on April 12 , 2016 . Contents show Synopsis Cast Series Regulars Rose McIver as Olivia Moore - ( 19 / 19 ) Malcolm Goodwin as Clive Babineaux - ( 19 / 19 ) Rahul Kohli Dr . Ravi Chakrabarti Robert Buckley Major Lilywhite David Anders Blaine DeBeers - ( 17 / 19 ) Supporting Cast Bryce Hodgson Don E - ( 15 / 19 ) Jessica Harmon Dale Bozzio - ( 13 / 19 ) Leanne Lapp Gilda - ( 13 / 19 ) Andre Tricoteux as Chief - ( 11 / 19 ) Aly Michalka Peyton Charles - ( 10 / 19 ) Steven Weber Vaughn Du Clark - ( 9 / 19 ) Greg Finley Drake Holloway - ( 8 / 19 ) Robert Salvador as Detective Cavanaugh - ( 7 / 19 ) Eddie Jemison as Mr . Boss - ( 6 / 19 ) Marci T . House as Lieutenant Devore - ( 5 / 19 ) Kurt Evans as Floyd Baracus - ( 5 / 19 ) Guest Cast Andrea Savage as Vivian Stoll - ( 2 / 19 ) Rober Knepper Angus DeBeers - ( 2 / 19 ) Ryan Bell as James Hahn - ( 1 / 19 ) Darren Norris as Johnny Frost - ( 1 / 19 ) Spoilers / Notes On April 20th it was revealed via Rahul Kohli ' s twitter that both seasons 1 and 2 will be available in Blue Ray on July 12th , 2016 . ( Source ) On March 31st , 2016 : It was revealed that iZombie had been nominated at the 2016 Teen Choice Awards for ChoiceSciFiTVShow ( Source ) On May 1st , 2016 it was announced that iZombie is now available in the U.K. through Netflix . On May 5th , 2016 , it was revealed that Michael Wale ( who was in charge of cinematography for the episode Zombie Bro ) had been nominated for a Leo for Best cinematography in a dramatic series . And on this same day ( May 5th , 2016 ) it was also revealed that Amber Trudeau , Malin Sjostrom , Corey Roberts and Rebekah Bak were nominated for a Leo for Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series for the episode Method Head On May 28th , 2016 , it was revealed that the iZombie Make Up Team won a Leo for said work on the aforementioned episode . [ 1 ] Rob Thomas revealed that as of May 1st , 2016 , iZombie is now available in the U.K . Storylines Olivia Moore TBD Clive Babineaux TBD Dr . Ravi Chakrabarti TBD Blaine DeBeers Major Lilywhite Episodes Image Title Original air date Season # Episode # Grumpy Old Liv October 6 , 2015 2 1 Liv consumes the brains of a cantankerous old man to help gain insight into his death . After receiving an anonymous call on the tipster hotline , Liv and Detective Babineaux stop by the residence of Byron Thistlewaite , to question the mysterious caller . Meanwhile , Ravi suspects that Major might be experiencing a side effect of the cure , and Liv pays Blaine a surprise visit . Zombie Bro October 13 , 2015 2 Liv and Detective Babineaux investigate the murder of a hard - partying frat boy whose death shocks everyone . After consuming his brains , Liv attends a fraternity party in an attempt to search for clues , but ends up ruling the beer pong table instead . Still desperate to find the cure , Ravi takes matters into his own hands and brings Major along for the ride . Meanwhile , Blaine meets with Angus , a mysterious person from his past . Real Dead Housewife of Seattle October 20 , 2015 3 eats the brains of a recently murdered trophy wife who was pushed to her death from the balcony of her stunning architectural home in the hills by a hired hit man . A Pinot Grigio - sipping , suddenly fashion obsessed Liv and Detective begin questioning suspects in their search for the original brains behind this murder . Meanwhile , Liv and are surprised to learn that Peyton has returned to Seattle . Robert Buckley and David Anders also star . Even Cowgirls Get the Black and Blues October 27 , 2015 4 While investigating a case , eats the brains of a country - singing waitress . Detective meets a female FBI agent who will be working out of their offices . tries to entice a former business associate to come back to the dark side . Meanwhile , Peyton ' s return is messing up ' s game , and continues his downward spiral . Love & Basketball November 3 , 2015 5 Detective Babineaux investigate the mysterious death of a peewee basketball coach . Liv , consumed with overzealous coach brains , gives a much needed pep talk . Meanwhile , things get a little crazy when and Ravi are forced to work together to recreate the cure . Lastly , Detective Babineaux receives a surprise visit from Suzuki ' s widow Helen . Max Wager November 10 , 2015 6 unwittingly crosses paths with the most dangerous man in Seattle while investigating the murder of degenerate gambler Harry Detective Babineaux has a super - fan moment when he and Liv question NBA Hall of Famer Calvin Owens at Harry ' s funeral . Meanwhile , Blaine ' s father makes a huge discovery , and delivers some bad news . Lastly , Evan has a big secret to share with Liv , and continues to struggle . Abra Cadaver November 17 , 2015 7 consumes the brains of a death - obsessed illusionist who was murdered in cold blood during a magicians ' convention in Seattle . As Liv and investigate the case , she uses her new skills to help narrow down the suspect pool . Meanwhile , gives Liv some interesting news , and makes a decision but things do n ' t end up going quite as planned . Lastly , continues to distance himself from Liv . The Hurt Stalker December 1 , 2015 8 arrives at the crime scene of a wedding planner who was shot to death , and is shocked to realize that he used to date the victim . To make matters worse , we learn that the murder victim was stalking Detective Babineaux , and that he is now the number one suspect in her murder . pose as an engaged couple in order to infiltrate the victim ' s wedding planning business . Meanwhile , is having a tough time dealing with Liv on stalker brains . Cape Town December 8 , 2015 9 work together in solving the murder of Chris Allred , who was a high school shop teacher by day , and a vigilante crime - fighter named " The Fog " by night . Liv gets into trouble while on superhero brains and becomes a little too much for Clive to handle . Meanwhile , has an eye opening conversation with a new friend . Lastly , forces Liv to do the unthinkable . Method Head January 12 , 2016 10 is crushed to discover that the lead actor on her favorite show , " Zombie High " has been murdered on set . Meanwhile , Vaughn tests Major ' s loyalty , and delivers bad news . Lastly , receives an unexpected visitor . Malcolm Goodwin also stars . Fifty Shades of Grey Matter February 2 , 2016 11 Things become interesting for when she and Clive investigate the murder of a young librarian , who was also secretly an erotic fiction writer . Meanwhile , things heat up between and someone quite unexpected . Lastly , is hit with an unforeseen snag in his plan . Rahul Kohli also stars . Physician , Heal Thy Selfie February 9 , 2016 12 are investigating a triple homicide , and Liv is shocked to learn that the victims ' bodies are missing their heads . A very hungry Liv is forced to consume the brain of an unfortunate social media hungry soul who was recently run over by a bus . Meanwhile , leans on for support , and things get interesting when Blaine ' s worlds start to collide . The Whopper February 16 , 2016 13 investigate the murder of Corey " Big Fish " Carp , who they learn got his nickname not because of his last name but because he was a well - known pathological liar . makes an unsettling discovery and is reunited with someone from his past . Meanwhile , finds himself in a precarious situation . Eternal Sunshine of the Caffeinated Mind February 23 , 2016 14 When an incredibly optimistic coffee - shop owner is murdered , uses her sunny outlook to help Clive solve the murder . Meanwhile , things begin to go from bad to worse for , and Drake is forced to cancel plans with Liv due to a run in with Seattle ' s finest . also star . He Blinded Me . . . With Science March 22 , 2016 15 While investigating the murder of a research scientist who was recently demoted at her job , are shocked to learn where she had been employed . Meanwhile , pays a visit at the morgue , and Liv discovers something new about Drake . Lastly , Vaughn Du Clark confronts Pour Some Sugar , Zombie March 29 , 2016 16 consumes the brain of a recently murdered stripper and uncovers some extremely useful information . Meanwhile , is n ' t quite himself lately , and makes a startling discovery . Lastly , and Ravi are helping move back in with Liv when she receives a surprising phone call . Reflections of the Way Liv Used to Be April 5 , 2016 17 consumes the brain of a recently murdered stripper and uncovers some extremely useful information . Meanwhile , is n ' t quite himself lately , and makes a startling discovery . Lastly , and Ravi are helping move back in with Liv when she receives a surprising phone call . Dead Beat April 12 , 2016 18 are in need of help and find an unlikely ally in Dale Bozzio pursue a new lead on an old case . Meanwhile , when finds himself in a world of trouble , sleazebag Brant Stone comes to his rescue . Vaughn ' s evil side reaches a whole new level of mean . Salivation Army April 12 , 2016 19 Working together on a mission , crash Vaughn ' s Super Max Rager party , where Rob Thomas performs a song from his solo career . Meanwhile , reaches out to for help , which does not sit well with Media Promos IZombie Comic Con Panel - Season 2 , Rose McIver , David Anders , Rahul Kohli , Robert Buckley IZombie - Comic - Con 2015 Highlight Reel IZombie Panel San Diego Comic - Con 2015 2015 Comic - Con Roundtable Interview Rose McIver ( iZombie ) This Fall on The CW The CW IZombie State of Dead Trailer The CW IZombie Robert Buckley Season 2 Interview The CW IZombie David Anders Season 2 Interview The CW IZombie Rose McIver Season 2 Interview The CW IZombie Rahul Kohli Season 2 Interview The CW IZombie Malcolm Goodwin Season 2 Interview The CW IZombie Brain Teaser The CW Suit Up with The CW Promo ( HD ) 2016 National Superhero Day ! IZombie Interview at Comic - Con 2015 - TVLine Rose McIver & David Anders - iZombie Panel - Emerald City Comic Con 2016 IZOMBIE Season 2 Highlight Reel Comic - Con ยฎ 2016 WBSDCC IZombie Season 2 Comic - Con ยฎ Recap The CW This Fall on The CW The CW - 0 Official Images BTS : Categories IZombie TV Series Season 2 Episodes The CW Seasons | [
"iZombie",
"second season"
] |
http://ja-utah.org/about/boardofdirectors/ronostler/ | Ron Ostler Ron Ostler is the President of Comenity Capital Bank , a wholly - owned subsidiary of Alliance Data Systems , Inc . Comenity Bank issues private - label and co - branded commercial and consumer credit cards . Mr . Ostler has over 25 years experience in the financial services industry . Prior to joining World Financial Capital Bank , he was Senior Vice President of Bankcard Services at Zions Bancorporation . He has also held Senior Management positions with American Investment Bank , Household International and U.S. Bank . Mr . Ostler is a graduate of the University of Back to Board of Directors | [
"Ron Ostler",
"Comenity Capital Bank"
] |
http://jaapl.org/content/35/4/469 | Other REGULAR ARTICLE Amnesia and Crime Dominique Bourget and Laurie Whitehurst Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online December 2007 35 4 469480 Article Info Metrics PDF Abstract Amnesia for serious offenses has important legal implications particularly regarding its relevance in the contexts of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility Forensic psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are often required to provide expert testimony regarding amnesia in defendants However the diagnosis of amnesia presents a challenge as claims of memory impairment may stem from organic disease dissociative amnesia amnesia due to a psychotic episode or malingered amnesia We review the theoretical clinical and legal perspectives on amnesia in relation to crime and present relevant cases that demonstrate several types of crimerelated amnesia and their legal repercussions Consideration The forensic literature is replete with reports of offenders who have claimed total or partial amnesia for violent crimes including murder or attempted murder 1 14 Claims of amnesia have been reported in an estimated range of 10 to 70 percent of homicides Memory impairment during the commission of crimes has also been reported by perpetrators of domestic violence 15 19 and by sex offenders 1 3 6 Dissociation and Dissociative Amnesia While memory disturbances are often associated with organic brain disease crimerelated amnesia raises the question of dissociation a term that refers to the disruption of normally integrated functions of consciousness memory identity or perception of the environment A dissociative state is an altered state of consciousness concurrent with a traumatic experience Dissociative amnesia formerly termed psychogenic or functional amnesia is a disorder characterized by the inability to remember important personal experiences and events after a traumatic experience of psychological origin 20 Current psychiatric diagnostic systems differ in their definition of the term dissociation and in the classification of dissociative disorders These inconsistencies have in part resulted in confusion surrounding how dissociation is conceptualized Spitzer and colleagues 21 reviewed recent efforts to clarify the conceptualization of dissociation by distinguishing between types pathologic versus nonpathologic dissociation and related phenomena detachment versus compartmentalization Pathologic dissociation has been viewed as a categorical phenomenon characteristic of individuals with dissociative disorder 22 while nonpathologic dissociation has been conceptualized as a dimensional construct that may range from common daydreaming to severe dissociative disorders 23 26 Although there is some empirical evidence of a distinction between pathologic and nonpathologic dissociation 22 27 there is ongoing controversy over its application to clinical diagnosis and classification 21 Detachment is thought to arise from intense fear or trauma and has been defined as an altered state of consciousness involving a disconnection from ones sense of self depersonalization or the external world derealization 28 Dissociative amnesia may result when detachment interferes with the encoding and storage of traumatic information 21 28 29 Compartmentalization is characterized by the failure to control cognitive functions or actions normally amenable to intentional control including the inability to bring normally accessible information into conscious awareness 28 The affected functions and related information are preserved and continue to influence emotion cognition and behavior In this view dissociative amnesia may represent the compartmentalization form of dissociation and reflect a retrieval deficit that prevents the volitional recall of stored information Theoretical Perspectives on Amnesia Dissociative Amnesia Various frameworks have been put forth to account for how and why dissociative amnesia might occur Many psychological explanations include the proposal that dissociative amnesia serves a protective function of minimizing the adverse emotional consequences of trauma either by impairing encoding of the traumatic experience 30 or by repressing the experience from conscious awareness 10 11 Although repressed memory may be a plausible explanation for dissociative amnesia the lack of scientific evidence of repression has been noted 31 Another explanation holds that dissociative amnesia is best understood from a biological and neurological perspective 32 In this view biological reactions to psychological trauma such as neuroendocrine dysregulation resulting from extreme stress have acute effects on attention and memory encoding and consolidation 30 32 Repeated exposure to stress may result in widespread alterations in neurotransmission 33 34 and direct effects on brain function 32 35 Studies of glucocorticoid treatment in humans have shown that elevated glucocorticoid levels reduce traumatic memory retrieval 36 40 by inhibiting activity in the medial temporal lobe 37 Acute psychosocial stress may impair delayed memory retrieval in humans 41 Kuhlmann and colleagues 41 suggest that retrieval of emotionally arousing material is particularly sensitive to the effect of psychosocial stress It has been noted that the distinction between organic amnesia and dissociative amnesia may be arbitrary as both may be a consequence of brain changes that lead to disruptions of memory processes Markowitsch and colleagues 42 46 described several patients with dissociative amnesia who compared with nonamnesic patients showed metabolic brain alterations in memoryprocessing regions In one patient positron emission tomography PET imaging did not show increased righthemispheric glucose metabolism during a task requiring autobiographical memory 42 whereas another patient displayed substantially reduced glucose metabolism in the right frontotemporal area 45 Based on this research Markowitsch 47 suggested that the retrieval of autobiographical events is blocked or disrupted as a consequence of an imbalance in brain activity in patients with dissociative amnesia In contrast Yasuno et al 48 found increased activation in the right anterior medial temporal lobe including the amygdala in a patient with dissociative amnesia during a task requiring explicit retrograde memory In control subjects bilateral hippocampal region activation was increased during the task During recovery from the amnestic state one year later the subject showed decreased activation in the medial temporal region and increased activation in the right hippocampal region Psychiatric accounts of crimerelated dissociative amnesia propose that a dissociative state due to strong emotional stress is present during the commission of the offense In this view dissociation occurs and later memory retrieval is impaired by extreme levels of arousal accompanying crimerelated behavior A heightened state of arousal may inhibit the encoding of an autobiographical memory for the event 49 or the persons own actions may be the source of the stress impairing encoding and producing the amnesia 31 50 However the premise that dissociative amnesia stems from concurrent high emotional stress has been questioned based mainly on the argument that amnesia does not always develop for events that are accompanied by strong emotional reactions 51 Amnesia Due to a Psychotic Episode Crimerelated amnesia may occur due to the presence of a psychotic episode Psychosis is associated with an increased prevalence of violent crime including homicidal behavior 52 59 Taylor and Kopelman 14 reported that 7 of 19 offenders who claimed amnesia for their violent crimes had a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia A recent study of the psychiatric aspects of 118 cases of criminal homicide found that psychotic disorder mainly paranoid schizophrenia and alcohol intoxication accounted for the offenses of 24 percent of offenders who claimed amnesia for their crimes 60 It has been suggested that the presence of psychosis impairs attention impeding the encoding of events 2 9 Amnesia Due to Sleep Disorders Amnesia for crime may also be associated with sleep disorders There are several case reports of amnesia for violence including homicide committed in a state of sleepwalking somnambulism 61 68 or sleep terror 69 70 Shapiro and colleagues 71 describe a parasomnic behavior termed sexsomnia based on a case series of 11 individuals who initiated sexual behavior while asleep All of the individuals claimed to be unaware of their behavior Three cases faced legal charges pertaining to the sexual behavior Polysomnographic features of parasomnia were revealed in sleep studies of all nine tested individuals The authors note distinguishing features of sexsomnia and propose that sexsomnia be viewed as a distinct variant of sleepwalking 71 Clinical Perspectives on CrimeRelated Amnesia In clinical practice there is a need to distinguish between different types of claimed memory impairment including amnesia caused by organic disease dissociative amnesia amnesia due to a psychotic episode and feigned or malingered amnesia Several clinical and offenserelated features have been observed in offenders who claim amnesia for crimes Amnesia for an offense is commonly associated with excessive consumption of alcohol with or without concurrent use of other licit or illicit drugs and may be classified as a dissociative or an organic form of amnesia When viewed as an organic form amnesia resulting from intoxication generally involves extreme peak levels 72 and a longstanding history of alcohol abuse 2 6 73 Memory impairments produced by alcohol have been linked to a disruption of hippocampal function by ethanol which directly alters hippocampal neural activity and interacts with neurons in afferent brain structures for a review see Ref 74 Memory loss due to alcohol intoxication may occur because of an encoding deficit that results in a blackout of the offense The statedependent memory theory 75 is invoked to account for the combination of dissociative amnesia and alcohol or drug use In this theory memories encoded during intoxication can not be retrieved unless the intoxication is reinstated As some researchers have found a correlation of learning and memory with mood state 76 the statedependent memory theory may warrant further investigation and research Conversely Wolf 77 showed that when a significant amount of alcohol was given to homicide offenders claiming amnesia for crimes committed under the influence of alcohol the offenders continued to report memory loss for details of their crimes Organic Amnesia Organic amnesia is caused by a structural defect such as traumatic brain injury neurologic disease or acute alcohol or drug intoxication Organic retrograde amnesia occurs most frequently with bilateral damage to medial or anterior temporal or prefrontal brain regions 47 The right temporofrontal region is thought to be important in the retrieval of past personal emotional events 78 However as organic pathology is usually indicated by failures of retention of information 2 problems with memory storage rather than retrieval may underlie the memory dysfunction in organic amnesia 79 Individuals with organic amnesia often show an emotional flattening and reduced insight into their condition 45 Crimerelated organic amnesia is often for events of lengthy duration and may be for events not directly related to the offense 2 The memory impairment is permanent and may be complete or partial 2 73 80 Dissociative Amnesia Studies of dissociative amnesia in relation to criminal behavior report an association between a claim of amnesia and several variables relating to the offense or to the offender Although there are reports of full or complete dissociative amnesia it is usually described as a hazy or patchy memory for events directly related to the crime and localized to the actual time of the act itself 2 The amnestic period has a sudden onset 2 and has been described as blurred at the beginning and end 73 While few studies have examined followup information regarding recovery of memory there are reports of transient memory loss for crimes 73 80 Dissociative amnesia is associated with crimes that are committed in a state of extreme emotional arousal and in which the victim is known intimately by the offender 2 12 14 19 73 79 81 Frequently the crime is unplanned and no motive is discernible 14 73 79 The incidence of amnesia claims increases with the severity of the violence 1 3 12 14 49 82 Crimerelated dissociative amnesia is associated with alcohol abuse 1 11 14 18 73 79 80 83 84 and alcoholic offenders may be overrepresented 4 In a recent Canadian case a nurse experienced a dissociative episode when an elderly bedridden patient yelled at her for accidentally spilling a bedpan With her emotional triggers setting off her dissociative behavior she did not recall using a metal table leg to strike repeatedly and kill the patient who died of a severe brain injury She had had previous amnestic episodes and received a diagnosis of dissociative disorder Her dissociative behavior is thought to be based in part on a deprived childhood and sexual abuse She was found not to be criminally responsible for the crime 85 Some studies of dissociative amnesia for crimes report that offenders who claim memory loss are more likely than nonamnesic offenders to have a history of alcoholic or dissociative blackouts not due to organic causes or a previous psychiatric disorder 14 73 80 Depressive symptoms have been reported in offenders claiming amnesia for their crimes 11 14 An investigation of the role of personality factors in crimerelated amnesia found that offenders who claimed partial amnesia for their crimes scored higher than nonamnesic offenders on measures of introversion and lower on measures of impulsivity and hostility 6 In a study of 105 accused homicide offenders Parwatikar and coworkers 11 reported that those who claimed amnesia for their crimes scored higher on the neurotic triad scales of the MMPI Other psychological characteristics such as relatively low intelligence and manipulative behavior including the tendency to feign symptoms have been noted in offenders who claim amnesia for their crimes 3 9 11 84 However other research found no evidence to suggest that offenders who claimed amnesia for their crimes had lower intelligence levels 4 Offenders who claim amnesia for crimes are on average older 4 14 80 and may have more prior convictions than those who do not claim amnesia 4 It has been noted that offenders who claim crimerelated dissociative amnesia often alert the police to their crimes 79 and are less likely to deny the offense than are those who do not claim amnesia 31 80 Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder DID formerly termed multiplepersonality disorder is considered to be a severe dissociative disorder The DSMIV 20 characterizes DID by the presence of at least two distinct identities that in turn take control of the individuals behavior Memory dysfunction is a key diagnostic criterion of DID 20 The posttraumatic model of DID proposes that the disorder stems from a natural defensive reaction to extreme childhood trauma that results in dissociative states viewed as separate identities in which memories of traumatic events are stored 86 89 In this model dissociated memories of experiences may be partially or totally inaccessible for voluntary retrieval by some dissociative identities interidentity amnesia 90 92 Interidentity amnesia may be oneway asymmetric or twoway symmetric and can coexist in an individual with DID 90 Controversy surrounds the diagnostic validity of DID While results of studies on interidentity amnesia in dissociative disorders indicate that explicit memory appears to be diminished in DID for a review see Ref 93 skepticism has been raised in part by reports of cases of DID with apparent malingering 94 97 and assertions that symptoms of DID can not be reliably distinguished from malingering 98 100 The potential for malingering presents a significant challenge in forensic assessments of offenders diagnosed with DID and claiming amnesia for violent crimes Perr 101 reviewed a case in which a 49yearold man Mr A was given a diagnosis of multiple personality disorder MPD in 1975 10 years before he was charged with the murder of his girlfriend He denied any knowledge of the homicide but stated that one of his other personalities Billy Ray may have committed the murder While Mr A claimed to have no personal awareness of his alternate personalities others reported several experiences with Billy Ray described as a sociopathic personality that displayed bizarre threatening and violent behavior Extensive corroborative reports of Mr As history of violent behavior and psychiatric records were available for a 9year period before the homicide Mr A had received several diagnoses in addition to MPD including paranoid schizophrenia bipolar disorder with psychotic features major depression psychotic depressive reaction and alcohol abuse Longstanding periods of amnesia and fugue states were indicated Despite Mr As psychiatric history a mental status review 11 months after the homicide revealed no signs or symptoms of mental illness raising the concern of possible malingering However extensive records and observations supported the existence of a severe and chronic condition and 101 Amnesia Due to a Psychotic Episode Amnesia for crime may result from impairments of attention due to the delusional thinking characteristic of most types of schizophrenia However some psychotic individuals have no obvious delusions or hallucinations but display outbursts of violent behavior including homicidal behavior for which there is no discernible motive 102 Clinical features include denial of the illness and amnesia for schizophrenic outbursts This occurs mostly in individuals with disorganized schizophrenia which is characterized by severe disorganization of thinking and behavior Nolan and colleagues 103 assessed the extent to which psychosis disordered impulse control and psychopathy contribute to assaultive behavior of psychiatric inpatients most of whom had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder Factor analysis of assailant interview ratings revealed that positive psychotic symptoms ie delusions and hallucinations with threatening content accounted for about 20 percent of assaults However the analysis also showed a high loading for amnesia indicating frequent endorsement of items indicating assailants inability to provide a reason for the assault or lack of recall of the event itself Nolan et al suggest that psychotic confusion and disorganization may contribute to aggression by causing assailants to misunderstand the actions of their victims Amnesia due to a psychotic episode is illustrated in a case examined by one of the authors DB of a man in his early 20s who was involved in repeated incidents of physical assault on adolescent victims The mans behavior and thinking were severely disorganized and he was unable to provide a coherent account of the incidents His psychotic state and disorganized unpredictable behavior had developed in a progressive fashion Collateral information from his relatives revealed that his overall level of functioning had significantly declined over the previous two years While the man was reclusive and withdrawn his parents had Psychotic features ie delusions and auditory andor visual hallucinations occur relatively frequently in major depressive episodes 104 While it has been reported that psychotic depression is more severe than nonpsychotic depression 105 Ohayon and Schatzberg 104 determined in a general population study that depression with psychotic features was not associated with severity These authors found that feelings of worthlessness or guilt were frequently associated with psychotic features Malmquist 106 proposed that most depressed individuals who commit homicide are of the psychotic type Depressive disorders have been reported frequently in parents who have murdered their children 107 111 In a recent study of fathers who had committed filicide we determined that psychotic elements were present at the time of the offense in 12 39 of the 31 cases in which the diagnosis was depression 109 Amnesia Due to Sleep Disorders Current DSMIV criteria for sleepwalking disorder include behavioral arousals in slowwave sleep unresponsiveness during the episode confusion or disorientation after awakening and amnesia for the episode after full awakening 20 Disturbed psychological functioning can continue for as long as one hour after an episode of violent behavior 70 Sleep terror disorder differs from sleepwalking disorder by the presence of autonomic and emotional arousal The two parasomnia disorders may occur in the same episode and may overlap 70 In both disorders the violent behavior typically follows an episode of partial arousal from early nonREM sleep usually within two hours after sleep onset 112 This episode of partial arousal from deep sleep is characterized by the appearance of waking brain functioning in some but not all brain areas 70 Highly complex activities can be engaged in for extended periods during both sleepwalking and sleep terrors 70 113 A recent comprehensive review of nonREM parasomnias in adults 114 concludes that sleepwalking may result from the interaction of physical and environmental factors in a genetically susceptible individual Factors that may contribute to the onset of sleepwalking episodes by increasing slowwave sleep or making arousal from sleep more difficult include prior ingestion of alcohol drugs and or medication prior sleep deprivation and situational stress A review of 50 reports of sleepwalking violence noted that the violent behavior was often described as unpremeditated 112 Most of the offenders were men between the ages of 27 and 48 with a marked personal andor family history of parasomnia disorders Several features may distinguish sexual behavior in sleep from other parasomnias such as sleepwalking 71 In most cases sexsomnia originates from nonREM sleep and occurs at any time during sleep There is widespread autonomic activation and sexual arousal is frequently but not always present Violence or injurious behavior occurs infrequently In their study of nine men and two women who initiated sexual behavior while asleep Shapiro and colleagues 71 reported that most had a personal andor family history of parasomnia sleepwalking sleep talking and sleep terror Other related diagnoses included sleep apnea and paraphilia posttraumatic stress disorder major depression schizophrenia and developmental delay 1 Five of the individuals had a history of substance abuse or used alcohol in excess before the event Ages ranged from 16 to 43 years Sexsomnia is illustrated in the case of a 49yearold man who was charged with sexual assault on a 14yearold girl after he had entered the girls bed and fondled her The man presented a defense of being in a state of somnambulism when the event occurred and his girlfriend testified that he often initiated sex with her while sleeping However the court found him guilty As the man was not considered to be a risk to society he was given absolute discharge and two years probation 115 Malingered Amnesia Another interpretation of crimerelated amnesia acknowledges the likelihood that some offenders intentionally fabricate memory loss to avoid punishment for a crime or for other personal gain While an early study reported that 20 percent of the offenders claiming amnesia were fabricating the memory loss 73 it has been suggested that the rate of malingering is higher 116 The likelihood of malingered amnesia may be greater in offenders with antisocial personality disorder 31 84 Using polygraphy Lynch and Bradford 84 showed that offenders with antisocial personality disorder have a higher propensity to feign amnesia for crimes compared with those with no personality disorder or other psychopathologic disorders It has been suggested that offenders with antisocial personality disorder may be prone to malingering amnesia for crimes in part because of the tendencies of manipulation habitual deceit and a general poverty in major affective reactions that characterize this disorder 31 84 Other authors have noted the possible contribution of low intelligence and frontal executive dysfunction to the feigning of amnesia for crimes 3 117 However as it is possible that highly intelligent malingerers are more adept at feigning amnesia for crimes and may thus evade detection and less frequently receive a diagnosis of malingering further research may help to clarify a link between low intelligencefrontal executive dysfunction and feigned amnesia Legal Perspectives on Amnesia Amnesia for serious offenses has important legal implications in the contexts of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility As per the competency standard set by Dusky v US 118 amnesia could render a defendant incompetent to stand trial because memory loss for the events would prevent him or her from having a reasonable degree of rational understanding and restrict his or her ability to assist counsel in the preparation of his or her defense Moreover Tysse 119 points out that because of the defendants inability to assist in his or her own defense he or she could not have a fair trial as he or she might not be able to employ some circumstance significant to his or her own defense The issue of competency to stand trial was addressed in the famous case of Wilson v US 120 Robert Wilson sustained a serious head injury in a motor vehicle accident while allegedly attempting to escape from the scene of a robbery When he regained consciousness three weeks later Mr Wilson reported that he had no recollection of events surrounding the offense While an initial hearing concluded that Mr Wilson was suffering organic amnesia and was incompetent a second hearing found him competent to stand trial despite his continued reported inability to remember the relevant events of the crime Mr Wilson was subsequently tried and convicted In that decision the US Court of Appeals DC Circuit ruled that a Regarding cases involving psychosis a disordered thought process or delusions may render a defendant incapable of a rational understanding of charges or limit his full appreciation of a faced sentence However the presence of psychosis is not sufficient in itself for a finding of incompetency to stand trial if the defendant is considered able to consult with his or her lawyer and participate in the legal process for a review see Ref 121 Amnesia for serious offenses has particular relevance in the context of criminal responsibility as it may indicate automatism which refers to criminal behavior that is not voluntarily controlled and is executed without intent In Canada the automatism defense is either insane mental disorder or noninsane nonmental disorder automatism Insane automatism applies to a crime arising from organic brain dysfunction signifying an involuntary action resulting from a disease of the mind and therefore a defense of mental disorder and a verdict of not criminally responsible by reason of mental disorder Noninsane automatism refers to a crime attributed to involuntary action due The Automatism Defense In Canada in 1971 the automatism defense was extended to include automatism induced by psychological trauma a state of dissociation also referred to as psychological blow automatism The first Supreme Court case dealing with psychological blow automatism was R v Rabey 122 in which a 20yearold University of Toronto student infatuated with a female student had learned that she thought of him as a nothing The next day he met the woman by chance hit her on the head with a rock he had obtained from the geology lab and tried to strangle her He had amnesia for the event and afterward was extremely confused dazed and emotionally distraught The trial judge put the issue of noninsane automatism to the jury which acquitted On appeal it was determined that the trial judge erred in his finding of noninsane automatism and a new In 1992 the Supreme Court of Canada considered the case of R v Parks 123 in which the accused while sleepwalking drove to the home of his inlaws murdered his motherinlaw and severely injured his fatherinlaw He then confessed his actions to the police The trial judge put the plea of noninsane automatism to the jury There was no issue over the voluntariness of the accuseds actions the jury accepted the expert evidence that the accused was sleepwalking The accused was acquitted of both charges In addressing whether somnambulism is a disease of the mind the court focused on the continuing danger theory which holds that any condition likely to present a recurring danger to In the landmark Supreme Court of Canada case of R v Stone 124 a 42yearold man accused of murdering his wife while apparently in a dissociative state raised the defenses of provocation and noninsane automatism based on a psychological blow The deceased had been making insulting comments directed toward his virility and about the fidelity of his former wife comments described by the defense expert as exceptionally cruel psychologically sadistic and profoundly rejecting The accused went into an automatic state and stabbed his wife 47 times He disposed of the body and left the jurisdiction but returned a few weeks later and surrendered to police The jury ruled that the accused was not The law of automatism was rewritten in the Stone case Before the case unconsciousness was viewed as the predominant element in a state of automatism Yeo 125 noted that the Stone case clarified that unconsciousness need not exist in a state of automatism rather the important element in automatism is whether criminal behavior is involuntary or not Automatism was redefined as a state of impaired consciousness in which an individual though capable of action has no voluntary control over that action and two types of automatism were delineated insane and noninsane It was also determined that a single approach to all cases involving claims of automatism would be taken as automatism may arise in different contexts ie psychological blow automatism somnambulism and extreme intoxication akin to a state of automatism The principles contained within the Stone case form the basis under which any defense of automatism must proceed The first stage of the automatism analysis sets out what an accused must do to satisfy the evidentiary burden of automatism to establish a proper foundation for such a defense The second stage determines whether the automatistic state is due to a disease of the mind To satisfy the evidentiary burden of automatism the accused must claim that he or she acted involuntarily at the relevant time and the defense must present expert psychiatric evidence confirming its claim More weight is given to medical evidence if the accused has a history of automatisticlike dissociative states The automatism analysis must also consider the nature of the alleged automatism trigger Finally the analysis must consider whether there is evidence of a motive for the crime A motiveless act would generally lend plausibility to a claim of involuntariness If the accused has laid proper foundation for the defense of automatism it must then be determined whether the alleged automatistic state was caused by a disease of the mind Two distinct approaches may be taken the internalcause test and the continuingdanger test Under the internal cause theory developed in the context of psychologicalblow automatism the defendants automatistic reaction to the psychological blow the alleged trigger is assessed from the perspective of an ordinary normal individual experiencing the same stressful circumstances If it is determined that a normal individual would have reacted in a like manner by experiencing an automatistic Under the continuingdanger theory the likelihood of a recurrence of violence that would present a danger to the public suggests a disease of the mind Particularly relevant in the examination of this factor are the psychiatric history of the accused and the likelihood that the alleged trigger would recur A documented history of automatisticlike dissociative states suggests a recurring nature The greater the anticipated frequency of the trigger in the accuseds life the greater the risk posed to the public and therefore the more likely that a disease of the mind is present In determining whether the alleged condition is a disease of the mind other factors must also be considered including the possibility that the automatism is feigned This factor is particularly relevant in cases in which consideration of the internal cause and continuing danger factors alone does not allow a conclusive answer to the question of disease of the mind If the judge determines that there is a disease of the mind then the defense of insane automatism is left to the jury who decides whether the accused has proven on a balance of probabilities that he or she suffered from a mental disorder that rendered him or her incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act in question A positive decision results in a disposition of not criminally responsible by reason of mental disease If the judge determines that there is no disease of the mind then the defense of noninsane automatism goes to the jury which The decision in Stone has been applied to subsequent cases including R v Campbell 126 in which the accused was charged with attempted murder after he attacked his sleeping girlfriend with a knife while he was sleepwalking There was no trigger and no motive for the attack The judge accepted that the accused was in fact sleepwalking at the time of the attack and therefore the attack was not voluntary However the judge also found that sleepwalking represents a continuing danger to the public with an internal cause and therefore somnambulism is a disease of the mind The accused was found not criminally responsible by reason of mental disorder Discussion Memory impairment for crimes is a controversial issue with clinical and legal implications Claims of amnesia are quite common in clinical practice and because dissociative states fall under a defense of mental disorder in Canada forensic psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are frequently required to provide expert testimony in cases involving amnesia in relation to crime Dissociative amnesia often has legal repercussions in part due to its relevance to the legal constructs of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility Amnesia can affect an individuals competency to stand trial if he or she can not plead or advise the lawyer Experiencing a dissociative state can decrease an individuals capacity to control his or her actions and therefore diminish criminal responsibility Moreover defendants who claim amnesia are usually regarded as having limited credibility or are even disregarded because of the inherent possibility of malingering When a defendant claims not to remember the event in question the court The controversy surrounding crimerelated amnesia is in part due to the potential for fabrication of memory loss Undoubtedly some do feign amnesia for their crimes However genuine amnesia for crimes is often seen in clinical practice whether due to a dissociative state a psychotic episode or organic causes In accepting evidence supporting the validity of amnesia claims it seems clear that the important issue should be determining how to distinguish between genuine amnesia whatever the cause and malingered amnesia in cases raising an index of suspicion Despite several attempts to solve this dilemma 2 11 13 84 there is still no clear answer While case studies suggest the efficacy of the Symptom Validity Test SVT in identifying malingered amnesia 127 128 others have argued that the SVT lacks sensitivity 129 Moreover limitations to its use in the clinical or forensic setting have been noted eg Ref 116 As the potential will always exist for offenders to feign memory loss for their crimes it seems important that future studies focus on developing and testing valid and reliable screening and diagnostic tools to assess the likelihood of malingered amnesia In a medicolegal context forensic psychiatrists examining individuals who have committed a homicide are required to offer an opinion on the mental state of the person at the time of the offense In clinical practice it may be difficult to differentiate between organic dissociative and malingered amnesia solely on the basis of interviews with the accused While repeated interviews allowing the creation of a bond between an individual and a mental health professional may encourage recall of the event a proper diagnosis requires a thorough investigation using a multidisciplinary and multitechnique approach An evaluation of the individuals verbal and nonverbal 130 can be used to evaluate the tendency to exaggerate memory complaints indicative of malingering The Dissociative Experiences Scale 131 can be employed as a screening instrument for dissociative symptoms and structured interviews such as the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule 132 can be used to assess whether the individual has a dissociative disorder While DSMIV criteria are a useful tool all relevant information including clinical history and assessment collateral information and past and present behavior should be considered in a primary diagnosis Any history of alcohol and other substance misuse should be established The pattern and characteristics of the claimed amnesia should be investigated and a history of previous dissociative or amnestic incidents determined Further inquiry should be made into the presence or absence of any condition or trigger likely to have produced dissociation reasonableness of account in light of the Regarding claimed amnesia due to sleep disorders Horn 133 contends that difficulty in evaluating claims of sleepwalking is caused by the existence of three different sleepwalking defenses among US courts ie classifying sleepwalking as an unconscious defense People v Sedeno 134 an automatism defense McClain v Indiana 135 or an insanity defense Bradley v State 136 Horn 133 notes that the legal classification of sleepwalking based on involuntary mental incapacity unconsciousness physical incapacity automatism or insanity is not supported by medical evidence on sleepwalking and proposes that the credibility of a sleepwalking defense should be assessed using a test of objective criteria based on empirical medical research that suggests that sleepwalking is a physiological condition and not a psychological disorder A determination as to whether a defendant was sleepwalking during an alleged crime may be enabled by consideration of the individuals predisposition to sleepwalking the existence of precipitating factors associated with sleepwalking and the duration between sleep onset While it is beyond the scope of this article to provide an indepth review of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical studies of memory advances in neuroimaging techniques and the development of new paradigms and theories on the human memory system serve to remind us that much remains to be learned in the area of normal and dysfunctional or abnormal memory 137 From a medicolegal perspective a better understanding and determination of cognitive capacities in an individual presenting with a memory disorder is likely to affect assessments of fitness and criminal responsibility The fact that a brain injury or brain damage contributing to the amnesia can be demonstrated objectively would be of invaluable assistance in the context 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http://jackcottrell.com/ | Jack Cottrell FOR FORGIVENESS OF SINS September 25 2018 by Jack Cottrell FOR FORGIVENESS OF SINS A COMMUNION MEDITATION By Jack Cottrell While they were eating Jesus took some bread and after a blessing He broke it and gave it to the disciples and said Take eat this is My body And when He had taken a cup and given thanks He gave it to them saying General blood of Christ Communion communion meditation Covenant forgiven person Forgiveness forgiveness of sins Justification Lords Supper Substitutionary atonement thanksgiving THE LORDS SUPPER AS A COVENANT MEAL September 25 2018 by Jack Cottrell THE LORDS SUPPER AS A COVENANT MEAL A COMMUNION MEDITATION By Jack Cottrell Matthew 262728 And when He had taken a cup and given thanks He gave it to them saying Drink from it all of you for this is My blood of the covenant which is poured out for many for forgiveness of General Abrahamic covenant Baptism Communion communion meditation covenant meal covenant forgiveness of sins Lords Supper New Covenant promise Substitutionary atonement This is My body This is My blood September 24 2018 by Jack Cottrell THIS IS MY BODY THIS IS MY BLOOD A COMMUNION MEDITATION By Jack Cottrell In the upper room when establishing the Lords Supper Jesus passed the bread to His apostles with these words Take eat this is My body Matthew 2626 Then He passed the cup to them saying Drink from it General Bill Clinton body and blood Catholics Communion emblems John 65356 Lords Supper Martin Luther meditation Protestants the word 2 Comments RAVI AND ME September 13 2018 by Jack Cottrell RAVI AND ME Let me tell you about the time Ravi Zacharias and I were on the same program Im serious It really happened Ravi accepted an invitation to speak at Cincinnati Christian University on April 29 2014 He spoke twice once in morning chapel and once for an evening banquet About three weeks before General 11 Comments SHOULD I BE REBAPTIZED OR NOT August 21 2018 by Jack Cottrell SHOULD I BE REBAPTIZED OR NOT By Jack Cottrell There are so many views about baptism that it is easy to understand how someone could be confused as to whether or not their own baptism was or is valid If you are a conscientious person who sincerely wants to follow Biblical teaching as closely as General Assurance Baptism conscientious response Rebaptism Salvation 3 Comments HARMONY OF THE RESURRECTION ACCOUNTS April 28 2018 by Jack Cottrell HARMONY OF THE RESURRECTION ACCOUNTS JACK COTTRELL My effort to harmonize these accounts assumes that the people who are described as being at the tomb and encountering Jesus there did not all leave together from their homes or arrive together at the tomb I suggest the following possible schedule of events Originally there were drawings General Jesus Jesuss resurrection Mary Magdalene Resurrection resurrection accounts women at the tomb 8 Comments Why Do Some Call It the Eucharist A Communion Meditation April 9 2018 by Jack Cottrell WHY DO SOME CALL IT THE EUCHARIST A COMMUNION MEDITATION BY JACK COTTRELL APRIL 2018 As we are now preparing to take the emblems commemorating Christs death for our sins I have a question what do we usually call this part of our worship service We commonly refer to it as the communion service General Communion communion meditation Eucharist giving thanks Last Supper Lords Supper meditation Passover meal thanksgiving 5 Comments THE BREAD AND THE CUP OF BLESSING February 11 2018 by Jack Cottrell THE BREAD AND CUP OF BLESSING A COMMUNION MEDITATION Jack Cottrell February 2018 Imagine you are sharing a meal with some fellow Christians and you say Brother Smith will you ask the blessing on our food The prayer that follows often includes this Dear God we pray that you will bless this food to General blessing blood of Christ Bread of Life Communion Last Supper Lee Fields Lords Supper Matthew 2626 mealtime meditation Motzi Passover Prayer saying grace 2 Comments WHAT KIND OF ROCK IS PETER February 2 2018 by Jack Cottrell WHAT KIND OF ROCK IS PETER Jack Cottrell February 2018 QUESTION Does Matthew 1618 say that the Apostle Peter is the ROCK on which the church is built Does this support the Roman Catholic teaching that Peter was the first Pope ANSWER The text in question is included here in Matthew 161518 15 He General Apostle Peter apostles Aramaic Catholicism Cephas church Good Confession Lenski Matthew 1618 Peter Peter the Rock petra Petros Pope Roman Catholic Church 4 Comments UNITY OF TRUTH NINE THESES January 16 2018 by Jack Cottrell UNITY OF TRUTH NINE THESES Jack Cottrell January 2018 I am working on a project I call the unity of truth It is mainly a response to the common idea that we have to choose between the unity of the body of Christ and how we understand the truth of Gods word I have General Bible nine theses one right meaning Truth unity unity of truth Word of God 2 Comments 1 2 39 | [
"MEDITATION"
] |
http://jacksonconventioncomplex.com/attendees/transportation/ | Directions , Transportation , and Parking Mississippi โ s Capital City is conveniently located at the crossroads of Interstate 55 ( north - south ) and Interstate 20 ( east - west ) in the heart of the โ Hospitality State . โ Interstate 20 : Runs east - west from near El Paso , TX to Florence , SC . Jackson is roughly halfway between Dallas , TX and Atlanta , GA . The highway is six lanes from Interstate 220 to MS 468 in Pearl . Interstate 55 : Runs north - south from Chicago through Jackson towards the Louisiana state line to New Orleans . Jackson is roughly halfway between New Orleans and Memphis , TN . The highway maintains eight to ten lanes in northern part of city , six lanes in the center and four lanes south of I - 20 . Directions to the Jackson Convention Complex From I - 55 South : Take Exit 96A โ Pearl Street / Jackson Convention Complex . Continue Straight on Pearl Street as you enter downtown area . Turn Left on Roach Street . Turn Left on Pascagoula Street . Convention Complex will be on your immediate right . From I - 55 North : Take Exit 96A โ Pearl Street / Jackson Convention Complex . Continue straight on Pearl Street as you enter downtown area . Turn Left on Roach Street . Turn Left on Pascagoula Street . Convention Complex will be on your immediate right . From I - 20 West : Take Exit 45B โ State Street / 51 North . Continue Straight on State Street . Turn Left on Pearl Street . Turn Left on Roach Street . Turn Left on Pascagoula Street . Convention Complex will be on your immediate right . From I - 20 East : Take Exit 45 โ State Street / Gallatin Street . Turn Left on State Street . Turn Left on Pearl Street . Turn Left on Roach Street . Turn Left on Pascagoula Street . Convention Complex will be on your immediate right . Mileage From Mobile : 191 miles Memphis : 210 miles New Orleans : 210 miles Birmingham : 238 miles Little Rock : 260 miles Atlanta : 382 miles Dallas / Ft . Worth : 410 miles Houston : 420 miles Driving Time Jackson - Evers International Airport ( JAN ) : 22 minutes / 11.9 miles Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport โ New Orleans , LA ( MSY ) : 2 1 โ 2 hours / 159 miles Memphis International Airport โ Memphis , TN ( MEM ) : 3 hours / 190 miles Directions to Loading Docks Main Loading Dock : The Main loading docks are accessible by utilizing the Court Street entrance . The loading dock entrance is located to the rear of the Facility โ s parking facility between Roach Street and Lamar Street . Farish Loading Docks : The Farish loading docks are accessible from the entrance located in the parking lot at the corner of Court Street and Roach Street . To access the loading dock , turn into the parking lot entrance and proceed towards the building . The entrance is just to the left of the breezeway . NOTE : Please note that the loading dock is to be used only for deliveries and loading / unloading . Parking in the loading dock is prohibited . Parking The main parking lots are located across the street and directly behind the facility . Location : The JCC parking lots can be access from the following streets : Pascagoula Street Farish Street Pearl Street Roach Street Court Street Specifications 3 separate parking lots . 763 general public parking spaces available . 12 handicapped parking spaces . Rules and Regulations Vehicles in excess of 19 โ in length are not permitted . Vehicles illegally parked in handicapped spaces will be ticketed and / or towed at the owner โ s expense . Request ( s ) to park in reserved areas must be cleared through security and your Event Manager . Selling , soliciting , demonstration of equipment and / or distributing handbills are prohibited . No loitering in parking garage or lots . Consumption of alcoholic beverages in the parking lot is prohibited . Additional Surrounding Parking Parking fees vary . Please refer to the posted parking fees at each garage or lot . The Jackson Convention Complex is surrounded by an additional 4,600 parking spaces within a 6 - block radius . Shuttles The primary shuttle drop off and pick up location is located at the covered round - about at the main entrance on Pascagoula Street . Arrangements can be made for other locations . Please contact your Event Manager for more details . Street / Lane Closures It is possible to coordinate the closing of lanes of traffic on the streets immediately surrounding the convention center . Please contact your Event Manager for details . | [
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http://jacksoncookbtecsport.weebly.com/my-assignment.html | P7 / M4 / D2 โ Describe , Explain & Analyze โ By Jackson Cook In this piece of work I am going to be talking about 3 different types of energy systems that are aerobic and anerobic . They are ; Adenosine tri - phosphate ( ATP ) - PC , Lactic Acid system and the aerobic system . I am also going to be writing about recovery time for each system as well as the speed of energy production for each . What is Energy Initially we get energy from the food we eat . There are 3 energy โ s sources ; they are Carbohydrates , which are the main energy source , Fats that are the secondary energy source and rarely protein . We need to eat food in order to supply our body with fuel . The food we eat then gets broken down into ATP , when the high - energy bonds are broken ; this provides us with the energy to make muscular contractions . Energy from food we eat has a lot of other functions as well , the The ATP - PC System : What is the ATP - PC System ? ( Energy + ADP + P = ATP ) The ATP - PC system works at 95 - 100 % intensity , because the ATP system does n โ t last long at all ( between 8 - 10 ) seconds , and is for maximal exercise , which means athletes are working between 95 - 100 % intensity while doing a certain exercise . The ATP - PC system stands for The ATP - PC energy system creates energy for our bodies through breaking down the phosphates that have a lot of energy . If the ATP - PC energy system produces the maximum amount of energy it How does the ATP - PC system work ? The ATP - PC system is the most important out of all the 3 energy systems , it provides you with the most power because it produces ATP more quickly than any of the other 3 systems and because of this it is essential in sporting exercises like 20m , 40m and 100m sprint activities . It ' s downfall however is that it burns out very quickly . ATP in the muscles provides energy to enable muscle fibers to shorten and develop tension and contract to create movement . ATP is a high energy compound made up of one There are only a few steps in the ATP - PC which is why it provides energy so quickly , they are : ( courtesy of http : / / www . ptdirect . com / training - design / anatomy - and - physiology / energy - systems / the - atp - pc - system ) Firstly , ATP is stored in mitochondria also called energy currency . It is stored in the form of creatine phosphate which is the energy source for the ATP - PC system , and also glycogen which is the lactic acid energy source , which we get from the food we eat ; then the bonds are broken down to ATP , when the bonds are broken , energy is produced , so then that energy can flow to our muscles in order for muscle contractions to be possible . Then the PC ( phosphate creatine ) is then broken What is the recovery time for the ATP - PC System ? There is what is called the โ full rest period โ for each of the 3 systems , which gives a formula on how to work how recovery time for each system , it is called the โ work to rest ratio โ . For the ATP - PC system the rest ratio is 1 : 10 / 12 . This means that for every second you run , you need 10 to 12 seconds for recovery . So I am going to average 10 - 12 to 11 seconds and estimate the recovery time for the ATP - PC Strengths and Weaknesses of the ATP - PC System : ยท Immediate , straight away can be used ยท The activity โ s are fast and powerful movements for example ( 100m ) ยท All of the activity โ s are at high intensity between 95 - 100 % intensity ยท There are no waste products for the ATP - PC System ยท Weaknesses : ยท This system Does n ' t last very long at all ยท Also , you ca n ' t perform the activity to the same quality without a lot of rest How to train the ATP - PC System : You can train the ATP - PC system by doing 100m interval training . For example 3 sets of , 4x100m sprints with 1 minute between each repetition , and 3 minute rest between each set . The Lactic Acid System : What is the Lactic Acid System ? The lactic acid system works between 60 - 95 % intensity , this is because this system is also very short ( between 30 - 60 seconds ) and can only be used maximally , for example when completing a 400m sprint race . The lactic acid system is an anaerobic energy system in which ATP is made up of glucose , is then broken down in the muscle cells . This is called glycolysis , which is simply the splitting of sugars . Then , chemical energy is released and used to help bond together the two ATP molecules How does the Lactic Acid System work ? When the stores of ATP and PC in our cells are no longer there , the body has another way of quickly providing energy to every place around our body . If the activity you are taking part in is intense for 1 - 3 minutes , the lactic acid system is then in place . The lactic acid system works when glucose that is stored in the muscles also know as glycogen , breaks down . Energy for these types of exercise or activity is still needed quickly so there in absolutely no time for the oxygen to get How Lactic Acid Builds up : Lactic acid builds up in your muscles when you are running and breathing , but not taking any oxygen . When lactic acid starts to build , this is when people start to stop running and start to breath because your body needs to take in oxygen . Lactic acid is produced in white muscle fibers in our body , this is called anaerobic respiration . Anaerobic respiration is when no oxygen is being used so the sugars in our bodies are broken down into lactic acid . What is the recovery time for the Lactic Acid System ? The lactic acid system takes between 20 minutes and 2 hours to fully recovery depending on how maximal the exercise you did was , so if you took part in a 400m race , you would need time to recover to get the lactic acid out of your copy as well as replace the glucose stores . How to improve the lactic acid system : You can improve your lactic acid system by doing interval training similar to the ATP - Pc system , but a bit of a further distance , for example 4 sets of 400m X3 , with 1 minute rest between each rep , and 3 minute rest between each set . Strengths and Weaknesses of the Lactic Acid System : ยท Strengths : ยท Lasts a little bit longer than the ATP - PC system ยท Uses glycogen , which is the correct source of nutrition ยท Weaknesses : They are waste products for the lactic acid system ยท There is a drop in performance if the athlete has n ' t had a long rest time in between activities and if he did try to run at the same intensity , it would n โ t be possible as he has n โ t had enough time to recover . ยท In this system , there is not enough time for oxygen to get to the muscles The Aerobic System : What is the Aerobic system ? The aerobic system works at between 20 - 60 % intensity . During continuous aerobic exercise , your intensity level is a lot lower than that of anaerobic exercise . Your anaerobic systems must be reduced so that the energy that your body needs is the same amount as the energy that your muscles have , which is a lot different to the anaerobic systems which usually they usually need a lot more energy stores than they have , and that is why they are used so fast . The energy supply at a lower intensity exercise is a lot Examples of aerobic exercise are , running 1500m , 5000m etc . If your body is able to exercise more than 2 minutes while working at the same intensity , your aerobic system is good . Then if your can still maintain the same intensity at 5 minutes , the aerobic energy system will have become your dominant energy system , and you , and your body will feel most comfortable when taking part in aerobic exercise rather than anaerobic . The aerobic energy system requires oxygen to break down glucose or fat , to produce energy that will resynthesize What is the recovery time for the Aerobic system ? The recovery time of the aerobic system is very simple to explain . The system is back to full strength when the replacement of glycogen stores occurs , then the system can repeat itself . โ Carbo - loading โ is a very important for long distance runners , because when they are running so far , the energy from the carbohydrates they ate before the race , come into place and they burn off everything the had previous eaten during the race , while having a lot of energy from the carbs to complete the race . Strengths and Weaknesses of the Aerobic System : Strengths : ยท Lasts a very long time , much more than the ATP - PC system and also the Lactic Acid system , so it a lot more useful in activities such as 5000m races . ยท Because this is a long lasting system , the oxygen has enough time to get to the muscles . ยท Weaknesses : ยท Low intensity , so this system is n ' t used in activities such as 100 - 200m , because the pace you will be running at will be very slow and about 40 - 50 % intensity , which is not useful in such events . How to train the Aerobic system : The only real way to train the aerobic system is by doing long distance running frequently , for example running round a 1.5km track 3 times a day , this is continuous training , because you are running at the same pace for a long period of time , this will really improve your aerobic system . References : Reference Page for p7 / m4 / d2 : http : / / breakingmuscle . com / health - medicine / understanding - energy - systems - atp - pc - glycolytic - and - oxidative - oh - my https : / / uk . answers . yahoo . com / question / index ? qid = 20080217071715AAJzrMU http : / / www . ptdirect . com / training - design / anatomy - and - physiology / energy - systems / the - atp - pc - system http : / / www . bodybuilding . com / fun / berardi29 . htm http : / / cincicyclingcoach . com / energysystems . html | [
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http://jacksoncountyor.org/sheriff/Jail/Telephone-Access | 5179 CRATER LAKE HWY โข CENTRAL POINT , OR Emergency : 911 | REPORT A CRIME Home General Divisions Jail Safety Services News Contact April 16 , 2019 You are here : Jail > Telephone Access Telephone Access Social calls to inmates will not be accepted , nor will incoming messages be relayed to inmates . Inmates are provided with collect - call - only telephones in the housing areas and may call out only during prescribed hours . Please be advised that if you choose to accept a call from an inmate housed in the Jackson County Jail , the telephone company will charge you for the cost of the call . Calls may be monitored by jail staff and terminated at any time . To set up a pre - paid phone account , please call Legacy Inmate Communications at 1 - 888 - 729 - 4326 or visit them online at www . legacyinmate . com If you are receiving unwanted calls or attempted calls from inmates , you may contact jail staff at 541 - 774 - 6872 and request that a block be placed on your phone number . * Note : once a block is placed on your number , that block will not be removed during the next year . Commonly requested phone numbers : Ashland Police Department : ( 541 ) 482 - 5211 Community Justice ( Parole / Probation ) : ( 541 ) 774 - 4900 Community Justice Work Center : ( 541 ) 774 - 4911 District Attorney โ s Office : ( 541 ) 774 - 8181 Eagle Point Police Department : ( 541 ) 826 - 9171 Gold Hill Police Department : ( 541 ) 855 - 1525 Jackson County Circuit Court : ( 541 ) 776 - 7171 Jackson County Juvenile Department : ( 541 ) 774 - 4800 Josephine County Jail : ( 541 ) 474 - 5130 Medford Police Department : ( 541 ) 774 - 2250 Oregon State Police Department : ( 541 ) 776 - 6111 Phoenix Police Department : ( 541 ) 535 - 1113 Public Defenders Office : ( 541 ) 779 - 5636 Talent Police Department : ( 541 ) 535 - 1253 Rogue River Police Department : ( 541 ) 582 - 4402 | Privacy Statement | Terms Of Use | [
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http://jacksonville.com/entertainment/home-and-garden/2013-06-12/story/gardening-whats-happening-when-your-leaves-are | Subscribe Now Gardening : What ' s happening when your leaves are falling - - in summer Larry Figart Wednesday Jun 12 , 2013 at 12 : 01 PM Many folks have noticed that their trees have started to lose their leaves already . Is fall coming early ? The answer is no ; your trees are just victims of bad timing . It just so happens that at the same time the leaves were budding , they were inundated with cool , wet spring weather . The combination of the weather and tender leaf tissue was perfect for the development of several common leaf diseases . While a disease such as oak leaf blister is prevalent on oak trees , another disease called anthracnose is common on many different hardwood tree species . The good news is that for the most part , if your tree is healthy these leaf diseases do not pose a long term problem . OAK LEAF BLISTER This leaf disease is usually noticed after the leaves have fallen from the tree . Upon closer inspection of the leaves , it looks like they have little warts or blisters . Oak leaf blister is caused by the fungus Taphrina caerulescens . It is a very common disease in the humidity of the South and can affect many species of oaks . Members of the red oak group , such as water oak ( Quercus nigra ) and laurel oak ( Quercus laurifolia ) are particularly susceptible to infection . The disease seems to be more prevalent when the The fungus survives the winter on twigs and bud scales . As the buds start to swell and expand , and leaves are formed , the fungal spores are washed and splashed onto the foliage by rainfall and mist . Spores of the pathogen then infect young oak leaves . As the fungus develops within the leaf , the infected tissues appear swollen or blister - like . Severe infections can cause the leaf to become curled or twisted . Over time the infected tissues die , leaving gray - brown areas scattered within the given leaf . If large areas of the leaf are infected , the leaf may prematurely fall . When lots of oak leaves begin falling in the late spring is when the homeowner usually becomes aware of the disease . The bad news is that when the blisters are apparent on the tree , it is too late for any kind of treatment . Oak leaf blister is primarily an aesthetic problem and the disease does no long term harm to the tree . Treatment in highly visible trees includes using an approved fungicide , applied following label instructions , in the spring as just as the new leaves are forming . The fungus rarely , if ever ANTHRACNOSE Anthracnose is a name given to a group of leaf fungi that can infect many several different hardwood trees . It occurs most commonly and severely on sycamore , oak and maple . While the fungi may be different , the conditions and symptoms are similar . The most noticeable symptom is the leaves prematurely fall in the late spring and early summer . The leaves will have spotty brown areas that form along the veins , or larger irregular , light or dark brown spots that form along or between veins extending out to the leaf margin . Typically , trees recover from anthracnose by growing more leaves . This can be a problem in some trees if they are defoliated year after year . This may weaken the tree and predispose it to insects and other diseases . Anthracnose on sycamore can be a little more problematic because the fungus can spread to other parts of the tree . A severely infected tree may lose all of its leaves many times throughout the growing season . When a small twig or branch is affected , cankers may girdle and eventually kill the branch . The death of a branch often will result in the production of many small shoots in the area just below the girdled portion of the branch . Spores from the fungus are spread by rain and wind to healthy leaves , buds and twigs For the most part , treatment of anthracnose is simple . Clean up and bag as many of the fallen leaves as you can . They can be composted , but should not be used for mulch . This will help reduce the overwintering population of anthracnose fungi . If your sycamore is severely infected , prune the tree to remove diseased twigs and branches to open up the canopy for better air circulation and light penetration . Make sure that pruning tools are disinfected after each cut . Keep trees healthy with proper watering , fertilization ( if needed ) , proper mulching and making proper pruning cuts . If your trees are continually defoliated by anthracnose , chemical control with fungicides may be warranted . Contact a landscape pest control company to see if they treat trees . Remember , although the effects of anthracnose are not very nice to look at and may create more work in the form of raking up leaves , most trees will recover . Larry Fugart is an urban forestry extension agent with the Duval County Extension Service . | [
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http://jacksonville.com/news/2016-08-01/story/mayor-lenny-curry-will-attend-donald-trump-rally-jacksonville | Subscribe Now Mayor Lenny Curry will attend Donald Trump rally Wednesday in Jacksonville Nate Monroe Monday Aug 1 , 2016 at 3 : 39 PM Mayor Lenny Curry plans to attend Donald Trump ' s presidential campaign rally Wednesday evening in Jacksonville , the mayor ' s spokeswoman confirmed Monday . Trump will appear at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena at 7 p.m . Curry , who chaired the Republican Party of Florida before becoming mayor last year , supported Sen . Marco Rubio in the Republican primary . Curry did not attend a Trump rally in October at The Jacksonville Landing that attracted thousands of supporters . For more information or to request tickets , visit Trump ' s campaign site . Nate Monroe : ( 904 ) 359 - 4289 Never miss a story Choose the plan that ' s right for you . Digital access or digital and print delivery . Subscribe Now Sign up for daily e - mails Sign up Site Services My Profile Contact Us e - Edition NIE Manage My Subscription Submissions Announcements Calendar Event Obituaries Legal Notices Advertising Advertise with Us Classifieds Place an Ad Circulars Business Directory PR Link ยฉ Copyright 2006 - 2018 GateHouse Media , LLC . All rights reserved โข GateHouse News Original content available for non - commercial use under a Creative Commons license , except where noted . The Florida Times - Union ~ 1 Riverside Ave . , Jacksonville , FL 32202 ~ Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service | [
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http://jacksonzoo.org/ | Welcome to Your Jackson Zoo The Jackson Zoo will be celebrating it โ s Centennial this year ! Currently we care for more than 365 animals representing over 200 species from exotic locales all over the globe , working with other accredited zoos and wildlife organizations to protect them for generations to come . Since 1919 , the Jackson Zoo has been helping families spend quality time together , creating lifelong memories , and bringing the community together in the outdoors to appreciate wildlife and the environment we all share . As a 501c3 non - profit , we depend on daily admissions , memberships , sponsors , and donors in our efforts to educate all ages and help them engage with our staff and animals . Rediscover YOUR Jackson Zoo as we enter into another one hundred years of connecting people and wildlife ! The Jackson Zoo Mission To provide visitors with a recreational and educational environment , dedicated to wildlife care and conservation . Stop by for an adventure ! 2918 West Capitol Street Jackson , MS 39209 Call for general info 601 - 352 - 2580 | [
"Jackson Zoo"
] |
http://jackyounggolf.com/TESTIMONIALS/ | Testimonials Awesome coach . Jack has done wonders with our son Grady , who is regularly winning OJGA tournaments . Brandon M July 22 , 2016 " Jack is exactly what I have been looking for in a golf instructor ! " Tom W May 23 , 2016 I actually learned more in 40 minutes with Jack , than 5 lessons at an indoor facility . I am a beginner , but now at least I understand what I am trying to accomplish . Bob C . January 9 , 2015 Jack is the first golf instructor I ' ve worked with that does n ' t give you a " cookie cutter " lesson . He evaluated my swing and then gave me 2 - 3 things to focus on . Every time I ' ve taken a lesson , it has improved my game . He is busy because he is THAT good so keep trying to see him . If you want to improve your golf game , Jack Young is the man to see . Joni Shimabukuro January 9 , 2015 I have been working with Jack for approx 4 years now and his services are great . I started working with him to lower my scores and my handicap was around 16 . I continue to take lessons with Jack and my handicap is currently a 10 and dropping . I would definitely recommend Jack for lessons but make sure you sign up early as his schedule fills quickly . Jerrod Meireis Having Jack as a golf coach has been outstanding . Jack has helped me improve my golf swing dramatically ! Each lesson has felt tailored to fit my needs as a player , and he is simply a pleasure to learn from . Tony Grech Thank you for taking the time to go above and beyond in helping me with my golf game . The training I have had from you and advice for putting me in the proper equipment has made golf very enjoyable . If I ever have a problem , you have a solution that makes sense and is understandable . Again , many thanks . Joe Kennedy July 21 , 2014 He was very patient and kind with my 9 year old son . A great start for someone just beginning to golf : ) . We will go back in the future . July 21 , 2014 Jack is an excellent golf instructor . He is a PGA certified instructor who is obviously passionate about the game and seems to enjoy sharing his passion through teaching . Using a handy laptop / video setup he instantly zeroed in on the flaw in my swing that had me hitting the ball inconsistently and for the first time in my 10 + years of playing , gave me hope that I can score in the 90 ' s ( or lower ) with just a few adjustments . He did a great job helping me to see and understand Jack was fantastic ! We are considering more lessons in the future : time / busy schedule permitting . We were also impressed with the facility - very friendly and helpful . Betty K Jack is an excellent instructor . He ' s friendly , easy going , and reliable . His strength is that he simplifies his teaching to match each student ' s ability to learn . He does n ' t burden students with complex theories - instead , he gives easily understood instruction that follows common sense and is consistent with natural body mechanics and the laws of physics . Each time I see a " new " online golf swing video or read the latest book or magazine article claiming to have the " secret " of the golf John M I have been taking lessons from Jack for a couple of years . He has a great way of explaining a golf swing ! My game has definitely changed . Recently I shot a record low 76 . When I called Jack to tell him , he was as excited as I was ! Also , my 9 year old daughter has been taking lessons from Jack for 2 summers . She placed 4th in her Junior Club Tournament - 1st , 2nd , and 3rd were all by 11 and 12 year olds ! I would recommend Jack Young Larry K I ' ve known Jack for over twenty years . I took a video lesson from him and immediately found the results I was looking for . If you ' re looking for someone who will take you to the next level in your golf career , there is nobody better than Jack Young . He made two changes to my setup and I ' m now hitting the ball more solid and longer than 20 years ago . Whether you ' re looking to improve , or just starting out , you need to see Jack Young . Dale Voelz 0 handicap Wonderful instructor ! I highly recommend time with Jack to make more sense of how to play and hit straight . Great positive feedback , so no matter what level you play , he does n ' t make you feel like a beginner . Dana F Love this guy ! Best instructor in town . Jack ' s video based training allowed him to communicate existing problems in my swing quickly and effectively . Now I can hold my own on the course . Thank You Jack . Jennifer S I ' ve had the best year of golf ever , and I have improved in all areas of my game . I ca n ' t thank Jack enough . Fred Rivers 6 handicap I can honestly say that switching to clubs fitted by Jack took 8 strokes off my game . Jay Clemens Jack is the best instructor I have ever known , and beyond that he is one of the nicest persons . Over the last fifteen years he has been a great friend to me and my family . Cody Upham Winner of the 2007 Rosauers Open Invitational ( only amatuer to ever win the event ) Location ยฉ 2019 Jack Young Golf Theme by Anders Norรฉn Up โ | [
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http://jacul.blogspot.com/2006/09/habu-sake.html | Japanese Culture ๅๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 02 , 2006 Habu Sake When living in Okinawa , Japan one of the most fantastical and fearsome foods I ever saw was called Habushu . Habushu is a type of sake that is made almost exclusively in Okinawa . Habushu is sake with a habu snake coiled inside of it . The origin of habushu is sketchy at best . It seems that habushu stems from a certain type of sake called awamori . Awamori is made from a special type of crushed rice imported from Thailand . The rice is soaked , washed , steamed , and cooled before black yeast , koji , is added . The mixture is left to ferment on triangle shaped shelves for about two weeks . Next , awamori must be put into a distiller for 2 ยฝ hours , before it can be bottled and stored to mature for another two to three The habu snake was originally brought to Okinawa Japan to help control the mongoose population on the island . Over time , the habu began to overrun the island and became more of a hazard than a help . Those who have tasted habushu say it tastes smoother , stronger , and will definitely affect you differently than regular alcohol . Local officials say the magic of habushu comes from the mixture of habu venom and the special type of alcohol . Habushu is not for everyone , however , as even the cheapest bottles of it cost upwards of 8,000 yen ( $ 80 ) . Bigger bottles with more impressive habu can set you back upwards of 25,000 yen ( $ 250 ) . It is , if nothing else though , a great souvenir to scare your guests with . References http : / / www . jahitchcock . com / okiawamori . html http : / / ussmariner . com / 2005 / 05 / 25 / game - 45 - mariners - at - orioles / / / posted by Telly @ 11 : 09 ๅๅพ Comments : ๆณก็ ๏ผ ใใใใ ๏ผ - Okinawan Syocyu , a type of rice liqueur , is very popular in Tokyo especially in these days as well as Okinawan dishes - - almost a fad . But ๆณขๅธ้
๏ผ ใฏใถใใ
๏ผ - Habusyu is too special to be spread out because of the LOOKING ! You need guts to try it . posted by takano : ๆฅๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 03 , 2006 When I would go to the shoppette or Dragon Palace I ' d always look at the various sizes of Habu Sake . Then I would be like > _ < due to the price . It ' s crazyness . .and to think people actually buy it . posted by abeld2 : ็ซๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 05 , 2006 Has anyone tried it enough to tell me what it tastes like ? It looks great , at least on a fun level . Sake to me tastes like a cleaner , lighter wine , but I wonder if the snake does anything . Presentation seems to be huge in all japanese foods and drinks . paul : ๆฐดๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 06 , 2006 As scarry as that thing looks it ' s amazing that it actually healthy . And in all honesty there is no way I ' d spend $ 80 to $ 250 on a drink with sanke venom in it . It just urks me some how . In any case Googerhopper well done . I wonder what the first guy to try it out was thinking when he tasted it , proabally " Thank God I ' m alive and kickin ' " well hopefully . . . Juliana2 : ๆฐดๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 06 , 2006 That snake in there would be great for a good scare . What does it taste like ? ? ? Does it taste better than it looks ? ? ? That snake inside is disconcerting . I would Buy it just for display purposes . It does look cool . KEITARO Yeah , I used to work in a sushi restaurant that served that I think . I bought a sake set at target today . I also bought a tea set for $ 5 . You guys should go look ! Emiri If someone told me to drink that , I would just have to look at them like they were telling me to drink formaldehyde . I usaully stay away from alcohol , since it just seems to make my blood pressure go crazy . As far as " need [ ing ] guts to try it " , I ' m sure I ' d loose mine after drinking it . Ryan : ๆจๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 07 , 2006 For the price of the drink , you would think that this stuff must taste pretty good . I will never know , though . I do not have the guts to drink the stuff as long as there is a snake glaring at me . I also can not imagine drinking snake venom in the first place . Something just does n ' t sound quite right about that . robinsonm7 : ๆจๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 07 , 2006 O_o I wonder who it was that thought " It sure would be a great idea to put a venomous snake in the sake ! " It definately looks neat though . How ' s that for a conversation starter ? Liz O_o I wonder who it was that thought " It sure would be a great idea to put a venomous snake in the sake ! " It definately looks neat though . How ' s that for a conversation starter ? Liz I want some ! Not sure if I ' d like it , but I ' d like to try it just to say I did . Even if I did n ' t drink it , I ' d keep it in top of my T.V. just to show off . Kurisuke - kun It tastes surprisingly mild and herbal - - like Aveda tea and sake . A stark contrast to what the bottle looks like . Unknown : ็ซๆๆฅ , 7ๆ 05 , 2016 I ' ve had the real deal at " jack nasty ' s in okinawa . It really does have a slight hallucinogen affect . You probably wo n ' t hold it down if you ' re not a drinker . FYI his is in a picked jar and has lizard parts floating in it . Unknown : ๆจๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 29 , 2016 I ' ve had the real deal at " jack nasty ' s in okinawa . It really does have a slight hallucinogen affect . You probably wo n ' t hold it down if you ' re not a drinker . FYI his is in a picked jar and has lizard parts floating in it . : ๆจๆๆฅ , 9ๆ 29 , 2016 I ' ve had the real deal and to me the taste reminds me of tequila , and it will put you on your ass after a couple shots Duane Brooks : ๆๆๆฅ , 11ๆ 07 , 2016 I ' m going to give this a go when I get some time off of school . : ) Nihon Scope : ๅๆๆฅ , 5ๆ 13 , 2017 ใณใกใณใใๆ็จฟ < < Home | [
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http://jagdefense.com/faqs/military-law-faqs/ | Please watch our short videos on Military Law Hiring the Best Military Lawyer Military Law Specialists Military Law FAQs The Military Is Providing Me With An Attorney For Free Why Should I Hire A Civilian Military Attorney Who Is The Best Military Defense Lawyer What Factors Should I Look For When Hiring A Civilian Military Defense Attorney What Kind Of Cases Do The Attorneys At JAG Defense Handle Can You Guarantee That Well Win I Have Been Read My Rights What Should I Do What Is The Difference Between An Administrative Discharge And A Punitive DischargeDismissal What Is an Administrative Discharge Board I Have Been Informed That My Command Is Considering Me For An Administrative Separation Am I Eligible For An Administrative Discharge Board What Is an Article 32 Hearing What Is Pretrial Confinement Do You Represent Military Members At My Base What Rights Do I Have At a Court Martial THE MILITARY IS PROVIDING ME WITH AN ATTORNEY FOR FREE WHY SHOULD I HIRE A CIVILIAN MILITARY ATTORNEY You have the right to one military attorney who will be provided at no cost to you Often your appointed military attorney is fresh out of law school and has very little if any litigation experience It is important that you are comfortable and confident in the attorney that represents you We encourage you to question your appointed attorney about their level of experience How long have they been a JAG How long have they been a defense counsel How many jury trials have they done How many cases like yours have they litigated There are a lot of very Civilian Military Attorneys of JAG Defense can bring to your defense team WHO IS THE BEST MILITARY DEFENSE LAWYER Recently some attorneys have launched websites claiming to be the best military lawyer For servicemembers researching their legal options it is important to know that there is no independent organization that objectively ranks civilian military attorneys Instead these attorneys are simply spouting their own personal opinions of themselves as the best which can be very misleading to potential clients Similarly there are some civilian attorneys that claim to be undefeated in military cases Any attorney that claims to be undefeated is either not being truthful or has not handled very many cases When searching for the best military lawyer to WHAT FACTORS SHOULD I LOOK FOR WHEN HIRING A CIVILIAN MILITARY DEFENSE ATTORNEY At JAG Defense we let our accomplishments and reputation for professionalism speak for themselves We will candidly honestly and completely give you our best professional opinion of your case and the best courses of action for you to pursue whether that includes retaining our services or not At JAG Defense we will positively discuss our abilities and assistance but you will never hear us criticize another attorney or law firm Simply put we DO NOT engage in negative advertising With that said any lawyer who you are considering for your military case should have prior active duty JAG experience The military justice system is entirely different from the civilian justice system including different offenses different rules of evidence and different rules of trial procedure It will be very difficult for a lawyer who has never served as an active duty Judge Advocate to be sufficiently familiar with these distinctions At JAG Defense our military attorneys have a combined 149 years of specialized military law experience and have represented literally thousands of military members in all services Further our military lawyers at JAG Defense focus exclusively on military and security clearance legal issues clients and cases These are not just collateral practice areas for our firm they are our ONLY practice areas We do not accept any other types of cases Instead we have dedicated our professional lives to the worldwide representation of military members and anyone having a security clearance issue Such focus allows us to keep up with the changes and trends in military and security clearance law while continuing to hone our already extensive experience Finally our military attorneys take a handson approach to all of their cases When you call JAG Defense you will speak to the actual lawyer handling your case not a paralegal All work done on your case will be done by a licensed attorney rather than a nonlawyer Further we intentionally limit the number of cases that we accept so that we can devote our full personal attention to each client Our clients have entrusted us with their livelihood reputation and freedom We honor that trust by personally handling each case aggressively and attentively WHAT KIND OF CASES DO THE ATTORNEYS AT JAG DEFENSE HANDLE JAG Defense is a law firm specializing in military defense and security clearance law Our military defense practice consists primarily of the representation of military members in courtsmartial discharge proceedings nonjudicial punishment Article 15 and other adverse administrative actions Our security clearance practice focuses on assisting military members and civilians who have been denied a security clearance or had one revoked For a complete listing of the types of cases that we handle please visit our Practice Areas page Please be advised that JAG Defense does not handle cases related to divorce custody alimony child support or any other aspect of domestic relations law CAN YOU GUARANTEE THAT WELL WIN Absolutely not Any attorney that guarantees you a victory should be viewed with skepticism No attorney can ever guarantee victory because there are too many variables in any given case With that said the Civilian Military Defense Attorneys of JAG Defense do guarantee that we will approach your case with the same aggressiveness dedication and preparation that have made us top military attorneys and earned countless victories for our clients I HAVE BEEN READ MY RIGHTS WHAT SHOULD I DO Military members enjoy the same rights against selfincrimination as any United States citizen As a military member you do not have to say or do anything that might tend to incriminate you Too often military members think that they can simply talk their way out of a difficult situation Unfortunately even for those members who have done nothing wrong making a statement or cooperating with those people that are questioning you can make that difficult situation even worse In such situations remember the following You do not have to make a statement to anyone even someone in a position of command over you You do not have to consent to a search of your home computer vehicle bodily fluids or anything elseYou do not have to submit to a polygraph examination You have the absolute right to consult with an attorney before deciding whether to do any of the things listed above If you ever find yourself accused or suspected of a crime the safest and smartest way to proceed is to consult with an attorney qualified in military law even if you do not think you have done anything wrong WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ADMINISTRATIVE DISCHARGE AND A PUNITIVE DISCHARGEDISMISSAL Commanders can initiate administrative separation actions against military members for a variety of reasons ranging from criminal misconduct military or civilian to failed fitness tests to homosexuality If a member is administratively separated from the military that members service will be characterized as Honorable General Under Honorable Conditions or Under Other Than Honorable Conditions The characterization that a member receives will largely be based upon the reason for administrative discharge balanced against the quality of the members service during that enlistment period Honorable characterizations are appropriate when the quality of the members service generally has met standards of acceptable conduct Punitive discharges can only be adjudged at a courtmartial For enlisted members there are two types of punitive discharges Bad Conduct Discharge BCD or Dishonorable Discharge DD While BCDs can be adjudged at either a Special CourtMartial or a General CourtMartial DDs can only be adjudged at a General CourtMartial Officers can not receive BCDs or DDs Instead the equivalent form of discharge is called a Dismissal and can only be adjudged at a General CourtMartial For that reason officer cases are rarely referred to Special CourtsMartial The basis for discharge and the characterization of a members service will greatly impact the benefits to which the member is entitled such as veterans benefits and the Montgomery GI Bill WHAT IS AN ADMINISTRATIVE DISCHARGE BOARD An administrative discharge board is made up of three 3 members convened to consider evidence for and against the administrative separation of a military member In many ways a discharge board is a mini courtmartial albeit without the formal rules of evidence one would find at an actual courtmartial After reviewing the documentary evidence and hearing witness testimony the members vote in secret deliberations on three 3 main issues First the members vote on findings of fact as to whether each allegation is supported by a preponderance more likely than not of the evidence and make a separate finding with I HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT MY COMMAND IS CONSIDERING ME FOR AN ADMINISTRATIVE SEPARATION AM I ELIGIBLE FOR AN ADMINISTRATIVE DISCHARGE BOARD Each branch of service has slightly different requirements that trigger ones eligibility for an administrative discharge board These requirements range from a minimum amount of time in service to ones rank at the time of discharge processing notification or to the basis for discharge itself In all services however you are automatically entitled to present your case to a discharge board if your command is seeking an Under Other Than Honorable Conditions characterization of service If you are unsure about whether you are entitled to an administrative discharge board please call JAG Defense for a free consultation regarding your case WHAT IS AN ARTICLE 32 HEARING An Article 32 hearing is often referred to as the militarys equivalent of a grand jury Before a charge can be referred to a General CourtMartial the government must present all available evidence to an impartial Investigating Officer This Investigating Officer examines the available evidence and makes a recommendation to the convening authority regarding an appropriate disposition of the case Unlike civilian grand jury hearings however the military permits the accused to be present and take part in the Article 32 hearing Thus an accused may be present with an attorney to review the governments evidence may present evidence in WHAT IS PRETRIAL CONFINEMENT Pretrial confinement is physical restraint that deprives a member of their freedom pending the disposition of criminal charges against them Only a member who is subject to trial by courtmartial may be confined A member may be ordered into pretrial confinement only when there is reasonable belief that 1 an offense triable by courtmartial has been committed 2 the member to be confined committed it and 3 confinement is required by the circumstances Confinement is required by the circumstances if it is foreseeable that the member will not appear at trial or will engage in further serious criminal conduct During DO YOU REPRESENT MILITARY MEMBERS AT MY BASE In short yes JAG Defense Attorneys have no limitations on where we are willing to travel to represent military members Our Attorneys have represented military members at military installations all over the world While some civilian military attorneys will not travel into active war zones we feel it is important to defend those who are defending America regardless of where they might be geographically located If you can get to a phone to call us or a computer to email us about your case we will get to you to provide aggressive dedicated representation For a list of locations where Worldwide Representation page of our website WHAT RIGHTS DO I HAVE AT A COURT MARTIAL Contrary to popular belief you have many rights at a courtmartial While the militarys justice system like any justice system does have its problems overall it is a very fair process The following is a nonexhaustive list of some of the rights military members enjoy at a courtmartial If tried before a Special CourtMartial you may be tried by a court consisting of at least three 3 members If tried before a General CourtMartial you may be tried by a court consisting of at least five 5 members If you are enlisted you have the right to be tried by a court of at least onethird enlisted members You have the right to be tried by military judge alone You have the right to challenge for cause the military judge and any court member You also have the right to challenge one court member peremptorily that is for no specified reason You have the right to assert any defense or objection You have the moral and legal right to plead not guilty to the charges made against you The government must prove its case against you beyond a reasonable doubt if you plead not guilty You have the right in findings to testify as a witness or remain silent You have the right to introduce evidence through counsel You have the right to confront the witnesses against you and crossexamine them If you are found guilty of any offense you have the right to introduce evidence in extenuation and mitigation and to testify under oath or make an unsworn statement personally andor through counsel or remain silent | [
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http://jaikhatushyamji.in/ | How to reach KhatuShyam Ji How to reach Khatushyam ji Mandir Sticky Khatushyam Ji Rajasthan Khatu shyam Ji Mandir at Sikar Rajasthan How to reach Khatushyam Ji Mandir Khatushyam Mandir is easily accessible via road and train Nearest railway station is Ringas Junction IRCTC Code RGS and its about 185 KM away Reaching Khatu Shyam Ji from Ringas is easy the moment you step out of railway station you will find a large number of jeepstaxis waiting for passengers Both shared as well as private jeeps are available Nearest airport from Kahtushyam Temple is Jaipur International Airport also known as Sanganeer airport Khatu jis mandir is about 95 KM away from sanganeer airport Reaching from New Delhi Shri Khatushyam ji mandir is about 270 KM away from Delhi Via Train There are three trains available from Delhi to Ringas Chetak Express runs seven days a week from Delhi Sarai Rohilla to Ringas Tran no 12066 Ajmer Jan Shatabdi runs only on Fridays and Sundays from Hazrat Nizamuddin at 310 PM however if you are in delhi its recomended you board this train from Delhi Cantt Third train is chandigarh Bandra Terminus SF Express which runs on Wednesdays and Sundays Delhi to Ringas Train Details Click on image to see a larger image Via Road If you are coming from Delhi best route is via NH8 you can refer to the map below for directions It will take you about 45 to 5 hours to reach Kahtushyam Mandir from New Delhi From Jaipur Via Road Mandir Timings During Winter Khatu Shyam Temple is open from 530 AM to 100 PM 500 PM to 900 Pm In summers Mandir timings are 430 AM to 1230 PM 400 PM to 1000 PM Aarti Timings Aarti Sheetkal Grishmkal Mangla Aarti 545 AM 445 AM Morning Aarti Shringar 800 AM 700 AM Bhog Aarti 1230 PM 1215 PM Sandhya Aarti 600 PM 730 Pm Shayan Aarti 900 PM 1000 PM Small Recommendation Incase you are coming via Jaipur or going back via Jaipur It would be a good idea to seek blessings of Ganesh Ji at Moti Dungri Temple situated next to Birla Mandir You may have a pleasant experience if you visit both places during the same trip Also once you are at Khatu shyam do not forget to feed the Nandis you will find a lot of them around Khatu jis temple Beautiful Khatu Shyam Ji Murti for your home Jaipur to Khatu shyam ji Mandir September 20 2015 Khatushyam Ji Rajasthan If you are coming from Jaipur best way is to take Road Khatu Shyam Ji temple is about 90 KM from Jaipur Via Road Best route is via Sawai Jai Singh Hwy to Jaipur RoaddSikar Road to Agra Bikaner Roadalso known as NH11 which will take you to MDR46 Khatu Here is the google map from Jaipur to Khatu shyam mandir There are various Government as well as private buses available from Jaipur Bus Stand to Khatu bus stand However no buses with reserved seats are available From khatu bus stand you can take auto to Mandir Via Train Nearest railway station from Khatu Shyam temple is Ringas Junction Only passenger trains ply from Jaipur to Ringas railway station There are about 8 trains from Jaipur having scheduled departure from jaipur railyway station at 440 AM 605 AM 745 AM 1010 AM 1330 1655 1850 2015 Train journey takes about an hour and a half and the trains are mostly on time Ringas to Khatushyam Temple Reaching Khatushyam Temple from Delhi Shyam Kund Check out this beautiful Khatu Shyam Baba statue for your car dashboard Ringas to Khatu Shyam ji June 7 2015 Khatushyam Ji Rajasthan Nearest Railway Station to Khatu Shyam Ji is Ringas Junction Sometimes also written as Reengus For those travelling via Train IRCTC code for Ringas Junction is RGS Khatu Shyam Ji mandir is approx 185 KM away from Ringas Junction If you are travelling via Train as soon as you as reach exit station you will see large number of Taxis VansJeeps and Buses waiting just outside the station for passengers Shared TaxisJeeps usually charge Rs 30 to 40 per person from Ringas to Khatu Shyam ji The moment you step out of the railway station you will hear them shouting Khatushyam mandir Other than the initial flyover construction part Road to Khatu shyam mandir from Ringas is very good and its an enjoyable ride with very little traffic On this road a small temple of karni mata known as karni mandir is also present Here is the Google Map from Ringas Junction to Khatushyam Mandir | [
"Khatushyam",
"Ringas"
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http://jailphoneservices.com/ic-solutions/ | IC Solutions * * * Save money on making and receiving jail phone calls * * * IC Solutions is an inmate telephone service provider at the facility to keep in touch with your friend or family members . IC Solutions offers solutions for inmate management , from booking to release . A number of different options for creating an account , purchasing phone services , leaving voice messages and chatting in real time via video visitation are offered by IC Solutions . Some of the key services offered by IC Solutions are : Automated Information Line : Automated Information Line is a hosted Interactive Voice Response ( IVR ) platform that provides an automated phone response to frequently asked questions from inmates , as well as family members . When it is integrated with the facility โ s Jail Management System ( JMS ) it can retrieve and present up - to - date inmate data such as bond amount , release date and upcoming court appearances . Inmate Voicemail : The inmate phone system alerts inmates when they have a new message and inmates can listen to their messages any time they have access to the inmate phones . Flexible Calling Options : IC Solutions offers flexible calling options to connect inmates with their families and friends . Kiosks : The Kiosks are designed to collect money from new inmates in a secured fashion . Phone and Web - based Deposit Services : Inmates โ family and friends can deposit funds in more convenient ways , increasing spendable cash in the inmate โ s account . Customer Service : A 24 * 7 support is provided by IC Solutions to assist a user with their questions , billing issues , payments and prepaid account setup . Types of Account Offered : Debit Telephone Account : It is one of the easiest ways to set up an Account and once the payment is completed , the inmate will be able to make phone calls to any numbers . Prepaid Account : The Prepaid Account provides an option to continue to accept an inmate โ s calls when : โข The phone is a cell phone . โข The local telephone company does not offer billing of collect calls . โข The phone number has exceeded its allowed spending limit for collect calls . Collect Calling : Collect Calling allows inmates to place calls to any facility - approved telephone number . If you accept a collect call from an inmate , the cost of that call will be billed as a line item on your next regular telephone bill , next to the words โ billed on behalf of IC Solutions . โ IC Solutions Prepaid Phone Services Can Be Purchased In the Following Ways : Online on website : https : / / icsonline . icsolutions . com / icsonline / Welcome . aspx By phone : You can call toll - free customer service center at 1 ( 888 ) 506 - 8407 . By mail : If you want to purchase prepaid phone services for a Prepaid Account using a check or money order , mail to : ICSolutions Attn : Customer Service Department / Prepaid Account 2200 Danbury Street San Antonio , TX 78217 IC Solutions Contact Information Website http : / / www . icsolutions . com / Phone Number : 866 - 228 - 4031 / 888 - 506 - 8407 / 888 - 888 - 8413 Website Contact Page : http : / / www . icsolutions . com / FriendsFamilyHome / Support / ContactUs . aspx Do n ' t miss our guide to making Jail Phone Calls Learn more about Jail Telephone Providers Jail Phone Service or Contact Us Virtual Number Services TextNow | Skype | PhonePower eVoice SpoofCard Search The Web : Quote of the moment : โ When the debate is lost , slander becomes the tool of the loser . โ - Socrates IC Solutions Alabama ( AL ) | Alaska ( AK ) | American Samoa ( AS ) | Arizona ( AZ ) | Arkansas ( AR ) | California ( CA ) | Colorado ( CO ) | Connecticut ( CT ) | Delaware ( DE ) | District of Columbia ( DC ) | Florida ( FL ) | Georgia ( GA ) | Hawaii ( HI ) | Idaho ( ID ) | Illinois ( IL ) | Indiana ( IN ) | Iowa ( IA ) | Kansas ( KS ) | Kentucky ( KY ) | Louisiana ( | [
"IC Solutions",
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http://jaimevillafuerte.blogspot.com/2013/11/is-pacemaker-your-bottleneck.html | Lean and Meaningful Creating Leaner Value Streams : Are the pacemaker and the bottleneck the same ? When designing leaner value streams , one key step is to define where to locate the pacemaker . However , a common misconception is to believe that the bottleneck process is the pacemaker . While a pacemaker could coincide with the bottleneck process , they mean different things . What is the bottleneck ? The bottleneck is the constraint process in your value steam that defines your actual throughput capacity . The bottleneck will define if you can or can not meet your customer demand . For instance , if you have four processes as shown in the figure to the right , the bottleneck is process 2 . Notice that the takt time is greater than the bottleneck . If the bottleneck cycle time ( the highest cycle time in your value stream ) is greater than the takt time , then we are not able to meet customer consumption . If it is lower , then you have overcapacity ( waste ) . What is the pacemaker ? The pacemaker is the single scheduling point in your value stream . It sets the mix of products to produce in order to meet customer demand . Because it is the scheduling point , the pacemaker is then the point in which push flow starts and pull ends . So what is the difference ? The difference between pacemaker and bottleneck is about what question you are trying to answer : Can we meet customer demand ? Answer this question by comparing the bottleneck throughput to the required throughput . In other words , we compare the takt time to every process cycle time , including the bottleneck process , to ensure that the consumption rate can be satisfied with the production rate . Can we use flow in our value stream ? Ask this question at each process , starting at the end of your value stream and going upstream , to identify the pacemaker . If the answer is not , then that specific process is the pacemaker . In conclusion , bottleneck is about throughput while pacemaker is about flow and pull . Working on the right problem at the right time Value stream design not only requires to focus on the right problem , but also to do it at the right time and following the right order . Start with takt time to balance each of the processes , including the bottleneck , with two objective : ( 1 ) you are able to meet demand ( enough capacity ) and ( 2 ) remove unnecessary resources ( too much capacity ) . Only when this first step is completed , you can focus on creating flow by setting your pacemaker . Why is the pacemaker important ? By having only one scheduling point we stop overproduction as no more material will be released . It is like putting only one " driver " and linking our processes so each of them run at the same speed instead of having several " drivers " at different speeds . With the pacemaker , our value stream is not only simpler , but also less expensive ( we only need one driver ! ) and creates less work - in - process ( which could be related to the distances between each truck . ) Theory of Constraints and the Lean Pacemaker Here is an interesting link about TOC and Lean in which pacemaker and bottleneck are also discussed : http : / / lssacademy . com / 2007 / 04 / 19 / toc - bottleneck - versus - lean - pacemaker_19 / Reactions : funny 0 interesting 0 cool Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"bottleneck"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/2016-lincoln-continental-concept-this-is-it-1694455362 | 2016 Lincoln Continental Concept : This Is It Jason Torchinsky 3 / 30 / 15 12 : 00am Filed to : Lincoln 681 92 Considering the dramatic rebirth Ford has undergone in the last decade , Lincoln โ s comparative lack of direction is pretty surprising . Maybe , though , this new Lincoln Continental Concept represents the re - discovery of something Lincoln โ s so desperately needed : an identity . Technically , this will be the tenth generation of Continental ( hey , Mark X looks and sounds pretty good as a name ) , and the second time the nameplate has come back from the dead . After the first generation came to a halt in 1948 , it was n โ t until 1956 that the name was brought back . The last time a car has worn the Continental name was back in 2002 . Of course , 2002 was also the year that Lincoln tested the waters with a very handsome and striking Continental concept car , one that I suspect Lincoln has been regretting not turning into a production vehicle back then . This new Continental may be their chance to pick up again . Advertisement And , from what we can see so far , it does n โ t look bad . The design has a strong , chrome - trimmed shoulder line that runs from the fender leading edge back that echo โ s the Continental โ s high mark , the 1961 - 1969 fourth generation . The grille has a very interesting mid - century inspired mesh pattern , one that auto show attendees may recognize from the large screens Lincoln decorates their booths with , and which has often been the most interesting design element in those booths . The Continental concept includes some interesting details like Tesla - style pop - out door handles ( good luck getting in if the battery dies , buddy ) and a novel dynamically - tinting clear roof that โ s visually designed as an unbroken element from the windshield . Also , the interior of the concept seems well - considered and very unafraid of blue and wood , not bad things . Still no suicide doors at the rear . Dammit . It โ s also possible to move the empty front passenger seat from the rear , a nice touch , and the rear seats fully recline . Also : Rear - seat passengers also enjoy the convenience of a tablet lap tray that deploys from the Through - center console , a champagne storage compartment , and Venetian leather first - class travel cases . Advertisement Whew . Poor champagne storage is my number one deal breaker when I โ m shopping for cars . Also , chili storage . The lighting design is interesting as well , with the long - desired full - length taillight unit and headlights that feature five smaller light units per headlight , designed to look like the Lincoln star badge . We โ ll see how much of this makes it to production , but it โ s at least novel . Technically , it does n โ t look like FoMoCo is planning to get too crazy , with the 3L EcoBoost V6 as the powerplant . The overall drivetrain is n โ t yet specified , and since Ford does n โ t really have all that many RWD platforms ( F150 and Mustang are the biggies ) it โ s safe to guess this will be AWD . They also specify : . . . Lincoln Drive Control that offers clients a choice of three driving modes โ normal , sport and comfort โ to suit their individual preferences . . . . but I ca n โ t think of any car with any kind of selectable driving mode that does n โ t offer those three basic preferences . A Lincoln should have some setting like HyperSmoothClass mode , where the suspension is softened to such a degree that you could play Jenga in the back while driving over railroad tracks . According to Lincoln โ s press release , โ Luxury at its best is about simplifying and quietly exceeding expectations , rather than being the loudest statement on the road , โ said Mark Fields , Ford Motor Company president and CEO . โ The Continental Concept showcases the promise of quiet luxury from Lincoln going forward . It also is a strong indication of what โ s to come next year as we introduce our new Lincoln Continental full - size luxury sedan . โ So , this โ quiet luxury โ thing โ what is that , PR code for โ old and rich ? โ Maybe . I mean , it โ s not a bad market to target , really . I think Lincoln actually has managed to make a handsome , elegant car here that does n โ t totally feel like everything else on the market , and that โ s a very good thing โ provided they can keep that feeling from getting watered down as this makes its ( probable ) way from concept to production . For example , I actually really like those pinwheel wheels , but I would n โ t be surprised to see them tamed into anonymity by the time this gets to market . Lincoln โ s PR also had this quote : โ Some brands talk about the machine . Lincoln is different . For us , it is about more than the machine . It is about what our vehicles do for our clients . โ - Kumar Galhotra , Lincoln president I think that โ s a dig at BMW , Audi , Mercedes , and the other German car makers ? Maybe ? It โ s all sort of PR horseshit , though . โ What the vehicles do for our clients โ โ they ferry their asses to and from restaurants , primarily . Happy now , Kumar ? Despite my cynicism to press releases , I โ m hopeful about this new Lincoln . It โ s the first thing we โ ve seen from Lincoln in quite a while that gets close to what the brand โ s original spirit and appeal was all about โ elegance , refinement , and a distinctively American take on luxury and comfort . We do n โ t need another copycat BMW or Audi , and it looks like Lincoln is finally out of that trap and on its way to rediscovering itself . Good luck ! Share This Story | [
"Lincoln Continental Concept"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/235956/01-number-01-the-first-general-lee | 01 Number 01 : The First General Lee Davey G . Johnson 2 / 12 / 07 3 : 30pm Filed to : Retro 11 Save Inside Line , new home of the Loverman , has the story of the first General Lee โ the example that leaps Rosco ' s cruiser at the close of the Dukes of Hazzard ' s opening credits . Hastily assembled by a crew at Warners ' the O.G. Lee was in sad shape when Travis Bell located the car in the yard of a Georgia transmission shop . After exchanging hands a number of times , Marvin Murphy commissioned Bell , co - founder of the North American General Lee Fan Club , to spearhead the restoration effort with the words , " Travis , if someone spray - painted the Mona Lisa , someone would have to restore it . You ' re that man . " And really , how can The Resurrection of the General Lee [ Inside Line ] Behind the Leaping Lee : Making the General Jump for the Camera Ever wonder what kind of stunt riggings made the big - screen " Dukes of Hazzard " remake โฆ Read more Share This Story | [
"First General Lee",
"Travis Bell",
"Georgia"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/5799011/why-americas-first-astronauts-all-drove-corvettes | Spacelopnik Why America ' s first astronauts all drove Corvettes Matt Hardigree 5 / 05 / 11 4 : 15pm Filed to : Spacelopnik 118 7 Alan Shepard showed up to space training in 1959 driving his ' 57 Chevy Corvette . After becoming the first American in space 50 years ago this very day , GM handed over the keys to a special 1962 Corvette as thanks for his bravery . And thus began a love affair between Astronauts and Corvettes . Though we must credit Shepard with being the first astronaut we know of to own a Corvette , former Indy 500 winner and GM dealer Jim Rathmann deserved credit for making sure the guys with The Right Stuff all drove the same car . With a Caddilac - Corvette dealership close to the Space Center in Florida , Rathmann offered astronauts " special " lease terms . According to GM , six of the Mercury astronauts took advantage of the arrangement and drove out with Corvettes . Shepard and Virgil " Gus " Grissom famously dueled in their Corvettes , with Grissom upgrading his ' 67 with faster gearing and room for wider racing tires . In 1969 , Apollo 12 astronauts Dick Gordon , Charles Conrad , and Alan Bean were so smitten with the ' Vette they all ordered custom 390 - hp 427 Stingray coupes made out with a gold - on - black color scheme designed by Bean himself . Advertisement NASA worried photos of them in the cars would serve as an official endorsement , and rightly so . The image of the three of them atop their Corvettes just makes you want to climb into one , even today . The association with astronauts was further strengthened by Tom Wolfe ' s book " The Right Stuff " and in films like Apollo 13 and Terms of Endearment . Even James T . Kirk drives a ' 65 Corvette in the latest Star Trek movie . Despite the help of a local dealer , the astronauts of the era would probably have still chosen the American vehicles most like their own spaceships : small , fast , and hi - tech . Advertisement On Saturday , May 7th in Cocoa Beach , Florida a parade commemorating the 50th anniversary of Shepard ' s flight will include 30 or so surviving astronauts in Corvettes from the proper generations It ' s worth pointing out that one of the original astronauts did not drive a Corvette . John Glenn decided to get a station wagon because he had a family . We ' re guessing Glenn was also the designated driver for the astronaut ' s many outings . Photo GM / Getty / Life Share This Story | [
"Mercury astronauts",
"NASA",
"drove Corvettes"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/5945857/ten-things-to-do-when-youre-selling-your-car | Ten Things To Do When You โ re Selling Your Car Raphael Orlove 9 / 24 / 12 11 : 00am Filed to : Answers Of The Day 95 Save Getting rid of your pride and joy is never easy . At least Jalopnik readers have a to - do checklist for selling your car with as little fuss and as much profit as possible . What Do You Do When You Sell Your Car ? Selling a car is a big process ; you have to get your car looking nice , you have to write a โฆ Read more Welcome back to Answers of the Day โ our daily Jalopnik feature where we take the best ten responses from the previous day ' s Question of the Day and shine it up to show off . It ' s by you and for you , the Jalopnik readers . Enjoy ! These are n ' t the only ten things you need to do in order to get your car sold , but this list is a good place to start if you do n ' t want to constantly have to undercut your price or stare at an unsold vehicle taking up space in your driveway that could be used for your next purchase . Photo Credit : Robert Couse - Baker Advertisement 10 . ) Get it inspected Suggested By : benmoo What Do You Do When You Sell Your Car ? Selling a car is a big process ; you have to get your car looking nice , you have to write a โฆ Read more Advertisement Why : Find out what ' s wrong with your car with a professional inspection . You will know you ' re not selling anything dangerous , and you can fix any small problem with your car . If you try and sell your car with lots of small faults , the buyer has more negotiating power over you . Photo Credit : The Hamster Factor 9 . ) Clean it like it ' s never been cleaned before Suggested By : ChibiBlackSheep consistently inconsistent Brian1321 Why : A clean car will sell faster and for more money . Clean out the inside to remove all your old wrappers and gum and look for any incriminating evidence of your own life . Hit these target areas for the interior : Seats โ treat the leather / vacuum the cloth . Ashtrays Carpets All the glass in the car Armorall the dash Get a steam cleaning if you smoke in the car . For the exterior : clay the paint , wash the car , and then wax the car . Check out this good video series that covers all of these steps Colin Bewes 8 . ) Get great photos Superkiwizorro maximum_sarge Your crappy digital camera from 2004 is not going to cut it and neither is your smart phone . If you really want your car to sell , take โ show ' quality pictures of the car . Find a bright , pretty location and use a nice camera . Take pictures all the way around the car . Take pictures of each part of the interior . In fact , it ' s not a bad idea to rent a camera or even hire a professional photographer if your car is nice enough . Philip Ray 7 . ) KBB vs Local Craigslist patterns vs Setting your price Xelmon How do you know how much to list your car for , and how do you know if someone is totally low balling you ? Make a price comparison sheet . Start by checking the Kelly Blue Book value of your car . Then check the prices that cars like yours are going for on your local Craigslist . There can be a big difference between these two estimates . Finally , put all of these prices down on paper and set your own price . When a buyer comes and is haggling with you on price , you will now have something concrete to back up your own value . Thomas Hawk 6 . ) Get someone to proofread your ad SolamenteDave Eyaare Even professional authors need editing . Very little makes a person trust an online listing less than ALL CAPS TEXT WIT TONZ OF SPEELING ERRORS . If you ' re not a good writer in the first place , getting your friend in marketing to write the ad has proven quite successful " Jesus Tap - Dancing Christ " The Greatest Craigslist Car Ad Ever I know it ' s a bold claim , to say you ' ve found the best Craigslist car ad ever . When a โฆ Craigslist 5 . ) List your car on a specialty forum 900turbo Online enthusiast forums provide you with a ready group of interested , informed potential buyers . It will be easier for enthusiasts to understand the value of your car . AlfaBB 4 . ) Tell your friends you ' re selling your car manifoldengines , wanting for time You ' d be surprised how often people sell their cars to their own friends and relatives . This also saves you from having to deal with tons of lowballing strangers . Misha Bittleston 3 . ) Be brutally honest Earthbound And Down 1995droptopz Do not try and hide any problems with your car . If you pretend it ' s a 100 - point show queen , any buyer will immediately lose trust in you when they spot all the rusts , the scrapes , the weak A / C , and every other little weakness . No matter what , your ad should include these details : Engine size / type Transmission type # of miles Any major damage Any failed parts Any positive qualities unique to your vehicle New parts you have recently installed Price and your state of negotiation Garret Voight 2 . ) Get a bill of sale Slacks Brazzzzzle The legalities of selling a car vary from state to state and can be confusing . Let ' s break it down . A bill of sale is not required by all states to legally transfer ownership of your car , but it makes the sale explicit by identifying what car you ' re selling , and conditions attached to the sale , and the agreed price . Your state may probably require you to go through the DMV . A state - by - state breakdown of what forms you need can be found online , here . Fill all this out before showing up to the DMV , lest it turn into a horror story . A bill of sale should include : Your name and address The buyer ' s name and address The vehicle identification number ( VIN ) Year , make , and model Odometer reading Purchase price Date of sale The phrase " sold as is , " unless you have agreed to something else Your signature and the buyer ' s signature Jeremy Brooks 1 . ) Cut the cord ClayW Once you ' re done sobbing and drinking the pain away , you need to remove yourself emotionally from your car . You will get a better price , and you will sell your car faster , as reader ClayW explains . As soon as you put a " For Sale " sign in the window , pretend that it ' s no longer your car . You ca n ' t be too particular about who wants to buy it or what their plans might be for your baby โ You ' re going to sell it to the first person that shows up with cash and then you ' re going to forget about the car . Do n ' t hold out for the well - heeled buyer that ' s going to continue your restoration and / or baby your baby . Do n ' t worry about whether or not it ' s going to get regularly cleaned and waxed . Do n ' t make the guy promise to send you pictures in a year . The car is gone , man . Chauncer Share This Story | [
"Selling Your Car",
"professional inspection",
"Local Craigslist patterns"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/5956062/how-to-siphon-gas | How To Siphon Gas Jalopnik 11 / 02 / 12 1 : 15pm Filed to : How To 3 Save If you โ re still without power , there โ s a good chance it may take a while to get it back . Some places may take a week or more . If that โ s you , I โ m assuming you โ re reading this via the network of squirrels you modified to receive WiFi or 3G signals with drywall screws in their cranium , and then squeaking the content of web pages back to you in morse code . Good thinking . You may be lucky enough to have a generator ( or are using your car ) to provide power . But , generator juice is n โ t infinite , and at some point you โ re going to lose yourself playing Forza and realize you โ re almost out of gas , and hence what little electricity you have . And , in this case , electricity = sanity . Getting to a gas station is likely to be an incredible pain , from what we โ ve seen so far . So would transporting cans of gas back by hand or precariously on your bike . Luckily , you โ re likely surrounded by a great deal of gas in your waterlogged ( and your friend โ s ) cars . We do n โ t condone stealing the gas ( unless it โ s an emergency ) and even then you should really be prepared to reimburse . Okay ? So , here โ s how to siphon gas ( relatively ) safely out of a tank . Many of you know this , but I still meet a good number of car folks that do n โ t . It โ s quite easy . As always : be safe , use common sense , and do so at your own risk . Advertisement Here โ s what you โ ll need : a hose ( clear preferred ) , a gas can ( ideally actually designed to hold gas โ if not , avoid thin plastics and try and use something metal , like a watering can ) , and a pair of functioning lungs . Before we go into the procedure , let โ s quickly cover how and why this actually works . Essentially , when we siphon a liquid , we โ re suctioning some of the liquid from a higher source into a hose , so that there is an unbroken โ chain โ of liquid from the source and into the hose , ending when the hose ends over your receiving container . Advertisement When the fluid is filling both the source tank and the interior of the hose as one unbroken mass , the pressure of air inside the tank will press down on the liquid , forcing the fluid through the hose and eventually exiting at the source . Because the liquid is actually being pushed by air pressure , the fluid can go against gravity to get to the exit , as long as the eventual exit is lower . That means it can go up a section of hose needed to exit the gas tank before going back down to Step One : Get the hose in the tank : This is actually the hardest part . Most cars today have small fuel - filler openings with spring - loaded flaps inside them to prevent fuel vapors from escaping . Depending on the stiffness of your hose , you may need to first open the little flap . I โ ve used a chopstick before , and in New York , any apartment should have a drawerful of those things . Your chosen hose diameter will need to fit through the hole , which is roughly 50 - cent piece sized . If you โ re using a screwdriver to pry the flap open , be careful โ you could bend the flap or scratch the paint , or , unlikely but possible , create a spark and blow everything up . If you do that , everyone will call you an idiot even though they want their phones charged as much as you . Assholes . You can also use a funnel to get the flap open , or a turkey baster with the bulb removed , or , more ideally , the nozzle from a gas can โ if you have one with a removable nozzle . Take your time , and make sure the flap is n โ t kinking your hose too much . If so , you may need a friend to hold the flap open with a chopstick . Step Two : Suck gas into the hose . This is the part with the most possibility of danger . Tempting as it is , do n โ t drink the gas . I know it looks golden and crisp and refreshing , but it โ s not . This is why a clear hose is handy . I โ m assuming you โ re improvising here , so you may not have one . If you โ re using a length of garden hose or something , you can usually feel the gas approaching your mouth before it hits . If you get gas in your mouth , do n โ t panic โ just do n โ t swallow . Then rinse your mouth with water . The key to this step is no air pockets in the hose . So , keep your length of hose as short and straight as you safely can . Step three : Once you get the gas near the end of the hose , place the end of the hose in your receiving vessel , pointing down . Gas should start to flow from the tank into your gas can . Keep the inside - tank end low in the tank and submerged to prevent air from getting in , which will ruin the siphon . The gas should flow in a good , steady stream . When you get your vessel filled , kink the end of the hose and raise it higher than the tank , opening facing up . Open the end , letting air in to force the remaining gas in the hose back in the tank . Then , remove the hose ( you may need to hold the little flap open to do this ) , replace the gas cap , clean up any spilled gas or vomit , and you โ re done ! It โ s pretty easy once you do it , and watching the gas flow through a clear hose with some loops in it is kind of soothing . Just take your time , do n โ t steal anyone โ s gas , and be careful . Happy siphoning ! Share This Story | [
"Siphon Gas",
"drywall screws",
"receive WiFi"
] |
http://jalopnik.com/the-next-porsche-911-turbo-will-not-have-a-manual-trans-485926339 | The Next Porsche 911 Turbo Will Not Have A Manual Transmission Travis Okulski 4 / 30 / 13 11 : 40am Filed to : 2014 Porsche 911 Turbo 112 1 If you did n ' t realize this was coming , then I do n ' t know what to tell you . I ca n ' t say I ' m surprised , but the next 911 Turbo wo n ' t be available with a manual gearbox . Cue the angry mob . The 2014 911 GT3 set a precedent for Porsche ' s top - of - the - line performance models earlier this year when it was declared that it would not be available with a row your own gearbox . PDK is the future of Porsche cars . 2014 Porsche 911 GT3 : This Is It ( UPDATED ) The Porsche 911 is all well and good . The 911 Turbo is fantastic . But people that like driving , โฆ Read more Also , the majority of 911 Turbos would probably be sold with PDK anyway . While still a brilliant driver ' s car , the Turbo is n ' t always bought by people that have a carnal desire to row their own gears . Some buy it solely because it ' s the most expensive 911 , some buy it because it ' s the fastest accelerating 911 , but there are n ' t a majority of buyers that get one to do track work or to be totally engaged in their driving experience . They ' ll still drive them fast , but I get the sense that the Turbo buyer is n ' t close to the same as the GT3 buyer . This is just a rare case where PDK fits both applications perfectly . Smooth and fast in the Turbo , raunchy and ridiculous in the GT3 . Advertisement Photo Credit : .curt . via flickr Share This Story | [
"Porsche 911 Turbo",
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] |
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20181022/shaw-high-weed-minister-sees-increased-earning-potential-jamaica | Shaw high on weed Minister sees increased earning potential for Jamaica Published Monday October 22 2018 1200 AM Christopher SerjuGleaner Writer Gladstone Taylor Minister of Agriculture Audley Shaw right and Canadian high commissioner to Jamaica Laurie Peters at the PROPEL presentation Highlighting Sustainable Economic Opportunities for Women and Youth through Agribusiness at the Canadian High Commission in Kingston last Thursday Eastern Jamaica rocked by 32 magnitude earthquake PAJ boss urges local journalists to safeguard systems that guarantee their freedom | [
"Jamaica"
] |
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110717/cleisure/cleisure5.html | Jamaica - uniquely first ( ? ) Published : Sunday | July 17 , 2011 | 12 : 00 AM Egerton Chang Egerton Chang , Contributor We all know of the exploits of Usain , Shelly - Ann , VCB , Brigitte , Melaine , Sherone , Kerron , Asafa et al at the Olympics and World Championships that have catapulted Jamaica to the very top of athletics . But how many of us know that the Jamaican flag is the ONLY flag in the world that does n ' t share any of the colours of the American flag ? This is according to an email making the rounds on the Internet . This is not exactly so , however , as Mauritania ( green and yellow ) and Libya ( green only ) also does n ' t share any of these colours . I checked , and even the flag of the newly created South Sudan carries red , white and blue . It also has black , green and gold , making it one of the most colourful flags . Jamaica has three colours nevertheless , and qualifies in this respect . Then again , how many know that Jamaica is the first British colonial territory to establish a postal service ( in 1688 ) having been the first colony England acquired by conquest . This web ' fact ' is incorrect in one respect . During the reign of King Charles II , the governor of Jamaica was instructed to make arrangement for the establishment of a post office in Jamaica . This was because of complaints from early settlers concerning the slow delivery of mail . As a result , on October 31 , 1671 ( not 1688 as per the Web ) , Jamaica became the first British colony to have established a post office . The post office was established in the then capital , St Jago de la Vega , or Spanish Town as it is now known . ( Postal Corporation of Jamaica ) In the United States , William Penn established its first post office in 1683 in Pennsylvania ( 12 years after Jamaica ) . In the South , private messengers , usually slaves , connected the huge plantations ; a hogshead of tobacco was the penalty for failing to relay mail to the next plantation . Central postal organisation came to the US colonies only after 1691 when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American postal service . ( About . com Therefore , it seems to me , Jamaica could lay claim to having the first post office in the entire Western Hemisphere . Jamaica has the most ' churches ' per square mile of any country in the world . ( Source : Guinness Book of World Records ) . That ' s another ' fact ' making the rounds . I have not been able to actually verify same with ' Guinness ' , but ever since I have known myself , I have heard this said about Jamaica . So I believe this one . As we say , " If it no go so , it go near so . " Jamaica was the first country in the Western world to construct a railway , even before the United States ! This is not true . The Baltimore and Ohio railway in the United States was incorporated in 1827 and officially opened in 1830 . Other railroads soon followed , including the Camden and Amboy by 1832 . The railways of Jamaica , constructed from 1845 , were the first railway lines opened to traffic outside Europe and North America , and the second British colony after Canada ' s Champlain and St Lawrence Railroad of 1836 to receive a railway system . Construction started only 20 years after George Stephenson ' s Stockton and Darlington Railway commenced operations in the United Kingdom . ( Wikipedia ) Golfing in Jamaica The Manchester Golf Club in Jamaica , established in 1868 , is the oldest in the Western Hemisphere ! This web assertion appears to be accurate save for the year . Built on the hills near Mandeville in 1865 , the Manchester club is Jamaica ' s and the Caribbean ' s oldest golf course . The course boasts nine greens and 18 teeing grounds . ( worldgolf . com The earliest clubs formed outside Scotland was the Royal Blackheath Golf Club of England , which came into existence in 1766 , followed by the Old Manchester Golf Club founded on the Kersal Moor in 1818 . Eighteenth - century golf in the United States , while known to exist , did not catch on , and it was in Canada that golf first established firm roots in North America . The Royal Montreal Club was formed in 1873 ( eight years after Mandeville ) , the Quebec Golf Club in 1875 , followed by a golf club at Toronto Tourcanada . com Jamaica was the first commercial producer of bananas in the Western Hemisphere . This appears to be true . Thanks in part to shipping and refrigeration , bananas were able to be sent long distances . Elders & Fyffes established the Imperial Direct Line between Bristol and Jamaica in 1901 . This was taken over by the United Fruit Company in 1910 . ( uwimona . edu . com Another ' fact ' making it on the Web is that Jamaica had electricity before the United States . This one is not believable , as Thomas Edison distributed electricity using direct current , which required thick copper wires and was limited by the maximum distance of 1 1 / 2 miles Meanwhile , Nikola Tesla developed the more feasible method of distribution using alternating current . Westinghouse used Tesla ' s system to light the World ' s Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 . His success was a factor in winning him the contract to install the first History records that one of the first ever piped water - supply systems for the Western Hemisphere originated in the Jamaican town of Falmouth , Trelawny . In 1766 , Roger Hope Elleston , owner of Hope Estates , constructed an open conduit to carry surplus water from his property to the then town of Kingston , with branches at Duke , King and Orange streets . The Hope River was the source of this supply and the conduit was constructed at his own expense . The system fell into a state of disrepair and its operation was eventually discontinued in 1777 . The development of piped water supplies in Jamaica , however , can be traced back to 1799 when the Falmouth Water Works Company was established with the Martha Brae its source to supply the town of Falmouth with water . It was , therefore , the first town in Jamaica to enjoy the convenience of a piped water system . The Falmouth Water Wheel today stands solidly as a monumental example of one of the first water - supply systems . ( National Water Commission ) . Perhaps you could send me other Jamaican ' firsts ' and firsts . Jamaica - wi proud o ' you . Email feedback to columns @ gleanerjm . com and e_rider69 @ hotmail . com | [
"Jamaica"
] |
http://jamesarness.com/bio.html | James Arness was born on May 26 , 1923 in Minneapolis , Minnesota . He started his career as a radio announcer in Minnesota in 1945 . James served in World War II at Anzio where he was wounded . He was awarded a Purple Heart during his time in the service . After moving to Los Angeles , he played roles in many films . In 1946 he played opposite Loretta Young in " The Farmers Daughter " . In 1951 he appeared in the science fiction movie " The Thing " . From 1952 - 1955 he was contracted with John Wayne ' s Company " Bat Jack " during which he made four films with John Wayne . Other notable movies in which he appeared are " The Sea Chase " , " Hondo " , " Island in the Sky " , " Big Jim McLain " , " In 1955 John Wayne introduced James on the first episode of " Gunsmoke " . From 1955 through 1975 he played Matt Dillon on " Gunsmoke " which was the longest running dramatic series ever produced . In addition to Television series he made five Gunsmoke movies for TV the last of which was produced in 1990 " Gunsmoke 2 : The Last Apache " From 1976 through 1979 he starred in รฌHow the West Was Wonรฎ which was rated as the fifth all time mini - series . James also played on the series " Big Jim McLain " . To his credit he is an Honorary US Marshall and was involved with the US Marshal for a several years in their charity work . James was inducted into the Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City . There is a painting of him in the Museum along with memorabilia he contributed . Over the years James has donated many items to charity . The most notable being the 1400 acre ranch in Simi Valley that he donated to the Brandis Institute in 1968 . He donated his 60 ft . catamaran ' Sea Smoke ' , that specially built for him , to the Boy Scouts . James and his wife Janet are currently involved with United Cerebral Palsy . James and Janet live in semi - retirement in the Brentwood area . James ' brother , Peter Graves , is still active in the TV industry . Jim Arness starred in many films , television movies , series and specials . The following is a listing of his many accomplishments . Gunsmoke The longest running dramatic series ever produced . 1955 - 1975 The Farmer ' s Daughter 1947 Man from Texas 1947 Roses are Red Battleground 1949 Wagonmaster 1950 Sierra 1950 Two Lost Worlds Double Crossbones Stars in my Crown Wyoming Mail Calvary Scout 1951 Belle le Grand 1951 Iron Man The Thing The People Against O - Hara Carbine Williams 1952 Hellgate 1952 The Girl in White Big Jim McLain Horizons West Lone Hand 1953 Ride the Man Down 1953 Island in the Sky Veils of Bagdad Hondo 1954 Her Twelve Men 1954 Them Flame of the Islands 1955 Many Rivers to Cross 1955 The Sea Chase Arizona Mission 1956 Gun the Man Down 1956 The First Traveling Saleslady The Lone Ranger Lux Video Theatre " The Chase " Front Row Center The Red Skelton Chevy Special 1959 The Chevrolet Golden Anniv . Show 1961 A Salute to Television ' s 25th Anniv . 1972 The Macahans 1976 How The West Was Won 1976 - 1979 The Alamo : 13 Days to Glory 1987 Gunsmoke : Return to Dodge 1987 Red River 1988 Gunsmoke 2 : The Last Apache 1990 | [
"James Arness",
"radio announcer",
"Minneapolis , Minnesota"
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http://jamesbdonovan.com/ | THE BEST MUSICIAN AND BAND WEBSITE PLATFORM THE BEST MUSICIAN AND BAND WEBSITE PLATFORM BEAUTIFUL Stunning musician and band website designs that can be personalized to get the unique look and feel that you want . EFFECTIVE The right set of band website management tools that put you in control of your online presence and help you succeed . EASY The best band website platform , no coding needed . With Section 101 , managing and hosting your band website is just that easy . EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SUPPORT Our dedicated and friendly website customer care team is here to help you . Client Spotlight : PENTATONIX It would be hard to imagine the holiday season without Pentatonix ! The band recently released their fourth , chart topping , seasonal record , โ Christmas is Here . โ The first single โ Making Christmas โ was released in October , and โ Sweater Weather โ followed shortly thereafter . The album features guest appearances by Maren Morris and Kelly Clarkson , who will both appear on PTX โ s latest holiday special , A Not So Silent Night , on NBC . Currently , three of the band โ s holiday albums are on the Billboard Top 200 and SIX Christmas covers by Pentatonix are on iTunes Top 100 Christmas Song chart . Alongside blowing up the charts , the vocal group โ s annual holiday tour started in Grand Prairie , TX on November 25th . Fittingly , they will finish in New York City with four dates at the historic Beacon Theatre on December 18 , 19 , 20 & 22 . Section 101 is proud to work with Pentatonix on their fan - centric website at https : / / ptxofficial . com . The splash page changes to reflect what project the band is working on , and it โ s chock full of music , videos , tour dates and links to the band โ s merch page and VIP fan club . Stop by and get in to the spirit of the holidays with Pentatonix ! Section 101 In The News Jesse Clegg S.A Tour Posted on 12 / 19 / 2018 . . .read more Grammy HITS List Posted on 12 / 13 / 2018 . . .read more Joe Sample Youth Organization Posted on 11 / 29 / 2018 Jamie Kent ' s " Ai n โ t No Jesus " Posted on 11 / 29 / 2018 New Vinyl from Eagles of Death Metal Posted on 11 / 14 / 2018 Amazing Relationships View More Here Join Our Email List Join to receive pro website tips and best practices for bands , musicians , authors , and more . By submitting , you agree to terms and conditions Southwest Invasion 2018 Section 101 Resources Take advantage of our amazing free resources to help you get the most out of your artist , author , instructor , musician and band website . Webinars Demo on Demand Coaching & Support Tips & Best Practices Chat with a Specialist | [
"BAND WEBSITE PLATFORM",
"BEST MUSICIAN",
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http://jamesbond.wikia.com/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film) | in : Unsourced quotes James Bond films Eon Films Roger Moore films The Spy Who Loved Me ( film ) Edit Share Novel Film Game Soundtrack Song Novelisation Characters Cast & Crew James Bond : Roger Moore Director : Lewis Gilbert Producer ( s ) : Albert R . Broccoli Writer ( s ) : Christopher Wood Screenplay : Christopher Wood , Richard Maibaum Editor : John Glen Music : Marvin Hamlisch Theme song : Nobody Does It Better Marvin Hamlisch ( Composer ) Carole Bayer Sager ( Composer ) Carly Simon ( Performer ) Facts & Figures Budget : $ 14 million Gross : $ 185.4 million Distributed By : United Artists Released : 7 July 1977 ( London , premiere ) Running Time : 125 minutes Preceded By : The Man with the Golden Gun ( film ) Followed By : Moonraker ( film ) Sir Frederick Gray : " Bond ! What do you think you ' re doing ? James Bond : " Keeping the British end up , sir . โ James Bond and Sir Frederick Gray , Minister of Defence . The Spy Who Loved Me is the tenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the third to star Roger Moore as James Bond . It was directed by Lewis Gilbert with the screenplay being penned by Christopher Wood and Richard Maibaum . The film takes its title from Ian Fleming ' s novel The Spy Who Loved Me , the tenth book in the James Bond series , though it does not contain any elements of the novel ' s plot . The Spy Who Loved Me is generally the most critically acclaimed of Roger Moore ' s seven film tenure as James Bond ( although 1979 ' s Moonraker was his most commercially successful ) , and is frequently lauded as one of the greatest Bond movies of all time . Contents show Plot summary A British nuclear submarine experiences a serious disruption of power . The captain looks through the periscope and sees something foreboding , however we do not see what he does . In Moscow General Gogol hears that a Soviet nuclear sub has also vanished without trace . He promises to assign his best agent , Major Anya Amasova , codename XXX , to investigate . In Austria James Bond is enjoying a romantic encounter in a remote cabin in the Alps when he ' s called back to duty by M . He dons his ski gear and leaves , his lover says she needs him to which James replies , " So does England ! " As James skis away from the cabin , he ' s pursued by a group of four Russian agents . James is able to evade his attackers and , using a ski pole that doubles as a type of rocket gun , kills one of them , a man whom is the group leader ( and who happens to be XXX ' s lover ) . Bond approaches a sheer cliff and skis over Anya Amasova reports to Gogol in Moscow where she ' s given her new assignment - the search for the missing submarines . Gogol also informs her that her lover was killed in an operation . Amasova is visibly shaken but says she ' ll dedicate herself to the mission at hand . Meanwhile , Bond meets with M at a British naval yard where the mission path for the lost submarine is studied : Bond shows M , Fredrick Gray the Minister of Defense , Admiral Hargreaves and others a transparency that shows the route had somehow been stolen . M orders Bond to Cairo on his first lead . In the Mediterranean Sea , two scientists who have developed a sophisticated submarine tracking device , meet with Karl Stromberg , a rich and powerful businessman who lives in a specially designed city , Atlantis , that can submerge beneath the ocean surface . He thanks the two scientists for their invention , but before he allows them to leave , he deals with his secretary , who has stolen information from him ; she enters his elevator and Stromberg opens the floor dropping her into a large pool where a tiger shark eats her alive . As the two men leave by helicopter , Stromberg activates a bomb that destroys it and kills them . He killed the scientists as a loose end to prevent them from ever talking about their work with him Sandor and the seven - foot tall , silent Jaws , so named because he has steel teeth . Stromberg instructs them to go to Egypt and find the stolen submarine tracking system blueprints and to kill anyone who comes into contact with the plans . Bond arrives in Egypt , meeting with a old contact who tells him to find a man named Fekkesh , a local businessman whom is seeking to buy the submarine tracking system . Bond goes to the man ' s house where a woman tells him Fekkesh is n ' t home and refuses to reveal his location . As Bond kisses her , Sandor tries to shoot him . Bond uses the woman to take the bullet and chases after Sandor , fighting with him and dangling him over the edge of the house ' s roof . He forces the assassin to reveal Fekkesh ' s location and then lets him fall off the building , killing Bond goes to Giza to meet Fekkesh at the pyramids where he sees XXX has already found the man . While the pyramid light show goes on , Fekkesh notices Jaws standing to the side . He quickly leaves to escape , Jaws in pursuit , Bond following closely . Jaws corners the man and kills him with a bite to his neck . Jaws also escapes from Bond . In order to continue the investigation , Bond must meet with a man named Max Kalba at his nightclub in Cairo . Anya Amasova also meets him there and the two meet with Kalba to obtain a valuable microfilm containing designs for the submarine tracking system that may have been used to abduct the missing subs . Kalba prepares to negotiate a price with the two government ' s agents when he ' s called away to the phone . Jaws ( disguised as a maintenance man ) kills him in the phone booth after obtaining the microfilm . Bond and Amasova stow away in Jaws ' van and he drives out to a site of In the morning , the two agents chase Jaws through a series of Egyptian ruins , finally cornering him and obtaining the microfilm . Bond and Amasova escape in Jaws ' vehicle and make it to a boat on the Nile . Bond examines the microfilm on board without Amasova ' s knowing and the two settle down for the journey . Suddenly , Amasova renders Bond unconscious and takes the microfilm . Bond recovers the next day and reports to another site of ruins where he finds Amasova , Gogol and M waiting . With the assistance of Q , they examine the microfilm , which is worthless , a conclusion that Bond came to when examining it on the boat . However , they do find evidence of a symbol hidden in it that identifies Karl Stromberg . Their superiors order Bond and Amasova to investigate on the island of Sardinia , where Stromberg lives . The two travel there by train ( in a scene that recalls the train ride in From Russia With Love ) . They are attacked by Jaws , however , Bond is able to fight him off and expel him from the train . Upon arriving in Sardinia , Bond and Anya Amasova meet Q who has brought Bond ' s car , a Lotus Esprit S1 . The two meet with Stromberg ' s secretary and assistant , Naomi , who takes them out to Atlantis . Bond poses as a marine biologist and meets with Stromberg , who tells the undercover Bond of his love of the sea and how an underwater city ( like the model he has in his private chamber ) may be the only hope for the future of humanity . As they leave , Naomi is telling Anya about Stromberg ' s largest ship , a one - million ton supertanker named the Liparus . After seeing a small model of the tanker , Bond privately remarks that the design of her bow is unusual . After Bond and Anya leave Atlantis , Jaws comes out of a hidden room and confirms to Stromberg that Bond and Amasova are the spies that he encountered in Egypt . Stromberg instructs Jaws to wait until the Bond and Amasova get ashore and to kill them both . As they speed away in Bond ' s Lotus , they are attacked by Stromberg ' s men , first by a motorbike assassin who attempts to destroy the car with a warhead sidecar . Next , Jaws and a carload of assassins attempt to shoot at Bond who is able to throw off their pursuit using the car ' s defenses . They are also attacked by Naomi in a helicopter , firing on them in a strafing run . As the chase continues , Bond drives off the end of a pier and converts his car to a In the submerged car / submarine , Bond and Amasova proceed to Atlantis , now submerged . Unable to find anything conclusive from outside , they prepare to leave and are attacked by several frogmen and mini - subs . Bond destroys them all with the Lotus ' defenses , however , they are forced to surface on a beach when the Lotus is damaged by an underwater mine . Back at their hotel , the two plan their next moves . Bond sends a message to M in London , inquiring about the supertanker Liparus . A short while later , a telex reply comes back explaining that in the past nine months when the was launched , there is no record of the ship being in port anywhere in the world . Bond and Anya suspect that something is up and decide to find the tanker to get a closer look at it . When Bond lights one of Anya ' s cigarettes , she notices that the lighter he uses is from the city near where her lover was killed . She confronts Bond on the issue , to which Bond replies that he acted in self - defense when he killed the man . Anya vows revenge as soon as their current The two spies next find themselves on an American submarine monitoring the . While surveying it , the sub is rendered inoperable and is swallowed by the ; the bow of the opens , revealing a large submarine dock inside . . . with the captured British and Russian subs . The crew are forced out of the sub and taken prisoner by the heavily armed crewmen . Bond and Anya are identified almost immediately and are also taken prisoner . On the bridge of the , Stromberg explains his plans to use the nuclear missiles aboard both the captured British and Russian subs to ignite a nuclear war between the superpowers . The resulting nuclear holocaust will destroy the surface world , leaving Stromberg the opportunity to rule an underwater kingdom . Stromberg departs for Atlantis with Anya as his personal captive , leaving his crew to begin the assault as crews board the British and Russian subs and depart to their launching stations in the Atlantic Ocean . Afterwards , the Captain orders Bond to be put with the rest of the prisoners . Bond escapes before he can be imprisoned and frees the British , Russian and American sailors . The combined sub crews lead an all - out assault on the Liparus ' crew , taking the dock areas and most of the ship despite taking heavy casualties , including the British sub captain . Unable to break into the heavily fortified bridge control room , Bond uses a nuclear warhead detonator to blow a hole in the armored wall of the control room , and the crews kill the rest of the crew , including the captain . With the two Stromberg - controlled submarines on their launch stations in the Atlantic , Bond has the American sub captain use the tracking system computer on the to transfer the coordinates of each submarine to the other as their targets . The ruse works , causing the two submarines to destroy each other . On fire from the battle , the begins to blow up from the fires on the ship . Bond , the American sub captain , and the remainder of the American , British , and Russian crews board the American sub and escape from before it explodes and sinks . They set course for Atlantis , which has been ordered to be destroyed . Bond argues with the American captain that Anya is still on Atlantis and must be rescued first . He is given a wetbike ( an early Jet - Ski ) and arrives at Atlantis ahead of the sub . Bond takes the elevator to Stromberg ' s level , avoiding the trap door in the elevator floor . Bond finds Stromberg in his massive dining room . Stromberg attempts to kill Bond with a harpoon gun located under the dining table but misses . Bond then Still searching for Anya , he encounters Jaws and outwits him , using an electromagnetic crane to seize his metal teeth and drop him into the shark tank . The shark is no match for its namesake ; Jaws quickly bites and kills it . Bond finds Anya tied up in a torture room , just as the American submarine begins its attack , torpedoing Atlantis . The city begins to sink into the ocean , slowly filling with water . Bond and Anya escape from Atlantis in a pod that surfaces . ( Jaws himself is also seen escaping the stricken Atlantis and swims off . ) In the pod , as Bond relaxes , Anya takes his gun , seemingly intent on killing him . But she changes her mind and shoots off a cork on a champagne bottle , having forgiven Bond A little later , the escape pod is found by a British vessel which captures it . M , Minister of Defense Gray and General Gogol find the two semi - nude agents in the midst of a romantic encounter inside . The film is best known for the Bond ' s Lotus Esprit submarine / car and the introduction of Jaws , a giant and seemingly indestructible assassin with steel teeth . Jaws , played by Richard Kiel , is the only henchman of the James Bond villains privileged to appear in more than one film . He later appeared in Moonraker . Previously , Kiel played a similar character in the action comedy Silver Streak starring Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor . Cast & characters Roger Moore Anya Amasova Barbara Bach Karl Stromberg Curt Jurgens Jaws Richard Kiel Naomi Caroline Munro Sir Fredrick Gray Geoffrey Keen General Anatol Gogol Walter Gotell M Bernard Lee Sheik Hosein Edward de Souza Max Kalba Vernon Dobtcheff Captain Benson George Baker Q Desmond Llewelyn Miss Moneypenny Lois Maxwell Sergei Barsov Michael Billington CMDR Carter Shane Rimmer CMDR Talbot Bryan Marshall Martine Blanchaud Sue Vanner Aziz Fekkesh Nadim Sawalha Rubelvitch Eva Reuber - Staier Felicca Olga Bisera Robert Brown had a small role in as Admiral Hargreaves . Brown would go on to replace Bernard Lee as in Octopussy . It has never been established as to whether Brown was supposed to be still playing Lee ' s character , a promoted Hargreaves , or someone else , though the novelizations to later films state that Sir Miles Messervy ( Bernarnd Lee ' s character ) remaned M until the mid - 90s when Judi Dench assumed the role . Walter Gotell makes his first appearance as General Gogol of the KGB . Gogol would appear in all future Roger Moore Bond films and would make his final appearance in Timothy Dalton ' s The Living Daylights . While this was his first appearance as Gogol , this is Gotell ' s second appearance in a James Bond film . His first was in From Russia with Love where he played the villain Morzeny Crew Directed by : Lewis Gilbert Produced by : Albert R . Broccoli William P . Cartlidge Screenplay by : Christopher Wood Richard Maibaum Composed by : Marvin Hamlisch Cinematography by : Claude Renoir Film editor and second unit director : John Glen Production design by : Ken Adam Soundtrack Main Article : The Spy Who Loved Me ( soundtrack ) Vehicles & gadgets Main articles : List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets Lotus Esprit โ Including all of the usual Q refinements , this car was equipped with surface to air missiles . The main feature of the car however was the ability to transform into a submarine . Once transformed it could unleash depth charges and smoke screens . The car was nicknamed Wet Nellie , a reference to the autogyro provided by Q for Bond ' s use in You Only Live Twice Wetbike โ a hydrofoil " water motorcycle " used by Bond to travel from the US Submarine to Stromberg ' s Atlantis to save Anya . Built by a subsidiary of Minnesota - based Arctic Enterprises . Anya ' s Cigarette โ The cigarette used by Anya contained knock - out powder . Seiko Quartzwatch โ Basically working like a pager , it had a built - in telex that allowed MI6 to send important messages to Bond , printing them out like a miniature teletype . ( It actually looked more like a label - maker tape . ) Ski pole - gun โ Was used to fire miniature explosive projectiles . Bond uses it to kill Sergei Barsov while escaping from him in the pre - credits sequence . Table - mounted harpoon - launcher โ Stromberg narrowly misses Bond with this weapon during their dining room - showdown . ( Talk about underhanded tactics ! ) Stromberg ' s " last bolt " wipes out a defenseless armchair instead of his nemesis , for whom our villain is left a sitting duck ( in every sense ) . NOTE : An earlier draft of the screenplay finds 007 firing a single round from his pistol into the harpoon gun itself , which backfires explosively in Stromberg ' s face . " You should ' ve checked your barrel , " Bond comments wryly . Locations Film locations The Austrian Alps Cairo , Egypt Giza pyramid complex Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak , Egypt Moscow , Russia Sardinia Shooting locations Pinewood Studios 007 Stage Hotel Cala di Volpe , Costa Smeralda , Sardinia Egypt Malta Scotland Okinawa Switzerland Auyuittuq National Park , Canada Map Production was in many ways , a make or break film for the Bond franchise and was plagued since its conception by many problems . The first was the departure of Bond producer Harry Saltzman , who was forced to sell his half of the Bond film franchise due to financial difficulties . A second problem was the issue of finding a director . The first director attached to the film was Guy Hamilton , who directed the previous three Bond films as well as Goldfinger , but left after being offered the opportunity to direct the 1978 film , Superman : The Movie . It has been reported that EON Productions , after Hamilton ' s departure , approached Steven Spielberg to direct the film , though after turned out to be such a huge success , the producers would not agree to Spielberg ' s demands for creative control and turned instead to who had directed the similar Bond film , You Only Live Twice With a director finally secured , the next hurdle to be overcome was finishing the script , which had gone through several rewrites by numerous writers . Additionally , the initial villain of the film was Ernst Stavro Blofeld , however , Kevin McClory , who owned the film rights to Thunderball , forced an injunction on EON Productions , delaying the film further . The villain would later be changed from Blofeld to so that the injunction could be lifted . was later brought in by Lewis Gilbert to complete the script . Although Fleming had requested no elements from his original book be used , the novel features a thug named Sol Horror who is described as having steel capped teeth . This character would be the basis for , although having steel capped teeth is where the similarity between Horror and Jaws ends . Regardless of all the problems throughout production of the film , was a financial and box office success , raking in $ 185,400,000 worldwide on a production budget of $ 14 million USD . At the time it was the highest grossing Bond film . was also nominated for three Academy Awards for : Nominated Best Art Direction , ( Ken Adam , Peter Lamont , Hugh Scaife ) Nominated Best Original Music Score ( Marvin Hamlisch ) Nominated Best Original Song ( Marvin Hamlisch , Carole Bayer Sager ) . Trivia At the end of the film , the credits announce that the next Bond film will be For Your Eyes Only . Ultimately , however , the producers chose instead to adapt next in order to cash in on the sci - fi / fantasy craze sparked by the success of Star Wars This is the second film in the history of the Bond series in which M refers to Bond by his first name , rather than simply 007 or Bond ( the first time was at his wedding in On Her Majesty ' s Secret Service ) . We also hear M ' s real first name ( Miles ) for the first time on film . In addition , Q is referred to by his real name ( Major Boothroyd ) for the first time since From Russia with Love . However , Miss Moneypenny would be left without a first name until it was revealed to be Eve in Skyfall 35 years later . The 007 Soundstage at Pinewood Studios , for many years the largest in the world , was specially constructed for this film . Prior to the film ' s release , Barbara Bach posed nude for the men ' s magazine Playboy Michael Billington , who plays Anya ' s ill - fated lover , Sergei , was considered a candidate for the role of Bond on several occasions in the 1970s and 1980s . He is best known for his role as Paul Foster in the science fiction series UFO Allegedly , the Lotus Esprit ' s starring role in the film came about when executives at Lotus heard the Bond producers were looking for a new car to use in the upcoming movie . Rather than contact the production team to try and persuade them to use their latest model ( as many other manufacturers were doing ) , a prototype Esprit was discretely parked outside the production office at Pinewood Studios . The ploy worked โ Cubby Broccoli saw the vehicle and insisted it be used in the film . Demand for Lotus Esprits surged after the film Stanley Kubrick provided uncredited assistance in supervising the lighting of the tanker set due to cinematographer Claude Renoir ' s failing eyesight . Although this is n ' t the first Bond film to relocate M ' s office to an exotic location as a branch office ( was the first ) , it is the first to have Q - Branch likewise relocated with a full array of weapons and testing personnel catering to the particular region of the world . Future similar relocations would occur in and Octopussy . ( Q , on his own , first joined Bond in the field in Thunderball . ) Valerie Leon has a brief scene with Moore . She also appears in Never Say Never Again opposite Sean Connery ' s Another Bond film to show Bond in the Royal Navy uniform . Unlike , Bond here has only two awards / decorations on his uniform : The Naval General Service Medal ( actually discontinued by 1962 ) and the General Service Medal . Other naval officers in this film also have decorations : Captain Benson wears what looks like the Royal Victorian Order along with the Naval General Service Medal and the General Service Medal . ( Vice - ) Admiral Hargreaves wears the Distinguished Service Order , the Distinguished Service Cross , a rather faded 1939 - 1945 Star ( with clasp ) , the Atlantic Star , the Africa Star , the Defence Medal and the War Medal 1939 - 1945 . While filming in Egypt , the cast and crew celebrated Roger Moore ' s fiftieth birthday . The scene where Bond comically drops a fish out of the Lotus ' window after emerging from the sea was added as a joke by Roger Moore . When filming the chase scene at the pyramids , Richard Kiel got dizzy often and had to have most of his stunts done by his stunt double , who put a piece of orange wrapped in tin foil in his mouth to emulate Jaws ' metal teeth . Richard Kiel ' s son was an extra on - set . He appeared during the scene when the Lotus Esprit submarine emerges from the sea and drives up the beach . Videos Trailer 500px Opening Title Sequence 500px Clips Bond Meets General Anatol Alexis Gogol ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) Bond meets General Gogol Bond 25 Wrong Connection ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) Bond fights and electrocutes on the train Bond 27 Roads ? We Doesnt Need Roads ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) Bond drives his amphibious Lotus off the pier The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) - Clip Ski Chase Opening ski chase and parachute cliff jump For more James Bond videos check out Wikia ' s video library Novelisation Main article : James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me See also Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me , a James Bond parody . External links The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) at IMDb MGM ' s official site for the film Film Quotes from Wikiquote show James Bond films Categories Unsourced quotes Eon Films Roger Moore films | [
"The Spy Who Loved Me",
"spy film",
"James Bond"
] |
http://jamesclear.com/best-books/best-selling | Best - Selling Books of All - Time This page includes a list of the 25 best - selling books of all - time as well as the 25 best - selling book series of all - time . Best - selling books are ranked by number of copies sold , not my personal ratings . Also , it is worth noting that some religious and political books such as The Bible Quran , and Quotations from Chairman Mao are believed to have more than a billion copies each in existence . However , sales numbers for these books are nearly impossible to track because many are given away by churches or governments . Additionally , these books have often been printed by a wide range of publishers over centuries , many of them unreported . For these reasons , major religious and political texts are not listed here , but we can all agree that they are among the top selling books of all - time . 25 Best - Selling Books of All - Time # 1 โ Don Quixote 500 million copies sold by Miguel de Cervantes Print | eBook | Audiobook # 2 โ A Tale of Two Cities 200 million copies sold by Charles Dickens Print eBook Audiobook # 3 โ The Lord of the Rings 150 million copies sold by J.R.R. Tolkien # 4 โ The Little Prince 142 million copies sold by Antoine de Saint - Exupery # 5 โ Harry Potter and the Sorcerer ' s Stone 107 million copies sold by J.K. Rowling # 6 โ And Then There Were None 100 million copies sold by Agatha Christie # 7 โ The Dream of the Red Chamber 100 million copies sold by Cao Xueqin # 8 โ The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien # 9 โ She : A History of Adventure by H . Rider Haggard # 10 โ The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 85 million copies sold by C.S. Lewis # 11 โ The Da Vinci Code 80 million copies sold by Dan Brown # 12 โ Think and Grow Rich 70 million copies sold by Napoleon Hill # 13 โ Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 65 million copies sold by J.K. Rowling # 14 โ The Catcher in the Rye 65 million copies sold by J.D. Salinger # 15 โ The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho # 16 โ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 60 million copies sold # 17 โ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 55 million copies sold # 18 โ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 55 million copies sold # 19 โ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix # 20 โ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 50 million copies sold # 21 โ One Hundred Years of Solitude 50 million copies sold by Gabriel Garcรญa Marquez # 22 โ Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov # 23 โ Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery # 24 โ Charlotte โ s Web by E.B. White # 25 โ Black Beauty by Anna Sewell 25 Best - Selling Book Series of All - Time # 1 โ Harry Potter series 450 million copies sold # 2 โ Goosebumps series 300 million copies sold by R.L. Stein # 3 โ Perry Mason series 300 million copies sold by Erle Stanley Gardner # 4 โ Berenstain Bears series 260 million copies sold by Stan and Jan Berenstain # 5 โ Choose Your Own Adventure series 250 million copies sold by various authors # 6 โ Sweet Valley High 250 million copies sold by Francine Pascal # 7 โ Noddy series 200 million copies sold by Enid Blyton # 8 โ Nancy Drew series by Carolyn Keene # 9 โ Thomas the Tank Engine series by W . Awdry # 10 โ San - Antonio series by Frรฉdรฉric Dard # 11 โ Robert Langdon series by Dan Brown # 12 โ The Baby - sitters Club 172 million copies sold by Ann Martin # 13 โ Star Wars series 150 million copies sold by various authors # 14 โ Little Critter series by Mercer Mayer # 15 โ Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter # 16 โ Chicken Soup for the Soul series 130 million copies sold by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen # 17 โ American Girl series 120 million copies sold # 18 โ The Chronicles of Narnia series 120 million copies sold by C.S. Lewis # 19 โ Mr . Men by Roger Hargreaves # 20 โ The Twilight Saga by Stephenie Meyer # 21 โ Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney # 22 โ Clifford the Big Red Dog series 110 million copies sold by Norman Bridwell # 23 โ James Bond 007 series by Ian Fleming # 24 โ Martine by Gilbert Delahaye and Marcel Marlier # 25 โ Fifty Shades trilogy by E . L . James II . Best Nonfiction Books These are the best nonfiction books to read , listed by category . Best Art and Creativity Books Best Biographies and Memoirs Best Business Books Best Fitness Books Best History Books Best Philosophy Books Best Psychology Books Best Science Books Best Self - Help Books Best Writing Books III . Best Fiction Books These are the best fiction books to read , listed by category . Best Novels of All - Time Best Fantasy Books Best Mystery Books Or , browse all book recommendations Footnotes Sales data for the best - selling books can be found on this page Don Quixote was published in 1605 , so it is very old and sales figures are hard to track . Although the exact number of copies sold is unknown , it is thought to be over 500 million and certainly more than any other non - political or non - religious book on the list . | [
"Best-Selling Books",
"A Tale of Two Cities",
"The Lord of the Rings"
] |
http://jamesdeancreations.com/ | C ustom Fabrication for Toyota Trucks and 4Runners MotorcycleAuto painting decals logos and pinstriping NEW POLICY DUE TO RISING PRINT COST AND INCORRECT ORDERS There are NO RETURNS REFUNDS OR EXCHANGES ON STRIPES DECALS AND LOGOS Stripes and decals are produced and the time of order and considered special orders Please check and confirm accuracy style side and color of your order at the time of placement If you are unsure of what to order please contact me ahead of time to verify your needs Orders must be confirmed for damage completeness and correctness within 48 hours of receipt or YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN CURRENT PRODUCTION TIME IS ABOUT 47 BUSINESS DAYS No product leaves our premises damaged torn or wrinkled If you receive one that is damaged during shipping YOU MUST CONTACT US PRIOR TO ANY INSTALLATION Once you remove the backing and attempt installation any damage to the graphic stripe or decal will be considered a installation error and is NOT COVERED under warranty Please do not try to come up with stories about how you didnt notice the damage or I sent you the wrong side or that the product wouldnt stick if you do not know how to recognize any of these issues before hand you are not a qualified installer I have heard every excuse in the book Please do not get offended by this rule however HONESTY will get you 10 times further than deception Available July 15th 197980 4X4 SR5 NOW AVAILABLE RANGER ZIG ZAG STRIPE SilverWarm SilverRoyal Blue Available Now MangoPlumBlue Available 132012 Now Available Flame Pinstripe graphics Fits F150 HD Models 1998 NASCAR 50th Anniversary Edition Graphic Compression Release Adaptors for RevTech Motors with dual ports Save your battery and starter on your high compression motors Adapts 10mm CRV to your 12mm port dual plug in your head For use with Jims or TP Engineering 10mm compression release valves 4 sets of chrome plated adaptors in stock Now Available Hood Badge Rocker and Hockey Sticks for 20102011 Mustang JEEP WRANGLER SPLASH Check out the new Pirate Series Girl Skull Thorns Edition New Hood to Side Graphic for Dodge Challenger 40th Anniversary Edition decal for 1997 Land Cruiser Only 55 per pair Available in Black and Silver Metallic IFS IFS CORE BFE Decals Only 6 including Shipping Independent Front Suspension Solid Axle Swap Club decals Only 6 including shipping YOTATECHcom Adventure decals 5 Color Print Only 8 including shipping YOTATECHcom WindshieldWindow decals Now listing some Discontinued Nissan stripes that are now available Lightning kit NOW Available GMC Sonoma Stripe kit Available Now Available Subaru Outback 2Tone stripe kit By the side front fenders or complete kit Now Available Ranger Splash Graphics Company Profile Ive been in the auto industry since the early to mid 80s I started off my journey in the auto body and customizing at Bos Vans and Vets where I customized vans and restored mid year 60s corvettes In the late 80s I moved on to Auto Trim Design and Sign of Tucson where Ive honed my custom striping and painting skills Specializing in emblem gold plating and custom printed lettering and graphics We are one of the only aftermarket reproducers suppliers of discontinued factory oem stripes such as Toyota and Ford As far back as 1984 weve stretched to reproduce Toyota Factory oem stripes decals logos and stickers that have now become discontinued or unavailable Now branching out to other decals logos and stripes for Ford GM Chevy Mopar Jeep Nissan and others we can help return your vehicle to its original state or add something new We are also reproducing some My love of custom paint and graphics turned my attention towards another form of mobile artwork of the two wheel nature from Customs to HarleyDavidsons to Metric Cruisers I have had the pleasure of working on and painting several award winning projects Using the latest techniques and technologies custom paint work has jumped to new levels Tristage candies and pearls as well as the new color changing paints Chromalusion Extreme make for endless combinations to make your ride one of a kind Only high quality paints such as DuPont House of Kolor and SherwinWilliams are used to guarantee a great Finishmaster on Stone Ave SW paints are supplied and backed by SherwinWilliams on Roger between Fairview and Oracle In the mid part of 03 I turned my creative nature towards custom bike building as well Having done body work and metal fabrication for years it only made sense to build what Ive been painting Also having access to CNC machines allows me to make custom billet parts for my bikes as well as for others looking for a different look or design Billet coil motor mount inspection and derby covers are available in both polished or chromed with others parts on the way Site Information Check out the Paint Samples page for examples of custom paint jobs done of autos and bikes or current jobs in the works Followed by a Paint Prices guide to help determine what your artwork might run Decals Logos page shows some of the logos that have been used over the years as well as a Discontinued OEM Toyota Factory Stripe tailgate logo section We are also starting to carry some of the Ford 2Tone paint break stripes Lariat stripes and Stripes that fit the Harley Davidson models Check my latest project Follow the transformation of my 93 4Runner from worn out stock to street and trail ready upgrades and modifications Everything from washer pumps repair tips new suspension OME 901 Coil Springs HD Torsion Bars SD Control Arm Spacers and longer Rancho HD shocks Air Lift coil bags Viair compressor Firestone tank and level controller HiLift jack Warn Premium Manual Hub Swap body work and new paint This should create a bold eye catching canvas for my replacement factoryoem stripes Also JDC custom line of Heavy Duty Safari Basket Roof Rack JDC Front Bumper Valance with 2 receiver HD Wench Cradle Lower Link Extension for corrected pinion angle and Panhard Bar Drop Bracket for 2nd Generation 4Runners Please send in pics of you and your RideBike andor pics of your RigTruck with a brief description to be posted for the Ride and Rig of the Month Keep a lookout for upcoming apparel on the JDC T Shirts Do Rags Page Check out upcoming Rides Events Including our annual crawfish boil and bike washes Send info on upcoming rides to be posted Articles Feedback page post articles and customer feedback for references The Fallen Riders page is to post friends and family info of those who have ridden on Are you kickstand challenged from an accident or disability want that extra stability or just like the look of a custom Trike Then check out Bob Days AZ Hot Rod Trikes This page has some J okes that will add laughter to your day If you have any good ones send them to me Contact Information Telephone 5204445863 If you have any questions please call if I dont answer please leave a message Fax 520298BIKE 2453 Address 631 E 20th Street Suite 111 Tucson AZ 85719 Out of Auto Trim Design shop Email James Dean jamesjamesdeancreationscom | [
"Discontinued OEM",
"Stripes and decals"
] |
http://jamesecampbell.blogspot.com/2011/11/how-to-enable-assembly-binding-logging.html | James E Campbell - My Hub Thursday , November 17 , 2011 How to enable assembly binding logging using the Fusion Log Viewer Earn easy money advertising on your blog or website : Click Here to earn money with Info Links to earn money using Click Here to earn money using adfly which simply pays you to use shortened links . Today I had an issue with a Visual Studio 2010 ASP . Net solution . The error I was getting was : Could not load file or assembly ' ClientDependency . Core ' or one of its dependencies . Access is denied . Description : An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request . Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code . Exception Details : System . IO . FileLoadException : Could not load file or assembly ' ClientDependency . Core ' or one of its dependencies . Access is denied . Source Error : An unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request . Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below . Assembly Load Trace : The following information can be helpful to determine why the assembly ' ClientDependency . Core ' could not be loaded . WRN : Assembly binding logging is turned OFF . To enable assembly bind failure logging , set the registry value [ HKLM \ Software \ Microsoft \ Fusion ! EnableLog ] ( DWORD ) to 1 . Note : There is some performance penalty associated with assembly bind failure logging . To turn this feature off , remove the registry value [ HKLM \ Software \ Microsoft \ Fusion ! EnableLog ] . Well no matter what I did here it just would n ' t work , let alone what a confusing Registry path . I searched around and noticed others just as confused as I was . I eventually found the Fusion Log Viewer ( x64 ) @ the following location " C : \ Program Files ( x86 ) \ Microsoft SDKs \ Windows \ v7 . 0A \ Bin \ NETFX 4.0 Tools \ x64 \ FUSLOGVW . exe " Once you execute the Fusion Log Viewer , click on settings . This is set to " Log Disabled " by default . Note : If the option buttons are disabled in the window , close the application , right click the Fusion Log Viewer , and Run As Administrator . You can also run the log viewer by bringing up the Visual Studio Commend Prompt for your version of visual Studio , for instance : VS2012 x86 Native Tools Command Prompt Make sure to right click and RUN AS ADMINISTRATOR or you will not be able to change settings to turn it on Once you turn on the logging ( Any option but disabled ) , you can then either use the viewer or IE to see the error on the assembly binding . Also , you may have to restart after changing the settings for logging . More information here : https : / / msdn . microsoft . com / en - us / library / e74a18c4 % 28v = vs . 110 % 29 . aspx ? f = 255&MSPPError = - 2147217396 Once you troubleshoot your error I would highly suggest turning logging back off , as it can be unnecessary overhead . Earn easy money advertising on your blog or website : Click Here to earn money with Info Links to earn money using Click Here to earn money using adfly which simply pays you to use shortened links . If this helped you , please donate : Posted by James Campbell at 11 : 55 AM Labels : .Net enable assembly binding logging enable assembly logging Fusion Log Viewer how to use the fusion log viewer Logging Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Amazon1 | [
"assembly binding logging",
"Fusion Log Viewer"
] |
http://jameskpolk.com/james-polk-biography.php | James K . Polk Born : November 2 , 1795 Died : June 15 , 1849 Fun Facts James K . Polk is the only Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives to become President of the United States James K . Polk had the shortest retirement of all the U.S. Presidents โฆ three months . His wife Sarah outlived him by forty - two years making her the longest widowed first lady in American history . James K . Polk graduated first in the class of 1818 at the University of North Carolina despite not going to school until he was 17 years old . James K . Polk had the shortest retirement of all the U.S. Presidents โฆ three months . James K . Polk was the youngest president to die outside those that have been assassinated . Test your knowledge of the 11th U.S. President and learn Polk trivia with our Online Quiz A Frontier Upbringing The career of the eleventh U.S. President reflected and fulfilled the young nation โ s commitment to westward expansion . The son of a North Carolina farmer and surveyor , James Knox Polk was ten years old when his family crossed the Appalachian Mountains . Growing up on the Tennessee frontier , he inherited his neighbors โ work ethic , resourcefulness , and democratic ideals . Although young Polk was accustomed to the rigors of frontier life , he lacked physical stamina . Shortly before his seventeenth birthday , he needed surgery for stones in his urinary bladder . The successful operation , performed by noted Kentucky surgeon Ephraim McDowell , enabled Polk to pursue an education with renewed enthusiasm . A Promising Career After just two and a half years of formal schooling in Tennessee , Polk was admitted to the University of North Carolina as a sophomore . His college studies and his membership in a debating society helped nurture his growing interest in law and government . He graduated with top honors in mathematics and the classics , and returned to Tennessee determined to become a lawyer . To receive legal training , he worked in the office of renowned Nashville trial attorney Felix Grundy and served as clerk of the Tennessee Senate . Diligent and ambitious , Polk soon established Encouraged by his early professional success , he turned to politics . At 27 , he defeated an incumbent for a seat in the Tennessee Legislature . While serving as a state representative , he courted and eventually married Sarah Childress , the daughter of a prominent Murfreesboro merchant and planter . An educated woman whose intellect and social grace impressed contemporaries , Sarah became Polk โ s personal and political confidante . Her active involvement in her husband โ s campaigns helped ensure his victories . Fervently supporting the policies of fellow Tennessee Democrat Andrew Jackson , Polk was elected to the U.S. Congress at 29 . His Congressional career lasted 14 years and included two terms as Speaker of the House . A Setback While serving his constituents in Washington , Polk remained keenly interested in state politics . Concerned that the Whig Party was becoming increasingly popular in Tennessee , he returned home and successfully ran for the governorship . After one two - year term , he twice failed to be re - elected . Although rivals reasonably assumed that his political influence had peaked , Polk stayed active in Democratic politics and shrewdly sought opportunities to revive his career . A Comeback Despite Polk โ s political frustrations in Tennessee in the 1840 โ s , nationally prominent Democrats had not forgotten his partisan dedication . Delegates to the 1844 Democratic Convention viewed him as a possible vice president . When the party โ s leading Presidential contenders Martin Van Buren and Lewis Cass failed to attract sufficient support to win the nomination , the deadlocked convention needed a compromise candidate . The Democrats โ โ dark horse โ nominee was James K . Polk . Challenging the well - known Whig candidate Henry Clay in the 1844 Presidential election , Polk promised to actively encourage America โ s westward expansion . He favored Texas statehood and the acquisition of the Oregon Territory . Although critics expressed concern that aggressive expansionism might lead to a war with Great Britain or Mexico and might destroy the tenuous balance between free states and slave states , a majority of Americans accepted Polk โ s vision of a continental nation . Promises Fulfilled With political forcefulness and savvy , President Polk tirelessly pursued his ambitious goals . Texas joined the country as the 28th state during his first year in office . Tense negotiations with Great Britain concluded with American annexation of the Oregon Territory south of the 49th Parallel . Following a controversial two - year war , Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the United States . The Polk Administration also achieved its major economic objectives by lowering tariffs and establishing an independent Federal Treasury . A New Frontier Click to enlarge During Polk โ s term of office , the United States acquired more than 800,000 square miles of western territory and extended its boundary to the Pacific Ocean . True to his campaign pledge to serve only one term as President , Polk left office and returned to Tennessee in March 1849 . The nation โ s expansionist aims had been realized . When he died of cholera three months later , thousands of Americans were rushing west in search of California gold . A man whose life had been shaped by his early years on the Tennessee frontier left | [
"JAMES K . POLK",
"eleventh U.S. President",
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http://jamiahamdard.edu/faculty-dept-of-pharma-chem/ | Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty SNo Name Designation Degree Mobile No 1 Prof Nadeem Siddiqui Professor Dean M Pharm Ph D 9818525872 nsiddiquijamiahamdardacin 2 Dr M Amir Professor Head M Sc Ph D 9013476126 mamir_s2003yahoocoin 3 Dr Anees A Siddiqui Assoc Professor M Pharm Ph D 9871533149 anees_56yahoocoin 4 Dr Bahar A Khan Assoc Professor M Sc Ph D 9990084228 baharchemyahoocom 5 Dr Gita Chawla Assoc Professor M Pharm Ph D 9910090780 gitachawlayahooin 6 Dr Sandhya Bawa Assoc Professor M Pharm Ph D 9810199931 sbawajamiahamdardacin 7 Dr Asif Husain Asst Professor M Pharm Ph D 9891115995 drasifhusainyahoocom 8 Dr Mymoona Akhter Associate Professor M Pharm Ph D 9891369391 mymoonaakhtergmailcom 9 Dr M Shahar Yar Associate Professor M Pharm Ph D 9811811033 msyarjamiahamdardacin 10 Dr M Mumtaz Alam Asst Professor M Pharm Ph D 9540165824 mmalamjamiahamdardacin 11 Dr Ozair Alam Asst Professor M Pharm Ph D 9891383023 drozairgmailcom 12 Dr M Shaquiquzzaman Asst Professor M Pharm Ph D 9990663314 shaqiqgmailcom | [
"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry",
"Faculty"
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http://jamiethedentist.com/dental-fillings/costs | How Much will a Filling Cost Me ? A filling in Australia could cost you anything from $ 100 โ $ 300 . The average according to the ADA ( Australian Dental Association ) 2012 fee survey ( across all states ) ranges from $ 130 for a small silver filling to $ 283 for a very large white filling . This depends on the size , material and some other factors discussed below . I will give you some more details about what affects the price but really the only way to know for sure is to ask your dentist . Whilst a dental practice can give you a price range over the phone - An examination will be necessary before they can tell you the price of a filling as not all fillings take equal time and effort . The biggest price difference will come from the actual dentist โ s pricing structure , as there are no set limits on what a dentist can charge - only guidelines issued by the ADA . Some dentists will be much more expensive than others , and this can really add up if you need a lot of work carried out . I would advise against price shopping and going for the very cheapest you can find , as you often get what you pay for , but whether very expensive fillings are justifiably better than others is difficult to say . A happy medium with a dentist you trust is the best solution . The next biggest thing that will impact how much you pay is your health insurance . Certain dentists may be specialist providers for particular health funds , in which case the health funds often set the fees that the dentist must charge . The fees tend to be lower if this is the case . Some insurance companies will only have set fees for the most common treatments you are likely to have and allow the dentist to charge normal prices for all the other treatments . The actual insurance you have ( level of cover ) , will impact greatly the amount you end up paying but this needs to be balanced against the cost of the premium you are paying each month . The main points which influence whether a filling is more or less expensive are : Which material is used - Composite ( white fillings ) tends to be more difficult and time consuming to place compared to amalgam and this is often reflected in the price . The size of the filling . Filling prices are judged on the number of surfaces that the filling goes onto . If it is a simple case of a hole on the top of the tooth - this would be a one surface filling , if decay extended down any side of the tooth it would become a 2 surface and if it involved more surfaces it could be a 3 , 4 up to maximum of a 5 surface fillings . The more surfaces it involves the more you will pay . Whether it is a front or a back tooth - this makes a smaller difference but back teeth , because of the slightly more difficult access , are a little more expensive than front teeth . Does the filling involve an incisal edge ( these are the corners of your front teeth ) ? or a cusp ( part of the chewing surface of your back teeth ) . If the answer is yes , then you will pay a little bit more , as these features or characteristics take a bit more time to do and shape - they have their own item numbers which are 578 and 577 and would often add between 20 and 50 dollars to your filling . On incisor teeth you can have a maximum of two incisal edges or What are the Item Numbers ? I Want to Check with my Fund How Much Will I Get Back ? The item for a filling has three numbers : The first , โ 5 โ tells us just that it is a filling The second number if it is a 1 tells us the material used is amalgam . If it is a 2 or a 3 then the filling is white ( either composite or GIC ) . 2 tells us it is a front tooth and 3 tells us it is a back tooth . The third number is the number of surfaces the filling is attached to , this can be 1 - 5 A couple of examples will help highlight this and explain the system : Filling item - numbers explained To be able to check your out of pocket expenses , you need the item numbers for any treatment you will be having . Only your dentist will be able to provide you with these after he has examined you and discussed over the various treatment options with you . When you have this information - we often refer to it as a treatment plan , you can contact your fund and calculate the gap . | [
"Dental Fillings",
"Cost"
] |
http://jamiethedentist.com/partial-dentures/what-is-a-partial-denture | What is a Partial Denture ? What is a Denture ? Partial Denture ? Full Denture ? Removable plate ? Removable bridge ? A denture is a removable option for replacing missing teeth . It can be a partial denture meaning you have some natural teeth remaining or a complete denture meaning you have no teeth in that jaw i.e. you are edentulous . Partial dentures is an abbreviation for โ removable partial dentures โ or RPD for short , ( sometimes called plates instead of dentures ) . I guess a โ fixed partial denture โ would be a dental bridge , but I ca n โ t say I have ever heard it call that . I have also heard partial dentures referred to as โ removable bridges โ ; perhaps as an attempt to get away from the stigma of wearing a โ denture โ to replace your missing teeth . The word โ denture โ conjures up the thought of your granny and her teeth in a glass of water by the side of the bed . Whilst with complete dentures , this image is not too far from reality , partial dentures are quite different . They can replace just a single tooth or nearly every tooth and every combination in - between . They have many different applications and need to be appreciated for what they are - an economical way to give you back your smile and teeth to eat with . You would be surprised at the number of people who are walking around with them ; including many in their twenties who have suffered tooth loss for one reason or another . Well made partial dentures are very discreet and the non - dentist in a normal social situation would most likely have no clue that they were being worn . What Types of Partial Dentures are there ? In general there are three types of partial denture : Acrylic denture Cobalt chrome denture Valpast How Long do Dentures Last ? Most dentures will last 5 โ 10 years . Well planned and executed dentures would tend to be towards the upper end of this range . Some people have been wearing the same set for well beyond that , but generally an examination would reveal some problems that either required correcting , or a new set being made . Over the years , your gums will change and repairs and maintenance to your denture are likely to be needed to help extend its life . This may be in the form of adding a tooth if you require a dental extraction , repairing a broken base , chipped tooth or a reline to ensure the denture is sitting down properly . Many factors influence the success of your dentures ( as you will find out in this series ) . How well you look after your dentures and your remaining teeth will certainly play an important part . Who Makes Dentures ? In the UK , the dentist is the only person legally able to provide dentures . In Australia and America you also have denture prosthesists , ( denture clinics ) that can provide treatment . Dentists are trained in the provision of all types of removable denture and full dentures and whilst there is a growing trend towards implants , they still form a large and very important part of dentistry , and will continue to do so . A prosthodontist is a specialist trained in all forms of advanced dental treatment , and difficult cases that general dentists are likely to struggle with , may be referred on to these people . They may simply redo the conventional dentures to a higher standard , or opt to combine the denture with implants and an attachment for stability . There are many options depending on your individual situation . Do n โ t be fooled , dentures may sound like the simple option but they sure do come with their own set of problems in getting them right . I must spend a couple of hours every week just making little adjustments for patients . Denture Prosthesists Denture prosthesists complete training initially , as dental technicians , who work on referrals from a dentist and later become registered , in order to be able to consult and treat patients directly . I have seen some very good work by dental prosthesists , but they do not bypass the need to see a dentist completely . They are not trained in the diagnosis of any oral conditions , ( such as dental decay oral cancer or periodontal disease ) , or the fixed options for restoring missing teeth which may turn out to be more appropriate . Thus , it is very important that a dentist is involved in the procedure of making your denture , so ensure , if you are utilising a clinic , that there is an onsite dentist who examines you and talks you through the different options . Any one can learn to take impressions and do the clinical stages to make a denture , but the overall success depends on a knowledge of the anatomy , functioning of the mouth and jaws and the ability to predict , perceive and correct problems . Another good resource for whom I occasionally write is Authority Dental , click to read what they wrote about partial dentures | [
"Partial Denture",
"Removable plate",
"missing teeth ."
] |
http://janeausten.wikia.com/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Darcy | in : Male characters ( Pride and Prejudice ) Characters in Pride and Prejudice Fitzwilliam Darcy Edit Share Fitzwilliam Darcy Biographical Information Age 27 / 28 years old Gender Male Marital status Married Also known as Darcy Mr . Darcy Income ยฃ 10,000 + / year Primary residence Pemberley , near Lambton , Derbyshire Physical Description Hair colour Black Eye colour Brown Skin colour Light Relationships Family members Mr . Darcy ( father ) โ Lady Anne Darcy ( mother ) โ Georgiana Darcy ( sister ) Catherine de Bourgh ( maternal aunt ) Colonel Fitzwilliam ( maternal first cousin ) Anne de Bourgh ( maternal first cousin ) Romantic interest ( s ) Elizabeth Bennet ( wife ) Film Information Portrayer Laurence Olivier Colin Firth Orlando Seale Martin Henderson Matthew Macfadyen Sam Riley Many more Mr . Fitzwilliam Darcy is a wealthy gentleman who has an income of ยฃ 10,000 a year . He owns a large estate called Pemberley in Derbyshire , England . He is the eldest child and only son of the late George Darcy and the late Lady Anne Darcy . Lady Anne was a daughter of the previous Earl Fitzwilliam , which connects Darcy to the aristocratic Fitzwilliam family . Mr . Darcy is also the nephew of Lady Catherine de Bourgh , and the first cousin of Anne de Bourgh and Colonel Fitzwilliam Contents show Biography Edit In Meryton Mr . Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income exceeding ยฃ 10,000 a year , and the proprietor of Pemberley , a large estate in Derbyshire , England . Darcy slighted Elizabeth Bennet at their first meeting ; however , he soon realizes that his first impression was not the whole of it , and upon discovering her playful spirit , among other characteristics , he found himself very much attracted to her . He later attempted to court her while simultaneously struggling against the beliefs about class that he has grown up with . At the same time , Darcy disapproved when his friend Mr . Bingley expressed his love for Elizabeth ' s elder sister Jane and subtly convinced Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings , something which he honestly believed . He secretly felt guilty because he knew he himself had fallen in love with a social inferior : Elizabeth Bennet . It was therefore hypocritical of him to separate Charles Bingley and Jane . Upon reflection he knew this , so he decided to thereafter suppress his feelings for Elizabeth and pay her less attention . And although he did n ' t realize it , Elizabeth ' s discovery of Darcy ' s interference in Bingley and Jane ' s budding Mr . Wickham ' s tale of his mistreatment by Darcy had caused her to dislike him intensely , even more so than she had before . Laurence Olivier as Mr . Darcy First proposal and letter to Elizabeth Eventually , Mr . Darcy declared his love for Elizabeth and proposed ; yet , while expressing his ardent love , he kept reminding her of the large gap in their social status . Elizabeth was offended and vehemently refused him , expressing her reasons for disliking him , including her knowledge of his interference with Jane and Bingley , and the account she received from Mr . Wickham of Darcy ' s alleged unfair treatment toward him . Further insulted by Darcy ' s hurt retorts , Elizabeth claimed that the manner in which he proposed to her prevented her from feeling concern for him she " might have felt had [ he ] behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner " . Darcy departed in anger and mortification and , that night , penned a letter to Elizabeth in which he defended his honor , revealed the motives for his interference in Jane and Bingley ' s relationship , and gave a thorough account of his lifelong dealings Georgiana , the previous summer . He later said that he had been feeling very much wronged while writing this letter , which explained the heat of his defenses and his haste in writing . Realizations and visit at Pemberley Although initially angered by Elizabeth ' s vehement refusal and harsh criticism , Darcy was surprised to discover the reality of how his behaviour was perceived by others , particularly Elizabeth , and commited himself to re - evaluating his actions . A few months later , Darcy unexpectedly encountered Elizabeth during her visit to his estate in Derbyshire with her aunt and uncle . Elizabeth was , at first , mortified to be discovered at Pemberley , having only visited on the belief that Darcy was absent ; however , she was surprised to discover a marked change in Darcy ' s manner . In response to Elizabeth ' s criticism and due to his subsequent realizations , Darcy was determined to display the " gentleman like manner " she accused him of lacking , and astonished her with his kindness towards both her and her aunt and uncle , Mr . and Mrs . Gardiner . He was more courteous and less reserved than he had been previously , surpassing , therefore , not just Elizabeth ' s , but her aunt and uncle ' s , expectations , as well . He also introduced Elizabeth to Georgiana , which Elizabeth saw as " a compliment of the highest kind . " Confronting Wickham and finding Lydia When Elizabeth found out that her youngest sister , Lydia , had eloped with Wickham , Mr . Darcy happened upon her , and saw that she was distressed . Elizabeth confided the truth to him , and he showed civility , consoling Elizabeth over her distress . He left , and promptly decided to head to London to find Lydia and Wickham . Darcy eventually found the errant couple , although he tried to hush the matter up . Only Elizabeth ' s aunt and uncle , outside of Wickham himself and Lydia , knew of Darcy ' s involvement in the affair . It would have continued this Second proposal Mr . Darcy and Lizzy Bennet Darcy then released Mr . Bingley to return to Longbourn and woo Jane , accepting his misjudgment of her character . Darcy went to London , and Lady Catherine stopped by , after confronting Elizabeth over a rumor she heard of Darcy and Elizabeth soon to be engaged . Though Elizabeth denied a proposal being made , she refused to give him up when Lady Catherine demanded , as she wanted Darcy to marry her daughter , Anne . Lady Catherine related this to Darcy , believing he would think Elizabeth to be an unfit match . Instead , the discussion made him hope , at last , that Elizabeth reciprocated his feelings . While calling at Longbourn with Mr . Bingley , the gentlemen went on a walk with Elizabeth , Jane , and their younger sister , Kitty . Bingley and Jane soon drop behind and , once Kitty went towards the Lucases , Darcy and Elizabeth were alone . Once he was sure it was true , Darcy proposed to Elizabeth again , who accepted him this time . The couple reflected on their mistakes , and Darcy thanked Elizabeth for showing him the error of his ways : " By you , I was properly humbled . " Personality His manners drew the contempt of many in Meryton as they perceived him as proud , sanctimonious and inconsiderate due to his status . He is shown to be cold and aloof , with such a temperament being misconstrued as sheer arrogance . The narrator describes him as clever but also as " haughty , reserved , and fastidious , " with manners that , " though well bred , were not inviting . " This is shown to be only natural reserve and a discomfort in company that makes him uneasy and defensive . Darcy struggles to make new distant manner and apparent contempt for those around him earned the disdain of Elizabeth and many others , particularly in light of the claims of the charming George Wickham โ that he was wronged by Darcy , however , it is eventually revealed that these first impressions were erroneous : Darcy ' s seemingly arrogant character masked a sincerely generous and upright nature , and it was Darcy , in fact , who was wronged by Wickham , whose own character is revealed to be untrustworthy and duplicitous . As the novel progresses , Darcy is eventually revealed to be a conscientious landlord who is generous , kind and unselfish , a caring brother , a good friend - his impulsive interference between Jane and Bingley was motivated by genuine concern for his friend rather than malice - and a scrupulous and extremely honourable man who is protective of and self - sacrificing for those he cares about . Despite his pride , he is willing , to an extent , to admit wrongdoing . And while he possesses ingenious judgement , he is shown to not completely doubt the heart , especially his own . Relationships Elizabeth Bennet Main article : Elizabeth is Darcy ' s love interest in the novel . At first , they do not get along at all . He rubs her the wrong way with his snobbery , and she rubs him the wrong way with her wildness and forthrightness . She quickly rises in his esteem , however , even though he does not in hers . Although he is shocked that she would walk all the way to Netherfield Park from Longbourn , he finds that her eyes are brighter due to the exercise . Caroline Bingley tries several times to sour his opinion of Elizabeth , but her efforts do not work . George Wickham Although he and George Wickham were raised together just like they were brothers , they ended up becoming enemies later due to how Wickham treated Georgiana , and spurned the life Darcy ' s father had planned for Wickham . Charles Bingley Main Article : Charles Bingley Charles Bingley is one of Darcy ' s closest friends in the novel , despite their contrasting personalities ; Bingley is far more congenial than Darcy , who maintains a reserved countenance . In the novel , he quickly becomes attracted to Jane Bennet , although Darcy , Louise Hurst , and Caroline Bingley dissuades him from proposing to her , believing she does not really love him and is only after Bingley ' s money . The two have a brief falling - out , but quickly reconcile . They met while both were attending Cambridge , and eventually Caroline Bingley Caroline Bingley absolutely adores Mr Darcy , and wishes to marry him . However , due to Caroline ' s consistent prejudice towards Darcy ' s true love interest ( Elizabeth Bennet ) , she is refused and ignored by him . Georgiana Darcy Georgiana Darcy is his younger sister , about 10 years younger than him . It was mentioned that they were close , and that Mr . Darcy was a loving brother , even though he was more like a father figure in her life . Extended Family As his mother ' s sister , Mr . Darcy shows Lady Catherine de Bourgh respect as is due to a relation , but no more , despite Lady Catherine believing otherwise . He does not tolerate her pride and conceit any more than Elizabeth does , and is capable of holding his own against her . He pursued Elizabeth , despite Lady Catherine wishing him to marry her own daughter , Anne . He thinks little of her opinion , shown when Lady Catherine tries to talk him out of marrying Elizabeth , but instead , he feels encouraged to propose to Elizabeth . When Lady Catherine disapproved of Mr . Darcy marrying Elizabeth Usually known as Darcy - as addressed by his friends Mr . Bingley and Mr . Darcy - Following his father ' s death , people who are are unable ( by entitlement or privilege ) to call him by another name have addressed him as such . Before his father ' s death , he might have been Mr . Darcy in circumstances in which his father was not present or where it was obvious that his father was not being referred to ; he may also have been addressed as the younger Mr . Darcy . Mr . Darcy in the 2005 movie Mr . Fitzwilliam Darcy - Before Darcy ' s father passed , this would have been the primary way for people who were n ' t friends or family to address Darcy , as he was not the senior nor the only Mr . Darcy . Master Fitzwilliam / Master Darcy - It is likely that Darcy was called this by servants , as well as those who were not close enough or did not hold enough social clout to use his first name when he was a young child . The master / your master / my master - He is addressed as such when being referred to as the owner of Pemberley Estate . Notes and references โ Equivalent of 331,300 USD in 1988 according to this article . Using an inflation calculator , it ' s around 671,700 USD in April of 2017 . โ The equivalent of around 670,000 USD as of April , 2017 Depictions in film and television Elliot Cowen in Lost in Austen 1938 : Andrew Osborn 1952 : Peter Curshing 1940 : Laurence Olivier 1967 : Lewis Fiander 1980 : David Rintoul 1995 : Colin Firth 2004 : Martin Henderson ( Bride and Prejudice ) 2005 : Matthew Macfadyen 2008 : Elliot Cowen 2012 - 2013 : Daniel Vincent Gordh 2013 : Matthew Rhys ( Death Comes to Pemberley ) 2016 : Sam Riley ( Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ) Sam Riley in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Categories Male characters ( Pride and Prejudice ) Characters in Pride and Prejudice Add category | [
"Fitzwilliam Darcy"
] |
http://janeausten.wikia.com/wiki/George_Wickham | in : Pride and Prejudice Male characters ( Pride and Prejudice ) Characters in Pride and Prejudice George Wickham Edit Share George Wickham Biographical Information Age Mid to late 20s Gender Male Marital status Married Physical Description Hair colour Dark Skin colour Light Relationships Family members Mr . Wickham ( father ) Mrs . Wickham ( mother ) Mr . Bennet ( father - in - law ) Mrs . Bennet ( mother - in - law ) Jane Bennet ( sister - in - law ) Mary Bennet ( sister - in - law ) Catherine Bennet Romantic interest ( s ) Georgiana Darcy Mary King Elizabeth Bennet Lydia Bennet ( wife ) is a major character in Jane Austen ' s Pride and Prejudice . He was the godson of the late Mr . Darcy , father of Fitzwilliam and Georgiana Darcy . He was most likely named after his godfather , as was the custom in the Regency era . He is the husband of Lydia Bennet Wickham , the son - in - law of Mr . and Mrs . Bennet , and the brother - in - law of Jane Bingley Elizabeth Darcy Mary Bennet , and Catherine Bennet Contents show Biography Edit Early life Wickham was raised in Derbyshire , at Pemberley , the home of his godfather , who thought of him as a son and provided for him likewise . When Mr . Darcy died , he meant to leave Wickham with a parsonage and a steady income . His son , Fitzwilliam Darcy , made sure that Wickham received his inheritance , but Wickham refused it , and instead asked for a lump sum of money , which Mr . Darcy granted him . Wickham spent all the money , becoming broke quite soon , and wrote to Mr . Darcy , asking that he give him the living he was supposed to inherit . Mr . Darcy refused , aware of Wickham ' s debts . Wickham made plans to gain ahold of his godsister Georgiana ' s inheritance of ยฃ 30,000 . He followed her to Ramsgate , and conspired with Mrs . Younge to meet Georgiana and convince her they were in love . He convinced her to elope to Gretna Green , when she was only fifteen . Darcy kept anything from happening , and saved his sister . Since then , there has been a rivalry between Wickham and Darcy . Wickham is forced to join the army in order to finance his life . Arrival in Meryton Wickham arrives in Meryton with the rest of the officers in Colonel Forster ' s regiment . While in Meryton , he makes the acquaintance of the Bennet family . Mr . Darcy happens by , and the two have a tense exchange , which is witnessed by Elizabeth Bennet Elizabeth later asks Wickham why that was . Wickham lies to her , gaining her sympathy . He claims to have been denied the inheritance because Mr . Darcy was jealous of his father ' s partiality to Wickham . Elizabeth is shocked to hear of Wickham ' s account of Darcy , and swears to herself to never like Mr . Darcy . She begins to like Mr . Wickham , and hopes to continue on with their relationship . She hopes to see him at the Netherfield ball , but he is not present , disappointing Elizabeth . When Elizabeth later meets Wickham , he confirms that he was trying to avoid Mr . Darcy . Departure to Brighton Elizabeth starts to see Wickham more often after Mr . Darcy leaves town with his friend , Mr . Bingley . She introduces him to her parents , as well as her aunt , Mrs . Gardiner , who all take a liking to him . Mrs . Gardiner , though , recognizes her niece ' s attachment , and warns Elizabeth not to become invested in a future with Mr . Wickham because neither of them have money . Elizabeth heeds her advice , especially when Wickham starts to take an interest in Mary King , who has recently inherited a fortune of ยฃ 10,000 . Though Elizabeth knows he ' s partial to someone else , she ' s not upset . After Elizabeth rejects a proposal from Mr . Darcy during her visit to Hunsford , Darcy writes a letter to her , revealing the truth about Wickham ' s past . Initially skeptical of Mr . Darcy ' s account , she recounts Wickham ' s inconsistent behavior and talks , and realizes Mr . Darcy is telling the truth . Mary King is taken away from Meryton , ruining Wickham ' s plan to gain her fortune . When Elizabeth returns to Longbourn , she finds out the militia are heading to Brighton for the summer . Wickham meets her before leaving , and she mentions to Wickham that she saw Mr . Darcy and his cousin , Colonel Fitzwilliam , at Rosings Park near Hunsford . Wickham becomes awkward when she mentions the colonel , who is aware of Wickham ' s past . Elizabeth also says that her opinion of Darcy has changed to a more favorable one , which agitates Wickham and effectively ends their conversation . He leaves soon after , and Elizabeth is happy that she will never see him again . Elopement and Marriage While Elizabeth is touring around Derbyshire , she receives a letter from her sister , Jane , informing her that Wickham has run off with their youngest sister , Lydia , who went with the militia to Brighton as a friend of Colonel Forster ' s wife . Jane says they believe Wickham and Lydia have run off to Gretna Green to get married . However , Colonel Forster later finds out from another officer , Denny , that Wickham had run off to avoid the debts that he owes , and he was never planning to marry Lydia , ruining her and the Bennets . The town of Meryton soon no longer cares for Wickham , finding out about his numerous debts and conning various tradesmans ' families . Mr . Bennet eventually receives a letter from Mr . Gardiner that he has found Lydia and Wickham , and they are not married , but will be soon . Wickham agrees to accept Lydia ' s inheritance of ยฃ 1,000 , upon her parents ' deaths , as well as a yearly income of ยฃ 100 . Elizabeth is shocked by the small amount , and both she and Mr . Bennet surmise that Mr . Gardiner paid off all Wickham ' s debts to make this possible , which Mr . Bennet surmises is no less than ยฃ 10,000 . Wickham and Lydia marry , and visit Longbourn to see her family . There , Wickham is greeted with a range of emotions , from joy to indifference . Elizabeth later finds out from Mrs . Gardiner that Mr . Darcy was the one who made the marriage possible . Darcy went to London to find them himself after learning of the elopement from Elizabeth . He looked up Mrs . Younge , and found Wickham and Lydia from her direction . Wickham still wanted to gain his fortune by marrying a rich heiress , and was not interested in marrying Lydia . Mr . Darcy then paid off Wickham ' s debts , as well as his commission , and the wedding expenses , saving both Lydia and When Wickham finally spoke with Elizabeth at Longbourn , he again tried to steer the conversation to talking about Mr . Darcy in an unfavorable light . However , Elizabeth slyly told him that she was aware about the truth of his past , and that he had lied to her . Though Wickham tried to press to find out exactly what she knew , she chose to drop the subject , not wanting to argue with Wickham in front of Lydia . Wickham did not speak to Elizabeth again , aware she knew the truth , and departed with When Wickham and Lydia learned that Mr . Darcy was marrying Elizabeth , Lydia wrote to her sister , probably with encouragement from Wickham , asking for an annual stipend to be provided for them . Elizabeth , though , refused to give them any money . Lydia was no better than Wickham with money , and the two kept incurring debts on their various activities of frivolity . They were never in one place for long , moving around to find cheaper accommodations . Whenever they did move , Elizabeth or Jane , who married Mr . Bingley , Physical Description Wickham is a handsome man with " a fine countenance , a good figure , and very pleasing address . " Personality Rebecca Dickson ( author of " Jane Austen : An Illustrated Treasury " ) describes Wickham as " Peter Pan with a gambling problem " . Wickham is a very charming man , an excellent conversationalist and possesses a gift for making friends . Unfortunately , he is also an immoral , extravagant liar who has no problem with using ( or ruining ) other people in order accomplish his own ends . He tends to live in the moment without giving much thought to the future and has by so doing thrown away many of the advantages that he Relationships Lydia Bennet Lydia is Wickham ' s wife through an " arranged marriage " set by Darcy . He eloped with her with hopes of earning her dowry fully aware he had no intention of marrying her . According to Elizabeth , Lydia ' s love for him is more deeper than his and they do not live in a blissful marriage as they are always working or moving from one place to another . Elizabeth Bennet Elizabeth is Lydia ' s sister and she later became his sister - in - law . At first she is charmed by Wickham ' s looks and charismatic . However , she sees the first signs that Wickham was not who he is by seeing the interaction between Wickham and Darcy to her aunt warning her to be careful as the family does n ' t have a lot of money . It was not until she refused Darcy ' s first marriage proposal and the letter given to her tells about Wickham ' s true nature . When Fitzwilliam Darcy Darcy was a former childhood friend to Wickham . Wickham ' s father was a steward to Darcy ' s father and he was present when Darcy ' s father passed away . They both went to school together but Wickham was lazy and left in disgrace . He is always asking Darcy for more money to deal with his gambling debts . This causes a strained relationship between the two characters . When Darcy found Lydia and Wickham in London eloping with each other , Darcy is able to bribe him to marry Lydia to save the Bennet family Georgiana Darcy Georgiana is Darcy ' s younger sister . He tried to elope with her with the help of Mrs . Younge , Georgiana ' s former governess . When Darcy found out about the affair , Darcy wrote him off and removed the governess from Georgiana ' s care . Gallery Lydia and Wickham Jack Huston as George Wickham References โ , Volume II , Chapter 13 โ , Chapter 15 , Chapter 16 , Chapter 17 , Chapter 18 , Chapter 21 , Volume II , Chapter 2 Volume II , Chapter 3 Volume II , Chapter 13 Volume II , Chapter 16 Volume II , Chapter 18 Volume III , Chapter 4 Volume III , Chapter 5 Volume III , Chapter 6 Volume III , Chapter 7 Volume III , Chapter 9 Volume III , Chapter 10 Volume III , Chapter 11 Volume III , Epilogue Categories Male characters ( Pride and Prejudice ) Characters in Pride and Prejudice Add category | [
"George Wickham",
"Biography"
] |
http://janelangille.com/obesity-code-can-intermittent-fasting-reset-metabolism/ | The Obesity Code : Can fasting reset your metabolism ? May 15 , 2016 by Jane Langille I went to the gym this morning for what my husband calls โ double potions โ โ spin class followed by a muscle - mix session with free weights . His joke is a reference to the class timetable for Gryffindor House in Harry Potter and the Philosopher โ s Stone , which included a double - length class for potions once a week . I know very well that neither physical activity nor calorie reduction , nor both together , are the magical answer for reversing obesity or maintaining long - term weight loss . Those approaches all win in the short term , sure . But then they fail , even after a year or two of diligent adherence because the human body is programmed to return to the previous metabolic set point . I โ ve lived the reality of this metabolic adaptation for decades . I โ m not obese , but I keep chastising myself about that same 10 - Can the metabolic set point be reprogrammed ? That โ s the million dollar question . I recently read The Obesity Code by Jason Fung , MD . It โ s an excellent read and not your average diet book . Dr . Fung is a nephrologist ( kidney specialist ) and founder of Intensive Dietary Management in Toronto , Ontario , where he specializes in treating people with type 2 diabetes and obesity . I loved his humour and found myself laughing out loud in several spots . Dr . Fung writes that there are multiple overlapping pathways to obesity . The common uniting theme is too much insulin . Obesity is a hormonal disorder of fat regulation . To lower insulin and insulin resistance , we must address both what we eat and when we eat . Most of the โ what to eat โ advice sounded familiar : reduce consumption of added sugar increase healthy fats eat lots of the right kind of carbohydrates e.g. vegetables and fruit limit refined carbohydrates choose unprocessed food do n โ t overdo protein consumption , since protein can also increase insulin , even though not as much as refined carbohydrates maximize protective factors , like fibre and vinegar ( Note : I am not sold on the vinegar recommendation . ) But for me , the advice about โ when to eat โ was new : just do n โ t snack โ โ a healthy snack is one of the greatest weight - loss deceptions . โ All day grazing leads to constant insulin response stimulation and excess fat storage . make breakfast optional โ it โ s a myth that we need to eat a hearty breakfast to ensure eating less the rest of the day fasting to create periods of very low insulin are beneficial Intermittent fasting to combat obesity Intermittent fasting has been gaining popularity and seems to be working for many people . When we fast , glucose is not available for energy , so the body switches to using fat instead , without any detriment to health . Throwing the switch from short - term glucose burning to longer - term fat burning happens with fasting periods of 24 to 36 hours . Contrary to what we might first think , fasting increases metabolism : โ As food intake goes to zero , the body switches energy inputs from food to stored food ( fat ) . This strategy significantly increases the availability of โ food โ which is matched by an increase in energy expenditure , โ writes Dr . Fung . Studies found that eating a single meal per day led to significantly more weight loss and no evidence of muscle loss when compared to eating three meals per day , despite the same caloric intake . Your mileage may vary Throwing my body โ s metabolic switch by fasting might just be the magic I โ m seeking . In The Obesity Code , Dr . Fung provides two suggested templates for fasting protocols : 24 - hour alternate daily fasting protocol : on fasting days , skip breakfast and lunch and have a light dinner ; and eat smart on non - fasting days 36 - hour alternate daily fasting protocol : on fasting days , skip breakfast , lunch and dinner ; and eat smart on non - fasting days For both protocols , snacking is prohibited , and it โ s important to stay well hydrated with water , green tea , and coffee . Dr . Fung also suggests homemade , salted bone broth in place of lunch on fasting days to maintain sodium levels . Note that fasting may not be right for you , especially if you have diabetes or a metabolic disorder . If you are interested in making changes to your diet , make sure to have a discussion with your physician or healthcare provider first . Have you tried intermittent fasting to unlock your obesity code ? If so , how has it worked for you ? I may give it a try over the summer months . Check out Caitlin Kelly โ s recent excellent post about her fasting experience : The Challenge of Intermittent Fasting Further reading : Fasting Diets Are Gaining Acceptance : Anahad O โ Connor , The New York Times , Well . March 16 , 2016 Scarborough doctor โ s book says insulin makes you fat , fasting makes you thin : Michele Henry , The Star . com , January 25 , 2016 Intermittent fasting , done right , can lead to weight loss : Leslie Beck , The Globe and Mail , June 15 , 2015 Filed Under : Diet Nutrition Obesity Tagged With : intermittent fasting Jason Fung long - term weight loss metabolic adaptation metabolism obesity | [
"OBESITY CODE",
"METABOLISM"
] |
http://janestclair.net/arizona-desert-songs/ | New Book Released Arizona Desert Songs by Jane St Clair Arizona desert songs are my tribute to my desert home in Tucson Arizona Stunning photographs of the desert and poetic essays about how you feel as you experience it The Beauty of the Arizona Desert The Desert Smells Like Rain Monsoon Diary Storms over Tucson A Walk in the Sonoran Desert Going Down to the Lonely Desert and Sky Stopping By Desert Wildflowers On A Yellow Poppy Afternoon St Francis Canticle to the Sun in Arizona Palo Verdes and A Southwest Desert Full Of Yellow Stars Navajo Blessingway Prayer May You Walk In Beauty Windmills On My Mind Where Castles Come From Wabisabi Sonoran Desert Arizona Sunsets What if I Went to the Same Spot Every Day to Watch them Walking in Blue Skies Out West Blue Moon Shines Over Arizona Red Moon Shines Over Arizona Lunar Eclipse Red Moon Dancing Lunar Eclipse 2015 Watching Mountains Out West The St Croix Cougar Belongs to the West The Noble Saguaro Cactus and Me Out West Someday Ill Have A Field of Sunflowers In My Next Life Ill be a Tree The Five Enchanted Worlds of the Yaqui The Secret Beauty of the Kachina Drip Drip Drop Little Desert Wash Come with Your Beautiful Sound Butterflies for a Zen Day The Owls Next Door Hail Coyote Nation Just Wild About the Jaguar In Appreciation of Clouds Kokopelli and the Magic of Spiderwoman Dappled Things in Pied Beauty The Seasons of the Sonoran Desert Yellow Crayon Lights Sonora Spring Desert Spring Desert April Tucson Arizona Monsoon Diary Storms over Tucson Henry David Thoreau and New Year Martin Buber Can Change Your Life Mindfulness and the First Celebrity Chef Halloween In Arizona Spookiest Spread in the West An Arizona Thanksgiving Feliz Navidad Its An Arizona Christmas Arizona Desert Snow Snow So Rare The Desert Spring Whispers Southwest Doors 1 2 3 Magic A Song to John Denver Poet Mystic Singer Our Lady of Guadalupe the Southwests Most Beloved Lady Tucsons Tale of Oleander and Boy Scouts Places You Can Visit in Tucson Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragons Pusch Ridge Tohono Chul Park Stillness of the ForestTeacher The Saguaro National Monument Tucson Cowboy Up Cause Were Talking Rodeo Biosphere 2 The Strange Sad Fantasy Happy Trails to You at Old Tucson Fourth Avenue Reid Park Zoo Tucson Arizona Lions and Tigers and Bears Oh My San Xavier Mission Everybody comes to San Xavier Danza Mexicana The Dance of Mexico Ted Degrazia Mountaintop Man His Life His Art His Way The International Wildlife Museum and the Gentle Art of Taxidermy Day of the Dead Dia de Muertos Tucson Parade How Tucson Nabbed Public Enemy No 1 John Dillinger Tucson Architecture Who Knew We Had It Mount Lemmon Knows Your Name Romero Ruins Ghost towns in Catalina State Park El Tiradito Tucsons Long Ago Opera Places You Can Visit Near Tucson A Godful Cosmic Wilderness The Grand Canyon The Time They Moved London Bridge to Lake Havasu City AZ Walking Through Yosemite National Park with Mr Muir Ansel Adams Yosemite in Black and White Silence and Awe The Sequoia A Walk in the High Country Ramsey Canyon Finding Mayer in the Rain Picacho State Park Civil War Reenactment at Picacho Peak Tombstone AZ Tombstone and the Gunfight at the OK Corral Hotel Gadsden Hotel Impossible in Douglas Arizona Walnut Canyon AZ The People Who Live on the Ledges of Mountains Joshua Tree National Park CA Joshua Trees and the Battle of Jericho Cruising Death Valley At 123 Degrees in Summer Bisbee AZ Ghostbusters of Bisbee Arizona Go Big O Arizonas Great Ostrich Race Bisbee AZ Ghost Adventures at the Copper Queen Hotel Sonoita AZ Cowboy Western Heritage Symposium in Sonoita Arizona Phoenix Halloween In Arizona Spookiest Spread in the West Superior Arizona Wont Give Up the Ghost Silly Arizona Desert Songs Grifting Along With the Tumbling Tumbleweeds Special to Arizona How to Resuscitate a Lizard I Love Graffiti When Its Tangled like Spaghetti i Go Big O Arizonas Great Ostrich Race Insects of the Sonoran Desert Weird Arizona Jackalopes and Sand Sharks Legends of Old West Arizona a The TrueLife Factual Legend of Pecos Bill Random Pictures Curiouser and Curiouser Philosophers and Kings We Love St Francis Canticle to the Sun in Arizona Navajo Blessingway Prayer May You Walk In Beauty How Tucson Nabbed Public Enemy No 1 John Dillinger Ansel Adams Yosemite in Black and White Ted Degrazia Mountaintop Man His Life His Art His Way Henry David Thoreau and New Year Martin Buber Can Change Your Life Mindfulness and the First Celebrity Chef A Song to John Denver Poet Mystic Singer Animals of the Arizona Desert Jackalopes and Sand Sharks Legends of Old West Arizona a Special to Arizona How to Resuscitate a Lizard Mourning Dove Drama Outside My Kitchen Window The St Croix Cougar Belongs to the West Butterflies for a Zen Day The Owls Next Door Hail Coyote Nation Just Wild About the Jaguar Famous Rabbits I have Loved A video about the beauty of the desert near Tucson in springtime with Beethovens Symphony Arizona desert in spring YouTube Video | [
"Arizona Desert Songs"
] |
http://janethevirgin.wikia.com/wiki/Chuck_Chesser | in Characters Recurring Characters The Marbella Chuck Chesser Comments Chuck Chesser Jane the Virgin character BIO Born Charles Chesser Status Alive Alias Chuck Ethnicity Australian Residence Miami Occupation Owner of The Fairwick Hotel APPEARANCE Gender Male Hair Dirty Blond Eyes Blue RELATIONSHIPS Marital Status Single Romances Petra exgirlfriend BACKSTAGE Portrayed By Johnny Messner First Appearance Chapter FiftyFive Latest Appearance Chapter SixtySix Episodes 8 Chuck Chesser is a recurring character on CW dramedy Jane the Virgin He is portrayed by Johnny Messner Character Chuck is the brute lobsterloving brodouche according to The Narrator new owner of the neighbouring Fairwick Hotel which he has branded as an adults only resort While his uncouth manner is repulsive to Petra they share an undeniable animal attraction and have been sleeping together for about six months Both Chuck and Petra are starting to develop feelings for each other Relationships Petra Main article Chuck and Petra JANE THE VIRGIN MAIN CHARACTERS Jane Villanueva Rafael Solano Petra Alba Villanueva Xiomara De La Vega Rogelio De La Vega Mateo Solano Villanueva CHARACTERS Michael Cordero Luisa Alver Rose Solano Lina Santillan Jane Ramos Baby De La Vega Factor Darci Factor Aneลพka Archuletta Magda Anna Ellie Jorge Adam Alvaro Krishna Dhawan Esteban Santiago Mateo Villanueva Luca Chuck Chesser Fabian Regalo del Cielo Manuel De La Vega Liliana De La Vega Jonathan Chavez Nadine Hanson Scott Archuletta Roman and Aaron Zazo Elena Di Nola Emilio Solano RELATIONSHIPS Luisa and Rose Michael and Nadine Jane and Petra Rogelio and Jane Mateo and Jane Jane and Rafael Alba and Jane Rogelio and Xiomara Lina and Jane Michael and Petra Xiomara and Jane Michael and Jane Xiomara and Alba Petra and Rafael Adam and Jane Alba and Mateo Categories Characters Recurring Characters The Marbella Season 3 Character Season 4 Character | [
"Chuck Chesser"
] |
http://janiceperson.com/cotton/most-cotton-production/ | Hundred Percent Cotton Home style farm at home January 13 , 2015 Which states produce the most cotton ? Acres , Pounds & More Editor โ s note : This post will be updated annually in mid January with the most recent year โ s production numbers . ) When you are really close to something , you sometimes forget that other people will find things you know somewhat automatically of interest . That โ s the case with a couple of posts I โ ve written over the past couple of years talking about the leading states . People seem to love to know where the most cotton is grown in the U.S. and today ( Monday , January 12 , 2015 ) was the day of the year that the USDA sheds more light about the past season ! So โฆ . guess how I โ m The USDA Crop Production 2014 Summary gives a lot of information and it will be poured over by lots of economists , media and more . This is my initial take on things related to my favorite fiber The Overview of 2014 Cotton The Annual Production report always opens with quick overviews of each of several key crops . Cotton is one of the most important crops in the U.S. so it is always included in the summary . As I read it , I have to giggle how some of it seems to be a bit boring . All cotton production is estimated at 16.1 million 480 - pound bales , up 1 percent from last month and up 25 percent from 2013 . The United States yield is estimated at 795 pounds per acre , up 22 pounds from the December forecast but down 26 pounds from last year . Harvested area , at 9.71 million acres , is down 2 percent from last month but up 29 percent from last year . If I was to have written the same overview , it would have a lot more โ color . โ Aw heck , let me go ahead and write one with the same information ! Wow ! 2014 was a better year in cotton than we expected ! Farmers produced more than 16 million bales of the natural fiber which is a little more than we expected last month and is up 25 percent from last year . When you look at the average yield , how much each farm produced on average , it was almost 800 pounds per acre . Again , we had low - balled it in December โ by 22 pounds ! Despite that gain , it is still down 26 pounds per acre . The acres harvested were up How many acres of cotton are grown in each state ? Cotton is definitely a Southern crop and the list of states growing my beloved fiber are mostly places where people who like warm weather feel most at home . Yes , cotton AND Janice love the sun & heat ! There is one state that has amazingly large acres devoted to the fluffy fiber ! Everything โ s bigger in Texas and that is certainly the case when you look at the thousands of acres planted . Texans planted more than 6.2 million acres of cotton in 2014 ! Georgia was a distant 1.3 million ! Texas : 6,217 Georgia : 1,380 North Carolina : 465 Mississippi : 425 Alabama : 350 Arkansas : 335 South Carolina : 280 Tennessee : 275 Missouri : 250 Oklahoma : 240 California : 212 Louisiana : 170 Arizona : 165 Florida : 107 Virginia : 87 New Mexico : 48 Kansas : 31 How much cotton is grown per acre ? It is interesting to me that cotton production varies so widely when it comes to how many pounds or bales are grown per acre ! I You can see that California and Arizona have much higher production numbers per acre than Texas and Oklahoma in the chart below . Of course , the costs of production differ widely too ! Remember as you look at these numbers in pounds per acre than a bale of cotton weighs approximately 480 pounds โฆ so while Texas and Oklahoma are only a little bit over a bale on average , California and Arizona were in the three bales to the acre zone ! I sorted based on yield per acre . California 1,726 Arizona 1,453 Virginia 1,239 Arkansas 1,193 Mississippi 1,183 Louisiana 1,171 Missouri 1,117 North Carolina 1,049 Florida 914 Alabama 910 South Carolina 898 New Mexico 878 Georgia 876 Tennessee 875 Kansas 861 Texas 581 Oklahoma 578 Which states grew more cotton this year ? Which grew less ? Looking through the numbers in the overview , I had to wonder , where the extra cotton came from this year . One way to look at that is to check and see which states had higher production per acre this year . I mean , every year some states do better than the year before and every year is seems a few fall on bad luck . So where did farmers grow more pounds of cotton per acre ? Well , Virginia farmers definitely noticed the increase pounds in 2014 and the Southwest had a tough time . Virginia : 298 Florida : 253 North Carolina : 250 South Carolina : 207 Missouri : 149 Alabama : 121 Kansas : 104 California : 98 Arkansas : 60 Georgia : 45 Tennessee : 22 Arizona : 8 Oklahoma : - 13 Mississippi : - 20 New Mexico : - 43 Louisiana : - 52 Texas : - 65 How many bales of cotton did each state produce ? When you look state to state , the yield per acre and the overall number of acres comes together to provide a look at how many bales of cotton each state produced โฆ . but I have to say the acres grown really seems to catapult Texas to the top ! The numbers are thousands of bales so Texas produced more than 6 million bales of cotton in 2014 ! That โ s a lot of blue jeans ! Alabama : 660 ( + 70 ) Arizona : 492 ( + 8.8 ) Arkansas : 820 ( + 100 ) California : 755 ( - 188 ) Florida : 200 ( + 25 ) Georgia : 2,500 ( + 180 ) Kansas : 52 ( + 11 ) Louisiana : 410 ( + 84 ) Mississippi : 1,035 ( + 316 ) Missouri : 570 ( + 74 ) New Mexico : 73 ( + 7 ) North Carolina : 1,005 ( + 239 ) Oklahoma : 265 ( + 111 ) South Carolina : 520 ( + 160 ) Tennessee : 492 ( + 78 ) Texas : 6,013 ( + 1,828 ) Virginia : 222 ( + 71 ) More on Cotton If you are interested in reading more about how cotton farmers produce this awesome fiber that becomes our favorite jeans and hoodies , check out my cotton 101 page where I have highlighted some of the many posts about cotton on the site ! And you can always give me ideas for more pieces to write here in the comments section ! Filed Under : cotton farm Tagged With : bales feature production revive yields Comments Lynn McLaughlin says September 8 , 2016 at 9 : 42 am I love cotton . It โ s an amazing product . Janice Person says September 9 , 2016 at 10 : 19 pm Agreed ! Trackbacks Top 10 Cotton States in Area , Production , Yield & Value in 2012 - a colorful adventure says : December 28 , 2015 at 5 : 51 pm [ โฆ ] in the text of the latest USDA Crop Production Report โ s national numbers for 2012 ( for 2014 cotton production , please see this [ โฆ ] Top 10 Cotton Blog Posts of 2015 - a colorful adventure says : December 30 , 2015 at 5 : 52 pm [ โฆ ] 9 . Which states produce the most cotton ? Acres , Pounds & More [ โฆ ] | [
"cotton production",
"USDA",
"state"
] |
http://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2093089 | previous next article in this article Formulations Pharmacokinetics Drug Interaction Clinical Advantages Prescribing Methadone Comment Free Articles | March 2005 Prescribing Methadone for Pain Management in End - of - Life Care John F . Manfredonia , DO Author Notes The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association March 2005 , Vol . 105 , 18S - 21S . Figures Only Tables Get Permissions Get Citation Alerts Abstract Methadone hydrochloride is an effective , inexpensive , and relatively safe opioid to use in the treatment of patients with chronic pain . It is especially effective in management of pain during the final stages of life , as it is the only long - acting analgesic available in liquid form . However , because methadone has a long half - life , individual wide variations , and potential for accumulation and overdosage , physicians must judiciously and conscientiously prescribe it . Also , they should closely monitor patients during the titration phase and educate them with regard to basic Chronic pain is one of the most common conditions for which people seek medical treatment ; it affects more than 85 million Americans . 1 In end - of - life care , in which the primary focus is the reduction or elimination of suffering , a significant number of patients still suffer with uncontrolled pain . In recent years , healthcare consumers have become more sophisticated , demanding better pain control . Therefore , physicians need to be familiar and competent with the various treatment options and pharmacologic management of their patients with chronic pain . Although the primary responsibility of physicians is to nurture the physical and psychological well - being of their patients , it is also important that they serve as stewards of financial resources . In the past several years , there has been resurgence in the understanding of the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of methadone hydrochloride . This resurgence , coupled with methadone ' s low cost , has led to increased use of this agent in the treatment of chronic pain . Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist developed in the late 1940s . Historically , it has been used in the treatment of patients with narcotic addiction and heroin maintenance since the 1960s . Although substantial information exists regarding such use of methadone , only limited data are available with respect to pain management . It is only within the past decade that there has been a renewed focus on its use in the treatment of patients with chronic pain . Initial interest in methadone for pain management emerged in the care of terminally ill patients with cancer , but methadone recently has been gaining recognition in management of nonmalignant pain . Methadone is achieving greater acceptance in end - of - life care because of its unique characteristic as the sole long - acting opioid in liquid form . Its wide spectrum of absorption and formulations allows administration using every route available : oral , sublingual , rectal , subcutaneous , intramuscular , intravenous , epidural , intrathecal , and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( PEG ) tube . Formulations Methadone hydrochloride is available in the United States as Dolophine or Methadose in multiple formulations , including 5 - mg , 10 - mg , and 40 - mg scored tablets ; solution in concentrations of 5 mg / 5 mL , 10 mg / 5 mL , and 10 mg / mL for oral administration , and a 10 - mg / mL solution for parenteral administration . Pharmacokinetics Methadone is a highly lipophilic drug that is rapidly absorbed with extensive tissue distribution . 2 Unlike morphine sulfate , methadone has no active metabolites and hepatic metabolism has no significant effect on methadone concentrations , clearance , or clinical disposition . 3 It is predominantly excreted in the feces ; however , acidification of the urine will increase renal excretion . It has a prolonged and variable elimination phase with a plasma half - life that ranges between 4.2 hours and 190.0 hours , depending on the literature that is reviewed . 2 4 6 The mean plasma half - life of methadone is probably 15 to 60 hours , 4 though even this range is extremely variable and dependent on single versus multiple dosing , individual adipose stores , and protein binding . This wide variation in half - life contributes to methadone ' s potential for toxic accumulation and has created difficulty with appropriately and easily dosing this medication . Methadone has a rapid onset of action , with analgesic effects occurring within 30 to 60 minutes and an analgesic peak between 2.5 and 4.0 hours . Its oral bioavailability , though variable , generally exceeds 80 % . It binds with mu , delta and to a lesser extent kappa opioid receptor sites . Figure 1 7 categorizes the opioid family . Figure 1 . Opioid family categories . ( Source : Killion K , ed . Drug Facts and Comparisons . 54th ed . St Louis , Mo : Facts and Comparisons ; 2000 : 784 - 797 . ) View Original | Slide ( .ppt ) Drug Interaction Cytochrome P450 is the main isoenzyme involved in methadone biotransformation . Physicians must be sensitive to co - administration of other drugs that could result in either an increase or a reduction of methadone levels . Table 1 reflects examples of some of those medications . Table 1 Some Medications That Can Decrease or Increase Methadone Level When Coadministered Decrease Level Increase Level Antibiotics Cimetidine Rifampin Ciprofloxacin Fluconazole Anticonvulsants Fluoxetine Phenytoin Ketoconazole Phenobarbital Macrolide antibiotics Carbamazepine Nifedipine Sertraline hydrochloride Antipsychotics Tricyclic antidepressants Risperidone Zidovudine Antiretrovirals Ritonavir Nevirapine Source : Ripamonti C , Bianchi M . The use of methadone for cancer pain . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am . 2002 ; 16 : 543 - 555 . View Large Clinical Advantages Although initially used in cancer patients , methadone is being increasingly used in the end - of - life care setting for patients with nonmalignant pain syndromes . As the only long - acting opioid liquid formulation , methadone provides an attractive alternative to the expensive transdermal fentanyl patch in patients with debilitating states of advanced dementia , in patients with arthritis , and in deconditioned bedridden individuals with adult failure to thrive who have generalized pain or allodynia and when patients can no longer swallow pills . Methadone ' s high bioavailability and long duration of action with rectal 7 Whereas methadone and fentanyl have been shown to be safe in patients with renal failure , 3 morphine and codeine with their active metabolites should be avoided and hydromorphone and oxycodone should be used with caution . An additional advantage of methadone is its property as an N - methyl - d - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor antagonist . This property contributes to a reduced propensity to develop opioid tolerance as compared with morphine and a greater efficacy in treating patients with neuropathic pain . 5 Figure 2 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of methadone . Figure 2 . Advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of methadone . ( * Ripamonti C , Bianchi M . The use of methadone for cancer pain . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am . 2002 ; 16 : 543 - 555 . โ Bruera E , Sweeney C . Methadone use in cancer patients with pain : a review . J Palliat Med . 2002 ; ( 1 ) : 127 - 138 . ) View Original | Slide ( .ppt ) Prescribing Methadone Equianalgesic dosing of methadone is more complex than it is for other opioids . Unlike morphine , methadone exhibits wide variations in half - life among patients and must be cautiously prescribed , especially in individuals currently medicated with an opioid . There are several approaches to prescribing methadone . In end - of - life care where some patients have noncancer pain syndromes and debilitated elderly have moderate pain , a reasonable approach is to start at 5 mg every 12 hours . Additional increases are determined based on the frequency and amount of short - acting opioid used for breakthrough or incidental pain and titrated accordingly every 3 to 5 days . The following examples demonstrate some of the established protocols 8 for both initiating and converting to methadone . New Start : Opioid - Naiฬve Patients This is the easiest method for initiating treatment with methadone in opioid - naiฬve patients : Start methadone 5 mg every 6 to 12 hours . Titrate every 3 to 5 days until adequate analgesia is achieved . When steady state is achieved , switch to every 8 - to 12 - hour dosing schedule . Use methadone or a short - acting opioid as needed for breakthrough or incidental pain . Provide 10 % to 15 % of the total 24 - hour dose every 2 hours as needed . Conversion From Morphine to Methadone Table 2 8 provides the conversion ratio of oral morphine to methadone . Start dosing every 6 hours for four to six doses ; then , decrease frequency to every 8 to 12 hours . Use an immediate - release opioid as rescue dosing . Table 2 Conversion Ratio of Oral Morphine to Methadone Morphine Sulfate Ratio Methadone Hydrochloride โค 100 mg 3 : 1 ? ? mg - 33 mg 101 mg - 300 mg 5 : 1 20 mg - 60 mg 301 mg - 600 mg 10 : 1 30 mg - 60 mg 601 mg - 800 mg 12 : 1 50 mg - 67 mg 801 mg - 1000 mg 15 : 1 53 mg - 67 mg โฅ 1000 mg 20 : 1 50 mg - __mg Source : Gazelle G , Fine P . Fast Facts and Concepts # 075 . Methadone for the treatment of pain . September 2002 . End - of - Life Physician Education Resource Center . Available at : http / / www . eperc . mcw . edu . Accessed January 15 , 2005 . View Large Switching From Another Opioid to Methadone The process of switching from another opioid to methadone , especially when high doses are being used , is much more complex . Several conversion protocols are available . 10 One example follows : Discontinue current opioid . Start methadone at a fixed oral dose every 3 hours as needed : Administer a fixed dose of methadone that equals 10 % of prior daily oral morphine sulfate equivalent with a maximum dose of 30 mg . 9 10 Example โ If prior daily opioid dose equals 150 mg of oral morphine sulfate equivalent per day ; then , use 15 mg of methadone hydrochloride every 3 hours as needed . ( Note : This is not a 1 : 10 ratio , unless only one dose is given in 24 hours : 1 : 10 ratio would be 15 mg / d , not 15 mg per dose . ) On day 6 , calculate total amount of methadone taken during previous 48 hours and convert to twice - daily methadone dose . If the patient actually took the 15 mg dose every 3 hours on days 4 and 5 , then the correct dosing would be 60 g every 12 hours . Example โ Patient is taking 600 mg of oral morphine sulfate equivalent per day . Because the oral morphine equivalent is greater than 300 mg / d , use 30 mg of methadone hydrochloride as initial fixed dose and give 30 mg of methadone hydrochloride every 3 hours as needed . If patient has taken eight doses of 30 mg over 2 days on days 4 and 5 , for a total of 240 mg in 48 hours , or 120 mg of oral methadone hydrochloride per day , then , on day 6 , adjust methadone dose to 40 mg taken 9 Table 3 provides a cost comparison of methadone with equivalent medication doses of other opioids . 11 Figure 3 provides a list of additional print and Web site resources . Table 3 Monthly Cost of Equivalent Medication Dose : Methadone Versus Other Opioids Medication Strength Dosing Interval ( h ) Cost ( Average Wholesale Price โช Fentanyl transdermal system ( Duragesic ) 100 ฮผg / h 72 $ 570 โช Morphine sulfate extended - release capsules ( Avinza ) 210 mg 24 $ 516 โช Oxycodone hydrochloride controlled - release tablets ( OxyContin ) 80 mg 12 $ 589 โช Morphine sulfate controlled - release tablets ( MS Contin ) 100 mg 12 $ 328 โช Methadone hydrochloride ( Methadose ) 40 mg 12 $ 17 Source : Fleming T , ed . 2004 Drug Topic Red Book . 108th ed . Montvale , NJ : Thomson Healtcare ; 2004 . Figure 3 . Print and Web site resources . Comment Methadone is gaining recognition in the arsenal of pain management . With knowledge and initial cautious titration , physicians can readily manage and consider methadone with the other extended - release opioids of morphine , oxycodone , hydromorphone , and fentanyl . Methadone ' s efficacy , long - acting liquid formulations , multiple routes of administration , and low cost make it a noteworthy contender in the treatment of patients with chronic pain . This continuing medical education publication supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Purdue Pharma LP 1 Moskowitz M . Advances in understanding chronic pain . Neurology . 2002 ; 59 ( 5 Suppl 2 ) : S1 . Ripamonti C , Bianchi M . The use of methadone for cancer pain . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am . 2002 ; 16 : 543 - 555 . Dean M . Opioids in renal failure and dialysis patients . Abstract Review . J Pain Symptom Manage . 2004 ; 28 : 497 - 504 . From NIH / NLM MEDLINE Available at : http : / / www . das / journal / view / 45309477 - 2N / 15183529 ? source = MI . Accessed January 15 , 2005 . Doyle D , Hanks GW , Cherny N . Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine . 3rd ed . New York , NY : Oxford University Press ; 2004 : 324 - 325 . 5 Bruera E , Sweeney C . Methadone use in cancer patients with pain : a review . J Palliat Med . 2002 ; ( 1 ) : 127 - 138 . 6 McCaffery M , Pasero C . Pain Clinical Manual . 2nd ed . St Louis , Mo : Mosby ; 1999 : 185 - 186 . Killion K , ed . Drug Facts and Comparisons . 54th ed . St Louis , Mo : Facts and Comparisons ; 2000 : 784 - 797 . Gazelle G , Fine P . Fast facts and concepts # 75 Methadone for the treatment of pain . September 2002 . End - of - Life Physician Education Resource Center . Available at http : / / www . eperc . mcw . edu Morley JS , Makin MK . The use of methadone in cancer pain poorly responsive to other opioids . Pain Rev . 1998 ; : 51 - 58 . Texas Academy of Palliative Medicine . Available at : http : / / www . tapm . org / vault / Converting_to_Methadone . pdf 11 Fleming T , ed . 2004 Drug Topic Red Book . . 108th ed . Montvale , NJ : Thomson Healthcare ; 2004 . | [
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http://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2093273 | Free Clinical Practice | May 2006 Nonobstetric Lacerations of the Vagina Marvin M . Sloin , DO Mersedeh Karimian , DO Pedram Ilbeigi , DO Author Notes The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association May 2006 , Vol . 106 , 271 - 273 . Figures Only Get Permissions Get Citation Alerts Abstract Although obstetrically related trauma remains the most common cause of injury to the female genital tract , trauma of nonobstetric origin is not uncommon . Reports of traumatic injuries to the vagina , especially lacerations , have been infrequent in the literature and offer only a generalized approach to this problem . Severe vaginal lacerations may result in life - threatening blood loss . The authors report their recent experience with treating patients who have this type of trauma , review mechanisms of injury , and provide an organized treatment protocol for the nonobstetric patient with suspected vaginal laceration . Nonobstetric vaginal lacerations differ greatly from lacerations sustained during childbirth and are generally classified into two types . The first type is relatively minor and is associated with normal sexual intercourse or the first experience of sexual intercourse . 1 These lacerations usually resolve with minimal treatment . The second type of laceration is deeper and more extensive , often resulting in copious vaginal bleeding . This condition can be life threatening and requires immediate intervention . Case Series While severe vaginal lacerations are commonly encountered by physicians , they are infrequently reported in the literature . In addition , there is a lack of an organized treatment protocol for such patients . During the past few years , we have treated four patients with severe vaginal injury with profuse bleeding , and two of these patients had severe hypovolemic shock on initial examination . After obtaining institutional review board approval , we reviewed the cases and developed an organized treatment protocol for the nonobstetric patient with suspected vaginal laceration . Case 1 A 28 - year - old , gravida ( G ) 2 , para ( P ) 2 woman had a deep right sulcus laceration that extended from the right lateral fornix all the way to the hymenal ring . The laceration was about 6 cm long and extended deep into the ischiorectal fossa . The patient also had a deep left sulcus laceration about 4 cm long , extending from the hymenal ring to three quarters of the way toward the left fornix . She had a few minor lacerations and abrasions as well . It was later discovered Case 2 A 20 - year - old woman ( G0 ) had a spiral - shaped laceration that extended from the cervix at the 3 - o ' clock position to the posterior fornix on the right and spiraled distally to terminate at the 10 - o ' clock position , about 1 cm proximal to the hymenal ring . It was later determined that her boyfriend had abused her by repeatedly inserting a metal pipe into her vagina . She revealed a history of sexual and physical abuse by the same boyfriend . Case 3 The third patient was a 20 - year - old woman ( G3 , P3 ) who had sustained a right posterolateral laceration approximately 3 cm long . She stated that she and her partner had regular sexual intercourse earlier that night and that she โ woke up with the bed full of blood . โ Case 4 Our fourth patient , a 20 - year - old woman ( G2 , P2 ) , had a posterior fornix laceration that was approximately 4 cm long and toward the right , with an underlying hematoma . Her injury had reportedly occurred immediately after intercourse . Treatment Two of the patients required aggressive fluid resuscitation to reverse their shock status , and one patient required a blood transfusion . All patients were taken to the operating room promptly and examined under general anesthesia . The lacerations were repaired primarily with continuous interlocking 2 - 0 or 3 - 0 chromic sutures . A diagnostic laparoscopic examination was performed on one patient to rule out intra - abdominal injuries , and the results were negative . All patients underwent a digital rectal examination to make sure that the rectal mucosa was intact and free of suture material , Discussion Nonobstetric vaginal trauma can span a continuum of severity from minor trauma resulting from normal sexual intercourse to major vaginal lacerations . The true incidences of such injuries are difficult to ascertain , especially because the nature of vaginal injury usually remains undisclosed . Many cases resolve without medical intervention , but severe lacerations sometimes require hospitalization and may be fatal . 2 Geist 3 reported that up to 75 % of women in the emergency department with vaginal lacerations require repair . According to Geist ' s review , 3 these patients usually have marked vaginal bleeding ( 80 % ) and perineal and / or lower abdominal pain ( 10 % โ 20 % ) . Hemorrhagic shock may be present in up to 15 % of the cases . The lacerations tend to be 3 to 5 cm long and are usually located in the distal vagina . They are more commonly located posteriorly and to the right . Lacerations extending into the peritoneal cavity occur in less than 1 % of patients . The most common mechanism of nonobstetric injury to the vagina is coitus . 4 Predisposing and etiologic factors that can account for such injuries include virginity , disproportion of male and female genitalia , atrophic vagina in post - menopausal women , friability of tissues , stenosis and scarring of the vagina because of congenital abnormalities , previous surgery , or pelvic radiation therapy . Other factors include rough and violent thrusting of the penis during intercourse , insertion of foreign bodies , and sexual assault . Coital positioning , especially in cases of dorsal decubitus , with hyper - flexion of the thighs and sitting positions have also been suggested as predisposing factors 1 5 7 Women with significant coital injuries may present late and with significant blood loss . This delay may be due to embarrassment because of the nature and cause of injuries or fear of spousal or parental knowledge . Partner abuse should be considered as a cause of injury and appropriately evaluated . Noncoital reproductive tract injuries often occur in the setting of multiple severe injuries and usually require operative intervention . 4 5 Vaginal lacerations may be a consequence of blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma , particularly as a result of pelvic fractures . Vaginal lacerations have also been reported in association with injuries sustained while in straddle and astride positions . Straddle injuries are more common in small children and are usually limited to the lower vagina . Genital tract injuries have been reported in association with water sports such as water - skiing and jet - skiing . 8 These injuries can range from vulvar hematomas to minor vaginal lacerations to life - threatening vaginal bleeding . Such injuries are also usually limited to the lower vagina . Figure . Treatment protocol for the patient with marked vaginal bleeding . View Original | Slide ( .ppt ) The spatial orientation of the cervix to the long axis of the vagina predisposes the posterior fornix to injuries , especially during coitus . 2 9 10 Dickinson 9 pointed out the relative weakness in the structure of the posterior fornix , which is supported by only a few bundles of connective tissue . The right fornix is also prone to injury because of slight variations of the uterocervical axis . 10 One report even suggests the possibility of tears in these structures resulting from levator muscle spasms in addition to direct injury . 6 Treatment Protocol The diagnosis of vaginal laceration is not often straightforward . Because of the personal nature of some of these injuries , the physician should be cognizant of marked patient delay in obtaining professional help . A misleading history together with failure to perform an adequate vaginal examination with a speculum may lead to erroneous diagnosis , thus delaying prompt treatment . Another important factor to consider is the gross underestimation of blood loss sustained and the necessity for postoperative evaluation of serial hematocrit and hemoglobin levels . We have established a protocol that provides an organized and systemic approach to treating patients with non โ obstetric - related vaginal bleeding ( Figure ) . Few cases can be managed conservatively . Preparedness for these emergencies eliminates dangerous delays and inadequate examination and treatment . Severe vaginal lacerations occur too frequently to be overlooked or mishandled . Sloin MM . Treating coital injury . Osteopath Physician . 1976 ; 46 : 75 โ 82 . Ikedife D . Fatal coital rupture of pouch of Douglas . Niger Med J . 1976 ; 6 : 210 โ 211 . Geist RF . Sexually related trauma [ review ] . Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1988 ; : 439 โ 466 . Fallat ME , Weaver JM , Hertweck SP , Miller FB . Late follow - up and functional outcome after traumatic reproductive tract injuries in women . Am Surg . 1998 ; 64 : 858 โ 861 . Sau AK , Dhar KK , Dhall GI . Nonobstetric lower genital tract trauma . Aust N Z Obstet Gynaecol . 1993 ; 33 : 433 โ 435 . Ahnaimugan S , Asuen MI . Coital laceration of the vagina . Aust N Z Obstet Gynaecol . 1980 ; 20 : 180 โ 181 . 7 Wilson F , Swartz DP . Coital injuries of the vagina . Obstet Gynecol . 1972 ; 39 : 182 โ 184 . 8 Haefner HK , Anderson HF , Johnson MP . Vaginal laceration following a jet - ski accident . Obstet Gyn . 1991 ; 78 : 986 โ 988 . Dickinson RL . Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy . Baltimore , Md : Williams & Wilkins Co ; 1949 : 100 . Diddle AW . Rupture of the vaginal vault during coitus . West J Surg . 1948 ; 56 : 414 โ 416 . | [
"Nonobstetric vaginal lacerations",
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http://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2094101 | previous next article in this article Report of Case Comment Conclusion Free Case Report | January 2011 Management of Suppurative Cervical Lymphadenitis in a Healthy 24 - Year - Old Man Marlow Hernandez , MPH , OMS IV Rayhanur Chowdhury , OMS IV John Woods , MS , OMS IV Jorge Cabrera , DO Patrick C . Hardigan , PhD Author Notes The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association January 2011 , Vol . 111 , 49 - 51 . Figures Only Abstract Unilateral suppurative cervical lymphadenitis is characterized by acute onset of 1 or more tender cervical lymph nodes and can lead to fever , cellulitis , abscess formation , and bacteremia . This form of lymphadenitis is usually caused by gram - positive bacteria . The present case details the treatment of a previously healthy 24 - year - old man who presented with an acutely inflamed cervical lymph node . The patient did not respond to antibiotic monotherapy or combination antibiotics but recovered rapidly after methylprednisolone and osteopathic manipulative treatment were added to his care . Cervical lymphadenitis is defined as 1 or more enlarged and tender lymph nodes of the neck and may be unilateral or bilateral . In general , both forms are self - limiting . Bilateral cervical lymphadenitis is usually caused by a viral upper respiratory infection ; the unilateral form is typically caused by gram - positive bacteria . Acute lymphadenitis develops over days , whereas subacute or chronic lymphadenitis develops over weeks to months . Although the exact pathophysiology of unilateral lymphadenitis remains unclear , it is thought that pyogenic organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes cause acute reactions within the lymph node , manifested by a sudden onset of swelling , erythema , warmth , and tenderness . Recruitment of neutrophils to the lymph node may result in abscess formation . 1 2 In contrast to suppurative lymphadenitis , infections caused by Mycobacteria , fungi , and Bartonella henselae can become granulomatous and develop over weeks to months . 3 7 In these types of infections , lymph nodes can grow 3 to 6 cm in diameter and become erythematous , warm , and tender . Although systemic symptoms ( eg , fever , tachycardia , malaise ) may be present , they are milder than those seen with pyogenic infection . Nevertheless , one - third of infected nodes suppurate and become fluctuant . 8 Differential diagnosis for a unilateral neck mass may include the following : sialadenitis , infectious mononucleosis , Ludwig angina , sarcoidosis , neoplasm , tularemia , connective tissue disease , Kawasaki disease , PFAPA ( periodic fever , aphthous stomatitis , pharyngitis , adenitis ) syndrome , Kikuchi disease , toxoplasmosis , and medication effect . 9 20 The best diagnostic test is a contrast - enhanced computed tomography ( CT ) scan . 2 The current standard of care for patients with acute cervical lymphadenitis is an orally administered , broad - spectrum antibiotic . Clindamycin or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole should be used to treat patients with suspected MRSA ( methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) . If periodontal disease is present , clindamycin or amoxicillin / clavulanate should be given for the management of possible S aureus , Group A Streptococcus , or oral anaerobic infection . Fine needle aspiration is recommended for patients who do not improve within 48 to 72 hours after being administered antibiotics . If symptoms progress despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy , incision and drainage is recommended . 8 Report of Case A previously healthy 24 - year - old man presented with a palpable 5 - cm mass that was inferior to the angle of the right - sided mandible and that had been growing steadily for more than 1 week ( Figure 1 ) . The patient stated that the mass first appeared as a small , 3 - mm nodule . From the start , the nodule was painful and produced discomfort when the patient opened his mouth , turned his head , or looked up . During the next week , the patient had fever , chills , pharyngeal erythema , headaches , and general malaise . The symptoms worsened with exercise and with eating . The patient had a history of parotitis , but previous episodes had resolved within 2 to 3 days . Physical examination was grossly normal , except for the 5 - cm movable , nonerythematous neck mass and a small gingival tear on the right - sided second mandibular molar . Results of cranial radiographs showed a radiopaque area near the submandibular gland ( Figure 2 ) and , based on these results , sialadenitis was diagnosed . Routine blood tests and pharyngeal swabs were also obtained , but the results were unremarkable . The patient was initially treated with 500 mg of cephalexin , administered every 6 hours for 5 days . However , after 5 days , the mass had continued to grow , so cephalexin was discontinued and the patient was started on 875 mg of amoxicillin / clavulanate , administered twice a day . Three days later , the patient reported no improvement in the right - sided lower neck pain , headaches , fever , or chills . Clindamycin ( 150 mg every 6 hours ) was added for suspected anaerobes , but , within 48 hours , the Clostridium difficile โ associated diarrheal illness . The metronidazole reduced the diarrhea but did not eliminate it entirely . Three days later , the patient was started on trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( 160 mg / 800 mg 2 times per day ) . In all , 5 antibiotics were used during a period of 2 weeks , but the patient ' s symptoms did not abate . Figure 1 . A palpable 5 - cm mass that was inferior to the angle of the right - sided mandible in a 24 - year - old man . View Original | Slide ( .ppt ) For the management of possible sialadenitis , the submandibular duct was cannulated to resolve any obstruction . In addition , a contrast - enhanced CT scan was ordered . Results of the CT scan showed a 3 - cm mass adjacent to the rightsided submandibular gland , which appeared to be anodal with an area of necrosis . The CT findings were compatible with suppurative adenopathy with abscessed submandibular node ( Figure 3 ) . Test results showed no evidence of sialadenitis or sialolithiasis . Figure 2 . Coronal ( A and B ) and sagittal ( C ) cranial radiographic images that show a radiopaque area near the submandibular gland of a 24 - year - old man who presented with a palpable 5 - cm mass that was inferior to the angle of the right - sided mandible . View Original | Slide ( .ppt ) Given the patient ' s level of discomfort , he was started on methylprednisolone ( 24 mg / d in 4 - mg divided doses ) , which was tapered by 4 mg per day over the next 5 days . The patient was also continued on amoxicillin / clavulanate and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole . During the second day of steroid treatment , the patient underwent lymphatic osteopathic manipulative treatment ( OMT ) . The thoracic duct was opened using myofascial release , and the lymph nodes were stimulated in a downward fashion along the chain using effleurage and peฬtrissage The day after the initial OMT session , the patient was instructed to get 45 minutes of aerobic exercise and return for a second round of lymphatic OMT . By the third day , the mass had reduced in size by more than 90 % and was no longer noticeable . During the next 2 weeks , the patient steadily improved until all of his symptoms had resolved . Comment We believe that the cause of the patient ' s symptoms was a perfect storm of upper respiratory tract infection , salivary gland obstruction , stasis of lymphatic fluid , and bacterial infection ( possibly anaerobic ) through a gingival tear . Presumably , this tetrad led to contiguous spread of infection into adjacent tissues , resulting in lymphadenitis . Given the timing of the presentation and the normal laboratory values , etiologies such as malignancy and connective tissue disease can be excluded . Figure 3 . Horizontal ( A and B ) and coronal ( C ) computed tomography scans of a 3 - cm mass adjacent to the right - sided submandibular gland in a 24 - year - old man who presented with a palpable mass that was inferior to the angle of the right - sided mandible . The mass appeared to be anodal with an area of necrosis ; the computed tomography findings were compatible with suppurative adenopathy with abscessed submandibular node . Because of this patient ' s periodontal symptoms , the ideal first line antibiotic was amoxicillin / clavulanate potassium . However , antibiotic monotherapy was not successful in the present case . Resolution of symptoms was achieved by the use of a combination of broad - spectrum antibiotics , corticosteroids , and OMT . The effectiveness of OMT may be because of its substantial effect on lymphatic flow and immune defense , effects that are shared to an extent by aerobic exercise . 21 Conclusion The authors recommend that previously healthy adults with unilateral , painful , and acutely enlarging cervical lymphadenitis be treated with combination therapy if the first line therapy fails . Given the impressive response to steroid treatment and OMT in combination with antibiotics described in the present case , we recommend that these treatment modalities be exhausted before neck mass aspiration or open incision and drainage are performed . Financial Disclosure : None reported . 1 Marcy SM . Cervical adenitis . Pediatr Infect Dis . 1985 ; 4 ( 3 suppl ) : S23 - S26 . Schwetschenau E , Kelley DJ . The adult neck mass . Am Fam Physician . 2002 ; 66 ( 5 ) : 831 - 838 . 3 McDermott LJ , Glassroth J , Mehta JB , Dutt AK . Tuberculosis . Part I . Dis Mon . 1997 ; 43 ( 3 ) : 113 - 180 . 4 Suskind DL , Handler SD , Tom LW , Potsic WP , Wetmore RF . Nontuberculous mycobacterial cervical adenitis . Clin Pediatr ( Phila ) . 1997 ; 36 ( 7 ) : 403 - 409 . 5 Benator DA , Gordin FM . Nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection . Semin Respir Infect . 1996 ; 11 ( 4 ) : 285 - 300 . 6 O ' Brien RJ , Geiter LJ , Snider DE Jr . The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States . Results from a national survey . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1987 ; 135 ( 5 ) : 1007 - 1014 . 7 Karem KL , Paddock CD , Regnery RL . Bartonella henselae B . quintana , and B . bacilliformis : historical pathogens of emerging significance . Microbes Infect . . ( 2000 ) . ; ( 10 ) : 1193 - 1205 . McMillan JA , Feigin RD , DeAngelis CD , Jones MD . Oski ' s Pediatrics : Principles and Practice . New York , NY : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006 . 9 Rice DH . Chronic inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands . Otolaryngol Clin North Am . 1999 ; 32 ( 5 ) : 813 - 818 . 10 Bhattacharyya N . Predictive factors for neoplasia and malignancy in a neck mass . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1999 ; 125 ( 3 ) : 303 - 307 . 11 Armstrong WB , Giglio MF . Is this lump in the neck anything to worry about ? Postgrad Med . . ( 1998 ) . ; 104 ( 3 ) : 63 - 64 , 67 - 71 , 75 - 76 passim . 12 McGuirt WF . Differential diagnosis of neck masses . In : Cummings CW , Frederickson JM , Harker LA , et al , eds . Otolaryngology โ Head and Neck Surgery . 3rd ed . St Louis , MO : Mosby ; 1998 : 1686 - 1699 . 13 Barakat M , Flood LM , Oswal VH , Ruckley RW . The management of a neck mass : presenting feature of an asymptomatic head and neck primary malignancy ? Ann R Coll Surg Engl . . ( 1987 ) . ; 69 ( 4 ) : 181 - 184 . 14 Wanebo HJ , Koness RJ , MacFarlane JK , et al . Head and neck sarcoma : report of the Head and Neck Sarcoma Registry . Society of Head and Neck Surgeons Committee on Research . Head Neck . 1992 ; 14 ( 1 ) : 1 - 7 . 15 Moosa M , Mazzaferri EL . Management of thyroid neoplasms . In : Cummings CW , Frederickson JM , Harker LA , et al , eds . Otolaryngology โ Head and Neck Surgery . 3rd ed . St Louis , MO : Mosby ; 1998 : 2480 - 2518 . 16 Barnes L . Pathology of the head and neck : general considerations . In : Myers EN , Suen JY , eds . Cancer of the Head and Neck . 3rd ed . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders ; 1996 : 17 - 32 . 17 Martin H , Morfit HM . Cervical lymph node metastasis as the first symptom of cancer . Surg Gynecol Obstet . . ( 1944 ) . ; 78 : 133 - 159 . 18 Jeghers H , Clark SL Jr , Templeton AC . Lymphadenopathy and disorders of the lymphatics . In : Blacklow RS , ed . MacBryde ' s Signs and Symptoms : Applied Pathologic Physiology and Clinical Interpretation . 6th ed . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott ; 1983 : 467 - 533 . 19 McCabe RE , Brooks RG , Dorfman RF , Remington JS . Clinical spectrum in 107 cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy . Rev Infect Dis . 1987 ; ( 4 ) : 754 - 774 . 20 Longmore M , Wilkinson I , Turmezei T , Cheug CK . Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine . 7th ed . New York , NY : Oxford University Press ; 2007 : 179 . 21 Ward RC , ed . Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine . 2nd ed . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002 . | [
"Suppurative Cervical Lymphadenitis",
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http://jap.physiology.org/content/100/4/1103 | Journal home Issues Collections Information About Submit Subscribe INVITED EDITORIAL Muscarinic receptors and salivary secretion Gordon B . Proctor 01 Apr 2006 https : / / doi . org / 10.1152 / japplphysiol . 01546 . 2005 Full Text PDF ( 53 KB ) Tools Share Muscarinic receptors and salivary secretion . " Journal of Applied Physiology , 100 ( 4 ) , pp . 1103 โ 1104 Previous Back to Top Next | [
"Muscarinic receptors",
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Papers Wiley Engineering Statistics 5th Edition Douglas C Zayn Dusk Till Dawn Young Learners Oxford University Press You Only Have To Be Right Once Pdf Wordpress Website Design The Absolute Beginners Guide To Building A Professional Looking Website From Scratch Whiskey A Taste Of The History How Its Made And The Art Of Drinking It Like A Sir Old Fashioned Glass Hard Liquor Enthusiasts Book 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | [
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http://japaneseisolation.weebly.com/ | JAPAN : ) Japan ' s Isolation Japan became isolated in the 1630 ' s , when Tokugawa Ieyasu was worried about foreigners in Japan . The Spanish had settled in the Philippines , and Tokugawa ordered all Christians to leave the country . He also said that any Japanese who left the country and then came back would be killed . He banned most European trade and freed Japan of influences from outside countries . This continued for almost 200 years . Then , in American naval vessels , lead by Matthew C . Perry , landed in Japan . He opened Japan to the west | [
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http://jardinains.com/index2.html | Magic Chopstick Games will donate 1 to Childs Play for every CD purchased Click here to get the CD today and help make a sick kids life a little happier Click Here to get Jardinains from Downloadcom Get More Levels Here Questions Answers Over 1500000 downloads since October 1 2002 The adorable game Jardinains is one of the best Breakout clones weve seenJardinains may leave ballandpaddle fans shaking their fists at those naughty gnomesthen shaking their heads in amazement at how fun this game is Rated 55 by Downloadcom Jardinains features unique effects and fun surprisesthe gnome attitude in Jardinains feels like a fresh whiff of raw and invigorating funan excellent and creative breakout clone Rated 910 by Boson GameHippocom Read More Reviews And Submit Your Own 4th of Julyish Update So a few things First Ive fallen atrociously behind on responding to emails if youve written in the past few months I heartily apologize for not getting back to you sooner There are good reasons for this though what little time I have left after Real Life has had its say has been dedicated to getting Jardinains 2 up to speed Im happy to say that its getting quite close to completion My current tentative goal is to have a semipublic alpha version available by July 29 which just happens to be my 30th birthday Though I wont rush a halfready beta out the door just for the sake of reaching this deadline I am optimistic that I can get there without too much trouble the game content wont be complete but the game engine should be featurecomplete and pretty stable On that note the Jardinains 2 website is up and running after a fashion Its far from complete but feel free to pop on over and browse aroundwell there aint much yet But you can check it out anyhow Poke around leave comments do whatever it is you do while surfing halffinished websites So in short after entirely too many years the wait is nearly over Keep your eye on this site please forgive my lack of email communication and know that if you have sent me mail in the past few months I still have your address and I plan to make up for my poor correspondence record in the nottoodistant future Just need to wrap a few things up first New Years Update 2006 Believe it or not progress on Jardinains 2 continues at a solid pace Ive made a great deal of progress over the past few months and while theres still a massive amount of work to do the game is starting to take shape It runs on OS X Windows and will eventually run on Linux once I get a Linux development machine up and running It has bright flashy lights amazing customization potential thanks to the power of XML configuration files and 142 cuter nains Rumors of pirate nains are greatly exaggerated There are no pirate nains they do not have cute little eyepatches and they most certainly do not drop little anchors at you There is absolutely no chance whatsoever that anything even remotely resembling a pirate nain will make its way into Jardinains 2 as that would simply be too cool Nope Not the slightest chance ever Period As always Ill do my best to keep you all posted on progress I fully expect to release Jardinains 2 this year and as the release gets closer the reports will come faster | [
"Jardinains"
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http://jargondatabase.com/category/business/management-jargon/expectation-management | Home > business > management jargon expectation management Expectation Management A formal process to continuously capture , document , and maintain the content , dependencies , and sureness of the expectations for persons participating in an interaction , and to apply the information to make the interaction successful . To a large extent , people declare that a project has either succeeded or failed based on whether it met their expectations . Few projects fail in an absolute sense - - they simply fail to meet individual expectations . It is possible for a project to file , even if all of the original goals were met , simply based on someone ' s different perception . See also Asymmetrical Information Due Diligence and Human Resource Accounting This bit of jargon has been viewed 44,780 times . Blog Link Copy to Clipboard < a target = " blank " title = " See the definition " href = " http : / / www . jargondatabase . com / business / management + jargon / expectation + management " > Expectation Management < / a > What is this ? Return To management jargon Search the Jargon Database Home | Add Jargon | F.A.Q About Contact ยฉ 2010 JargonDatabase . com Jargon Database is sponsored by Profit Awareness - discover your best clients , and get rid of your bad ones ( Check out out business practices blog here Jargon Database was built by the best web development agency in Atlanta Georgia - Digital Tool Factory | [
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http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/9/2395.full | Aldosterone in Chronic Kidney and Cardiac Disease Thomas H . Hostetter Hassan N . Ibrahim and Feature Editor * National Institutes of Health , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , Bethesda , Maryland ; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota . Correspondence to Dr . Thomas H . Hostetter , National Institutes of Health , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , 6707 Democracy Blvd . , Room 625 , Bethesda , MD 20892 . Phone : 301 - 594 - 8864 ; Fax : 301 - 480 - 3510 ; E - mail : hostettert { at } extra . niddk . nih . gov Eberhard Ritz Regulatory systems , which are normally involved in homeostasis , can take on maladaptive roles . This paradoxical situation has been convincingly demonstrated in heart failure . The evidence is strongest with respect to the beneficial effects of sympathetic and renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system blockade ( 1 , 2 โ ) . Activation of these regulators had been viewed as a compensatory response to circulatory embarrassment , but the clinical evidence proved that at some level the activation actually further impaired function . Although the success of drugs such as angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors was initially attributed to hemodynamic actions unloading the left ventricle , additional direct cellular effects on cardiac remodeling have been discovered ( 3 ) . In the case of chronic progressive renal disease , substantial evidence attests to the efficacy of ACE inhibitors and , more recently , angiotensin receptor blockers in slowing the progression of both experimental and clinical renal disease ( 4 โ 8 โ ) . Largely on the basis of this pharmacologic evidence , the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system has been implicated as a major contributor to renal disease . In contrast to heart failure , a compensatory role for this system had not been considered in chronic renal disease before the value of the blocking agents became apparent . However , as with heart failure , both hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic actions of the system have attracted attention . Angiotensin II ( AngII ) has received the greatest consideration as the mediator of injurious actions of this hormonal system in the heart and kidney . Elevations in glomerular pressure attributable to AngII in the kidney and vasoconstrictive afterload effects in the general circulation constitute potentially injurious actions of the peptide . Moreover , growth - promoting and other fibroproliferative effects of AngII have been demonstrated . However , aldosterone has also been implicated as a deleterious component of the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system in both cardiac and renal tissue ( 3 , 9 ) . This review highlights and updates the evidence linking aldosterone to injury . Next Section Aldosterone in Cardiac Disease In addition to the adrenal glands , the heart and vasculature can produce aldosterone ( 10 โ 12 ) . Although neither of these extra - adrenal sites can manufacture sufficient aldosterone to supply systemic needs , important local functions may be served and pathologic consequences may result from production at these sites . The same stimuli that provoke adrenal synthesis of aldosterone , i.e . , AngII , potassium , and ACTH , stimulate aldosterone generation by the heart . Intracardiac levels of aldosterone exceed levels in the circulation , presumably because of this local production ( 11 ) . Several cell types in the heart harbor mineralocorticoid receptors ( 13 ) ( Figure 1 ) . An important corollary finding involves the glucocorticoid - degrading enzyme 11ฮฒ - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( 11 - BHSD ) . The classic genomic action of aldosterone in a target tissue requires not only the mineralocorticoid receptor but also 11 - BHSD . This dual requirement results from the similar affinities of the glucocorticoids and aldosterone for the mineralocorticoid receptor and the much higher circulating levels of glucocorticoids . Therefore , targets of aldosterone generally express 11 - BHSD as a means of conferring aldosterone specificity to the response of the tissue . The heart exhibits 11 - BHSD 13 ) . The first and perhaps essential protein is serum glucocorticoid kinase , the translation of which is stimulated by aldosterone ( 14 ) . This protein seems to be linked to such cellular events as the increase in sodium transport in epithelia . The normal or homeostatic function of this mineralocorticoid system in the heart is currently unknown . View larger version : In this window In a new window Download as PowerPoint Slide Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of a generic aldosterone - responsive cell . To the left of the vertical shaded line is the established genomic pathway . Spironolactone competitively blocks aldosterone at the established mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) . Various actions result from protein synthesis , depending on the particular cell type . To the right of the line are the nongenomic pathways . Various intracellular signals are triggered , depending on the cell type . 11 , ฮฒHSD , 11ฮฒ - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 ; SGK , serum glucocorticoid kinase ; MMR , putative membrane mineralocorticoid receptor . Modified from 17 , with permission . Nongenomic membrane effects of aldosterone might also mediate direct renal or cardiac responses to aldosterone ( 15 ) ( Figure 1 ) . An unidentified membrane receptor is thought to mediate the rapid responses involving this pathway . The term nongenomic is derived from the fact that , in contrast to signaling through the classic genomic pathway , gene transcription and protein synthesis are not required . Therefore , these responses may be quite swift . Also , these nongenomic actions are not inhibitable by standard mineralocorticoid receptor blockers such as spironolactone . The rapid effects of aldosterone on the isolated heart and perhaps on the circulation may occur through this route ( 16 ) . Renal epithelial cells and glomerular cells in vitro mount rapid nongenomic responses to aldosterone ( 15 โ 17 ) . However , no net renal events ( either homeostatic or pathologic ) are known to depend on the nongenomic mechanism . Hyperaldosteronism regularly accompanies heart failure . Both increased production and decreased metabolism contribute , although the increased secretion is dominant ( 3 ) . Renal secretion of renin , with consequent AngII production , stimulates adrenal aldosterone production . Aldosterone production by the heart was recently reported to be elevated among patients with heart failure and rats with experimental myocardial infarction ( 18 , 19 ) . Diminished hepatic perfusion associated with heart failure reduces aldosterone metabolism , further increasing circulating levels . The elevated aldosterone levels in heart failure have been convincingly implicated in progressive myocardial damage ( Figure 2 ) . ACE inhibition improves the course of heart failure and has represented standard therapy for more than a decade ( 1 ) . Additional specific blockade of aldosterone has proved clinically rewarding . The first large clinical trial testing the efficacy of spironolactone in heart failure was reported in 1999 ( 20 ) . The rationale for the trial was based in part on the success of ACE inhibition , with its associated suppression of aldosterone , but also developed from animal studies linking aldosterone to cardiac fibrosis ( 21 , 22 ) . The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study demonstrated that spironolactone conferred a 30 % reduction in mortality rates , compared with placebo , among patients with severe heart failure . More recently , investigators tested the newer mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone among patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction ( 23 ) . Even when added to currently accepted optimal therapy with ACE inhibitors and ฮฒ - receptor blockers , eplerenone reduced morbidity and mortality rates . These findings not only established mineralocorticoid receptor blockade as a valuable therapeutic approach but also strengthened the view that aldosterone can exert deleterious actions in cardiac disease . View larger version : In this window In a new window Download as PowerPoint Slide Figure 2 . Diagram of pathophysiologic processes , demonstrating the links between cardiac injury and further injury through cardiac and systemic aldosterone production . SNA , sympathetic nervous system ; AngII , angiotensin II ; ECFV , extracellular fluid volume . Aldosterone in Models of Renal Disease Although the actions of AngII in progression have been extensively discussed , the contribution of aldosterone has been much less discussed . However , adrenal hypertrophy and hyperaldosteronism ( with plasma levels approximately 10 times normal values ) accompany the hypertension , proteinuria , and glomerulosclerosis characteristic of the remnant kidney model ( 9 ) . Furthermore , combined therapy with the AngII receptor blocker losartan and the ACE inhibitor enalapril in this model nearly nullified the hypertension , proteinuria , and glomerulosclerosis of the remnant kidney , as expected ( 9 ) , but also attenuated the hyperaldosteronism . Most importantly , reproduction of the hyperaldosteronism with exogenous aldosterone infusion during administration of the pharmacologic blockers restored most of the arterial hypertension , proteinuria , and glomerulosclerosis observed with the untreated , subtotally ablated kidney ( ) . These results demonstrate that aldosterone is a potentially important component of the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system activity in this model ( Figure 3 ) . Figure 3 . Diagram of pathophysiologic processes , demonstrating the links between renal injury and further injury through aldosterone . Aldosterone synthesis is likely stimulated by a combination of potassium and AngII derived from renal renin production . ECFV , extracellular fluid volume ; PAI , plasminogen activator inhibitor . Reprinted from reference 8 , with permission . Although elevated plasma aldosterone levels have been noted in clinical renal impairment ( see below ) , hyperaldosteronism has not been a well recognized feature of the remnant kidney model . However , adrenal hypertrophy was previously linked to this experimental model . Morrison ( 24 ) documented increased adrenal weight after subtotal ablation and , in qualitatively evaluating this growth , noted that the zona glomerulosa was more prominently widened than was the reticulata . Other observations in this experimental model have suggested that aldosterone may contribute to progressive injury . Quan et al . 25 ) performed adrenalectomy in rats after subtotal nephrectomy . Despite high doses of replacement glucocorticoid , several cardinal features of the disease , including hypertension , proteinuria , and structural renal injury , were mitigated , compared with similarly nephrectomized rats with intact adrenal glands . Aldosterone was not replaced for the adrenalectomized rats ; perhaps its absence accounted for the attenuation of renal disease after adrenalectomy , despite adequate glucocorticoid therapy . Examination of a Wistar rat strain known as the Wistar - Furth strain has supported the role of aldosterone in generating injury after subtotal nephrectomy ( 26 ) . Fitzgibbon et al . 26 ) chose the Wistar - Furth strain because of its demonstrated resistance to aldosterone . When subtotal renal ablation was performed with Wistar and Wistar - Furth strains , the Wistar strain developed substantially more hypertension , proteinuria , and histologic injury . Even when BP was adjusted between the two groups with antihypertensive therapy , the Wistar strain sustained greater injury . These differences in hypertension and injury were associated with differences in aldosterone levels and adrenal gland weights . Specifically , aldosterone levels increased in the Wistar strain , as observed for Sprague - Dawley rats ( see Other models of experimental or animal renal disease are also marked by elevations in mineralocorticoid activity . The classic mineralocorticoid - salt model of hypertension , produced with the combination of high doses of exogenous mineralocorticoid , a high - salt diet , and unilateral nephrectomy , is characterized not only by systemic hypertension but also by substantial glomerular injury ( 27 ) . Furthermore , this injury seems to be unresponsive to angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors , as would be expected for a disease in which renin production is suppressed ( 28 ) . The adriamycin model of nephrosis , with progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial disease , has also been associated with elevated aldosterone levels ( 29 ) . Finally , domestic cats with spontaneous chronic renal disease exhibit elevated levels of aldosterone ( 30 ) . Targeted interruption of the action of aldosterone with mineralocorticoid receptor blockers has been successful in several other models of renal disease . Spironolactone and its newer , more - selective , congener eplerenone have been used for this purpose in models of hypertension , radiation - induced nephritis , and cyclosporine toxicity ( 31 โ 34 ) . The blockers reduced proteinuria in the hypertensive and radiation - induced nephritis models and reduced renal structural injury in all models . In studies of stroke - prone , spontaneously hypertensive rats fed saline solution , spironolactone ameliorated kidney damage without notable reductions in arterial hypertension ( 31 ) . In that model , as in the remnant kidney model described above , ACE inhibition prevented injury and decreased endogenous aldosterone levels ; restoration of aldosterone levels with exogenous infusion reconstituted the proteinuria and renal microvascular lesions , despite ongoing ACE inhibition . Eplerenone and , separately , adrenalectomy attenuated renal injury in another hypertensive model , produced with angiotensin infusion combined with saline feeding and nitric oxide synthesis inhibition with N G - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( 32 ) . Again , the injury reduction was achieved without detectable antihypertensive action . In comparison , spironolactone and eplerenone each had only modest effects on renal injury in the remnant kidney model , perhaps because of major increases in endogenous aldosterone levels after their administration in that model . However , each of those mineralocorticoid receptor blockers decreased cardiac hypertrophy in the remnant kidney model ( 9 , 35 ) . Aldosterone in Clinical Renal Disease Hyperaldosteronism without increased renin levels occurs in clinical chronic renal insufficiency . Hene 36 ) described elevations in plasma aldosterone levels among patients with stable chronic renal insufficiency resulting from various causes . In their cross - sectional analysis of subjects with a range of renal function , aldosterone levels increased when creatinine clearance was less than approximately 70 ml / min , increasing three - to fourfold above normal levels as clearance values decreased . Other clinical investigations also identified increased aldosterone levels in renal insufficiency . For example , Berl 37 ) studied eight subjects whose average creatinine clearance was 14 ml / min ; five of the subjects demonstrated plasma aldosterone levels above the normal range . Similarly , nine subjects with better renal function ( average inulin clearance , 27 ml / min ) who were studied by Reams and Bauer ( 38 ) demonstrated mean plasma aldosterone levels more than fourfold greater than normal values . Surprisingly , the significance of this hyperaldosteronism in progression has not been extensively considered , although Walker ( 39 ) did note a significant correlation between aldosterone levels and rates of renal decay in a longitudinal study of patients with diabetes mellitus . Preliminary data reported by Ciraku 40 ) also demonstrated a significant correlation between urinary aldosterone excretion and microalbuminuria among 252 members of 58 families identified on the basis of a proband with essential hypertension . Urinary aldosterone excretion was the strongest predictor of urinary albumin excretion , even after adjustment for mean arterial BP , age , gender , ethnicity , body mass index , cholesterol levels , triglyceride levels , and plasma renin activity ( 40 The effects of ACE inhibition on the course of clinical renal insufficiency have been generally beneficial , as previously noted ( 5 , 7 , 41 ) . Aldosterone levels have not often been measured but , when examined , they have decreased with this therapy . Reams and Bauer ( 38 ) reported that the average baseline plasma aldosterone level of 234 pg / ml among their subjects decreased to 135 pg / ml after 1 mo of enalapril administration . Ruilope 42 ) , who also studied patients with renal insufficiency , observed a significant decrease in plasma aldosterone levels from 266 pg / ml to 105 pg / ml with 6 mo of captopril treatment . Dietary protein restriction attenuates the progression of renal disease . This dietary maneuver also decreases aldosterone levels among normal subjects and patients with a variety of kidney diseases ( 43 โ 46 ) . Therefore , the available clinical data suggest a dependence of progressive disease on aldosterone . Clinical studies using mineralocorticoid blockers to attenuate chronic renal injury have begun to appear . However , to date they have used changes in proteinuria as an end point , rather than changes in GFR or other clinical events . Chrysostomou and Becker ( 47 ) administered spironolactone ( 25 mg / d ) to eight proteinuric patients who had been receiving enalapril for at least 1 yr . At the end of a 4 - wk period , an additional 54 % reduction in the 24 - h protein excretion rate , without any change in creatinine clearance or plasma potassium levels , was observed . However , there was a difference in mean arterial BP of 10 mmHg at the end of the 4 - wk period . This might have been a response to the antihypertensive properties of spironolactone . The lack 48 ) conducted a 24 - wk , double - blind study that compared the renal and antihypertensive effects and safety of the aldosterone antagonist eplerenone with those of enalapril , or the combination of the two agents , among hypertensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria . Each of the three groups included 70 to 80 subjects . The eplerenone - treated group demonstrated a 62 % reduction in the urinary albumin excretion rate during the 6 - mo period , compared with a 45 % reduction in the enalapril group and a 74 % reduction in the 49 ) . Finally , Sato 50 ) identified 13 patients with type II diabetes mellitus who were treated with an ACE inhibitor but whose aldosterone levels increased after initial suppression ( i.e . , aldosterone escape ) . When spironolactone was added to the ACE inhibitor for those patients for 24 wk , albuminuria and left ventricular mass both decreased . BP and serum potassium levels did not exhibit detectable changes . Although the results of these recent clinical trials are encouraging , they are preliminary ; the studies involved small numbers of subjects , with proteinuria as the main end point . In addition to the need for more information from larger groups with additional end points , safety issues ( especially involving hyperkalemia ) remain a major concern with the use of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers in this population . Serious and occasionally fatal hyperkalemia has been observed as spironolactone has been widely , and in many cases inappropriately , used to treat heart failure ( 51 ) . Further studies in renal disease are needed to assess the best means of monitoring and avoiding this potential complication . Pathologic Actions of Aldosterone Aldosterone promotes hypertension through sodium retention . This well known action remains a potential mechanism for both cardiac and renal injury . Central nervous system effects on vascular tone may sustain hypertension ( 52 ) . However , some of the damage attributable to aldosterone , as well as the benefits observed with its suppression and antagonism , can not be entirely assigned to changes in BP . For several years , mineralocorticoids have been considered to be responsible for scarring and injury in the heart . Brilla and Weber ( 21 ) provided evidence that myocardial fibrosis could result from mineralocorticoid action , which was confirmed by Young and colleagues ( 22 , 53 ) . Those data also suggested that the cardiac scarring effects might not be attributable solely to systemic hypertension produced by the steroids . In the cardiac models , however , fibrosis does seem to require a high salt intake , the molecular and cellular implications of which are unknown . Aldosterone promotes the growth of cardiac myocytes and the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro , demonstrating its capacity for nonhemodynamic actions on tissues ( 54 , 55 ) . The initial pathologic step in cardiac fibrosis stimulated by aldosterone is not known , but one line of evidence points to myocardial necrosis preceding fibrosis ( 32 ) . The necrosis may be a result of focal ischemia ( Figure 2 ) . The concept that oxidative stress mediated by NADPH oxidase lies proximal to fibrosis has also been proposed ( 56 ) . The sequence of events leading to fibrosis remains undetermined , but a recent report should be noted . Beggah 57 ) observed that , when cardiac mineralocorticoid receptor expression was suppressed in mice , cardiac fibrosis ensued . Although they suggest the necessity of mineralocorticoid action in the normal heart , these results do not clarify the scarring effects of excess aldosterone . Perhaps a reactive excess of some other regulator ( e.g . , in the sympathetic nervous system ) produces the pathologic features observed in this unusual model . Nonhemodynamic actions of aldosterone may also participate in its renal and cardiac fibrotic consequences . Although the distal tubules are usually considered the targets of aldosterone action in the kidney , transcripts for the mineralocorticoid receptor have been detected in glomeruli , albeit at lower levels than in the distal tubular epithelium . If the receptors were confined to mesangial cells ( approximately 15 % of glomerular volume ) , for example , then their density would be essentially the same as in the distal epithelium ( 58 ) . Such receptors might mediate actions at this site , including fibrogenesis and sclerosis . Aldosterone does stimulate type IV collagen synthesis by mesangial cells 59 ) . Vascular smooth muscle cells contain mineralocorticoid receptors and respond to aldosterone , which is another example of a nonhemodynamic action but is one that might produce hypertension in vivo 60 ) . Mesangial cells have well known similarities to vascular smooth muscle cells , and they assume more of that phenotype in remnant glomeruli ( 61 , 62 ) . Whether the shift in phenotype includes increases in mineralocorticoid receptor expression is not known , but such increases would be consistent with the other changes . An increasing number of locally and systemically acting factors have been associated with progressive renal injury . For example , plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 is a major regulator of fibrinolysis , with both tissue and systemic expression . Aldosterone enhances its levels in the kidney and in the circulation , which should promote both thrombosis and extracellular matrix accumulation . Several lines of evidence support this additional profibrotic effect of aldosterone ( 33 , 63 , 64 ) . Data indicate that the TGF - ฮฒ message is associated with aldosterone in the remnant kidney , although the effect may be complex and may depend on both hemodynamic and more direct actions ( 65 ) . Direct actions of aldosterone to increase TGF - ฮฒ levels seem likely to underlie some recent results . Specifically , infusion of aldosterone for only 3 d in otherwise normal rats , receiving a normal diet , increased urinary TGF - ฮฒ excretion rates ( 66 ) . The aldosterone levels achieved with exogenous infusion were in the range of those observed in the remnant kidney model . However , because the animals had a full complement of nephrons and were receiving a standard - salt diet , this brief mineralocorticoid infusion did not induce hypertension or proteinuria . These studies suggest that increased production of the profibrotic cytokine TGF - ฮฒ is likely to be at least partly attributable to a direct action of aldosterone on renal tissue . The exact sites within the kidney that generate TGF - ฮฒ in response to aldosterone are The physiologic connection between TGF - ฮฒ and aldosterone , in contrast to the pathophysiologic relationship noted above , may involve their antagonistic actions on sodium reabsorption in the terminal collecting ducts . Stokes ( 67 ) demonstrated that TGF - ฮฒ is a potent inhibitor of aldosterone - induced sodium transport in inner medullary collecting duct cells . Therefore , we speculate that TGF - ฮฒ may act as a local counter - regulator induced by the primary action of aldosterone . Antidiuretic hormone and prostaglandins , with opposing actions on water transport in the same segment , represent an analogous effector hormone / local counter - regulator pair . In states with persistent elevation of aldosterone levels , such as the remnant kidney model , overproduction of TGF - ฮฒ might produce fibrosis in Previous Section Next Section Conclusion The renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system is centrally involved in the progression of renal disease and heart failure . The efficacy of drugs that block AngII production and / or action attests to this centrality . In addition to these effects on AngII , a reduction in aldosterone levels may be a critical component of the action of such drugs . 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"Aldosterone",
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"Cardiac Disease"
] |
http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/20/7/1453.full | UP FRONT MATTERS Special Article Vascular Calcification : The Killer of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Masahide Mizobuchi Dwight Towler and Eduardo Slatopolsky JASN July 2009 , 20 ( 7 ) 1453 - 1464 ; DOI : https : / / doi . org / 10.1681 / ASN . 2008070692 Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics PDF This article requires a subscription to view the full text . If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article . Access to this article can also be purchased . Abstract Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) . Vascular calcification is a common complication in CKD , and investigators have demonstrated that the extent and histoanatomic type of vascular calcification are predictors of subsequent vascular mortality . Although research efforts in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of the multiple factors and mechanisms involved in vascular calcification in patients with kidney disease , many questions remain unanswered . No longer can we accept the concept that vascular calcification in CKD is a passive process resulting from an elevated Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) . 1 Vascular calcification is a common complication in CKD , and London et al . 2 demonstrated that the extent and histoanatomic type of vascular calcification are predictors of subsequent vascular mortality . The contribution of traditional risk factors such as hypertension , aging , smoking , diabetes , and abnormal lipid metabolism does not fully explain the high frequency of cardiovascular disease , indicating that some other distinct pathogenesis may be involved . 2 6 Two major types of vascular calcification are distinguished by their location and association with atherosclerotic plaque formation . One type , atherosclerotic calcification , is located in the intimal layer and is associated with atherosclerosis . Atherosclerotic calcification involves cellular necrosis , inflammation , and lipid deposition . 7 9 As lesions progress , osteogenesis , including osteoblast induction and lamellar bone formation , becomes increasingly evident . The other type is Monckeberg sclerosis , in which amorphous mineral forms circumferentially along or within one or more elastic lamellae of the medial layer . Also known as medial artery calcification , this type is more prevalent in patients with diabetes and CKD . 7 8 Most in vitro studies examining vascular calcification have been performed in vascular smooth muscle cells ( VSMCs ) , which are the major component of the medial arterial layer . For many years , vascular calcification was thought to be a passive process resulting from elevated serum phosphate ( P 2 โ ) levels and an increase in the calcium phosphate product ( Ca 2 + ร P 2 โ ) , resulting in oversaturated plasma . 10 12 Recent studies , however , revealed a link between vascular calcification and osteogenesis . Many key regulators of bone formation and bone structural proteins are expressed in both calcified medial arterial layers and atherosclerotic plaques , 13 24 suggesting that vascular calcification is an active process . In addition , there is growing evidence that physiologic inhibitors of vascular calcification also exist . 25 28 Hyperphosphatemia and an elevated ( Ca 2 + ร P ) associate with cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD . 29 32 In dialysis patients , vascular calcification is associated with hypercalcemia , hyperphosphatemia , an elevated ( Ca ) , and ingested oral calcium ( Ca ) . 4 33 34 In addition , coronary artery calcification occurs much earlier in pediatric patients undergoing dialysis than in the general population , and its progression positively correlates with serum P levels , the ( Ca ) , and daily Ca intake . 35 36 Moreover , clinical studies 37 demonstrated a decreased mortality in dialysis patients ingesting the non โ Ca - containing phosphate binder sevelamer compared with patients ingesting Ca - based phosphate binders . Other studies showed that dialysis patients treated with sevelamer had little or no progression of vascular calcification when compared with those treated with Ca - containing phosphate binders , even when control of serum P levels in both groups was equivalent . 38 39 Thus , a disturbance in Ca and P metabolism plays a crucial role in the progression of vascular calcification in patients with CKD . Active vitamin D compounds are commonly used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism . Low levels of serum calcitriol are associated with an increased risk for vascular calcification 40 41 and contribute to cardiovascular - related mortality in patients with CKD . 6 Furthermore , active vitamin D compounds provide a survival benefit for patients with CKD that is independent of serum Ca , P , and parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) levels . 42 46 Because vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) activation is beneficial in patients with CKD not only for the suppression of serum PTH levels but also for improved survival , continuous efforts have been made to develop new vitamin D analogs with lower calcemic and phosphatemic activities . 47 In this article , we discuss the proposed mechanisms by which vascular calcification progresses in patients with CKD . These pathophysiologic mechanisms are broadly divided into three groups : The induction of osteoblastic transdifferentiation of VSMCs , the osteogenic lineage allocation and differentiation of multipotent vascular progenitors such as pericytes and calcifying vascular cells , and the loss of inhibitors of vascular calcification ( Figure 1 ) . We also examine the role of vitamin D in vascular calcification . Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 . Cell fate , function , and phenotype in vascular calcification . In response to uremic toxins or elevated calcium and phosphate levels , VSMCs elaborate lipidaceous vesicle from apoptotic cells or produce matrix vesicle . The latter , approximately one third the diameter of apoptotic bodies , are much more efficient in nucleating mineral deposition . These vesicles nucleate calcium deposition in the form of a poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite , associated with the elastin - rich extracellular matrix of arteries . The process of elastinolysis not only creates sites for vesicle , mediated nucleation , but also released EDPs that viz . , hydrogen peroxide . With osteochondrogenic differentiation , gene expression profiles change dramatically , with induction of bone ALP , production of a highly collagenous extracellular matrix , and elaboration of matrix vesicle . Bone ALP locally degrades inorganic pyrophosphate , an important inhibitor of mineralization and transdifferentiation . In addition , multipotent vascular mesenchymal progenitors called calcifying vascular cells ( CVC ) or pericytes can yield cells of the osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage . This occurs through paracrine BMP and canonical Wnt signals that โ shunt โ these proliferating progenitors away from other fates , such as the 19 20 the phagocytic clearance of matrix vesicles by VSMCs is critical in limiting the number of sites that nucleate mineral deposition . In severely advanced atherosclerotic lesions , cholesterol crystals have also been shown to nucleate calcium phosphate deposition as well . See text for details . MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN VASCULAR CALCIFICATION Ectopic Osteogenesis Many bone - associated proteins , including osteocalcin ( OC ) , 48 osteopontin ( OPN ) , 14 16 23 24 matrix ฮณ - carboxyglutamic acid protein ( MGP ) , 19 and osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) 49 are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and associate with atherosclerotic calcification . These factors also relate to medial layer calcification ( Monckeberg sclerosis ) , which was confirmed by the deletion of the target gene in mice and by in vitro studies using VSMCs . Although the basic processes , especially the initial steps , are different , some processes in atherosclerotic calcification and medial layer calcification may overlap when the initial step in vascular calcification occurs in aortic tissues . Cbfa1 / Runx2 , a specific transcription factor for osteoblastic differentiation , has an important role in vascular calcification . This protein is essential for the differentiation of osteoblasts from their mesenchymal precursors . Cbfa1 / Runx2 - null mice completely lack functional osteoblasts and display profound mineralization and skeletal defects . 50 In humans , mutations in the Cbfa1 / Runx2 locus cause cleidocranial dysplasia , an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the absence of clavicles , open fontalles , supernumerary teeth , and short stature . 51 Multiple signal transduction pathways that relate to posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation or protein โ protein interaction are involved in the transcriptional activity of Cbfa1 / Runx2 . The mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway , which is activated by signals from the extracellular matrix ( fibroblast growth factor 2 [ FGF - 2 ] , bone morphogenic proteins ( BMPs ) , and PTH plays a crucial role in the induction of Cbfa1 / Runx2 activity , which results in the induction of osteoblastic differentiation , 52 as does hydrogen peroxide ( vide infra ) . As a key factor in bone formation , the activation of Cbfa1 / Runx2 by the aforementioned factors , is thought to play an important role in vascular calcification . In patients with CKD , it is well established that hyperphosphatemia is associated with the development of vascular calcification . 14 33 It was previously thought that high serum phosphate levels caused vascular calcification by simply exceeding ( Ca ) solubility , resulting in precipitation . Recently , though , studies in VSMCs showed that high extracellular phosphate levels induce VSMCs to transform into osteoblast - like cells , suggesting that the processes of vascular calcification are active . Elevated extracellular P levels accelerate mineralization of VSMCs ; are associated with the induction of Cbfa1 / Runx2 ; and increase bone - associated proteins such as OC , OPN , and alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) . 26 53 55 At this point , however , it is important to highlight that , although osteogenic mechanisms participate in most if not all major forms of vascular calcification , not all vascular calcification leads to vascular ossification , particularly the deposition of lamellar or woven bone . For example , only 13 % of calcified heart valves show evidence of bone formation , even though BMP expression is evident . 56 The processes directing true ossification may relate to angiogenic signals provided by hypoxia induced factor ฮฑ and vascular endothelial growth factor , important mediators of bone formation and osteogenic โ angiogenic coupling . 57 Elastin Degradation Because the initial step in medial calcification is in part associated with the degradation of elastin , representing elastic fibers with linear mineral deposits along elastic lamellae , 58 the degradation of elastin is thought to contribute to the osteogenic process in aortic tissue . Elastin is the most abundant protein in the walls of the arteries , which are subjected to pulsative pressure generated by cardiac contraction . 59 Elastin constitutes 90 % of elastic fibers and 10 % of microfibrillar glycoproteins , such as fibrillins and microfibrillar - associated glycoproteins , which form microfibrills of elastic fibers . Matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) have an important role in the degradation of elastin . 60 62 MMP - 2 and MMP - 9 bind and degrade insoluble elastin to generate soluble elastin peptides . 63 These elastin peptides bind the elastin laminin receptor ( ELR ) , which is located on the surface of VSMCs . The degradation of elastin also induces the overexpression of TGF - ฮฒ . TGF - ฮฒ1 not only plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation 64 but also accelerates the calcification of VSMCs . The transduction pathway of both the ELR and the TGF - ฮฒ receptor involves the activation of MAPK , which induces Cbfa1 / Runx2 activation . 52 Thus , the activation the ELR or the TGF - ฮฒ receptor in VSMCs may result in the induction of Cbfa1 / Runx2 through MAPK phosphorylation and sequentially initiate the transformation of VSMCs into osteoblast - like cells . Because the signal transduction pathway for both the ELR and the TGF - ฮฒ receptor are implicated in the osteogenic process in VSMCs , the degradation of elastin plays a crucial role , especially in the initial step of medial calcification . 65 66 INDUCER OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION Ca and P Status Compared with the general population , patients with CKD have a disproportionately high occurrence of vascular calcification . One hypothesis to account for this is the altered Ca metabolism seen in these patients . This is the most important contributor to the progression of vascular calcification in the uremic condition . Extracellular P promotes the mineralization of VSMCs in both dosage - and time - dependent manners by increasing the influx of P into VSMCs , which leads to the induction of osteoblastic - differentiation factors such as Cbfa1 / Runx2 and OC . 54 The blockade of Pit - 1 , a type III sodium - dependent phosphate co - transporter , impairs this mineralization , suggesting that elevated extracellular P concentrations induce the mineralization of VSMCs through the activation of Pit - 1 . Furthermore , Pit - 1 upregulates in calcified aortic tissue from uremic rats with hyperphosphatemia , 67 and inhibition of Pit - 1 activity by small interfering RNA prevents the induction of Cbfa1 / Runx2 and osteoclast expression in VSMCs even under high extracellular P concentrations . 68 Accordingly , elevated extracellular P concentration modulates the transformation of VSMCs into osteoblast - like cells by mediating Pit - 1 activity . In addition to extracellular P , Ca accelerates the mineralization of VSMCs . 69 70 Ca - induced mineralization is dependent on the function of Pit - 1 . 70 Long - term treatment of human VSMCs with elevated calcium induces the expression of Pit - 1 , suggesting that both P and Ca activate Pit - 1 and increase the influx of P into VSMCs additively and synergistically . Recently , a functional Ca - sensing receptor was shown to express in VSMCs . Compared with normal individuals , the expression of this Ca - sensing receptor is downregulated in VSMCs from patients with CKD . 71 Thus , the extracellular Ca and Ca receptor axis may have a role in the progression of vascular calcification . Membrane - bound matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies also have important roles in the initiation of vascular calcification . Vesicles and apoptotic bodies are released from living and dying VSMCs , respectively , and can be the nidus for mineral nucleation . 72 74 These elements are released by increases in extracellular Ca and can initiate mineralization of VSMCs . A study by Reynolds et al . 75 highlight an important role for the VSMCs in the metabolism of membrane - bound matrix vesicles . VSMCs avidly phagocytose membrane - bound matrix vesicles in a fetuin - dependent manner . Thus , apoptosis of VSMCs in ESRD , that is promoted by hyperphosphatemia and uremic toxins , not only liberates apoptotic bodies that can nucleate mineralization but also gives rise to the demise of cells that clear the membrane - bound matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies . 75 Because of the mechanistic โ inflection point โ that occurs with VSMC apoptosis , even in the absence of osteogenic transdifferentiation , VSMC physiology and function are critical in the pathogenesis of uremic calcification . Uremic Toxins Compared with serum from nonuremic individuals , uremic serum increases the mineralization of VSMCs and upregulates the expression of Cbfa1 / Runx2 and its target protein OPN , regardless of the serum P concentration . 76 77 Furthermore , blocking Cbfa1 / Runx2 activity decreases uremic serum - induced ALP and OC expression in VSMCs . Uremic toxins upregulate Cbfa1 / Runx2 , which is mediated by cAMP / protein kinase A ( PKA ) . 76 77 Uremic serum also increases the secretion of a crucial mediator of osteoblastic differentiation , BMP - 2 , from VSMCs , resulting in the mineralization of VSMCs . This suggests the activation of Cbfa1 / Runx2 by uremic toxins mediates cell signaling through cAMP / PKA and BMP - 2 , additively or synergistically . In uremic serum , not only P but also BMP - 2 may have a role as a mediator in the transformation of VSMCs into osteoblast - like cells . 78 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation The uremic state is characterized by increased oxidative stress . Oxidative stress is the net balance between oxidant production and antioxidative activity . 79 82 Pro - oxidants include reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide and xanthine / xanthine oxidase dosage - dependently increase intracellular oxidative stress ( as determined by 2 , 7 dichlorofluorescein fluorescence ) and enhance ALP activity in VSMCs . 83 These effects of ROS are attenuated by antioxidants , suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular cells . This increased oxidative burden results in the formation of oxidized LDLs , which have been shown to stimulate dedifferentiation of VSMCs into a bone phenotype . 84 Conversely , oxidative stress has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells . This reciprocal response of oxidative stress in vascular and bone cells may explain the clinical aspect of osteoporosis , which demonstrates both calcification ( vessel ) and decalcification ( bone ) . Importantly , the ROS hydrogen peroxide was recently shown to promote osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs , including upregulation and activation of Runx2 / Cbfa1 in concert with matrix mineral deposition . 85 The Akt signaling cascade is particularly important for osteogenic H O signaling in VSMCs and is not associated with apoptosis - induced mineralization mechanisms . Moreover , recent studies highlighted the accumulation of ROS at sites of vascular calcium accrual in humans . 86 The biologic diversity of ROS generation noted already indicates that , although initially heterogeneous , convergent pathways mediate active mineralization through osteochondrogenic transcriptional programming . Because the oxidative stress that induces osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs is often the result of the inflammatory process , inflammatory cytokines themselves have been implicated in vascular calcification . It has also been suggested that TNF - ฮฑ has a crucial role in vascular calcification . 87 90 The osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs , as assayed by ALP activity and mineral deposition , is induced by TNF - ฮฑ in a dosage - dependent manner . This induction by TNF - ฮฑ is mediated through the cAMP pathway , and cAMP stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs . Furthermore , TNF - ฮฑ enhances the DNA binding of Cbfa1 / Runx2 , activated protein 1 , and cAMP responsive element binding protein , which are important transcription factors in osteoblastic differentiation . 81 90 In addition to the osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs , Demer and colleagues 91 92 highlighted the contributions of pluripotent vascular mesenchymal progenitors to the vascular calcium accrual . Calcifying cells of Demer are mural multipotent mesenchymal progenitors related to the microvascular pericyte . In addition to VSMC , osteogenic , chondrogenic , and adipogenic lineages are derived from pericytes . Tintut 91 estimated that between 10 and 30 % of mural VSMCs are in fact calcifying vascular cells . Thus , in addition to VSMC osteochondrogenic โ transdifferentiation , โ proliferative expansion and osteogenic lineage allocation of pericytic VSMCs can contribute to the osteochondrogenic cell populations of the vessel wall . Recently , the procalcific Wnt signaling cascades activated in diabetic vascular disease was identified as being entrained by the low - grade inflammation of diabetes 92 and contributing to osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular pericytes . 93 Indeed , administration of infliximab , a specific inhibitor of TNF - ฮฑ signaling , significantly reduced high - fat diet โ induced aortic calcium accrual , and the upregulation of the BMP2 - Msx2 - Wnt signaling contributes to the osteogenic programming of multipotent vascular mesenchymal progenitors . The precise ontogeny and sources of these progenitors , potentially arising from circulating osteogenic progenitors , 94 has yet to be fully established . Other Inducers Because leptin is mainly cleared by the kidney , its serum concentrations is increased in patients with CKD . 95 Leptin can induce osteoblastic differentiation and the mineralization of VSMCs . 96 Glucocorticoids and glucose also induce the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs . 97 98 INHIBITORS OF ECTOPIC OSTEOCHONDROGENIC MINERALIZATION That MGP , OPN . and OPG gene - null mice show massive vascular calcification indicates that these genes work as inhibitors of vascular calcification . Thus , in addition to ectopic osteogenesis by which vascular calcification progresses in patients with CKD , a lack of inhibitors of calcification is another important mechanism behind vascular calcification . Matrix ฮณ - Carboxyglutamic Acid Protein MGP was originally isolated from bone . MGP - null mice have medial layer vascular calcification of the aorta and its branches and develop aortic rupture as a result . MGP requires vitamin K โ dependent ฮณ - carboxylation to be fully functional . 99 Non โ ฮณ - carboxylated MGP but not ฮณ - carboxylated MGP is associated with vascular calcification . 100 102 MGP binds BMP - 2 to mediate the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs and inhibits the activity of BMP - 2 in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells . 103 Furthermore , MGP expression is downregulated and osteoblastic markers such as collagen type II and OC are upregulated in calcified vessels . MGP also binds Ca crystals and inhibits crystal growth . 102 Taking these facts into consideration , MGP has a role in maintaining the normal phenotype of VSMCs and in preventing their osteoblastic differentiation ; however , as Shanahan ' s group discovered , MGP along with fetuin plays a critical role in the regulation of membrane - bound matrix vesicle biology . Given the multiple roles for MGP in controlling VSMC physiology , the consequences of coumadin treatment on the risk for calcific uremic arteriolopathy may be related to perturbation of MGP functions . Osteopontin OPN is an acidic phosphoprotein that is expressed in mineralized tissues and inhibits the mineralization of tissues by blocking hydroxyapatite formation and by activating osteoclast function . 104 Although OPN is not expressed in normal vessels , abundant OPN is found in calcified arteries , indicating that OPN is a regulator of vascular calcification . When OPN - null mice , which have no significant vascular calcification , are bred to MGP - null mice in whose medial layer vascular calcification spontaneously develops , vascular calcification in the offspring is enhanced , suggesting that OPN has an inhibitory effect on vascular calcification in vivo 21 OPN inhibits the mineralization of VSMCs by binding to the mineralized crystal surface . 105 106 This is independent of extracellular P concentration and ALP activity . Moreover , phosphorylation of OPN is necessary for its inhibitory effect on the mineralization of VSMCs . 106 The function of OPN is thought to represent an adaptive response to counteract the progression of vascular calcification . Of note , however , it is now clear that OPN has multifunctional roles in vascular physiology . 104 In addition to its actions that promote calcium egress and inhibit mineralization , OPN has emerged as a proinflammatory cytokine that enhances vascular remodeling and angiogenesis , in part through the activation of MMPs cleaved by thrombin . Indeed , broad - spectrum MMP inhibitors reduce vascular calcium accrual in preclinical models . 107 Thus , the proangiogenic action of cleaved OPN on vascular matrix calcium deposition facilitates vascular matrix mineralization , unlike the inhibition observed with full - length phosphorylated OPN . 105 Osteoprotegerin OPG inhibits osteoclast differentiation and is a crucial modulator of bone resorption through its action as a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of NF - ฮบB ligand ( RANKL ) . 108 109 OPG - null mice develop severe medial layer calcification , along with mural T cell infiltration . Mice deficient in both OPG and apolipoprotein E ( apoE ) have progressive calcification of atherosclerotic lesions compared with that of mice deficient in apoE alone ( apoE - null ) , suggesting OPG acts as an inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo 110 OPG was shown to inhibit ALP activity in aortic tissue and prevent the progression of medial layer vascular calcification . 111 Similar results were observed in the diabetic Ldlr โ / โ mouse model , showing again OPG administration diminishes vascular calcium accumulation , potentially through immunomodulatory actions upon diet - induced low - grade mural inflammation . 112 Although little is known about the direct effect of OPG on VSMCs , it is important to understand further its role in osteogenesis and its involvement in the inflammatory response , which is important for the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs . Fetuin - A Fetuin - A ( ฮฑ2 - Heremans - Schmid glycoprotein ) is a Ca - binding protein found in serum and produced predominantly by the liver . 113 Fetuin - A โ null mice develop massive pulmonary , vascular , and other tissue calcification accompanied by renal dysfunction , but the calcification intriguingly spares the aorta . 114 Whereas MGP , OPN , and OPG are local factors involved in vascular calcification and function at the site of calcification , fetuin - A is a circulating inhibitor of vascular calcification . VSMCs can take up serum fetuin - A and pool it in intracellular membrane - bound matrix vesicles . As previously stated , these vesicles are released from VSMCs and become the nidus for mineral nucleation . These released vesicles have abundant fetuin - A and abrogate the ability of regular membrane - bound matrix vesicles to form hydroxyapatite crystal . The uptake of fetuin - A by VSMCs is also induced by extracellular Ca but not by extracellular P . This fetuin - A uptake increases the amount of Ca entering VSMCs and is mediated by annexin Ca channel activity , facilitating its inhibitory role in VSMC mineralization . 115 Pyrophosphate Pyrophosphate ( PPi ) is also the major inhibitor of vascular calcification and acts by inhibiting hydroxyapatite crystal formation . 116 PPi is generated from the hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates by the nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase family ( NPP ) . An important member of the NPP family is NPP - 1 . The lack of PPi generation as a result of the inactivation of NPP - 1 causes extended medial layer calcification , which reflects idiopathic infantile arterial calcification . 117 NPP - 1 โ null mice also develop mineralization of VSMCs with the induction of cartilage - specific genes . 118 Mice defective in Ank , a transporter of PPi , also develop medial layer calcification . In contrast to VSMCs , it has been shown that blocking PPi generation is necessary to induce aortic ring calcification even with high concentrations of Ca and P . 119 Moreover , the mechanisms of PPi - dependent control of vascular calcium accrual encompass the inhibition of VSMC osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation , 118 120 121 the same processes that are promoted by P 26 The signaling mechanisms responsible for this important biologic activity of PPi are as yet unknown but may provide insights useful for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic agents based on bisphosphonate structures . 120 Others N - 3 fatty acids and IGF - I also inhibit osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of VSMCs . Mice deficient in Smad6 , Klotho , FGF - 23 , or carbonic anhydrase II develop extensive vascular calcification . 121 126 The Klotho โ FGF - 23 axis requires renal 1 - ฮฑ hydroxylase activity , indicating the contributions of endogenous calcitriol . 125 To clarify clinical relevance , the precise role of these vascular calcification inhibitors in CKD need more exploration . ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN VASCULAR CALCIFICATION Vascular calcification is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality . In patients with CKD , adjusted cardiovascular mortality is 10 to 20 times higher than in the general population . 1 Medial layer calcification is very common in patients with CKD . The specific vascular calcification in patients with CKD is calciphylaxis , which also occurs in medial layer . This medial layer calcification is associated with high mortality in patients with CKD . 127 Calcitriol and its analogs are widely used to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism . There is some controversy as to whether active vitamin D compounds directly accelerate vascular calcification . VSMCs possess 25 - hydroxyvitamin D3 โ 1ฮฑ hydroxylase 128 and the VDR , 129 131 indicating that vitamin D has a role in VSMC function and physiology . Calcitriol upregulates VDR expression in VSMCs , and VDR activation is widely known to modulate cellular proliferation and differentiation . Calcitriol suppresses VSMC proliferation , mediating the inhibition of EGF , which is implicated in cell proliferation . 132 One vitamin D analog , paricalcitol , modulates genes implicated in cell differentiation and proliferation . 133 In contrast , other studies have reported the stimulation of VSMC proliferation by calcitriol . 133 134 Calcitriol also has been shown to induce the expression of OPN , a local inhibitor of vascular calcification in VSMCs . 135 Calcitriol increases VSMC calcification by increasing the RANKL / OPG ratio . 136 Calcitriol at a concentration range of 10 โ 7 to 10 โ 9 M also increases VSMC calcification in a dosage - dependent manner and is accompanied by an induction of ALP activity and a suppression of PTH - related peptide ( PTHrp ) secretion of VSMCs . 137 The inhibitory effect of PTHrp on VSMC calcification is mediated by both cAMP / PKA and PKC signaling . 137 Importantly , the concentrations of calcitriol used in these studies are supraphysiologic . 138 Thus , it is unclear whether these results are relevant In animal models of CKD , it has been reported that calcitriol treatment results in the development of vascular calcification . 139 140 The dosages of calcitriol used in all of these studies , however , are so high that they induce a significant increase in the ( Ca ) , which could easily by itself lead to vascular calcification . Thus , it still remains unclear whether therapeutic doses of calcitriol , which suppress PTH without hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia , can induce vascular calcification ; however , vitamin D analogs , such as maxacalcitol , paricalcitol , and doxercalciferol , have differential effects on vascular calcification in uremic animal models . 138 140 Whereas a high dosage of calcitriol ( 125 ng / kg , intravenously , three times a week for 2 wk ) increased the degree of aortic calcification , maxacalcitol had no effect even at dosages that produced comparable serum Ca , P , and ( Ca ) levels . Paricalcitol and doxercalciferol , two analogs in the vitamin D family , have different effects on vascular calcification in uremic rats . 141 142 We first tested a low dosage of calcitriol ( 0.04 ฮผg / kg intraperitoneally three times per week for 1 mo ) in the five - sixths nephrectomy rat model and found it induced massive aortic calcification accompanied by a marked increase in serum Ca , and ( Ca ) . 141 Thus , it is difficult to determine whether calcitriol directly induces vascular calcification or the effect is due to hypercalcemia , hyperphosphatemia , and the increased ( Ca ) seen in these rats . We then compared the effect of equal dosages of paricalcitol and doxercalciferol ( 0.16 ฮผg / kg intraperitoneally three times per week for 1 mo ) on vascular calcification in this animal model . Compared with paricalcitol , doxercalciferol markedly increased ( Ca ) . This would explain why substantial vascular calcification is observed in rats treated with doxercalciferol but not paricalcitol ( Figure 2 ) . When dosages of these two analogs were adjusted so that ( Ca ) was the same , doxercalciferol ( 0.10 ฮผg / kg intraperitoneally three times per week for 1 mo ) still increased aortic Ca content , whereas a higher dosage of paricalcitol ( 0.24 ฮผg / kg intraperitoneally three times per week for 1 mo ) did not . Furthermore , Wu - Wong 142 similarly demonstrated that a high dosage of these analogs ( 0.67 ฮผg / kg intraperitoneally three times per week for 12 d ) induced comparable hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia , although aortic Ca content was much higher in doxercalciferol - treated uremic rats than in those receiving paricalcitol . Thus , differential effects on vascular calcification exist between these two analogs , which are independent of ( Ca ) . We demonstrated that doxercalciferol strongly induced the expression of Cbfa1 / Runx2 and OC , whereas paricalcitol did not ( Figure 3 ) . Because in osteoblastic cells Cbfa1 / Runx2 interacts with the VDR to upregulate the OC gene , 143 VDR activation by doxercalciferol may more strongly stabilize OC transcription in calcifying aortic tissue as a result of a longer half - life of doxercalciferol . There also may be differences in the acceleration of osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs between the two analogs . Alternatively , paricalcitol has been shown , by itself , not to induce vascular calcification . This has been shown to be associated with the suppression of the increase in pulse pressure that develops in uremic rats . 136 Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 . Representative microphotograph of Von Kossa staining of aorta from uremic rats treated with vehicle ( UC ) , 0.04 ฮผg / kg calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [ 1 , 25 ( OH ) D 3 ] ) , 0.16 ฮผg / kg doxercalciferol [ 1ฮฑ ( OHD ) ] , or paricalcitol [ 19 - nor 1 , 25 ( OH ) D ] . Each drug was given intraperitoneally three times a week for 1 mo . Magnification , ร 400 . Figure 3 . Representative microphotograph of immunohistochemistry for RUNX2 and OC in aorta from uremic rats treated with 0.10 ฮผg / kg 1ฮฑ ( OH ) D or 0.16 ฮผg / kg 19 - nor - 1 , 25 ( OH ) . Each drug was given intraperitoneally three times a week for 1 mo . Magnifications : ร 100 in A ; ร 200 in B . In patients with CKD , bone mineral disorders are correlated with higher mortality , which is mainly the result of the development of cardiovascular diseases . 12 29 32 Thus , there is a very close relationship between mineral - bone disorders in CKD and cardiovascular diseases including vascular calcification . Vitamin D compounds have an important role in this relationship , because they are widely used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and have calcemic and phosphatemic actions . Apparently , these compounds can induce vascular calcification through their calcemic and phosphatemic actions . Oversuppression of PTH by vitamin D compounds leads to low - turnover bone disease , typically adynamic bone disease , which is associated with vascular calcification . 144 Even though vitamin D analogs were designed to suppress PTH with less calcemic and phosphatemic actions , they sometimes induce hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia . Both hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia associate with vascular calcification in patients with CKD 34 as well as and studies ; however , there is no clear evidence that vitamin D compounds directly induce vascular calcification in patients with CKD . Low serum calcitriol levels are associated with an increased risk for vascular calcification in the general population . 41 A significant decrease in serum calcitriol levels is observed at the early stages of CKD . 145 146 As stated , VSMCs express hydroxyvitamin D3 โ 1ฮฑ hydroxylase 128 and the VDR . 130 131 This evidence suggests that altered local actions of vitamin D on vascular cells contributes to the development of vascular disease , including vascular calcification , in patients with CKD . Furthermore , recent clinical observations demonstrate that vitamin D analogs provide a survival benefit for patients with CKD independent of serum Ca , and PTH levels . 42 46 This beneficial effect results , in part , from the corrective actions of vitamin D analogs , which activate the VDR in vascular cells locally as well as systemically . Further investigation is necessary to clarify the precise mechanisms by which these vitamin D analogs have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular complications seen in patients with CKD and how this affects the mortality of patients with CKD . CONCLUSIONS Although research efforts in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of the multiple factors and mechanisms involved in vascular calcification in patients with CKD , many questions remain unanswered . No longer can we accept the concept that vascular calcification in CKD is a passive process resulting from an elevated ( Ca ) . Rather , as a result of the metabolic insults of diabetes , dyslipidemia , oxidative stress , uremia , and hyperphosphatemia , โ osteoblast - like โ cells form in the vessel wall . These mineralizing cells as well as the recruitment of undifferentiated progenitors of the osteochondrocyte lineage play a critical role in the calcification process . Important transcription factors such as osterix , 147 Msx 2 , 148 and RUNX2 67 are crucial in the osteogenic programming . Importantly , as shown by Shanahan and colleagues , 20 74 changes in VSMC matrix vesicle metabolism induced by hyperphosphatemia and uremia profoundly impair the arterial surveillance normally provided by mural smooth muscle , such as the phagocytic removal of procalcified matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies . In addition , multifunctional roles have been shown for serum fetuin - A in inhibiting human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification ( Figure 1 113 115 Thus , the simultaneous increase in arterial osteochondrocytic programs and reduction in active cellular defense mechanisms creates the โ perfect storm โ of vascular calcification seen in ESRD . The hemodynamic consequences of vascular calcification are the loss of arterial elasticity , increase in pulse wave velocity , development of left ventricular hypertrophy , decrease in coronary artery perfusion , and myocardial ischemia and failure . These alterations are the main causes of mortality in the vast majority of patients with CKD . It is not unusual to see coronary calcification scores grater than 1000 units , an โ exorbitant โ value in very young patients maintained on hemodialysis . Thus , the mortality rates of patients who survive CKD and receive hemodialysis are striking ; for example , a 30 - yr - old patient with ESRD has the life expectancy of that of an 80 - yr - old person with normal renal function . Currently , physicians are maximizing the efforts to control ) . Although of critical importance , this approach has been insufficient to have a clinical impact on the progression of vascular calcification once initiated . Innovative clinical studies addressing the combined use of inhibitors that work through distinct molecular mechanisms on vascular calcification such as fetuin - A , OPN , and BMP - 7 , among others , will be necessary to reduce significantly vascular calcification accrual and cardiovascular mortality in CKD . In addition , the roles of oxidative stress and inflammation on smooth vascular cell fate and function deserve further translational investigation . Patient - oriented research is necessary to determine the extent to which arterial compliance , Windkessel function , and tissue perfusion can be meaningfully reversed by egress of vascular mineral deposits . An interdisciplinary working group in mineral metabolism and vascular disease would help both focus and advance the field . As physician - scientists with expertise in mineral metabolism , addressing these research challenges presents a unique opportunity to contribute to improving the cardiovascular health of patients with CKD . DISCLOSURES E.S. received grant support and honoraria from Genzyme Corporation and Abbott Pharmaceutical . D.T. has served as a paid consultant for Wyeth , GlaxoSmithKline , and Eli Lilly . Acknowledgments This research was supported in part from a Research in Renal Diseases Washington University grant ( 31030 A ) , National Institutes of Health grants ( HL69229 , HL81138 , and HL88651 ) , and the WUCKDR O ' Brien Center ( P30DK079333 ) . Footnotes Published online ahead of print . Publication date available at www . jasn . org Copyright ยฉ 2009 by the American Society of Nephrology REFERENCES โต Foley RN , Parfrey PS , Sarnak MJ : Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease . 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Nat Genet 171 โ 174 , Kuro - o M , Matsumura Y , Aizawa H , Kawaguchi H , Suga T , Utsugi T , Ohyama Y , Kurabayashi M , Kaname T , Kume E , Iwasaki H , Iida A , Shiraki - Iida T , Nishikawa S , Nagai R , Nabeshima YI : Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing . Nature 390 45 โ 51 , Razzaque MS , St - Arnaud R , Taguchi T , Lanske B : FGF - 23 , vitamin D and calcification : The unholy triad . 2032 โ 2035 , Spicer SS , Lewis SE , Tashian RE , Schulte BA : Mice carrying a CAR - 2 null allele lack carbonic anhydrase II immunohistochemically and show vascular calcification . 134 947 โ 954 , 1989 Tomson C : Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure . Nephron Clin Pract c124 โ c130 , Somjen D , Weisman Y , Kohen F , Gayer B , Limor R , Sharon O , Jaccard N , Knoll E , Stern N : 25 - hydroxyvitamin D3 โ 1alpha - hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds . 111 1666 โ 1671 , Inoue T , Kawashima H : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates 45Ca2 + - uptake by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells derived from rat aorta . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152 1388 โ 1394 , 1988 Rajasree S , Umashankar PR , Lal AV , Sarma PS , Kartha CC : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor is upregulated in aortic smooth muscle cells during hypervitaminosis D . Life Sci 1777 โ 1788 , Wu - Wong JR , Nakane M , Ma J , Ruan X , Kroeger PE : Effects of vitamin D analogs on gene expression profiling in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells . Atherosclerosis 186 โ 28 , Carthy EP , Yamashita W , Hsu A , Ooi BS : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth . Hypertension 13 954 โ 959 , Cardus A , Parisi E , Gallego C , Aldea M , Fernรกndez E , Valdivielso JM : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF - mediated pathway . 1377 โ 1384 , Yamamoto T , Kozawa O , Tanabe K , Akamatsu S , Matsuno H , Dohi S , Hirose H , Uematsu T : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor release in aortic smooth muscle cells : Role of p38 mitogen - activated protein kinase . Arch Biochem Biophys 398 โ 6 , Rebsamen MC , Sun J , Norman AW , Liao JK : 1Alpha , 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces vascular smooth muscle cell migration activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase . 17 โ 24 , Cardus A , Panizo S , Parisi E , Fernandez E , Valdivielso JM : Differential effects of vitamin D analogs on vascular calcification . J Bone Miner Res 22 860 โ 866 , Jono S , Nishizawa Y , Shioi A , Morii H : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone - related peptide . 1302 โ 1306 , Wolisi GO , Moe SM : The role of vitamin D in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease . 18 307 โ 314 , Henley C , Colloton M , Cattley RC , Shatzen E , Towler DA , Lacey D , Martin D : 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D3 but not cinacalcet HCl ( Sensipar / Mimpara ) treatment mediates aortic calcification in a rat model of secondary hyperparathyroidism . 1370 โ 1377 , Hirata M , Katsumata K , Endo K , Fukushima N , Ohkawa H , Fukagawa M : In subtotally nephrectomized rats 22 - oxacalcitriol suppresses parathyroid hormone with less risk of cardiovascular calcification or deterioration of residual renal function than 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2 vitamin D3 . 1770 โ 1776 , Mizobuchi M , Finch JL , Martin DR , Slatopolsky E : Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on vascular calcification in uremic rats . 72 709 โ 715 , Wu - Wong JR , Noonan W , Ma J , Dixon D , Nakane M , Bolin AL , Koch KA , Postl S , Morgan SJ , Reinhart GA : Role of phosphorus and vitamin D analogs in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318 โ 98 , Paredes R , Arriagada G , Cruzat F , Villagra A , Olate J , Zaidi K , van Wijnen A , Lian JB , Stein GS , Stein JL , Montecino M : Bone - specific transcription factor Runx2 interacts with the 1alpha , 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor to up - regulate rat osteocalcin gene expression in osteoblastic cells . Mol Cell Biol 8847 โ 8861 , London GM , Marty C , Marchais SJ , Guerin AP , Metivier F , de Vernejoul MC : Arterial calcifications and bone histomorphometry in end - stage renal disease . 1943 โ 1951 , Craver L , Marco MP , Martinez I , Rue M , Borrร s M , Martรญn ML , Sarrรณ F , Valdivielso JM , Fernรกndez E : Mineral metabolism parameters throughout chronic kidney disease stages 1 โ 5 : Achievement of K / DOQI target ranges . 1171 โ 1176 , Levin A , Bakris GL , Molitch M , Smulders M , Tian J , Williams LA , Andress DL : Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D , PTH , calcium , and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease : Results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease . โ 38 , Mathew S , Tustison KS , Sugatani T , Chaudhary LR , Rifas L , Hruska KA : The mechanism of phosphorus as a cardiovascular risk factor in CKD . 1092 โ 1105 , Shao JS , Aly ZA , Chen SL , Cheng SL , Cai J , Huang E , Behrmann A , Towler DA : Vascular Bmp Msx2 Wnt signalling and oxidative stress in arterial calcification . Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117 โ 50 , View Abstract Previous Next Back to top In this issue Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Vol . 20 Issue 7 July 2009 Table of Contents Table of Contents ( PDF ) Index by author View Selected Citations ( 0 ) Print Download PDF Article Alerts Email Article Citation Tools Request Permissions | [
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http://jasonferruggia.com/7-ways-fasting-fat-burning-furnace/ | 7 Ways Fasting Can Rev Up Your Fat Burning Furnace Written by Jason Ferruggia Topics : Fitness Nutrition By Brad Pilon Flexible intermittent fasting is becoming a very popular way to use your body โ s natural ability to burn lots of fat in a short period of time . Here is a list of the ways that flexible intermittent fasting will turbo charge your fat loss . 1 . Increases Fat Burning Hormones Hormones are usually at the root of most of your metabolic functioning , and fat burning is no different . Growth Hormone is the most important fat burning hormone in your body . Fasting pushes growth hormone production into high gear and this makes your fat burning furnace start to work overtime . Fasting also decrease your insulin levels , which ensures that you burn body fat instead of storing it . 2 . Increased Fat Burning Enzymes Fat burning hormones need the help of fat burning enzymes to get their job done . Fasting will sky rocket the activity of two of the most important fat burning enzymes in your body . Adipose tissue HSL ( Hormone Sensitive Lipase ) is the enzyme responsible for allowing your fat cells to release fat so it can be burned as energy in your muscles . Muscle tissue LPL ( Lipoprotein Lipase ) is the enzyme responsible for allowing your muscle cells to take up fat so it can be burnt as a fuel . Fasting increases both of these 3 . Burn More Calories Short term fasting ( 12 - 72hrs ) actually increases your metabolism and adrenaline levels . This causes you to increase calorie burning during the fast period . The more calories you burn the faster you can lose weight . The extra energy you get from the fast might actually help you through a workout or get more work done at work or around the house . When I did my first fast I was shocked at how awake and energetic I was . My fasting days are now my most productive days of the week . 4 . Burn Fat Instead of Sugar Fasting shifts your metabolism from burning blood sugar to burning mostly body fat . When you eat a meal your body likes to burn carbs first , then the fat from your food . Any extra fat that your body ca n โ t burn in the few hours after you eat get stored as body fat . When you fast your body has no choice but to burn stored body fat . By the end of a 24 hour fast your body is burning way more fat than it would during a regular day of eating . 5 . You โ ll Find Out Why You Eat The most surprising benefit people report back when they start fasting is a new found awareness of what causes them to eat . When you make a conscious decision to fast for a day your less than flattering eating motivations become painfully obvious . This is the first and most effective step to getting rid of bat habits for good . Knowing what your motivations are for poor eating choices is essential before you can change them and build better habits . 6 . Builds Positive Attitudes Towards Yourself and Food Each short fast is an accomplishment that can build self confidence and gratitude . At the end of a 24 hour fast you can feel good about your accomplishment and start feeling good about your relationship with food again . The positive empowerment from each fast builds on the last until you feel completely in control of your food choices . 7 . Eat All The Foods You Love Guilt Free Short term fasting allows you to lose weight and burn fat without restricting any of the foods you love to eat . With this style of eating you can consume any and all of the foods you like whenever you choose without feeling guilty about it and still lose weight . You will never again have to be sitting in a restaurant picking at a salad while everyone else at the tables indulges in their favorite entrรฉe and dessert . Eating for fat loss does n โ t need to be complicated and food should never be a source of anxiety or guilt . Mixing in a few 24 hours fasts to your week can liberate you from the dieting prison and allow you to enjoy food again . * * * * Brad Pilon is a nutrition professional with over eight years experience working in the nutritional supplement industry specializing in clinical research management and new product development . Brad has completed graduate studies in nutritional sciences specializing in the use of short term fasting for weight loss . His trademarked book Eat Stop Eat has been featured on national television and helped thousands of men and women around the world lose fat without sacrificing the foods they love . Brad is currently offering a special deal , exclusively for my readers who are interested in checking out Eat Stop Eat Click HERE for the special offer . Tweet | [
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http://jasonsawreviews.com/best-reciprocating-saw-reviews/ | Best Reciprocating Saw 2018 Showdown A reciprocating saw goes by many names recip saw saber saw or sawzall The latter is derived from the brand name of the original Milwaukee reciprocating saw first made in 1951 Whatever you call it it is an essential tool for remodeling workshops and the doityourselfer It is every handymans favorite weapon of mass deconstruction Why You Need a Reciprocating Saw An electric reciprocating saw is to a jigsaw as a chainsaw is to a circular saw Neither a recip saw nor a chainsaw is used for finishing work They are both designed for making a quick cutting job that does not have to be pretty Like a jigsaw a recip saw can be used to cut curves on lumber ends or in thinner sheet goods but the jigsaw with its short narrow blade is more suited for that task A reciprocating saws blade is longer thicker and wider It is made to remove material quickly and to a greater depth when necessary Most recip saws have large motors and sturdy shells that almost invite abuse Many DIYers or engineers think they will never need that kind of power until they try one Then their mind is racing to find new uses within their long list of projects The general advantages of reciprocating saws revolve around their flexibility They are safer to use for ladder or overhead work than a circular saw You can reach into tight spaces between or behind fixed materials where other saws can not They are excellent for cutting holes or slots in the middle of sheet goods or walls Flush cuts around adjacent materials that would block other saws are easily accomplished Top 10 Best Reciprocating Saw Reviews Our Top Picks 1 Milwaukee 651931 12 Amp Sawzall Reciprocating Saw Kit Editors Pick Best Reciprocating Saw Key Features Toolless clamp variable speed metal housing antivibration system gear clutch Summary The 651931 Sawzall delivers outstanding cutting power at up to 3000 SPM a 118 blade stroke and 12 amps of electrical power Milwaukies patented QUIKLOK blade clamping is a quick and easy system for fast blade exchange A counterweight design achieves smooth vibrationreduced operation that means less wear on the operator It has been ergonomically designed for comfort on even the toughest material This is the kit version which includes the saw and carrying case but no extra blades PROS Nearly as strong as Milwaukies topend saws Can be ordered with a stroke length for finer work Gear assembly clutch CONS Shoe is not adjustable No variable speed limit setting No blades Case too small to hold extra blades Specifications Amps 12 amps StrokesMin 03000 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 118 34 optional 4Position Blade Clamp No Tool Weight 71 lbs Adjustable Shoe No VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial N AntiSlip Comfort Grip Yes Tool Length 190 Review Apparently this model is their answer to the likes of the DeWalt DW304PK but it falls short Not only is it somewhat more expensive than the DeWalt but it also lacks a few features although it does have more motor power The biggest complaint is the nonadjustable shoe which is an issue if you want the leverage and control the shoe provides but cut at various depths There is no speed control dial which means you need a steady trigger finger for jobs that do not require full SPMs Check out this video about Review of Milwaukee 651931 Bottom Line Aimed at the home workshop or diligent DIYer but a bit more expensive than other vendors for the same or fewer features Click Here To Read Review of Milwaukee 651931 2 Bosch RS428 118 Vibration Control Reciprocating Saw Key Features toolless clamp variable speed speed control speed compensation orbital motion depth adjustment antivibration system Summary The Bosch RS428 is made to tackle any cutting job from wood to plastic to steel to ceramic With a 14 amp motor and 8pound weight its powerweight ratio is best in class With a 118 stroke 2900 SPM constant speed electronics and constant orbital action it is powerful and efficient Of course it has keyless blade changes and adjustable shoe to adapt to any job It also features an antivibration system that allows for long work sessions without operator fatigue PROS Plenty of power for big jobs Constant orbital action for all cuts Constant speed under load Best power to weight ratio Extralong 12 ft cord CONS Carrying bag instead of case Specifications Amps 14 amps StrokesMin 02900 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 8 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes Tool Length 220 Review The RS4298 is proof that Bosch listens to its customers who owned its predecessor the RS320 Lighter and more powerful its cutting power is impressive Far and away however is the allure of its superior antivibration system That is a huge plus for construction workers or DIYers tackling a lengthy job The experience is enhanced by the electronically controlled constant speed feature which does not let the saw bog down as the load increases The only puzzling thing is why Bosch chooses to ship this saw with a carrying bag and not a solid case A saw this good deserves Check out this video on Bosch RS428 Reciprocating Saw Bottom Line For a midrange recip saw this one is hard to beat It crosses the border between the serious DIYer and a pro saw Click Here To Read Review of Bosch RS428 Saw 3 Makita JR3070CT Reciprocating Saw Key Features metal carrying case toolless clamp variable speed speed control speed compensation blade clutch orbital motion multiposition blade depth adjustment antivibration system Summary The JR3070CTs 15 AMP motor means maximum power for the toughest cutting tasks It cuts faster thanks to a 1 12in stroke electronic speed compensation and a maximum 2800 SPM A variable speed limit lets you match the speed to the job A blade clutch protects the gear assembly if a blade binds which greatly improves tool life Makita has included its unique antivibration technology in this saw to cut fatigueinducing vibration by half PROS Maximum available power Longest blade stroke of any saw Blade clutch protects motor and gears Best antivibration in its class CONS Too heavy and powerful for some DIYers Specifications Amps 15 amps StrokesMin 02800 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 112 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 97 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes AntiVibration Yes AntiSlip Comfort Grip Yes Tool Length 191 Review DIYers might be put off by the weight and power of this saw It is designed to cut through anything and quickly including thick steel and wood beams Makita claims their AVT antivibration technology is derived from seismic engineering principles That sounds a little over the top but the saw is nearly vibration free which adds to the impression that it packs a lot of power The nearly 10 lb weight detracts a bit from that especially in overhead work Check out this video on Makita JR3070ct Reciprocating saw Bottom Line Its raw power and almost vibration free operation are impressive as is the sturdy metal case For the average DIY homeowner it is a saw for a lifetime Click Here To Read Review of Makita JR3070CT Saw 4 DEWALT DW311K 13Amp Reciprocating Saw Key Features Toolless clamp variable speed speed control orbital motion depth adjustment Summary The DeWalt DW311K features a strong 13 amp motor that handles most heavy duty sawing jobs Switching on orbital action speeds up wood cuts No tools are needed to adjust the shoe length or to change blades It features a variable speed limit and up to 2700 SPM Coupled with a 118 stroke length it quickly cuts through wood pipe conduit metal tubing and nails At just under nine pounds and with a comfortable antislip handle it is easy to control DeWalt prides itself on making quality tools and this one is backed by a 3year limited warranty PROS Strong enough for heavyduty jobs Orbital action for cutting wood Stainless steel shoe Relatively light for the power CONS No vibration control system Basic set of highend features Specifications Amps 13 amps StrokesMin 02700 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Twist Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight under 90 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes AntiSlip Comfort Grip Yes Tool Length 180 Review With 13 amps of power and the correct blade there is probably no material that this saw can not handle It can tackle even cast iron and masonry It has the basic features you expect from a modern electric reciprocating saw but no more It is aimed at the DIYer who wants a noexcuses tool The lack of an antivibration system can leave your hands tingling and though the blade clamp is solid it is bare and knurled That means it is clumsy to make blade changes with gloves but it can be too hot without them Bottom Line Excellent fewfrills saw for the DIY handyperson who takes their work seriously Click Here To Read Review of DEWALT DW311K 13Amp 5 Bosch RS7 RAP10PK 118Inch 11Amp Reciprocating Saw and 10Piece General Purpose Blade Set Key Features Toolless clamp variable speed cut zone lighting Summary The RS7s hefty 11 amp motor provides plenty of power for cutting through almost any material including plywood cement board roofing dimensional lumber and metal Its 85 lbs is easy to handle for overhead work and the open toe shoe along with LED lighting makes following a cut line far easier than other saws in its class Toolless blade changes are quick The soft handle and variable speed trigger provide excellent comfort and control The kit comes with a set of 10blades to cover most materials PROS Strong enough for most heavyduty work Open toe shoe for line visibility LED line lighting CONS No vibration control system Few highend features for its price range No case just a bag Specifications Amps 11 amps StrokesMin 02700 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 85 lbs Adjustable Shoes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial No Tool Length 190 Review We all know that Bosch makes quality tools that last a lifetime In that regard the RS7 is probably no slouch but it leaves something to desire in terms of features especially considering its price tag around 200 Most saws in this class have a speed limit control a sturdy case gear clutch antivibration system or multiposition blade clamp but none of those appear with this saw It does come with a nice 10blade package but that seems inadequate compensation for the missing features Bottom Line Unless you are a real Bosch fan and who could blame you there is probably better value in other midrange offerings for the DIYer or remodeler Click Here To Read Review of Bosch RS7 RAP10PK Saw 6 Hitachi CR13VBY 12Amp Reciprocating Saw with User Vibration Protection Technology Key Features Sturdy carrying case toolless clamp variable speed speed control orbital motion depth adjustment antivibration system Summary The CR13VBY is a 12Amp saw with all the power and necessary features for slicing through any job including demo construction plumbing HVAC and finish work Its 114 stroke is longer than other saws reviewed here Coupled with its 3000 SPM it makes quick work through any material Hitachi has come up with a variation of orbital motion called swing mode that results in less blade rebound while adding efficiency to wood cutting Hitachis patented UVP User Vibration Protection system reduces vibration transfer to the operator by up to 65 percent Blade changing is a onehand operation and the shoe PROS Blade clamps in two positions Blade swing mode for wood cutting Pushbutton shoe adjustment Superior vibration control CONS Bit heavy for the power Specifications Amps 12 amps StrokesMin 03000 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 114 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight Under 97 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes Pushbutton VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes Tool Length 183 Review As Hitachi owners have come to expect this saw does not skimp on design or features It has most highend recip saw bells and whistles such as high SPMs variable speed limit and trigger and plenty of power The UVP works well The blade change system and pushbutton shoe adjustment are worthwhile time savers Its nearly 10 lbs might be uncomfortable for some DIYers or parttime remodelers It is priced right at the midrange for this class of saw Bottom Line Quality strong tool that includes all necessary features plus a little more Worth the additional cost Click Here To Read Review of Hitachi CR13VBY Saw 7 Milwaukee 653821 150 Amp Super Sawzall Reciprocating Saw Key Features Sturdy carrying case toolless clamp variable speed speed control blade clutch orbital motion depth adjustment antivibration system Summary Since its first release the 150 amp super Sawzall has proved itself as a durable powerful and fast reciprocating saw It was ahead of its time with constant speed electronics and a patented gear assembly clutch to protect the saw if a blade binds The internal counterbalance mechanism reduces user vibration significantly As always it is built to work with plenty of power and a long stroke length that allows it to cut through iron pipe and even thick steel plate Milwaukie backs it all up with a 5year warranty PROS Fullfeatured and powerful Constant power technology Gear clutch CONS No advanced vibration control system Case has no room for blades Specifications Amps 15 amps StrokesMin 02700 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Stroke Length 114 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight Under 98 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes Constant Speed Yes Tool Length 187 Review The Milwaukee 653821 is probably about due for an upgrade but it is still well ahead of other newer saws in terms of features and raw power It lacks a rotatable handle which you might expect at a price point over 200 but longtime users are not complaining Considering its 15amp power its weight at just under 10 lbs is admirable Consider it a crossover saw suitable for serious DIYers and construction workers Bottom Line Its power and durability is almost unmatched in its class but it is not a saw for the casual user Click Here To Read Review of Milwaukee 6538 Saw 8 DEWALT BareTool DC385B 18Volt Cordless Reciprocating Saw Key Features Toolless clamp variable speed speed control multiposition blade autostop brushes Summary This cordless reciprocating saw is just as aggressive as its corded counterparts It boasts a long 118 stroke length and 3000 SPM for fast cutting Its leveraction toolless blade clamp variable speed trigger adjustable shoe and comfortable grip are on par with corded electric reciprocating saws Its compact profile and 4position blade clamp set it apart from most of its corded cousins Its convenience and portability make it an excellent work companion for tearing out kitchens slicing up pipe and ductwork cutting out wall openings or trimming sheathing You can choose from any DeWalt 18V battery to power it PROS Portable and lightweight Compact size is easy to handle Compatible with any DeWalt 18V battery CONS No orbital mode Model comes without batteries Specifications Voltage 18 volts StrokesMin 02700 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Twist Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 58 lbs 18v 9096 adds 26 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes Tool Length 180 Review To look at the top line specs of SPM and stroke length you might think this is a corded tool It can not put out the total power of say a 10 amp AC saw but its easy handling makes up for that on most jobs The 4position blade clamp is a real plus at this price With an XRP battery total weight is 84 lbs A 15minute charger with two batteries means you can work this saw for hours straight Bottom Line An excellent entrylevel cordless saw that performs You will love the portability Click Here To Read Review of DEWALT BareTool DC385B 9 Bosch 1651K 36Volt Cordless Reciprocating Saw Kit Key Features Sturdy metal carrying case toolless clamp variable speed speed control multiposition blade Summary Commercial contractors remodelers electricians and plumbers can appreciate the superior power of this cordless saw and its 118 stroke as it cuts through nails wood and heavy pipe without straining itself or its operator Plus it has twice the running time of 18V competitors Its 36V FatPack offers the most power and longest runtime or you can shave off a pound by using a 36V SlimPack battery Either recharge in just an hour It features two variablespeed ranges of 02400 SPM and 03000 SPM to match the material being cut An ergonomic comfort grip opentoe shoe singlehand blade clamp and PROS Solid cordless saw for serious work Choice of battery sizes Twice the runtime of 18V cordless saws Includes battery and charger CONS Pricey Heavy Specifications Voltage 36 volts StrokesMin 02400 and 03000 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Twist Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 92 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial Yes 2 settings Tool Length 195 Review This saw might just be the best cordless reciprocating saw available The price reflects that but you have to admit that you get what you pay for with this tool The cutting speed power and stroke length match the best corded saws Granted with the battery its weight is the same or more than high amp corded saws but the convenience of cordless mitigates that Only having a twostage speed limit control is a drawback if you need to use this tool on a wide variety of materials Other than that it is hard to find fault with this tool Check out this video Review of BOSCH 1651K 36VOLT Bottom Line If you appreciate quality need lots of power portability and can afford the price this is a great buy Click Here To Read Review of Bosch 1651K 36Volt 10 DEWALT DW304PK 10 Amp Reciprocating Saw Key Features Toolless clamp variable speed speed control orbital motion multiposition blade depth adjustment Summary The DW304PKs 10 amp motor is strong enough for bigger jobs A variablespeed trigger orbital motion and a 118 stroke at 2800 SPM make for an accurate and quick cut on most material Keyless blade changes are accomplished with an easy lever action clamp The 4position blade clamp allows positioning the saw for flush cutting in any situation PROS Lightweight 4position blade clampshoe Shoe is stainless steel not plastic Relatively light for its power CONS No speed limit settings No blades included Specifications Amps 10 amps StrokesMin 02800 SPM Keyless Clamp Yes Lever Stroke Length 118 Multipos Clamp No Tool Weight 70 lbs Adjustable Shoe Yes VariableSpeed Trigger Yes VariableSpeed Dial No AntiSlip Comfort Grip No Tool Length 175 Review If you are looking for a lighter weight or backup recip saw the DeWalt DW304PK may be the ticket It is the lightest of the tools in this set of reciprocating saw reviews at only 7 lbs which makes it a comfortable choice for ladder and overhead work For the heaviest jobs it might be somewhat underpowered and the lack of a speed limit control might be a showstopper for some Bottom Line Excellent value for the occasional DIYer or construction work who is looking for a lightweight workhorse Click Here To Read Review of DEWALT DW304PK Saw Reciprocating Saw Usage For tearout of walls floors and ceilings it is the tool you grab or wish you had These slice through wood nails pipe sheet metal drywall plastic fiberglass plaster roofing and even stone or masonry with ease No one will claim it is a precision tool but it gets into almost impossibly tight spaces and cuts quickly and efficiently Stud removal is easy by slicing the nails between stud ends and plates Windows and doors are removed the same way by slicing fasteners at the rough framing essential for retrofit jobs Wall floor or ceiling access holes are made in seconds by plunge cuts into almost any material Cutting out ductwork in tight spaces such as attics or crawlspaces is a snap especially so with a cordless reciprocating saw Plumbers love the ability to quickly cut plastic galvanized or cast iron pipe in tight spaces or exposing hidden couplings All construction trades utilize reciprocating saws for notching joists studs and rafters when installing ductwork tubing and wires The best saws have multiposition blade clamps that further facilitate this work In most of these cases a general purpose blade can slice through almost any material When specialty blades are required most saws have a onehand blade release that makes blade exchange a snap How Reciprocating Saws Work An electric reciprocating saw converts the spinning of a motor to a linear back and forth motion There are several techniques to accomplish this transformation Crank The shaft is connected to one side of a rotating shaft Scotch Yoke A short arm attached to a rotating shaft moves within a vertical slot Swashplate A disc is mounted at a slight angle to a rotating axle Shafts mounted at a right angle on the disc move back and forth as the disc rotates Eccentric The reciprocating shaft is attached at an offset to the side of a circular disc whose axle is the motor shaft As the axle disc rotates a reciprocating motion is created Most modern reciprocating saws utilize a form of the eccentric technique Except for the swashplate method all of these translations require balancing components to offset their inherent vibration Additional vibration damping may be incorporated into the best reciprocating saws which increases operator comfort Take a look at this video for some useful tips and tricks Tips and Tricks Safety Tips The biggest danger with reciprocating saws is bucking or blade binding Be very aware of this especially if working from a ladder To avoid these problems be sure the blade will not hit material behind the cut when the shoe is against the material to cut If it bottoms out adjust the shoe or use a shorter blade Always stop the tool before withdrawing from a cut to prevent kickback against the cut material Cutting Access Holes If you do not know what is behind a covering material such as drywall it is unsafe to use a fulllength blade because you may damage plumbing or wires To avoid this extend the saw blade to maximum depth and use metal shears to cut the blade shorter The length of the blade protruding from the shoe should equal the thickness of the wall material Now you are free to cut the wall without damaging anything including the studs Fine Cuts If a regular reciprocating saw blade is too thick for a particular application put a regular hacksaw blade into service One end of the blade already has a hole so you need only grind or snip out a notch to match the notch in a regular blade Snip the hacksaw blade to the length you need and you are good to go Comparison Shopping Electric Reciprocating Saws When shopping for a reciprocating saw the fundamental types are corded or cordless Each has its place in your tool stock with its own pros and cons Neither type is superior to the other so most handymen have one of each The reciprocating saw reviews are divided into corded and cordless models As reciprocating saws have evolved since Milwaukie came out with their Sawzall in the 1950s many new features have appeared to add functionality and increase comfort This guide discusses the designs and features that go into the best reciprocating saws followed by a Top Ten list of reciprocating saws along with reviews from our experts Corded Saws When you need maximum unstoppable power a corded saw is your best choice These sport up to 15 amps of cutting power and the best ones are tough enough to work continuously throughout the day Their main disadvantage is having to supply a source of continuous AC power from either a mains outlet or a generator The cord or extensions cords can create difficulties in awkward spaces and of course you need to take care not to cut it Cordless Saws There are many models of powerful cordless reciprocating saws though none quite match the peak horsepower of topoftheline corded saws Obviously these eliminate the need for outlets or generators with the exception of the battery recharging unit Most weigh about the same or are lighter than their corded counterparts Thus they may be more comfortable to use especially in overhead work or awkward cramped positions They excel at cutting lighter materials Important Reciprocating Saw Features Regardless of whether a saw is corded or cordless they all have a number of features that increase operator comfort and the utility of the saw You have to judge which features are most important to you and your style of work and balance these against the tool cost If you are a frequent user of the tool cost should not be the primary decision driver however Given that even the best reciprocating saws are usually under 300 over the life of the tool a saw that can do it all is well worth the extra cost Only the best reciprocating saws will have most of the following features Check the reciprocating saw reviews that follow for a list of features for each model A welldesigned carrying case Most cases are plastic The weak spot in these is usually the hinges Once they break you have to strap it closed Toolless blade clamp Even if attached to the cord or in a slot on the tool clamp tools are easily misplaced Toolless clamps are both a time and aggravation saver Variable speed trigger Different materials require different blade speeds so this feature is a musthave Speed control This allows you to set the maximum stroke speed which is important to matching saw performance to particular materials It is extremely handy if you are making a number of repetitive cuts Electronic speed compensation Regardless of the load on the blade this feature maintains a constant blade speed Blade clutch This protects the motor and gear assembly if the blade locks up Orbital motion control Especially for coarse materials such as plywood and dimensional lumber adding orbital movement to the standard back and forth motion makes cuts go faster Flexible blade positioning Many recip saws allow placing a blade in a downward or upward position The best reciprocating saws allow left and right blade placement also Rotating handle For especially tight or awkward positions being able to rotate the handle so you can achieve better alignment with the material being cut is a real convenience Metal housing A metal housing dissipates heat better than plastic Autostop brushes Found mainly on cordless saws these increase safety by stopping the blade instantly when power is cut These also kick in when it is time to change the brushes Blade depth adjustment Blade depth is controlled on a coarse basis by using blades of different lengths Many saws also have adjustable shoes to control cut depth Only a few allow changing the stroke depth Antivibration system The best reciprocating saws use advanced designs to separate motor and blade vibration from the saw body and handle These reduce vibration by half or more The result is less operator fatigue Open toe shoe Most blade shoes are closed but ones with an open side where the teeth meet the cutting material increase cut accuracy Cut zone lighting A few models combine an open toe shoe with LED guide lights that further increase the visibility of the cut line In addition to noting advanced features assess the general look feel and heft of a saw Ask yourself if it appears to be designed and assembled to withstand rough knocks or being dropped Is the shoe rugged or made of thin metal or plastic Is the grip comfortable when wearing thick work gloves Hold the saw in different positions to evaluate whether it feels wellbalanced FAQ Why do some saws have orbital motion Orbital motion means the saw blade lifts a tiny bit on the return stroke On coarse materials such as wood this clears the kerf of debris which makes the cutting action more efficient What is the difference between variable speed control and variable speed limit Variable speed control refers to the tools trigger mechanism As you squeeze the trigger the blade speeds up The variable speed limit is a switch with 2 or more discrete positions to limit the maximum speed even when the trigger is fully retracted Why should I not use the fastest speed all the time for quick cuts A high stroke speed is not a good idea on thin materials such as sheet metal as the slightest blade bind will deform the material If you are making a plunge cut a slow speed is needed to safely start the cut until you break through to the other side For thicker metals a slow speed avoids blade overheating Why is an adjustable shoe important To make a controlled cut you need solid leverage Holding the shoe against the material provides such leverage Since materials are of differing thicknesses and there may be obstructions behind the material an adjustable shoe allows you to compensate for those while keeping firm control over the tool I want to buy an 18V tool only and already have 20V batteries Can I use those First of all they are unlikely to fit but if they did the higher voltage would damage the saws electronics Can I charge the LiIon batteries that came with my new saw using my old NiCd charger of the same brand Even if the new batteries fit your old charger you can not mix battery technology types like that without damaging either the battery or the charger Im worried about how long the battery will last under heavy use What can you tell me With a cordless saw there are many variables that affect battery life The first is the amphour rating of the battery Purchase the highest amphour rating available A worn blade the force required for the cut and the type of material can all reduce battery life if a great deal of pressure is required Reciprocating Saw Accessories Besides a good variety of blades there are two categories of saw accessories Safety Accessories Always use a sturdy pair of gloves that provide a good grip Additionally shatterproof goggles and ear plugs or covers are necessary to protect sight and hearing Specialpurpose Attachments You can find a wide variety of specialty blades from third parties to suit specific tasks These usually use an adapter that fits securely in the blade clamp to which each tool attaches Various shapes of wire brushes Various widths of scrapers Grout removal tool Buffing tools Sanding pads Effective Saw Use Proper Blades There are general purpose blades that will saw nearly anything from wood to nails However having a variety of blades makes your saw more useful Blades come in different lengths from 6 inches to 12 inches so you can cut thinner material or reach into deep recesses Choose the cutting edge of the blade according to the work being done If you are cutting dimensional lumber or doing a general tearout fewer coarser teeth are what you need Finertoothed blades make a cleaner cut and the finest teeth are used on metal or other thin material such as fiberglass The teeth on bimetal blades are much harder than the spring steel shafts to which they are bonded They cost a little more but last longer Cutting Technique Keeping a firm grip on the saw is necessary for good control which will make a cleaner cut and help avoid kickback If you keep the shoe on the cut material this greatly reduces vibration and makes a faster cut Most saws allow placing the blade either teeth up or teeth down Thinking ahead about which orientation would work best may save you some headaches Some saws allow horizontal blade placement which provides more options for tricky cuts Unusual Uses for Reciprocating Saws As a testament to the versatility of reciprocating saws take a look at these unusual uses Cutting through anchor bolts of a sill plate so the house could be jacked up and the sill replaced Slicing a sleeper sofa in half to more easily load it into the junk truck Butchering a frozen deer carcass Sawing in half a doublewide mobile home to facilitate moving Pruning tree branches or roots Ice or snow sculpturing Cutting the doors off defunct refrigerators or freezers | [
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http://jasonzweig.com/project/the-intelligent-investor/ | The Intelligent Investor , Revised Edition Posted by jasonzweig on Dec 23 , 2013 in Books | 0 comments The greatest investment advisor of the twentieth century , Benjamin Graham , taught and inspired people worldwide . Graham โ s philosophy of โ value investing โ โ which shields investors from substantial error and teaches them to develop long - term strategies โ has made The Intelligent Investor the stock market bible ever since its original publication in 1949 . Summary : This classic text is annotated to update Graham โ s timeless wisdom for today โ s market conditions โฆ The greatest investment advisor of the twentieth century , Benjamin Graham , taught and inspired people worldwide . Graham โ s philosophy of โ value investing โ โ which shields investors from substantial error and teaches them to develop long - term strategies โ has made The Intelligent Investor the stock market bible ever since its original publication in 1949 . Over the years , market developments have proven the wisdom of Graham โ s strategies . While preserving the integrity of Graham โ s original text , this revised edition includes updated commentary by noted financial journalist Jason Zweig , whose perspective incorporates the realities of today โ s market , draws parallels between Graham โ s examples and today โ s financial headlines , and gives readers a more thorough understanding of how to apply Graham โ s principles . Vital and indispensable , this HarperBusiness Essentials edition of is the most important book you will ever read on how to reach your financial goals . Order Online : Revised Edition Benjamin Graham with Jason Zweig HarberBusiness Essentials ( 623 pp , $ 19.95 ) BUY FROM AMAZON . COM Excerpts : Time Magazine Jason Zweig , โ Get Rich Slowly Jason Zweig , โ Get Rich Slowly โ ( PDF * ) Time , July 14 , 2003 Reviews : The Motley Fool Seth Jayson , โ Looking for Graham Crackers , โ The Motley Fool , April 15 , 2004 Warren Buffett Warren Buffett , Berkshire Hathaway Inc . Annual Report for 2003 , โ ( PDF * ) March , 2004 ; See P . 21 in the text The New Yorker John Cassidy , โ Smart Money : Two Wall Street Classics appear in new editions , โ The New Yorker , October 6 , 2003 The Street Stephen Schurr , โ The Fund Investor โ s Reading List thestreet . com , September 22 , 2003 Fortune Magazine Ellen Florian , โ Making Graham Crackle , โ ( PDF * ) Fortune , September 1 , 2003 BusinessWeek Robert Barker , โ Summer Reading Worth Investing In ? Robert Barker , โ Summer Reading Worth Investing In ? โ ( PDF * ) BusinessWeek , August 11 , 2003 Forbes Magazine Mark Lewis , โ New & Notable : Making a Success of Failure forbes . com , July 23 , 2003 About Benjamin Graham : Ben Graham : His Life and Legacy bengraham www . jasonzweig . com , July 26 , 2004 About Jason Zweig : Jason Zweig is the investing and personal finance columnist for The Wall Street Journal . Previously , he was a senior writer for Money magazine and a guest columnist for Time magazine and CNN . com . Before joining Money in 1995 , Zweig was the mutual funds editor at Forbes . A frequent commentator on television and radio , Zweig is also a popular public speaker who has addressed the American Association of Individual Investors , the Aspen Institute , the CFA Institute , the Morningstar Investment Conference , and university audiences at Harvard , Stanford , and Oxford . He serves on the editorial boards of Financial History magazine and the Journal of Behavioral Finance . Zweig has a BA from Columbia College , where he was awarded a John Jay National Scholarship . LEARN MORE ABOUT JASON Contact Information : For more information about โ The Intelligent Investor , Revised Edition โ or Jason Zweig write to info @ jasonzweig . com Related | [
"The Intelligent Investor"
] |
http://jasperreports.sourceforge.net/api/net/sf/jasperreports/engine/JRParameter.html | All Superinterfaces : java . lang . Cloneable , JRCloneable JRPropertiesHolder All Known Subinterfaces : JRCrosstabParameter JRValueParameter All Known Implementing Classes : JRBaseCrosstabParameter JRBaseParameter JRDesignCrosstabParameter JRDesignParameter JRFillCrosstabParameter JRFillParameter public interface JRParameter extends JRPropertiesHolder JRCloneable Provides functionality for report parameters . Parameters are object references that are passed into the report - filling operations . They are very useful for passing to the report engine data that it can not normally find in its data source . For example , one could pass to the report engine the name of the user who launched the report - filling operation if this name have to appear on the report . Or , if the report title depends on various conditions , it can be passed as parameter to the report during the report execution . Declaring a parameter in a report template is very simple . Simply specify only its name and its class : < parameter name = " ReportTitle " class = " java . lang . String " / > < parameter name = " MaxOrderID " class = " java . lang . Integer " / > < parameter name = " SummaryImage " class = " java . awt . Image " / > The supplied values for the report parameters can be used in the various report expressions , in the report SQL query , or even in a report scriptlet class . Below are described the components that make a report parameter definition complete . Parameter Name The name attribute of the < parameter > element is mandatory and allows referencing the parameter by its declared name . The naming conventions of JasperReports are similar to those of the Java language regarding variable declaration . That means that the parameter name should be a single word containing no special characters like a dot or a comma . Parameter Class The second mandatory attribute for a report parameter specifies the class name for the parameter values . The class attribute can have any value as long it represents a class name that is available in the classpath both at report - compilation time and report - filling time . Prompting for Parameter Values In some GUI applications , it is useful to establish the set of report parameters for which the application should request user input , before launching the report - filling process . It is also useful to specify the text description that will prompt for the user input for each of those parameters . This is why we have the Boolean isForPrompting attribute in the parameter declaration sequence and the inner < parameterDescription > element . Parameter Custom Properties In addition to the parameter description and the prompting flag mentioned previously , some applications might need to attach more information or metadata to a report parameter definition . This is why report parameters can have any number of custom - defined name / value property pairs , just like the report template itself could have at the top level . Parameter Default Value Parameter values are supplied to the report - filling process packed in a java . util . Map object with the parameter names as the keys . This way , there is no more need to supply a value for each parameter every time . If there is no value supplied for a parameter , its value is considered to be null , unless a default value expression is specified in the report template for this particular report parameter . This expression is only evaluated if there is no value supplied for the given parameter . Here ' s a java . util . Date parameter whose value will be the current date if you do not supply a specific date value when filling the report : < parameter name = " MyDate " class = " java . util . Date " > < defaultValueExpression > new java . util . Date ( ) < / defaultValueExpression > < / parameter > In the default value expression of a parameter , one can only use previously defined report parameters . Author : Teodor Danciu ( teodord @ users . sourceforge . net ) Field Summary Fields Modifier and Type Field and Description static java . lang . String FILTER A DatasetFilter to be used in addition to JRDataset . getFilterExpression ( ) for filtering dataset rows . static java . lang . String IS_IGNORE_PAGINATION This built - in flag parameter specifies whether to ignore pagination . JASPER_REPORT This parameter gives access to the current JasperReport template object that is being filled . JASPER_REPORTS_CONTEXT A net . sf . jasperreports . engine . JasperReportsContext instance representing the current report filling context . MAX_PAGE_HEIGHT MAX_PAGE_WIDTH REPORT_CLASS_LOADER java . lang . ClassLoader instance to be used during the report filling process to load resources . REPORT_CONNECTION java . sql . Connection needed to run the default report query . REPORT_CONTEXT REPORT_DATA_SOURCE JRDataSource instance representing the report data source . REPORT_FORMAT_FACTORY FormatFactory instance to be used during the report filling process to create instances of java . text . DateFormat to format date text fields and instances of java . text . NumberFormat to format numeric text fields . REPORT_LOCALE java . util . Locale instance containing the resource bundle desired locale . REPORT_MAX_COUNT An integer allowing users to limit the datasource size . REPORT_PARAMETERS_MAP Map containing report parameters passed by users at fill time . REPORT_RESOURCE_BUNDLE The java . util . ResourceBundle containing localized messages . REPORT_SCRIPTLET JRAbstractScriptlet containing an instance of the report scriptlet provided by the user . REPORT_TEMPLATES collection of templates passed to the report at fill time . REPORT_TIME_ZONE java . util . TimeZone instance to use for date formatting . REPORT_VIRTUALIZER The JRVirtualizer to be used for page virtualization . SORT_FIELDS Method Summary All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Modifier and Type Method and Description JRExpression getDefaultValueExpression ( ) java . lang . String getDescription ( ) ParameterEvaluationTimeEnum getEvaluationTime Specifies when the default value expression of a parameter is evaluated . java . lang . String getName java . lang . Class < ? > getNestedType Returns the parameter nested value type . getNestedTypeName Returns the name of the parameter nested value type . java . lang . Class < ? > getValueClass getValueClassName boolean isForPrompting boolean isSystemDefined void setDescription ( java . lang . String description ) Methods inherited from interface net . sf . jasperreports . engine . getParentProperties getPropertiesMap hasProperties Methods inherited from interface net . sf . jasperreports . engine . clone Field Detail REPORT_PARAMETERS_MAP static final java . lang . String REPORT_PARAMETERS_MAP Map containing report parameters passed by users at fill time . This parameter is especially useful when you want to pass to the subreports the same set of report parameters that the master report has received . See Also : Constant Field Values JASPER_REPORTS_CONTEXT static final java . lang . String JASPER_REPORTS_CONTEXT net . sf . jasperreports . engine . JasperReportsContext instance representing the current report filling context . See Also : Constant Field Values JASPER_REPORT static final java . lang . String JASPER_REPORT This parameter gives access to the current JasperReport template object that is being filled . REPORT_CONNECTION static final java . lang . String REPORT_CONNECTION java . sql . Connection needed to run the default report query . This report parameter points to the object that was supplied to the engine for execution of the SQL report query through JDBC , if it is the case . It has a value different than null only if the report ( or subreport ) has received a when the report - filling process was launched , and not a JRDataSource instance . This parameter is also useful for passing the same JDBC connection object that was used by the master report to its subreports . REPORT_MAX_COUNT static final java . lang . String REPORT_MAX_COUNT An integer allowing users to limit the datasource size . Some users may want to limit the number of records from the report data source during the report - filling process . This built - in parameter accepts java . lang . Integer values representing the number of records from the data source that the engine will process during the report filling . When the internal record counter reaches the specified value , the engine will assume that it has reached the last record from the data source and will stop the iteration through the rest of the data source . REPORT_DATA_SOURCE static final java . lang . String REPORT_DATA_SOURCE instance representing the report data source . JasperReports defines some convenience implementations of , but users may create their own data sources for specific needs . When filling a report , a data source object is either directly supplied by the parent application or created behind the scenes by the reporting engine when a JDBC connection is supplied . This built - in parameter allows you access to the report ' s data source in the report expressions or in the scriptlets . REPORT_SCRIPTLET static final java . lang . String REPORT_SCRIPTLET JRAbstractScriptlet containing an instance of the report scriptlet provided by the user . This built - in parameter points to the report scriptlet specified using the scriptletClass attribute available at report or dataset level . Even if the report or dataset does not declare any scriptlet , this built - in parameter will point to a instance , which in this case is a JRDefaultScriptlet object . When using scriptlets , the scriptlet built - in parameters referencing the scriptlet instances that are created when filling the report , allow specific methods to be called on them . This is so the data that the scriptlet objects have prepared during the filling process can be used or manipulated . REPORT_LOCALE static final java . lang . String REPORT_LOCALE java . util . Locale instance containing the resource bundle desired locale . This parameter should be used in conjunction with REPORT_RESOURCE_BUNDLE Report templates can be reused to generate documents in different languages . The target language used during report filling is specified by the object supplied as the value for this built - in parameter . The engine uses Locale . getDefault ( ) if no value is explicitly supplied for this parameter at runtime . static final java . lang . String REPORT_RESOURCE_BUNDLE java . util . ResourceBundle containing localized messages . If the resource bundle base name is specified at design time , the engine will try to load the resource bundle using specified name and locale . This parameter points to the object that contains localized information associated with the report template . This object can be supplied directly by the caller application or created by the engine using the resource bundle base name specified in the resourceBundle attribute of the report template . The engine tries to read locale - specific information from this object based on the report - supplied locale and the key used inside the report expressions . REPORT_TIME_ZONE static final java . lang . String REPORT_TIME_ZONE java . util . TimeZone instance to use for date formatting . The instance supplied as value for this built - in parameter is used during the report - filling process to format all date and time values . If no value is supplied for this parameter at runtime , the default time zone of the host machine is used . REPORT_VIRTUALIZER static final java . lang . String REPORT_VIRTUALIZER JRVirtualizer to be used for page virtualization . This parameter is optional . When very large reports are generated and memory becomes insufficient , the engine can rely on the report virtualization mechanism to optimize memory consumption during report filling . Report virtualization is activated by supplying an instance of the interface as the value for this built - in parameter . By doing this , the engine will store temporary data in a serialized form in order to minimize the amount of memory needed during report filling . REPORT_CLASS_LOADER static final java . lang . String REPORT_CLASS_LOADER java . lang . ClassLoader instance to be used during the report filling process to load resources . Resources such as images , fonts , and subreport templates can be referenced using their relative classpath location . By default , JasperReports uses the current thread ' s context class loader to locate the resource . If that fails , it then falls back to the class loader that loads the library ' s classes themselves . To extend the resource - lookup mechanism and give greater flexibility to the library , one can pass a custom - made class loader implementation as the value for this built - in fill - time parameter . This would allow applications REPORT_FORMAT_FACTORY static final java . lang . String REPORT_FORMAT_FACTORY FormatFactory instance to be used during the report filling process to create instances of java . text . DateFormat to format date text fields and instances of java . text . NumberFormat to format numeric text fields . The value for this parameter is an instance of the interface , which is either provided directly by the calling program or created internally by the reporting engine , using the formatFactoryClass attribute of the report template . If this parameter is provided with a value by the report - filling process caller , it takes precedence over the attribute in the report template . IS_IGNORE_PAGINATION static final java . lang . String IS_IGNORE_PAGINATION This built - in flag parameter specifies whether to ignore pagination . By default , JasperReports produces page - oriented documents that are ready for printing . Sometimes , especially in Web applications , pagination is irrelevant . One way to avoid breaking documents into multiple pages and to obtain a more flow - oriented document layout is to set this built - in parameter to Boolean . TRUE at runtime . By doing this , the engine will ignore all the report settings that are related to page breaking and will produce a document that contains a single very large page . When used , this fill - time parameter overrides the value of the isIgnorePagination property of the report template . MAX_PAGE_HEIGHT static final java . lang . String MAX_PAGE_HEIGHT MAX_PAGE_WIDTH static final java . lang . String MAX_PAGE_WIDTH REPORT_TEMPLATES static final java . lang . String REPORT_TEMPLATES collection of templates passed to the report at fill time . These templates add to the ones specified in the report ( see JRReport . getTemplates ( ) ) . In the final templates list they are placed after the report templates ; therefore styles from these templates can use and override styles in the report templates . They are , however , placed before the report styles hence report styles can use and override styles from these templates . SORT_FIELDS static final java . lang . String SORT_FIELDS REPORT_CONTEXT static final java . lang . String REPORT_CONTEXT FILTER static final java . lang . String FILTER DatasetFilter to be used in addition to JRDataset . getFilterExpression ( ) for filtering dataset rows . Method Detail getName java . lang . String getName ( ) getDescription java . lang . String getDescription ( ) setDescription void setDescription ( java . lang . String description ) getValueClass java . lang . Class < ? > getValueClass ( ) getValueClassName java . lang . String getValueClassName ( ) isSystemDefined boolean isSystemDefined ( ) boolean isForPrompting ( ) getEvaluationTime ParameterEvaluationTimeEnum getEvaluationTime ( ) Specifies when the default value expression of a parameter is evaluated . getDefaultValueExpression JRExpression getDefaultValueExpression ( ) getNestedType java . lang . Class < ? > getNestedType ( ) Returns the parameter nested value type . The parameter nested value type is used when the parameter value class is not sufficient in determining the expected type of the parameter values . The most common such scenario is when the parameter value class is Collection or a derived class , in which case the nested type specifies the type of values which are to be placed inside the collection . Returns : the nested value type for this parameter , or null if none set getValueClass ( ) getNestedTypeName java . lang . String getNestedTypeName ( ) Returns the name of the parameter nested value type . Returns : the name of the nested value type for this parameter , or null if none set getNestedType ( ) | [
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http://java.about.com/od/s/g/sourcecode.htm | Science , Tech , Math Computer Science Source Code by Paul Leahy Updated June 02 , 2017 Definition : Programmers write software programs using a programming language ( e.g. , Java ) . The programming language provides a series of instructions they can use to create the program they want . All the instructions a programmer uses to build the program are known as source code . For a computer to be able to execute the program , these instructions need to be translated using a compiler Examples : Here is the source code for a simple Java program : class HelloWorld { public static void main ( String [] args ) { / / Write Hello World to the terminal window System . out . println ( " Hello World ! " ) ; } } | [
"Source Code",
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http://java.ittoolbox.com/groups/technical-functional/java-l/how-to-get-htmltextarea-value-in-javascript-for-clint-side-validation-4241458 | Programming How to get html : textarea value in javascript for clint side validation 8 Share " Hi , How to get html : textarea value in javascript . Like document . getElementByID ( id ) ; for html input elements , but I want to get struts tld element value in javascript . Ex . . I want to get this textarea value in javascript function Thanks , Naresh . " n By nareshbabu4 8 years ago Java 8 Answers Answer this question Sign In to Post a Comment Sign In JM Joseph Mokenela 8 years ago You can give it an id property and access it with an id . Answered n nareshbabu4 We do n ' t have id attribute in < html : textarea . . . / > right ? Answered YD Yogesh Dhedhi Set the textarea ' s is attribute and access in java script like var varibalename = form . getElementById ( " " idname " " ) ; JM Joseph Mokenela We do have it . YD Yogesh Dhedhi Try like this var variablename = document . form .textareaname .value nareshbabu4 Textarea name also we cant give because we already gave property , so I will throw runtime error . PH Prashant Hariharan if the text box is something like this : < html : text property = " " name " " / > You can access this using javascript as follows : var val = document . forms [ 0 ] .name .value ; or in certain scenarios , as per ur requirment u can do this too : < html : text property = " " name " " onblur = " " getValue ( this ) ; " " / > javacript function : getValue ( obj ) var val = obj . value ; nmanjunath24 Hi , In struts you can provide the styleId attribute which will be converted as id after jsp is compiled . | [
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http://javaconceptoftheday.com/difference-between-final-finally-and-finalize-in-java/ | Difference Between final , finally and finalize In Java pramodbablad September 22 , 2014 1 What is the difference between final , finally and finalize in java ? This is one of the most favorite question of many interviewer for Java freshers as well as for java experienced professionals . They ask this question to confuse the candidate because they spell very similar . That is the only similarity between them . They are totally different things conceptually . In this post , we will see how final keyword , finally block and finalize ( ) method differ from each other . final keyword : final is a keyword which is used to make a variable or a method or a class as โ unchangeable โ . In simple terms , A variable which is declared as final , it โ s value can not be changed once it is initialized . 1 2 3 final int i = 10 / / final variable i = 20 / / Compile time error , Value can not be changed A method declared as final can not be overridden or modified in the sub class . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 class SuperClass final void methodOfSuperClass ( ) System . out . println ( " final Method " ) ; class SubClass extends SuperClass void methodOfSuperClass ( ) / / Compile time error , final method can not be overridden . A class declared as final can not be extended . 4 5 6 7 8 9 / / final class SubClass extends / / Compile time error , can not create a sub class to final class You can read more about final keyword here and here finally Block : finally is a block which is used for exception handling along with try and catch blocks . finally block is always executed whether exception is raised or not and raised exception is handled or not . Most of time , this block is used to close the resources like database connection , I / O resources etc . 11 12 try / / checking the code for exceptions catch ( Exception ex ) / / Catching the exceptions finally / / This block is always executed You can read more about finally block finalize ( ) Method : finalize ( ) method is a protected method of java . lang . Object class . It is inherited to every class you create in java . This method is called by garbage collector thread before an object is removed from the memory . finalize ( ) method is used to perform some clean up operations on an object before it is removed from the memory . protected finalize ( ) throws Throwable / / Clean up operations You can read more about finalize ( ) method finally Vs finalize ( ) : But , there is one similarity between finally block and finalize ( ) method . Both are used to close the resources used by the program . finally block is used to close the resources soon after their use . finalize ( ) method is used to close the resources before an object is removed from the memory . That means if you use finalize ( ) method to close the resources , they will remain open until an object , which is using them , is garbage collected . But , using finalize ( ) method to close the resources is less recommended as it is not guaranteed that garbage collector will always call finalize ( ) method on an object before it is removed from the memory . If it is not called , the resources will remain open . Therefore , it is always good to close the resources soon after their use using finally block . 13 14 try / / Open the resources / / Use the resources catch ( Exception ex ) / / Catching the exceptions raised in the try block / / Close the resources here only Categories Exception Handling x Vs y Previous : Some Interesting Observations About Generics In Java Next : Java Interview Questions On main ( ) Method | [
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"finalize ( ) Method"
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http://javapapers.com/jee/jaxb-tutorial/ | JAXB Tutorial Last modified on October 11th , 2014 by Joe . This article is an introductory tutorial for JAXB . Some time back I wrote a tutorial introducing Java StAX and after reading that lot of friends asked to write on JAXB and so this article . JAXB is an acronym of Java Architecture for XML Binding . JAXB provides API to access and process a XML document . We can read or write XML files using JAXB . Unlike SAX , DOM parsers to use JAXB the developer need not be aware of XML parsing techniques . XML Schema Schema is a definition file for a XML document . It maintains the rule / syntax for a XML document . An XML document need not always have a schema . But if it has one it should adhere to its specifications . While using JAXB XML schema is not a mandatory requirement . Process can start with java pojo classes . But it is convenient to have associated XML schema so that we can use a binding compiler and generate the java classes . That schema should be written using W3C XML Schema Language . JAXB Implementation JAXB API is a set of interfaces for which we have various implementations . As part of Metro there is a project for JAXB providing reference implementation . JSR 222 is developed by JCP for JAXB . Latest version of JAXB as of now is JAXB 2.2 . As part of this artice I am using Metro โ s JAXB reference implementation . To run the sample code associated , you should download jaxb implementation and the jar files to the classpath . JAXB Binding JAXB is middle man between XML document and java instances . Important step in using JAXB is creating java POJO classes . XML schema can be used by a JAXB binding compiler to generate java classes . Those generated java classes match the XML schema and they will be loaded at runtime in the application . If we do n โ t have the XML schema , then we can manually code the POJO classes and annotate with JAXB annotations . We can instantiate those classes then read or write to XML . XJC โ com . sun . tools Unmarshal and Marshal in JAXB Unmarshal is the process of binding the XML document using JAXB compiler and generating mapping java classes then constructing the instances with values available in XML document . Marshal is the reverse process of it . First we construct the instances and then write a XML document using the constructed instances . In both the cases , we need create POJO classes first . If we have the XML schema that can be used to generate those classes using a JAXB binding compiler . If the XML schema is not available , then we should manually code those POJOs . Only then we can do unmarshal or marshal in an application . Marshaling and unmarshaling can be done with other sources . That means , the XML need not be in file form . It can be a InputStream object , a URL , a DOM node , SAXSource . To Unmarshal Create POJOs or bind the schema and generate the classes . Create a JAXBContext object . ( javax . xml . bind . JAXBContext ) Create an Unmarshaller object . ( javax . xml . bind . Unmarshaller ) Call the unmarshal method . Use the get methods available in schema - genearated classes to access the values . To Marshal Create POJOs or bind the schema and generate the classes . Create the content tree by using set methods . Create a JAXBContext object . ( javax . xml . bind . JAXBContext ) Create a Marshaller object . ( javax . xml . bind . Marshaller ) Call the marshal method to persist the created content tree as XML document . JAXB Unmarshal Sample Download JAXBSample and Run You need to download JAXB reference implementation from metro and add jar files inside the lib folder to run this sample . Following is build . xml for the sample code . You can see that XJC is used to compile XSD and generate java classes . < ? xml version = " 1.0 " standalone = " yes " ? > < project basedir " . " default " run " > < property name " jaxb . home " value " . " / > < path id " classpath " > < pathelement path " src " / > < pathelement path " classes " " schemas " < fileset dir " $ { jaxb . home } " includes " lib / * .jar " < / path > < taskdef name " xjc " classname " com . sun . tools . xjc . XJCTask " < classpath refid " classpath " < / taskdef > < ! - - compile Java source files - - > < target " compile " description " Compile all Java source files " < echo message " Compiling the schema . . . " < mkdir dir " gen - src " < xjc schema " zoo . xsd " package " com . javapapers . xml . jaxb " destdir " gen - src " < produces " gen - src / com . javapapers . xml . jaxb " includes " * * / * .java " < / xjc > < echo message " Compiling the java source files . . . " < mkdir " classes " < javac destdir debug " on " < src " src " < src < classpath refid < / javac > < / target > < target " run " depends " compile " description " Run the sample app " " Running the sample application . . . " < java classname " com . javapapers . xml . jaxb . JAXBUnmarshalSample " fork " true " < / java > < / target > " javadoc " " Generates javadoc " depends " Generating javadoc . . . " " docs / api " < javadoc sourcepath " docs / api " windowtitle " Using unmarshaller ( formerly SampleApp1 ) " useexternalfile " yes " < fileset " gen - src / * * / * .java " excludes " * * / impl / * * / * .java " < / javadoc > " clean " " Deletes all the generated artifacts . " < delete < delete " schemas " < / project > Following the XSD < xsd : schema xmlns : xsd " http : / / www . w3 . org / 2001 / XMLSchema " < xsd : element " zoo " type " zooInfo " < xsd : element " comment " type " xsd : string " < xsd : complexType " zooInfo " < xsd : sequence > " zooName " " xsd : string " " zooId " " xsd : int " " animals " " Animals " < / xsd : sequence > < / xsd : complexType > < xsd : complexType " Animals " < xsd : sequence > " animal " minOccurs " 1 " maxOccurs " unbounded " < xsd : complexType > " animalName " " animalType " < / xsd : sequence > < / xsd : complexType > < / xsd : element > < / xsd : schema > The XML document which we are going to read and print in console : < ? xml version " 1.0 " ? > < zoo > < zooName > Vandalur Zoo < / zooName > < zooId > 12321 < / zooId > < animals > < animal > < animalName > Lion < / animalName > < animalType > Wild < / animalType > < / animal > < animal > < animalName > Dog < / animalName > < animalType > Domestic < / animalType > < / animal > White Tiger Wild < / animals > < / zoo > Following is the java code to read the XML file package com javapapers xml jaxb import java io FileInputStream import java io IOException util List javax xml bind JAXBContext javax bind JAXBElement JAXBException Unmarshaller public class JAXBUnmarshalSample public static void main String args try JAXBContext jaxbContext newInstance " com . javapapers . xml . jaxb " ) ; Unmarshaller unmarshaller jaxbContext createUnmarshaller ( ) ; JAXBElement zoo unmarshaller unmarshal new FileInputStream " zoo . xml " ) ) ; ZooInfo zooInfo ZooInfo zoo getValue ( ) ; System out println " Zoo Name : " + zooInfo getZooName ( ) ) ; System out println " Zoo Id : " + zooInfo getZooId ( ) ) ; Animals animals getAnimals List animalsList animals getAnimal for Animals Animal animal animalsList " \ t " animal getAnimalName " \ t \ t " animal getAnimalType catch JAXBException je je printStackTrace catch IOException ioe ioe printStackTrace Output : Zoo Name Vandalur Zoo Id 12321 Lion Dog Domestic White Tiger JAXB Marshal Sample After doing the above unmarshal we can use the same XSD and generated classes . Use the main method below to marshal . com javapapers jaxb File FileNotFoundException FileOutputStream util JAXB class JAXBMarshalSample static void main String args throws FileNotFoundException zoo new zoo setZooId 987789 ) ; zoo setZooName " Gir National Park " animals animalsList animals getAnimal Animal animal1 animal1 setAnimalName " Jaguar " animal1 setAnimalType " Wild " animal2 animal2 setAnimalName " Goat " animal2 setAnimalType " Domestic " animal3 animal3 " Puma " animal3 " Wild " animalsList add animal1 animalsList add animal2 animalsList animal3 zoo setAnimals animals / / create an element for marshalling zooInfoElement ObjectFactory ( ) ) . createZoo zoo / / create a Marshaller and marshal to System . out JAXB marshal zooInfoElement FileOutputStream File " marshalledZoo . xml " ) ) ) ; Download JAXBSample and Run JAXB Advantages JAXB is simple to use compared to SAX / DOM . JAXB allows non - sequential processing of XML documents . In DOM we need to navigate a tree structure and JAXB does n โ t requires such navigations . We work with java instances instead of event / elements . JAXB uses memory efficiently than DOM . We can unmarshal XML data from different sources like InputStream object , a URL , a DOM node , or a transformed source object including a file . Similarly we can marshal XMl content tree to different data targets . Before closing some personal thoughts . I have written many starter articles touching subjects like Ajax , serialization , threading , web services , xml handling , java memory , design patterns and so on . When I take a subject I wish to write multiple articles on it covering major aspects of it . But it does n โ t happen always as I keep jumping between topics . I have done well on covering design patterns . Java is like a ocean and every topic fascinates me and love to write on all those . Day by day javapapers is getting popular and we are adding new friends to the javapapers community . Added to appreciations I get lot of requests to write on certain topics . Till now I have been predominantly writing on core java . This is to inform you friends I am planning to start writing Spring very soon and also expand to Hibernate and Android : - ) Comments on " JAXB Tutorial " Blaise Doughan says : 09 / 07 / 2012 at 1 : 10 am Hello , Nice post . There are a couple of items I would like to comment on : 1 . The JAXB classes generated from an XML Schema are POJOs with the standard JAXB annotations . They are intended to be compatible with other JAXB implementations . 2 . An XML schema is not required to use JAXB . We designed JAXB to start from Java objects . JAXB is configuration by exception so you only need to add annotations to customize the mapping . The ability to generate a model from a XML Schema is offered as a convenience mechanism . - Blaise Blaise Doughan Team Lead , EclipseLink JAXB ( MOXy ) Joe says : 09 / 07 / 2012 at 9 : 45 am Blaise , Thank you so much for the comments . I have updated the article with your words . Thanks . Regards , Joe . Gootam 09 / 07 / 2012 at 11 : 48 am Good work Joe โฆ Please keep it up Anonymous 09 / 07 / 2012 at 12 : 03 pm can u please wrtie some article with restful web service Rajper 09 / 07 / 2012 at 12 : 13 pm Really nice work . Efforts are appreciated . Carry on man . Anonymous 09 / 07 / 2012 at 12 : 14 pm Hi Joe โฆ Would be so nice of you and really grateful to you if you please write โ restful web service โ Sandeep 09 / 07 / 2012 at 1 : 45 pm thank Joe . . good article to start with JAXB Najarhasan 09 / 07 / 2012 at 2 : 57 pm which jar file i can apply ? what is the processor and which jre i can apply in class path because jre 1.6 class com . sun . tools . xjc . XJCTask is not found โฆ plz needful rply Ashok 09 / 07 / 2012 at 6 : 56 pm Thanks Joe . Good job and keep it going . Joe 09 / 07 / 2012 at 9 : 22 pm @ Najarhasan , You need JAXB implementation jar files . I am using Metro โ s JAXB implementation and the jar files needed are , jaxb - xjc . jar and jaxb - impl . jar You can download these jars from , http : / / jaxb . java . net / 2.2.5 - 2 / - > http : / / jaxb . java . net / 2.2.5 - 2 / JAXB2_20120516 . jar Mayur 11 / 07 / 2012 at 11 : 04 pm Hi Joe , Thanks for such nice article . I find this blog really helpful for getting knowledge in java environment . Mayur Kumar 11 / 07 / 2012 at 11 : 04 pm Hi Joe , Thanks for such nice article . I find this blog really helpful for getting knowledge in java environment . sanjana 12 / 07 / 2012 at 10 : 16 pm God bless Mr . Joe . Thanks for sharing you knowledge โฆ Uday 17 / 07 / 2012 at 6 : 57 pm Very nice Joe ! Divya 24 / 07 / 2012 at 4 : 08 pm please provide the basics of hibernate , springs and structs framework Anguselvi 24 / 07 / 2012 at 5 : 36 pm Hi Initially I did the work in the same way . but now , I need to include schema in the xml file . Can you tell me how to do that . shiva 27 / 07 / 2012 at 4 : 24 pm Thank you wrote JAXB , this is very useful โฆ good work โฆ Gootam 27 / 07 / 2012 at 6 : 41 pm Hello Joe , can you please tell the difference between JAXB and Jibx ? Thanks in Advance . Gootam . Ghost 03 / 08 / 2012 at 10 : 47 pm Is n โ t it wiser to learn XStream this days if you have the choice ? Bhushan 19 / 08 / 2012 at 9 : 11 pm I imported code and added required libs . Added POJO classes for Animal and ZooInfo but getting error for Animals . Animal can not be resolved to type error . But I added Animals Animal ; field in Animals Class . . Please suggest . Bhushan 19 / 08 / 2012 at 9 : 11 pm I imported code and added required libs . Added POJO classes for Animal and ZooInfo but getting error for Animals . Animal can not be resolved to type error . But I added Animals Animal ; field in Animals Class . . Please suggest . Karthikeyan 03 / 09 / 2012 at 4 : 21 pm I always prefer ur articles when i try to understand something . .Thanks for the valuable articles . . Is there any better way to ignore namespace ( xmlns ) while converting xml to object conversion ? ? ? 10 / 09 / 2012 at 5 : 23 pm Hello Joe , Can you please tell the advantages of Jaxb over other technologies , like JIBX . Thanks . Gootam jAKEER 10 / 09 / 2012 at 5 : 37 pm Nice one man โฆ . .Thanks a llot vasanth 20 / 09 / 2012 at 12 : 43 pm Hello joe , Thanks for good introduction about JAXB and your Sample Example easy to understand the JAXB Working flow and their API thanks a lot โฆ . ND 22 / 09 / 2012 at 9 : 44 pm Great Post โฆ .Thanks a lot I โ m facing a problem in xml parsing is that when I parse a xml the whitespace are eliminated , I want parse a xml without changes and write back it a file . . is there any way , , Thanks . . Rathina 26 / 09 / 2012 at 8 : 11 pm Joe thanks โฆ Mainly the JAXB using for converting XML to Java object or revers . But we need put annotation in pojo โ s . If you possible provide that example also here . people can understand differents without using the XSD . 22 / 10 / 2012 at 12 : 56 pm This is nice explanation on Jaxb but need same info regarding restful webservice . . Thanks , Uday โฆ : ) sandeep shukla 25 / 10 / 2012 at 8 : 29 pm Thanks Joe ! ! ! your blog in starting to become one stop shop for me to get started on new concepts . Thanks a lot nick 27 / 10 / 2012 at 11 : 02 pm good work 07 / 11 / 2012 at 2 : 38 pm excellent example ! ! ! ! Prasad N 20 / 11 / 2012 at 9 : 00 pm Its a good article . Keep it up priya 21 / 11 / 2012 at 8 : 15 am I am having a jrxml ( jasper report ) file which i want to convert to schema . Can you please help ? gaurav goel 09 / 12 / 2012 at 11 : 19 pm Another great article sir . 13 / 12 / 2012 at 7 : 25 pm your articles are just awesome โฆ so simple yet cover every aspect โฆ .keep writing โฆ you are doing a wonderful job โฆ i am a great fan of yours . . : ) 13 / 12 / 2012 at 7 : 30 pm hello sir โฆ i have a small doubt โฆ .there is a java API called โ Long Term JavaBeans Persistence โ , which is used to serialize java beans to xml files โฆ what is the difference between LTJP and JAXB โฆ is it so that the latter can be used to serialize Bean as well as Non - Bean classes โฆ please help clear my confusion . SudharsanKss 20 / 12 / 2012 at 6 : 11 pm Cheers Joe . . , Ur site Bookmarked . . Keep Going โฆ ! ! ! ! siva 24 / 12 / 2012 at 4 : 57 pm Great Post โฆ .Thanks a lot . i need in which scenarios we will use go for sax and jaxb . can u explain briefly . Thanks&Regards , siva Rajpal Singh 04 / 01 / 2013 at 5 : 45 pm Hello Sir , Can you please explain Spring example comparing with normal java code and how spring is loosely coupled . Rajpal Singh . Nitesh Gadekar 09 / 01 / 2013 at 4 : 26 pm nice work โฆ . . ! keep it up Vidya 23 / 01 / 2013 at 12 : 58 pm I have very long , hundreds of or even thousands of records in my xml file . I want to parse the XML to java objects . I have planned to parse without using schema and annotate manualy . Is this a feasible way to do it or using schema to generate the POJOs is feasibledue to large number of fields in each record ? pls suggest me on the same . Vidya 23 / 01 / 2013 at 1 : 00 pm Hi Joe . .Very neat and clear work . Thanks alot . Keep up the gud wrk : ) 14 / 02 / 2013 at 10 : 54 pm Alright , Spring is based on concept of IOC . In IOC your implementing classes does n โ t depedent on the collaborating services directly rather it knows only abstraction . Service fetches its required dependencies when required . below is example : public class AnimalSimulator { private Animal animal ; public void setAnimal ( Animal animal ) { this . animal = animal ; As you can see there is no way we have instantiated our animal object And our animal simulator knows only about animal . That animal can be dog , cat , rat โฆ . It comes to know those details only during runtime only through external configuration files ( XML , java classes ) . Since the implementations can be swapped , It leads to loose coupling . AnimalSimulator knows any Animal through Animal class that โ s all . Hope it helps ! . manju 22 / 03 / 2013 at 2 : 42 pm Good one โฆ restful webservice , please Vishal 26 / 03 / 2013 at 8 : 18 pm Nice article ! Java 1.6 also provides in built xjc command to convert XSD to java classes compatible with schema specified . Thanks , Vishal vijayakumar 28 / 03 / 2013 at 10 : 41 am very nice explanations java papers is awesome : ) thanks a lot arun kumar giri 09 / 04 / 2013 at 12 : 57 pm It is a nice example to understand JAXB parser . Thanks a lot to clarify my doubt . It is awesome . Raman 16 / 05 / 2013 at 5 : 42 pm can you tell me how to use JAXB and webservice combinely . I need to post the jaxb marshalled xml to a URL , the URL with soap envelop , now i need to put my jax - marshelled xml inside soap - env and send . can you help me Raju 20 / 05 / 2013 at 7 : 49 pm we are using jaxb moxy unmarshalling , and my java object has some logic in getter methods . so facing issue in unmarshalling , as the getter method is invoked twice by jaxb framework while unmarshalling . is there any way to avoid this getter method being called twice ? any means we have in binding file to handle this ? or can we have any wrapper on top of unmarshalling ? TAM 23 / 05 / 2013 at 2 : 48 pm Hi joe you wrote very easily understood for others . Thanks tola odumosu 27 / 05 / 2013 at 6 : 54 pm can you please explain how one would unmarshal in a jax ws web service . i did but seems the soap envelop is formed before the jaxb unmarshalling gets called . 28 / 05 / 2013 at 4 : 50 am Hi Joe , This is very informative . Thank you . So is JAXB an alternative to JAXP or coming under JAXP family ? kesav 03 / 06 / 2013 at 5 : 14 pm i want to get xml from java object , that would follow specific XSD . What i โ m suppose to do . . PLZ help me . Telugu Movies 07 / 06 / 2013 at 2 : 17 am Good work . Nice place for beginners to start . Thanks a lot . GURDEEP SINGH 14 / 06 / 2013 at 11 : 30 am A Very good article on the usage of Jaxb . Thanks Sarthak Mishra 18 / 06 / 2013 at 7 : 36 pm Thanks for this nice and easy to understand article . THe code you shared does not have all the required application classes ( eg . ObjectFactory . java ) etc . Could you please share those classes also . This will be very helpful for me to understand the topic fully . Thnks , Mohammed 20 / 06 / 2013 at 10 : 35 am I am a fan of your tutorials Siddharth Das 24 / 07 / 2013 at 7 : 44 pm Nice article on JAXB . .easy to understand . .Thanks Joe . Nagendra 07 / 08 / 2013 at 5 : 32 pm Excellent tutorial Sarvesh 14 / 08 / 2013 at 2 : 58 pm Hi Jeo , While exectuing JAXBUnmarshalSample program , i โ m getting below exception . Please help me out . javax . xml . bind . JAXBException : โ com . javapapers . xml . jaxb โ doesnt contain ObjectFactory . class or jaxb . index kishore 22 / 08 / 2013 at 2 : 52 pm Once classes are generated for a given XSD can we change XSD to remove some of the elements with out regenerating classes , to generate XML by passing modified XSD Thanks 28 / 08 / 2013 at 6 : 51 pm Respected Sir , I am working on Telugu Speech Recognition using Sphinx4 and Eclipse 3.4.0 . Sir , I have some doughts , please kindly clarify me , 1 . The Demo Program of HelloWord is running successfully . 2 . In the HelloWorld java program there are words giving like , Good Morning , Biksha , Hello , Rita , Paul โฆ etc . Here I wish to change these with Telugu words and the speech conversion must be in Telugu Language , please kindly help me . ronnie 29 / 08 / 2013 at 12 : 09 pm Great and very helpful for dumb people like me . Bhaskar 02 / 09 / 2013 at 11 : 47 am Respected Sir , I am working on Telugu Speech Recognition using Sphinx4 and Eclipse 3.4.0 . Sir , I have some doughts , please kindly clarify me , 1 . The Demo Program of HelloWord is running successfully . 2 . In the HelloWorld java program there are words giving like , Good Morning , Biksha , Hello , Rita , Paul โฆ etc . Here I wish to change these with Telugu words and the speech conversion must be in Telugu Language , please kindly help me . venkat 04 / 09 / 2013 at 7 : 04 pm how to use jaxb when the xml structure is not fixed and it might be of different structure each time venkat 05 / 09 / 2013 at 3 : 32 pm All i want to know is how to use jaxb for dynamic xml with out CDATA in it Seema 18 / 09 / 2013 at 4 : 04 pm In case I want to compare and merge 2 xml files , what could be the best way . Durga Prasad reddy 23 / 09 / 2013 at 12 : 08 pm nice article . . Kumar 25 / 09 / 2013 at 11 : 16 am I want to achieve like following xml structures โ Below are the expected xml construct that should be response of jersey restful service that will come from the POJO class . Problem Definition โ class A is Having four properties i.e. hs , hs1 , hs2 , hs3 class B is Having two properties of type class A ; class c is having two properties of type class B ; I am placing @ xmlRootElement on each pojo class . Expected XML โ currently I am getting error . Kumar 25 / 09 / 2013 at 11 : 16 am Expected XML โ 25 / 09 / 2013 at 11 : 18 am Hi I am trying to post xml struxtures โ Nagendra 26 / 09 / 2013 at 1 : 21 pm Joe , I have read many articles which you have written and all articles are very help full . I would like to know more about JAXB interns of when it is started ? who started this ( means implementer ) ? when it is completed the first version ? also want to know the various versions released for JAXB with the release dates . I have to give a demo on this . So i am looking for these kind of information too . Nagendra . Sofikul 02 / 10 / 2013 at 12 : 09 pm very helpful Ashwini 04 / 10 / 2013 at 12 : 35 pm Greatly explained Phil 16 / 10 / 2013 at 1 : 15 pm Thanks & Very useful info โฆ Thanks for sharing it 16 / 10 / 2013 at 2 : 14 pm Welcome Phil . Balu 29 / 11 / 2013 at 5 : 35 pm Dear Sir , could you please let me know the url for the struts 2.0 tutorial Thanks Balu Aniruddh Sharma 16 / 12 / 2013 at 3 : 41 pm Hii Joe , Really great work done by you but expecting article on RESTFULL web services and JERSEY framework from you . Raja 23 / 01 / 2014 at 12 : 27 am I am getting xjc does n โ t support the destdir attribute M Naga Suresh 29 / 01 / 2014 at 7 : 32 pm I have attributes with space character as values . While marshalling , Marshaller trimming out the space characters . But I need those space characters to be preserved . How it can be acheived ? avinash 15 / 02 / 2014 at 11 : 25 am We are waiting for topics on Hibernate and appreciating your work . Rakesh 18 / 04 / 2014 at 3 : 49 pm Hi , I am getting this com . sun . xml . bind . v2 . runtime . JAXBContextImpl can not be cast to com . sun . xml . internal . bind . api . JAXBRIContext error using jaxb And appserver was jboss 5 . 1 . 2 . I have tried several blogs and souution none of them worked . Please help Object 10 / 08 / 2014 at 4 : 04 pm Nice article to start with ! I have doubt on preventing XXE while unmarshalling using JAXB . All the googling results lead me to the same answer for avoiding XXE is to use an alternate SAX Parser and set security features to it . I would like to know if there is any way to configure secure features on the default parser mechanism used by JAXB . Also any way to identify the security features that comes by default with the JAXB parser . Thanks in Advance ! Comments are closed for " JAXB Tutorial " . | [
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http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2012/10/java-program-to-get-input-from-user.html | Friday , October 13 , 2017 Java Program to get input from User from Console or command line - Example Tutorial Code How to get input from user in Java from command line or console is one of the common thing , every one started learning Java looks for . It โ s second most popular way of starting programming after HelloWorld in Java . There are so many ways to get input from User in Java including command line and Graphical user interface . For beginner simpler the example , better it is . first and foremost way of getting input from user is String [] passed to main method in Java but that only work for one time requirement and its not interactive . Another way of getting input from User is involving IO classes like InputStream to read from console or command line which can be little complicated for true beginner . Thanks to Java 5 which added a nice utility class called Scanner , has made task of getting input from user very easy . Scanner is powerful and allows you to get any kind of input from User e.g . String int , float etc . On the other hand if you are looking to use a GUI for getting input from user than best option is to use JOptionPane JOptionPane allows you to show dialog box and get input from user without all the hassles of Swing API , which is also a popular Java Swing Interview question .By the way In this Java Program we will see both and to get input from User . Code Example Here is complete code example of Java Program to get input from user interactively . This Java Program uses java . util . Scanner to get String , int and float as input from User and then finally display a dialog box using to get input from User . you can use any approach as per your need . / * * * Simple Java program to get Input from User . Shows two examples to get input from * command line and getting input using GUI screen by using JOptionPane . * Scanner class can be used to get different kind of input from User * e.g. String , int , char , float and double . * JOptionPane has static utility method which can display dialog boxes and ask * user to enter input , a much interactive way of getting input from User . * JOptionPane returns user entered value as String which can then be converted * to number by using Integer . parseInt or Float . parseFloat ( ) etc . * @ author Javarevisited * / public class InputFromUser public static void main args [] ) throws IOException / / Java Exmaple to get input from user from command prompt System out println " Please enter input from command prompt : " inputReader = new System in / / Getting input in String format name = inputReader . nextLine ( ) out println " Hi " + name / / Getting number as input from command line in Java " Please enter a number from command line ? " int number = inputReader . nextInt ( ) " You have entered : " + number / / Getting floating point as input from command line in Java " Please enter a floating point number from command line ? " float decimal = inputReader . nextFloat " You have entered : " + decimal / / Java Example to get input from user using GUI input = showInputDialog " Enter any number of your choice " " User has entered : " + input Output : Please enter input from command prompt : Java Programming tutorial Hi Java Programming tutorial Please enter a number from command line 22 You have entered : 22 Please enter a floating point number from command line 22.34 You have entered : 22.34 User has entered : 34343 That ' s all on how to get input from user in Java . I have already discussed many other ways to get input from command line in my post 5 example to get input from Console . Overall Java has excellent support for getting input from user which allows Java programmers at beginner level to write simple program driven from User input . Further Learning The Coding Interview Bootcamp : Algorithms + Data Structures Data Structures and Algorithms : Deep Dive Using Java Algorithms and Data Structures - Part 1 and 2 Other Java Beginners tutorials from Javarevisited Blog Why main is public static and void in Java How to convert InputStream to String in Java How to read and write text file in Java How to convert String to Integer in Java with Example What is ThreadLocal variable in Java with Example By javin paul at October 13 , 2017 Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Labels : Coding Interview Question core java homework programming Location : United States | [
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http://javatutorialhq.com/java/util/hashmap-class/put-method-example/ | javautilHashMap putK key V value Description On this document we will be showing a java example on how to use the put method of HashMap Class Basically this method is to add key value pair to the HashMap object Please take note of the Generics before using the put method From our discussion on HashMap we have discussed Generics Lets do a recap on Generics by taking below declaration of HashMap HashMapIntegerString Studentmap new HashMapIntegerString From the above code snippet the key would be Integer while the value is String As of Java 5 Generics is already around This is to make sure that the object passed is restricted to the object type or its subclass that has been declared on the initialization of our map If you are interested to learn more about this please visit the official oracle documentation on Generics Getting back to the original topic this method basically just to populate our HashMap objects with key value pair So what if we have used a key that is already on the HashMap Will it throw an exception or the value will be replaced with a new one The old value will be replaced by a new one if the key is already on the HashMap object Important notes for putK key V value method specified by put in interface MapKV overrides put in class AbstractMapKV Method Syntax public V putK key V value Parameter Input table DataTypeParameterDescription Objectkeykey with which the specified value is to be associated Objectvaluevalue to be associated with the specified keytable Method Returns The put method returns the previous value associated with key or null if there was no mapping for key Compatibility Version Requires Java 12 and up Exception NA Java Code Example This java example source code demonstrates the use of put method of HashMap class From the example below basically we just ask the user input for the student id together with the student name The id number is used as a key to access the value on the hashMap Meanwhile the student name will correspond as the value to be stored on the HashMap As you would have noticed we have a check in place if any replacement has been made to the existing value on the HashMap In real life scenario you probably would be the doing the same as what we have done but would contains additional code to save the information HashMap Example on the usage of get method Java package comjavatutorialhqjavaexamples import javautilHashMap import javautilScanner This example source code demonstrates the use of put method of HashMap class public class HashMapPutExample public static void mainStringfusion_builder_columnfusion_builder_column type1_1 background_positionleft top background_color border_size border_color border_stylesolid spacingyes background_image background_repeatnorepeat padding margin_top0px margin_bottom0px class id animation_type animation_speed03 animation_directionleft hide_on_mobileno center_contentno min_heightnone args throws InterruptedException declare the hashmap HashMapInteger String mapStudent new HashMap boolean loopAgain true Scanner scan new ScannerSystemin loop while user not entering no do ask for user input for id number SystemoutprintEnter ID number Integer idNumber IntegerparseIntscannextLine ask for user input which corresponds to student name SystemoutprintEnter Name String name scannextLine add 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 package comjavatutorialhqjavaexamples import javautilHashMap import javautilScanner This example source code demonstrates the use of put method of HashMap class public class HashMapPutExample public static void mainStringfusion_builder_columnfusion_builder_column type1_1 background_positionleft top background_color border_size border_color border_stylesolid spacingyes background_image background_repeatnorepeat padding margin_top0px margin_bottom0px class id animation_type animation_speed03 animation_directionleft hide_on_mobileno center_contentno min_heightnone args throws InterruptedException declare the hashmap HashMap Integer String mapStudent new HashMap boolean loopAgain true Scanner scan new ScannerSystemin loop while user not entering no do ask for user input for id number SystemoutprintEnter ID number Integer idNumber IntegerparseIntscannextLine ask for user input which corresponds to student name SystemoutprintEnter Name String name scannextLine add the key value pair from user input to the hashmap String oldVal mapStudentputidNumber name if oldValnull SystemoutprintlnStudent Id Number idNumber is oldVal and has been overwritten by name ask user to check if another entry is required SystemoutprintEnter another student yn String answer scannextLine condition to satisfy in order to loop again if answerequalsy answerequalsY continue else break while loopAgain scanclose Systemoutprintlnn SystemoutprintlnThe following students are in database Systemoutprintln ID Number Name forint idmapStudentkeySet Systemoutprintln id mapStudentgetid Systemoutprintlnn Sample Output Running the above java example of the usage of HashMap putObject key Object Value method will give the following output HashMap put method example Similar Method The following are the list of method that you can go through for better understanding of the presented example HashMap put HashMap keySet Scanner nextLine Suggested Reading List HashMap Class References Oracle Java 8 API List Of HashMap Methods HashMap size isEmpty getObject key containsKeyObject key remove clear containsValue entrySet keySet values getOrDefault putIfAbsent replace put method example | [
"HashMap"
] |
http://jazz.about.com/od/resources/ig/Jazz-Instruments/ | Arts , Music , and Recreation Music Jazz Instruments Used in Ensembles by Michael Verity Updated January 15 , 2018 Jazz can be performed in groups made up of virtually any combination of instruments . Traditionally , however , both big bands and small ensembles draw from a small group of wind and brass instruments , along with drums , bass and sometimes guitar . The following are photos and descriptions of the instruments typically used in a jazz setting . These are the instruments one is first exposed to in jazz education , so this list is intended for those just starting to develop an interest in jazz . 01 of 08 Upright Bass The upright bass is a wooden , four - stringed instrument used to play low notes . In classical settings , the instrument is played with a bow made of wood and horse hair , which is dragged along the strings to create long , sustained pitches . In jazz , however , the instrument ' s strings are typically plucked , giving it an almost percussive quality . The bass provides the foundation for the harmony in the rhythm section , as well as the rhythmic pulse throughout . 02 of 08 Clarinet From early jazz styles through the era of swing music , the clarinet was one of the most prominent instruments in jazz . Today the clarinet is not as common in jazz , but when it is included it gets special attention given its warm , round tone . A part of the woodwind family , the clarinet can be made of wood or plastic , and its tone is produced when the reed on the mouthpiece vibrates . Many jazz saxophonists also play clarinet because of the many similarities between the two instruments . 03 Drum Set Getty Images The drum set is the instrument central to the rhythm section . It acts as the motor that drives the group . A drum set can contain a multitude of percussion instruments , but in jazz , it usually consists of only a few parts . The lowest drum , or bass drum , is played with a pedal . The hi - hat , also played with a pedal , is a duo of small cymbals that crash together . They are used for crisp accents . The snare drum is played with sticks . Its sound has a sharp attack and sits directly in front of the drummer . On the edges of the set are usually a crash cymbal 04 Guitar The electric guitar is found as much in jazz as it is in rock music and other styles . Jazz guitarists typically use hollow - body guitars for their clean sounds . Guitars are often used along with , or instead of pianos . The guitar can be both a " comping " instrument and a soloing instrument . In other words , its six strings can be strummed in order to play chords , or they can be plucked to play melodies . 05 Piano The piano is one of the most versatile instruments in the jazz rhythm section . Because of its range and all of its qualities available , it can practically create the effect of a full band all by itself . With 88 keys , this instrument allows for many harmonic possibilities and is capable of playing very low and very high . The piano can be treated like a percussion instrument or played softly and melodically like a harp . Its role as a jazz instrument alternates between " comping " and soloing . 06 Saxophone The saxophone is one of the most vibrant jazz instruments . The flexible , voice - like tone of the saxophone has made it a prominent jazz instrument since almost the very beginning of jazz . Although a member of the woodwind family , the saxophone is actually made out of brass . Its tone is created by blowing into the mouthpiece , on which a reed made out of cane vibrates . The saxophone family includes the tenor ( pictured ) and alto saxophones , which are the most common , and also the soprano and baritone . There are saxophones that are higher than the soprano and lower than the baritone , but they are rare . The saxophone is a monophonic instrument , which means that it can only play one note at a time . This means its role is usually to play the melody , or " the head , " of a song , and also to solo . 07 Trombone The trombone is a brass instrument that uses a slide to change its pitch . The trombone has been used in jazz ensembles since the beginning of jazz . In early jazz styles , its role was often to " comp " behind the lead instrument by playing improvised counter lines . During the swing era , trombones were an essential part of the big band . When bebop came around , trombones became less common , owing to the fact that it is simply more difficult to play sinewy lines on trombones than on other instruments . Because of its power and its unique tone , the trombone is frequently used in many stylistic veins . 08 Trumpet Getty Images The trumpet is the instrument perhaps most widely associated with jazz , partly because it was played by the iconic Louis Armstrong The trumpet is a brass instrument , which means that it is made of brass and its tone is created when the lips are buzzed in its mouthpiece . Pitches are changed by changing the shape of the lips , and by fingering its three valves . The trumpet ' s brilliant tone has made it an essential part of the jazz ensemble from early jazz through contemporary styles . | [
"Jazz Instruments",
"Ensembles"
] |
http://jazz.wikia.com/wiki/Benny_Goodman | in : 1909 births 1986 deaths Benny Goodman Edit Share Benjamin David Benny Goodman 1 ] ( May 30 , 1909 โ June 13 , 1986 ) was an American jazz and swing musician , clarinetist and bandleader , known as the " King of Swing " . In the mid - 1930s , Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America . His January 16 , 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City is described by critic Bruce Eder as " the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history : jazz ' s ' coming out ' party to the world of ' respectable ' music . " 2 Goodman ' s bands launched the careers of many major names in jazz . During an era of segregation he also led one of the first well - known integrated jazz groups . Goodman continued to perform to nearly the end of his life , while exploring an interest in classical music Contents show Early years Edit Goodman was born in Chicago , the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the lands ruled by the Russian Empire . His father , David Goodman ( 1873 โ 1926 ) , came to America in 1892 from Warsaw in the partitioned Poland 3 ] and became a tailor . 1 ] His mother , Dora nee Grisinsky ] ( 1873 โ 1964 ) , came from Kaunas Lithuania . His parents met in Baltimore , Maryland , and moved to Chicago before Benny was born . They lived in the Maxwell Street neighborhood . 4 When Benny was 10 , his father enrolled him and two of his older brothers in music lessons at the Kehelah Jacob Synagogue . The next year he joined the boys club band at Jane Addams Hull House , where he received lessons from director James Sylvester . He also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist Franz Schoepp . 5 ] His early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists working in Chicago , notably Johnny Dodds Leon Roppolo , and Jimmie Noone 4 ] Goodman learned quickly , becoming a strong player at an early age and soon playing professionally in various bands . Goodman made his professional debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on Chicago ' s West Side and entered Harrison High School in Chicago in 1922 . He joined the musicians โ union in 1923 and by 14 was in a band that featured Bix Beiderbecke 6 ] He attended Lewis Institute ( now Illinois Institute of Technology ) in 1924 as a high school sophomore , while also playing the clarinet in a dance hall band . ( He was awarded an honorary LL . D . from IIT in 1968 . ) When Goodman was 16 , he joined one of Chicago ' s top bands , the Ben Pollack Orchestra , with which he made his first recordings in 1926 . He made his first record under his own name for Vocalion two years later . Goodman recorded with the regular Pollack band and smaller groups drawn from the orchestra through 1929 . The side sessions produced scores of sides recorded for the various dimestore record labels under an array of group names , including Mills ' Musical Clowns , Goody ' s Good Timers , the Hotsy Totsy Gang , Jimmy Backen ' s Toe Ticklers , Dixie Daisies , and Kentucky Grasshoppers . Goodman ' s father , David , was a working - class immigrant about whom Benny said ( interview , Downbeat , February 8 , 1956 ) ; " . . .Pop worked in the stockyards , shoveling lard in its unrefined state . He had those boots , and he ' d come home at the end of the day exhausted , stinking to high heaven , and when he walked in it made me sick . I could n ' t stand it . I could n ' t stand the idea of Pop every day standing in that stuff , shoveling it around " . On December 9 , 1926 , David Goodman was killed in a traffic accident . Benny had recently joined the Pollack band and was urging his father to retire , since he and his brother ( Harry ) were now doing well as professional musicians . According to James Lincoln Collier , " Pop looked Benny in the eye and said , ' Benny , you take care of yourself , I ' ll take care of myself . ' " Collier continues : " It was an unhappy choice . Not long afterwards , as he was stepping down from a streetcar โ according to one story โ he was struck by a car . He never regained consciousness and died in the hospital the next day . It was a bitter blow to the family , and it haunted Benny to the end that his father had not lived 7 ] " Benny described his father ' s death as ' the saddest thing that ever happened in our family . ' " 8 Career Goodman left for New York City and became a successful session musician during the late 1920s and early 1930s , mostly with Ben Pollack ' s band between 1926 and 1929 . A notable March 21 , 1928 Victor session found Goodman alongside Glenn Miller Tommy Dorsey , and Joe Venuti in the All - Star Orchestra , directed by Nat Shilkret 9 10 11 ] He played with the nationally known studio and performing bands of Ben Selvin Red Nichols Ted Lewis Isham Jones , although he is not on any of Jones ' records . He recorded sides for Brunswick under the name Benny Goodman ' s Boys , a band that featured Glenn Miller . In 1928 , Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller wrote the instrumental " Room 1411 " , which was released as a Brunswick 78 . 12 ] He also recorded musical soundtracks for movie shorts ; fans believe that Benny Goodman ' s clarinet can be heard on the soundtrack of One A . M . , a Charlie Chaplin comedy re - released to theaters in 1934 . Goodman c . 1970 During this period as a successful session musician , John Hammond arranged for a series of jazz sides recorded for and issued on Columbia starting in 1933 and continuing until his signing with Victor in 1935 , during his success on radio . There were also a number of commercial studio sides recorded for Melotone Records between late 1930 and mid - 1931 under Goodman ' s name . The all - star Columbia sides featured Jack Teagarden Joe Sullivan Dick McDonough Arthur Schutt Gene Krupa Teddy Wilson Coleman Hawkins ( for 1 session ) , and vocalists Jack Teagarden Mildred Bailey , and the first two recorded vocals by a young Billie Holiday In 1934 Goodman auditioned for NBC ' s Let ' s Dance , a well - regarded three - hour weekly radio program that featured various styles of dance music . His familiar theme song by that title was based on Invitation to the Dance by Carl Maria von Weber . Since he needed new arrangements every week for the show , John Hammond suggested that he purchase " hot " ( swing ) arrangements from Fletcher Henderson , a black musician from Atlanta who had New York ' s most popular African - American band in the 1920s and early 1930s . An experienced businessman , Goodman helped Henderson in 1934 when the Henderson band disbanded . He let Henderson write arrangements , that Fletcher , his brother Horace and wife Leora usually copied from his own records , as Fletcher had almost no scores left . The Henderson method usually had been head arrangements . Goodman hired Henderson ' s band members to teach his musicians how to play the music . 13 ] In 1932 , his career officially began with Fletcher Henderson . Although Henderson โ s orchestra was at its climax of creativity , it had not reached any peaks of popularity . During the Depression , Fletcher disbanded his orchestra as he was in financial debt . 14 In early 1935 , Goodman ' s band was one of three bands ( the others were Xavier Cugat and " Kel Murray " [ r.n. Murray Kellner ] ) featured on Let ' s Dance where they played arrangements by Henderson along with hits such as " Get Happy " and " Jingle Bells " from composer and arranger Spud Murphy 15 ] Goodman ' s portion of the program from New York , at 12 : 30 a.m. Eastern Time , aired too late to attract a large East Coast audience . However , unknown to him , the time slot gave him an avid following on the West Coast ( they heard him at 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ) . He and his band remained on until May of that year when a strike by employees of the series ' sponsor , Nabisco , forced the cancellation of the radio show . An engagement was booked at Manhattan ' s Roosevelt Grill ( filling in for Guy Lombardo ) , but the crowd there expected ' sweet ' music and Goodman ' s band was unsuccessful . 16 ] The band set out on a tour of the United States in May 1935 , but was still poorly received . By August 1935 , Goodman found himself with a band that was nearly broke , disillusioned and ready to quit . Catalyst for the Swing era An eager crowd of Goodman fans in Oakland In July 1935 , a record of the Goodman band playing the Henderson arrangements of " King Porter Stomp " backed with " Sometimes I ' m Happy " , Victor 78 25090 , had been released to ecstatic reviews in both Down Beat Melody Maker 17 ] Reports were that in Pittsburgh at the Stanley Theater some of the kids danced in the aisles , 18 ] but in general these arrangements had made little impact on the band ' s tour until August 19 when they arrived in Oakland to play at McFadden ' s Ballroom . 19 ] There , Goodman and his artists Gene Krupa Bunny Berigan Helen Ward found a large crowd of young dancers , raving and cheering the hot music they had heard on the radio show . 20 Herb Caen wrote that " from the first note , the place was in an uproar . " 21 ] One night later , at Pismo Beach , the show was another flop , and the band thought the overwhelming reception in Oakland had been a fluke . 16 The next night , August 21 , 1935 at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles , Goodman and his band began a three - week engagement . On top of the airplay , Al Jarvis had been playing Goodman records on KFWB radio , and Los Angeles fans were primed to hear him in person . 22 ] Goodman started the evening with stock arrangements , but after an indifferent response , began the second set with the arrangements by Fletcher Henderson and Spud Murphy . According to Willard Alexander , the band ' s booking agent , Krupa said " If we ' re gonna die , Benny , let ' s die playing our own thing . " 23 ] The crowd broke into cheers and applause . News reports spread word of the enthusiastic dancing and exciting new music that was happening . The Palomar engagement was such a marked success it is often described as the beginning of the swing era Donald Clarke wrote " It is clear in retrospect that the Swing Era had been waiting to happen , but it was Goodman and his band that touched it off . " In November 1935 Goodman accepted an invitation to play in Chicago at the Joseph Urban Room at the Congress Hotel . His stay there extended to six months and his popularity was cemented by nationwide radio broadcasts over NBC affiliate stations . While in Chicago , the band recorded If I Could Be With You Stompin ' At The Savoy Goody , Goody ] Goodman also played three special concerts produced by jazz aficionado and Chicago socialite Helen Oakley . These " Rhythm Club " concerts at the Congress Hotel included sets in which Goodman and Krupa sat in with Fletcher Henderson ' s band , perhaps the first racially integrated big band appearance before a paying audience in the United States . ] Goodman and Krupa played in a trio with Teddy Wilson on piano . Both combinations were well - received , and Wilson stayed on . In his 1935 โ 1936 radio broadcasts from Chicago , Goodman was introduced as the " Rajah of Rhythm . " 23 Slingerland Drum Company had been calling Krupa the " King of Swing " as part of a sales campaign , but shortly after Goodman and crew left Chicago in May 1936 to spend the summer filming The Big Broadcast of 1937 in Hollywood , the title " King of Swing " was applied to Goodman by the media . ] Goodman left record company RCA for Columbia , following his agent and soon to be brother - in - law John Hammond . At the end of June 1936 , Goodman went to Hollywood , where , on June 30 , 1936 his band began CBS ' s " Camel Caravan , " its third , and , according to Connor and Hicks , its greatest of them all , sponsored radio show , co - starring Goodman and his old boss Nat Shilkret . 9 10 ] By spring , 1936 , bandleader Fletcher Henderson was writing arrangements for Goodman ' s band . 6 Carnegie Hall concert Main article : The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert In late 1937 , Goodman ' s publicist Wynn Nathanson attempted a publicity stunt by suggesting Goodman and his band should play Carnegie Hall in New York City . If this concert were to take place , then Benny Goodman would be the first jazz bandleader to perform at Carnegie Hall . " Benny Goodman was initially hesitant about the concert , fearing for the worst ; however , when his film Hollywood Hotel opened to rave reviews and giant lines , he threw himself into the work . He gave up several dates and insisted on holding rehearsals inside Carnegie Hall to familiarize the band with the lively acoustics . " 24 The concert was the evening of January 16 , 1938 . It sold out weeks before , with the capacity 2,760 seats going for the top price of US $ 2.75 a seat , for the time a very high price . 24 ] The concert began with three contemporary numbers from the Goodman band โ " Do n ' t Be That Way , " " Sometimes I ' m Happy , " and " One O ' Clock Jump . " They then played a history of jazz , starting with a Dixieland quartet performing " Sensation Rag " , originally recorded by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1918 . Once again , initial crowd reaction , though polite , was tepid . Then came a jam session on " Honeysuckle Rose " featuring members of the Count Basie Duke Ellington bands as guests . ( The surprise of the session : Goodman handing a solo to Basie ' s guitarist Freddie Green who was never a featured soloist but earned his reputation as the best rhythm guitarist in the genre โ he responded with a striking round of chord improvisations . ) As the concert went on , things livened up . The Goodman band and quartet took over the stage and performed the numbers that had already made them famous . Some later trio and quartet numbers were well - received , and a vocal on " Loch Lomond " by Martha Tilton provoked five curtain calls and cries for an encore . The encore forced Goodman to make his only audience announcement for the night , stating that they had no encore prepared but that Martha would return shortly with another number . 25 By the time the band got to the climactic piece " Sing , Sing , Sing " , success was assured . This performance featured playing by tenor saxophonist Babe Russin , trumpeter Harry James , and Benny Goodman , backed by drummer . When Goodman finished his solo , he unexpectedly gave a solo to pianist Jess Stacy . " At the Carnegie Hall concert , after the usual theatrics , Jess Stacy was allowed to solo and , given the venue , what followed was appropriate , " wrote David Rickert . " Used to just playing rhythm on the tune , he was unprepared for a turn in the spotlight , but what came out of his fingers was a graceful , impressionistic marvel with classical flourishes , yet still managed to swing . It was the best thing he ever did , and it ' s ironic that such a layered , nuanced performance came 26 This concert has been regarded as one of the most significant in jazz history . After years of work by musicians from all over the country , jazz had finally been accepted by mainstream audiences . Recordings were made of this concert , but even by the technology of the day the equipment used was not of the finest quality . Acetate recordings of the concert were made , and aluminum studio masters were also cut . The recording was produced by Albert Marx as a special gift for his wife , Helen Ward and a second set for Benny . He contracted Artists Recording Studio to make 2 sets . Artists Recording only had 2 turntables so they farmed out the second set to Raymond Scott ' s recording studio . [ . . . ] It was Benny ' s sister - in - law who found the recordings in Benny ' s apartment [ in 1950 ] and brought them to Benny ' s attention . โ Ross Firestone 27 Goodman took the newly discovered recording to his record company , Columbia , and a selection was issued on LP . These recordings have not been out of print since they were first issued . In early 1998 , the aluminum masters were rediscovered and a new CD set of the concert was released based on these masters . The album released based on those masters went on to be one of the best selling live jazz albums of all time . citation needed Charlie Christian Pianist / arranger Mary Lou Williams 28 ] was a good friend of both Columbia records producer John Hammond and Benny Goodman . She first suggested to John Hammond that he see Charlie Christian 29 Charlie Christian was playing at the Ritz in Oklahoma City where [ . . . ] John Hammond heard him in 1939 . Hammond recommended him to Benny Goodman , but the band leader was n ' t interested . The idea of an electrified guitar did n ' t appeal , and Goodman did n ' t care for Christian ' s flashy style of dressing . Reportedly , Hammond personally installed Christian onstage during a break in a Goodman concert in Beverly Hills . Irritated to see Christian among the band , Goodman struck up " Rose Room " , not expecting the guitarist to know the tune . What followed amazed everyone who heard the 45 - minute performance . 30 Charlie was a hit on the electric guitar and remained in the Benny Goodman Sextet for two years ( 1939 โ 1941 ) . He wrote many of the group ' s head arrangements ( some of which Goodman took credit for ) and was an inspiration to all . The sextet made him famous and provided him with a steady income while Charlie worked on legitimizing , popularizing , revolutionizing , and standardizing the electric guitar as a jazz instrument . 31 Charlie Christian ' s recordings and rehearsal dubs made with Benny Goodman in the early forties are widely known and were released by Columbia . Beyond swing Goodman continued his meteoric rise throughout the late 1930s with his big band , his trio and quartet , and a sextet . By the mid 1940s , however , big bands had lost much of their popularity . In 1941 , ASCAP had a licensing war with music publishers . In 1942 to 1944 and 1948 , the musicians ' union went on strike against the major record labels in the United States , and singers took the spot in popularity that the big bands had once enjoyed . During this strike , the War Department approached the union and requested the production of the V - Disc , a set of records containing new and fresh music for soldiers to listen to . 32 ] Also , by the late 1940s , swing was no longer the dominant mode of jazz musicians . 33 Bebop , cool jazz By the 1940s , jazz musicians were borrowing advanced ideas from classical music . The recordings Goodman made in bop style for Capitol Records were highly praised by jazz critics . When Goodman was starting a bebop band , he hired Buddy Greco Zoot Sims Wardell Gray and a few other modern players . 34 Benny Goodman ( third from left ) in 1952 with some of his former musicians , seated around piano left to right : Vernon Brown George Auld , Clint Neagley , Ziggy Elman Israel Crosby ( at piano ) Pianist / arranger Mary Lou Williams had been a favorite of Benny ' s since she first appeared on the national scene in 1936 [ . . . ] . [ A ] s Goodman warily approached the music of [ Charlie ] Parker and [ Dizzy ] Gillespie , he turned to Williams for musical guidance . [ . . . ] Pianist Mel Powell was the first to introduce the new music to Benny in 1945 , and kept him abreast to what was happening around 52nd Street โ Schoenberg 34 Goodman enjoyed the bebop and cool jazz that was beginning to arrive in the 1940s . When Goodman heard Thelonious Monk , a celebrated pianist and accompanist to bop players Charlie Parker Dizzy Gillespie and Kenny Clarke , he remarked , " I like it , I like that very much . I like the piece and I like the way he played it . [ . . . ] I think he ' s got a sense of humor and he ' s got some good things there . " Benny had heard this Swedish clarinet player named Stan Hasselgard playing bebop , and he loved it . . . So he started a bebop band . But after a year and a half , he became frustrated . He eventually reformed his band and went back to playing arrangements . Benny was a swing player and decided to concentrate on what he does best . โ Nate Guidry 35 By 1953 , Goodman completely changed his mind about bebop . " Maybe bop has done more to set music back for years than anything [ . . . ] Basically it ' s all wrong . It ' s not even knowing the scales . [ . . . ] Bop was mostly publicity and people figuring angles . " 36 Forays into classical repertoire Goodman ' s first classical recording dates from April 25 , 1938 when he recorded Mozart ' s Clarinet Quintet in A major , K . 581 , with the Budapest Quartet . After his bop period , Goodman furthered his interest in classical music written for the clarinet , and frequently met with top classical clarinetists of the day . In 1946 , he met Ingolf Dahl , an emigre classical composer on the faculty of the University of Southern California , who was then musical director of the Victor Borge show . They played chamber music together ( Brahms Milhaud Hindemith Debussy ) and in 1948 Goodman played in the world premiere performance of Dahl ' s Concerto a Tre 37 In 1949 , when he was 40 , Goodman decided to study with Reginald Kell , one of the world ' s leading classical clarinetists . To do so , he had to change his entire technique : instead of holding the mouthpiece between his front teeth and lower lip , as he had done since he first took a clarinet in hand 30 years earlier , Goodman learned to adjust his embouchure to the use of both lips and even to use new fingering techniques . He had his old finger calluses removed and started to learn how to play his clarinet again โ almost from scratch . 38 Clarinetists all over the world are indebted to Goodman for his being singly responsible for having commissioned many major works of twentieth century chamber music for clarinet and small ensembles as well as compositions for clarinet and symphony orchestra that are now standard repertoire in the field of classical performance . He also gave premiere performances of other works written by leading composers in addition to the pieces he commissioned , namely Contrasts by Bรฉla Bartรณk Clarinet Concerto No . 2 , Op . 115 Malcolm Arnold Derivations for Clarinet and Band by Morton Gould , Sonata for clarinet and piano by Francis Poulenc , and Aaron Copland Clarinet Concerto . While Leonard Bernstein Prelude , Fugue , and Riffs was commissioned for Woody Herman ' s big band , it was premiered by Goodman . Woody Herman was the dedicatee ( 1945 ) and first performer ( 1946 ) of Igor Stravinsky Ebony Concerto , but many years later Stravinsky made another recording , this time with Benny Goodman as the soloist . 39 He made a further recording of Mozart ' s Clarinet Quintet , in July 1956 with the Boston Symphony String Quartet , at the Berkshire Festival ; on the same occasion he also recorded Mozart ' s Clarinet Concerto in A major , K . 622 , with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Charles Munch . He also recorded the clarinet concertos of Weber Carl Nielsen Other recordings of classical repertoire by Goodman are : 40 Premiere Rhapsodie for Clarinet Claude Debussy Clarinet Sonata No . 2 in E flat by Johannes Brahms Rondo from Grand Duo Concertant in E flat by Weber , and An arrangement by Simeon Bellison of Beethoven Variations on a theme from Mozart ' s " Don Giovanni Touring with Armstrong After forays outside of swing , Goodman started a new band in 1953 . According to Donald Clarke , this was not a happy time for Goodman . Goodman with his band and singer , Peggy Lee , in the film Stage Door Canteen ( 1943 ) In 1953 Goodman re - formed his classic band for an expensive tour with Louis Armstrong ' s All Stars that turned into a famous disaster . He managed to insult Armstrong at the beginning ; then he was appalled at the vaudeville aspects of Louis ' s act [ . . . ] a contradiction of everything Goodman stood for . โ Donald Clarke ] = = = = Movies = = = = Goodman in Stage Door Canteen ( 1943 ) Benny Goodman ' s band appeared as a specialty act in major musical features , including The Big Broadcast of 1937 Hollywood Hotel ( 1938 ) , Syncopation ( 1942 ) , The Powers Girl ( 1942 ) , ( 1943 ) , The Gang ' s All Here ( 1943 ) , Sweet and Low - Down ( 1944 ) and A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) . Goodman ' s only starring feature was Sweet and Low - Down ( 1944 ) . Goodman ' s success story was told in the 1955 motion picture The Benny Goodman Story 41 ] with Steve Allen Donna Reed . A Universal - International production , it was a follow up to 1954 ' s successful The Glenn Miller Story . The screenplay was heavily fictionalized , but the music was the real draw . Many of Goodman ' s professional colleagues appear in the film , including Lionel Hampton Harry James . A special appearance was made by Goodman ' s mentor ; New Orleans jazz legend Kid Ory , who was actually glad that Benny remembered him . Personality and influence Benny Goodman ' s star on Hollywood Walk of Fame Goodman was regarded by some as a demanding taskmaster , by others an arrogant and eccentric martinet . Many musicians spoke of " The Ray " , 42 ] Goodman ' s trademark glare that he bestowed on a musician who failed to perform to his demanding standards . Guitarist Allan Reuss incurred the maestro ' s displeasure on one occasion , and Goodman relegated him to the rear of the bandstand , where his contribution would be totally drowned out by the other musicians . Vocalists Anita O ' Day Helen Forrest spoke bitterly of their experiences singing with Goodman . 43 ] " The twenty or so months I spent with Benny felt like twenty years , " said Forrest . " When I look back , they seem like a life sentence . " At the same time , there are reports that he privately funded several college educations and was sometimes very generous , though always secretly . When a friend once asked him why , he reportedly said , " Well , if they knew about it , everyone would come to me with their hand out . " 43 " As far as I ' m concerned , what he did in those days โ and they were hard days , in 1937 โ made it possible for Negroes to have their chance in baseball and other fields . " โ Lionel Hampton on Benny Goodman 44 Goodman is also responsible for a significant step in racial integration in America . In the early 1930s , black and white jazz musicians could not play together in most clubs or concerts . In the Southern states , racial segregation was enforced by the Jim Crow laws . Benny Goodman broke with tradition by hiring to play with him and drummer in the Benny Goodman Trio . In 1936 , he added Lionel Hampton on vibes to form the Benny Goodman Quartet ; in 1939 he added pioneering jazz guitarist to his band and small ensembles , who played with him until his death from tuberculosis less than three years later . This integration in music happened ten years before Jackie Robinson became the first black American to enter Major League Baseball . " [ Goodman ' s ] popularity was such that he could remain financially viable without touring the South , where he would have been subject to arrest for violating Jim Crow laws . " 45 ] According to Jazz Ken Burns , when someone asked him why he " played with that nigger " ( referring to ) , Goodman replied , " I ' ll knock you out if you use that word around me again " . John Hammond and Alice Goodman One of Benny Goodman ' s closest friends off and on , from the 1930s onward was celebrated Columbia records producer John H . Hammond , who influenced Goodman ' s move from Victor to Columbia records in 1939 . Benny Goodman married Hammond ' s sister Alice Frances Hammond ( 1913 โ 1978 ) on Friday , March 20 , 1942 . 46 ] They had two daughters , Benjie and Rachel . Alice was previously married to British politician Arthur Duckworth , from whom she obtained a divorce . Both daughters studied music , though neither was as successful as their father . Hammond had encouraged Goodman to integrate his band , persuading him to employ pianist . But Hammond ' s tendency to interfere in the musical affairs of Goodman ' s and other bands led to Goodman pulling away from him . In 1953 they had another falling - out during Goodman ' s ill - fated tour with Louis Armstrong , which was produced by John Hammond . Goodman appeared on a 1975 PBS salute to Hammond but remained at a distance . In the 1980s , following the death of Alice Goodman , John Hammond and Benny Goodman , both by then elderly , reconciled . On June 25 , 1985 , Goodman appeared at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City for " A Tribute to John Hammond " . 47 Later years Benny Goodman in concert in Nuremberg , Germany ( 1971 ) After winning numerous polls over the years as best jazz clarinetist , Goodman was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1957 . Goodman continued to play on records and in small groups . One exception to this pattern clarification needed was a collaboration with George Benson in the 1970s . The two met when they taped a PBS salute to and re - created some of the famous Goodman - duets . Benson later appeared on several tracks of a Goodman album released as " Seven Come Eleven . " In general Goodman continued to play in the swing style he was most known for . He did , however , practice and perform classical clarinet pieces and commissioned compositions for clarinet . Periodically he would organize a new band and play a jazz festival or go on an international tour . Despite increasing health problems , he continued to play until his death from a heart attack in New York City in 1986 at the age of 77 , in his home at Manhattan House , 200 East 66th Street . A longtime resident of Stamford , Connecticut , Benny Goodman is interred in the Long Ridge Cemetery in Stamford 48 ] The same year , Goodman was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 49 ] Benny Goodman ' s musical papers were donated to Yale University after his death . 5 Goodman received honorary doctorates from Union College , University of Illinois , Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 50 ] Bard College , Columbia University , Yale University , and Harvard University . He is a member of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division . 51 His music was featured in the 2010 documentary Jews and Baseball : An American Love Story , narrated by Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman 52 53 54 In August 2014 , WordPress , the free and open source blogging tool and a content management system ( CMS ) named Version 4.0 โ Benny โ in his honor . 55 Discography ( This discography combines LP and CD reissues of Goodman recordings under the dates of the original 78 rpm recordings through about 1950 ) Benny Goodman and the Giants of Swing ( 1929 , Prestige ) BG and Big Tea in NYC ( 1929 , GRP ) Swinging 34 Vols . 1 & 2 ( 1934 , Melodean ) Sing , Sing , Sing ( 1935 , Bluebird ) The Birth of Swing ( 1935 , Bluebird ) Original Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet Sessions , Vol . 1 : After You ' ve Gone Stomping at the Savoy Air Play ( 1936 , Doctor Jazz ) Roll ' Em , Vol . 1 ( 1937 , Columbia ) Roll ' Em , Vol . 2 ( 1937 , CBS ) The Complete RCA Victor Small Group Recordings ( RCA Victor , 1935 - 39 [ 1997 ] ) From Spirituals to Swing ( 1938 , Vanguard ) The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert Vols . 1 , 2 , & 3 ( Live ) ( 1938 , Columbia ) Mozart Clarinet Quintet ( with Budapest String Quartet ) ( 1938 , Victor ) Ciribiribin ( Live ) ( 1939 , Giants of Jazz ) Swingin ' Down the Lane ( Live ) ( 1939 , Giants of Jazz ) Featuring Charlie Christian ( 1939 , Columbia ) Eddie Sauter Arrangements ( 1940 , Columbia ) Swing into Spring ( 1941 , Columbia ) Undercurrent Blues ( 1947 , Blue Note ) Swedish Pastry ( 1948 , Dragon ) ( 1950 , Columbia ) Benny Goodman Sextet ( 1944 , Columbia ) BG in Hi - fi ( 1954 , Capitol ) The Benny Goodman Story Volume 1 ( 1955 ? , Decca ) Mozart Clarinet concerto ( with Boston symphony ) ( 1956 ) The Great Benny Goodman ( 1956 , Columbia ) Peggy Lee Sings with Benny Goodman ( 1957 , Harmony ) Benny in Brussels Vols . 1 & 2 ( 1958 , Columbia ) In Stockholm 1959 ( 1959 , Phontastic ) The Benny Goodman Treasure Chest ( 1959 , MGM ) Texaco ' s Swing into Spring 59 ( 1959 , Cunningham & Walsh , Inc . ) Swing With Benny Goodman And His Orchestra ( 1960s ? , Columbia / Harmony ) Benny Goodman in Moscow ( 1962 , RCA Victor ) Benny Goodman Today ( London Records of ( 1970 ) Canada Ltd . ) Benny Goodman And His Orchestra ( 1977 ) Benny Goodman Live at Carnegie Hall ; 40th Anniversary Concert ( 1978 ) Live ! Benny Let ' s Dance ( 1986 ) The King Swings Star Line The Benny Goodman Sextet Featuring Charlie Christian : 1939 โ 1941 Pure Gold ( 1992 ) 1935 โ 1938 ( 1998 ) Portrait of Benny Goodman ( Portrait Series ) ( 1998 ) Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert ' 38 ( 1998 ) Bill Dodge All - star Recording ( 1999 ) 1941 โ 1955 His Orchestra and His ( 1999 ) Live at Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall : The Complete Concert ( 2006 ) Remastered again Compilations A Jazz Holiday ( 1973 , Decca ) Noted sidemen Ralph Patt ( 1929 - 2010 ) , jazz guitarist who toured with Goodman Categories 1909 births 1986 deaths Add category | [
"Benny Goodman"
] |
http://jazzstandards.com/compositions-1/whenifallinlove.htm | When I Fall in Love 1952 More on This Tune Origin and Chart Information Getting Started Music and Lyrics Analysis Jazz History Notes Reading and Research Comments Listen and Compare Sorry , your browser does not support HTML5 audio . If you have a modern browser and are receiving this message please contact us . Bill Frisell Blue Mitchell Jessica Williams Miles Davis Quintet Scott Hamilton Quartet Bill Evans Trio More on This Tune Video Playlist Oscar Peterson - When I fall in love Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Origin and Chart Information โ Trumpeter Miles Davis โ 1956 recording of this number , along with Nat โ King โ Cole โ s vocal version from 1957 , established this song as a standard . โ - Chris Tyle Rank 137 Music Victor Young Lyrics Edward Heyman Composer Victor Young and lyricist Edward Heyman wrote โ When I Fall in Love โ for the 1952 film One Minute to Zero , where it was performed as an instrumental by Richard Hayman and His Orchestra . Although the lyric did not appear in the film , a phrase from the lyric refers to the unsettled nature of the time : โ In a restless world like this is , Love is ended before it โ s begun . โ The movie , a Korean War drama , was overlaid by a romance between Robert Mitchum and Ann Blyth . But , despite their star power , the film did not do well at the box office . More on Edward Heyman at JazzBiographies . com More on Victor Young at JazzBiographies . com It was Doris Day and the Norman Luboff Choir , accompanied by the Carl Fischer Orchestra on the Columbia label , who took the song to number seven on the charts for 14 weeks in 1952 . Nat King Cole โ s popular version from 1956 for Capitol Records was featured in the 1957 film Istanbul , and Julie London recorded it in 1959 . The Lettermen โ s version of the song hit the charts at number seven in 1962 . British pop singer Rick Astley had a hit with it in the โ 80s , and in a 1996 follow - up to her successful 1991 recording , Natalie Cole created another duet with her deceased father on โ When I Fall in Love โ for the album Stardust Chart information used by permission from Joel Whitburn ' s Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 The song became the title of a 1986 film made in the Philippines , and it has appeared in several movies : Rose Tatoo Fatal Attraction Eyes Wide Shut , and Good Night , and Good Luck . David Foster and Jeremy Lubbock won a 1994 Grammy for their arrangement of the song for Celine Dion and Clive Griffin used in the film Sleepless in Seattle . And , not surprisingly , the romantic song with its promise of everlasting love ( โ When I fall in love , It will be forever โ ) is very popular for weddings . Dozens of jazz musicians have recorded the tune , including trumpeter / vocalist Chet Baker , saxophonists Stan Getz and Ben Webster , vocalists Betty Carter and Joe Williams , trumpeter Miles Davis , pianists Bill Evans Keith Jarrett , band leader Stan Kenton , guitarists Jim Hall Sascha Distel Bill Frisell , harmonica player Toots Thielemans , and vibraphonists Johnny Lytle Mike Mainieri More information on this tune . . . Thomas S . Hischak The Tin Pan Alley Song Encyclopedia Greenwood Press Hardcover : 552 pages ( Hischak covers the song โ s history and names performers and films in which โ When I Fall in Love โ has appeared . ) - Sandra Burlingame Recommendations for This Tune Click on any CD for more details at Amazon . com Nat King Cole , Nat King Cole The Very Best of Nat King Cole Capitol Original recording 1956 Perhaps the best - known version of โ When I Fall In Love โ is Cole โ s hit vocal performance . The thick string textures do not obscure the immediacy and clarity of his elegant singing . Ben Webster The Soul of Ben Webster Polygram Records Original recording 1958 Tenor saxophone giant Webster offers a signature ballad performance here , with a heavily ornamented interpretation of the melody . Carmen McRae Carmen McRae Sings Great American Songwriters Verve Original recording 1958 McRae โ s gentle performance , accompanied by Don Abney โ s trio , is faithful both to the song and to her unique sense of rhythm and phrasing . On the way out she repeats the second half of the melody and at that point offers a brilliant re - interpretation of the melody . Oscar Peterson , Milt Jackson Reunion Blues Verve Original recording 1971 This lyrical quartet performance by Peterson also provides ample space for vibraphonist Milt Jackson and bassist Ray Brown to shine . Chucho Valdes Solo Piano Blue Note Records Original recording 1991 Most of this album consists of solo piano performance , but on this track Cuban pianist Valdes is joined his ensemble for a lengthy Latin workout on โ When I Fall In Love . โ Valdes โ own playing is infectious , while at times displaying jaw - dropping dexterity . - Noah Baerman Bill Frisell Ghost Town 2000 Nonesuch Records 79583 Original recording 2000 This is not only a wonderful rendition of the song but a feat of engineering . Through the magic of loops Frisell on banjo accompanies his own guitar tracks , delivering a unique and ethereal interpretation . Betty Roche Singin ' and Swingin ' 1992 Original Jazz Classics 1718 Original recording 1960 Her husky voice and precise delivery take the sentimental edge off the song as Betty Roche is accompanied by the almost funereal organ of Jack McDuff . Blue Mitchell Blue ' s Moods 1994 Original Jazz Classics 138 Original recording 1960 An elegant , romantic offering from trumpeter Mitchell affords pianist Wynton Kelly a charming introduction and bass player Sam Jones room for some inspired musings . Jessica Williams Some Ballads , Some Blues 2001 Jazz Focus Bassist Dave Captein and drummer Mel Brown make their presence scarce on this reverential and introspective reading of the piece by pianist Williams . - Ben Maycock | [
"When I Fall in Love",
"Victor Young",
"Edward Heyman"
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http://jb.asm.org/content/176/20/6229.abstract | Mechanism of bacitracin resistance in gram - negative bacteria that synthesize exopolysaccharides . T J Pollock L Thorne M Yamazaki M J Mikolajczak and R W Armentrout Shin - Etsu Bio , Inc . , San Diego , CA 92121 . ABSTRACT Four representative species from three genera of gram - negative bacteria that secrete exopolysaccharides acquired resistance to the antibiotic bacitracin by stopping synthesis of the exopolysaccharide . Xanthomonas campestris , Sphingomonas strains S - 88 and NW11 , and Escherichia coli K - 12 secrete xanthan gum , sphingans S - 88 and NW11 , and colanic acid , respectively . The gumD gene in X . campestris is required to attach glucose - P to C55 - isoprenyl phosphate , the first step in the assembly of xanthan . A recombinant plasmid carrying the gumD gene of X . About JB Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JB RSS Feeds | [
"bacitracin resistance",
"Mechanism",
"synthesize exopolysaccharides"
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http://jbc.temenos.com/pages/what_is_t24.html | jBC Programmers Reference Guide Preface What is TAFC TAFC releases What is T24 Supported platforms jBC / jBASE features Introduction to some jBC syntax features Note Note 2 Variables visibility and lifetime To wrap a long line Several statements on the same line Comments String variables Numeric variables Boolean variables Dynamic arrays Dimensioned arrays Other notes Guidelines for writing the source code Recommendations ( not rules ) Environment variables relevant to jBC programming Minimum set of variables necessary to start development Customize work folders and files location Runtime errors handling Regional settings Diagnostics and tracing Other Compilation Introduction to BASIC . . .CATALOG and jcompile Data files Introduction to jBASE / TAFC data files Create / delete hashed file Create and list the data Adding dictionary items Change of size and format , statistics , properties UD type System ( " @ " ) variables @ AM ( @ FM ) , @ VM , @ SM , @ TM @ CALLSTACK @ CODEPAGE @ DATA @ DATE @ DAY @ EOF @ FILENAME @ FOOTER . BREAK @ HEADER . BREAK @ ID @ LEVEL @ LOCALE @ LPTRHIGH @ MONTH @ PARASENTENCE @ PATH @ PID @ RECORD @ SELECTED @ TERMTYPE @ TIME @ TIMEZONE @ TTY @ UID @ USER . ROOT , @ USER . THREAD and @ USERSTATS jBC Functions and Statements ( @ - E ) @ ( SCREENCODE ) ABORT ABS ABSS ADDS ALPHA ANDS ASCII ASSIGNED BITAND BITCHANGE BITCHECK BITLOAD BITNOT BITOR BITRESET BITSET BITTEST BITXOR BREAK BREAK ON / OFF BYTELEN CacheBucketList CacheClear CacheClearAll CacheClearStats CacheDelete CacheExists CacheGet CacheGetOption CacheKeyList CachePut CacheSetOption CacheStats CALL CALLC CALLdotNET CALLJ CALLJEE CALLONEXIT CASE CATALOG Command CATS CHAIN CHANGE CHANGETIMESTAMP CHAR CHARS CHDIR CHECKSUM CLEAR CLEARCOMMON CLEARDATA CLEARFILE CLEARINPUT CLEARSELECT CLOSE CLOSESEQ COL1 and COL2 COLLECTDATA COMMON COMPARE CONTINUE CONVERT CONVERT ( STATEMENT ) COS COUNT COUNTS CREATE CRT DATA DATE DCOUNT DEBUG DECATALOG and DELETE - CATALOG Commands DECRYPT DEFC DEFCE DEFFUN DEL DELETE DELETELIST DELETESEQ DELETEU DIMENSION DIR DIV DIVS DOWNCASE DROUND DTX DYNTOXML EBCDIC ECHO ENCRYPT ENTER EQS EQUATE EREPLACE EXECUTE EXIT EXP EXTRACT jBC Functions and Statements ( F - J ) FADD FDIV FIELD FIELDS FILEINFO FILELOCK FILEUNLOCK FIND FINDSTR FORMLIST FLUSH FMT FMTS FOLD FOOTING FOR FSUB FUNCTION GES GET GETCWD GETENV GETLIST GETUSERGROUP GETX GOSUB GOTO GROUP GROUPSTORE HEADING HEADINGE and HEADINGN HUSH ICONV ICONVS IF ( statement ) IFS IN INDEX INMAT INPUT INPUTCLEAR INPUTNULL INS INSERT INT IOCTL ISALPHA ISALNUM ISCNTRL ISDIGIT ISLOWER ISPRINT ISSPACE ISUPPER ITYPE JBASECOREDUMP JBASESubroutineExist JBASETHREADCreate JBASETHREADStatus JQLCOMPILE JQLEXECUTE JQLFETCH JQLGETPROPERTY JQLPUTPROPERTY Sample program illustrating the usage of compiled jQL statement : jBC Functions and Statements ( K - O ) KEYIN LATIN1 LEFT LEN LENDP LENS LES LN LOCALDATE LOCALTIME LOCATE LOCK Logger LOOP LOWER MAKETIMESTAMP MAT MATBUILD MATCHES MATCHFIELD MATPARSE MATREAD MATREADU MATWRITE MATWRITEU MAXIMUM MINIMUM MOD MODS MSLEEP MULS NEGS NES NEXT NOBUF NOT NOTS NULL NUM NUMS OBJEXCALLBACK OCONV OCONVS ONGOTO OPEN OPENDEV OPENINDEX OPENPATH OPENSEQ OPENSER ORS OSBREAD OSBWRITE OSCLOSE OSDELETE OSOPEN OSREAD OSWRITE OUT jBC Functions and Statements ( P - T ) PAGE PAUSE PERFORM PRECISION PRINT PRINTER PRINTERR PROCREAD PROCWRITE PROGRAM PROMPT PUTENV PWR QUOTE / DQUOTE / SQUOTE RAISE READ READBLK READL READLIST READNEXT READPREV READSELECT READSEQ READT READU READV READVL READVU READXML RECORDLOCKED REGEXP RELEASE REMOVE REPLACE RETURN REWIND RIGHT RND RQM RTNDATA SADD SDIV SEEK SELECT SEND SENDX SENTENCE SEQ SEQS SIN SLEEP SMUL SORT SOUNDEX SPACE SPACES SPLICE SPOOLER SQRT SSELECT SSELECTN SSELECTV SSUB STATUS STATUS statement STOP STR STRS SUBROUTINE SUBS SUBSTRINGS SUM SWAP System Functions TAN TIME TIMEDATE TIMEDIFF TIMEOUT TIMESTAMP TRANS TRANSABORT TRANSEND TRANSQUERY TRANSTART TRIM TRIMB TRIMBS TRIMF TRIMFS jBC Functions and Statements ( U - X ) UNASSIGNED UNIQUEKEY UNLOCK UDTEXECUTE UPCASE UTF8 WAKE WEOF WEOFSEQ WRITE WRITEBLK WRITELIST WRITESEQ WRITESEQF WRITET WRITEU WRITEV WRITEVU WRITEXML XLATE XMLTODYN XMLTOXML XTD Embedded SQL for jBC Introduction to embedded SQL EMBEDDED SQL COMPILER OPTION TROUBLESHOOTING What is T24 T24 is the core banking system developed by Temenos company . The system extensions can be developed in ( but not limited to ) jBC . Last update : Fri , 01 Feb 2013 08 : 29 CET | [
"T24",
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http://jbossweb.jboss.org/ | What is here Here you are going to find : JBoss Web . JBoss Web Native . The php and rewrite modules . Look to JBoss Application Server that is probably what you are looking for . What is JBoss Web JBoss Web Server is an enterprise ready web server designed for medium and large applications , based on Tomcat JBoss Web a component of the JBoss Application Server , there are no more standalone version of JBoss Web you need the Application Server to get the Servlet / JSP container . , JBoss Web Server provides organizations with a single deployment platform for Java Server Pages ( JSP ) and Java Servlet technologies , PHP , and CGI . It uses a genuine high performance hybrid technology that incorporates the best of the most recent OS technologies for processing high volume data , while keeping all the reference Java specifications . Announcement : Announcement : August 12 2011 : Jboss Web Native 2.0.10 Released . Hide Details The Jboss Web Native teams is proud to announce the release of version 2.0.10 of Jboss Web Native . This version is principally a security and bugfix release . Download | ChangeLog for 2.0.10 Announcement : April 08 2010 : JBoss Web 3.0.0 Beta2 Released Hide Details Building on JBoss Web Beta1 , this new release focuses on integration refactorings with JBoss AS , as well as trimming down the configuration profile used to focus on the standalone Servlet and JSP functionality . As a result , the download sizes and startup times are significantly reduced over Beta1 , while allowing easily scaling up to JBoss AS when needed . As with Beta1 , this release is Servlet 3.0 and JSP 2.2 compliant . Download | Changelog for 3 . 0 . 0 . Beta2 mod_cluster mod_cluster is now located in http : / / www . jboss . org / mod_cluster Strong cryptography warning The Jboss Web Native contains openssl , therefore the warning ( copied from OpenSSL PLEASE REMEMBER THAT EXPORT / IMPORT AND / OR USE OF STRONG CRYPTOGRAPHY SOFTWARE , PROVIDING CRYPTOGRAPHY HOOKS OR EVEN JUST COMMUNICATING TECHNICAL DETAILS ABOUT CRYPTOGRAPHY SOFTWARE IS ILLEGAL IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD . SO , WHEN YOU IMPORT THIS PACKAGE TO YOUR COUNTRY , RE - DISTRIBUTE IT FROM THERE OR EVEN JUST EMAIL TECHNICAL SUGGESTIONS OR EVEN SOURCE PATCHES TO THE AUTHOR OR OTHER PEOPLE YOU ARE STRONGLY ADVISED TO PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO ANY EXPORT / IMPORT AND / OR USE LAWS WHICH APPLY TO YOU . THE AUTHORS OF OPENSSL ARE NOT LIABLE FOR Overview Downloads Documentation Community Wiki User Forum Developer Forum Issue Tracker JIRA Source Code Anonymous SVN FishEye Build | [
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http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List12.html | Australaves Ericson , 2012 This clade was one of the surprises found using DNA . It first popped up in Ericson et al . ( 2006 ) . Since then , there have been numerous papers supporting it . There are the conventional DNA analyses of Ericson et al . ( 2006 ) and Hackett et al . ( 2008 ) . Although these use the controversial 7th intron of the ฮฒ - fibrogen gene , the clade also appears in Ericson et al . ' s supplementary ESM - 6 tree , which does not use the gene . Wang et al . CARIAMIFORMES Wagler , 1830 Cariamidae : Seriemas Bonaparte , 1850 ( 1836 ) 2 genera , 2 species HBW - 3 The seriemas have sometimes been considered Gruiformes , but genetic evidence points elsewhere . Both Hackett et al . ( 2008 ) and Jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) found them sister to the remaining three orders , while Ericson et al . ( 2006a ) suggest they belong in the Falconiformes . Either way , they are next in the list ! Although there are currently only two species of Seriemas , they are a remnant of a much larger group , the Cariamae . Like the Cariamidae , the Cariamae have traditionally been placed in the Gruiformes . Besides the Cariamidae , the Cariamae are thought to have included three now - extinct families : the Phorusrhacidae ( S . America ) , Bathornithidae ( N . America ) and Idiornithidae ( Europe ) . The oldest fossils are from Phorusrhacidae , dating back to the late Paleocene in Brazil , which matches well with the divergence estimate for the Cariamidae Red - legged Seriema , Cariama cristata Black - legged Seriema , Chunga burmeisteri FALCONIFORMES Sharpe , 1874 Falconidae : Falcons , Caracaras Leach , 1820 12 genera , 67 species HBW - 2 Click for Falconidae tree The phylogeny is now based on the multigene analysis of Fuchs et al . ( 2015 ) , who considered almost all of the species . Fuchs et al . ( 2015 ) calibrate their tree based on two fossils . They found that crown - group Falconidae date to the Oligocene . This is interesting as the crown - groups of their sister taxa ( Psittaciformes plus Passeriformes ) are older , much older . If the falcons are correctly placed as sister to the parrots and passeriformes , they must have originated in the early part of the Previously , I ' d used the papers by Griffiths ( 1999 ) and Griffiths et al . ( 2004 ) for the basic taxonomy of the Falconidae . This had been supplemented by Fuchs et al . ( 2011b ) for the forest - falcon clade ( Herpetotherinae ) , and Fuchs et al . ( 2012a ) for the caracaras ( Caracarinae ) . Many of the caracaras are closely related , and it would not be unreasonable to merge Ibycter Milvago , and Phalcoboenus into Daptrius Fuchs et al . ( 2015 ) found that the two species of Polihierax are not closely related , with the Pygmy Falcon closer to Microhierax and the White - rumped Falcon nearer Falco . Accordingly , the White - rumped Falcon is placed in the monotypic genus Neohierax ( Swann , 1922 ) . Falco itself seems to have originated much more recently , with a common ancestor most likely between 5 and 8 million years ago , a good reason to leave all of in a single genus . In contrast , the Neohierax split was likely 10 - 15 million years ago . To further emphasize the division in Falconinae , I ' ve recognized two tribes within it : Polihieracini and Falconini . The African kestrel clade was studied by Groombridge et al . ( 2002 ) . Based on their work , Rock Kestrel must be split from Eurasian Kestrel because the Australian Kestrel is split . The Hierofalco complex was examined in detail by Wink et al . ( 2004a ) . In spite of sampling many individuals , they were unable to produce a clean phylogeny . Although this may mean some of the these species should be lumped , they believe the confused situation is due to ancient hybridization . Further analysis is required to sort out the Hierofalco itself is now based on Fuchs et al . ( 2015 ) rather than Wink and Sauer - Gรผrth ( 2004 ) . Herpetotherinae : Forest - Falcons Lesson , 1843 Laughing Falcon , Herpetotheres cachinnans Buckley ' s Forest - Falcon , Micrastur buckleyi Collared Forest - Falcon , Micrastur semitorquatus Slaty - backed Forest - Falcon , Micrastur mirandollei Barred Forest - Falcon , Micrastur ruficollis Cryptic Forest - Falcon , Micrastur mintoni Plumbeous Forest - Falcon , Micrastur plumbeus Lined Forest - Falcon , Micrastur gilvicollis Caracarinae : Caracaras d ' Orbigny , 1837 Spot - winged Falconet , Spiziapteryx circumcincta Southern Caracara / Southern Crested Caracara , Caracara plancus Crested Caracara / Northern Crested Caracara , Caracara cheriway Guadalupe Caracara , Caracara lutosa Red - throated Caracara , Ibycter americanus Black Caracara , Daptrius ater Yellow - headed Caracara , Milvago chimachima Chimango Caracara , Phalcoboenus chimango Striated Caracara , Phalcoboenus australis Carunculated Caracara , Phalcoboenus carunculatus Mountain Caracara , Phalcoboenus megalopterus White - throated Caracara , Phalcoboenus albogularis Falconinae : Falcons Leach , 1820 Polihieracini Peters , 1931 Pygmy Falcon , Polihierax semitorquatus Philippine Falconet , Microhierax erythrogenys Collared Falconet , Microhierax caerulescens Pied Falconet , Microhierax melanoleucos Black - thighed Falconet , Microhierax fringillarius White - fronted Falconet , Microhierax latifrons Falconini White - rumped Falcon , Neohierax insignis Banded Kestrel , Falco zoniventris Lesser Kestrel , Falco naumanni Fox Kestrel , Falco alopex Greater Kestrel , Falco rupicoloides Seychelles Kestrel , Falco araeus Malagasy Kestrel , Falco newtoni Reunion Kestrel , Falco duboisi Mauritius Kestrel , Falco punctatus Rock Kestrel , Falco rupicolus Spotted Kestrel , Falco moluccensis Eurasian Kestrel / Common Kestrel , Falco tinnunculus Nankeen Kestrel , Falco cenchroides American Kestrel , Falco sparverius Red - footed Falcon , Falco vespertinus Amur Falcon , Falco amurensis Merlin , Falco columbarius Gray Kestrel , Falco ardosiaceus Dickinson ' s Kestrel , Falco dickinsoni Brown Falcon , Falco berigora Bat Falcon , Falco rufigularis Orange - breasted Falcon , Falco deiroleucus Australian Hobby , Falco longipennis Oriental Hobby , Falco severus Eleonora ' s Falcon , Falco eleonorae Sooty Falcon , Falco concolor Eurasian Hobby , Falco subbuteo African Hobby , Falco cuvierii New Zealand Falcon , Falco novaeseelandiae Aplomado Falcon , Falco femoralis Red - necked Falcon , Falco chicquera Prairie Falcon , Falco mexicanus Gray Falcon , Falco hypoleucos Taita Falcon , Falco fasciinucha Peregrine Falcon , Falco peregrinus Barbary Falcon , Falco pelegrinoides Lanner Falcon , Falco biarmicus Laggar Falcon , Falco jugger Black Falcon , Falco subniger Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus Saker Falcon , Falco cherrug PSITTACIFORMES Wagler , 1830 Ericson et al . ( 2006a ) , Hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , and Jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) all identified the parrots as the sister group to the passeriformes . The overall structure of the Psittaciformes follows Schirtzinger et al . ( 2012 ) , Schweitzer et al . ( 2010 ) , and Wright et al . ( 2008 ) . Christidis and Boles ( 2008 ) contains detailed information on Australian parrots . Brown and Toft ( 1999 ) and White et al . ( 2011 ) provided further information concerning the Cockatoos ; Groombridge et al . ( 2004 ) and Kundu et al . ( 2012 ) were helpful with the Psittaculini ; the placement of the Ground and Night Parrots is inspired by Leeton et Although crown group parrots appear to originate in the Australo - Pacific region , there is plenty of fossil evidence that the early parrots were much more widespread . Stem parrot fossils have been found from the early Eocene of India ( Vastanavis ) , Europe ( Halcyornithidae , Psittacopes ) , and North America ( Tynskya ) , see Mayr ( 2009 ) , and Mayr et al . , ( 2013 ) . The extant order is summed up in the following tree diagram . Click for genus - level tree for Psittaciformes Strigopidae : New Zealand Parrots Bonaparte , 1849 2 genera , 4 species Not HBW Family I had earlier used the name Nestoridae , which seemed to be the most common usage for a family containing both Strigops and Nestor . However , both family - group names were introduced at the same time ( Bonaparte , 1849 ) , and they have normally been kept separated enough that the issue of priority does n ' t arise . I do n ' t have access to Bonaparte ( 1849 ) , but Bock ( 1994 ) does not mention priority between them , listing them as Strigopinae and Nestorinae . Christidis and Boles ( 2008 ) also state they have equal priority . Assuming that is correct , the determination of priority falls to the first reviser . That Kakapo , Strigops habroptila Kea , Nestor notabilis Norfolk Kaka , Nestor productus New Zealand Kaka , Nestor meridionalis Cacatuidae : Cockatoos G.R. Gray , 1840 ( 1825 ) 7 genera , 21 species HBW - 4 The order within the cockatoos is based on White et al . ( 2011 ) , with some help from Brown and Toft ( 1999 ) . White et al . ( 2011 ) found that the Cockatiel was basal , and I follow their multigene analysis ( as well as traditional thinking ) . Note however that Brown and Toft found a different position for the Cockatiel , which also received limited support from Wright et al . ( 2008 ) . Three of the black - cockatoos have been moved to the genus Zanda ( Mathews 1913 , type bauinii ) due to substantial separation between them and the Calyptorhynchus black - cockatoos . White et al . ( 2011 ) estimate the most recent common ancestor at about 15 million years ago . Interesting , the current Zanda diversity appeared very recently , whereas the split between the two Calyptorhynchus is of much longer standing . Cockatiel , Nymphicus hollandicus Red - tailed Black - Cockatoo , Calyptorhynchus banksii Glossy Black - Cockatoo , Calyptorhynchus lathami Yellow - tailed Black - Cockatoo , Zanda funerea Carnaby ' s Black - Cockatoo / Short - billed Black - Cockatoo , Zanda latirostris Baudin ' s Black - Cockatoo / Long - billed Black - Cockatoo , Zanda baudinii Palm Cockatoo , Probosciger aterrimus Gang - gang Cockatoo , Callocephalon fimbriatum Galah , Eolophus roseicapilla Major Mitchell ' s Cockatoo , Cacatua leadbeateri Yellow - crested Cockatoo , Cacatua sulphurea Sulphur - crested Cockatoo , Cacatua galerita Blue - eyed Cockatoo , Cacatua ophthalmica Salmon - crested Cockatoo , Cacatua moluccensis White Cockatoo , Cacatua alba Red - vented Cockatoo , Cacatua haematuropygia Tanimbar Corella , Cacatua goffiniana Solomons Cockatoo , Cacatua ducorpsii Long - billed Corella , Cacatua tenuirostris Western Corella , Cacatua pastinator Little Corella , Cacatua sanguinea Psittacidae : African and American Parrots Rafinesque , 1815 37 genera , 174 species HBW - 4 Schirtzinger et al . ( 2012 ) , Schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) and Wright et al . ( 2008 ) identify 5 deep clades in the the remaining parrots : the vasa - parrots , Pesquet ' s Parrot , an Old World / Australasian clade ( Psittaculinae ) , an African clade ( Psittacinae ) , and an American clade ( Arinae ) . Pesquet ' s Parrot and the vasa parrots seem to be each other ' s closet relatives , and we unite them in the subfamily Psittrichasinae . The appear to be sister How deep are the five clades ? Wright et al . ( 2008 ) gave two different timelines . In one , they date from the late Cretaceous to the early Paleocene , roughly 65 million years ago . They also provide a later dating , in the Eocene , about 40 million years ago . The earlier dating suppose that the New Zealand Parrots date from the separation of New Zealand from Gondwana , over 80 million years ago . The later dating puts the split of the New Zealand Parrots about 50 million years ago , in the Of the two main clades , Psittaculidae is slightly larger , so we put it last in the linear order . Psittacinae : Afrotropical Parrots Rafinesque , 1815 Gray Parrot , Psittacus erithacus Brown - necked Parrot , Poicephalus fuscicollis Cape Parrot , Poicephalus robustus Red - fronted Parrot , Poicephalus gulielmi Meyer ' s Parrot , Poicephalus meyeri Rueppell ' s Parrot , Poicephalus rueppellii Brown - headed Parrot , Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Niam - niam Parrot , Poicephalus crassus Red - bellied Parrot , Poicephalus rufiventris Senegal Parrot , Poicephalus senegalus Yellow - fronted Parrot , Poicephalus flavifrons Arinae : Neotropical Parrots G.R. Gray , 1840 ( 1825 ) The Neotropical parrots , Arinae , fall into 5 subclades : Amoropsittacini , Brotogerini , the clade of large short - tailed parrots , Androglossini , Forpus parrotlets ( Forpini ) , and a narrowly circumscribed conure / macaw clade Arini . The relationships between them are not fully understood at this time โ the various relevant papers give conflicting topologies ( de Kloet and de Kloet , 2005 ; Tavares et al . , 2006 ; Wright et al . , 2008 , Schirtzinger et al . , 2012 ) . However , the Tavares et al . ( 2006 ) topology seems to fit best with the other papers , and I have adopted it . In the Tavares et al . topology , Amoropsittacini is the basal group . Schirtzinger et al . ( 2012 ) also included Psilopsiagon in their analysis , putting it here in the Amoropsittacini . The Brotogerini appear to be affiliated with the Androglossini , and the Forpini with the core Arini . Amoropsittacini Brereton , 1963 Gray - hooded Parakeet , Psilopsiagon aymara Mountain Parakeet , Psilopsiagon aurifrons Tepui Parrotlet , Nannopsittaca panychlora Amazonian Parrotlet / Manu Parrotlet , Nannopsittaca dachilleae Barred Parakeet , Bolborhynchus lineola Rufous - fronted Parakeet , Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons Andean Parakeet , Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Lilac - tailed Parrotlet , Touit batavicus Scarlet - shouldered Parrotlet , Touit huetii Red - fronted Parrotlet , Touit costaricensis Blue - fronted Parrotlet , Touit dilectissimus Sapphire - rumped Parrotlet , Touit purpuratus Brown - backed Parrotlet , Touit melanonotus Golden - tailed Parrotlet , Touit surdus Spot - winged Parrotlet , Touit stictopterus Brotogerini Wolters , 1975 The ordering of the Brotegerini is based on Ribas et al . ( 2009 ) . They found that the Brotogeris parakeets fall into two groups of 4 species each . Not surprisingly , the genetic distance between chiriri and versicolurus was fairly small , with the amount being consistent with treatment either as separate species or subspecies of a single species . Monk Parakeet , Myiopsitta monachus Plain Parakeet , Brotogeris tirica Tui Parakeet , Brotogeris sanctithomae White - winged Parakeet / Canary - winged Parakeet , Brotogeris versicolurus Yellow - chevroned Parakeet , Brotogeris chiriri Gray - cheeked Parakeet , Brotogeris pyrrhoptera Orange - chinned Parakeet , Brotogeris jugularis Cobalt - winged Parakeet , Brotogeris cyanoptera Golden - winged Parakeet , Brotogeris chrysoptera Androglossini Sundevall , 1872 The series of papers by Ribas et al . ( 2005 , 2007a , b ) and Russello and Amato ( 2004 ) have done much to clarify the situation in the Androglossini . The parrots from Pionopsitta to Pyrilia were studied by Ribas et al . ( 2005 ) . The ordering of the Pionus parrots reflects the results of Ribas et al . ( 2007a ) . The results also support a possible split of White - capped Parrot , Pionus seniloides . The Hapalopsittaca order is based on Quintero et al . ( 2013 ) . Wenner et al . ( 2012 ) found a substantial amount of genetic structure in the Mealy Amazon , Amazona farinosa . The Central American populations to west Panama ( guatemalae and virenticeps ) formed a separate clade from those in the Darien and South America ( inornata and farinosa chapmani ) , with 3.5 - 5.4 % genetic distance in cytochrome - b . Such differences usually indicate separate species , and I treat them as such : the Northern Mealy Amazon , Amazona guatemalae , and Southern Mealy Amazon , Amazona farinosa . Some uncertainty remains here as they did not look in detail at the situation within Panama where the two clades are in contact . There ' s a slight plumage difference , but it does n ' t seem strong enough to provide a separating mechanism . It is possible that they are one biological species in spite of the DNA differences . Also , contrary to its treatment in recent checklists , the DNA of the Choco - Darien form inornata was clearly distinct from that of farinosa chapmani and should at least be recognized as a subspecies . Yellow - headed Amazons : The big issue here is the Yellow - headed Amazon complex โ the last eight species in Androglossini . This group has long been controversial , and genetic studies have revealed new complexities . The papers by Rusello et al . ( 2004 ) and Eberhard and Bermingham ( 2004 ) showed the Turquoise - fronted Amazon is a member of this complex . Ribas et al . ( 2007b ) sampled many more of the South American birds in an effort to clear up the mysteries of this group , but the relationships there remain confusing . Caparroz et A . barbadensis There is substantial variation in the Yellow - headed Amazon complex . The species of the complex are divided into 15 recognized subspecies and one informal subspecies . This does not capture all of the variation as some very distinct parrots , such as the Auรกs of Bahia , Brazil are not recognized as subspecies . The Auรก is considered part of nominate Turquoise - fronted aestiva in spite of its extensive yellow ( or orange ! ) bib . Monroe and Howell ( 1966 ) surveyed the variation in Middle American members of the Yellow - headed complex . aestiva auropalliata barbadensis inc . rothschildi belizensis caribaea hondurensis magna nattereri ochrocephala oratrix panamensis parvipes tresmariae xantholaema xanthopteryx โ guatemalensis โ ( not formally described ) Various divisions into species have been used . Needless to say , the DNA has had some surprises for us . The two figures show two arrangements that are consistent with current DNA evidence . You ' ll note that ochrocephala appears twice . Although sampling has not been detailed enough to draw the lines sharply , it seems that the birds in the Orinoco basin are different from those in the Amazon . The type of comes from Colombia , in the Orinoco drainage . I ca n ' t find an alternate name for the Amazonian , so I ' ve labelled them as ( Amazon ) and ( Orinoco ) . The literature refers to a Central ( meaning Middle ) American clade , Northern South American ( NSA ) clade and two South American clades ( SA1 and SA2 ) . In version II of the diagram , the first 3 species in the Middle American clade ( note that the range of panamensis extends into Colombia , north and west of the Andes ) , the next two are the NSA clade , and the last two are the South American clades ( SA2 and SA1 , respectively ) . The Middle American subspecies currently in oratrix and auropalliata are fairly closely related , and could be reasonably grouped under A . auropalliata Lesson , 1842 has priority over Ridgway , 1887 ) . That gives us four species as shown in version one ( the species names are in red ) . Some have argued that the Tres Marias Amazon should be considered a separate species , and version II shows how such a tree would look . Although parvipes hondurensis , and caribea are on a different branch than either or , support for this seems fairly weak . Urantรณwka et al . ( 2014 ) has a different topology in Figure 4 where all three group with . Until more data is available , I continue to recognize the two traditional species , ( Yellow - naped ) and ( Yellow - headed ) for the group . However , the Tres Marias Amazon , Amazona tresmariae , appears to be more basal than any of the auropalliata / oratrix group and is now considered a distinct species . Although is generally considered part of South American , it is the basal member of the Middle American clade . Accordingly , I have elevated to species status as the Panama Amazon . This brings us to the South American clades . These clades involve not just the traditional Yellow - headed complex but also the Turquoise - fronted Amazon , Amazona aestiva . The clades do not map well into traditional taxonomies . The NSA clade includes the Yellow - shouldered Amazon , Amazona barbadensis that have been sampled from Colombia ( east of the Andes ) , Venezuela , and Guyana . The thing that unites this birds is that all are from the Orinoco basin . Since the type of is from the Orinoco drainage in Colombia , the in the NSA clade are the true . There seems to be over 2 % DNA difference between the NSA clade and the SA clades . The true Amazona ochrocephala is separated from other โ ochrocephala โ as the Orinocan Yellow - crowned Amazon . The two South America clades are trickier . The genetic distance is smaller ( about 1 % ) , but there ' s a lot of variation in plumage ( it could even be called excessive ) and these have been traditionally considered two species . But the DNA simply does not match traditional species divisions . It could be that the DNA is wrong . This is based on mitochondrial DNA , and very little nuclear DNA has been considered . Eberhard and Bermingham ( 2004 ) did use a few samples of nuclear DNA . It seems to The SA2 clade consists of Amazonian โ ochrocephala โ nattereri , and surprisingly xanthopteryx ( usually grouped in Turquoise - fronted Amazon ) . The sampling of from the Amazon is sparse , including 4 birds from Macapรก ( north side of the Amazon ) , and 2 from Altimira on the Xingรบ ( south of the Amazon ) . There does n ' t appear to be an alternate name for , so has priority . Together , these form the Amazonian Yellow - crowned Amazon , Amazona nattereri The SA1 clade includes nominate xantholaema ( usually grouped with ) . Although restructured , it ' s still Turquoise - fronted Amazon . Red - capped Parrot / Pileated Parrot , Pionopsitta pileata Click for Androglossini tree Blue - bellied Parrot , Triclaria malachitacea Black - winged Parrot , Hapalopsittaca melanotis Rusty - faced Parrot , Hapalopsittaca amazonina Indigo - winged Parrot / Fuertes ' s Parrot , Hapalopsittaca fuertesi Red - faced Parrot , Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops Brown - hooded Parrot , Pyrilia haematotis Rose - faced Parrot , Pyrilia pulchra Saffron - headed Parrot , Pyrilia pyrilia Orange - cheeked Parrot , Pyrilia barrabandi Caica Parrot , Pyrilia caica Bald Parrot , Pyrilia aurantiocephala Vulturine Parrot , Pyrilia vulturina Short - tailed Parrot , Graydidascalus brachyurus Yellow - faced Parrot , Alipiopsitta xanthops Dusky Parrot , Pionus fuscus Red - billed Parrot , Pionus sordidus Scaly - headed Parrot , Pionus maximiliani White - capped Parrot , Pionus seniloides Plum - crowned Parrot , Pionus tumultuosus Blue - headed Parrot , Pionus menstruus White - crowned Parrot , Pionus senilis Bronze - winged Parrot , Pionus chalcopterus White - fronted Parrot / White - fronted Amazon , Amazona albifrons Yellow - lored Parrot / Yucatan Amazon , Amazona xantholora Black - billed Parrot / Black - billed Amazon , Amazona agilis Yellow - billed Parrot / Yellow - billed Amazon , Amazona collaria Hispaniolan Parrot / Hispaniolan Amazon , Amazona ventralis Cuban Parrot / Cuban Amazon , Amazona leucocephala Puerto Rican Parrot / Puerto Rican Amazon , Amazona vittata Festive Parrot / Festive Amazon , Amazona festiva Vinaceous - breasted Parrot / Vinaceous - breasted Amazon , Amazona vinacea Tucuman Parrot / Tucuman Amazon , Amazona tucumana Red - spectacled Parrot / Red - spectacled Amazon , Amazona pretrei Imperial Parrot / Imperial Amazon , Amazona imperialis Red - tailed Parrot / Red - tailed Amazon , Amazona brasiliensis Orange - winged Parrot / Orange - winged Amazon , Amazona amazonica St . Vincent Parrot / St . Vincent Amazon , Amazona guildingii Red - crowned Parrot / Red - crowned Amazon , Amazona viridigenalis Lilac - crowned Parrot / Lilac - crowned Amazon , Amazona finschi Red - lored Parrot / Red - lored Amazon , Amazona autumnalis Scaly - naped Parrot / Scaly - naped Amazon , Amazona mercenarius Kawall ' s Parrot / Kawall ' s Amazon , Amazona kawalli Northern Mealy Parrot / Northern Mealy Amazon , Amazona guatemalae Southern Mealy Parrot / Southern Mealy Amazon , Blue - cheeked Parrot / Blue - cheeked Amazon , Amazona dufresniana Red - browed Parrot / Red - browed Amazon , Amazona rhodocorytha Red - necked Parrot / Red - necked Amazon , Amazona arausiaca St . Lucia Parrot / St . Lucia Amazon , Amazona versicolor Panama Parrot / Panama Amazon , Amazona panamensis Tres Marias Parrot / Tres Marias Amazon , Amazona tresmariae Yellow - headed Parrot / Yellow - headed Amazon , Amazona oratrix Yellow - naped Parrot / Yellow - naped Amazon , Amazona auropalliata Orinocan Yellow - crowned Parrot / Orinocan Yellow - crowned Amazon , Amazona ochrocephala Yellow - shouldered Parrot / Yellow - shouldered Amazon , Amazona barbadensis Amazonian Yellow - crowned Parrot / Amazonian Yellow - crowned Amazon , Amazona nattereri Turquoise - fronted Parrot / Turquoise - fronted Amazon , Amazona aestiva Forpini : Forpus Parrotlets Brereton , 1963 The arrangement within Forpus is based on B.T. Smith et al . ( 2013 ) . The species limits may need some adjustment . In particular , the Blue - winged Parrotlet , Forpus xanthopterygius , may not be monophyletic . Dusky - billed Parrotlet , Forpus modestus Blue - winged Parrotlet , Forpus xanthopterygius Mexican Parrotlet , Forpus cyanopygius Green - rumped Parrotlet , Forpus passerinus Spectacled Parrotlet , Forpus conspicillatus Pacific Parrotlet , Forpus coelestis Yellow - faced Parrotlet , Forpus xanthops Arini : Conures and Macaws Tavares et al . ( 2006 ) found strong support for a basal Deroptyus Pionites grouping , sister to the remaining Arini . This arrangement also got mixed support from Wright et al . ( 2008 ) , and is adopted here . The Yellow - eared Parrot , Ognorhynchus icterotis , does n ' t seem to have been included in any genetic studies . It probably groups with the remaining Arini , but it ' s true position is unresolved . Rhynchopsitta may group with Pyrrhura ( Tavares et al . , 2006 ) , or maybe not ( Kirchman et al . , 2012 ) . The arrangement of the Pyrrhura parakeets is based on Ribas et al . ( 2006 ) . The southern genera Enicognathus Cyanoliseus Anodorhynchus seem to branch successively , bringing us to the macaws , Aratinga parakeets , and allies . This group includes a well - supported macaw clade , Cyanopsitta though Ara , and a small , well - supported grouping of Leptosittaca Diopsittaca , and Guaruba . Urantowka et al . ( 2013 ) found that the Blue - crowned Parakeet is sister to Diopsittaca . I ' ve placed it in the monotypic genus Thectocercus ( Ridgway 1912 ) . Aratinga The traditional version of is not a monophyletic group ( Ribas and Miyaki , 2004 ) . The problem is how to separate them , and how they fit with the other two groups . Recently , Kirchman et al . ( 2012 ) included enough species in their analysis to split up in a reasonable way . Support for the overall phylogeny , as followed here , is mediocre . I think the division of is on more solid ground . Kirchman et al . show three clades containing parakeets . One clade is sister to the Carolina Parakeet , Conuropsis carolinensis . It includes the type species of , the Sun Parakeet , Aratinga solstitialis and also auricapillus . Ribas and Miyaki ( 2004 ) showed that jandaya is sister to auricapillus , so it belongs here too , as does the the recently split maculata ( see Silveira et al . , 2005 . Note that the scientific name has been corrected to A . maculata from A . pintoi by Nemรฉsio and Rasmussen , 2009 ) . Kirchman et al . show the Nanday Parakeet ( usually Nandayus nenday ) as the basal member of the group . However , a look at Ribas and Miyaki suggests that the Dusky - headed Parakeet , Aratinga weddellii , is the true basal member . Accordingly , I ' ve merged Nandayus into , which applies to these dark - billed parakeets . The whole lot may be sister to the macaw clade . The horn - billed , green - winged , generally red and green โ Aratinga โ also appear to form a clade . The oldest available genus name is Psittacara ( Vigors 1825 , type leucophthalmus ) . Kirchman et al . ( 2012 ) found the Psittacara sister to the Leptosittaca Guaruba group . Based on Olson ( 2015 ) , the extinct Puerto Rican Parakeet , Psittacara maugei , has been split from Hispaniolan Parakeet , Psittacara chloropterus The other clade of former includes aurea nana pertinax . Comparison with Ribas and Miyaki suggests that cactorum belongs here too . Since canicularis is thought to form a superspecies with aurea , it also goes in this group . The oldest available name seems to be Eupsittula ( Bonaparte 1853 , type canicularis ) . Kirchman et al . show this clade as sister to Rhynchopsitta . Maybe , but stronger evidence from other papers ( e.g. , Tavares et al . , 2006 ) put elsewhere , and so do I . Red - fan Parrot , Deroptyus accipitrinus Black - headed Parrot , Pionites melanocephalus White - bellied Parrot , Pionites leucogaster Yellow - eared Parrot , Ognorhynchus icterotis Thick - billed Parrot , Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Maroon - fronted Parrot , Rhynchopsitta terrisi Blue - throated Parakeet / Ochre - marked Parakeet , Pyrrhura cruentata Blaze - winged Parakeet , Pyrrhura devillei Maroon - bellied Parakeet , Pyrrhura frontalis Pearly Parakeet , Pyrrhura lepida Crimson - bellied Parakeet , Pyrrhura perlata Green - cheeked Parakeet , Pyrrhura molinae Pfrimer ' s Parakeet , Pyrrhura pfrimeri Gray - breasted Parakeet , Pyrrhura griseipectus Maroon - faced Parakeet / White - eared Parakeet , Pyrrhura leucotis Painted Parakeet , Pyrrhura picta Santarem Parakeet , Pyrrhura amazonum Bonaparte ' s Parakeet , Pyrrhura lucianii Rose - fronted Parakeet , Pyrrhura roseifrons Santa Marta Parakeet , Pyrrhura viridicata Fiery - shouldered Parakeet , Pyrrhura egregia Maroon - tailed Parakeet , Pyrrhura melanura El Oro Parakeet , Pyrrhura orcesi Black - capped Parakeet , Pyrrhura rupicola White - necked Parakeet / White - breasted Parakeet , Pyrrhura albipectus Brown - breasted Parakeet / Flame - winged Parakeet , Pyrrhura calliptera Ochre - marked Parakeet / Blood - eared Parakeet , Pyrrhura hoematotis Rose - headed Parakeet / Rose - crowned Parakeet , Pyrrhura rhodocephala Sulphur - winged Parakeet , Pyrrhura hoffmanni Austral Parakeet , Enicognathus ferrugineus Slender - billed Parakeet , Enicognathus leptorhynchus Burrowing Parakeet / Burrowing Parrot , Cyanoliseus patagonus Hyacinth Macaw , Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Glaucous Macaw , Anodorhynchus glaucus Indigo Macaw / Lear ' s Macaw , Anodorhynchus leari Brown - throated Parakeet , Eupsittula pertinax Cactus Parakeet / Caatinga Parakeet , Eupsittula cactorum Olive - throated Parakeet , Eupsittula nana Orange - fronted Parakeet , Eupsittula canicularis Peach - fronted Parakeet , Eupsittula aurea Golden - plumed Parakeet , Leptosittaca branickii Golden Parakeet , Guaruba guarouba Blue - crowned Parakeet , Thectocercus acuticaudatus Red - shouldered Macaw , Diopsittaca nobilis White - eyed Parakeet , Psittacara leucophthalmus Scarlet - fronted Parakeet , Psittacara wagleri Mitred Parakeet , Psittacara mitratus Red - masked Parakeet , Psittacara erythrogenys Crimson - fronted Parakeet / Finsch ' s Parakeet , Psittacara finschi Green Parakeet , Psittacara holochlorus Pacific Parakeet , Psittacara strenuus Cuban Parakeet , Psittacara euops Hispaniolan Parakeet , Psittacara chloropterus Puerto Rican Parakeet , Psittacara maugei Carolina Parakeet , Conuropsis carolinensis Dusky - headed Parakeet , Aratinga weddellii Nanday Parakeet , Aratinga nenday Sun Parakeet , Aratinga solstitialis Sulphur - breasted Parakeet , Aratinga maculata Jandaya Parakeet , Aratinga jandaya Golden - capped Parakeet , Aratinga auricapillus Spix ' s Macaw , Cyanopsitta spixii Red - bellied Macaw , Orthopsittaca manilatus Blue - winged Macaw , Primolius maracana Blue - headed Macaw , Primolius couloni Yellow - collared Macaw / Golden - collared Macaw , Primolius auricollis Cuban Macaw , Ara tricolor Blue - and - yellow Macaw , Ara ararauna Blue - throated Macaw , Ara glaucogularis Military Macaw , Ara militaris Great Green Macaw , Ara ambiguus Scarlet Macaw , Ara macao Red - and - green Macaw , Ara chloropterus Red - fronted Macaw , Ara rubrogenys Chestnut - fronted Macaw , Ara severus Psittaculidae : Old World Parrots Vigors , 1825 49 genera , 192 species Psittaculidae contains two subfamilies : Psittrichasinae and Psittaculinae . Psittrichasinae : Pesquet ' s & Vasa Parrots von Boetticher , 1959 ( 1854 ) Kundu et al . ( 2012 ) examined a variety of Indian Ocean parrots . They found that that extinct Mascarene Parrot , Mascarinus mascarinus , belongs in the same genus as the vasa parrots . As Mascarinus ( Lesson , 1830 ) is an older name that Coracopsis ( Wagler , 1832 ) , the entire group takes the genus name Mascarinus . The subfamily name remains unchanged . Kundu et al . also found that the Seychelles Black Parrot , usually considered a race of the Lesser Vasa Parrot , is fairly distant from the Lesser Vasa Parrot . Accordingly , I treat it as a separate species , Mascarinus barklyi Pesquet ' s Parrot , Psittrichas fulgidus Greater Vasa - Parrot , Mascarinus vasa Seychelles Black Parrot , Mascarinus barklyi Mascarene Parrot , Mascarinus mascarinus Lesser Vasa - Parrot , Mascarinus niger Psittaculinae Vigors , 1825 Why Six Tribes ? Schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) and Wright et al . ( 2008 ) both found 5 major clades within the Psittaculinae , although neither group included Pezoporus or Psittacella in their analysis . So where does Pezoporus go ? Based on Leeton et al . ( 1994 ) and Miyaki et al . ( 1998 ) , it seems to be sister to Neopsephotus + Neophema , and I treat all three as a single clade ( Pezoporini ) . However , this is not as solid as it might be because neither included the Agapornithini in their analysis , which Wright et al . had as sister group to Neopsephotus + Neophema . More recently , Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) included all the relevant taxa in a multigene analysis and established that is sister to + Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) also showed that the Psittacella tiger - parrots form a separate clade . This gives us 6 clades : Psittaculini ; Psittacellini ; Pezoporini ; Platycercini ; Agapornithini ; Loriini . Psittaculini : Pygmy - Parrots , King Parrots , Racket - tails , Ringnecks : The Psittaculini are basal to the others tribes in Psittaculinae . This tribe contains four main pieces , the pygmy parrots ( Micropsitta ) , the king parrot group , Alisterus through Polytelis , the Prioniturus racket - tails , and the ringneck group , Eclectus through Psittacula , possibly excepting the extinct Lophopsittacus and Necropsittacus . These two , which might be each other ' s closest relatives have long been believed to be related to Psittacula . However , it is possible that they are closer to the Mascarene Parrot and Vasa Parrots . There is some question about the monophyly of Polytelis , although Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) and Schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) have different takes on the nature of the problem . The treatment of the Prioniturus racket - tails is based on Schweitzer et al . ( 2012 ) . They found that the race mindorensis is not part of P . discurus , but is more closely related to P . platenae . Both plumage and genetic distance suggest it is a separate species . I could find an existing English name , so I ' m referring to it as Mindoro Racket - tail . Psittacellini : Tiger - Parrots : Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) show that the Psittacellini tiger - parrots are sister to the remaining 4 tribes . Exactly how those 4 tribes fit together remains somewhat uncertain . I ' m following the Schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) topology , which is consistent with the MP analysis of Wright et al . ( 2008 ) , and figure 2 of Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) . Joseph et al . argue that this result , from a restricted data set , is more likely to be correct . Their figure 1 Pezoporini : Ground and Night Parrots : This clade of distinctive parrots has been long separated from its closest relatives , which are likely the Platycercini . Their common ancestor may have lived in the Oligocene ( Schweizer et al , 2011 ) . Because of this , I do not follow Collar ( 1997 ) who includes them in the Platycercini . Platycercini : Rosellas and allies : Platycercini has two parts : Psephotus through Platycercus Lathamus Cyanoramphus . All the genera of the first group are sometimes lumped in an expanded Platycercus . It appears that the traditional Psephotus is not monophyletic ( see Joseph et al . , 2011 ; Schweizer et al . , 2010 , 2013 ) , with Red - rumped Parrot , Psephotus haematonotus , separated from the rest . As it is the type species for , we go to the next available name for the other birds formerly placed in . That name appears to be Psephotellus ( Matthews 1913 , type pulcherrimus ) . I ' m following a blend of Schweizer et al . ( 2013 ) and Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) for this branch of the Platycercini . Although they are clearly part of the clade , the placement of Northiella remains uncertain . They show up in slightly different locations in different analyses . Agapornithini : Lovebirds and Hanging - Parrots : The arrangement of Agapornis is based on Kundu et al . ( 2012 ) . Loriini : Fig - Parrots , Lories , and Lorikeets : At last we come to the Loriini . The Fig - Parrots , Cyclopsitta + Psittaculirostris , form the basal group in the Loriini . Then comes the budgie , Melopsittacus , followed by the lory / lorikeet clade . The division between the budgie and the lories / lorikeets is fairly deep . Psittaculini Yellow - capped Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta keiensis Geelvink Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta geelvinkiana Buff - faced Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta pusio Meek ' s Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta meeki Finsch ' s Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta finschii Red - breasted Pygmy - Parrot , Micropsitta bruijnii Moluccan King - Parrot , Alisterus amboinensis Papuan King - Parrot , Alisterus chloropterus Australian King - Parrot , Alisterus scapularis Olive - shouldered Parrot / Jonquil Parrot , Aprosmictus jonquillaceus Red - winged Parrot , Aprosmictus erythropterus Superb Parrot , Polytelis swainsonii Regent Parrot , Polytelis anthopeplus Alexandra ' s Parrot / Princess Parrot , Polytelis alexandrae Golden - mantled Racket - tail , Prioniturus platurus Buru Racket - tail , Prioniturus mada Mindanao Racket - tail , Prioniturus waterstradti Montane Racket - tail , Prioniturus montanus Blue - headed Racket - tail , Prioniturus platenae Mindoro Racket - tail , Prioniturus mindorensis Blue - winged Racket - tail , Prioniturus verticalis Yellow - breasted Racket - tail , Prioniturus flavicans Green Racket - tail , Prioniturus luconensis Blue - crowned Racket - tail , Prioniturus discurus Eclectus Parrot , Eclectus roratus Red - cheeked Parrot , Geoffroyus geoffroyi Blue - collared Parrot , Geoffroyus simplex Song Parrot , Geoffroyus heteroclitus Blue - rumped Parrot , Psittinus cyanurus Great - billed Parrot , Tanygnathus megalorynchos Blue - naped Parrot , Tanygnathus lucionensis Blue - backed Parrot , Tanygnathus sumatranus Black - lored Parrot , Tanygnathus gramineus Broad - billed Parrot , Lophopsittacus mauritianus Rodrigues Parrot , Necropsittacus rodericanus Slaty - headed Parakeet , Psittacula himalayana Gray - headed Parakeet , Psittacula finschii Plum - headed Parakeet , Psittacula cyanocephala Blossom - headed Parakeet , Psittacula roseata Alexandrine Parakeet , Psittacula eupatria Seychelles Parakeet , Psittacula wardi Rose - ringed Parakeet , Psittacula krameri Echo Parakeet , Psittacula eques Mascarene Grey Parakeet , Psittacula bensoni Newton ' s Parakeet , Psittacula exsul Lord Derby ' s Parakeet , Psittacula derbiana Red - breasted Parakeet , Psittacula alexandri Nicobar Parakeet , Psittacula caniceps Long - tailed Parakeet , Psittacula longicauda Malabar Parakeet / Blue - winged Parakeet , Psittacula columboides Layard ' s Parakeet , Psittacula calthrapae Psittacellini : Tiger - Parrots Wolters , 1975 Joseph et al . ( 2011 ) found that the Tiger - Parrots were not closely related to any of the remaining parrot tribes , but formed a branch sister to all of them . Brehm ' s Tiger - Parrot , Psittacella brehmii Painted Tiger - Parrot , Psittacella picta Modest Tiger - Parrot , Psittacella modesta Madarasz ' s Tiger - Parrot , Psittacella madaraszi Pezoporini : Ground and Night Parrots Bonaparte , 1838 The Ground Parrot , Pezoporus wallicus , has been split into Western Ground Parrot , Pezoporus flaviventris , and Eastern Ground Parrot , Pezoporus wallicus . See Murphy et al . ( 2011 ) . Night Parrot , Pezoporus occidentalis Western Ground Parrot , Pezoporus flaviventris Eastern Ground Parrot , Bourke ' s Parrot , Neopsephotus bourkii Blue - winged Parrot , Neophema chrysostoma Elegant Parrot , Neophema elegans Rock Parrot , Neophema petrophila Orange - bellied Parrot , Neophema chrysogaster Turquoise Parrot , Neophema pulchella Scarlet - chested Parrot , Neophema splendida Platycercini Selby , 1836 The genus name Prosopeia ( Bonaparte , 1854 ) has been replaced by Pyrrhulopsis ( Reichenbach , 1850 ) , which has priority . See Gregory and Dickinson ( 2012 ) . The Bluebonnet , Northiella haematogaster , has been split into Naretha Bluebonnet , Northiella narethae , and Eastern Bluebonnet , Northiella haematogaster . See Dolman and Joseph ( 2015 ) . The rosellas ( ) have been rearranged based on Shipman et al . ( 2015 ) . Even their multi - gene analysis was unable to pin down the position of the Western Rosella , Platycercus icterotis . It might the basal , as shown here , or it might group with the white - cheeked species ( eximius venustus adscitus ) . Red - rumped Parrot , Psephotus haematonotus Naretha Bluebonnet , Northiella narethae Eastern Bluebonnet , Red - capped Parrot , Purpureicephalus spurius Mulga Parrot , Psephotellus varius Hooded Parrot , Psephotellus dissimilis Golden - shouldered Parrot , Psephotellus chrysopterygius Paradise Parrot , Psephotellus pulcherrimus Australian Ringneck , Barnardius zonarius Western Rosella , Platycercus icterotis Crimson Rosella , Platycercus elegans Green Rosella , Platycercus caledonicus Eastern Rosella , Platycercus eximius Northern Rosella , Platycercus venustus Pale - headed Rosella , Platycercus adscitus Swift Parrot , Lathamus discolor Crimson Shining - Parrot , Pyrrhulopsis splendens Masked Shining - Parrot , Pyrrhulopsis personatus Red Shining - Parrot / Maroon Shining - Parrot , Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis Horned Parakeet , Eunymphicus cornutus Ouvea Parakeet , Eunymphicus uvaeensis Black - fronted Parakeet , Cyanoramphus zealandicus Raiatea Parakeet , Cyanoramphus ulietanus New Caledonian Parakeet , Cyanoramphus saisseti Chatham Parakeet , Cyanoramphus forbesi Tasman Parakeet / Norfolk Parakeet , Cyanoramphus cookii Lord Howe Parakeet , Cyanoramphus subflavescens Antipodes Parakeet , Cyanoramphus unicolor Yellow - fronted Parakeet / Yellow - crowned Parakeet , Cyanoramphus auriceps Malherbe ' s Parakeet , Cyanoramphus malherbi Red - crowned Parakeet , Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Reischek ' s Parakeet , Cyanoramphus hochstetteri Macquarie Parakeet , Cyanoramphus erythrotis Agapornithini Salvin , 1882 The arrangement of Agapornis is based on Kundu et al . ( 2012 ) . The available genetic information on the hanging - parrots is insufficient to order them , so I use a traditional ordering . Guaiabero , Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Red - headed Lovebird , Agapornis pullarius Black - winged Lovebird , Agapornis taranta Black - collared Lovebird , Agapornis swindernianus Gray - headed Lovebird , Agapornis canus Rosy - faced Lovebird , Agapornis roseicollis Fischer ' s Lovebird , Agapornis fischeri Yellow - collared Lovebird , Agapornis personatus Lilian ' s Lovebird / Nyasa Lovebird , Agapornis lilianae Black - cheeked Lovebird , Agapornis nigrigenis Vernal Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus vernalis Sri Lanka Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus beryllinus Colasisi / Philippine Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus philippensis Camiguin Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus camiguinensis Blue - crowned Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus galgulus Sulawesi Hanging - Parrot / Great Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus stigmatus Sula Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus sclateri Moluccan Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus amabilis Sangihe Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus catamene Orange - fronted Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus aurantiifrons Bismarck Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus tener Red - billed Hanging - Parrot / Pygmy Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus exilis Yellow - throated Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus pusillus Wallace ' s Hanging - Parrot , Loriculus flosculus Loriini : Lories Selby , 1836 The name Coriphilus ( Wagler , 1832 ) replaces Vini ( Lesson , 1833 , not 1831 ) . Although the change in date for Vini seems correct and can be found in H&M - 4 ( Dickinson and Remsen , 2013 ) , it does n ' t seem to have been adopted . Because Coriphilus has been used since 1900 ( at least up to the 1930s ) , it is impossible to use article 23.9 of the code to retain . Hence I use Based on Schweizer et al . ( 2015 ) , the Loriini have been reordered . Two of Glossopsitta have been separated in Parvipsitta ( Mathews 1916 , type pusilla ) . Goldie ' s Lorikeet moves from Psitteuteles to Glossoptilus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1896 ) as Glossoptilus goldiei . The Cardinal Lory joins Pseudeos as Pseudeos cardinalis ( was Chalcopsitta ) and the Iris Lory is now โ Psitteuteles โ iris . Note that the position of โ Psitteuteles โ is somewhat ambigious , so I left it in a trichotomy with Eos Trichoglossus Schweizer et al . ( 2015 ) also found that Charmosyna is paraphyletic with respect to Phigys , but did not sample enought taxa to be sure of how to handle Charmosyna . The tree does n ' t fit comfortably with plumages , and its far from clear where several of the taxa will go . There might also be an issue with the Mindanao Lorikeet , Trichoglossus johnstoniae Now that Bird Life International has joined IOC in splitting the Rainbow Lorikeet , Trichoglossus haematodus , into three species , I ' m adopting that split . BLI based their split is based on the Tobias et al . ( 2010 ) criteria for allopatric species , which is a reasonable rule of thumb in the absence of conflicting evidence . However , as BLI has not yet released a detailed analysis , I will not generally adopt these splits . In this case , I make an exception because IOC had already adopted them . Division of Rainbow Lorikeet Coconut Lorikeet , Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus intermedius nigrogularis caeruleiceps micropteryx massena nesophilus flavicans deplanchii Biak Lorikeet , Trichoglossus rosenbergii monotypic Rainbow Lorikeet , Trichoglossus moluccanus septentrionalis moluccanus eyrei Orange - breasted Fig - Parrot , Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii Double - eyed Fig - Parrot , Cyclopsitta diophthalma Large Fig - Parrot , Psittaculirostris desmarestii Edwards ' s Fig - Parrot , Psittaculirostris edwardsii Salvadori ' s Fig - Parrot , Psittaculirostris salvadorii Budgerigar , Melopsittacus undulatus Plum - faced Lorikeet , Oreopsittacus arfaki Collared Lory , Phigys solitarius Blue - crowned Lorikeet , Coriphilus australis Kuhl ' s Lorikeet , Coriphilus kuhlii Stephen ' s Lorikeet / Henderson Lorikeet , Coriphilus stepheni Blue Lorikeet , Coriphilus peruvianus Ultramarine Lorikeet , Coriphilus ultramarinus Palm Lorikeet , Charmosyna palmarum Red - chinned Lorikeet , Charmosyna rubrigularis Meek ' s Lorikeet , Charmosyna meeki Blue - fronted Lorikeet , Charmosyna toxopei Striated Lorikeet , Charmosyna multistriata Pygmy Lorikeet , Charmosyna wilhelminae Red - fronted Lorikeet , Charmosyna rubronotata Red - flanked Lorikeet , Charmosyna placentis New Caledonian Lorikeet , Charmosyna diadema Red - throated Lorikeet , Charmosyna amabilis Duchess Lorikeet , Charmosyna margarethae Fairy Lorikeet , Charmosyna pulchella Josephine ' s Lorikeet , Charmosyna josefinae Papuan Lorikeet , Charmosyna papou Yellow - billed Lorikeet , Neopsittacus musschenbroekii Orange - billed Lorikeet , Neopsittacus pullicauda Little Lorikeet , Parvipsitta pusilla Purple - crowned Lorikeet , Parvipsitta porphyrocephala Chattering Lory , Lorius garrulus Purple - naped Lory , Lorius domicella Black - capped Lory , Lorius lory Purple - bellied Lory , Lorius hypoinochrous White - naped Lory , Lorius albidinucha Yellow - bibbed Lory , Lorius chlorocercus Varied Lorikeet , Psitteuteles versicolor Goldie ' s Lorikeet , Glossoptilus goldiei Iris Lorikeet , " Psitteuteles " iris Dusky Lory , Pseudeos fuscata Cardinal Lory , Pseudeos cardinalis Brown Lory , Chalcopsitta duivenbodei Black Lory , Chalcopsitta atra Yellowish - streaked Lory , Chalcopsitta scintillata Musk Lorikeet , Glossopsitta concinna Blue - streaked Lory , Eos reticulata Black - winged Lory , Eos cyanogenia Red - and - blue Lory , Eos histrio Violet - necked Lory , Eos squamata Red Lory , Eos bornea Blue - eared Lory , Eos semilarvata Ornate Lorikeet , Trichoglossus ornatus Scarlet - breasted Lorikeet / Sunset Lorikeet , Trichoglossus forsteni Flores Lorikeet / Leaf Lorikeet , Trichoglossus weberi Marigold Lorikeet , Trichoglossus capistratus Coconut Lorikeet , Biak Lorikeet , Trichoglossus rosenbergii Rainbow Lorikeet , Trichoglossus moluccanus Red - collared Lorikeet , Trichoglossus rubritorquis Olive - headed Lorikeet , Trichoglossus euteles Yellow - and - green Lorikeet / Citrine Lorikeet , Trichoglossus flavoviridis Mindanao Lorikeet , Trichoglossus johnstoniae Pohnpei Lorikeet , Trichoglossus rubiginosus Scaly - breasted Lorikeet , Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Previous Page Next Page | [
"Australaves",
"CARIAMIFORMES",
"FALCONIFORMES"
] |
http://jcbmr.com/index.php/jcbmr/ | Journal of Controversies in Biomedical Research ( JCBMR ) is a dedicated journal for the publication of negative , null , and contentious research findings and views . Usually these useful data do not get published . As a result , a wealth of scientific knowledge is lost to humanity . JCBMR serves as an avenue to publish these negative and null findings . Current Issue Vol 4 No 1 ( 2018 ) : Journal of Controversies in Biomedical Research Published : 2018 - 07 - 10 Original Articles Lack of association in acne and salivary testosterone David Fresnais , Edvin Ingberg , Elvar Theodorsson , Jakob O Strรถm 1 - 5 HTML PDF XML Immortalized HEK 293 Kidney Cell Lines as Models of Renal Cells : Friends or Foes ? Cesare Achilli , Annarita Ciana , Giampaolo Minetti 6 - 9 HTML PDF XML View All Issues | [
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http://jcm.asm.org/content/42/3/1257.full | Long - Term Preservation of Fungal Isolates in Commercially Prepared Cryogenic Microbank Vials A . Espinel - Ingroff 1 D . Montero 2 and E . Martin - Mazuelos 2 1 VCU Medical Center , Richmond , Virginia Valme University Hospital , Seville , Spain Next Section ABSTRACT Since 1994 , 6,198 yeasts and 391 molds belonging to 25 and 37 species , respectively , were stored in Microbank cryogenic vials at โฅ โ 130 ยฐ C in liquid nitrogen and at โ 70 ยฐ C in a freezer . All of the isolates , with the exception of 45 yeasts and 15 dermatophytes , were recovered from both storage temperatures . Good reproducibility was demonstrated for amphotericin B , fluconazole , and voriconazole MICs determined for random isolates . Long - term preservation of fungal strains is essential for their in - depth study ; however , both the viability and the stability of living cells should be ensured during the preservation period . Fungal isolates are usually preserved in water at room temperature ( 10 ) , an easy and economical procedure introduced for fungi by Castellani in 1939 ( 5 ) . Because the stability of fungal cells was not ensured by this simple procedure , other methods have been suggested , such as preservation in soil or on oil - or water - covered slants , cryopreservation either in liquid nitrogen or at low temperature ( โ 20 and โ 70 ยฐ C ) ( 5 7 9 11 14 16 ) , and lyophilization ( the freeze - drying procedure ) ( 15 ) . Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen and lyophilization are the methods recommended and used by the American Type Culture Collection ( ) . Although lyophilization of living cells provides a mechanism for stabilizing these cells for long periods of time , this procedure is cumbersome and lengthy and requires expensive equipment . On the other hand , storage in liquid nitrogen vapor ( above the liquid at โฅ โ 130 ยฐ C ) is a more convenient and less expensive alternative for long - term storage of living cells . Storage above the liquid nitrogen prevents leakage of the liquid nitrogen into the vials . The Microbank system ( Prolab Diagnostics , Austin , Tex . ) consists of sterile vials that contain 25 porous , colored beads and a cryopreservative fluid ; this system was originally developed for storage of bacterial cells ( 8 ) . The beads are acid washed , and their porous nature allows the cells to adhere to the bead surface ; the beads serve as carriers for the cells being stored ( Microbank package insert ) . When an isolate is stored in this way , 25 or more identical cultures can be preserved . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preservation in Microbank sterile vials of yeast and mold clinical isolates that were received from 1994 to the end of 2002 at the VCU Medical Center ( Richmond , Va . ) and the Valme Fresh , pure cultures of 6,198 yeast and yeast - like organisms and 391 molds ( Table ) were grown on either Sabouraud dextrose agar ( for yeasts ) or potato dextrose agar ( for molds ) at 35 ยฐ C ; some isolates of dermatophytes , Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces dermatitidis , and Alternaria spp . were incubated at 30 ยฐ C . Yeast and yeast - like isolates were incubated for 48 to 72 h , and molds were incubated for 7 to 15 days . Each isolate was stored in accordance with the directions of the manufacturer . For each isolate , the cryogenic fluid of two Microbank vials was inoculated with the fungal growth to a density approximately equivalent to a McFarland standard of 3 or 4 . The inoculated fluid was mixed four or five times to emulsify the suspension and to bind the cells to the beads . The The viability and purity of the strains were monitored immediately after storage , at 1 and 6 months after storage , and once a year subsequently as follows . One of the inoculated beads was removed under aseptic conditions with a sterile needle , and each vial was returned immediately to the corresponding low temperature ; the bead was then inoculated onto either Sabouraud dextrose agar or potato dextrose agar for at least 20 days . Both the viability and the morphological characteristics of each culture were observed . Each mold isolate was considered viable if the rate of growth present was the same as that of the original culture and if the morphology and color of the colony matched the fungal identification documented for each strain . All of the mold strains , with the exception of 15 ( of 61 ) dermatophyte isolates , were recovered each time from both storage temperatures and showed the initial colony characteristics , growth rates , and morphologies ( Table ) . Only isolates of B . dermatitidis , H . capsulatum , and Alternaria spp . required more than one bead for harvesting ; they required two to four beads . These results are in agreement with those described by Chandler ( 6 ) , who preserved 50 uncommon molds for 18 months in Microbank vials and found that only one bead was necessary for the recovery of most isolates . Each yeast strain was considered viable if growth was present ; the identification and purity of yeasts were also randomly validated on CHROMagar medium . A very small percentage of yeasts ( 0.7 % ) were not recovered ; Candida dubliniensis had the lowest recovery rate ( 33 % ; 28 of the 42 isolates were not recovered ) . The stability was validated by determining the antifungal susceptibilities of random samples of yeasts ( 200 isolates ) and molds ( 50 isolates ) stored at both temperatures . Amphotericin B , fluconazole , and voriconazole MICs were determined by following NCCLS guidelines ( documents M27 - A2 [ for yeasts ] and M38 - A [ for molds ] ) ( 12 13 ) before storage and 6 months and 4 years after preservation . MICs for the isolates after storage were either the same as , or within three dilutions of , the MICs before storage , which is the criterion used in NCCLS studies to obtain percentages of intra - and interlaboratory reproducibilities as well as for establishing quality control MIC ranges ( 12 13 ) . In general , the effects of both storage temperatures on the stability and viability of stored isolates were similar , which is fortunate because most laboratories have a โ 70 ยฐ C freezer . The advantage of using the Microbank system over other cryogenic systems ( 4 7 9 11 14 16 ) is its commercial availability . The time - consuming procedure of preparing other preservative devices such as drinking straws ( ) or cryogenic fluid is avoided ; Microbank vials are stored at room temperature prior to use . The harvesting of individual isolates is easier than that described by Pasarell and McGinnis ( ) , in which a portion of the frozen culture is chipped and subcultured . Because vials should not be outside the low - temperature device for more than 3 min to avoid thawing , it is recommended that the frozen vials be placed in an insulated cryoblock during harvesting . In conclusion , the Microbank system appears to be an easy , convenient , economical , and effective tool for the preservation of fungal isolates other than dermatophyte and C . dubliniensis strains . Longer monitoring of isolates and storage of other species would further validate the reliability of this system for the cryogenic preservation of yeast and mold strains . Also , the stability of fungal cells should be further assessed by molecular parameters . View this table : In this window In a new window TABLE 1 . Fungal isolates preserved between 1994 and 2002 Previous Section Next Section FOOTNOTES Received 6 August 2003 . Returned for modification 27 October 2003 . Accepted 8 November 2003 . โต Corresponding author . Mailing address : Division of Infectious Diseases , Medical Mycology Research Laboratory , VCU Medical Center , 1101 E . Marshall St . , P.O. Box 980049 , Richmond , VA 23298 - 0049 . Phone : ( 804 ) 828 - 9711 . Fax : ( 804 ) 828 - 3097 . E - mail : avingrof { at } hsc . vcu . edu Previous Section REFERENCES โต American Type Culture Collection . 1991 . Preservation methods : freezing and freeze - drying , 2nd ed . American Type Culture Collection , Rockville , Md . Google Scholar Bakerspiegel , A . 1953 . Soil as storage medium for fungi . Mycologia 45 596 - 604 . Google Scholar Buell , C . B . , and W . H . Weston . 1947 . Application of the mineral oil conservation method for maintaining collection of fungal cultures . Am . J . Bot . 34 555 - 561 . CrossRef Carmichael , J . W . 1962 . Viability of mold cultures stored at โ 20 ยฐ C . Mycologia 54 432 - 436 . Castellani , A . 1939 . The viability of some pathogenic fungi in sterile distilled water . J . Trop . Med . Hyg . 42 225 - 226 . Chandler , D . 1994 . Cryopreservation of fungal spores using porous beads . Mycol . Res . 98 525 - 526 . Elliot , T . J . 1976 . Alternative ampoule for storing fungal cultures in liquid nitrogen . Trans . Br . Mycol . Soc . 67 545 - 546 . Feltham R . K . A . , A . K . Power , P . A . Pell , and P . H . A . Sneath . 1978 . A simple method for storage of bacteria at โ 76 ยฐ C . J . Appl . Bacteriol . 44 313 - 316 . Medline Hwang , S . , W . F . Kwolek , and W . C . Haynes . 1976 . Investigation of ultra low temperature for fungal cultures . III . Viability and growth rate of mycelial cultures following cryogenic storage . 68 377 - 387 . McGinnis , M . R . , A . A . Padhye , and L . Ajello . 1974 . Storage of stock cultures of filamentous fungi , yeasts , and some aerobic actinomycetes in sterile distilled water . Appl . Microbiol . 28 218 - 222 . Medline Meyer , E . 1955 . The preservation of dermatophytes at subfreezing temperatures . 47 664 - 668 . National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards . 2002 . Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi . Approved standard M38 - A . National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards , Wayne , Pa . National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards . 2002 . Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts . Approved standard M27 - A2 , 2nd ed . National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards , Wayne , Pa . Pasarell , L . , and M . R . McGinnis . 1992 . Viability of fungal cultures maintained at โ 70 ยฐ C . J . Clin . Microbiol . 30 1000 - 1004 . Abstract FREE Full Text Schipper , M . A . A . , and J . Bekker - Holtman . . Viability of lyophilized fungal cultures . Antonie Leeuwenhoek J . Microbiol . 42 325 - 328 . Stalpers , J . A . , A . De Hoog , and I . J . Vlug . 1987 . Improvement of the straw technique for the preservation of fungi in liquid nitrogen . 79 82 - 89 . American Society for Microbiology | [
"Cryogenic Microbank Vials",
"fungal strains",
"Fungal isolates"
] |
http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/1/142.full | Evaluation of a Simple Blood Culture Amplification and Antigen Detection Method for Diagnosis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Bacteremia Josรฉe Castonguay - Vanier a b Viengmon Davong a Latsanyphone Bouthasavong Davanh Sengdetka Manivone Simmalavong Amphayvanh Seupsavith David A . B . Dance b Stephen Baker c Tu Le Thi Phuong c Manivanh Vongsouvath and Paul N . Newton Lao - Oxford - Mahosot Hospital - Wellcome Trust Research Unit , Microbiology Laboratory , Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane , Lao People ' s Democratic Republic Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine , Nuffield Department of Medicine , Churchill Hospital , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom Oxford University Clinical Research Unit , Hospital for Tropical Diseases , Ben Ham Tu , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam Next Section ABSTRACT In most areas where typhoid is endemic , laboratory diagnosis is not possible due to the lack of appropriate facilities . We investigated whether the combination of blood culture amplification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with an S . Typhi antigen rapid diagnostic test ( RDT ) could be an accurate and inexpensive tool for the accelerated diagnosis of patients with acute typhoid in Laos . For a panel of 23 Gram - negative reference pathogens , the Standard Diagnostics ( catalog no . 15FK20 ; Kyonggi - do , South Korea ) RDT gave positive results for S . Typhi NCTC 8385 , NCTC 786 ( Vi negative ) , serovar Enteritidis ( ATCC 13076 ) , and serovar Ndolo NCTC 8700 ( all group D ) . In a prospective study of 6,456 blood culture bottles from 3,028 patients over 15 months , 392 blood culture bottles ( 6.1 % ) from 221 ( 7.3 % ) patients had Gram - negative rods ( GNRs ) seen in the blood culture fluid . The sensitivity , negative predictive value , specificity , and positive predictive value were 96.7 % , 99.5 % , 97.9 % , and 87.9 % , respectively , for patients with proven bacteremia and 91.2 % , 98.4 % , 98.9 % , and 93.9 % for patients with group D Salmonella . The median ( range ) number of days between diagnosis by RDT and reference assays was 1 ( โ 1 to + 2 ) day for those with confirmed . The use of antigen - based pathogen detection in blood culture fluid may be a useful , relatively rapid , inexpensive , and accurate technique for the identification of important causes of bacteremia in the tropics . Previous Section Next Section INTRODUCTION The estimated global annual incidence of typhoid in 2000 was 21 million patients , with 217,000 deaths ( 1 ) . Although the causative bacterium was first described 132 years ago , most typhoid patients do not have access to reliable laboratory diagnosis , since the appropriate facilities and techniques usually still do not exist in economically poor areas of endemicity ( 2 3 ) . There remains an urgent need for inexpensive , rapid , portable , and simple techniques for diagnosing typhoid in locations away from sophisticated hospital settings , where the burden of disease is greatest . Diagnosis based on clinical manifestations alone is inaccurate , while laboratory diagnosis relies on the growth of the organism , usually from blood ( although bone marrow culture has higher sensitivity ) , followed by serological and biochemical identification of the cultured bacteria ( 2 ) . These techniques take a minimum of 3 days ; are expensive ; and require special training , facilities , equipment , quality assurance , and disposables . Serological tests for serovar Typhi antibodies , such as the Widal test , enzyme immunoassays , and immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests ( RDTs ) , are simple and relatively inexpensive . However , those that have been developed have not been shown to be accurate , field appropriate , and rapid . They suffer from antibody persistence after cure or immunization , lack of determination of locally appropriate cutoffs , and cross - reactivity ( 4 7 ) . Sensitivity is also an issue with PCR - based tests , due to the low venous blood bacterial concentration ( 8 10 ) . Although fast and specific ( 10 15 ) , they can not be used in areas where the disease is most common because of severe problems of human and financial capacity . Lateral - flow RDTs are widely used for the diagnosis of malaria by the detection of Plasmodium antigens in blood . Their use does not require extensive technical training ; they are relatively inexpensive and have revolutionized malaria diagnostics in remote areas where facilities , such as quality - assured microscopy , are limited ( 16 ) . Several RDTs have been developed to detect antigen in feces ( below ) . Although the detection of in stool may be useful for detecting chronic carriers , < 30 % of patients with acute bacteremia are stool culture positive , and such RDTs are therefore not optimum for diagnosis of acute typhoid fever ( 3 17 18 ) . Typhoid diagnosis in the tropics could be enhanced by making the identification of in blood cultures simpler , less expensive , and faster . Methods for the detection of or group D antigens in blood culture fluid have been developed using coagglutination and slide latex agglutination , but they may be difficult to read and have not , as far as we are aware , either been evaluated prospectively or entered routine clinical practice ( 19 22 ) . Typhoid is an important disease in the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic ( Laos ) ; it was responsible for 51 % of all identified causes of community - acquired septicemia in Vientiane between 2000 and 2005 ( 23 24 ) . There is no typhoid vaccination program , and the only laboratories able to culture and identify are in the capital . We therefore tested whether blood culture bottles could be used to amplify in blood sufficiently to allow the detection of antigens in blood culture fluid by RDTs . Previous Section MATERIALS AND METHODS We initially evaluated three antigen detection RDTs , designed for detecting antigen in stools , with 23 reference Gram - negative rods ( GNRs ) likely to be grown in blood cultures in Laos . We then prospectively evaluated the accuracy of the best - performing RDT in blood cultures from Lao patients that grew GNRs . This study was part of the studies of community - acquired bacteremia granted ethical approval by the National Ethics Committee for Health Research , Vientiane , Laos , and the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom . RDTs with reference strains . After 24 h of incubation , colonies of the reference organisms ( Table 1 ) were emulsified in sterile 0.85 % saline , and the turbidity was adjusted to 0.5 MacFarland unit . One milliliter of each bacterial suspension was used to spike patient blood culture bottles that showed no growth after 7 days . Coinoculation of fresh blood was not performed because of the local difficulties of obtaining sufficient volumes of pathogen - free fresh blood . The spiked bottles were incubated for 72 h at 37 ยฐ C before RDTs were performed on the supernatants . All experiments were performed in duplicate . View this table : In this window In a new window Table 1 Reference bacterial strains used for the spiked - blood bottle assay and RDT results Prospective study patients . Blood cultures received at Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane , Laos , between September 2010 and December 2011 as part of a prospective study examining the causes of community - acquired bacteremia ( 23 ) were included . Consenting febrile patients for whom the responsible physician suspected community - acquired bacteremia were recruited ( ) . Patients whose blood cultures grew GNRs were included in the evaluation of the RDTs . Blood cultures and bacterial identification . Two aerobic bottles , injected with โผ 5 ml of blood / bottle for adults , โผ 2 ml for children < 15 years old , and โผ 1 ml for those < 1 year old were taken from each patient who gave written informed consent . Blood culture bottles ( Pharmaceutical Factory No . 2 , Vientiane , Laos ) contained tryptic hydrolysate of casein and soy peptone with sodium polyanethol sulfonate ( ) . The bottles were vented and cultured aerobically at 37 ยฐ C for 7 days . The bottles were checked daily and subcultured on blood , chocolate , and MacConkey agars if they were turbid and Gram stain demonstrated GNRs . Blind subculture was performed at โผ 24 h and on day 7 postinoculation . Organisms were identified by conventional gallery tests and API determination ( ) . was identified by API 20E ( bioMรฉrieux , Marcy l ' รtoile , France ) , and with polyvalent O , O9 , Vi , and Hd antisera ( Bio - Rad , Marnes - la - Coqette , France ) ( 26 ) . Eight non - Salmonella isolates were identified at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , by multilocus sequence typing using standard alleles and amplification methods , as described previously ( 27 ) . RDT methods . Three different RDTs were evaluated for detection of antigen in blood culture fluid using the reference strains : the Accucare S . Paratyphi Direct Antigen Detection kit ( catalog no . STYC 25 ; Labcare Diagnostics , Sarigam , India [ 28 ] ) , the One Step Typhi Ag Rapid Detection Kit ( catalog no . 15FK20 ; Standard Diagnostics [ SD ] , Kyonggi - do , South Korea ) , and the Typhi Antigen Strip ( Science with a Mission [ SMI ] , Sharon , MA [ 29 ] ) . The package inserts stated that the tests were developed to detect antigens in stool , as well as in serum ( Labcare [ 28 ] ) and plasma ( SMI [ 29 ] ) . The manufacturers ' instructions were therefore modified as follows : 1 ml of blood culture fluid was removed from the blood culture bottle growing GNRs and centrifuged for 1 min at 500 ร g in a 1.5 - ml tube , facilitating the reading of the RDT by using the clearer supernatant . For the SD assay , 4 drops were added to the cassette with the disposable dropper provided , and the results were read at 20 min ; for the Labcare assay , 100 ฮผl was added to the test , and the results were read at 20 min ; for the SMI assay , 60 ฮผl was added to the cassette , and the results were read at 15 min . The RDTs were read by laboratory technicians blinded to the 30 ) . RESULTS RDTs with reference strains . All reference bacteria grew in the blood culture bottles within 72 h , and all RDTs expressed the control lines correctly . Neither the Labcare nor the SMI RDT was positive for any of the reference bacteria . However , with the SD RDT , NCTC 8385 , NCTC 786 ( Vi negative ) , serovar Enteritidis ( ATCC 13076 ) , and serovar Ndolo NCTC 8700 ( all group D ) were positive ( ) . There was 100 % concordance for all duplicates , and no result was uncertain . We therefore proceeded with a prospective evaluation of the SD RDT . Prospective evaluation . A total of 6,456 blood culture bottles from 3,028 patients were received at Mahosot Hospital during the study period . Of these , 392 blood culture bottles ( 6.1 % ) from 221 ( 7.3 % ) patients had GNRs seen in the blood culture fluid , and 196 patients ( 6.5 % ) grew clinically significant GNRs . The majority ( 137 / 196 ; 70 % ) of those with GNRs were admitted to Mahosot Hospital ( Table 2 ) . The median ( range ) age of patients with clinically significant GNRs was 46 ( 0 to 97 ) years ( all hospitals included ) . Three patients were infants with blood cultures taken on the day of birth , and 34 ( 15 % ) were children < 15 years old . The most frequent clinically significant GNRs identified were Escherichia coli ( 73 patients ; 37.2 % ) , Burkholderia pseudomallei ( 34 ; 17.3 % ) , ( 30 ; 15.3 % ) , and Klebsiella pneumoniae ( 28 ; 14.3 % ) ( Table 3 ) . Bottles from an additional 10 ( 5.1 % ) patients grew nontyphoidal , of which 4 / 196 ( 2.0 % ) were nontyphoidal group D ( all S . Enteriditis ) , three were serovar Paratyphi A , and three were serovar Typhimurium ( Table 3 ) . Of 196 patients whose blood grew clinically significant GNRs , 151 ( 77 % ) grew GNRs in both bottles , and there was 100 % concordance between the identities of GNRs in bottle pairs . Blood cultures from 23 ( 10.4 % ) patients grew GNRs that were thought to be contaminants , and 2 patients grew Gram - positive cocci ( Aerococcus viridans ) , despite GNRs having been seen in blood culture fluid ( View this table : In this window In a new window Table 2 Clinical features of patients included in the prospective evaluation of the SD rapid diagnostic test RDT results in a prospective evaluation of the SD RDT The SD RDT was performed on the same day that GNRs were detected by microscopy for 189 / 221 ( 86 % ) patients ; the blood culture fluid from 32 patients was assayed later , but always within 7 days . The SD RDT control line was expressed correctly every time . When first performed , the SD RDTs correctly identified antigen in blood culture bottles from 29 / 30 ( 96.7 % ) patients in comparison to reference assays . Of the non - patients , four gave positive RDT results : two S . Enteritidis ( a group D ) and two E . coli . The sensitivity , negative predictive value , specificity , and positive predictive value were therefore 96.7 % , 99.5 % , 97.9 % , and 87.9 % , respectively , for patients with proven bacteremia and 91.2 % , 98.4 % , 98.9 % , and 93.9 % for patients with group D . For blood culture bottles , the sensitivity , negative predictive value , specificity , and positive predictive value were 94.1 % , 99.1 % , 97.7 % , and 85.7 % , respectively , for patients with proven bacteremia and 89.7 % , 98.2 % , 98.8 % , and 92.9 % for patients with group D Table 4 Table 4 Concordance between and group D reference determination of blood culture growth and and group D diagnosis using the SD RDT We further investigated the results from the five patients who gave discordant results ( ) . On regrowing their pathogens from Protec Bacterial Preservation Cryovials ( Fisher Scientific , United Kingdom ) , seeding in blood culture bottles ( as described above ) , and repeating the SD RDTs ( with the blinding of investigators , as described above ) , different results were obtained ( ) . With these repeats , the SD RDTs identified the antigen in all 51 of the bottles from all 30 patients , as well as in 7 bottles from all 4 patients that grew S . Enteriditis . The two positive RDTs for E . coli were negative on repeat . After these repeats , the sensitivity , negative predictive value , specificity , and positive predictive value ( with 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] ) were 100 % ( 88.3 to 100 % ) , 100 % ( 98.0 to 100 % ) , 97.9 % ( 94.7 to 99.4 % ) , and 88.2 % ( 72.5 to 96.6 % ) , respectively , for patients diagnosed with . For patients with a diagnosis of group D , the sensitivity , negative predictive value , specificity , and positive predictive value ( with 95 % CI ) of the SD RDT were 100 % ( 89.6 to 100 % ) , 100 % ( 98.0 to 100 % ) , 100 % ( 98.0 to 100 % ) , and 100 % ( 89.6 to 100 % ) , respectively . Presumably , these differences between initial and later results were due to observer error , and the initial diagnostic accuracy indices reflect a real - life situation in a busy clinical laboratory . The median ( range ) delays between venipuncture and RDT result and between venipuncture and formal confirmation of bacterial identity were 2 days ( 0 to 13 days ) and 3 days ( 0 to 12 days ) , respectively , for patients for whom we grew clinically significant GNRs ( ) . For patients with confirmed bacteremia , the delays were 2 days ( 0 to 9 days ) and 3 days ( 1 to 9 days ) , respectively . The median ( range ) number of days between diagnosis by RDT and reference assays between the two techniques were 2 ( โ 4 to + 10 ) days for all community - acquired isolates and 1 ( โ 1 to + 2 ) days for those with confirmed DISCUSSION These results suggest that the combination of blood culture amplification of with an SD antigen RDT is promising as an accurate and inexpensive tool for the accelerated diagnosis of typhoid . This is suggested both by work with reference strains and in a real - life prospective evaluation of clinical samples of various bacterial concentrations in a routine diagnostic laboratory . The only consumables required are those for taking blood โ a blood culture bottle , a venting needle , and gloves to safely remove blood culture fluid โ as well as an RDT and a safe method for disposal of contaminated items . The combined cost of these items , as bought in from blood culture using reference biochemical and serological techniques is approximately $ 6 / bottle . The latter estimate does not take into account the necessity for additional refrigerators and incubators , longer work hours , and more highly trained technicians . Whether a centrifuge to remove red blood cells is required for SD antigen rapid diagnostic testing remains uncertain . However , inexpensive manual centrifuges or fans adapted as centrifuges are available ( http : / / www . sciencewithamission . org / centrifuge . htm ) . appears to be relatively tolerant of growth in tropical climates outside an incubator ( Lao - Oxford - Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit [ LOMWRU ] , unpublished data ) . The disposal of contaminated consumables , especially the blood culture bottles , could be performed in the field with innovative solar - powered autoclaves ( 31 ) . SD recommends that the SD antigen RDTs be stored at < 30 ยฐ C . In the field , the low - cost cool boxes developed for storage of malaria RDTs in Cambodia could be used ( 32 ) . There were 5 / 221 ( 2.3 % ) apparent RDT reading errors in the prospective study . Regular training and a quality assurance system are required . Tam et al . ( 22 ) adapted the Tubex test to detect S . enterica group D O9 antigen in blood culture bottles , correctly identifying 13 / 15 isolates . A PCR has recently been developed to detect in blood culture bottles after 3 h of incubation ( ) . A similar investigation of the accuracy of the SD RDT for diagnosis of from blood culture bottles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been described ; the sensitivity and specificity were only 82.1 % and 75.2 % , respectively , but the low specificity was mostly due to nontyphoidal ( O . Lunguya , B . Miwanda , E . Bonebe , M . F . Phoba , P . Gillet , S . Bertrand , J . J . Muyembe , J . Verhaegen , and J , Jacobs , presented at the 5iรจme Congrรจs International de Pathologie Infectieuse et Parasitaire , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo , 4 to 6 November 2009 ) . Limitations of this study include the fact that only fluid from bottles showing evidence of GNRs was evaluated . Whether there is any reactivity of the RDTs with Gram - positive organisms or Gram - negative cocci was not determined , but it seems unlikely . If this is assumption is correct , the demonstration of GNRs before performing RDTs on turbid blood cultures would not be necessary , obviating the need for a microscope and Gram staining , further facilitating use in the field . Although is the most common cause of enteric fever worldwide , the assay will not detect the other causes , S . Paratyphi A , B , and C . More importantly , we did not determine whether the antigen tests would detect before GNRs were seen by Gram staining of blood culture fluid or whether the RDT could detect antigen in blood or urine before culture . It is unclear whether the antigen detected is present predominantly as intact bacteria or from the disintegration of dead bacteria . The lysis of blood cells may assist the early antigen detection of ) . We did not assess the lower limit of detection of concentration in blood culture fluid , as the question posed was whether RDT antigen testing was a useful identification method when GNRs were first visible . RDTs were not performed on the same day that GNRs were seen for 14 % of patients , and for 7 ( 3.2 % ) patients , until after reference assays were available . This was a consequence of a busy laboratory and reference assays being relied upon for the diagnosis . We would expect , in the absence of reference assays , that RDTs would be performed on the day GNRs were seen The use of RDT detection of antigen in blood cultures does not address the important issue that blood cultures detect in only โผ 40 to 80 % of patients with typhoid ( 9 ) . However , if improved media optimized for growth of became available ( 9 ) , without compromising the growth of other important causes of community - acquired septicemia , they , in combination with antigen testing , might enhance the practical diagnosis of typhoid . Also , importantly , antigen detection does not provide information on the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the infecting organisms . RDT - positive blood cultures could be sent to a reference laboratory for ( delayed ) susceptibility testing . However , with evidence that P . falciparum DNA can be extracted from malaria RDTs for detection of molecular markers of resistance ( 33 34 ) , it may be possible to send positive RDTs to a national center for PCR for gyr marker determination of fluoroquinolone resistance ( 35 ) using DNA extracted from RDTs . However , as Lao national policy for uncomplicated typhoid is 3 days of ofloxacin and fluoroquinolone - resistant remains extremely rare in Laos ( ; LOMWRU , unpublished data ) , antibiotic susceptibility testing is currently much less important than making an etiological diagnosis . The fact that the SD antigen test was positive for other group D strains is not important for individual patient management , as fluoroquinolones remain the recommended therapy . The SMI test detects Vi antigen ( SMI , personal communication ) . The fact that the SD RDT was positive with Vi - negative and - positive S . Enteritidis , and S . Ndolo suggests that it detects the O9 antigen of group D , as did the techniques of Tam et al . ( ) and Lim and Fok ( 36 ) . Two of the three RDTs designed for detecting fecal did not detect in blood culture fluid . Vi - negative has been described ( 37 ) , but all Lao isolates used here agglutinated with Vi antiserum . It is possible that Vi agglutination was reduced in the blood culture microenvironment , resulting in false - negative identification in the RDTs . Vi agglutination is reduced in media with high sodium chloride concentrations ( > 0.3 M NaCl ) ( 37 38 ) , which may have a beneficial effect on the sensitivity of O9 - based RDTs , as there may be fewer Vi - bearing , envelope - masking O antigens ( 20 ) . However , the sodium chloride concentration of the blood culture medium used here was 0.5 g / 100 ml ( โผ 0.09 M NaCl / liter ) , inconsistent with the hypothesis that Vi agglutination is reduced by high salt concentrations in these blood culture bottles . Jesudason et al . ( 20 ) found that a Vi - based latex agglutination test had 98.4 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for in brain heart infusion broth , but the formulation was not given . These data suggest that hospitals without fully equipped microbiology laboratories in areas where typhoid is endemic could use the combination of blood culture amplification and antigen RDTs for diagnosis . The technique could assist with the in situ diagnosis of outbreaks in rural communities far from microbiology laboratories . The evaluation of blood culture Ag assays should be repeated with different blood culture systems in different areas where typhoid is endemic and evaluated in the practical investigation of remote outbreaks . Microbiology laboratory services have usually arisen ad hoc without evidence - based analysis of the most locally appropriate , cost - effective , and accurate techniques or evaluation of their impact . There is a great need for discussion as to the most locally appropriate techniques for the vast populations without access to infectious disease diagnostics ( 39 41 ) . Antigen - detecting RDTs / latex tests have been shown to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae 42 43 ) , Staphylococcus aureus 44 ) and B . pseudomallei 45 ) in blood culture fluid . A panel of region - appropriate pathogen antigen - detecting RDTs , combined with simple staining and biochemical and serological algorithms ( 46 ) with inexpensive blood culture bottles , could be a potential accurate and accelerated but inexpensive diagnostic strategy for clinical laboratories in resource - poor countries . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was funded by the UBS Optimus Foundation and the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain . S.B. is funded by an OAK Foundation Fellowship through Oxford University . We are very grateful to all the doctors and nursing staff of Mahosot and participating hospitals ; to the staff of the Microbiology Laboratory , especially Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh , Joy Sirisouk , Phonlavanh Phouminh , Anisone Changthongthip , Sengkham Symanivong , and Sengmani Symanivong ; to Stuart Blacksell for help in acquiring the assays ; and to Jan Jacobs . We are very grateful to the Minister of Health , Ponmek Dalaloy , the Director of the Curative Department , Ministry of Health , Sommone Phousavath , and the Directors of Mahosot Hospital for their support for this study . We declare that we have no conflict of interest . Neither the funders nor the manufacturers of the RDTs had a role in the design , conduct , analysis , or decision to publish this study . FOOTNOTES Received 6 September 2012 . Returned for modification 1 October 2012 . Accepted 16 October 2012 . Accepted manuscript posted online 24 October 2012 . Address correspondence to Paul N . 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http://jdayer.blogspot.com/2011/09/calories-in-sushi.html | Amazed at ignorance Friday , September 16 , 2011 Calories in Sushi There is a lot of crap out there about how many calories are in a piece of sushi . There are a million kinds of sushi and trying to say " A piece of sushi is 70 calories " which is just okay , but not very accurate . Sushi is one of my favorite foods . If I am down I can get a buzz eating a few pieces of Hotate . I have spent $ 80 bucks on lunch just for myself which is not much . I typically tip 30 % to 50 % at a sushi restaurant Figure my highest sushi bill is about $ 60 . A piece of nigiri runs $ 3 to $ 8 bucks depending on what you eat so 20 pieces of Yellow Fin could run $ 60 bucks easily . 10 pieces of giant clam or giant scallop could run over $ 60 . My favorite sushi place has a special on $ 1 nigiri and I have no idea how they stay in business selling that cheap . I typically tip 100 % there . I watch my calories so I had to learn how to estimate sushi calories in order to eat one of my favorite foods . Lets tackle Sashimi Sushi first . Sashimi Sushi is a slice of fish that weighs about 14 grams or about a half ounce . Suppose you look up how many calories are in a serving of Yellow Fin Tuna Sashimi Sushi . At caloriecount . about . com we find there are 112 calories in a serving of Yellow Fin Sashimi Sushi . WOW . Wrong . The serving size listed is 112 grams which is 8 pieces of Sashimi Sushi each weighing 14 grams . That means each piece of fish is only 14 calories . Now suppose you have some Yellow Tail Sashimi Sushi ( Hamachi ) which has more fat than Yellow Fin . The calories are 165 for 112 grams , 8 pieces . How many calories is that ? Divide 165 by 8 and we get 21 . Mackerel runs about 20 calories a serving . Sea Bass about 14 . Salmon is really fatty and runs about 24 calories per piece of Sashimi Sushi . How about Nigiri Sushi ? Nigiri Sushi is a ball of rice with a piece of Sashimi Sushi on top of it . The ball of rice weighs about 1 ounce and according to CalorieKing . com there are 37 calories in a one ounce ball of sushi rice . caloriecount . about . com lists sushi rice as being about 32 calories per ounce . 169 calories divided by 146 grams times 28 grams in a dry ounce . I cup of sushi rice weighs about 5 ounces . I like rounding things to their nearest 5 when estimating . You may not round , You may want more exact numbers . Use a scale . Weigh things out . The guides do not publish the standard deviation of caloric energy per weight of food so drive your self nuts trying to be exact without information on the variability . If we use 40 for a rice ball and 20 to 25 calories for a piece of nigiri we are probably pretty close . We could use 35 and 20 and would be just as close . I typically use 60 - 65 calories for a piece of nigiri depending on what kind it is . My usual 10 pieces of nigiri runs about 600 calories . Hotate - gai is my favorite . Raw giant scallop . One piece of Sashimi Sushi runs about 13 calories . A ball of rice 35 - 40 calories so Scallop Nigiri runs between 48 and 53 calories . livestrong . com calls it 56 calories per piece . How about Maki Rolls ? Now there is a kick in the pants . Rolls are all different sizes and have different stuff in them . The only way to know is to get some of your favorite rolls and weigh them on a scale . Typically a roll weighs in at about 6 to 8 ounces or between 168 grams and 224 grams . Most of that is rice . 1 sheet of Nori , the pressed seaweed used to make sushi , runs 10 calories . Typically you get about 1 ounce or 28 grams of fish . The vegetables like cucumber and carrot are probably around the same . Avacado , cream cheese and mayonnaise used in " California " and spicy rolls can add a lot of calories and truthfully calories between different brands of mayonnaise vary so much it can be hard to determine the actual amount of calories as well as the amount of mayonnaise used by the individual sushi chef . I use 300 calories for a " roll " which can be 6 or 8 pieces about 1 1 / 4 " ( 30mm ) in diameter and around 224 grams or 8 ounces in weight . Then I estimate based on my experience with my scale . I typically use about 35 calories per ounce for rolls . You can use 40 or 30 and be pretty close . If you surf the web you will find calories for California rolls varying from 200 to 400 per roll because the variation in rolls is so great . California rolls are made with cooked , pressed fish that is colored and flavored to seem like crab . Some restaurants will serve " fake crab " California rolls and " real " crab California rolls . Some of thee may actually serve real crab . Most do n ' t . I had the surprise of my life about 10 years ago watching a sushi chef at one of my favorite places make " real " crab sushi mix with fake crab . The chef explained that 99.9 % of the people could n ' t tell the difference and the work involved with purchasing and breaking down fresh crab would increase the cost to about 5 times that of fake crab sushi rolls . the chef has to get the crabs , break them apart extracting the meat and then mix the crab salad or just chop up the fake Whole crab runs 3 - 4 bucks a pound and the chef has anywhere from a 10 % to a 25 % yield . Crab meat can run between $ 15 and $ 50 bucks depending on what the chef purchases and do you really want to think about eating the cheapest crab meat there is in sushi ? Maybe you do . Just the 1 ounce of real crab costs a minimum of $ 1 and a maximum of about $ 5 an ounce ( non - salad Fresh Alaskan King crab from the legs , $ 20 a pound , 25 % yield ) . 1 ounce of imitation crab runs about 20 cents . Prep time for the salad runs about 15 minutes and sushi chefs make between 40K and 80K . $ 5 bucks an hour is $ 10K a year so between $ 20 and $ 40 an hour so it costs $ 5 to $ 10 bucks to make the salad . Maybe we get 8 rolls from a pound of salad . If the chef mixes up 5 pounds and uses 2.5 pounds of crab and 2.5 pounds of other stuff and estimating two ounces per roll we divide the $ 5 in time by 40 we get about $ The salad costs a minimum of about $ 50 bucks and a maximum of $ 140 so about $ 1.25 a serving to $ 3.50 a serving . If we figure 3 minutes to make a roll it costs about $ 1 - $ 2 just for the roll . Lets figure $ 0.50 dollars or 50 cents for any other ingredients like the Nori and vegetables . A sushi restaurant runs about $ 250,000.00 average and could cost a million so lets figure $ 3 just to cover overhead . Maybe $ 2 for a small cheap place , less than a buck for supermarket sushi . None of this is profit . yes , I eat supermarket sushi sometimes . No I am not some elitist . Supermarket sushi beats fastfood hands down 7 days a week and twice on Sunday . If I want sushi for lunch a good sushi restaurant can take 45 minutes when busy . Supermarket sushi takes 10 . How busy am I ? Do I have the cash to tip the sushi chef ? Okay so a fake crab salad California roll at a cheap restaurant runs about $ 5 bucks just to make a roll and should run about $ 6 bucks when we add some profit . Suddenly fake crab California rolls running $ 3 - $ 4 are really cheap huh ? It costs $ 0.40 dollars or 40 cents for solid imitation crab and a minimum of $ 2 and max of about $ 10 for solid real crab . The minimum a real crab sushi roll can cost in a normal restaurant is $ 8 if they use the cheapest crab and around $ 11 bucks if they use good crab . If we add in primary location and good sushi chef ' s and the retail cost runs closer to $ 20 a roll which people in the US wo n ' t pay . The moral is that if anyone is selling you " real " crab sushi rolls and it is in a salad it is probably BS for moronic elitists that ca n ' t tell the difference and should know that a good real crab sushi roll runs about $ 15 bucks . If you eat California salad roll sushi in the states you are eating fake crab 99 % of the time no matter what the menu , the waiter or the chef tells you . Breaking down the calories so we can estimate . The fake crab runs 20 calories an ounce . An ounce of mayo runs 200 calories . The salad probably 220 calories for the two ounce in 6 - 8 rolls , Spicy stuff can use wasabi mayonnaise and that runs about the same calories . A roll ends up being about the same 300 calories . However , this is an estimation based on many more variables . It is estimate on top of estimate on top of estimate and 6 California style Maki Rolls could have as much as 500 calories . depending on size and what is in them . One ounce of avocado is 50 calories . One ounce of carrots or cucumber is about 4 calories . One ounce of cream cheese in a Philadelphia style Maki Roll is 90 calories . 3 ounces of rice , 2 ounces of fish , 2 ounces of other stuff and we have a 7 ounce Maki Roll . Add or subtract about an ounce from that , we are assuming 7 ounce average . 105 to 120 calories of rice . 40 to 300 calories of " fish " or " fish salad " . 10 calories of Nori . Between 10 and 200 calories of " other stuff " , vegetables , cream cheese , etc . Minimum of about 165 calories and a maximum of 700 calories for 6 or 8 pieces of a 7 ounce Maki Roll . Ouch . Go to your favorite sushi restaurant . Buy your favorite rolls for take out . Go home , break out the scale and figure out the calories . Do this a couple of times and you will have a good estimation of what you are eating . Stick to the fish and vegetable maki - rolls . Stay away from spider crab and tempura maki rolls which push the carbs up because they are fried . Stay away from " Hot Rolls " , the calories go out the window . " Hot Rolls " are when the sushi chef dips an entire roll ( or individual pieces ) in Tempura batter and fries it like a snickers bar or ice cream . This started because people in the states deep fry everything . Couple of other basic cultural rules I find a lot of people do not know or understand why or which cultural rules are important . Do not rub your chop sticks together unless it is a very cheap restaurant . Very rude and it insults the restaurant . People rubbing sticks together is saying " you care nothing for me and have purchased very cheap chop sticks " . If your server presents your check with both hands you can respond by giving them your credit card with both hands or with one hand . Giving with one hand indicates the giver is superior . Giving with two hands indicates equality . In the States this is not a big deal , just something to know . Most people in the states wo n ' t care , a very few may . Yes you can eat nigiri sushi and maki rolls with your hands . Most people in the States use chop sticks . Most people in the States like deep fried everything too . If you can use chop sticks great . If you use them badly judgmental morons may think poorly of you . If you use your hands judgmental morons may think poorly of you . If you rub them together you insult the restaurant . What ' s the difference ? A long time ago a friend and I were talking about how people treated us when we wore our leather jackets . It used to bug me when people treated me badly because they were afraid and intimidated by my size and my clothes . He told me that the leather jacket was a useful tool for identifying bigoted , frightened morons that you should stay away from . Later his friendship almost got me killed and that made me angry at him , it should n ' t have . Back then I still associated with people who saw being gay as a weakness to be exploited . Having him as a friend put me in a situation where someone thought they could threaten me with a gun . I did n ' t even know people thought he swung both ways . I received a good chunk of income from these associates and I could afford to place that in danger or take the chance on being Anyway . . . How you use chopsticks or not does the same thing . It will identify the bigoted and judgmental people around you if you use them poorly . It does not insult the restaurant , although it may make some people uncomfortable . The cultural key here is that some behaviors insult other people and some behavior can encourage morons to judge . Avoid behavior that insults others . Avoid people who are judgmental . If I had followed these rules in my 20 ' s I would still have a friend instead of some former business associates . Posted by John D . Ayer at 9 : 43 AM 5 comments : Anonymous said . . . Wow . Comprehensive . I ' m impressed . I found this post when I was googling to see how many calories in the nigiri sushi I ' m about to eat . People eat sushi with abandon thinking it ' s " healthy " but damn , it packs in the calories . 2 : 14 PM Lynn Thomas said . . . Very helpful ! Thanks for posting this information . 4 : 17 PM JYJ n Kumi said . . . This is amazing . Thank you for really breaking it down , because reading the calorie values online never made sense , since I know the calories in fish and in rice . 7 : 07 PM Cookie ' s Cafe Great stumbling onto this unexpectedly . Love getting more than I bargained for with this blog . Thanks for taking the time to write and share . 9 : 09 AM Unknown Thank you for this info . P.S. I guessed you were an engineer based on the level of detail in this . Lol ! : ) 12 : 47 AM Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers Blog Archive โบ 2017 ( 10 ) โบ 2016 ( 26 ) 2015 ( 13 ) 2014 ( 34 ) 2013 ( 57 ) 2012 ( 41 ) โผ 2011 ( 54 ) December ( 6 ) November ( 7 ) October ( 6 ) โผ September ( 8 ) Evolution , Darwin , Anthropology and ignorance Directed Energy Weapons and 9 / 11 The corrupt US legal system blasphemy , abortion and sexuality Cultural rules and reactions Calories in Sushi Fiction , English , Ignorance and pure stupidity . Approval August ( 4 ) July ( 7 ) June ( 2 ) May March ( 3 ) February ( 1 ) January ( 4 ) 2010 ( 30 ) 2009 ( 55 ) 2005 ( 2 ) About Me John D . Ayer I am what I am . I tackle just about everything . Ignorance is not a problem . Being ignorant of our own ignorance is . I ' m a Christian , but not what bigots define as the stereotypical Christian . I do n ' t blindly accept common Christian or anyone else ' s bigoted dogma . I also do not blindly accept common and uneducated liberal dogma or " conservative " dogma . In other words , I piss everybody off equally . I have not and do not intend to " monitize " ( make money from ) this blog . I do n ' t have anything against profit . I just make money in different ways . This is just someplace to write thoughts I have about issues that other people may or may not find useful . I have a youTube channel where I have videos on electronic stuff I muck with . https : / / www . youtube . com / channel / UCKS3nffBKSKCbHsME0 - VotA View my complete profile | [
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http://jeanyanandcrystal.blogspot.com/ | Evolution and the Body Systems of the Earthworm , Crayfish , Frog , and Rat Monday , June 10 , 2013 Skeletal System The skeletal system gives shape , structure and allows the organism to move . In class we learned the three types of skeletons are Hydrostatic Skeleton , Exoskeleton , and Endoskeleton . A hydrostatic skeleton mostly found in organisms with soft bodies which is cavities filled with fluids surrounding by muscles . The Exoskeleton , found on shelled fish and insects , it provides a tough outside to protect the soft insides of the organism . Endoskeletons is internal skeleton , such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates Worm Worms do not have bones , only a hydrostatic skeleton , that means that it can easily stretch and squeeze into places without their bones breaking . When it comes to pushing heavy things around , it is very hard without the hard bones to help out , so instead the muscles try their best to help out with the movements . Without the bones to help move , the worm has bristles on each segment called setae that help the earthworm move . Crayfish The shells that the crayfish has are called exoskeleton , it protects the organs and tissue of the crayfish , but if it creaks all of the insides will be exposed . Even though the exoskeleton gives protection and support , it can also limit somethings . For example , the crayfish being cold - blooded , it has to move to different environments to maintain homeostasis , such as colder places . The other way around , if the crayfish is too cold , it must move to a more suitable climate for themselves . The crayfish ' s exoskeleton must molt . Like how a snake must replace it ' s skin every so often . So when the crayfish just molted out of it ' s old shell , the crayfish is vulnerable to it ' s predators due to not having a shell yet . There is also a disadvantage when gills are attached to the legs , if any of the legs were torn off , it may slow the breathing rate down . That is why the crayfish have multiple legs . Frog The frog ' s skeletal system is very different from the humans even though they both have a endoskeletons . The endoskeleton forms a supporting framework for the body , it can be well know as an appendicular skeleton and an axial skeleton . Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral , pelvic , and the limb bones . Axial skeleton consists of skull , vertebrae , and sternum . Frogs do not have necks and can not turn , lift or lower their heads like humans can . Another thing that is different in the frog ' s skeletal system is that the frog does not have ribs . The reason for that is because when ever they jump , half of the time they land on their bellies , so if they ribs there it would crack every time . A frog ' s pelvis can also slide up and down its spine . Rat Like the frog , the rat also has an endoskeleton with 223 bones that are distributed into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . The rat is also the only organism that we have studied that has a ribcage that covers most of its body . Unlike the frog that did not have the ribcage to protect the organs , the rat has a ribcage to protect the internal organs . Posted by Jeanyan Chu at 1 : 14 AM 1 comment : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Circulatory System The purpose of the circulatory system is to carry blood throughout the body , transporting gasses and nutrients to the organs that need it . It is also needed to carry gas waste so the respiratory system can get rid of it . There are different circulatory systems , such as open and closed ones , as we will see below . Worm The circulatory system of an earthworm is very similar to other mammals . Earthworms have a closed circulatory system . This means that their blood flows through blood vessels . Not to mention , their blood vessels help process oxygen from breathing through their skin . Oxygen is drawn in by the dorsal blood vessel . It travels to the five hearts it has , called aortic arches . Once there , it travels to the ventral blood vessel , and the process repeats . Crayfish The circulatory system of a crayfish is different from the other organisms we studied in this unit . They have an open circulatory system . In an open circulatory system , there are no veins or arteries , but instead , blood - like fluid is pumped from vessels to cavities in the body . If the blood has no oxygen , then it go to the lungs to retrieve some oxygen and returns to the heart to keep it running . If the blood is oxygenated , then the blood leaves the heart through the sinus arteriole opening and Frog The circulatory system of the frog is a closed circulatory system . It consists of a single ventricle and two atria . The single ventricle is not splint into two , but it is apart enough so that the blood will not mix . This is a disadvantage of the evolutionary system . The blood may get caught and huge issues will occur in the frog ' s circulatory system . The left atrium receives oxygen - laden blood and enters the ventricle . The oxygen - poor blood at the bottom of the ventricle prevents the oxygen - laden Rat The circulatory system of the rat is very similar to a human ' s circulatory system . It ' s heart is divided into 4 sections , 2 on the top and 2 on the bottom : the left atrium , the right atrium , the left ventricle , and the right ventricle . Oxygen - poor blood is carried by veins that terminate into 3 main veins : the right superior vena cava , left superior vena cava , and inferior vena cava . Oxygen - poor blood is brought to the heart by the inferior vena cava . Posted by Crystal Yu at 12 : 55 AM 2 comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Sunday , June 9 , 2013 Respiratory System The respiratory system performs exchange between gases . The molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanges , this process changes oxygen to carbon dioxide . Our respiratory system is responsible to clean out the bacteria or dust we breath in . Every living organism has that system , but in different shape and form , like how some have lungs while others have gills . Earthworm The earthworms ' respiratory system is very different compared to other mammals , but the purpose is the same , get the oxygen and take out the carbon dioxide . Earthworms do not have lungs or gills like other mammals , but instead they breathe by using their moist skin . By diffusing air through their skin , worms are able to breathe like every other mammal . Their moist skin is need , so that diffusion can happen without a problem . The skin covers the whole body of the worm , so it is much more easy for Crayfish The crayfish has evolutionary advantage of being able to breathe underwater because of their gills , which it helps the crayfish to breathe . Also most of what crayfish eats is in the water , so it is easier for the crayfish . The crayfish ' s gills are located on the outside of the body between the crayfish body wall and carapace . When one of the swimmerets were pulled out , you can see that the crayfish ' s gills is attached to the walking leg . So whenever the crayfish walks the gills will spread out giving space so that oxygen can enter them . The gills are attached therefore when the crayfish walks , it can breathe at the same time . In the crayfish , there is a pocket like thing that lets the crayfish store its water so that when it walks on land and still breath because it needs water in order to survive . Frog There are three main components to a frog ' s respiratory system . The First is the lungs , for pulmonary respiration . The second is the skin , for cutaneous . Finally the third one is the mouth , for buccal respiration . The most oxygen they get is from their skin . The frog have lungs that help them breathe . Once the nostrils of the frog breathes in the oxygen , it goes through the windpipe and down to the lungs . The frog can use its ' mouth to breathe too . The skin of the frog is also is not really for protection , but instead it is Rat The rat ' s respiratory system only has two lungs . The rat does not need anything else , like the human . Unlike the frog , the rat does not have to hold its breathe or get oxygen from its ' skin . Rats use only their lungs to breathe , but when something bad happens , they on have one source to help them live . When the rat breathes the oxygen taken in are transported throughout the body by the red blood cells and at the same time the red blood cell tries to rid of the Jeanyan Chu 11 : 55 PM 4 comments : Digestive System The digestive system allows an organism to take in nutrients . It breaks the food down into particles that can be absorbed by the body . Aside from that , most organisms have different digestive systems that work differently depending on the organism . Each one has their own evolutionary advantages and disadvantages . Earthworm An earthworm ' s digestive system is very simple . It ' s digestive tract is divided into several different organs . The first is the pharynx , which sucks in the food . Next is the esophagus , which carries it to the crop . The crop stores the food and the gizzard grinds the food . Finally , the intestine digests and absorbs the nutrients and the waste it let out through the anus of the worm . This is the digestive system at it ' s simplest . However , it has it ' s disadvantages . Crayfish A crayfish ' s digestive system is slightly more advanced than the earthworm ' s . It ' s digestive tract consists of the foregut , midgut and hindgut The foregut conatins an enlarged stomach and the hindgut leads to the anus . With the digestive system , the crayfish is able to take in nutrients and let waste out . Frog The frog ' s digestive system begins with the mouth . First , they use their tongue to catch their prey . Then , their front teeth is used to grind their food before swallowing . The food moves through the esophagus and into the stomach , and shortly after , the small intestine . The small intestine digests the food and extracts the nutrients . When the food passes into the large intestine , the water and wastes are lead to the cloaca , where all wastes exit the frog . The frog has a slightly more advanced digestive Rat The rat ' s digestive system is the most advanced out of all of the organisms . Like the frog , the rat begins digestion in it ' s teeth , where it crushes and tears food into smaller teeth . The food goes down the esophagus and into the stomach . The food then moves into the small intestine , where the intestine takes in nutrients from the ingested food . The villi and microvilli that covers the inside of the small intestine greatly increases the surface area of the small intestine and as a result , absorbs greater Crystal Yu 11 : 18 PM 1 comment : Thursday , June 6 , 2013 Muscular System The muscular system is an organ system that allows the body ' s movement and helps regulate the blood throughout the body . There are three kinds of muscles , the skeletal muscles , cardiac muscles , and the smooth muscles . Muscles in the organisms body usually provide balance , movement , strength , posture , and heat for the body to be warm . Earthworm The earthworm has two sets of strong muscles that help them move ; the longitudinal and circular . When longitudinal muscles contract the worm ' s body will become shorter . When the circular muscles contract the body of the worm will become thinner . When the segments of the worm contract and relax , the notion of the longitudinal and circular movement is shown . The muscular system also help the worm defend its self and helps it move around . Earthworm does not have limbs so it has setae , hair like structures that allows the organism to The crayfish has powerful abdominal muscles to help them swim backwards and also in their tail because they swim a lot . There is also muscles on the pincers , walking legs , mandibles , and stomach . The claws are full of muscles so when it is protecting its self it can do serious damage to the other organism . Grass Frog The muscles of the frogs ' legs enable hem to jump pretty far . They also have muscles in their stomach because every time they jump , sometimes they would not land on their hind legs , instead on their stomach . The frog has muscles on the arms but because they do not use them a lot there is only a little bit of muscle . the jaw is also filled with muscles because the frog has to eat its prey alive , so the muscles can help prevent the prey for getting away . White Rat The rat has strong muscles in their short and tiny legs because it uses them a lot , like to run after their prey or to climb up a tree . The mouth of the rat is really small so it would be constantly chewing on something , which has a lot of muscles to help . Sometimes the rat uses their short hand to help them eat food . 8 : 07 PM No comments : Integumentary System The integumentary systems of the four organisms , the earthworm , crayfish , grass frog , and the white rat are all different , their integumentary system need to help them adapt to the different enviornment . This system is something that covers the body , such as fur , skin or shell . Those covering can help prevent damage such as the loss of water , can also have a lot of different functions . The Integumentary System is the largest body organs and protects the organism for its unknown surroundings The earthworm ' s skin has two layer . The skin can allow oxygen to get to the blood and carbon dioxide exchange . Its body also has a lot of segments , with a head section and a anus section . The worm is also very rubbery but very moist . The worm ' s skin is also sensitive to light and touch so it knows where to go . There is also very ting things on the worm that are called setae , the setae are there to help the worm move . The band aid looking thing Crayfish The crayfish has an orange - brown shell that is great for protection when predators are near and also give the crayfish its ' structure . The many segments on the crayfish allow them to swim more flexibly . The cray fish also has a pair of claws to help them when there are other organisms trying to eat them . They also have other small legs called swimmerets that help them swim . They have two antennas on the crayfish , the antennas are sensory structure , they help the crayfish to touch and feel things . Grass Frog The grass frog has a brownish - greenish skin that is held loosely on the frog and is very slimmy like the worm . Their skin allows the frog to get oxygen and water . The colors are for the frog to camouflage with their environment or it can be used to warn predators of toxin poisons . The frog also has front legs and hind legs with webbed feet to help jump and swim . The head had two bulging eyes to see outside the water and has a 3rd eyelid to protect the eyes . White Rat The white rat has three layers of skin , the epidermis , dermis , and subcutaneous tissue . They have white fur nails , and a tail . Due to their poor eye sight , the rats have whiskers to help them tell what is around them . The rat is warm blooded , its tail is there to help regulate the temperature . The rat ' s fur can sometimes attract fleas , lice , or mites . their ear , nose , and mouth are also very good . The rat ' s two front teeth are very sharp so it is easier for them for eating different kinds of food . Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom ) | [
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http://jeffdownerbailbonds.com/inmate-information/marion-county-information/ | Marion County Indiana Inmate and Bail Bond Information Find below Marion County , Indiana Jail and Court information resources . Please take a moment to bookmark this page for future reference . MyCase is the best online resource to find all Marion County Superior Court bond , court date and warrant information for those both in and out of custody . Inmate Lookup Tool is an online information resource for inmates being held in the Marion County Jail , the Arrestee Processing Center ( APC ) and Jail II ( CCA ) . Unfortunately this is not a very useful site as the Sheriff โ s Department does an inadequate job of providing inmate information compared to other jail websites ( no bond information for example ) . Marion County Clerk Phone Number : 317.327.4740 . The clerk is the keeper of all court case information including : case status , cash bond refunds , and warrants List of Marion County Superior Court Phone Numbers Marion County Detention Facilities Marion County Jail MCSD Jail Website Phone Number : 317.327.1574 40 South Alabama Street Indianapolis , IN 46204 Find below Map and Directions to the Marion County Jail APC Arrestee Processing Center ( APC ) Website Phone Number : 317.327.8015 752 East Market Street Indianapolis , IN 46202 Find below a map and directions to the APC CCA Jail II Marion County Jail II ( CCA ) Website Phone Number : 317.266.0882 730 East Washington Street Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 Find below a map and directions to the CCA Facility | [
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"Marion County Jail"
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http://jeffersontransit.org/e2airport.php | E2 Airport Route Bus stops are located approximately every 2 blocks . Days of Service : 7 days a week Route Schedule : Download Now Entire Booklet : Includes all routes and a full system map . Download Now Route : The E2 Airport Route provides service from the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport in Kenner , down Airline Drive into New Orleans . During weekdays only , it provides service to the New Orleans CBD , stopping at all regular bus stops along its route on Tulane Avenue into the CBD and out to the airport . The Airport bus stop is on the second level of the airport , near the Delta counter , in the median ( look for the sign and bench ) . Please Note : The E2 Airport route travels to the intersection of Tulane Avenue and Loyola Avenue ( The New Orleans CBD ) until 6 : 52 PM on weekdays . On weekends the E2 Airport route only travels to the Parish line at the intersection of Tulane Avenue and Carrollton Avenue in Mid - City New Orleans . From this intersection riders must take an RTA route further into New Orleans on weekends . No Service to CBD after 6 : 50 PM on Weekdays No Service to CBD on Weekends View Schedule Information Day of Travel Leave Airport M.A. Green Severn Carrollton Loyola / Tulane Carrollton Severn M.A. Green Arrive Airport 5 : 20 AM 5 : 28 AM 5 : 39 AM 5 : 49 AM - - - 5 : 49 AM 5 : 59 AM 6 : 10 AM 6 : 18 AM 5 : 37 AM 5 : 45 AM 5 : 56 AM 6 : 06 AM 6 : 15 AM 6 : 33 AM 6 : 43 AM 6 : 54 AM 7 : 02 AM 6 : 01 AM 6 : 10 AM 6 : 23 AM 6 : 35 AM 6 : 45 AM 7 : 03 AM 7 : 13 AM 7 : 25 AM 7 : 35 AM 6 : 25 AM 6 : 34 AM 6 : 50 AM 7 : 02 AM 7 : 12 AM 7 : 30 AM 7 : 40 AM 7 : 52 AM 8 : 02 AM 6 : 48 AM 6 : 57 AM 7 : 14 AM 7 : 26 AM 7 : 36 AM 7 : 54 AM 8 : 04 AM 8 : 16 AM 8 : 26 AM 7 : 12 AM 7 : 21 AM 7 : 38 AM 7 : 50 AM 8 : 00 AM 8 : 18 AM 8 : 28 AM 8 : 40 AM 8 : 50 AM 7 : 41 AM 7 : 50 AM 8 : 07 AM 8 : 19 AM 8 : 29 AM 8 : 47 AM 8 : 57 AM 9 : 09 AM 9 : 19 AM 8 : 14 AM 8 : 23 AM 8 : 38 AM 8 : 50 AM 9 : 00 AM 9 : 18 AM 9 : 28 AM 9 : 40 AM 9 : 50 AM 8 : 59 AM 9 : 12 AM 9 : 24 AM 9 : 34 AM 9 : 52 AM 10 : 02 AM 10 : 14 AM 10 : 24 AM 9 : 26 AM 9 : 35 AM 9 : 48 AM 10 : 00 AM 10 : 10 AM 10 : 28 AM 10 : 38 AM 10 : 50 AM 11 : 00 AM 10 : 02 AM 10 : 11 AM 10 : 24 AM 10 : 36 AM 10 : 46 AM 11 : 04 AM 11 : 14 AM 11 : 26 AM 11 : 36 AM 10 : 38 AM 10 : 47 AM 11 : 00 AM 11 : 12 AM 11 : 22 AM 11 : 40 AM 11 : 50 AM 12 : 02 AM 12 : 12 AM 11 : 14 AM 11 : 23 AM 11 : 36 AM 11 : 48 AM 11 : 58 AM 12 : 16 PM 12 : 26 PM 12 : 38 PM 12 : 48 PM 11 : 50 AM 11 : 59 AM 12 : 12 PM 12 : 24 PM 12 : 34 PM 12 : 52 PM 1 : 02 PM 1 : 14 PM 1 : 24 PM 12 : 26 PM 12 : 35 PM 12 : 48 PM 1 : 00 PM 1 : 10 PM 1 : 28 PM 1 : 38 PM 1 : 50 PM 2 : 00 PM 1 : 02 PM 1 : 11 PM 1 : 24 PM 1 : 36 PM 1 : 46 PM 2 : 04 PM 2 : 14 PM 2 : 26 PM 2 : 36 PM 1 : 38 PM 1 : 47 PM 2 : 00 PM 2 : 12 PM 2 : 22 PM 2 : 40 PM 2 : 50 PM 3 : 02 PM 3 : 12 PM 2 : 12 PM 2 : 21 PM 2 : 34 PM 2 : 46 PM 2 : 56 PM 3 : 14 PM 3 : 25 PM 3 : 38 PM 3 : 48 PM 2 : 42 PM 2 : 51 PM 3 : 04 PM 3 : 16 PM 3 : 26 PM 3 : 44 PM 3 : 55 PM 4 : 10 PM 4 : 21 PM 3 : 11 PM 3 : 20 PM 3 : 33 PM 3 : 45 PM 3 : 55 PM 4 : 13 PM 4 : 24 PM 4 : 39 PM 4 : 50 PM 3 : 38 PM 3 : 47 PM 4 : 00 PM 4 : 12 PM 4 : 22 PM 4 : 40 PM 4 : 51 PM 5 : 06 PM 5 : 17 PM 4 : 03 PM 4 : 12 PM 4 : 25 PM 4 : 37 PM 4 : 47 PM 5 : 05 PM 5 : 16 PM 5 : 31 PM 5 : 42 PM 4 : 28 PM 4 : 37 PM 4 : 50 PM 5 : 02 PM 5 : 12 PM 5 : 30 PM 5 : 41 PM 5 : 56 PM 6 : 07 PM 4 : 57 PM 5 : 06 PM 5 : 19 PM 5 : 31 PM 5 : 41 PM 5 : 59 PM 6 : 10 PM 6 : 24 PM 6 : 34 PM 5 : 29 PM 5 : 38 PM 5 : 51 PM 6 : 03 PM 6 : 13 PM 6 : 31 PM 6 : 42 PM 6 : 55 PM 7 : 04 PM 6 : 14 PM 6 : 22 PM 6 : 33 PM 6 : 43 PM 6 : 52 PM 7 : 10 PM 7 : 20 PM 7 : 31 PM 7 : 39 PM 7 : 12 PM 7 : 20 PM 7 : 31 PM 7 : 41 PM - - 7 : 41 PM 7 : 51 PM 8 : 02 PM 8 : 10 PM 8 : 16 PM 8 : 24 PM 8 : 35 PM 8 : 45 PM - - 8 : 45 PM 8 : 55 PM 9 : 06 PM 9 : 14 PM 9 : 20 PM 9 : 28 PM 9 : 39 PM 9 : 49 PM 9 : 49 PM 9 : 59 PM 10 : 10 PM 10 : 18 PM Weekdays Saturdays & Holidays Sundays | [
"E2 AIRPORT ROUTE",
"Louis Armstrong",
"New Orleans International Airport"
] |
http://jeffgoins.myadventures.org/?filename=why-go-on-a-shortterm-mission-trip | BLOG HOME ADVENTURES . ORG HOME About Jeff Goins Contact Me Photos View All Posts Blog Posts By Country Subscribe Editor Log In Blog Topics : AIM Blogging Church Culture Eugene Campaign Faith General God Haiti Identity in Christ Innovation Inspiration Jesus Justice Kingdom of God Leadership Life Marketing Marriage Ministry Updates Mission Trip Stories Missions Pilgrimage Poverty Prayer Reflections Reviews Sex Short Term Missions Vocation Wrecked Writing Youth Ministry Recent Posts : My Last Day at Adventures in Missions ( 3 / 29 / 2013 ) The Holy Spirit : Where Inspiration Comes from ( 10 / 13 / 2012 ) Free Christian Book on the Journeys We All Take ( 9 / 25 / 2012 ) That Time I Wrote a Book ( 8 / 3 / 2012 ) When We Became Parents ( 5 / 27 / 2012 ) How You Become a Writer ( Or Anything ) ( 5 / 8 / 2012 ) When Dreams Die in the Trash Heap ( 2 / 23 / 2012 ) Become a Better Blogger in 12 Weeks ( 2 / 17 / 2012 ) 2011 Year - End Ministry Update & Final Opportunity to Give a Year - End Gift ( 12 / 31 / 2011 ) Get a FREE Copy of My New eBook When You Make a Year - End Donation ( 12 / 22 / 2011 ) Blogs By Location : China Haiti Mexico Nepal Nicaragua Romania United States Favorite Posts : A Sacrifice Should Cost Everything Everyday Heroes : George God and John Lennon Here ' s a Free Copy of My New eBook on Writing How God Healed a Paralytic How Having a Dog Changes Your Perspective How I Met My Wife I Hate All Your Show : Switchfoot , Jon Foreman , and Un - Christian Music Interview with Seth Godin : Artists , Linchpins , and Following the Rules Jesus Ruined My Life Marketing Jesus My Proposal Story : She Said , Yes Somebody Stole My Baby Jesus Sons of Sceva : Spiritual Authority The Economy of Mercy What If You Met Jesus on the Street ? Writing Portfolio Links : Blog Feed Twitter Delicious Bookmarks Technorati Profile Stumbleupon LinkedIn Profile Facebook Sites to visit Burnside Writers Collective Children ' s Hopechest Church Marketing Sucks CTI Music Ministries Relevant Magazine To Write Love On Her Arms Wrecked for the Ordinary Goins , Writer Tools for the Journey A.W. Tozer Devotional Christian Classics Ethereal Library ESV Bible Quotes " I did try to found a heresy of my own ; and when I had put the last touches to it , I discovered that it was orthodoxy . " โ G.K. Chesteron , Orthodoxy " And should I read between the lines and look for blessings in disguise to make me handsome , rich , and wise ; is that really what you want ? " โ Derek Webb , " Wedding Dress " Archive : 9 / 2006 11 / 2006 12 / 2006 1 / 2007 2 / 2007 3 / 2007 4 / 2007 5 / 2007 6 / 2007 7 / 2007 8 / 2007 9 / 2007 10 / 2007 11 / 2007 12 / 2007 1 / 2008 2 / 2008 3 / 2008 4 / 2008 5 / 2008 6 / 2008 7 / 2008 8 / 2008 9 / 2008 10 / 2008 11 / 2008 12 / 2008 1 / 2009 2 / 2009 3 / 2009 4 / 2009 5 / 2009 6 / 2009 7 / 2009 8 / 2009 9 / 2009 10 / 2009 11 / 2009 12 / 2009 1 / 2010 2 / 2010 3 / 2010 4 / 2010 5 / 2010 6 / 2010 7 / 2010 8 / 2010 9 / 2010 10 / 2010 11 / 2010 12 / 2010 1 / 2011 2 / 2011 3 / 2011 4 / 2011 5 / 2011 6 / 2011 7 / 2011 8 / 2011 9 / 2011 10 / 2011 11 / 2011 12 / 2011 2 / 2012 5 / 2012 8 / 2012 9 / 2012 10 / 2012 3 / 2013 Blog Roll : ( Contributors ) Jeff Goins System provided by Maximtech . com Examining the Fruit : Why Go on a Short - Term Mission Trip ? Sleeping At Last Wrote Back Francis Chan on Church : A Gathering Force Posted in Short Term Missions by Jeff Goins on 1 / 20 / 2009 The other day , I blogged about the importance of going on mission trips . Today , I ' d like to examine the fruit of short - term missions and answer the question : " Why go on a short - term mission trip ? " With all of the recent entertainment fads in the church ( i.e . missions cruises , vacations with a purpose , etc . ) , it ' s a question worth asking : " What ' s the point of short - term missions ? " Really , what is the long - term benefit , if any , of a short - term mission trip ? There are thousands of full - time missionaries serving in countries all over the world . So , why should you spend a week of your year going on a short - term mission trip ? What difference can you possibly make in such a short period of time ? Here are four reasons why I think short - term mission trips are beneficial : Short - term missionaries often bring a lot of energy with them and revitalize the work that the long - term missionaries are doing . Short - term mission trips are an excellent means of discipleship . In our experience , they are the best way to disciple people . According to Matthew 10 , it ' s a method that Jesus used to train and empower his own disciples . Short - term mission trips teach people how to rely on God , step out of their comfort zones , and , in effect , lead missional lives back home . Short - term mission trips produce great fruit , because the missionaries come with high expectation that God will do something miraculous , and he often does just that . What ' s your experience ? Certainly , there are short - term mission trips that may not be worth your time , but have you also found them to be an amazing venue in which to encounter God ? Photo courtesy of Steph Connors Up Next . . . Sleeping At Last Wrote Back | [
"Short-term mission trips"
] |
http://jeffsachs.org/books/the-age-of-sustainable-development/ | The Age of Sustainable Development Columbia University Press Amazon Barnes Noble IndieBound Powells Release date March 2015 The Age of Sustainable Development explains the central concept for our age which is both a way of understanding the world and a method for solving global problems sustainable development Sustainable development tries to make sense of the interactions of three complex systems the world economy the global society and the Earths physical environment It recommends a holistic framework in which society aims for environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive development underpinned by good governance It is a way to understand the world yet is also a normative or ethical view of the world a way to define the objectives of a wellfunctioning society one that The Age of Sustainable Development explains why Sustainable Development will become the central public policy framework for our age The 193 member states of the UN will soon adopt Sustainable Development Goals SDGs to help guide the world in the coming generation This book offers the first comprehensive approach for this new era and for the new SDGs The book examines the complex interactions of the economy society and the physical environment and shows how a holistic strategy can help societies to achieve the combination of economic prosperity social inclusion and environmental sustainability Students around the world and interested citizens will be the leaders of The Age of Sustainable Development will provide them with new tools for success REVIEWS KIRKUS REVIEW A leading economist offers a brilliant analysis of the worldwide need to balance economic development and environmental sustainability Sustainable development is the greatest most complicated challenge humanity has ever faced writes Sachs Sustainable Development Health Policy and ManagementColumbia Univ To Move the World JFKs Quest for Peace 2013 etc In an important comprehensive and remarkably accessible booka standout in a sea of jargonladen titles that fail to explain and vivify this enormously complex topicthe author writes lucidly about a staggering array of intertwined challenges including poverty overpopulation species extinction overextraction from oceans urbanization social mobility and climate change Sachs stresses that sustainable development is inherently an exercise in problem solving and he calls for a holistic approach and new ideas to produce prosperous inclusive sustainable and wellgoverned societies He explains the history of world economic development the factors that help make some nations more impoverished than others such as the landlocked nature of much of Africa the science of climate change how technical advances have fostered the depletion of ocean fisheries the unfinished business of social mobility and the pressing need for sustainable technologies and higher farm yields especially in subSaharan Africa and South Asia In each instance the author offers telling details and anecdotes accompanied by useful charts maps Required reading for policymakers and students and general readers will finish the book realizing they actually understand what sustainable development is all about | [
"sustainable development",
"solving global problems"
] |
http://jeffshore.com/2014/02/what-does-be-bold-mean-to-you/ | What Does โ Be Bold โ Mean To You ? An excerpt from โ Be Bold and Win the Sale โ by Jeff Shore Available from McGraw - Hill Business In a query to salespeople , I asked for a definition of boldness without looking anything up . In no time at all I was swamped with responses ; here are several of the answers I received : โข Courage to go beyond and push further than you think you โ re even capable . โข The ability to be the best version of your true self , without regret . โข A determination to act to achieve the best possible outcome without fear or doubt . โข Moving forward with conviction in the face of everyone retreating . โข The courage to do what others wo n โ t . โข Stepping up when others are frozen in fear . โข Being consciously aggressive in what you believe to be correct . โข Taking a chance and doing something you believe is right , no matter what the outcome . โข Having enough confidence to take action in the moment . โข The willingness to act on , speak about , or address something about which you are passionate , even if it is out of your comfort zone . โข Jumping right in front of what may be fearful and saying โ Bring it on ! โ Here is what I see as a trend in those responses : The very thought of boldness seems to stir a passion in people , especially salespeople . They believe that boldness is a good and beneficial thing , even though it can come at a cost . Despite any negativity that may have been expressed in those responses , the common outcome is victory โ victory through boldness . Do you see the same things ? How would you define boldness in your own life ? If you โ d like to read more from my new book and equip yourself with the tools for BOLDNESS , order a copy here : https : / / jeffshore . com / bebold / If you change your mindset , you will change your world . Equip yourself with timely , powerful tools to conquer your inner discomfort , win more sales and create amazing results for your customers and yourself : sign up for my weekly , FREE , instructional / motivational video , The Shore Thing , at jeffshore . com About the Author : Jeff Shore is a highly sought - after sales expert , speaker , author and executive coach whose innovative BE BOLD methodology teaches you how to change your mindset and change your world . His latest book , โ Be Bold and Win the Sale : Get Out of Your Comfort Zone and Boost Your Performance , โ ( McGraw - Hill ) was published in January , 2014 . Learn more at jeffshore . com and follow Jeff on Twitter More About the Author : For more than three decades , Jeff has guided executives and sales teams in large and small companies across the globe to embrace their discomforts and deliver BOLD sales results . In a crowded field of sales experts and training programs , Jeff Shore stands out with his research - based BE BOLD methodology . Combining his extensive front - line sales experience with the latest Cognitive Behavioral Therapy research , Jeff has created a highly effective , personalized way to reset sales paradigms and deliver industry - leading results . Jeff does n โ t just teach you how to sell , he shows you how to change your mindset and change your world . | [
"โ Be Bold โ Mean",
"McGraw-Hill Business"
] |
http://jekyllisland.ws/history | History The story of Jekyll and the surrounding islands begins nearly a thousand years ago , when Creek Nation Native Americans occupied the area . They hunted , fished , and used native vegetation for food . Possibly , they grew foods such as maize and beans . Jean Ribault European explorers arrived and in 1510 laid claim to Isla De Ballenas ( now Jekyll Island ) , a name meaning โ Whale Island . โ The island quickly became disputed land between competing European nations . In 1562 , the French explorer Jean Ribault , ignoring Spanish claims , claimed the island ( which he called the most pleasant island โ of all the world โ ) for France , renaming it โ Ille de la Somme . โ Not appreciative of the French insurgents , the Spanish soon defeated Ribault โ s forces and executed the Frenchman . European conflict over Jekyll Island continued , however . The Spanish established Catholic missions in the larger Georgia coastal area and set out to convert the natives to Christianity . Unimpressed , the natives resisted , and for a period of time mounted a campaign to destroy the missions and kill the priests . Spanish claims were soon contested by the ascendant English , who in the 1660s claimed land from their Jamestown colony in the North to Florida in the South . Allying with major native tribes ( Cherokee , Creek and Yuchi ) , they began an extended war against the Spanish and their native allies , driving the Spanish out of the area by the turn of the 18th century . General James Oglethorpe established Georgia as a colony in 1733 and renamed the island Jekyll Island in honor of his friend , Sir Joseph Jekyll . ( For much of the 18th and 19th centuries , an incorrect spelling โ โ Jekyl โ โ was commonly utilized . ) Appointed by Oglethorpe , William Horton oversaw the military defense of the area , and in 1738 built a plantation and assumed permanent residence on Jekyll Island , near present - day DuBignon Creek . The Spanish , however , returned to the area and attacked British interests , destroying Horton โ s home in 1742 before being driven ( again ) from the area . Horton rebuilt his home as a tabby structure , and ruins of this structure remain to this day . In 1792 , the French returned in the person of the wealthy Christophe du Bignon and his family , who fled the French Revolution . Two years later Du Bignon purchased the entire island from the British , who , following the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States of America , were detaching themselves from their former coastal colonial holdings . Under Du Bignon and his descendants , the plantation and island at large prospered . Jekyll Island โ s prosperity , however , was built upon the labor of slaves , introduced to the island by Du Bignon . Yet slavery proved short - lived on Jekyll . On November 28 , 1858 , the ship The Wanderer , bearing a cargo of 465 slaves , landed on the island . Christophe โ s son Henry , then owner of the Jekyll plantation , played a role in this illegal importation of slaves ( slave importation had been banned in the United States in 1808 ) . He and his co - conspirators were eventually tried but acquitted . History would later record this event as the next - to - last successful shipment of slaves to American soil from Africa . The American Civil War , an armed conflict brought about by divergent American opinions of slavery , impacted the Georgia coast as Union armies occupied much of the region from the early stages of the conflict . Many coastal residents in outlying areas fled , and when Union troops landed on Jekyll in 1862 , the island was deserted , the Du Bignon plantation forlorn . After the war , the Du Bignon family returned and Henry , Christopher โ s son , divided the island among his four children . John Eugene du Bignon in the late 1870s assumed ownership of part of the island , and subsequently purchased the remainder of Jekyll from his family . Forming a partnership with his brother - in - law and an investor , the three marketed the island as a winter retreat for wealthy businessmen and their families . They completed construction of a clubhouse in 1888 , selling 53 shares for $ 600 each . From 1888 until World War II , the club opened each January , with few exceptions , to accommodate the world โ s richest families , who built โ cottages โ ( typically 6000sf or more ) on the leeward side of the island . During the winter and spring months the wealthy rode bicycles and horses , hunted , played tennis and strolled along the island โ s beaches . A small army of island and area residents worked behind the scenes maintaining the residences , cooking food , transporting family members , and otherwise laboring so that members Yet the Club โ s fortunes , tied to financial markets , would not endure . The Great Depression drained the wealth of many members , and in 1942 the Jekyll Island Club closed its doors . Following World War II , the state of Georgia purchased Jekyll Island from the remaining members for the price of $ 675,000 . Today , many of the Club cottages remain , some in excellent condition . Jekyll Island , a stand - alone state park operated by the Jekyll Island Authority , is now known as โ the people โ s park . โ Largely natural , development on the island includes a few hotels , a water park , some small businesses , and a limited number of residential homes . Many of the old Club cottages have been restored in recent decades , while the ruins of others remain . Interpretive historical plaques tell the story of the buildings that once comprised the Club . In addition , historians in recent years have begun to focus on the lives of the island residents of the early 20th century who worked behind the scenes . By legislative mandate , sixty five percent of the island is and will remain in a mostly natural state . | [
"YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK",
"Jekyll Island",
"Sir Joseph Jekyll"
] |
http://jenniferlamontleo.com/2013/04/12/fashion-friday-the-corsage/ | Fashion Friday : The Corsage Published April 12 , 2013 | By Jennifer โ After the Prom โ Norman Rockwell Do girls still wear corsages ? We โ re getting into prom season , which is one of the few times a year when the flower corsage gets to make its star turn . As a child , I remember square white boxes from the florist taking up real estate in the refrigerator in anticipation of some dance or formal . The best boxes had clear tops , so that a kid sister could admire the flowers without opening the box and getting accused of snooping or spoiling . Corsages used to make an appearance on ladies โ shoulders at Easter or Mother โ s Day , but I have n โ t witnessed that trend in a while . Sometimes they โ re distributed at weddings to honor the mothers and grandmothers of the happy couple . Otherwise the corsage , as a rule , seems to have gone out of fashion , except for proms , homecomings , and other formal events . For those of you born too late to ever have been given a spray of dyed - to - match carnations festooned with ribbons and baby โ s breath ( poor you ! ) , a corsage is a small bouquet of flowers meant to be worn on a dress , like jewelry . Traditionally the corsage was worn on the left shoulder ( โ corsage โ is a French word meaning โ bodice โ ) , but might also be worn on the wrist , like a bracelet , which also kept the flowers from being crushed if your Here โ s what Veronica Dengel says about corsages , circa 1943 : โ Too often do we see a corsage , all tied up in silver or satin ribbons , pinned on upside down ! Flowers grow with their blossoms looking up ; and corsage blooms should be worn that way . They are lovely enough in their natural beauty without the further adornment of ferns and ribbons . Nor do flowers always have to be pinned on the left shoulder . You can find more interesting and suitable places to carry them , as in your hair or on your wrist for evening festivities . At the V of your neckline Why not be different , indeed ? To wear a corsage at all in 2013 would set one apart from the crowd . But before you pin one on , take heed of this warning from Miss Dengel : โ No matter how tempted you are to wear your corsage to the office the day after a special celebration , just to โ show the girls , โ do n โ t do it unless the flowers appear fresh . Withered blossoms are as sad as any other dying thing . โ Check out this site for some very cute examples , Vintage Corsage . com . You could even jazz up an everyday outfit by pinning a simple , single blossom to a suit jacket or cardigan sweater . What better way to welcome spring ? You even have my permission to pin on a purple orchid in the daytime ! When was the last time you gave someone a corsage , or wore one yourself ? Posted in Uncategorized | [
"The Corsage",
"Jennifer"
] |
http://jenniraincloud.com/super-detoxing-bath-soak/ | February 18 , 2014 Body Care Super Detoxing Bath Soak Do I have an exciting article for you ! I have been pouring over research on the benefits of taking baths with salts . Seriously - Epsom salt , where have you been all my life ? ? The main benefit for salt baths is DETOX . I โ m all about detox . Most people are full of toxins due to eating processed food , chemicals in cosmetics and household products and lack of healthy habits like exercise and drinking water . Toxin build up can really tax the immune system and organ function . On a superficial level The skin is our largest organ . It โ s function is to absorb , filter and deliver . The skin is the window to our internal health . When someone suffers from skin conditions that is a sign that something is wrong internally . Our skin comes in contact with everything . That โ s why detoxing is so very important . There are two popular options for salt baths - Epsom salt and pink Himalayan salt . There are a few differences between the two . Epsom salt is very easy to find . You can find it in the pharmacy section of any store . The salt usually comes in a milk carton and is very inexpensive . The two main minerals in Epsom salt are calcium and magnesium . Himalayan salt is a bit harder to find and more expensive . This is because it contains 82 other nutrients besides the ones found in Epsom salt . Himalayan salt Bath salts contains magnesium , sulfate , potassium , calcium , bromide , and of course , sodium . All these minerals are extremely beneficial to our bodies . These minerals are easily absorbed through our skin and can actually detox and support our bodies on a molecular level . When we think of organs that detoxify our systems , the liver , kidneys and the gut first come to mind , but did you know the skin is a detoxifying organ ? Salt baths encourage the skin to pull toxins out of the body and excrete them through the Benefits of taking a Salt Bath Promote relaxation Promote better sleep Relieve water retention Soothe sore muscles Balance skin Increase circulation Accelerate wound healing Improve skin hydration On a purely visual level - Espom salt can greatly improve the appearance of skin . Taking a warm bath opens the pores , allowing the minerals in the bath to thoroughly cleanse the skin . Bathing in a solution of warm water and bath salts will work to draw out impurities , pollution , oil and dirt from the skin . Bath salts can even be an effective anti aging tool ! Regular salt baths can decrease the appearance of fine lines by plumping the skin and balancing moisture . Now , let โ s talk about adding essential oils to our salt bath ! You can add essential oils to the salts to boost the efficacy of whatever issue you are aiming at . Lavender - relaxation Peppermint - sore achy muscles and joints Eucalyptus - congestion and cold symptoms Citrus oils - strengthen capillaries , tighten skin and reduce water retention in cells . They increase circulation and prevent lymph accumulation . Juniper and rosemary oils - increase circulation and decongests sluggish and under active tissues Grapefruit oil - cellulite Find organic essential oils HERE Now , enough with the facts - let โ s figure out how to put this easy detox into action ! Salt Soak Recipe 1 - 2 cups Epsom salt ( find it HERE 1 / 2 cup pink Himalayan or sea salt ( find it 10 - 15 drops essential oils ( find them Tips and Instructions : Pour the above ingredients into warm / hot running bath water . Hop in and soak . Typically a good detoxifying bath should be anywhere from 20 - 40 minutes . Many people sweat profusely during their detox bath - this is exciting - this is the toxins coming out ! I โ ve found that keeping a cold wash cloth close to place on your forehead helps immensely . Now , your body will be working hard so when your soak is done , take great care when getting out of the tub . You very likely will feel very tired . Having 2 active children , I have to take my baths once they are in bed . Otherwise , they โ ll be on their own . I kid . Be sure to bring a large amount of cold water ( add some lemon oil for further detox ) to drink while in the tub . Even though you will be excreting toxins through the skin , you also want to replenish your body and keep the toxins flowing out of your body . xx , Jenni PIN IT ! bath salts detox bath epsom salt essential oils pink himalayan salt salt bath Previous Post Firming Eye Cream Next Post DIY Vaseline | [
"SUPER DETOXING BATH SOAK",
"food",
"chemicals"
] |
http://jensfavoritecookies.com/2013/02/22/cream-cheese-mints/ | Cream Cheese Mints Sweets recipes , this recipe for Cream Cheese Mints is both simple and delicious . This batch of cream cheese mints caused me to exercise a vast amount of self control . Vast , people . And I did okay at exercising all this self control . Not amazing , but okay . In other words , I only ate half the batch by myself before I shared with anyone . These little mints are not unlike the Butter Mints over at Averie Cooks , or these Cream Cheese Mints from Kelley Highway . I โ ve been drooling over both of these little confections for weeks . I was self - controlling right and left so I could share these little goodies with my friends , who were obviously impressed . I might be reading too much into their compliments and snacking . But I do n โ t think so . Here โ s the thing . Once you mix these up , and form them into whatever shape you โ re going to use , you have to lay them out on a tray and let them dry for a long time , overnight at least , but preferably 24 - 36 hours . I had this really great idea to put them in a container , so I would Stop . Eating . Them . , but , of course , I could n โ t do that . Because the texture is ever so much better with a few more hours of drying . Just a few more hours . I โ m really not quite as pathetic as I โ m making it sound here . But the mints are really that fantastic . My kids were distraught that I shared them all with my friends instead of with them . I tried to explain to them that they get the benefit of my weekly cookie and dessert making , and the friends ought to have a turn once in a while . But next time , I โ m making a double batch . T urn Your Blog Into Income Homemade Gumdrops Almond Balls 5.0 from 2 reviews Save Print Homemade cream cheese mints . Recipe type : candy Ingredients 3 oz . cream cheese , softened โ
cup sweetened condensed milk dash salt ยฝ tsp . peppermint extract 1 - 2 drops food coloring 4ยฝ cups powdered sugar Instructions Beat cream cheese and sweetened condensed milk until smooth . Add salt , extract , and food coloring . Mix well . Add powdered sugar , a bit at a time , mixing well to form a thick dough . Shape and roll dough into logs , about ยฝ " thick , and slice mints about ยฝ " thick . Lay mints on a tray lined with wax paper , and let dry several hours or overnight . Store in an airtight container . If you enjoy this recipe , you might also enjoy : Homemade Conversation Hearts from Instructables Grasshopper Chocolate Bark from Confections of a Foodie Bride Chocolate Chip Candy Cane Fudge from Inside Bru Crew Life sweets cream cheese mints This post linked up at : The Country Cook Plaid & Paisley Kitchen Pinch of Joy Alderberry Hill Couponing & Cooking ; This Gal Cooks Skip to my Lou Mrs . Happy Homemaker Make Ahead Meals for Busy Moms I Should Be Mopping the Floor Between Naps on the Porch Back for Seconds Kitchen Meets Girl 365 Days of Baking DIY Dreamer Gingersnap Crafts Handy Man Crafty Woman White Lights on Wednesday Sugar and Dots Lady Behind the Curtain Post navigation โ Prev Next โ 18 thoughts on โ Jess February 22 , 2013 at 10 : 31 am I LOVE these ! I could eat like a dozen right now ! LOL I โ d love for you to join me at my Blog Hop ! http : / / www . pluckys - secondthought . com / pluckys - blog - hop / Reply โ Averie @ Averie Cooks February 22 , 2013 at 12 : 00 pm Jen these mints of yours look so creamy , pillowy and just perfect . I bet they are soooo smoooooooth and wonderful ! Thanks for linking my mints and I would love to pop a few of yours ! Reply โ Lisa { Sweet2 Eat Baking } February 22 , 2013 at 4 : 48 pm They look so squidgy and pillow soft . I was thinking mallow - esq with the top photo but looking at the recipe , they โ re pretty similar to the peppermint creams I made , which were heaven too . Yummy and droolicious . Simplee Sue February 25 , 2013 at 7 : 06 am These look so creamy . I ca n โ t believe that it โ s so easy to make . Do n โ t have restraint โฆ eat them and enjoy . They โ re little . Thank you for sharing . We may have met by chance โฆ but we become friends by choice . http : / / simpleesue . com / frivolous - friday - soup - kitchen - recipes - best - ever - vegetable - soup Tricia February 25 , 2013 at 9 : 14 am Oh , I adore this kind of mint ! I am definitely going to give them a try ! Thanks for the recipe ! Chandra @ The Plaid and Paisley Kitchen February 25 , 2013 at 8 : 42 pm Yum ! I would have the same problem ! hanks for sharing at Show Me Your Plaid Monday โ s ! Jeni February 27 , 2013 at 11 : 34 am These look so delicious and pretty ! portia February 27 , 2013 at 8 : 35 pm Planning to make these for a bridal shower coming up โฆ once they are made how long do they stay fresh ? ? Jen Post author February 27 , 2013 at 8 : 38 pm Portia , I could n โ t tell you , mine were gone the same day ! I imagine that if they were well dried and stored in an airtight container they would be fine for a few days at least , and maybe longer if stored in the fridge . Pingback : Peppermint Popcorn Bark | Jen ' s Favorite Cookies Angie March 12 , 2013 at 3 : 29 pm The key to storing these is to wait until they are dry and then put them in the freezer , layered between sheets of waxed paper . My family makes these for big occasions โ birthdays , weddings , etc . โ and we always make them ahead of time and you can freeze them for at least 3 months . Also , you can buy specialized flavorings for them โ for my wedding we used a cheesecake flavor that I really enjoyed as well as peppermint . Pingback : 50 Homemade Candy Recipes for Easter - Henry Happened Abby April 24 , 2013 at 8 : 49 am Ca n โ t wait to try these ! So do you let them sit out , uncovered , for 24 - 36 hours , or do you put them in a container during the drying process ? Jen Post author April 26 , 2013 at 4 : 32 pm Abby , you definitely have to leave them UNcovered and UNcontained . I recommend leaving the house when you make them , to help your self - control . ( At least , that โ s what I have to do ! ) Cil Cole May 25 , 2013 at 4 : 16 pm I grew up making cream cheese mints in rural Iowa ( where I moved to with my family in 3rd grade ) . They were made for every occasion in town , almost every wedding , baby shower , graduation , etc . The only way to be disciplined at not eating them ahead of time was to make them with someone and only make the promised amount . It does take multiple measures of discipline ! When all else fails remember they are like eating straight sugar for your inspiration to find ways to be more disciplined . They were usually made at least a week ahead of time to dry properly , laid out on sugar covered wax paper , and turned over every couple of hours till they were dried out ( about a day ) . Then packed into clean flat cardboard boxes lined with wax paper not air tight ! If you freeze them , completely thawing before unwrapping them , then lay them out to dry a little more , as the cold will draw extra moisture . The recipe I โ ve always used was simple : cream cheese and powdered sugar All the local dime stores sold rubber molds for various occasions in many motifs . Instead of rolling balls into the granulated sugar , I was taught to first , fill the rubber mold with granulated sugar , dump it out , then press in your mint dough , and pop it out . Fill the mold with sugar again and dump out the excess between pressing in the mint dough each time . The first 2 or 3 may stick a little and need reforming , but after that just the right amount of granulated sugar sticks in the I too once asked how long they would keep , when I was first introduced to making them . The older lady ( like an adopted grandmother ) only laughed . But I wanted to know โ She supposed they โ d keep quite a long time being dried and mostly sugar , but she could n โ t actually say because she never knew any that lasted that long . This lady would save the sugar to reuse for coffee . Her husband teased , โ Oh I see we โ ll be using confetti sugar for a couple of weeks . โ She even made chocolate ones using Neslie โ s quick mix ( the dried powdered mix for chocolate milk ) . This lady used a little less powdered sugar and let the mix color the dough ( instead of using food coloring ) . These too were hard to resist . They made great turkey shapes , and fall leaves . The fun part was that these took more taste testing to get the amount of chocolate mix right . I found your sight looking for these rubber molds which I have not found in any stores outside of Iowa . โ Thanks for the fun , I guess I could just roll them out and cut them , or form balls and press them without a mold , after all they are like play dough . Cream Cheese Mints - A Bright and Beautiful Life 50 Cream Cheese Desserts | Six Sisters ' Stuff | [
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http://jeopardyhistory.wikia.com/wiki/Larissa_Kelly | in : Jeopardy ! Contestants People Females Larissa Kelly Larissa Kelly ( born February 10 , 1980 ) is a noted American multiple Jeopardy ! winner , currently residing in Richmond , California . She is a writer and academic . Biography Edit Kelly grew up in Newton , Massachusetts and attended Newton North High School where she helped lead the science bowl team to national competition . She graduated from Princeton University in 2002 and completed a Ph . D at the University of California , Berkeley , studying the history of archaeology in 19th century Mexico . She played quiz bowl at both Princeton and Berkeley . On August 3 , 2002 , she married her quiz bowl teammate Jeff Hoppes . She is one of three members of her family to have played on Jeopardy ! , all between 2004 and 2008 , and the only winner of the three . Her husband was defeated by Jennings in Jennings ' 70th game as champion . Her sister Arianna was defeated in her initial Jeopardy ! appearance , in part due to questionable calls that prompted Standards and Practices to bring her back for a second appearance ; in her second appearance , Arianna was defeated by Aaron Schroeder , who later faced Larissa in the 2009 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions In the 2009 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions in Las Vegas , Kelly won her quarterfinal and semifinal matches and led after the first game of the two - game finals , with $ 24,400 to Dan Pawson ' s $ 22,301 . She lost to Pawson in the second game after she missed the Final Jeopardy ! clue , which required identifying George II of Great Britain as the last British ruler to be born outside the United Kingdom . She won $ 100,000 for finishing second . Kelly is a science fiction author , who has had one story published at Strange Horizons . Categories Jeopardy ! Contestants People Females Add category | [
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http://jericho.wikia.com/wiki/Ravenwood | in Organizations Ravenwood Ravenwood is a private military company whose members were also operating in Iraq before the bombs The organization is hired by FEMA to assist in evacuation procedures following the nuclear attacks a move attributed to insufficient Goetz and his troops numbers of National Guard troops However the Ravenwood mercenaries sent to help in Rogue River instead loot the towns medical supplies murder unmovable patients and personnel at the towns hospital and decide to take a tour of other towns nearby to collect more supplies They attempt to enter Jericho but when that fails due to the determined resistance encountered there they instead attack neighboring town New Bern causing heavy damage and some deaths Members include Goetz a squad leader and Randy Payton a hired contractor Stanton Bulger Burke and Sloan It is later revealed that Ravenwood is a whollyowned subsidiary of Jennings Rall the company hired by the new government of the Allied States of America to administer the territory When major Beck the commander of ASA army in Jericho is transferred to other duties a Ravenwood team under the command of Goetz is sent in to help with administrative duties Goetz treats Jericho residents harshly partly as a revenge for a previous defeat His team confiscates supplies and harasses the residents especially Jake Green and others whom he deems threats Despite their acts the Rawenwood team members have the immunity However the team is later discharged due to embezzlement of JR funds leaving a whole team disarmed and left behind Theteam is later wiped out by angry residents of Jericho and New Bern in an attempt to kill Mimi Clark for exposing their actions while Goetz himself is shot by Stanley Richmond for killing his sister Bonnie Categories Organizations | [
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http://jeroenwolfslag.azurewebsites.net/blog/2015/09/29/documentdb-adventures/ | DocumentDB adventures 29 September 2015 Demos and examples are always nice but nothing beats the real experience of having to develop actual stuff with tools and technologies In my case I had several Runbooks providing data to an Azure Queue as there are currently no PowerShell cmdlets to interact with DocumentDB directly The queue was being read by a WebJob with a QueueTrigger which saved the data in DocumentDB using the selflinkless way for reporting purposes Or at least that was the plan Running the WebJob I got the following error messages Function had errors See Azure WebJobs SDK dashboard for details Instance id is guid Looking into the storage accounts azurewebjobshosts blob container in the outputlogs folder the error was Object serialized to String JObject instance expected Trying to figure out where the problem was located Adding custom generated objects to DocumentDB in the WebJob worked flawlessly var document new TestObject Property1 DateTimeUtcNowToStringo await clientCreateDocumentAsyncdocumentCollectionUri document Adding custom JSON objects to DocumentDB in the WebJob was a walk in the park var document JsonConvertDeserializeObjecttestblaat await clientCreateDocumentAsyncdocumentCollectionUri document Unitintegration testing the original JSON messages directly there was no problem at all Throttling was not the cause as the S3 tier with 25K RUs also had the same problem Cause the messages contained double escaped characters which was only visible during debugging and viewing the message itself Solution modify the source if possible to make sure you have properly formatted and escaped JSON After that I had the following problem as commented on httpsazuremicrosoftcomenusblogazuredocumentdbbidsfondfarewelltoselflinks I am experiencing different behavior when the DocDB is under somewhat stress using the selflinkless way and the oldfashioned way A WebJob is reading from a queue and inserts a couple of small documents 1 KB per second into DocumentDB When using the CreateCollectionUri and using its result in CreateDocumentQuery 90 of the time I get the error Entity with the specified id does not exist in the system When I use the SelfLink of the collection to query everything works great Cause the selflesslink way wasnt completely bug free yet Solution raise a ticket with Microsoft Support and it is solved within a day Splendid work by the DocumentDB team really helpful trying to solve the case Alas as the comments are closed on the subject I can not reply to myself that it has been solved already Some other interesting bits of information There are excellent samples available httpsgithubcomAzureazuredocumentdbnettreemastersamplescodesamples A DocumentDB document can but does not have to have an id If one is not provided one will be created in the form of a GUID ResourceType 0 is unexpectedrnParameter name resourceFullName error When using the selflinkless way of interacting with DocumentDB you can not store CreateDocumentAsync or query CreateDocumentQuery directly with the UriFactoryCreateDocumentUri you need to use the UriFactoryCreateCollectionUri Which is logical in hindsight The pricing tier is per collection In the Azure portal select the collection blade scroll down a bit if you have a somewhat low resolution or smaller screen and there is the pricing tier tile When creating the DocumentDB collection via code the smallest tier S1 is selected When creating it via the Azure portal the S2 tier is the default dont forget to click View all in the top right corner to view them all Jeroen Wolfslag Read by this author Share this post Sorry the browser you are using is not currently supported Disqus actively supports the following browsers Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 Safari | [
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http://jerrygarcia.com/guitars/ | Photo by Ed Perlstein / musicimages . com Jerry Garcia played many guitars during his career , ranging from Fender Stratocasters and Gibson SGs to custom - made instruments . During his thirty plus years of playing music , Garcia used about twenty - five guitars with some frequency . He was infamous for giving many away once he was ready to move on . These six were the most memorable and important throughout his career . Luthier Doug Irwin built three of his five custom guitars . When asked about that fact , Jerry replied , " There โ s something about the way they feel with my touch โ they โ re married to each other โฆ I โ d never felt anything before or since that my hand likes better . " Jump to Photo by Jonas Grushkin PLAYED BETWEEN 1971 - 1973 GIFT FROM GRAHAM NASH 1957 Fender Stratocaster Purchased from a Phoenix pawnshop for $ 250 in late 1970 , Graham Nash gave this Fender Strat as a gift to Jerry for playing on a number of his songs . It was composed of a 1957 swamp - ash body and a 1963 maple neck . Over the years , the guitar was repeatedly customized and updated . Along with these structural modifications , this Strat was easily identified by its prominent stickers โ namely the alligator holding a knife and fork , dancing across the pick guard . FIRST PLAYED Unknown LAST PLAYED With the Grateful Dead in Roosevelt Stadium on 8 / 1 / 73 ( โ One More Saturday Night โ ) CURRENT LOCATION Owned by the Jerry Garcia Estate MODIFICATIONS Frank Fuller and Rick Turner of Alembic modified Alligator frequently . They referred to it as a " Frankenstein " that was constantly changing and evolving . These alterations took place in March of 1971 , January , March , July , and December of 1972 , and lastly in August of 1973 โ though the guitar was never played onstage in its final iteration . Photo by Carl M . Lender PLAYED BETWEEN 1973 - 1993 DOUG IRWIN COMMISSION - $ 1,500 At the end of 1972 , Jerry stumbled onto the first guitar Doug Irwin made for Alembic , and bought it on the spot for $ 850 . At the same time he asked Irwin to customize another for him . This was the inception of Wolf . It was made from purpleheart and curly maple with an ebony fingerboard and twenty - four frets . The first version bore a peacock inlay , and later received Irwin โ s eagle logo in its place . A bloodthirsty cartoon wolf sticker Jerry placed below the tailpiece served to name the FIRST PLAYED With Garcia & Saunders at the Pirates Ball โ a private party for the Hell โ s Angels at NYC Harbor on 9 / 5 / 73 ( โ It Ai n โ t No Use โ ) LAST PLAYED Wolf briefly came out of retirement in 1989 as a guinea pig for Jerry โ s new MIDI synthesizer experiments . It was last played with the Grateful Dead at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in Oakland , CA on 2 / 23 / 93 . CURRENT LOCATION Wolf was auctioned off to benefit the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) in 2017 for over $ 1.6 million , and the bid was matched by an anonymous donor , raising a total of $ 3.2 million for the SPLC . MODIFICATIONS The guitar took a couple tumbles during the Grateful Dead ' s European tour โ one that resulted in a minor crack in the headstock . When Jerry brought the guitar for repairs , Irwin then swapped out the peacock for his own eagle logo and added the wolf inlay . Other modifications occurred in September of 1977 and mid - 1978 . Photo by Tom Dunning PLAYED BETWEEN 1979 - 1995 DOUG IRWIN COMMISSION - $ 5,800 When Jerry asked Doug Irwin , immediately after receiving Wolf , to make another guitar , he told him , โ do n โ t hold back . โ He was told to make it the way he thought was best , and not worry about cost . Irwin obliged , and six years later Tiger hit the stage and became his most - played guitar . Named after the tiger inlay just below the tailpiece , the body features several layers of wood laminated together face - to - face in a configuration referred to as a " hippie Jerry loved Tiger for the wealth of sounds it gave him to play with . In one interview he said , โ [ There โ s ] like twelve discreet possible voices that are all pretty different โฆ That gives me a lot of vocabulary of basically different tones . And that โ s just the electronics ; the rest of it is touch . I mostly work off the middle pickup โฆ and I can get almost any sound I want out of that . โ With the Grateful Dead at the Oakland Auditorium in Oakland , CA on 8 / 4 / 79 ( โ Jack Straw โ ) With the Grateful Dead at Soldier Field in Chicago , IL on 7 / 9 / 95 ( โ Box of Rain โ ) After winning it in a settlement with the Grateful Dead , Doug Irwin auctioned off Tiger for $ 850,000 in 2002 to Jim Irsay โ owner and CEO of the Indianapolis Colts . Throughout the years , not many large - scale modifications were made to Tiger . From the beginning , it was a technically complicated instrument due to the electronics that Jerry was interested in , including a five - way pickup selector and master volume control , two separate tone orbit - controls , and three mini toggles โ one of which turned on and off his onboard effects loop . Photo by Michael Conway PLAYED BETWEEN 1990 - 1995 DOUG IRWIN COMMISSION - $ 11,000 Rosebud was Irwin โ s masterpiece , delivered in late 1989 with MIDI controls built in . Everything he learned about guitars went into Rosebud . It was named for the inlaid dancing skeleton on the cover plate that Irwin referred to as โ The Saint , โ but Jerry nicknamed โ Rosebud โ โ possibly as a nod to Orson Welles โ Citizen Kane . It is almost the twin of Tiger , but two pounds lighter at 11.5 lbs . due to the hollowed - out flame - maple core . Rosebud immediately became Jerry โ s main In 1995 , while Lightning Bolt was being modified , Rosebud was brought out of retirement for the Summer Tour . With the Grateful Dead at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland , CA on 12 / 31 / 1989 ( " Sugar Magnolia " ) With the Grateful Dead at Soldier Field in Chicago , IL on 7 / 9 / 95 ( " Black Muddy River " ) On display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Because he felt like their magnetic field did n โ t last long and the high end would go quickly , Jerry would change out his pickups every one or two years on all of his guitars . Save for that , Rosebud was not modified through the years . Photo by William Smythe PLAYED BETWEEN 1993 - 1995 Gift from aspiring luthier Stephen Cripe After spending years building custom interiors for Caribbean yachts , Stephen Cripe decided to try his hand at crafting guitars . He studied the " Dead Ahead " video until he wore it out , and replicated Irwin โ s Tiger โ with some flourishes of his own . In 1993 he sent the completed guitar off to the Grateful Dead offices . Jerry quickly pronounced the piece " the guitar I ' ve always been waiting for " and began playing it exclusively . Built totally by feel , the instrument honored Jerry โ s interest in preserving the rainforests , using recycled rosewood originally harvested in Brazil for the fingerboard . Cripe constructed the neck with an unusual accuracy in the higher end , which allowed Jerry to play where he usually avoided . For the body , Cripe reused East Indian rosewood taken from a bed once used by opium smokers in Asia โ acknowledging the irony , but insisting it was about the quality of wood . It came to be called Lightning Bolt due to the inlay that Cripe designed With the Jerry Garcia Band at Seattle Memorial Stadium in Seattle , WA on 8 / 7 / 93 ( " How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) " ) With the Grateful Dead at Shoreline Amphitheater in Mountain View , CA on 6 / 4 / 95 ( " Brokedown Palace " ) On display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Cripe was admittedly not much of an electronics guy . So , almost immediately , Jerry gave Lightning Bolt to San Francisco repairman Gary Brawer to have the electronics re - done the way he preferred โ namely making it MIDI - compatible . Cripe had n โ t known that the oval - shaped body inlays on Tiger and Rosebud concealed their batteries , so Brawer had to remove his inlay and put it on a cover - plate . A new bridge was installed during the final Grateful Dead tour . Delivered in April 1995 Stephen Cripe commission - $ 6,500 Jerry briefly met Stephen Cripe backstage at a 1994 Florida concert , where he commissioned him to build a backup copy of Lightning Bolt . Cripe was flattered , but unprepared since he had n ' t measured or photographed the original . He said a member of the staff suggested he simply wing it . Jerry told him , " Just do it . If I do n ' t like it , I ' ll send it back . " The guitar he eventually built came to be known as Top Hat . It consisted of a walnut When he sent Top Hat , Cripe told Jerry โ s staff to pay him whatever they thought it was worth โ he received a check for $ 6,500 , which made it the first guitar that he ever sold . Although Jerry almost never played it , he was extremely happy with the final product . On display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum STAY CONNECTED | [
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http://jerrymaguirepyramid.com/ | Over the last 7 years Everything Is Terrible has amassed the worlds largest collection of Jerry Maguire VHS tapes This absurd piece of long form performance art has been achieved solely through fan donations with a current total of over 15000 once beloved video tapes There have only been 3 public viewing of the full collection the Jerry Throne at The Cinefamily 2014 the Jerry Temple at Perform Chinatown 2015 and The Jerry Maguire Video Store at Iam8bit Gallery 2017 Experiencing thousands of Jerrys finally reunited will forever destroy the viewers previous perception of culture waste and existence as a Somehow this is only the beginning The plans have finally been revealed for the enormous permanent Jerry Maguire Pyramid which will rise from the American desert Everything Is Terrible has been working with a team of architects engineers and builders to design this epic monument to Americas consumption Now they need your help to make this stupid dream a reality 500000 will be needed to cover the land materials and labor that are necessary to build a permanent and safe pyramid of this size You can make a financial donation at httpswwwgofundmecomjerrymaguirevhspyramid and you can mail Jerrys to PO Box 50825 Los Angeles CA 90050 This is the stupidest incarnation of the American dream and it must be realized Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video | [
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http://jerrymarino.com/2014/02/12/objective-c-instance-variable-access.html | Instance variable access in Objective - C In the last post I mentioned using pointer arithmetic to access private instance variables in Objective - C . I received interesting feedback from a reader wanting to know more about how instance variables work in general . To understand instance variables , we โ ll look at how Objective - C runtime implements objects . I ca n โ t think of a legitimate use for this in production , so this post is intended for fun . / / Given this : @ interface Foo ( ) @ public NSString _name @ end @ implementation Foo @ end / / Why does this declare a pointer to a foo instance ' s _name ! NSString name = __bridge id void * * ) ( ( __bridge void aFooInstance + 4 ) ; Building and running the above code , we can attach lldb instantiate a Foo to test things out : ( lldb ) $ expr Foo * $ aFoo = [ Foo new ] ( lldb ) expr $ aFoo - > _name = @ " Boo " ; ( NSString * ) $ 24 = 0x08c612a0 @ " Boo " aFoo is a pointer to some allocated memory in the heap , which lldb nicely visualizes if we dereference aFoo : ( lldb ) p * $ aFoo ( Foo ) $ 0 = { NSObject = { isa = Foo } _name = 0x00004884 @ " Boo " } An instance of Foo has a few fields in it . The first field of aFoo is isa , which is a pointer to aFoo โ s class . ( lldb ) p $ aFoo - > isa ( Class ) $ 9 = Foo Since isa is the first field of the object , we can use pointer arithmetic to access it . ( lldb ) po * ( id * ) ( ( char * ) aFoo + 0 ) Foo If you โ re wondering why the instance variable _name can be accessed by adding 4 to foo , its because 4 bytes is the size of a pointer to the NSString Class on my computer . ( lldb ) p sizeof ( [ NSString class ] ) ( unsigned long ) $ 18 = 4 Lets take a look at the Objective - C code ( objc . h ) / / / An opaque type that represents an Objective - C class . typedef struct objc_class * Class ; / / / Represents an instance of a class . struct objc_object { Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY ; } ; / / / A pointer to an instance of a class . typedef struct objc_object * id ; An id is 4 bytes in size because it is actually declared as a pointer to a typdef struct objc_object , which is 4 bytes . ( lldb ) p sizeof ( struct objc_object ) ( unsigned long ) $ 20 = 4 ( lldb ) p sizeof ( id ) ( unsigned long ) $ 18 = 4 Since a pointer NSString class is an id , it makes sense that it is 4 bytes large . By now , it is obvious why the original code accesses the same value pointed to by the instance variable _name . Without the casts for ARC support - the original example is much clener . We can try it in the debugger : ( lldb ) po * ( id * ) ( ( char * ) foo + 4 ) Boo in English : Cast foo to a pointer to a char , Add 4 , Cast that to a pointer to an id , Dereference that . Runtime Calculating the offset is unnecessary do in production , because the runtime does it well . If you read through the runtime , you will see that the function : id object_getIvar ( id obj , Ivar ivar ) Can access instance variables in constant time , because the offset is already stored by the runtime ( objc - runtime - new . h ) typedef struct ivar_t { / / * offset is 64 - bit by accident even though other / / fields restrict total instance size to 32 - bit . uintptr_t * offset ; const char * name ; const char * type ; / / alignment is sometimes - 1 ; use ivar_alignment ( ) instead uint32_t alignment __attribute__ ( ( deprecated ) ) ; uint32_t size ; } ivar_t ; | [
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http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry78.html | Ask GeoMan . . . Which country on earth has the most basalt ? - Landon , 3rd grade , Ogden , Iowa Basalt is an igneous rock Plate tectonics causes some areas of the crust to separate , and mafic magma from the upper mantle is allowed to move to the surface and erupt as a volcano . Because basalt is mafic , it is generally heavier than the granitic rocks that make up the continents . Because of this density difference , basalt is usually found on the seafloor . Therefore , since it ' s what makes the seafloor , MOST basalt is not part of ANY country . However , most of the continents will have some basalt exposed at the surface . These areas of basalt are often a piece of the seafloor which has been folded and pushed up onto the land ( and is now called an " ophiolite " ) . Other areas of basalt are related to what is called " continental rifting , " where the land is being pulled apart and basaltic magma is allowed to escape to the surface . These types of lava flows are called " flood basalt " because they literally flood the land with lava . The western United States has quite a bit of both types . Much of the Klamath Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon is broken - up pieces of 150 to 450 million year old seafloor crust ( the 150 million year old Josephine Ophiolite is a good example ) , while most of eastern Washington and Oregon ( the Columbia River Basalt ) , and northeastern California ( the Modoc Plateau Basalt ) are underlain by flood basalt . Click here for more on basalt and granite . Click here to ask GeoMan a question Return to Ask GeoMan ' s Index of Questions Return to GeoMan ' s Home Page | [
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http://jessebrisendine.blogspot.com/2012/07/being-scared-vs-living-in-fear.html | Santa Barbara Life Coach Jesse Brisendine ' s Thoughts on Life Tuesday , July 17 , 2012 Being Scared vs Living in Fear Greetings everyone ! I hope this blog finds you doing well and pondering " what could you do if you knew you could not fail ; " the question posed on the 1 Year 1000 Challenge page today . I am writing today to share with you all some exciting news that I think fits in quite well with the " what could you do if you knew you could not fail " question . First a quick update : Many of you have asked me if I would ever consider selling some of my photos . Well I have listened to all your requests and finally have some of them up for sell . You can get them as photos , mouse pads , and calendars . If anyone has any other suggestions , please let me know . To view the photos please click here : Jesse Brisendine Photography Before I get to my news I want to distinguish the difference between being scared and living in fear . There are dozens upon dozens of emotions we human beings feel . Happy to Angry , Scared to Excited , Hopeful to Insecure , and the list goes on and on . Perhaps no emotion is more powerful and weighs more heavily on the human experience than Fear . Often times Fear and being Scared get confused as being one of in the same . If I am scared I must be fearful right ? Well not necessarily . Let me give you an example : A couple of years ago a good friend of mine hid in my closet and jumped out at me and yelled really loud when I opened the closet . Her action scared the you know what out of me . But , I was only scared in the moment . I did not develop a fear of opening the closet because someone would jump out at me . Being scared happens , it is an experience and then it is gone . Fear is something that is learned and something that becomes a part of who we are , if we allow it . Being scared affects you in the moment . Fear affects you long after the moment has passed and will continue to affect subsequent moments if it is never addressed and conquered . I feel that for the most part I am pretty fearless . There are still a few out there I need to conquer , but all and all I live pretty fear free . I do however get scared from time to time . Which leads me to my exciting news . I have been presented with the opportunity to travel with a few clients for several months in Europe . They will be working in Europe and I have been invited to go and work as a trainer with them as well as any others who may want to utilize my services . I was super excited , what an amazing opportunity this is , right ? And then I got a little scared . I have traveled a lot , but I have never really been away from home for a long period of time . I love my life here in Santa Barbara . There is so much I will miss : the people , the beach , the weather , my view , the sun , my tan , the mountains ; I could really go on forever . As much as I love to travel I love it equally as much to come home to Santa Barbara . What would life be like without Santa Barbara ? Then there are my clients . My coaching business is remote , I can do that anywhere in the world , but I still have many clients here in town , including many personal training clients who , - gosh I have been with them for years . The majority of my adult life has been spent with them , what will life be like without seeing them on a day to day basis ? Will they be ok without me ? Will I be ok with out them ? YIKES ! A couple of times I got myself worked up into such a tizzy I almost had myself convinced not to go . Despite the abundance of opportunity that will come with this adventure , I was contemplating letting that which I was scared of , the unknown , keep me from pursuing the opportunity in front of me . I was , and still am a little , scared of the unknown - my life away from Santa Barbara . Here is what is important : if I had made that decision to stay based on the above , then that would have become the moment in life where a change occurs from being scared to living in fear . I do not want to live my life in fear . AND if I examine the handy reference guide that I call my past , I know that every time I have ventured into the unknown I have always Europe here I come ! Its ok to be scared , but remember to always live fearlessly ! Enjoy the pics , Carpe Diem , Jesse P.S. Remember to check out my photography : Jesse Brisendine Photography Posted by Jesse Brisendine at 3 : 25 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : 1 Year 1000 Challenge Author Fitness Inspiration Jesse Brisendine Motivation Santa Barbara Life Coach Santa Barbara Personal Trainer Speaker 8 comments : Alessan July 17 , 2012 at 3 : 58 PM You are going to work hard and have a great time . Look forward to hearing from you while you are away . Reply Anonymous July 17 , 2012 at 4 : 21 PM Ok first I like how you threw in there " I will miss my tan , lol ! Wishing you all the best on your journey to a new venture in life . May you enjoy and embrace it to the fullest and then tell us all about it , blessings ! : ) Carpe Diem , NancyM - NYC Reply Tiffany Epiphany July 17 , 2012 at 5 : 08 PM Have you been bouncing around in my head all day ? Your question today got me thinking along those same lines . Why am I fearful of making a major change in my life ? It ' s not as though I ' ve never done it before . I up and moved from TX to Fl 16 yrs ago within 2 weeks of deciding to do so . It ' s been one of my best decisions in life . I am very happy and excited for you and your decision . ; 0 ) Santa Barbara will be Sarah M . July 18 , 2012 at 1 : 39 PM That is awesome ! When presented with opportunities , or when I ' m convincing friends to follow through on amazing opportunities they have ( that I wish were mine ) : ) I usually ask , " Will you / I regret NOT doing this ? " In a year . Or a month . Or next week . I do n ' t wonder if I would regret doing it . Whether or not it sounds scary at the time , if I feel like I would regret NOT taking advantage of the chance in front of me JesseBris July 18 , 2012 at 3 : 42 PM I love all the comments . Thank you everyone for taking the time to leave them : ) I think Sarah M . said it best " will you regret NOT doing this in a year , a month , a week " if so then just get out there and do it ! Wise words : ) Carpe Diem , Jesse Anonymous August 3 , 2012 at 4 : 30 PM I find comfort in knowing that you are still be accessible to us no matter where you are in this world . Thank goodness for modern technology and I hope that you have the time of your life ! : ) August 6 , 2012 at 12 : 15 AM I Jesse ! Last week I had a business trip to Las Vegas for a job that I work at from home . I had n ' t ever met any of my co - workers in person , and I had never been to Las Vegas , either . I was scared to go , as I ' m very self conscious and usually feel quite socially awkward . Also , being in that big if a city scared me - what if I got lost ? " Carpe Diem " became my mantra . I went and dove into meeting people JesseBris August 7 , 2012 at 11 : 29 AM Thanks for sharing everyone . I love hearing your stories : ) Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"Jesse Brisendine",
"Being Scared",
"Living in Fear"
] |
http://jessicafitzwater.com/ | Jessica Fitzwater Pause 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Progressive Experienced Voice We Need Jessica brings a bold refreshing perspective to the Frederick County Council With her commitment to quality public education thoughtful economic development and growth affordable housing and critical county services Jessica has been a driving force on the Council 2018 Campaign Kickoff Video Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Upcoming events no event | [
"Frederick County Council",
"Jessica Fitzwater"
] |
http://jesus-is-savior.com/Believer's%20Corner/Doctrines/spirit_soul_body.htm | 1st Thessalonians 5 : 23 - 24 , โ And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly ; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ . Faithful is he that calleth you , who also will do it . โ To help teach you about the human soul , I made the above image using Macromedia ' s Fireworks program ( version 4 ) . The program allows you to work in layers , so each circle and text is a separate layer . Pretty neat stuff . I used Fireworks to make my Jesus - is - Savior . com image years ago in March of 2003 . The outer circle represents the human body , the inner circle represents the soul , and the innermost circle is the human spirit . As you ' ve read in our text verse above in 1st Thessalonians 5 : 23 - 24 , the Bible does recognize the distinction between spirit , soul and body . It is important that each Christian have a basic understanding of the spirit , soul and body . Learning this truth will help you understand the Bible and human psychology well . This is true psychology , which means โ the study of the spirit , soul , body . In almost every case , people usually mention the body first , and then the soul and the spirit lastly . This is because the spirit is generally ignored by humanity and people live in the flesh . God warned Adam and Eve that they would die the DAY they sinned . Genesis 2 : 17 , โ But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil , thou shalt not eat of it : for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die . โ So why did Adam continue to live until he was 930 - years - old ? ( Genesis 5 : 3 ) . The Bible does n ' t tell us when Eve died , but we know that she continued to live after sinning in the Garden of Eden , later giving birth to numerous children . Why DID N ' T Adam and Eve die the same DAY they sinned , as God had said ? It is because they DID DIE , spiritually , but not physically . Romans 5 : 12 teaches that Adam ' s sin brought sin into the world ; and therefore , death ( Romans 6 : 23 , โ For the wages of sin is death . . . โ ) upon the human race . Adam and Eve ' s spirit DIED the moment they ate of the forbidden fruit . Every human being since , except for Jesus Christ ( Who was born from above , the Son of God ) has been born spiritually - dead . Now you understand why there is a need to be born - again , that is , born spiritually . โ Ye must be born again โ ( John 3 : 5 ) . The first birth is a physical , or natural birth . The second birth is a spiritual , or supernatural birth . The soul is composed of three elements : a mind to think , a heart to feel and a will to decide . Animals have a soul , but not a spirit . Animals have a mind to think , a heart to feel and a will to decide ; but they do not have a spirit to fellowship with God , create music , write a poem or repent of sins . Animals can not sin , nor do they comprehend sin . Animals act on behavioral impulse . Sometimes people behave like animals , but they do have spirits and know better , so they will be held accountable by God as Ecclesiastes 12 : 14 teaches , โ For God shall bring every work into judgment , with every secret thing , whether it be good , or whether it be evil . โ Man does not have a soul and spirit ; but rather , man is a soul and spirit . Man has a body . A person ' s spirit is their true being , their very existence , which is given by God alone . Ecclesiastes 12 : 7 , โ Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was : and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it . โ As our Creator , God gives the human spirit at conception , and our spirit returns into the Lord ' s hands the moment that we die . God is not to be trifled with . Hebrews 10 : 31 , โ It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God . โ Only a fool does n ' t fear God . I once debated religion with a co - worker , a staunch Jehovah ' s Witness , who denied the distinction between the human spirit and the soul . Nor did he believe in the Person of the Holy Spirit . Jehovah ' s Witness deny the Godhead , that is , the triune nature of God ( which many refer to as the Trinity ) . I like the Biblical word , Godhead , that is , if you have a trustworthy King James Bible that contains this all - important word in Acts 17 : 29 ; Romans Christ ' s deity and the Godhead . The Bible does in fact differentiate between the soul and spirit of a man . Hebrews 4 : 12 , โ For the word of God is quick , and powerful , and sharper than any twoedged sword , piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit , and of the joints and marrow , and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart . โ Man is created in God ' s image , just as God is threefold in existence , that is , one God ( Deuteronomy 6 : 4 ) Who exists in the three separate , equal , distinct and unique Persons of God the Father , God the Son and God the Holy Spirit . The Bible calls this โ the mystery of God , and of the Father , and of Christ โ in Colossians 2 : 2 . Man is also a threefold being in nature , just as is His Creator . At death our soul and spirit are separated from the fleshly body . This is the first death . If a person dies the second death ( Revelation 21 : 8 ) , then their body , soul and spirit will be separated from God and cast into the Lake of Fire forever . When the Bible mentions the soul , it always includes the human spirit , for they are inseparable . Matthew 10 : 28 , โ And fear not them which kill the body , but are not able to kill the soul : but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell . โ The Bible admonishes all mankind to fear God , for He alone has the power of Heaven and Hell . Self - righteous people condemn other sinners to their grave in hypocrisy ; but only God can condemn ( damn ) a person to Hell for all eternity . It matters not what men may think or say about you , all that matters is what God thinks about you . You need HIS RIGHTEOUSNESS , that is , Christ ' s righteousness which God imputes to us the moment we receive the gospel as payment for our sins to be saved . Christ died , was buried and resurrected three days later . That ' s the gospel message . Believe it and the work is done . We are saved by grace alone , through faith alone , in Christ alone , plus or minus nothing ! In sharp contrast to Biblical psychology based upon the Scriptures , modern secular psychology is very different , which is based upon the heresies of atheism , humanism and evolution . Modern psychologists are trained and indoctrinated in heathen universities . Psalm 1 : 1 , โ Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly , nor standeth in the way of sinners , nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful . โ Below is the same image that I presented to your earlier , but it ' s a different background color and I added some lines pointing to the word soul . It ' s a simple picture , but it helps me understand the human spirit , soul and body when I study the Bible . We learn below in 1st Peter 3 : 18 that we are made alive ( quickened ) by God ' s Holy Spirit at salvation . Jesus taught Nicodemus that He needed to be born of water ( physical birth ) and of the Spirit ( by God ' s Spirit ) . Ephesians 2 : 5 and 1st Peter 3 : 18 , โ Even when we were dead in sins , hath quickened us together with Christ , ( by grace ye are saved ; ) . . . For Christ also hath once suffered for sins , the just for the unjust , that he might bring us to God , being put to death in the flesh , but quickened by the Spirit . โ The Spirit of God comes to indwell ( live within ) us the very moment that we acknowledge our guilt of sin , that is , our sinnership , and trust upon the gospel news that Christ died , was buried and rose from the dead , having shed His blood for our sins . . . John 3 : 5 - 7 , โ Jesus answered , Verily , verily , I say unto thee , Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit , he can not enter into the kingdom of God . That which is born of the flesh is flesh ; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit . Marvel not that I said unto thee , Ye must be born again . โ No one can enter into the kingdom of God without being born anew of the Spirit of God , born from above . Being born - again means to have He , Jesus Christ , Who is the beginning , born in us . What a beautiful Savior ! The Bible teaches that the Holy Spirit lives within the body of the believer . 1st Corinthians 3 : 16 - 17 , โ Know ye not that ye are the temple of God , and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you ? If any man defile the temple of God , him shall God destroy ; for the temple of God is holy , which temple ye are The believer ' s body is the tabernacle of the Holy Sprit . The unsaved do not have God ' s Holy Spirit , Who is literally God in us . The unsaved only have darkness in them . Jesus is the light , Who brightens our soul as Christians . Jesus is the light . John 1 : 4 - 5 , โ In him was life ; and the life was the light of men . And the light shineth in darkness ; and the darkness comprehended it not . โ Jesus is the light that shines in darkness , lighting men ' s souls with righteousness . We all have darkness in us as sinners . It is in our nature . John 3 : 19 , โ And this is the condemnation , that light is come into the world , and men loved darkness rather than light , because their deeds were evil . โ Everyone has darkness in them , but the Lord is the light that shines in that darkness . 2nd Corinthians 4 : 6 , โ For God , who commanded the light to shine out of darkness , hath shined in our hearts , to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ . โ We can be saved and have our sins forgiven if we ' ll believe the gospel . The gospel means โ good news โ or โ glad tidings . โ Romans 10 : 15b , โ How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace , and bring glad tidings of good things ! โ The gospel is composed of three things according to 1st Corinthians 15 : 1 - 4 , โ Moreover , brethren , I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you , which also ye have received , and wherein ye stand ; By which also ye are saved , if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you , unless ye have believed in vain . For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received , how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures ; And that he was buried , and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures . โ Satan and the fallen angels ( demons ) are spirits . As such they attempt to influence and corrupt the human spirit . Music is spiritual in nature . Books , movies and doctrinal teachings are spiritual in nature , that is , they influence the human spirit . This is why the Bible says to try ( or test ) the spirits in 1st John 4 : 1 , โ Beloved , believe not every spirit , but try the spirits whether they are of God : because many false prophets are gone out into the world . โ The Bible teaches that we are in a spiritual war continually . Ephesians 6 : 13 , โ For we wrestle not against flesh and blood , but against principalities , against powers , against the rulers of the darkness of this world , against spiritual wickedness in high places . โ Our battle in not against flesh and blood that we see ; but rather , against spiritual forces that are unseen by the human eye and undetected by the senses . It is critically important that we abide in the Scriptures as Christians , so that the thoughts and intents of our heart will be discerned and we will be โ transformed by the renewing of your mind โ ( Romans 12 : 2 ) to be โ conformed to the image of his Son โ ( Romans 8 : 29 ) . We can not change without the Bible . We can choose to walk in the lusts of the flesh , or we can choose to live in obedience to the Spirit of God within us , as He guides us into all truth in the Scriptures . God ' s Word is a Lamp to light our path . Psalms 119 : 105 , โ Thy word is a lamp unto my feet , and a light unto my path . โ | [
"The Human Soul"
] |
http://jesus-is-savior.com/Believer's%20Corner/jesus_had_a_beard.htm | Jesus Had a Beard " I gave my back to the smiters , and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair : I hid not my face from shame and spitting . " - Isaiah 50 : 6 You might think this is a strange name for an article , but no stranger than the way some Christians are biased against beards ( and other trifle matters ) . I thought this was a needful article . I have John R . Rice ' s book titled , " I am a Fundamentalist . " There ' s a very practical chapter in Dr . Rice ' s book called " I am a Fundamentalist , not a Nut . " He talks about how some people accused him of compromise because he refuses to lie down on I did n ' t create this website to impress anybody . I made this website to proclaim the TRUTH , primarily the great truth that Jesus Christ is the ONLY Way to Heaven . This website is very unique . I do n ' t know of any other sites just like it . You ' ve got everything exposed from False Religions to corruption in government . You ' ve got health warnings , old fashioned preaching , Christian music , soulwinning , etc ( and if I think of other things that will benefit you ) . Having said that , I do NOT believe it is wrong or unethical for a man to wear a beard . There is a danger is conformity . When everyone is required to conform to a standard , what happens when that standard falters ? That ' s right , people will conform to the new lower standard ! Is this not the exact thing that is wrong with denominationalism ? Sure it is . As Dr . Jack Hyles used to say , If the mother ship goes down , she ' ll take all the little boats with Jesus had a beard ( facial hair long enough to be grabbed and plucked from His cheeks ) . For the soldiers to be able to grab Jesus ' beard , it must have been at least of moderate length ( definitely not a short beard ) . Isaiah fifty speaks as a prophecy concerning Christ ' s hours of torment before the cross . Yes friend , our Lord and Saviour had a beard . Let me say that I firmly believe Jesus had short hair on top of His head . I do not believe Jesus looked like a hippie . I ' ve read Dr . Jack Hyles great book titled " Jesus Had Short Hair . " I agree 100 % . The custom of Jesus ' day was short hair . Jesus never took a Nazarite vow . I believe Jesus was a strong man , a carpenter without power tools . Jesus was no wimp . Peter was a rugged man and would not have followed Jesus if He were not a great man . I Jesus may have had short hair , but He also had a beard . Let us be realistic about small issues such as beards . There is no moral principal hear as with a woman wearing pants . A woman wearing pants promotes unholy lusts in men ' s hearts . This is why it is very sinful for a woman to dress immodestly . Many women are apathetic concerning this evil . Even some Christian women have not matured in this area of proper dress . A woman who wears provocative clothing HURTS other men spiritually . She makes When I was in Bible college years ago , I met a few characters . I usually wore an all white dress shirt to chapel , but every so often I ' d wear an all black dress shirt just to be different . When I did , I was the only guy wearing an all black shirt out of hundreds of guys in all white shirts . I felt out of place but I did n ' t let it bother me because I knew that God looks at the heart , not at the color of my shirt Just because a man wears a beard does n ' t mean he ' s not a fundamental Baptist . London ' s greatest preacher ever , Charles Spurgeon , wore a big beard ( and smoked a big cigar ) . Dwight L . Moody wore a beard . I ' m not justifying great men ' s weaknesses . I ' m simply saying that we need to be real careful about ostracizing people in the name of Biblical " separation " simply because they wear a beard or do n ' t wear their hair at quite I am a separated Christian , I hate the world and all the wickedness in it . I am fully aware of 1st John 2 : 15 ' s warning not to love the things of this world . Nevertheless , it is ok to be different from other people . I like to be different . I wanted this website to be different in as many ways as possible . I like to be unique . That ' s just me . I want to build this website to be what I believe is going to help you the One last thing before I finish this article . I knew a Bible college student years ago who dropped out of school and stopped going to church . A few years later she went back to church and tried to pick up where she had left off . I remember how discouraged she was at the time . She said something to me that I shall never forget . She said , " You have to walk a fine line at the church . If you veer even a little bit to the left or to the right , they The next time your tempted to ignore someone or judge them based upon what you think they should " conform " to , just remember that your Lord and Saviour HAD A BEARD . God bless you , Dave | [
"Jesus",
"Fundamentalist"
] |
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