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http://jesusalive.cc/ques100.htm | Q : # 100 . What does meekness mean in the Bible ? By : Steve Shirley A : The usual definition of meekness in the Bible is " strength under control . " The " world " defines strong people as those who are assertive , take charge , proud , self - sufficient , self - reliant , and independent . A meek person is the opposite of these things , therefore , many people associate meekness with weakness . A meek person is willing to be submissive , is humble and gentle , relies on God and is dependent on Him to provide strength . Which of these is REALLY the weaker ? If you think it is meekness , try following these attributes for a while , and you will see it is HARD ! It is much more difficult to humble yourself and rely on God , than to do everything in your own strength . Three people in the Bible are specifically described as being meek : Jesus ( Mt 11 : 29 Mt 21 : 5 ) , Paul ( 2 Cor 10 : 1 ) , and Moses ( Num 12 : 3 ) . Each of these men was amongst the most persecuted men in the Bible . ( See : Paul ' s Trials for more on the trials he faced ) However , they displayed the " strength under control " through their persecutions that it takes to be meek . One of the definitions in Webster ' s Dictionary for meek is " enduring injury with patience and without resentment . " Certainly each of these men qualifies for that distinction . We are told in the Bible to be meek ( Eph 4 : 2 ) ( Col 3 : 12 ) ( 1 Tim 6 : 11 2 Tim 2 : 25 Titus 3 : 2 ) . Meekness is a trait of the " fruit of the Spirit " ( Q : # 222 . ) that marks a Christian ( Gal 5 : 23 ) . If we are meek , the Bible says we will : Be blessed ( Mt 5 : 5 Have abundance of peace ( Ps 37 : 11 Eat and be satisfied ( Ps 22 : 26 Be guided and taught by the Lord ( Ps 25 : 9 Be lifted up ( Ps 147 : 6 ) and given salvation ( Ps 149 : 4 The Bible says an unbelieving husband can be won over by the meek and quiet spirit of a believing wife ( 1 Pet 3 : 1 - 4 ) . ( 1 Pet 3 : 15 ) continues , saying we should " be always ready to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness . . . " Meekness is a sign to an unbelieving world that Christ is in us . Tweet | [
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http://jetcareers.com/becoming-an-airline-pilot.html | Written by Shem Malmquist Being an airline pilot can be one of the world ' s best jobs . First year salaries range from $ 25,000 to over $ 50,000 per year . Pilots who have worked for a company for 10 years could have annual earnings close to $ 300,000 . It is possible for a pilot to have even higher earnings during the course of a career . A pilot might only work 8 days in a month . They never have to take their work " home " with them ; their job is finished when they leave the airplane . Most pilots love their jobs , to the point that they even will fly for fun on their days off . Sounds great , right ? Well , there is another side of the coin . While some pilots do earn those high salaries , most pilots at major airlines earn around $ 100,000 per year . Still , not bad , however you have to consider that very few pilots actually work for major airlines . Unlike other professions , which can be reasonably assured that they will get a job once they have finished school , etc . , the majority of qualified pilots are not able to procure jobs with a major carrier . My company recently received 7,000 applications for 50 job openings . All of these people were qualified . How many days a pilot works depends on a number of factors , including which company a pilot works for and how long the pilot has worked for that company . Pilots can work as few a 8 days in a month , to as many as 20 . While pilots at a major airline might work 14 days in a month , you must keep in mind that they are not coming home from work on those 14 days . They are actually away from their homes and families half of every month , or more . This is While pilots do not take their work home with them , they are required to be prepared for tests . . Most pilots take a checkride twice a year . This requires some home study . In the event of failure a pilot could find him or herself out of a job . In addition , pilots are expected to maintain currency in new techniques and procedures , and keep their charts up to date . Another drawback is the high cost of becoming qualified to be a pilot . A pilot either has to go through the military , which is an 8 year commitment after pilot training , or pay for that training him or herself . In addition to needing a bachelor ' s degree ( in any subject ) , a pilot needs a lot of intensive training in the field of aviation itself . This is expensive , especially if you consider that there is a fairly good chance that a pilot will never work for an airline . A pilot also needs to be in good physical condition . Captains need to pass a physical exam once every 6 months ; other commercial pilots need to pass an exam every year . A pilot could be out of a job if a health problem is discovered . In addition , pilots are subject to regular drug and alcohol tests . If you have ever had a problem with drugs or alcohol you need to choose a different profession . Furthermore , your driving record is scrutinized , and any felony convictions are disqualifying . In addition to the Finally , a person seriously considering a career in the airline industry should be aware that the airline business does not offer much in terms of job security . Airlines that once seemed to be invincible have gone out of business , like Pan Am and Eastern airlines . The pilots of those carriers had to seek employment elsewhere . If they took a job as a pilot for a different airline , they started again at the bottom . There are pilots who were Captains at Eastern Airlines , who are now Flight Engineers for a different company . Furthermore , there is no guarantee of advancement at any airline . If you get hired at the right time , you could be a Captain in as little as three years , while those hired just six months later might spend five years or more as a Flight Engineer before they even get a chance to become co - pilots . All this needs to be considered if you are thinking of being a pilot . What does a pilot need to know ? Well , of course a pilot needs to be able to fly an airplane . Flying an airplane is nothing like driving a car . It requires a very high level of skill . It literally takes years to acquire the skills necessary to fly commercial jets . Furthermore , a pilot is always working on his or her skills ; there is always room for improvement . Most people think that this is all there is to it , once you have acquired the skill to control the airplane you can safely fly it . While these skills are What else is there ? A pilot must be very knowledgeable on a variety of subjects . To be a professional pilot you must : 1 ) Understand theory of flight : This requires a fundamental understanding of physics . While there is no requirement to understand mathematics above algebra ( although it helps if you do understand higher math ) , you do have to be able to understand and apply the concepts of physics . A pilot must understand laws of motion , mass , inertia , pressure , temperature , fluids and gasses . This is the only way to understand aerodynamics ( subsonic and supersonic ) , aircraft performance ( including aircraft loading ) , hydroplaning and system operations and limitations 2 ) Understand meteorology : This , too , is rooted in physics . A pilot must not only be able to interpret the weather that he or she is provided , but must also be able to make judgments as to the validity of the weather forecasts themselves . Often the pilot is the only one that can observe weather phenomena , and must be able to report what he or she is seeing accurately as well as make a quick analysis of the conditions . This includes how the changes may affect the weather forecast itself and how 3 ) Understand aircraft systems : All machines use the principles of physics to operate , and so a pilot must understand the areas of physics that apply . In addition , a pilot must understand aircraft maintenance , otherwise there is no way to tell if the mechanics did their job right . It is not enough to trust the mechanic ; your life , and the lives of your passengers , are at stake . A pilot must fully understand how their engines operate ( be they jet or not ) , as well as how all of the various components on the engine function and interact . The engine is not the only mechanical component , however . The pilot must have a full understanding of electrical systems ( including all of the components ) , the hydraulic systems and the pneumatic systems . In addition , the pilot must be familiar with the cable and pulley systems that may be incorporated to operate flight controls , etc . Without a thorough understanding of The pilot must also understand metal bending limits , material fatigue , etc . In this way the pilot can determine if there is a possible structural problem , and if there is , how serious it might be . 4 ) Understand navigation : Navigation is a broad subject , with many important aspects . There is much more to navigation than simply getting from one point to the next . First , a pilot must understand how maps and charts are constructed in order to properly interpret them . There are many ways of making charts , and each has advantages as well as pitfalls . Charts made for pilots to land in poor weather have their own sets of limitations and problems . A pilot must fully understand the safety margins that are incorporated into charts , While it is true that much of today ' s enroute navigation uses airborne computer equipment , what if it fails ? A pilot must be able to navigate via dead reckoning , celestial , or any other means of navigation that would enable the flight to be completed safely . There are times when a pilot will navigate using only the chart and visible landmarks , and other times when a pilot will use ground based radio signals . The pilot is responsible for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each type of navigation used , and knowing when To be able to navigate also requires a thorough understanding of geography . Furthermore , a pilot must be familiar with international laws and current political situations in various countries . In an emergency , a pilot must know which countries are hostile or unstable , and which are safe . This requires staying abreast of current world events . Part of navigation also involves the weather . Pilots will often have to deviate from their normal course to avoid dangerous weather conditions . Sometimes this is not possible , and the pilot must be able to make decisions based on the known risks . 5 ) Regulations and air traffic control : A pilot must be familiar with all the regulations that may affect his or her flight . There are literally hundreds of regulations that must be complied with for every flight . These regulations are written by legal professionals , therefore , a pilot must be able to read and understand legal documents . Most of these regulations come from the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , but a pilot is expected to comply with the regulations of various other government bodies , both Federal and State . In addition , A large section of these rules pertains to the carriage of hazardous materials . A pilot must understand the properties of various chemicals and other agents in order to be able to comply with these rules . Air traffic control involves many regulations . In addition , there are books of procedures that air traffic controllers must follow . The pilot must also be familiar with these procedures . In the event the controller makes an error , it is the pilot ' s responsibility to recognize that error and to then take what ever action is necessary to complete the flight safely . In additions to the procedures , the pilot must understand the limits of the controller ' s radar and radios . Radios include the communication radios as well as ground based radio navigation 6 ) Pilots must have some knowledge of physiology : . While a pilot is not expected to go to medical school , the FAA does expect a pilot to be able to recognize physical problems that may affect him or herself or any passengers . The pilot also has to know how to prevent these problems in the first place . In addition , the pilot must understand the various illusions and sensations that occur in flight that could adversely affect safety . Pilots also need to study past aviation accidents so they can better understand the human factors that may have contributed to them . This is only a partial list . Each of these subjects can be studied in depth . In fact , most of these subjects are available as Doctoral programs in our universities . While a pilot is not expected to have multiple doctorate degrees , he or she is expected to thoroughly understand these subjects . Without such understanding , the pilot can not operate safely . Flying an airplane requires risk management , and risk management is not possible without fully understanding all the principles involved . Jobs outside of Major Airlines Flying for a major airline is not the only choice . Although airline flying is the top of the field in terms of salary and benefits , there are other ways to make a living as a pilot . Some of these are corporate aviation ( flying company airplanes ) , agricultural flying ( crop dusting ) , and you could fly full time in the military . Regional ( or commuter ) airlines also employ pilots , although the pay scales and working conditions are not like the major airlines . If you like to teach , you can If you want to be involved in aviation , but being a professional pilot is not for you , there are many other jobs within aviation . You can work as an attorney practicing aviation law or as a doctor in aero - medicine . Other possible fields include meteorology , air traffic control , business management , aircraft mechanics , etc . While you do not need to be a pilot to do these type of jobs , being a pilot might provide more insight into the various opportunities available to you . After reading all this , if you still feel aviation is the career for you , than you are ready for the next question . How do you start ? First of all , the younger you start the better . If you are still in high school , now is the time to start . If you ' re older , that ' s O.K. , but do not procrastinate . If you have never flown an airplane , go out to the local airport and take an introductory ride . These are usually fairly inexpensive , and you will get a chance to fly the airplane . If you do n ' t like it , stop here . If you ' re like most people , you will enjoy that first ride . Although the flight school will probably try to persuade you to start flying lessons right away , it is better if you do n ' t . Instead , see if they offer a ground school course . If they do n ' t have one themselves , they may know of one . Ground school is where you will begin learning the basics of the subjects mentioned above . If the school does not offer ground school , or if the next ground school There are quite a few books that are written for beginners . One of the better ones is the Student Pilots Flight Manual by Kershner . The FAA also has a good collection of books . Now comes the real test . If you enjoy what you are studying in ground school ( or in the books ) you will probably enjoy flying as a career . Everyone likes flying the airplane , but being a professional pilot requires a lot of study . If you do n ' t enjoy the subjects , flying is not for you . While most of todays airline pilots came from the military , it is not the only route . By earning your flying ratings and acquiring the experience through private lessons and later by working as a pilot for small companies , you can get the experience you need to apply to a large carrier . However , if your goal is to fly for an airline , you should strongly consider the military route . The airlines are bound to continue to prefer the experience military pilots obtain . Whether you choose the military or civilian route , you should learn to fly privately first . This start will help you in military flight school , if you choose that route , so you ca n ' t lose by taking lessons . Get out to the airport and get started . Your worst enemy is procrastination . | [
"airline pilot",
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http://jewelry.about.com/od/jewelrymetals/a/gold_jewelry.htm | Accessories How to Buy Gold Jewelry Understanding Gold Terminology by Carly Wickell updated August 17 , 2017 Gold jewelry never goes out of style , and for good reason , because gold is as wearer - friendly as it is beautiful . This precious metal is long lasting and retains its value over time , so buying gold jewelry is often considered an investment . When you have a piece of gold jewelry that is properly cared for , that jewelry can be passed down for generations and outlive all of us . Knowing how to buy gold jewelry like an industry professional will help you make the most of your purchase . Learn everything you need to know in this gold buying guide . How Gold Purity Impacts Value Chances are the ring on your finger is marked 18K , 14K , or 10K , with the K standing for karat , the system used to describe the percentage of pure gold an item contains . The higher the karat number , the higher the percentage of gold in your gold jewelry . Also , the higher the karat , the more expensive the item . 24K gold is pure gold . 18K gold contains 18 parts gold and 6 parts of one or more additional metals , making it 75 % gold . 14K gold contains 14 parts gold and 10 parts of one or more additional metals , making it 58.3 % gold . 12K gold contains 12 parts gold and 12 parts of one or more additional metals , making it 50 % gold . 10K gold contains 10 parts gold and 14 parts of one or more additional metals , making it 41.7 % gold . 10K gold is the minimum karat that can be called " gold " in the United States . 14K is the most commonly sold gold jewelry in the states . Purchasing jewelry less than 14K wo n ' t hold its value as much over time . The higher the gold content , the more the gold market will influence the item ' s value . Remember , there are other factors to consider besides gold content to determine if your jewelry is valuable Become Familiar with European Markings European gold jewelry is marked with numbers that indicate their percentage of gold . Learn about these hallmarks in case you are buying vintage jewelry or gold jewelry outside the States . 18K gold is marked 750 to indicate 75 % gold 14K gold is marked 585 for 58.5 % 10K gold is marked 417 for 41.7 % Learn About Other Markings on Gold Jewelry The karat marking on your gold jewelry should be accompanied by a hallmark or trademark that identifies its maker . The item ' s country of origin might also be included . In some cases with jewelry over 100 years old , there will be no gold hallmark . You ' ll need to make sure the item has been tested for gold content before purchasing . Why Are Other Metals Mixed With Gold ? You ' ll want to know about gold alloys when shopping for gold jewelry . Since pure gold is soft and is n ' t practical for daily wear , other metals are mixed with it to make it more durable ( and to lower its cost ) . Adding other metals to the mix also allows metallurgists to change the color of gold . Palladium or nickel can be added to create white gold . Adding copper produces a rose or pink tint , while silver gives gold a greenish cast . When metals are added to the gold the result is an alloy , a blended mixture of the metals that you can think of as a very expensive cake batter . Solid gold is a term that can be used to describe an item that ' s at least 10K ( in the US ) gold all the way through . Even though it ' s a gold alloy - - 18K , 14K , or anything down to 10K - - it can be called solid gold . When Gold Is Used as a Coating There are many ways to mechanically apply a coating of gold onto a much less expensive metal , reducing the item ' s cost . The thicker the layer of gold , the less likely it is to wear away easily and expose the metal underneath . Gold Filled Jewelry Newer gold filled items have markings that indicate how much and what type of gold was used for the layer . A marking that says 1 / 20 12K G.F. means that the jewelry is at least 1 / 20th 12K gold by weight . Gold Plated Jewelry The gold layer in gold plated jewelry is typically thinner than the gold in gold filled jewelry , so it usually wears away more quickly . Plating is done in different ways . You might see terms such as gold washed used to describe a very thin layer of gold - - one that wo n ' t be very durable . So What Gold Jewelry Should You Buy ? Solid gold is durable , so it is a better choice for jewelry you ' ll wear regularly . If you have allergies to nickel or other metals , choose items that have higher gold content , such as 18K or 22K gold jewelry . Gold filled or plated jewelry is suitable for jewelry that you wear occasionally but should n ' t be considered an investment . Everyday use would eventually diminish the gold layer , exposing the metal below , which might stain your skin or cause an allergic reaction . For pieces that will last a lifetime and beyond , buy the highest quality gold your budget allows . Edited by : Lauren Thomann | [
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http://jewelrygemsabout.com/gems/zircon.html | Zircon gemstone : meaning , properties , power , jewelry , photo TOPICS : stones WHAT IS ZIRCON MEANING From a chemical point of view zircon is zirconium silicate . Gem name comes from the Persian word โ zargun โ . Translated from the Persian โ zar โ meaning is โ gold โ , and โ gun โ meaning is โ color โ . Consequently , zircon in that language means โ gold color gem โ . In addition to the most beautiful golden - yellow and red zircon gems found brown , yellowish - green and sky - blue stones . Their color is determined by impurities of iron , copper , zinc , calcium , titanium , and some rare earth elements . There are , however , colorless and even black zircons . The golden - red stones called hyacinths . According to the ancient Greek myth , Hyacinth was killed by a disk , which gave contests god of light Apollo . Fallen to the ground a drop of youths blood became into flowers hyacinths . Petrified , they became precious stones . Straw - yellow and smoky Ceylon zircons European jewelers not so long ago was called โ Ceylon jargons โ or simply โ jargoons โ . In the jewelry business often used brown zircon gemstones , which , after firing acquire a magnificent blue color . Such stones are called starlites . Zircon crystals are extremely hard , allowing them to survive in many types of rock . They are also resistant to chemical and physical change . These characteristics make them ideal for dating very old rocks radiometrically . Radioactive isotopes , such as uranium , decay at a known rate over time , forming what are known as daughter isotopes . This means that by measuring the number of daughter isotopes in a zircon crystal within a rock , and comparing that number with the original number of atoms , it is possible to determine how much decay has taken place and Zircon has been mined for over 2,000 years from the gem gravels of Sri Lanka , and was used as a gemstone in Greece and Italy as far back as the 6th century AD . Zircon best deposit known in Brazil , Ceylon , and Burma . Beach sands are a major source of commercial production , particularly in India , Australia , and Florida , USA . Other key localities are Canada , Mexico , Norway , Russia , France , and Pakistan . ZIRCON JEWELRY In the jewelry business is the most popular blue zircon was used only since the First World War . Among fans there is a perception that all blue zircons , but it is actually the color they are required high temperature treatment , which usually are orange - brown stones found in the Mekong delta โ the โ capital โ of high - temperature processing of zircon ( as well as sapphire ) is Bangkok . Unfortunately , color - treated blue zircon is unstable and can eventually tarnish . The characteristic feature of zircons , except the green and brown , is a high level of double refraction . It is so noticeable that it is at its best for beginners to demonstrate this phenomenon . Add to this high degree of dispersion , and here โ s an explanation other than โ fire โ inherent in this stone . These two features help distinguish zircon from other stones because of its refractive index is out of scale refractometer . Holders of spectroscope also noticed absorption spectrum consists of equidistant lines broad , exciting all of the colors of the presence of radioactive elements . Colorless or white zircons , formerly called โ jargon โ , because of its high variance are often used to imitate diamonds , especially in jewelry of Indian origin , as the main source of this mineral is Sri Lanka . However , diamonds with their single refraction can be easily distinguished from zircons using a simple magnifier . A presence of radioactive elements in zircon may lead to the destruction of the crystal lattice of stone . In technology such samples are called โ metamict โ and such stones are usually green color and do not exhibit the characteristic double refraction , they may even occur readable , albeit low refractive index โ 1.78 . In any case , from a commercial point of view , attention should be paid only the blue and , more rarely , orange - brown specimens have usually โ outstanding โ qualities : a high dispersion and strong double refraction , unreadable refractive index and , moreover , strong luster . ZIRCON HEALING PROPERTIES Zircon gem has long been considered a strong magical and healing stone , and a projective energy Yang . It gives people confidence , optimism and good spirits . In Indian practice yoga zircon as a diamond belongs to the highest place in the highest energy chakra Sahasrara . The mineralogist suggest that the strong impact zircon energy be explained form of its crystals ( โ effect of a double pyramid โ ) . It is believed that the yellow - red zircons have a positive effect on the pituitary gland , pineal gland and stimulate the liver ( so zircons improve appetite ) . They help with constipation , reduced gastric secretion and intestinal . Heat - treating minerals to change their colour or improve their clarity has been a widespread practice for centuries . It may well have begun with zircon . Brown stones from Thailand and Sri Lanka turn blue or colourless when heated ; in blue stones that have lost their colour reheating will re - establish the blue colour . The process itself does not require expensive apparatus . The zircons to be treated are placed in a clay pot intermixed with fine sand ; the pot is then heated in the coals of a campfire for a period determined by Zircon hyacinth stones are universal healers , able to cleanse the entire body . They contribute to achieving emotional balance and treat insomnia . In ancient times believed that the red zircon can prevent pregnancy . To do this , a hot stone laid in the foundation of the stomach for 2 - 3 hours daily for 8 - 10 days . In the Middle Ages , red zircons were amulets of merchants , artists , and travelers . It is believed that the zircons improve mental abilities and stimulate the desire to do science . The Indians dedicated this stone mythical dragon , from solar and lunar eclipse . ZIRCON BIRTHSTONE Astrologers are recommended to wear zircon jewelry people born by zodiac signs Aries and Aquarius It is believed that such jewellery are contraindicated Cancers and Pisces Zircon is a symbol of the Sun . | [
"zircon gems"
] |
http://jewelrymakingjournal.com/what-is-opalite-sea-opal-glass/ | What is Opalite ( Sea Opal Glass ) ? by Rena Klingenberg . What is opalite , also known as โ sea opal glass โ ? Is it a gemstone , or is it manmade ? Sterling silver and opalite / sea opal glass earrings by Rena Klingenberg Opalite Glass โ Opalite โ usually refers to a manmade glass used mainly in jewelry making . Although this material is usually anywhere from clear to milky colored , it takes on an unearthly , luminous blue glow โ especially when placed against a dark backdrop . That โ s why it โ s sometimes mistaken for moonstone . However , against a white backdrop or held up to the light , opalite / sea opal glass often takes on an amber color . But it โ s the lovely , glowing blue that really attracts people . Wear opalite jewelry against any dark colored clothing , and start counting the number of people who come up to you and ask , โ What is that stone ? โ There โ s no doubt that it catches people โ s eyes , and I โ ve always found that any sea opal glass jewelry in my display sells very quickly ! Sea opal necklace display shows the luminous blue of this material against a black background Is Opalite a Gemstone ? Although most of the jewelry components bearing this name are the glass variety , there is also a true gemstone called โ opalite โ . This stone is composed of dolomite plus quartz and fluorite , and is usually a purple , lavender , or mauve color . It sort of looks like a cross between lepidolite and charoite . You may see this gemstone also called โ opal fluorite โ or โ tiffany stone โ . And Just to Confuse Things โฆ Here โ s yet another way the word โ opalite โ is sometimes used in the gemstone world : it can also refer to an impure , common form of colored opal . The Main Thing to Remember : Most of the time , in the handcrafted jewelry world , the word โ opalite โ refers to the luminous blue , manmade โ sea opal glass โ . Supplies & Tools | [
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http://jewelrytruth.blogspot.com/2007/04/napier-sterling-will-be-marked-sterling.html | Wednesday , April 18 , 2007 Napier Sterling Will Be Marked Sterling There ' s a lot of misinformation about Napier jewelry . Soon there will be a book published on The Napier Co . with approximately 3000 pictures . A Word About Napier Sterling Jewelry . Napier marked all of their sterling jewelry with the word sterling . Napier also heavily plated their silver tone jewelry with a silver plate . Because of this , Napier jewelry is claimed to be solid sterling jewelry on auction sites and websites alike although it is not marked as such . This is not true . It will test for sterling but it IS NOT solid sterling silver . Napier antique silver finish was so exquisite that it often fools the savvy jewelry collector . Do let this be you ! Up until at least the 1980 ' s Napier did not use 925 as a identifier for sterling silver . The word sterling will be visible on the piece . Posted by The Jewelry Expert at 8 : 22 PM Labels : Napier jewelry sterling silver vintage jewelry 3 comments : Vintage Jewelry Collect said . . . For more information on Napier Jewelry , please visit http : / / www . vintagejewelrycollect . com / c - signed - Napier_history . html or http : / / www . vintagejewelrycollect . com / 2005 / 08 / napier - company - jewelry - history - wanted . html November 8 , 2008 at 6 : 09 PM Anonymous said . . . I have aquired a box of old junky looking clip on earrings etc . at the bottom of the box is a napier sterling budda perfume bottle . has anyone ever seen one of these ? and does it have value ? I would like to know if I should be giving this piece back to the elderly women who gave the box of things for the kids June 20 , 2012 at 4 : 05 PM Anonymous said . . . Hello . . . Yes , I have seen the Buddha perfume vessel . The retail price for this piece ( for the right collector ) is about $ 175.00 - $ 225.00 . Which means the wholesale price would be no more than $ 70.00 . They are not that common and a great find . The truth is a lot of old " junky " jewelry can actually have significant value . . . even more than the perfume vessel . My suggestion is to express your concern that she gave you something of value and let her June 21 , 2012 at 10 : 56 AM Post a Comment Links to this post Create a Link Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"Napier jewelry"
] |
http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/07/15/cole-taylor-bank-changing-of-the-guard/ | Cole Taylor Bank : Changing of the Guard Not just a management change ; an ownership change as well โฆ A story of 3 Generations . Jeffrey Taylor and his brother Bruce Taylor / By Clive Minchom / MB Financial , Inc . and Taylor Capital Group , Inc . today announced the signing of a definitive merger agreement whereby MB Financial will acquire Taylor Capital . Taylor Capital is the holding company of Cole Taylor Bank , a commercial bank headquartered in Chicago with $ 5.9 billion in assets , $ 3.3 billion in loans and $ 3.7 billion in deposits as of June 30 , 2013 . MB Financial is the $ 9.4 billion Chicago - based holding company of MB Financial Bank , N.A . The merged - combination , described by the company as โ strategically attractive โ , is expected to nearly double MB Financial โ s middle market commercial banking market share in the Chicago area . Taylor Capital โ s nine branches complement MB Financial โ s existing network of 85 Chicago - area branches . The combined bank is expected to have a top - 10 deposit market share ranking in the Chicago metropolitan area and top - 5 deposit market share ranking in Cook County . โ MB Financial Bank , which was founded in 1911 , and Cole Taylor Bank , established in 1929 , have been serving their customers and Chicago communities for generations , and we look forward to building on that long history and tradition together in the future , โ said Bruce W . Taylor , Taylor Capital โ s Chairman of the Board . The per share merger consideration is currently valued at approximately $ 22.00 per Taylor Capital share , resulting in an overall transaction value of approximately $ 680 million . The merger is subject to regulatory approvals , approval by MB Financial stockholders , approval by Taylor Capital stockholders and certain other customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first half of 2014 . The Cole Taylor bank has been a well - managed and enduring Chicago based banking institution since its roots going back to the start of the depression era in 1929 . Current Chairman Bruce W . Taylor now represents the third generation of the Taylor family โ s involvement with Cole Taylor Bank . Since joining the family - owned and operated bank in 1978 , Mr . Taylor has helped redefine the company โ s commercial banking strategy and develop key initiatives . In the late 1980s , he was involved in managing the company โ s transition to branch banking , making Cole Taylor Bank the first branch banking organization in Illinois . His brother , Jeffrey Taylor , who preceded him as Chairman and CEO , still sits on the Board as Vice Chairman . Today โ s announced transaction therefore signals the changing of the guard at the bank both in terms of ownership and also of its management , as current Cole Taylor President Mark Hoppe will now become CEO of the combined banking entity after the merger . Jeffrey โ s own father Sidney Taylor built the bank up , after becoming the son - in law of its previous owner Shirley Tark . The Shirley Tark story began amid the historic stock - market crash of 1929 , when banks nationwide were forced to shut down . That same year , he became a director of the Main State Bank at 1965 Milwaukee Avenue in Chicago . Thanks to Mr . Tark โ s guidance , the bank remained solvent through the depression ; in 1933 , grateful federal regulators then asked him to take control of the bank โ s operations . After serving in the Army Medical corps , following World War II , Sidney Taylor , joined his father - in law at the bank . He ascended to the president โ s office in 1960 , at the age of 36 โ becoming one of the country โ s youngest bank presidents . In 1969 , Mr . Taylor and a business partner , Irwin Cole , purchased the bank from Mr . Tark . It thrived under their leadership , growing from one location and $ 65 million in assets at the time of the purchase to seven locations with combined assets of more than $ 1 billion by 1985 . Following the passage of branch - banking legislation in 1989 that allowed for the conversion of freestanding banks to a single bank with multiple locations , Cole Taylor Bank became the first branch - banking network in Illinois history . Sidney Cole died in 2002 with the bank by then in the safe hands of his son Jeffrey . Read more about : banking Branch ( banking ) Bruce Taylor Chicago Cole Taylor Cole Taylor Bank Illinois Inc . Irwin Cole Jeffrey Taylor MB Financial MB Financial Bank Mr . Tark N.A . Sidney Cole Sidney Taylor Taylor Capital Group USA | [
"Cole Taylor Bank",
"MB Financial",
"Taylor Capital"
] |
http://jewishpassoverchelsea.weebly.com/symbols.html | Home Ritual Structure Symbols Bibliography The Symbolism of the Food at the Seder Table Watch The Macaroons song , Seder Plate The taditional food and drink prepared for the Jewish seder meal have symbolic associations with the Exodus story . The food and drink prepared for the seder meal include : Karpas Haroset Maror Hazeret Z ' roa Bietzah Matzah Four cups of wine Karpas The karpas is a green vegetable . Karpas represents the original flourishing of the of the Israelite community during their first years in Egypt . Haroset The Harost is a mix of fruits , wine or honey , and nuts . This mix symbolizes mortar which was used by the Israelite slaves to construct buildings for the Pharaoh . Maror Maror is a bitter herb . It symbolizes the bitterness of slavery . Hazeret Hazeret is the second bitter herb on the seder plate . It is used used in the Hillel sandwich . Hazeret also symbolizes the bitterness of slavery . Z ' roa Z ' roa is a roasted lamb shank bone . Z ' roa is not eaten in the seder meal , it symbolizes the Lamb sacrifice that the Israelites offered to God before leaving Egypt . Beitzah Beitzah is a roasted egg . It symbolizes a sacrifice that was offered on every holiday when the temple stood called the hagigah sacrifice . The roundness of the egg also represents the cycle of life . Even in the most painful of times , there is always hope for a new beginning . Matzah Matzah is the most basic bread , the simplest food made by man . Matzah symbolizes the liberation and freedom of the poor Israelite slaves . The Four Cups of wine The four cups of wine symbolize the four redemptions promised by God to the Hebrews as told in Exodus 6 : 6 - 7 . 1 " I will take you out of Egypt " 2 " I will deliver you from Egyptian slavery " 3 " I will redeem you with a demonstration of my power " 4 " I will acquire you as a nation " | [
"seder meal",
"Hazeret",
"Haroset"
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http://jezebel.com/5963462/kid-from-two-and-a-half-men-goes-on-weird-christian-tirade-about-how-two-and-a-half-men-is-the-work-of-the-devil | Dirt Bag Kid from Two and a Half Men Goes on Weird Christian Tirade About How Two and a Half Men Is the Work of the Devil Lindy West 11 / 26 / 12 8 : 35pm Filed to : Dirt Bag 295 2 Noted half - man Angus T . Jones , who has starred on CBS ' s for the past nine years , appeared in a YouTube video today in which he called the show " filth " and ordered the pious masses to stop watching or risk their immortal souls , because the scripts are literally farted out by the Devil . OH MY GOD , HUMAN BEINGS , COULD YOU PLEASE GET TWO AND A HALF GRIPS ALREADY . " Jake from โ Two and a Half Men ' means nothing , " he says . " He is a non - existent character . If you watch โ Two and a Half Men , ' please stop watching โ Two and a Half Men . ' I ' m on โ Two and a Half Men ' and I do n ' t want to be on it . " Jones made his comments in an interview with the Forerunner Chronicles about his religious awakening . In the nearly 15 - minute long video , he also talks about taking an " all inclusive evangelism class " and coming to the realization that " God is good . " That apparently led him to believe that the comedy he ' s on is bad . " Please stop watching . Please stop filling your head with filth , please , " he says . " People say it ' s entertainment โฆ the fact that it ' s entertainment โฆ do some research on the effect of television on your brain and you ' ll have a decision to make . " " It ' s bad news , " he adds , shaking his head . " A lot of people do n ' t like to think about how deceptive the enemy is . " Jones is 19 years old and makes $ 350k per episode . Representatives from CBS , pitiless wardens of Satan ' s dark menagerie of giggles , have yet to comment . [ ABC Advertisement Guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what guess what ! ! ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ? ! Ben Savage AND Danielle Fishel have both signed on for the much - gabbed - about Boy Meets World sequel , Girl Meets World ! ! ! ! ! I suppose my only remaining question is : Is Mr . Feeny still alive ! ? I do n ' t want to look it up because I am afraid of the truth . And furthermore , whither Rider Strong and why did he leave Occidental College and transfer to Columbia like ONE SEMESTER before I got there ? ( STILL MAD . ) Anyway , yes . I want it . Give all of it to me . [ TVLine Advertisement It seemed , for one glorious moment , like the world was going to leave Danielynn Birkhead alone ( and she was going to let them ) , right ? Was n ' t that a nice feeling ? But then , nope โ PSYCH , BITCHEZ . Not only are we not going to do that ( healthy childhood ? Boooooring ! ) , we ' re going to go ahead and deliberately plunk her down right on her famous mom ' s ill - fated track to stardom , but with about a 20 year head start . By making her the new face of GUESS Kids . Right now . Like her mother , who soared to international fame as a GUESS girl in the 1990s , Dannielynn is featured posing in the denim duds for the brand ' s children ' s line as part of their Spring 2013 campaign . " Dannielynn has the same playful spirit that her mother had on set , " GUESS ' Paul Marciano said in a statement . " She is a second - generation GUESS girl , which makes this campaign a first for us . " Linemouth , world . Linemouth . Liney sees you and liney judges you . : - | [ Radar Can someone get Justin Bieber ' s fucking pantaloon situation under control ? It ' s a problem literally every day . Here ' s him getting an award from the King of Canada ( I KNOW , YOU GUYS ) while wearing one - shoulder drop - crotch overalls . [ NYDN Kat Von D gave Demi Lovato a tattoo and Demi Lovato loves it . As far as I can tell it ' s some birds next to the word " farch , " which is French for , " No , I did n ' t bother to read the article . " [ People Elizabeth Hasselbeck says that Chris Brown ' s fart - tweets at Jenny Johnson were " verbal rape , " which makes me feel very complicated . [ E ! Some kind of thing is going on involving Olivier Martinez and Gabriel Aubry punching each other in the noses on Thanksgiving and Aubry Martinez threatening to further punch Martinez Aubry to death and Halle Berry filing an emergency restraining order and Martinez ' s restaurant getting shut down for having poop in the food . Or something . Berry and Martinez were later spotted " looking rather glum . " [ E ! The late Larry Hagman ' s life will be honored in a private ceremony at the Southfork Ranch in Dallas . I mention this mainly so I can tell you guys that one time Larry Hagman ate at my friend ' s restaurant in Seattle and went around handing out " Hagbucks " to unwilling strangers , which was fake money with his own face on it . [ Here ' s Diane Kruger looking " muy caliente " in a fedora because there is literally nothing else happening in the world . [ Nicki Minaj called Steven Tyler a racist . [ Deadline Some women wore yellow coats . It ' s not that cute . [ Christina Aguilera and her boyfriend went to Disneyland wearing Disneyland clothes , which reminds me of that scene in Ca n ' t Hardly Wait where you ' re not supposed to wear the t - shirt of the band you ' re in , so I hope Mike Dexter popped up in the log flume and made fun of them . [ JustJared Oops , Brad Pitt said the hottest thing ever and my uterus fell out : " Equality , absolutely , that ' s what defines us . It ' s what makes us great , " Pitt said when asked about what he thinks about Maine , Maryland and Washington legalizing gay marriage . " If it does n ' t sit well with your religion , let your God sort it out in the end , but that ' s us . We ' re equal . " Womb Raider . [ MTV CATCHY ! ! ! [ Diabetes Share This Story | [
"Weird Christian Tirade",
"Two and a Half Men",
"YouTube video"
] |
http://jfkfacts.org/what-was-operation-northwoods-was-it-connected-to-jfks-assassination/ | What was Operation Northwoods Was it connected to JFKs assassination November 16 2014 jeffmorley Assassination Experts From the Files Presidency Question 31 comments Operation Northwoods was a Pentagon plan to provoke a US invasion of Cuba in 1963 through the use of deception operations First disclosed by the Assassination Records Review Board in 1997 the Northwoods plans are among the most significant new JFK documents to emerge since Oliver Stones JFK movie Operation Northwoods envisioned US intelligence operatives staging violent attacks on US targets and arranging for the blame for the mayhem to fall on Fidel Castro and his communist government The idea wrote one planner was to creates a justification for US intervention in Cuba by orchestrating a crime that placed the US government in the apparent position of suffering defensible grievances from a rash and irresponsible government in Cuba These plans included the use of violence on American soil against American citizens From graphic artist Mack White the story of Operation Northwoods We could develop a Communist Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area in other Florida cities and even in Washington wrote one Northwoods planner who worked in the Defense Department Another Northwood scheme envisioned faking the shooting down of a US airplane and manufacturing evidence that Castros government was responsible The Northwoods plans were developed while Gen Lyman Lemnitzer a hawk who clashed repeatedly with JFK served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff President Kennedy rejected the idea of such pretext operations at a testy meeting in March 1962 but the JCS continued to push them as the solution to problem of Castro In May 1963 the Pentagon asserted that JFKs policy to encourage a domestic rebellion against Castro was likely to fail and that policy alternative were needed An engineered provocation declared a JCS policy statement offers greater advantages in control timing simplicity and security than would a fomented revolt There is some resemblance between the imaginary Northwoods schemes and the reality of Kennedys assassination allegedly by a Castro supporter The first JFK conspiracy theory The Northwoods planners proposed CIA assets be used to publicize the evidence of Cuban involvement in the attack on a US target the better to rally public opinion in support of an invasion After JFKs murder the CIAs assets in the Cuban Student Directorate funded by a CIA program codenamed AMSPELL and run by CIA officer George Joannides publicized evidence of Oswalds proCastro ways in an unsuccessful effort to generate support for a US invasion While some JFK conspiracy writers see Operation Northwoods as a template for JFKs assassination there is no direct evidence to link the CIA and Pentagon planners to Lee Harvey Oswald or any other alleged Dealey Plaza gunman But the fact that the Pentagon and CIA hid the deeply cynical nature of Operation Northwoods from the public and from JFK investigators for 35 years invites suspicion that the national security agencies hadand perhaps hassomething to hide What seems indisputable is author James Douglasss observation that the Northwoods documents illuminate the mentality of Kennedys military advisers who pursued devious and murderous conspiracies to advance their ambition of launching a preemptive war against Cuba that would remove Castro from power Intelligence historian James Bamford was the first author to write about Operation Northwoods In his book Body of Secrets rightly described it as the most corrupt plan ever created by the US government Northwoods he said was a prescription for treason 31 comments Jim Phelps December 13 2012 at 623 am Most that chase down where the Operation Northwoods scheme came from find Senator Smathers down in Florida was a point of origin He first pitched the method to JFK and was turned down The Smathers plan appears to have made it to the Joint Chiefs and a like plan was pitched to JFK by Joint Chief Lemnitzer which was also turned down by JFK This became known as Operation Northwoods Senator Smathers is interesting because he was very antiCommunist and highly into the antiCastro issues happening in Florida in that period Smathers sold his home in Florida to Richard Nixon Senator Smathers knew Judyth Baker and connected her up with Alton Oshner in New Orleans to fashion a way to kill Castro with radiation and cancer virus methods So Senator Smathers was right in the middle of all this antiCastro efforts and the games to knock off Castro with the Soviets being none the wiser via cancer inducement methods Smathers appears to be one of the persons of most interest for the design of Operation Northwoods and the pitch of it into the Joint Chiefs While Smathers would not be one to want JFK killed his push on the antiCommunist issues and the Northwoods plan sure game the kill JFK plans a big push forward IMHO Jim Phelps jeffmorley December 13 2012 at 937 am Jim I had not known of a connection between Northwoods and Smathers Can you supply documentation and links to flesh out this story greg parker December 13 2012 at 1113 pm Theres no documentation Look behind the curtain There stands Alex Jones Jim Phelps December 13 2012 at 1056 am Hello It stems from this recent story httpexplosivereportscom20120820bombshellsenatorsuggestedfalseflagattacktokennedy2yearspriortooperationnorthwoodsproposal Jim Phelps Robert Morrow December 16 2012 at 605 pm Jim that is a valuable contribution and web link that you posted It really gives us insight into the thinking at the highest levels of American politics and military with regards to Cuba Notice how JFK is constantly turning these proposals down although he did green light the Bay of Pigs invasion in early 1961 These folks business politicians military were quite desperate to get rid of Fidel Castro Imagine how they felt during the Cuban Missile Crisis in the fall of 1962 Or after the Cuban Missile Crisis when there was no invasion of Cuba larrywheels September 23 2013 at 114 am I think Kennedys failure to overthrow Castro after the Cuban missile crises was motive to setting the assassination capability that existed with the ciamafia alliance on JFK One can make the case his assassination itself was a Northwoods type of operation to provoke American reaction to invading Cuba The very identity profile of Oswald as a proCastroite was used by the sponsors to link Castro with the hit Like most psych warfare operations they can be exposed if one knows the red flags and the false flags Jim Phelps December 13 2012 at 1100 am Hello Second from this news story httpwwwguardiancouktheguardian2012aug17johnfkennedyfidelcastro And the informations origin appears to be the JFK Library itself Jim Phelps greg parker December 14 2012 at 323 pm From that news story Mr Smathers recollections of the Presidents views on Cuba need to be taken with a certain grain of salt greg parker December 13 2012 at 1042 pm Correction Bamford was not the first author to go to print with Northwoods That was an Australian named Jon Elliston in his book Psywar on Cuba published in 1999 Bamfords book came out 2 years later There was nothing new about Northwoods Provocations have been around since Adam was a kid In this particular case Northwoods was just a response to existing opplans within which a series of tasks had been outlined FROM WIKI In response to a request for pretexts for military intervention by the Chief of Operations of the Cuba Project Brig Gen Edward Lansdale the document listed methods and outlined plans that the authors believed would garner public and international support for US military intervention in Cuba According to Jacob Hornberger The plan called for US personnel to disguise themselves as agents of the Cuban government and to engage in terrorist attacks on the US base at Guantanamo Bay Wouldnt you know it Just such a plan seems to have been thwarted a few short months prior to Northwoods being put on the table by a Medal of Honor winner who shot and killed a Cuban suspected terrorist employed at the base The Cuban was being escorted from the base after allegedly being found in a restricted area the ammo dump The Medal of Honor winner and his accomplice were quickly put in psychiatric care and quietly drummed out of the Marines The whole thing was then buried httpreopenkennedycaseforumotionnett19pretexturalobligatoasymphonyoflies httpreopenkennedycaseforumotionnetgalleryASSASSIONATIONCUBANOPERATIONSWilliamSziliandSenatorRichardSchweikerpic_5htm httpreopenkennedycaseforumotionnetgalleryASSASSIONATIONCUBANOPERATIONSRubenLopezpic_4htm jeffmorley December 14 2012 at 1156 am You are technically correct Greg Jon Elliston does include some of the Northwoods document in his invaluable PsyWar on Cuba But Elliston does not refer to Operation Northwoods by name which is why I believe that Jim Bamford must be credited with being the first to write about Operation Northwoods There was some news coverage of the documents when the ARRB first released them but Bamford was the first to put them into context and address their sinister aspect Ellingstons presentation is valuable because illuminates how the idea of pretext operations mutated in the armed forces in 1961 and 1962 but his presentation leaves impression that such Cuba pretext operations were the brainchild of Lansdale which I think understates the importance of Operation Northwoods Yes Lansdale proposed and sought out pretext operations in 1962 but he would soon be gone Operation Northwoods signaled the adoption of pretext operations at the level of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the planning was then undertaken the JCS planners By May 1963 Lansdale was gone defeated by the Cuban security forces and postmissile crisis politics But the JCS plans for pretext operations against the Cuban government lived on In the JCS Cuba policy statement of May 1963 engineered provocation was established as the most likely policy course to succeed more likely than JFKs veiled policy of fomented rebellion cheers JM greg parker December 14 2012 at 444 pm Jeff technically if I point to something thats black its still black whether or not I say its black No argument on Lonsdale and false flag ops vs fomented rebellion jeffmorley December 14 2012 at 543 pm You can slice the balogna thin Greg but it still balogna Elliston never wrote the words Operation Northwoods so it can not accurate to say that he was first person to write about Operation Northwoods I guess you could say he was the first person to write about the Northwoods documents without identifying them as such greg parker December 14 2012 at 813 pm Jeff I do think something is being sliced too thin here Lets try a slightly different tack The first Europeans to see a certain animal in Australia had no idea what type of animal it was let alone what to call it Yet the animal they described was without a shadow of doubt what we now call a platypus That they didnt give it a name does not mean they were not the first White people to write about it Since you mention Bologna though it is a pretty good description of Daleks writings concerning Barbara Gamerikians oral history But back to Northwoods There was also the crash of a U2 just before the assassination that also carries some of the insignia of a potential engineered provocation though I personally think the case is clearer and stronger regarding the Guantanamo incident pointed to previously SM Coogan January 17 2013 at 612 am Surely for such an intelligent man Jeff you dont take Bamfords comments concerning Northwoods being the most corrupt plan ever created by the US government There are more than a number of corrupt plans the US government has drawn up along the way Where was Bamford when Operation Gladio broke in the early nineties His chapter on Ed Lansdale and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in his book Body of Secrets is wholly inaccurate This article at CTKA discusses the role that Operation Northwoods played in covering up important questions about the Kennedy assassination at the ARRB hearings Greg Parker httpwwwctkanet2010OpNorthwoodshtml anonymous April 7 2014 at 809 am There is some resemblance between the imaginary Northwoods schemes Imaginary schemes There are more than a number of corrupt plans the US government has drawn up along the way They did not just draw them up httpenwikipediaorgwikiGulf_of_Tonkin_Incident Robert Morrow January 19 2013 at 302 pm The JFK assassination itself was the ultimate expression of Operation Northwoods The planners of the JFK assassination wanted an invasion of Cuba to result a twofer get rid of JFK and Fidel Castro at the same time LMB February 19 2013 at 507 pm I personally believe that the implementation of Operation 40 put into play in 1960 set the stage for all things to eventually come back to JFK HERVE November 25 2013 at 758 am Lyman Lemnitzer was SACEUR at SHAPE NATO France then Belgium He was the chief of the staybehind sections The French staybehind had most probably connections with the SACService dAction Civique and drug traffickers Lyman Lemnitzer may have used them for the assassination In French AND in English httpwwwmembersoptushomecomautnorthlesassassinshtm This theory is compatible with the implication of Lyman Lemnitzer as Christian David was a member of SAC Service dAction Civique most probably linked to the french Staybehind unit Baud Ganser directed by Lyman Lemnitzer SACEUR of SHAPENATO Gladio NATOs Dagger at the Heart of Europe The PentagonNaziMafiaTerror Axis httpwwwscribdcomdoc80067441GladioRichardCottrellLemnitzer Paul Cavanagh April 6 2014 at 610 am I find the theory that JFKs assassination was eventually at the centre of Operation Northwood both horrifying and plausible But why wasnt Cuba invaded after the coup in Dallas I have often wondered what the precise content of the message was that RFK sent to Moscow after his Brothers murder Could Bobby have provided the Kremlin with the intelligence to stop an invasion of Cuba TLR April 6 2014 at 1011 am In my opinion it wasnt just about Cuba It was also about justifying a preemptive nuclear strike on the USSR 7201961 At a National Security Council Meeting the Joint Chiefs of Staffs Gen Lemnitzer and CIA director Allen Dulles present a plan for a preemptive nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in late 1963 preceded by a period of heightened tensions President Kennedy walks out of the meeting saying to Secretary of State Dean Rusk And we call ourselves the human race Brothers Talbot The US had a huge advantage in nuclear missiles ICBMs and the Dr Strangelove types in the government and military wanted to take advantage of that At around the time Oswald was being arrested wrote FBI Agent James Hosty I learned after the assassination from two independent sources fully armed warplanes were sent screaming toward Cuba Just before they entered Cuban airspace they were hastily called backthe entire US military went on alert The Pentagon ordered us to Defense Condition 3Def Con 3 Assignment Oswald p219 Somebody in the Pentagon was sitting on go ready to start a war What was it LBJ told Earl Warren and others They had to put an end to all the rumors about Castro and Khrushchev being responsible for the assassination or it could result in a war that killed 40 million Americans Brad Milch April 6 2014 at 949 pm TLR hit the nail squarely on the head When one adds Operation Northwoods to the contingency plan Furtherance created during the Eisenhower Presidency approved during JFKs Presidency the Pentagon had the power to start WWIII on its collective own The strange disappearance search for Gen Lemay heard on Bill Kelly Ed Primeaus edited AF1 tapes suggests to some the Pentagon was waiting for Lemay to push the button he skipped out of Dodge to avoid doing it anonymous April 6 2014 at 1031 pm rightly described it as the most corrupt plan ever created But the fact that the Pentagon and CIA hid the deeply cynical nature of Operation Northwoods from the public Deeply cynical nature The Pentagon and CIA have a habit of using false flags You may have heard of the Gulf of Tonkin incident httpenwikipediaorgwikiGulf_of_Tonkin_incident A couple cynical incidents would include 1 Public anger over the Vietnam War tempted GOP nominee Nixon to sabotage the 1968 peace talks The Lyndon Johnson tapes Richard Nixons treason httpwwwbbccomnewsmagazine21768668 2 Gary Sick a National Security Council liaison wrote campaign chief William Casey had secretly struck a deal promising that if ReaganBush defeated Carter they would provide TOW missilesIn return American hostages were held in captivity until after the election httpwhowhatwhycom20140404dontgetdontwantheartruth Frank Snepp April 7 2014 at 935 pm The military complex in the 60s were fucking insane Jeremy Faust April 10 2014 at 1028 pm If Operation Northwoods was deployed by Pentagon insiders to murder President Kennedy there undoubtedly would have been nuclear bomb carrying aircraft already in the air nuke missiles aimed ready to fire prior to the ambush in Dallas The word would have come down the pipe that something big was about to occur for the military to get prepared for it Nothing on the AF1 tapes suggests the Pentagon was communicating with either the White House Situation Room or AF1 before during after LBJ was sworn in AF1 departed Dallas It seems to appear that JFKs ambush caught the Pentagon by Dave April 12 2014 at 209 am There is likely a lot of AF1 communications edited out of the latest discovered version of the tapes given the number of open channels and the time in the air between Dallas and DC Who knows what portions may have related to the Pentagon Thats why it is important to locate the unedited tapes if they still exist David Regan December 14 2014 at 1135 am Operation Northwoods and the Plot to Blame the JFK Assassination on Castro httpimpiousdigestcomjfktruthjfkassassinationmayimportantthingamericancanknowgarrisonrevealsoperationnorthwoodsin1967 Gerald Campeau January 5 2015 at 653 am Its interesting that John McAdams and Jerry Posner never got into this conversation Im sure they would like to keep it quiet as posable Mariano January 10 2015 at 546 am With so many US military chiefs willing to pull the nuclear trigger at the drop of a hat the world was indeed fortunate to have such an openminded preserver of the peace as JFK Did JFK save the world from annihilation several times during his tenure Roy Huntley December 29 2015 at 636 pm The USA has suffered a silent coup by the shadow government consisting of the CFR trilateral Commission Bilderberg Group others They had mafia hit men kill JFK Charles Nicoletti shot him from an office building hitting him in the neck and exiting his throat James Files from behind the fence at the grassy Knoll shot him in the right temple blowing his brains out the back of his head ANY hunter that has seen the ORIGINAL Zapruder film knows the last shot was from the front The Warren Commission lied Oswald was no saint but he did not kill JFK Victor Castro March 21 2016 at 1154 am This article was very informative and I think the CIA actually was behind the JFK assassination Sam March 21 2016 at 328 pm where the hell is the guy who wrote this This site uses Akismet to reduce spam Learn how your comment data is processed Help Wanted The Deep State About The Deep State news blog The Deep State i s Jefferson Morleys new blog about the influence of secret intelligence agencies worldwide Launched in November 2018 Morley has already published his reporting about CIA connections of the late George HW Bush CIA Formers Fear Psychosis in the White House Why Trump is covering up the Khashoggi assassination No conspiracy theories No MSM propaganda Just the reliable reporting and independent analysis To sustain serious journalism about secret government click here CLICK TO ORDER CIA JFK JFK Facts via Email Our Man in Mexico CLICK ON PHOTO TO ORDER Learn More Mary Ferrellorg has the largest online collection of JFK assassination records and the most concise guides to the JFK debate JFK Lancer holds an annual conference in Dallas highlighting the latest JFK research and revelations 2017 JFK has a detailed guide to the massive JFK disclosures scheduled for October 2017 Assassination Archives and Research Center leads the fight in federal court for full JFK disclosure JFK Facts editorJefferson Morley will personally answer your JFK questions Write to Editorjfkfactsorg | [
"operation"
] |
http://jfkmurdersolved.com/jfkwhy.htm | THE MURDER OF JFK 10 REASONS WHY A RESPONSIBLE CONCLUSION Since November 22 , 1963 , there have been over 2,000 books , dozens of television programs and countless movies filled with theory , conjecture and myth as to why John F . Kennedy was gunned down in broad daylight on a downtown Dallas street . Until now , no one has been able to prove anything other than the fact that the FBI and the CIA did little to help the Warren Commission , a select group of bureaucrats with an agenda of lies . Denials , false sponsors , and government cover - ups continue to reign supreme , the latest attempt being the Assassination Records Review Board , five scholars appointed by President Bill Clinton . The Review Board , while powerless from a judicial standpoint , appears credible , yet " controlled . " Their mission , to quote Chairman John Tunheim , is to convince the American people that the government is not withholding any documents from the public . " Professional assassins do n ' t take notes or leave documents behind . ( 1 ) The real proof is in the evidence gathered after the crime . One must consider the truths that are self evident if the murder of JFK is to truly be " solved . " Let us now clearly examine these truths : 1 - The Kennedy family were / are members of " the elite " ( players in international high finance circles ) since the early days of Joseph Kennedy . John F . Kennedy was elected to office through monetary power and with the help of the Mafia . Without the total support of other members of " the elite " - he would not have become President . ( 2 ) 2 - JFK and his brother , RFK , attacked organized crime in an effort to expose the Mafia to the public and curtail its power . JFK and Chicago mob boss Sam Giancana shared the same mistress , Judith Campbell Exner . Giancana helped JFK win the election in Illinois and on the east coast . ( 3 ) 3 - Since 1942 , the CIA and the Mafia have worked together in numerous clandestine operations . ( 4 ) 4 - JFK refused to allow the CIA and American troops to attack Cuba thereby creating the infamous Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961 . Following that incident , General Charles P . Cabell , Deputy Director of the CIA , went around Washington calling President Kennedy a traitor . The CIA solicited the services of the Mafia to kill Fidel Castro . ( 5 ) 5 - International bankers have controlled America for over 100 years . ( 6 ) 6 - The Vatican Bank is one of the most powerful international financial institutions in the world . Paul Marcinkus , the sole American ever to rise to an executive position in the Vatican Bank , was from Cicero , Illinois , a legendary Chicago mob stronghold . In 1994 , Marcinkus was accused of money laundering drug profits in a USA Today news report . Now a resident of Arizona , Marcinkus declined to comment . 7 - CIA operatives and former covert agents using CIA planes and vehicles often control the transportation of narcotics from the source . The Mafia controls the global drug distribution network to the consumer . The defunct Nugan - Hand Bank in Australia as well as banks in the Cayman Islands and Switzerland have also participated in CIA / Mafia money laundering of drug profits . ( 7 ) 8 - The public execution of John F . Kennedy was accomplished by a three man Mafia / CIA " firing squad " in association with a patsy , Lee Harvey Oswald . The CIA was aware of the attempt on JFK ' s life prior to 11 / 22 / 63 and flew in an " abort " team to Dallas on the morning of the " hit . " ( 8 ) 9 - In 1963 , John F . Kennedy was preparing to amend the National Labor Relations Board statutes and various Internal Revenue Service statues that would prevent foreign flag shipping from being exempt from American income taxes . These amendments would have seriously affected Liberian shipping magnates and the assets of men such as Aristotle Onassis . Billions of dollars were at stake . President Kennedy was killed three days before he was to make these amendments public . ( 9 ) 10 - In 1979 , The House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that there was a " probable conspiracy " in the murder of JFK and that organized crime members " possibly " were involved . ( 10 ) CONCLUSION The world will never know who the persons were that gave the " official " order to kill John F . Kennedy for those persons are either already dead , close to death , silent in fear of death , or they choose to remain silent until death . ( c ) 1999 Robert G . Vernon - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 . " To the stock objection that it would be virtually impossible to assemble a murder conspiracy without leakage , the response is that an existing conspiratorial network or system of networks , already in place and capable of murder , would have much less difficulty in maintaining the discipline of secrecy . " - Author Peter Dale Scott in " DEEP POLITICS AND THE DEATH OF JFK " 2 . " THE KENNEDYS " - John H . Davis , " CONTRACT ON AMERICA " - David Scheim , " MAFIA KINGFISH " - John H . Davis , " DOUBLE CROSS " - Sam and Chuck Giancana 3 . " THE KENNEDYS " - John H . Davis , " CONTRACT ON AMERICA " - David Scheim , " MAFIA KINGFISH " - John H . Davis , " DOUBLE CROSS " - Sam and Chuck Giancana ( JFK also had an affair with the wife of Cord Meyer , a high ranking CIA official . ) 4 . " THE POLITICS OF HEROIN " - Professor Alfred McCoy , " THE MAFIA , CIA & GEORGE BUSH " - Pete Brewton , " CONTRACT ON AMERICA " - David Scheim 5 . " ON THE TRAIL OF THE ASSASSINS " - Jim Garrison , " HOW THE CIA ' S MAFIA LINK FAILED TO KILL FIDEL CASTRO " - Argosy Magazine , February 1977 , writer : Ernie Volkman , ' CHURCH COMMITTEE RECORDS " - United States Congress 6 . On November 21 , 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt stated , " The real truth of the matter is , as you and I know , that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government of the United States since the days of Andrew Jackson . " In 1972 , Roy Ash , Director of the Office of Management and Budget stated , " Within two decades , the institutional framework for a world economic community will be in place . Aspects of individual sovereignty will be given over to a supernational authority . " President Woodrow Wilson said , " There is a power so organized , so subtle , so watchful , so interlocked , so complete , so pervasive that prudent men better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it . " Congressman Louis McFadden , Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency , stated , " The Federal Reserve is one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever seen . There is not a man within the sound of my voice who does not know that this nation is run by international bankers . " 7 . " THE POLITICS OF HEROIN " - Professor Alfred McCoy , " THE MAFIA , CIA & GEORGE BUSH " - Pete Brewton , " CONTRACT ON AMERICA " - David Scheim 8 . " JFK : MURDER SOLVED " - Joe H . West and Robert G . Vernon . 9 . Edward R . Stetteninus was Secretary of State under both Roosevelt and Truman . He was President of U.S. Steel before World War II . His father was the head of the Federal Lend - Lease program during World War I . The elder Stetteninus also worked for J.P. Morgan . Edward R . Stetteninus created the International Bank of Washington , the world ' s largest merchant bank . Edward R . Stetteninus was the first American to serve in the United Nations after lobbying heavily for its formation . He was also the " mover and shaker " ( and outspoken supporter ) of the bill to create the CIA in 1947 under the administration of President Harry Truman . Edward R . Stetteninus was killed mysteriously in 1949 . The country of Liberia housed American seaplane bases during WWII . With his keen eye for business , Edward R . Stetteninus bought all of the rights to Liberia including the flag plus the mining and rubber industries ( i.e. " the country " ) from the dictator who controlled the small sovereignty . Liberian Services , Inc . ( " LSI " ) of Reston , Virginia and New York City controls the entire shipping industry in Liberia . LSI is a CIA " front . " When a New Orleans investigative journalist discovered the truth about LSI , he authored a five part series that appeared in the International Shipping Digest . Shortly after the series ran , the author was visited by two men " from Washington " and his life was clearly threatened over lunch . The journalist stopped his research into LSI and has declined to be identified . SOURCE : " Sovereignty for Sale " - Unnamed Investigative Journalist . 10 . HSCA Final Report | [
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http://jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu/toolbox/whatisit.htm | What is Authentic Assessment Definitions What Does Authentic Assessment Look Like How is Authentic Assessment Similar toDifferent from Traditional Assessment Traditional Assessment Authentic Assessment Authentic Assessment Complements Traditional Assessment Defining Attributes of Authentic and Traditional Assessment Teaching to the Test Alternative Names for Authentic Assessment Definitions A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform realworld tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills Jon Mueller Engaging and worthy problems or questions of importance in which students must use knowledge to fashion performances effectively and creatively The tasks are either replicas of or analogous to the kinds of problems faced by adult citizens and consumers or professionals in the field Grant Wiggins Wiggins 1993 p 229 Performance assessments call upon the examinee to demonstrate specific skills and competencies that is to apply the skills and knowledge they have mastered Richard J Stiggins Stiggins 1987 p 34 What does Authentic Assessment look like An authentic assessment usually includes a task for students to perform and a rubric by which their performance on the task will be evaluated Click the following links to see many examples of authentic tasks and rubrics from teachers in my Authentic Assessment course How is Authentic Assessment similar todifferent from Traditional Assessment The following comparison is somewhat simplistic but I hope it illuminates the different assumptions of the two approaches to assessment Traditional Assessment By traditional assessment TA I am referring to the forcedchoice measures of multiplechoice tests fillintheblanks truefalse matching and the like that have been and remain so common in education Students typically select an answer or recall information to complete the assessment These tests may be standardized or teachercreated They may be administered locally or statewide or internationally Behind traditional and authentic assessments is a belief that the primary mission of schools is to help develop productive citizens That is the essence of most mission statements I have read From this common beginning the two perspectives on assessment diverge Essentially TA is grounded in educational philosophy that adopts the following reasoning and practice 1 A schools mission is to develop productive citizens 2 To be a productive citizen an individual must possess a certain body of knowledge and skills 3 Therefore schools must teach this body of knowledge and skills 4 To determine if it is successful the school must then test students to see if they acquired the knowledge and skills In the TA model the curriculum drives assessment The body of knowledge is determined first That knowledge becomes the curriculum that is delivered Subsequently the assessments are developed and administered to determine if acquisition of the curriculum occurred Authentic Assessment In contrast authentic assessment AA springs from the following reasoning and practice 1 A schools mission is to develop productive citizens 2 To be a productive citizen an individual must be capable of performing meaningful tasks in the real world 3 Therefore schools must help students become proficient at performing the tasks they will encounter when they graduate 4 To determine if it is successful the school must then ask students to perform meaningful tasks that replicate real world challenges to see if students are capable of doing so Thus in AA assessment drives the curriculum That is teachers first determine the tasks that students will perform to demonstrate their mastery and then a curriculum is developed that will enable students to perform those tasks well which would include the acquisition of essential knowledge and skills This has been referred to as planning backwards eg McDonald 1992 If I were a golf instructor and I taught the skills required to perform well I would not assess my students performance by giving them a multiple choice test I would put them out on the golf course and ask them to perform Although this is obvious with athletic skills it is also true for academic subjects We can teach students how to do math do history and do science not just know them Then to assess what our students had learned we can ask students to perform tasks that replicate the challenges faced by those using mathematics doing history or conducting scientific investigation Authentic Assessment Complements Traditional Assessment But a teacher does not have to choose between AA and TA It is likely that some mix of the two will best meet your needs To use a silly example if I had to choose a chauffeur from between someone who passed the driving portion of the drivers license test but failed the written portion or someone who failed the driving portion and passed the written portion I would choose the driver who most directly demonstrated the ability to drive that is the one who passed the driving portion of the test However I would prefer a driver who passed both portions I would feel more comfortable knowing that my chauffeur had a good knowledge base about driving which might best be assessed in a traditional manner and was able to apply that knowledge in a real context which could be demonstrated through an authentic assessment Defining Attributes of Traditional and Authentic Assessment Another way that AA is commonly distinguished from TA is in terms of its defining attributes Of course TAs as well as AAs vary considerably in the forms they take But typically along the continuums of attributes listed below TAs fall more towards the left end of each continuum and AAs fall more towards the right end Traditional Authentic Selecting a Response Performing a Task Contrived Reallife RecallRecognition ConstructionApplication Teacherstructured Studentstructured Indirect Evidence Direct Evidence Let me clarify the attributes by elaborating on each in the context of traditional and authentic assessments Selecting a Response to Performing a Task On traditional assessments students are typically given several choices eg abc or d true or false which of these match with those and asked to select the right answer In contrast authentic assessments ask students to demonstrate understanding by performing a more complex task usually representative of more meaningful application Contrived to Reallife It is not very often in life outside of school that we are asked to select from four alternatives to indicate our proficiency at something Tests offer these contrived means of assessment to increase the number of times you can be asked to demonstrate proficiency in a short period of time More commonly in life as in authentic assessments we are asked to demonstrate proficiency by doing something RecallRecognition of Knowledge to ConstructionApplication of Knowledge Welldesigned traditional assessments ie tests and quizzes can effectively determine whether or not students have acquired a body of knowledge Thus as mentioned above tests can serve as a nice complement to authentic assessments in a teachers assessment portfolio Furthermore we are often asked to recall or recognize facts and ideas and propositions in life so tests are somewhat authentic in that sense However the demonstration of recall and recognition on tests is typically much less revealing about what we really know and can do than when we are asked to construct a product or performance out of facts ideas and propositions Authentic assessments often ask students to analyze synthesize and apply what they have learned in a substantial manner and students create new meaning in the process as well Teacherstructured to Studentstructured When completing a traditional assessment what a student can and will demonstrate has been carefully structured by the persons who developed the test A students attention will understandably be focused on and limited to what is on the test In contrast authentic assessments allow more student choice and construction in determining what is presented as evidence of proficiency Even when students can not choose their own topics or formats there are usually multiple acceptable routes towards constructing a product or performance Obviously assessments more carefully controlled by the teachers offer advantages and disadvantages Similarly more studentstructured tasks have strengths and Indirect Evidence to Direct Evidence Even if a multiplechoice question asks a student to analyze or apply facts to a new situation rather than just recall the facts and the student selects the correct answer what do you now know about that student Did that student get lucky and pick the right answer What thinking led the student to pick that answer We really do not know At best we can make some inferences about what that student might know and might be able to do with that knowledge The evidence is very indirect particularly for claims of meaningful application in complex realworld situations Authentic Teaching to the Test These two different approaches to assessment also offer different advice about teaching to the test Under the TA model teachers have been discouraged from teaching to the test That is because a test usually assesses a sample of students knowledge and understanding and assumes that students performance on the sample is representative of their knowledge of all the relevant material If teachers focus primarily on the sample to be tested during instruction then good performance on that sample does not necessarily reflect knowledge of all the material So teachers hide the test so that the sample is not known beforehand With AA teachers are encouraged to teach to the test Students need to learn how to perform well on meaningful tasks To aid students in that process it is helpful to show them models of good and not so good performance Furthermore the student benefits from seeing the task rubric ahead of time as well Is this cheating Will students then just be able to mimic the work of others without truly understanding what they are doing Authentic assessments typically do not lend themselves to mimicry There is not one correct answer to copy So by knowing what good performance looks like and by knowing Bushweller Alternative Names for Authentic Assessment You can also learn something about what AA is by looking at the other common names for this form of assessment For example AA is sometimes referred to as Performance Assessment or Performancebased socalled because students are asked to meaningful tasks This is the other most common term for this type of assessment Some educators distinguish performance assessment from AA by defining performance assessment as performancebased as Stiggins has above but with no reference to the authentic nature of the task eg Meyer 1992 For these educators authentic assessments are performance assessments using realworld or authentic tasks or contexts Since we should not typically ask students to perform work that is not authentic in nature I choose to treat these two terms synonymously Alternative Assessment socalled because AA is an alternative to traditional assessments Direct Assessment socalled because AA provides more direct evidence of meaningful application of knowledge and skills If a student does well on a multiplechoice test we might infer indirectly that the student could apply that knowledge in realworld contexts but we would be more comfortable making that inference from a direct demonstration of that application such as in the golfing example above | [
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http://jfs.ohio.gov/owd/program/index.stm | The Office of Workforce Development operates several federal programs that focus on improving Ohios workforce through career and job search related services assistance to employers training and education These workforce programs are funded by the US Department of Labor Click on the links below for more information Apprenticeships teach highlevel skills for todays workplace by combining classroom and onthejob training Comprehensive Case Management and Employment Program CCMEP provides employment and training services to eligible individuals based on a comprehensive assessment for lowincome Ohioans aged 1624 Its Working During the past program year Ohio provided over 592629 adults and dislocated workers with selfservice and information activities through our OhioMeansJobs Centers Labor Market Information LMI compiles reports and data about employment and unemployment wages and earnings job outlook training resources and careers Trade program assists workers who have lost or may lose their jobs as a result of foreign trade with opportunities to obtain the skills credentials resources and support to become reemployed Veterans workforce services alleviate unemployment and underemployment for veterans and other eligible persons WagnerPeyser provides labor exchange services such as job search assistance job referral and placement assistance for job seekers and recruitment services for employers with job openings Workforce Inventory of Education Training WIET where higherlearning institutions register to become an eligible training provider and list their programs online was implemented March 10th 2016 WIET Getting Started procedures Work Opportunity Tax Credits WOTC are incentives for hiring individuals from certain groups of disadvantaged job seekers Last updated 08242018 | [
"Ohio"
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http://jguitar.com/chordsearch/Bb | Bb Chord Show Bb results in Chord Calculator Show me scales that sound good with a Bb chord 1 2 Showing results 1 to 6 of 11 chord shapes . | [
"Bb Chord",
"diagrams",
"symbol"
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http://jhc.sagepub.com/content/54/4/385.full | Access Options You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time . My Profile Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts , or to access personal subscriptions I am signed in as : Institution If you have access to journal content via a university , library or employer , sign in here I am signed in via : Society If you have access to journal via a society or associations , read the instructions below I am signed in via : Need Help ? Contact SAGE Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 2.816 Impact Factor 5 - Year Impact Factor 3.096 Journal Indexing & Metrics ยป Contents Figures & Tables Article Metrics Cite Share Request Permissions Related Articles Immunohistochemical Expression of Endothelial Markers CD31 , CD34 , von Willebrand Factor , and Fli - 1 in Normal Human Tissues Marc P . Pusztaszeri Walter Seelentag Fred T . Bosman First Published April 1 , 2006 Research Article https : / / doi . org / 10.1369 / jhc . 4A6514 . 2005 Article information Abstract Few systematic studies have been published comparing the expression and distribution of endothelial cell ( EC ) markers in different vascular beds in normal human tissues . We investigated by immunohistochemistry the expression of CD31 , CD34 , von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) , and Fli - 1 in EC of the major organs and large vessels . Tissue samples obtained from autopsies and biopsy specimens were routinely processed and stained immunohistochemically for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF . Biopsy material was also stained immunohistochemically for Fli - 1 , D2 - 40 , and Lyve - 1 Keywords platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 CD34 von Willebrand factor Fli - 1 endothelial cells heterogeneity microvasculature E ndothelial cells ( EC ) have many functions and play a central role in the control of coagulation , thrombolysis , vascular tone , permeability , inflammation , tissue repair , and angiogenesis . They constitute a heterogeneous cell population in the human body . Functions and , as a consequence , molecular characteristics of EC vary along the vascular tree and in the same organ between different vessels ( Cines et al . 1998 Mรผller et al . 2002a ) . Few studies have been published with the intention to systematically compare the expression and distribution of EC markers in different vascular beds in normal human tissues in vivo . Hence , scarce data are available on the immunohistochemical expression pattern of commonly used EC markers like CD31 , CD34 , and von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) on normal endothelium . This is also the case for more recent EC markers used in vascular tumors , such as Fli - 1 , and for lymphatic endothelial markers such as Lyve - 1 or D2 - 40 . The few studies published have mostly been restricted to the lung . Mรผller et al . ( 2002a ) showed that CD31 is usually strongly and homogeneously expressed by all human pulmonary EC . The expression pattern of CD34 and vWF was found to be more heterogeneous . The strongest expression of CD34 was found in EC of capillaries , followed by arteries , veins , arterioles , and venules . Two studies have been performed comparing the expression of vWF in human pulmonary EC ( Kawanami et al . 2000 Mรผller et al . 2002b ) . Also in these studies , CD31 showed homogeneous intense staining in all pulmonary EC . In contrast , vWF - specific antibody yielded negative or weakly positive staining reactions in capillary EC . The staining intensity increased with the vessel caliber . Veins exhibited the strongest expression of vWF , followed in intensity by arteries , arterioles , capillaries , and venules . CD31 , a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily , is a 130 - kDa transmembrane glycoprotein also designated as PECAM - 1 ( platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 ) . It is present on the surface of platelets , monocytes , macrophages , and neutrophils and is a constituent of the endothelial intercellular junction . It plays a major role in the adhesion cascade between EC and the inflammatory cells during inflammation in facilitating leucocyte migration and between EC during angiogenesis . It has recently been recognized for its angiogenic role ( DeLisser et al . 1997 Matsumura et al . 1997 Zhou et al . 1999 ) . It is one of the best markers for benign and malignant vascular tumors ( De Young et al . 1993 ) but also stains plasma cells , monocytes , and megakaryocytes . CD34 is a 110 - kDa transmembrane glycoprotein present on leukemic cells , EC , and stem cells . In addition , it is localized on cells of the splenic marginal zone , dendritic interstitial cells around vessels , nerves , hair follicles , muscle bundles , and sweat glands in a variety of tissues and organs . Its function is still unclear . It is used for leukemia diagnosis and subclassification and for diagnosis of vascular tumors . Antibodies to CD34 also strongly label gastrointestinal stromal tumors , and the antigen is invariably found in solitary fibrous tumor and Kutzner 1993 Westra et al . 1994 ) . vWF ( factor VIII - related antigen ) is a glycoprotein that mediates platelet adhesion to subendothelium at sites of vascular injury and binds and stabilizes factor VIII in the circulation ( Alles and Bosslet 1988 Yamamoto et al . 1998 ) . It appears to be expressed exclusively on EC where it shows a granular pattern of reactivity . It is also expressed in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes . It is stored in Weibel - Palade bodies ( Warhol and Sweet 1984 Cines et al . 1998 Zhou et al . 1999 ) . Although it is commonly used as an immunohistochemical marker for EC , little is known about the relative level of expression of vWF in EC of the same or different vascular beds in vivo ( Weiss 1991 De Young et al . 1993 Yamamoto et al . 1998 Mรผller et al . 2002c ) . Fli - 1 is a nuclear transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis . It appears to be a relatively sensitive and specific marker for Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors that are characterized in 90 % of cases by a specific translocation t ( 11 ; 22 ) , resulting in the fusion of the EWS gene on chromosome 22 to the Fli - 1 gene on chromosome 11 . The Fli - 1 immunoreactivity in vascular tumors appears to equal or exceed that for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF ( Folpe et al . 2001 ) . As a transcription factor , Fli - 1 immunoreactivity is nuclear in location . The protein is ubiquitously expressed by all endothelia ( Hewett et al . 2001 ) but is also expressed on hematopoietic cells . It was claimed to be the first reliable nuclear marker of endothelial differentiation ( Folpe et al . 2001 Rossi et al . 2004 The present study was undertaken to immunohistochemically compare the expression of commonly used cytoplasmic EC markers ( CD31 , CD34 , vWF ) and the new nuclear EC markers like Fli - 1 in different vascular beds of normal human tissues . To provide a comprehensive picture , we did not restrict the study to one particular organ but included different parenchymatous organs and large vessels . Moreover , knowing that the expression of CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 is not restricted to blood vessels , we also used D2 - 40 , a monoclonal Fukunaga 2005 ) , for lymphatic vessel identification in the parenchymatous organs . Materials and Methods Normal tissues were obtained from biopsies and autopsy cases . Tissues were formalin fixed , paraffin embedded , and stained immunohistochemically for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF . In addition , biopsy specimens were stained for Fli - 1 protein and D2 - 40 . The use of human material for this study was approved by the local medical ethics committee . Case Selection Biopsy Specimens . Blocks of paraffin from surgical specimens or needle biopsies of normal liver , spleen , kidney , lung , heart , skin , bone marrow , and lymph node were retrieved from our files . In total , five needle biopsies of the kidney , five surgical biopsies of the spleen , four endomyocardial biopsies of the heart , five biopsies of the liver ( four needle and one surgical ) , six surgical biopsies of the lungs , five biopsies of the skin , five biopsies of bone marrow , and five biopsies of lymph node were selected . Autopsy Specimens . Kidney , lung , and spleen parenchyma and major vessels ( thoracic and abdominal aorta , pulmonary artery and vein , renal artery , femoral artery and vein , and inferior vena cava ) were sampled systematically from nine autopsy cases . All samples were obtained < 24 hr after death . Patients ages ranged from 34 to 93 years . Three patients had a history of high blood pressure . Specimens were fixed in 4 % formalin and paraffin embedded . They were then stained with H - E and Elastica Van Giesson . For bone marrow samples , Immunohistochemistry Antibodies used for this study are listed in Table 1 . As lymphatic - specific marker , we initially performed immunostaining with Lyve - 1 . Unfortunately , the antibody gave poor results , and the immunostaining could not be interpreted due to high background staining . We then used D2 - 40 monoclonal antibody with reliable and reproducible results . Table 1 Antibodies used in the study Antibodies used in the study View larger version The 4 - ฮผm paraffin sections were deparaffinized in xylol and rehydrated in graded alcohol series . Endogenous peroxidase was inhibited using 3 % H 2 O 2 in methanol . The sections were then washed in distilled water and heated in a microwave oven ( in citrate buffer 10 mM , pH 6 , for CD31 , CD34 , Fli - 1 , and Lyve 1 and EDTA 1 mM , pH 7.5 , for factor VIII ) 15 min for epitope retrieval . No pretreatment was needed for D2 - 40 . Slides were incubated first with normal horse serum ( 1 / 30 avidin 10 % ) for CD31 and CD34 and with normal goat serum ( 10 % avidin ) for factor VIII and O as a substrate and diaminobenzidine as chromogen . Counterstaining was performed with hematoxylin . Results The expression pattern for CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 in the different tissues we studied was strikingly heterogeneous . The differences concerned especially the small vascular beds including continuous and fenestrated capillaries and sinusoids . Major differences were seen in the parenchymatous organs and are summarized in Table 2 . There were no significant differences between the autopsy and the biopsy tissues . Kidney The fenestrated endothelium of the glomeruli always strongly expressed CD31 and CD34 but was only focally positive or completely negative for vWF ( Figures 1A - 1C ) . In one biopsy case , the glomeruli were diffusely positive for vWF . In the three autopsy cases from hypertensive patients , the glomeruli were weakly or moderately positive for vWF as compared with the autopsy cases from patients without hypertension . More interstitial capillaries stained for CD34 than for CD31 or vWF . Fli - 1 usually stained the nuclei of EC in the glomeruli ( Figure 1D ) , making it easier to differentiate between EC and other types of cells also present in the glomeruli , such as podocytes or mesangial cells . In addition , EC of arterioles , venules , and interstitial capillaries were stained . There were , however , some cases in which the interpretation was difficult as a result of important background staining . Lungs Capillaries in the alveolar wall strongly stained for CD31 and CD34 but were usually negative for vWF ( Figures 2A - 2C ) . The staining intensity for vWF also increased gradually with the vessel caliber . Small arterioles and venules showed light staining but larger arteries and veins showed intense staining . The staining intensity did not vary according to vessel type or caliber for CD31 and CD34 . Alveolar macrophages were positive for CD31 with a membranous pattern of staining but were negative for CD34 and vWF . Fli - 1 diffusely stained the nuclei of EC of the different vessel types in the lungs ( Figure 2D ) . However , the nuclei of lymphocytes were also stained , as well as the cytoplasm of some alveolar wall cells probably corresponding to mastocytes . Table 2 Staining of endothelial cells for CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 in various norma l adult tissues Staining of endothelial cells for CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 in various norma l adult tissues View larger version Figure 1 A ) CD31 expression in the kidney showing 2 glomeruli with strong positivity . ( B ) CD34 expression pattern in the kidney is similar to CD31 but more interstitial capillaries are stained . ( C ) In contrast to CD31 and CD34 , the glomeruli are negative for von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) . ( D ) Fli - 1 nuclear immunostaining of EC present in the glomeruli and interstitial capillaries . Spleen Sinusoidal EC were diffusely positive for CD31 but negative for CD34 ( Figures 3A and 3B ) . In the red pulp , CD34 only marked capillaries . vWF staining was similar to that for CD31 but slightly less intense ( Figure 3C ) . There were no differences in the staining pattern of the central arteries , veins , and other vessels present in the spleen . Fli - 1 stained the nuclei of EC present in the sinusoids but also the lymphocytes present in the white pulp . The larger vessels including the central arteries also stained ( Figure 3D Liver Sinusoidal EC continuously expressed CD31 from the portal space to the centrolobular vein ( Figure 4A ) . In contrast , CD34 was expressed only in the periportal area , the centrolobular sinusoids being mostly negative ( Figure 4B ) . Expression of vWF was similar to that of CD31 ( Figure 4C ) . Fli - 1 usually stained the nuclei of EC present in the sinusoids , portal vein , centrolobular vein , and hepatic artery ( Figure 4D ) . A granular cytoplasmic reactivity was also occasionally seen in hepatocytes . Heart The staining pattern of the intramyocardial capillaries was different between CD31 and CD34 . More capillaries showed CD34 than CD31 immunoreactivity . The pattern of staining for vWF was similar to that for CD31 . The endocardial endothelium strongly stained for CD31 but irregularly and less intensely for CD34 and vWF . Capillaries in fat tissue were positive for CD34 . EC from interstitial capillaries , arterioles , and venules present in the myocardium also stained for Fli - 1 . A diffuse cytoplasmic background staining of cardiomyocytes was also seen with Fli - 1 . Figure 2 Alveolar capillaries and arterioles in the lung showing strong expression of CD31 ( A ) and CD34 ( B ) . ( C ) In contrast , alveolar capillaries are negative for vWF , whereas arterioles and venules are positive for vWF . ( D ) Fli - 1 nuclear immunostaining of endothelial cells ( EC ) from alveolar capillaries and arterioles . Skin Small arteries , arterioles , venules , and capillaries present in the skin were all stained with CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 in a similar fashion . Hair follicle cells were also occasionally positive for CD34 . In the dermis , a reticular pattern of staining was seen with CD34 , probably corresponding to CD34 - positive mesenchymal cells ( fibroblasts ) and / or components of the extracellular matrix . Fli - 1 also stained some lymphocytes present in the upper dermis and epidermis ( granulation tissue ) . Bone Marrow Bone marrow sinuses , characterized by a discontinuous EC lining , were positive for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF . Capillaries , small arterioles , and venules present in the bone marrow in small amounts were also positive and did not show any significant differences for the above markers . Megakaryocytes were strongly positive for CD31 and vWF but negative for CD34 . Myeloid and erythroid lineages cells were usually negative for the above markers , some cells occasionally being positive for CD31 . In some cases a slight background staining was seen , especially with vWF . Fli Lymph Nodes Sinusoidal EC of the marginal ( subcapsular ) and medullary sinuses were positive for CD31 but usually negative or focally and faintly positive for CD34 and vWF ( Figures 5A - 5C ) . In one case , sinusoidal EC of the marginal sinuses were positive for CD34 with the same intensity as for CD31 . High endothelial venules were positive for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF . In the lymph node capsule , a reticular pattern of staining was also seen with CD34 , probably corresponding to CD34 - positive mesenchymal cells . Sinus histiocytes were positive for CD31 but negative for CD34 and vWF . Because Fli - 1 stained most lymphocytes present in the lymph node , evaluation of EC staining was difficult , but EC at all Figure 5D Figure 3 ) CD31 expression in the spleen showing positive central arteries and sinusoids with a diffuse positivity . ( ) CD34 expression in the spleen ; in contrast to CD31 , sinusoids are negative but interstitial capillaries stain for CD34 . ( ) The expression of vWF in the spleen is similar to CD31 , but with less staining intensity . ( ) Fli - 1 immunostaining in the spleen ; most cells present including EC are positive . Large Vessels Large Arteries ( Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta , Pulmonary Artery ) . The staining pattern of the endothelium was similar for CD31 and CD34 in the various large arteries we investigated . Due to loss of endothelial cell integrity , staining of the endothelium was often discontinuous for CD31 and CD34 . This was not the case with vWF , which showed a continuous pattern of staining with the regions depleted of EC still being stained for vWF . CD34 also stained some components of the media , probably corresponding to smooth muscle cells . Middle - sized Arteries ( Renal Artery , Femoral Artery ) . Renal arteries taken from autopsy cases showed a continuous and strong staining for vWF . The staining pattern was usually discontinuous for CD31 and CD34 , the intensity being less for vWF . CD34 also stained some components of the media , probably corresponding to smooth muscle cells . Large Veins ( Inferior Vena Cava , Pulmonary Vein ) and Middle - sized Veins ( Femoral Vein ) . The staining pattern of the endothelium was similar for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF for the different veins investigated . Lymphatic Endothelium In all parenchymatous organs , small vascular spaces morphologically consistent with lymphatics were positive for D2 - 40 . Such vessels were present in variable numbers in different organs . They were rare in the spleen ( around central arteries and in the capsule ) , liver ( in portal spaces and the capsule ) , kidney , and bone marrow . In the lungs , they were usually seen around veins , arterioles , and bronchioles but were very rare or absent in the alveolar wall . In the heart , they were present in small numbers in between Figure 4 ) CD31 expression in the liver showing diffuse and continuous positivity of the sinusoids all along the portal triad to the centrolobular vein . ( ) CD34 expression in the liver showing focal positivity of the sinusoids , restricted to the periportal area . ( ) vWF expression in the liver is similar to CD31 . ( ) Nuclei of EC from centrolobular vein and sinusoids are stained for Fli - 1 . Agranular pattern of reactivity is also seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes . EC in arteries and veins were always negative for D2 - 40 . CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 were occasionally and irregularly expressed in lymphatic endothelium , but the staining intensity was usually lower than in vascular endothelium and was very weak when compared with D2 - 40 . Hence , D2 - 40 immunostaining gives a mirror image when compared with the other EC markers ( Figures 6A - 6D ) . Mesothelial cells from the pleura or spleen capsule were occasionally positive for D2 - 40 . This was also the case with osteocytes in the bone and bronchial wall chondrocytes , as well as basal cells from sebaceous glands and hair follicle cells , in a pattern similar to that of CD34 . In bone marrow , hematopoietic stem cells including megakaryocytes were negative for D2 - 40 . Discussion This study confirms that EC in different vessel types of various organs express EC antigens heterogeneously . Variations in expression patterns were most striking in the small capillaries of the continuous , fenestrated , and sinusoid type . We could confirm studies in humans ( Gorog et al . 1998 Mรผller et al . 2002c ) and in animals ( Rand et al . 1987 ) that show that the level of expression of vWF in the lung vasculature is higher in larger vessels ( from being almost negligible in EC in alveolar capillaries but prominent in the major vessels ) . We also confirmed earlier findings in the kidney concerning immunoreactivity of fenestrated endothelium of the glomeruli for CD31 and CD34 but not for vWF and show , therefore , that antigen expression differences exist between EC in the same organ ( Fleming and Jones 1989 Kinjo et al . 1989 ) . We found that vWF expression was higher in renal glomeruli of patients with hypertension . This again confirms other studies that show upregulation of vWF expression on EC in hypertension and conditions such as acute respiratory failure ( Carvalho et al . 1982 ) , acute and chronic renal insufficiency , diabetic nephropathy ( Lufkin et al . 1979 ) , vasculitis , scleroderma , and Raynaud ' s phenomenon ( Kahaleh et al . 1981 ) . Increased levels of circulating vWF have also been described in patients with angina pectoris , coronary thrombotic events ( Gorog et al . 1998 ) , or pulmonary hypertension ( Lopez and Maeda 1998 Figure 5 ) CD31 expression in lymph nodes showing positive marginal ( subcapsular ) sinuses , high endothelial venules ( HEV ) , and capillaries . In contrast , marginal sinuses are negative for CD34 ( ) and vWF ( ) . ( ) Most of the cells present in lymph nodes including EC from capillaries and HEV are stained for Fli - 1 . In large vessels , discontinuous immunolabeling was found for CD31 and CD34 , in spite of continuous labeling for vWF . This might be explained through loss of integrity of the EC lining , which was suggested by the presence of EC positive for CD31 , CD34 , and vWF inside the vascular lumen . Subendothelial matrix - bound vWF could explain the continuous staining seen with vWF ( Rand et al . 1991 ) . Smith et al . ( 1996 ) showed that vWF is differentially expressed in canine large vessels . We were not able to confirm these findings in normal human blood vessels . CD34 also stained some components in the media of large vessels . Indeed , it has been shown in earlier studies that aortic smooth muscle cells and some fibroblasts also stain for CD34 ( Miettinen et al . 1994 We found D2 - 40 to be a sensitive and relatively specific marker for lymphatic endothelium in all parenchymatous organs . CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 did not discriminate between vascular and lymphatic EC and are therefore panvascular EC markers . However , other cells ( including mesothelial cells ) also stained for D2 - 40 . This is in agreement with a study showing that D2 - 40 is expressed in normal and reactive mesothelial cells and in most ( 93 - 96 % ) mesotheliomas ( Ordonez 2005 ; Ordonez in press ) . D2 - 40 is also expressed in lymphangiomas , Kaposi ' s sarcomas , and a subgroup of angiosarcomas but not in endothelial cells of blood vessels . To our knowledge , the fact that osteocytes and chondrocytes also occasionally stain for D2 - 40 has not been reported previously . We can hypothesize that these D2 - 40 - positive cells might express sialoglycoproteins similar to those of lymphatic EC and with which the antibody cross - reacts . Figure 6 EC from arterioles and venules present in the skin are positive for CD31 ( ) , CD34 ( ) , and vWF ( ) , but negative for D2 - 40 ( ) . In contrast , lymphatic EC are strongly positive for D2 - 40 and weakly positive for the other markers . Adipocytes and interstitial cells around vessels are also positive for CD34 . An important application of EC marker immunohistochemistry is the classification of human vascular tumors . CD31 is generally regarded as the single best marker of EC differentiation because it is expressed in ~ 90 % of EC tumors but only very rarely in carcinomas , lymphomas , and mesotheliomas ( DeYoung et al . 1998 ) . However , CD31 is also expressed in macrophages , which calls for careful interpretation of CD31 expression in poorly differentiated tumors ( McKenney et al . 2001 ) . CD34 is expressed in ~ 90 % of vascular tumors . It is , however , also expressed in many other neoplasms , including dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans , malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors , gastrointestinal stromal tumors , and epitheloid sarcomas . Notably , CD34 negative is the littoral cell angioma of the spleen , which correlates with the lack of expression of CD34 in the sinusoids of the spleen ( Ben - Izhak et al . 2001 ) . Korkusuz et al . ( 2002 ) identified the distinctive antigenic profile of sinus lining cells , in sharing both endothelial cell and macrophage lineage characteristics . In embryogenesis and vasculogenesis , vascular and hematopoietic tissues develop together from the early mesoderm ( ) . Hence , it is not surprising that the antigen expression pattern of hematopoietic cells and EC overlap ; both cell types express CD31 , CD34 , vWF , and Fli - 1 . A common stem cell has been postulated that can differentiate into hematopoietic or vascular cells or retain characteristics of both , such as the littoral cells of the spleen . Likewise , some tumors with EC stem cell - like phenotype or poorly differentiated angiosarcoma might not express all of the commonly used EC markers ( Poblet et al . 1996 ) and / or might express some of the leukemia / lymphoma markers like CD34 . Under pathological conditions , EC can modify their antigen expression . In the liver , capillarization of hepatic sinusoids is a well - recognized phenomenon that occurs in long - standing liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis as well as in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) . EC of the sinusoids that usually do not express CD34 can alter their phenotype and express this marker . On the contrary , Lyve - 1 , thought to be restricted to lymphatic vessels , is expressed in liver sinusoids but down - regulated in liver cirrhosis and HCC ( Carreira et al . 2001 ) . CD34 and Lyve - 1 might constitute valuable tools to distinguish well - differentiated HCC from non - neoplastic liver ( Ruck et al . 1995 Di Carlo et al . 2002 ) . Consequently , EC markers ( vascular and lymphatic ) can also aid in the diagnosis of non - vascular tumors and of pathological processes other than tumors . The usefulness of Lyve - 1 as a marker for diagnostic purposes is limited because the performance of the antibody on routinely processed tissues was very variable . We propose D2 - 40 for this purpose . For diagnostic purposes , vWF is a problematic marker because it is not expressed by all EC and is retained in the adjacent extracellular matrix , which limits its reliability for identification of the presence of endothelial cells . In vascular tumors , it is expressed in only 50 - 75 % of cases . In our study , Fli - 1 was expressed in all types of EC but was also expressed by other cell types , especially lymphocytes . The expression of Fli - 1 did not change among different vessel types or organs . This marker can thus be a valuable tool in diagnosing both benign and malignant vascular tumors , especially when used in conjunction with membranous EC markers such as CD31 or CD34 . The cytoplasmic reactivity seen in hepatocytes , renal tubular cells , and cardiomyocytes could be explained either by cross - reactivity with a cytoplasmic protein or In conclusion , this study confirms that EC antigen expression varies among different vessel subtypes and different anatomic compartments of the same organ . The antigen expression pattern in a given organ or vascular bed is dynamic and can change due to a variety of pathological processes or simply in senescence ( Mรผller et al . 2002b ) . Phenotypic differences of EC found in different vascular beds suggest highly differentiated site - specific functions of EC . This may be the result of specific characteristics of EC subtypes and a tissue - specific microenvironment . Acknowledgments We thank Magalie Cornavon , Christine Brueger , Solange Gros , and Marie - Martine Bertholet for expert immunochemistry support . Literature Cited Alles , JU , Bosslet , K ( 1988 Immunohistochemistry of angiosarcomas . A study of 19 cases with special emphasis on the applicability of endothelial cell specific markers to routinely prepared tissues . Am J Clin Pathol 89 : 463 471 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Ben - Izhak , O , Bejar , J , Ben - Eliezer , S , Vlodavsky , E ( 2001 Splenic littoral cell haemangioendothelioma : a new low - grade variant of malignant littoral cell tumour . Histopathology 39 : 469 475 Google Scholar Crossref Medline Carvalho , AC , Bellman , SM , Saullo , VJ , Quinn , D , Zapol , WM ( 1982 Altered factor VIII in acute respiratory failure . N Engl J Med 307 : 1113 1119 Carreira , C , Nasser , SM , di Tomaso , E , Padera , TP , Boucher , Y , Tomarev , SI , Jain , RK ( 2001 LYVE - 1 is not restricted to the lymph vessels : expression in normal liver blood sinusoids and down - regulation in human liver cancer and cirrhosis . Cancer Res 61 : 8079 8084 Cines , DB , Pollak , ES , Buck , CA , Loscalzo , J , Zimmerman , GA , McEver , RP , Pober , JS , et al . ( 1998 Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders . Blood 91 : 3527 3561 DeLisser , HM , Christofidou - Solomidou , M , Strieter , RM , Burdick , MD , Robinson , CS , Wexler , RS , Kerr , JS , et al . ( 1997 Involvement of endothelial PECAM - 1 / CD31 in angiogenesis . Am J Pathol 151 : 671 677 De Young , BR , Wick , MR , Fitzgibbon , JF , Sirgi , KE , Swanson , PE ( 1993 CD31 : an immuno - specific marker for endothelial differentiation in human neoplasms . Appl Immunohistochem 1 : 97 100 De Young , BR , Frierson , HF , Ly , MN , Smith , D , Swanson , PE ( 1998 CD31 immunoreactivity in carcinomas and mesotheliomas . Am J Clin Pathol 110 : 374 377 di Carlo , I , Fraggetta , F , Lombardo , R , Azzarello , G , Vasquez , E , Puleo , S ( 2002 CD 34 expression in chronic and neoplastic liver diseases . Panminerva Med 44 : 365 367 Fleming , S , Jones , DB ( 1989 Antigenic heterogeneity of renal endothelium . J Pathol 158 : 319 323 Folpe , AL , Chand , EM , Goldblum , JR , Weiss , SW ( Expression of Fli - 1 , a nuclear transcription factor , distinguishes vascular neoplasms from potential mimics . Am J Surg Pathol 25 : 1061 1066 Fukunaga , M ( 2005 Expression of D2 - 40 in lymphatic endothelium of normal tissues and in vascular tumours . Histopathology 46 : 396 402 Gorog , DA , Rakhit , R , Parums , D , Laffan , M , Davies , GJ ( Raised factor VIII is associated with coronary thrombotic events . Heart 80 : 415 417 Hewett , PW , Nishi , K , Daft , EL , Clifford , Murray J ( Selective expression of erg isoforms in human endothelial cells . Int J Biochem Cell Biol 33 : 347 355 Kahaleh , MB , Osborn , I , LeRoy , EC ( 1981 Increased factor VIII / von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand activity in scleroderma and Raynaud ' s phenomenon . Ann Intern Med 94 : 482 484 Kawanami , O , Jin , E , Ghazizadeh , M , Fujiwara , M , Jiang , L , Nagashima , M , Shimizu , H , et al . ( 2000 Heterogeneous distribution of thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor in endothelial cells in the human pulmonary microvessels . J Nippon Med Sch 67 : 118 125 Kinjo , T , Takashi , M , Miyake , K , Nagura , H ( 1989 Phenotypic heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells in the human kidney . Cell Tissue Res 256 : 27 34 Korkusuz , P , Dagdeviren , A , Asan , E ( 2002 Immunophenotypic analysis of human spleen compartments . Ann Anat 184 : 431 441 Kutzner , H ( 1993 Expression of the human progenitor cell antigen CD34 ( HPCA - 1 ) distinguishes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from fibrous histiocytoma in formalin - fixed , paraffin - embedded tissue . J Am Acad Dermatol 28 : 613 617 Lopez , AA , Maeda , NY ( Circulating von Willebrand factor antigen as a predictor of short - term prognosis in pulmonary hypertension . Chest 114 : 1276 1282 Lufkin , EG , Fass , DN , O ' Fallon , WM , Bowie , EJ ( 1979 Increased von Willebrand factor in diabetes mellitus . Metabolism 28 : 63 66 Matsumura , T , Wol , K , Petzelbauer , P ( 1997 Endothelial cell tube formation depends on cadherin 5 and CD31 interactions with filamentous actin . J Immunol 158 : 3408 3416 McKenney , JK , Weiss , SW , Folpe , AL ( CD31 expression in intratumoral macrophages : a potential diagnostic pitfall . Am J Surg Pathol 25 : 1167 1173 Miettinen , M , Lindenmayer , AE , Chaubal , A ( 1994 Endothelial cell markers CD31 , CD34 , and BNH9 antibody to H - and Y - antigens โ evaluation of their specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of vascular tumors and comparison with von Willebrand factor . Mod Pathol 7 : 82 90 Mรผller , AM , Hermanns , MI , Skrzynski , C , Nesslinger , M , Mรผller , KM , Kirppatrick , J ( 2002a Expression of the endothelial markers PECAM - 1 , VWf and CD34 in vivo and in vitro . Exp Mol Pathol 72 : 221 229 Mรผller , AM , Skrzynski , C , Nesslinger , M , Skipka , G , Mรผller , KM ( 2002b Correlation of age with in vivo expression of endothelial markers . Exp Gerontol 37 : 713 719 Mรผller , AM , Skrzynski , C , Skipka , G , Muller , KM ( 2002c Expression of von Willebrand factor by human pulmonary endothelial cells in vivo . Respiration ( Herrlisheim ) 69 : 526 533 Ordonez , NG ( 2005 D2 - 40 and podoplanin are highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical markers of epithelioid malignant mesothelioma . Hum Pathol 36 : 372 380 Ordonez , NG ( In Press The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in distinguishing between peritoneal mesotheliomas and serous carcinomas : a comparative study . Mod Pathol . Published online July 29 , 2005 ( DOI : 10.1038 / modpathol . 3800471 ) . Poblet , E , Gonzalez - Palacios , F , Jimenez , FJ ( 1996 Different immunoreactivity of endothelial markers in well and poorly differentiated areas of angiosarcomas . Virchows Arch 428 : 217 221 Rand , JH , Badimon , L , Gordon , RE , Uson , RR , Fuster , V ( 1987 Distribution of von Willebrand factor in porcine intima varies with blood vessel type and location . Arteriosclerosis 7 : 287 291 Rand , JH , Patel , ND , Schwartz , E , Zhou , SL , Potter , BJ ( 1991 150 - kD von Willebrand factor binding protein extracted from human vascular subendothelium is type VI collagen . J Clin Invest 88 : 253 259 Rossi , S , Orvieto , E , Furlanetto , A , Laurino , L , Ninfo , V , Dei Tos , AP ( 2004 Utility of the immunohistochemical detection of FLI - 1 expression in round cell and vascular neoplasm using a monoclonal antibody . Mod Pathol 17 : 547 552 Ruck , P , Xiao , JC , Kaiserling , E ( 1995 Immunoreactivity of sinusoids in hepatocellular carcinoma . An immunohistochemical study using lectin UEA - 1 and antibodies against endothelial markers , including CD34 . Arch Pathol Lab Med 119 : 173 178 Smith , JM , Meinkoth , JH , Hochstatter , T , Meyers , KM ( 1996 Differential distribution of von Willebrand factor in canine vascular endothelium . Am J Vet Res 57 : 750 755 Warhol , MJ , Sweet , JM ( 1984 The ultrastructural localization of von Willebrand factor in endothelial cells . Am J Pathol 117 : 310 315 Weiss , HJ ( 1991 von Willebrand factor and platelet function . Ann NY Acad Sci 614 : 125 137 Westra , WH , Gerald , WL , Rosai , J ( 1994 Solitary fibrous tumor . Consistent CD34 immunoreactivity and occurrence in the orbit . Am J Pathol 18 : 992 998 Yamamoto , K , de Waard , V , Fearns , C , Loskutoff , DJ ( Tissue distribution of von Willebrand factor gene expression in vivo . Blood 92 : 2791 2801 Yamamoto , M , Shimokata , K , Nagura , H ( 1988 An immunohistochemical study on phenotypic heterogeneity of human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells . Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 412 : 479 486 Zhou , Z , Christofidou - Solomidou , M , Garlanda , C , DeLisser , HM ( 1999 Antibody against murine PECAM - 1 inhibits tumor angiogenesis in mice . Angiogenesis 3 : 181 188 View Abstract | [
"Immunohistochemical Expression",
"endothelial cell",
"von Willebrand factor"
] |
http://jidaw.com/whatisaplus.html | Mar - 2005 - A+ certification is a vendor neutral certification that certifies the competency of service professionals in the computer industry . It is for anyone who wants an internationally recognized credential that validates competency in computer service and technical support . A+ Certification program is one of the largest certification worldwide . A+ Certification is developed and sponsored by the Computing Technology Industry Association ( CompTIA ) , a global association of IT industry companies with the common goal of standardized qualifications for professionals working in the industry . Membership of CompTIA include most of the global software and hardware manufacturers such as Microsoft , IBM , Lotus , Dell , Compaq , etc . M ost CompTIA literature , states that , " CompTIA is a global trade association representing the business interests of the information technology industry . " Why is A+ the most popular and widely recognized certification for PC Repairs and maintenance ? A+ is one of the most popular certifications in the IT industry and is CompTIA ' s top certification . What makes A+ Certification different from other credentials is the strong support it has received from the computer industry . A+ Certification is recognized and backed by all the leading manufacturers , vendors , service providers and professional bodies worldwide . It validates skills and knowledge in technical support covering competencies over products developed and used by these organizations . A+ Certification is the only generic IT support qualification in the world ! Achievement of A+ Certification shows that a person has the knowledge , skill and customer service skills necessary to successfully support PC equipment and users . Technical support , the focus of A+ certification , is the busiest area in the IT industry . Technical Requirements of A+ A+ demonstrates basic competence in supporting microcomputers . To be certified in the 2003 version , you must pass two modules : the A+ Core Hardware exam and the A+ Operating Systems Technologies ( OST ) exam . Both exams require hands - on expertise as they test your ability with PC Hardware , Operating systems and basic networking . In addition it treats best practices in issues relating to maintenance and safety . The exams are extremely practical in nature . The Core Hardware examination measures basic knowledge of installing , configuring , upgrading , troubleshooting , and repairing microcomputer systems The Operating System Technologies exam measures basic knowledge of Command Line Prompt , Operating Systems for installing , configuring , upgrading , troubleshooting and repairing microcomputer systems . These essentials of A+ are based on standards defined by CompTIA ' s test specification . 2009 Version In August 2009 , CompTIA unveiled updated A+ exams to provide technical support professionals with a more comprehensive skill set . The 2009 A+ exam versions - 220 - 701 and 220 - 702 - are designed to equip tech support with changes in vendor independent expertise demanded by industry and society . The latest version of CompTIA A+ is CompTIA A+ 2009 Edition . The 2009 A+ qualification consists of two tests : CompTIA A+ Essentials 220 - 701 and CompTIA A+ Practical Applications 220 - 702 . These are already globally available and both exams must be passed to obtain A+ certification . A CompTIA A+ bridge exam BR0 - 003 has also been created . Significant changes and additions noted to the latest 2009 versions of the A+ exams include the following : The new objectives have incorporated Windows Vista There is no more testing on " Old school " operating systems such as Windows 95 , 98 , Me , and NT . They have been removed from the objectives . New developments such as Core 2 Duo , the latest multi - core processor technologies are now included . Similarly newer hard drive and memory technologies are part of the update Troubleshooting practice and procedures for A+ have been updated - the focus is on a more " hands - on " approach Networking and security subject area volumes have been increased and higher difficulty levels Click here for More on the A+ 2009 Version 2006 version CompTIA introduced a new A+ structure in September , 2006 . Instead of the 2003 structure of Core Hardware and Operating Systems exams , CompTIA has introduced a two - exam format , which requires candidates to pass the CompTIA A+ Essentials ( 220 - 601 ) that covers both hardware and software , plus choose one of several elective exams that focus on different areas of support . The electives are 220 - 602 for IT Technician , 220 - 603 for remote support technicians and 220 - 604 for depot technicians . With the introduction of these exams , candidates can focus on specific areas of computer service and support . In addition the updates place more emphasis on soft skills , security and current technologies . The change will not affect those already A+ certified , as the title is " good for life " and does not need to be updated . The combination of CompTIA A+ Essentials and CompTIA A+ 220 - 602 is the exam option that maps most closely to the CompTIA A+ 2003 version . Please note that a ll English versions of the CompTIA A+ 600 Series will no longer be available after March 5 , 2010 . Click here for More on the A+ 2006 Version Target Audience / Requirements for A+ Certification A+ is possibly the most popular entry - level certification . It is usually seen as being for people with a bit of experience ( 6 months or less ) in computer service . However , for the purpose of this discourse , let us attempt to classify the target audience for A+ . The focus here , is not the certification itself but what it represents . Our interest is on the acquisition and use of skills and knowledge for practical benefit . It is necessary to look beyond the certificate or certification . Certification validates what you have ยง Computer users - intense , enthusiasts Are you a user or PC enthusiast that needs to have a better appreciation of how computers work ? Are you someone who needs to know how to install your own software , assemble your systems or troubleshoot your faulty PCs ? Some are lucky when they adopt the " trial and error " method , but most get their fingers burnt . You need to be equipped with standard skills and knowledge . You need to ensure that your installation and troubleshooting is done securely , skillfully and cost - effectively . ยง Newcomers who want to develop a career in IT and tech support . A+ certification is designed specifically for the tech support field . But A+ serves other fields , as t echnical support is the best area for a beginner to gain a good working knowledge of the basics of the IT profession . Such basic fundamental IT knowledge and skills are useful in all areas . Hands - on experience gained especially in the area of problem solving is invaluable for starting an IT Career . PCs can be seen in every sphere of life now . What this means is that it is easier for a newcomer in tech support to get experience and get a foot in the door , as opportunities are virtually limitless . This is quite unlike a newcomer with skills in more complex applications that are not commonplace . According CompTIA , " Trainers and educators want their students to start with A+ because it ' s the recognized career entry point . " A Senior Network Engineer had this to say , " I got a master ' s degree in networking and afterwards got my A+ and worked in PC support . People do n ' t necessarily give you a job because of your degree . When they hire you they want you to be able to work from day one . My elder brother also has a master ' s degree - in Library Science - and asked me the best way to get into computers . I told him take CompTIA A+ . " Technicians / Professionals in tech support that need a recognized validation of their skills and experience . If you ' ve been working in tech support for sometime and you ' ve do n ' t have the respect and recognition , you feel you deserve , you need to examine A+ to know if it is what you need . It is an external validation and measurement of your technical support skills and experience . Not only are you saying you are capable in Tech Support , but CompTIA , the world ' s largest IT trade association is confirming your level of competence . In the IT industry many say that experience is king . Is it ? Not always ! As a professional on the field you might find that your experience , that is the work you do , limits your knowledge and exposure . A relevant certification program removes this limitation , by covering all standard areas in the particular field . In addition if you have garnered experience via the trial - and - error route , though your methods work , are they optimal ? You got the job done but is your solution efficient ? It works but IT Professionals outside tech support that need tech support skills and certification to advance their careers . It is possible to be an experienced Programmer and yet be unable to diagnose a faulty hard disk drive . What if you find that as an IT professional say in programming or web design , you are heavily dependent on tech support to get your job done ? Or are you a Network engineer that has problems troubleshooting simple PC problems ? Java programmer what will you do when your system crashes and you are unable to reboot ? What should you do when your ability to give value is threatened by a lack of tech support skills ? How does it affect the perception of your competence ? It may make sense for you to have standard skills and knowledge in tech support so that you can achieve results in an effective manner . A good grounding in tech support is always useful , irrespective of your area of specialization . Technical Expectations : A+ Certified Professional An A+ Certified Professional is usually expected to carry out the following tasks : Installation and setup , Upgrading , Repairs , Troubleshooting , Maintenance of desktops , laptops , printers , and all other peripherals . Plus , you need to fully understand the network configurations and operating systems your users might be utilizing . And also the setup , training of users in the use of systems , as well as Software related tasks . Software related responsibilities may include : installation of software packages , upgrade and update of software , troubleshoot application and system errors , advice users on software use , train users , writing of training / user manuals , overseeing PC usage and so on . In terms of expectations , lifelong learning is critical . You ca n ' t afford to go to sleep after meeting A+ certification standards . A+ of 1999 is not the same as A+ in 2007 . There is no full stop in learning . Continuous renewal is the key to growth . Be proactive - set new goals and strike the right balance between doing and learning in line with your goals . The focus of this piece has mainly been the technical aspect of A+ as a certification that validates tech support knowledge and skills . This is relevant for all target groups mentioned earlier . Note however that if your career interest is in technical support , apart from certification , there are opportunities and challenges you will have to deal with . For example , customer relationship skills are key to career development in technical support . Indeed the 2006 version recognized the soft skills need in service and support while the 2009 version deepened and broadened the scope of technical scope . Furthermore technical support like every career area of IT has its personality requirements . Are you interested in developing your career along this line ? It makes sense for you to also have an insight into the associated challenges and prospects . With this you can take meaningful decisions within the context of your career plan . All the best in your IT Career , Jide Awe Jide Awe is the Publisher of Jidaw . com What Do you Have to Say ? Post Your Comments about this article Here 7 June 2009 Jidaw . com Editor says : Thanks for the observation . The typo has been corrected . 7 June 2009 David Potter of Grand Rapids , Michigan says : Great article however I thought you might like to know that there is a grammatical error in the 5th sentence in the last paragraph . It reads . . . " Are you are interested in developing your career along this line ? " instead of " Are you interested in developing your career along this line ? " , there ' s an extra ' are ' in there . Thought you would like to know . This site was very informative for me . Thank you . 23 January 2009 Jan of Durban , South Africa says : Thank you for this article it has broadened my knowledge of this accreditation and made me question my motives for wanting it . I now know what the certificate can do for me and the work that I would need to undertake to make it work in my career . Thanks for the great read , I will post again when I get the certificate and advise all of how it has advanced my career . 20 January 2009 Tunde Mafe of Lagos , Nigeria Like the article . but i want more on CCNA 802 . 25 December , 2008 Cal Barnett of Northants , England says : Thank you for a very much for your informative article . It has given me real clarity about how to proceed in towards a career in the IT industry . 30 September , 2008 OBIDIKE ANTHONY IFEANYI of Awka , Eastern part of Nigeria I ' m so delighted to have surfed your web page . This is because some confusion ground has been cleared for me over A+ exams and the prerequisites . 16 April , 2008 Danny of Woodbridge , Canada says : I did n ' t know that there was a newer version of the 220 - 301 and 220 - 302 , but thanks to you now i do . . . . . . Now i am in the right Course . Thank you . 16 April , 2008 Odiaka Uchechukwuka Emmanuel in Port Harcourt , Nigeria says : Starting point Guys you have done well . Pls tell me what steps to take after A+ , and i do n ' t want to be just a PCs technician but an IT technician . . . . May God be with you all the time . 30 March , 2008 Sunday Samuel from Nigeria says : It was quite satisfying that i got all the annwers i needed on A+ here ; all the way from Nigeria . 10 March 2008 Sam Awotwi from Alexandria , VA 22309 , USA says : The article is gives a clear explaination of the Course . However , I want to know the next advance course one has to undertake after comptia A+ certification ? Thank you . 5 March 2008 John Iwuchukwu of Surulere , Lagos , Nigeria I mean your stuff is ok , and is one among the door step and a pure guide for one to fully certified as a system Engineer and aslo gives you the mind and the confidence to move to the next level of IT , and also for you to be able to face most challanges of which you may encounter at Clients site as the maintence Tech . Thanks and I really appreciate your effort and i use this medium to encourage my able young tallented A+ Professionals to keep moving on the IT road map and also believe that T hanks once more ! 17 September 2007 Thamsanqa Tshabangu from Railways says : No one couid have answered my question better . Thanks . 19 August 2007 Anon from US says : Good overview except for one thing . This cert is overrated and overpriced ( there is a reason Comptia wants to have 2 exams here ) . I would take Net+ because that ' s where the $ $ are . This cert is outdated ( even with the recent update ) . 6 April 2007 Ayo from Lagos says : Why do n ' t you change your preparation method to enable you complete the certification in good time ? Instructor - led training is usually the most effective exam prep method . 5 April 2007 Louie from New York says : do n ' t know what do do . . . I ' ve been studying for the 220 - 201 , exam about 6 mouths , but now I dont know if I should take the exam because it will take me another 6 months to study the 220 - 302 . . Now what ? ? ? why bother . .hummmm . 27 Mar 2007 Olumide Ajayi from Virginia , USA says : I ' m not new to the website author Mr . Awe , he is a great intellectual in the IT world . He did a pretty good job in the review of my book - " The Internet Simplified " in 2003 . This article is great and commendable . 23 Mar 2007 Ugo from Lagos says : Very good article , Answered my questions like you were reading my mind . Thank you . 31 Dec 2006 Ayo from Lagos says : Jidaw offers A+ training . Get details from the training page . 31 Dec 2006 Jasper Tasie from Opic Estate , Agbara , Nigeria says : The writeup in this article is well stated . But if I may ask . 1 . where could somebody get this training 2 . do you render any of this training and what are its requirements to get - on with ? CompTIA A+ Developments : Click this link to learn about the new A+ structure CompTIA has decided to extend the expiry deadline for the A+ 220 - 301 and 220 - 302 exams to 30 June 2007 in certain regions including Africa . Details can be found here : http : / / www . jidaw . com / train / ccnaremote . html CompTIA A+ Developments : Click this link to learn about the new A+ structure CompTIA has introduced a new A+ structure . The current exams ( 2003 objectives ) will however remain available until the end of the year 2006 . The change will not affect those already A+ certified , as the title is " good for life " and does not need to be updated . Those who do wish to update , however , may do so simply by passing one of the new elective exams , Candidates still have till December 2006 to take the exams with the present structure and content August 14 , 2006 Xtabel from Lagos , Nigeria says : I ' m so impressed by this simple and self - explanatory article . You ' ve done a wonderful job . It ' s so captivating it prompts me to read on . Must I take A+ before I start MCSE cert ? CIAO July 22 , 2006 Ayo from Lagos , Nigeria says : A+ and CCNA can be offered as remote courses . Get information about CCNA Remote training here : http : / / www . jidaw . com / train / ccnaremote . html July 21 , 2006 Iwedinobi Ikechukwu N . from Enugu , Nigeria says : I thank you for all your mails . Actually I I subscribed for the newsletter a long time ago , But I have n ' t had the opportunity to come over to Lagos for training . I ' m in Enugu now , please is it possible for one to get A+ , Cisco CCNA certification training online ? July 11 , 2006 Jay from Scottsdale , Arizona says : I want to thank you for taking the time on this outline . The information on the site was very useful . December 27 , 2005 Vigneshkhanna from India says : Your website has boosted up my confidence . I like to write A+ exam , Please give me details about A+ examination centers in india . December 1 , 2005 Godpower Azuonwu from South Africa says : I have finally been certified after passing the A+ Core last week . I am from Rivers State , now resident in Johannesburg , South Africa . I would like to be carried along in IT programmes / breakthroughs , especially geared towards broadening the IT awareness in Africa and Nigeria in particular . Please keep me posted in that regard . November 12 , 2005 Godpower Azuonwu from South Africa says : An informative and encouraging article . I came across it while researching online for A+ Core study guides . I took and passed the OS two days ago , Hoping to take the Core few days ahead . Thanks Uncle Jide . July 7 , 2005 Fares from Algeria says : Sir , I thank tou for this good opportunity for me learn more and get great information on certification . I ' m happy with what I got with your site June 9 , 2005 Emily Jones from Florida , USA . says : GREAT WEBSITE ! ! ! - I have a degree in Computer programming and work as a computer information support technician . I have thought about gaining an A+ certification . Your website has boosted up my confidence and made me less scared about the test ! A BIG THANK YOU FROM Florida , USA . Best wishes in all you do . | [
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http://jimfishertruecrime.blogspot.com/2012/12/did-jeffrey-pyne-murder-his-mother.html | More than 4205000 pageviews from 150 countries Friday August 3 2018 Did Jeffrey Pyne Murder His Mother On the surface it looked like 22yearold Jeffrey Pyne had a great life with a promising future He had graduated from the West Highland Christian Academy in Milford Michigan as class valedictorian After high school he attended the University of MichiganFlint where he majored in biology But at home in Highland Township Jeffery had serious problems with his 51yearold mother Ruth In 1998 when Jeffrey was 8yearsold Ruth Pyne was diagnosed with bipolar disorder Over the next decade she became increasingly difficult to live with and violent For some reason Jeffery had become the prime target of his mothers wrath which had subjected him to physical and verbal abuse In July 2010 after the police arrested Ruth for trying to manually strangle her son Jeffreys father Bernie Pyne filed a petition with the court to have his wife institutionalized In the commitment petition Mr Pyne wrote She has invented a religion that deems all medication a form of sorcery and will Ruth Pynes refusal to take her bipolar medicine the cause of her bellicose behavior created most of the friction between mother and son and led to many heated arguments Following inpatient treatment at a Michigan mental health facility in 2010 Ruth Pyne returned home But nothing changed She refused to take her medication and continued to torment her son On May 27 2011 at 230 in the afternoon Bernie Pyne and his tenyearold daughter Julia came home to find Ruth dead in the garage She had been bludgeoned and stabbed Because nothing had been stolen from the garage or the house and the victim had not been sexually assaulted it didnt seem likely that this woman had been murdered by a stranger According the the medical examiner who performed the autopsy Ruth Pyne had received at least 12 vicious blows to the head from a twobyfour Her attacker then stabbed her in the neck 16 times It was possible that the stab wounds were postmortem The overkill nature of the assault led investigators to believe the victim had been murdered by someone who knew her well and hated her guts Crime scene technicians found traces of the dead womans blood on faucet handles in the laundry room where they believed the killer had washed his or her hands The crime scene investigators found no blood on the inside knob of the garage mandoor which was standing partially open Had the killer left the garage through this doorway the door operating knob would have contained traces of the victims blood Inside the dwelling crime scene technicians found no signs of blood or other physical evidence of the killing Detectives speculated that the killer felt he or she had enough time after Since Ruth Pynes murder appeared to be an inside job suspicion immediately fell on Jeffery Pyne who had been as far as anyone could tell the last person to see his mother alive On the day of the murder detectives with the Oakland County Sheriffs Office questioned Jeffery at police headquarters The suspect when asked to account for himself that afternoon said She got home from grocery shopping I helped her bring the groceries in According to Jeffery his mother was alive when he left the house at onethirty that afternoon to plant lilac bushes at the home of one Crime scene investigators on the day of the murder combed Jeffrey Pynes car for physical traces of the murder They found nothing A forensic analysis of Jeffreys clothing also produced negative results When officers questioned Jeffrey at the sheriffs office that afternoon detectives noticed fresh blisters on both of his hands When asked about the blisters Jeffrey said he had gotten them earlier in the day planting lilacs at the teachers house In response to a question about his relationship with his mother Jeffrey said Ive never had a problem with her The only issue I had is I wanted her to take her medicine At the conclusion of the interview detectives were certain Jeffrey Pyne had fatally bludgeoned and stabbed his mother In October 2011 five months after the murder Oakland County District Attorney John Skrzynski charged Jeffrey Pyne with firstdegree murder The Pyne murder trial got underway in Pontiac Michigan on November 16 2012 In his opening statement to the jury prosecutor Skrzynski said This was an angry killing that was the result of years of living with a difficult person who was bipolar The defendants attorney James Champion pointed out that the state could not link his client to the murder through physical evidence and that all of the prosecutions proof was circumstantial and weak The strongest witness for the prosecution turned out to be the school teacher who had hired Jeffrey to do odd jobs around her house According to her testimony Jeffrey had planted the lilacs four days before his mothers murder This was a credible witness who broke the defendants alibi The testimony phase of the Pyne murder trial came to a sudden close on December 14 2012 when defense attorney Champion announced that he did not have any witnesses to present In Champions mind he didnt need any witnesses because the prosecution had failed to carry its burden of proof On December 18 2012 the jury found the defendant guilty of the lesser charge of seconddegree murder Judge Leo Bowan had the option of sentencing Jeffery Pyne to up to 60 years behind bars He could also hand down the minimum sentence of seven years in prison Jeffrey Pyne maintained his innocence The bloody clothes he would have worn when he killed his mother were not recovered Those who believed Jeffrey Pyne innocent argued there were no bloody clothes to recover On Saturday January 12 2013 the CBS crime series 48 Hours in an episode called The Perfect Family aired an account of the Pyne case The segment featured interviews of Ruth Pynes sister and Jeffreys father Judge Bowan on January 29 2013 sentenced Jeffrey Pyne to a minimum of twenty years in prison Posted by Jim Fisher at 435 AM Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Labels Murder 141 comments Anonymous May 18 2013 at 533 AM A few questions 1 How does a lack of the victims blood on the garage door knob show that the killer didnt leave that way What if they washed up before leaving What if they used a clean cloth If they could manage to not get blood anywhere else but the garage how is it so unbelievable that they managed not to get some on the doorknob on the way out 2 If Jeffrey got minor blisters on his hands from committing murder why would he risk drawing attention to them by wrapping them up in flashy white bandages If he went through such great lengths to cover the rest of his tracks why go and do that 3 Couldnt a lack of emotion in the police interview on the day of the murder be attributed to the fact that what had happened hadnt really sunk in yet and his emotions for her were probably already subdued from years of dealing with disappointment 4 Was any DNA from an unknown person found in or around the house Did they look into what other enemies this woman might have had Did they check his cell phone records For I know he could be guilty but its strange that these points dont get brought up in any press coverage of the case Ive seen Reply Replies Anonymous July 27 2013 at 245 PM I think he was defending himself against a crazy dangerous woman She could have provoked him I dont think he deserves 20 years in prison He was a model kid He endured everything he did because of his little sister Anonymous August 16 2013 at 1105 AM I totally agree It sounds like this good kid went through hell and still managed to graduate with honors Seems like self defense to me He should have been given a break on the sentencing Anonymous March 30 2014 at 1107 PM I wonder how the police explained that the young Pyne covered his tracks so well with no trace evidence ever have been found on Jeffs shoes clothes or car I also wonder if the police have heard of Keith Hunter Jesperson or other killers who established an alibi by going back out for some drinks being sure to converse with others before returning to the body It is highly plausible that the father punched out at GM went to the house killed her went to the bar for an alibi picked up the little girl on his way home arrived at the home and waited until it was the daughter who discovered the body I understand Bernie Pyne did not even go into the home right away but went into the backyard to work on the pool pump Anonymous June 21 2014 at 1008 PM Good point The father seemed like a very smart manipulative manand aggressivecould it be they blamed it on the son because they knew they could not prove the father did it Hoping the father would confess rather than watch his son go down for something he did Jacqueline Frisbie December 27 2015 at 1020 AM Yes and if her sickness made her agressive towards the son how must she have been towards the husband who incidentally was having an affair Anonymous February 16 2016 at 104 PM I think he may be innocent I wish the Innocence Project would take a look at this case I feel like other suspects were not looked at Rhonda Richter March 5 2016 at 621 PM I to think there are too many holes in this case if nothing else he should get a new trial based on ineffective assistance of council Just because YOU dont think the prosecution has proved their case doesnt me the jury did Especially when they are going into deliberations right before Christmas Horrible injustice imo Anonymous March 15 2016 at 1222 AM Why was the lesser charge allowed to be considered I understood the original charge for first degree only and the prosecution looked to backpeddle when the defence rested if i am right that is hardly fair to give them 2 kicks at the cats The jury would have otherwise acquitted I think the jury pulled a King Soloman Dog with a bone June 29 2016 at 1256 PM I find it odd that she had a clump of hair in her hand Whos Also if this woman was a delusional as we are made to believe she could have cut herself in the bathroom thus brig the reason her blood was there It shows no DNA of jeffery Also they say he couldnt get blisters from moving pallets well surely if she was hit by two X two bit of wood he wouldnt get blisters like that on both hands I was surprised when the father learnt his son was home at a certain time around the murder Did jeffery see his father kill her As father was shocked at learning this Why did it take dining for father to inform police of items missing from garage Was he trying to pin it on his son Finally think of the interview that poor boy would have had mixed feelings even if he did not kill her In some respects he may have felt God its over but at same time feel sadness at the loss of his mother For me the father had more to gain maybe he thought his son would get off with the history of abuse I do not think jeffery is the killer I think he even volunteered to take a lie detector test but was not allowed b Anonymous August 3 2016 at 940 PM I know the father and no way was he the one who took his wife life Although there were problems in the family because of her mental illness does not make him nor his son a murder ALL families have problems there was at the time of the murder a man that had just gotten out of prison for murder Police refused to even investigate Anonymous May 22 2018 at 1023 PM Also are there any cuts on his hands If theyd fought hed have scratches etc on him Wheres that evidence Wheres the proof of the father is a good point too I hope someone takes on this case and reopens it This is ridiculous Anonymous September 26 2018 at 1126 AM Did they ever look at the husbands mistress Could she have been upset because he decided to stay with his wife I dont even see where she was questioned The theory that the son did it yet had no blood on him his vehicle shoes etcis not a likely theory Unknown October 27 2018 at 553 PM your so rightin so many ways but thats the law for you they make mistakes to Reply Anonymous August 10 2013 at 1054 PM The prosecution claims that he killed her because she stopped taking her meds did they do a tox screen to back this claim Reply Anonymous August 10 2013 at 1107 PM Where is the physical evidence linking him to the crime scene Circumstantial case at best and the prosecution had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed this crime When did speculation become defined as proof Reply Replies Anonymous August 30 2013 at 205 PM Wow Was this case ever one for reasonable doubt Perhaps they will appeal and get a better result Jacqueline Frisbie September 6 2015 at 440 PM Unfortunately his appeal was denied I dont think he got a fair trial and I also dont think he was found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt A terrible miscarriage of justice has been done to this man Unknown April 26 2016 at 409 PM they didnt have hardly any physical evidence they didnt have bloody clothes no blood found in his car not even trace amounts but he did lie about his whereabouts Kai Janasik November 7 2016 at 705 PM Did anyone ever seriously question Bernies mistresss son This is a person with a history of violence Also I am completely dumbfounded as to why Jeffrey has not been granted a new trial on the grounds of disturbingly inadequate council I say this because as I was watching the parts of this trial that were shown on this episode on the ID channel I was more than disgusted by the testimony of the exgirlfriend I have no idea why she was allowed to testify It was clear that she had no knowledge of the murder whatsoever Every statement that she Marchio9 November 8 2016 at 1013 AM I think you make some good points and put them over very well and convincingly I do however feel that the son did kill the mother for reasons I have earlier stated Anonymous February 9 2017 at 944 PM the father may be the one who killed his wifewhy you think he is so convinced the son didnt kill his motherbut it is my belief that the father knows is the son who did it and he has more sympathy towards the son because themother was a mental case and she caused their lives to be miserable STM April 22 2018 at 1004 AM Father is just sticking up for his son The poor kid snapped His demeanor throughout the trial and during questioning was very revealing Also that he lied about planting lilacs is all suspicious Reply Anonymoose August 10 2013 at 1120 PM What about the ex girlfriend of the father the one who he had started seeing who worked at the GNC Was she ruled out as a possible suspect Reply Replies LJ Soar January 31 2014 at 550 PM I wondered that very same thing after watching 48 hours Anonymous April 5 2014 at 1138 PM I didnt know that the victims husband was unfathful If he did it would be very cruel to let his daughter discover her mother like that I am gobsmacked someone can get convicted for a serious crime like murder with no evidence what so ever dangerous anyone could get hisher Life destroyed with that kind of justice system JWrn98 May 12 2014 at 330 PM I immediately thought of Bernie Pynes girlfriend Did they rule her out She had a motive She could have concievably done this She could have hired someone Reasonable doubt Hell Yes SUZ November 15 2015 at 1050 PM Ditto The lover was dumped in the middle of an intimate dinner by the unstableoutraged wife Wow what a supportive lover If mental illness runs in this family then why wasnt the son tested This whole thing is bizarre and needs more work SUZ November 15 2015 at 1057 PM Ditto A scorned lover dumped in the middle of an intimate dinner by the crazy unstable soon to be xwife If mental illness runs in families then why wasnt the son tested And isnt anyone concerned about the mental illness in the daughter What is to become of her rage against the system if she has mental illness Wow This whole thing work Very bizarre SUZ November 15 2015 at 1100 PM Also couldnt the blisters have been from planting the trees 4 days prior Reply Elizabeth Jordan August 11 2013 at 644 AM Its so hard dealing with family members who have mental illness murder is never the solution Dealing with people close to you can be a very painful experience When the person doesnt take their meds you become the main target in my case I endured alot of verbal abuse its enough to make you want to not deal with the person anymore But I could never do that Reply Anonymous August 22 2013 at 935 PM Listen to the police tapes and the message to Diane Needham Jeff Pyne never says he was planting lilacs that day at Needhams he mentions painting for her Jeff Pyne also stated on the police tapes that he got the blisters at work on some pallets by the bathroom The police never found any blood on his shoes his clothes in his car or even the weapon There are clear pictures of his car his clothes and shoes with no blood Det John Jacob testified that there was blood on the garage door handle the tractor in the garage and all over the garage and anyone who committed the crime would have had blood all over them based on the splatter evidence at the scene Ruth Pyne was at Meijers until 1054 am that morning in White Lake and seen in the parking lot video tapes puttering around shortly after checkout She was wearing dark jeans and a dark tshirt at Meijers It is more than a 20 minute drive back to her house from there assuming she drives the speed limit and does not stop for any lights When she came home Jeff told the police on tape that he helped her unpack groceries and she went and changed She was wearing striped sweatpants and a blue fleece jacket when she was found The neighbor Conley testified that he and his 27 year old son had a rocky relationship with Ruth and Bernie Pyne He testified that he saw Jeffs tan oldsmobile in the driveway behind Ruths white car this is an oddity which should be explored Why would Jeffs car be parked behind his mothers if she had gone out shopping Reply Replies Anonymous August 30 2013 at 202 PM I am very suspicious of that neighbor or his son According to his testimony he was in his yard a long time none of the other neighbors were home and he had access to yard tools and was aware when Jeffrey left the house He had ample time to dispose of weapons and clean up If he wasnt focused in on her comings and goings how could he pin down Jeffreys times leaving etc Bet they never took a look at him or his son He looks like he could turn violent in a minute Reply Trish August 28 2013 at 1001 AM I have been watching the recorded trial on TV and even though it isnt over yet from what I have seen of the trial I cant imagine any jury could find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt There is no evidence linking him to the crime It is very sad how many people are found guilty of crimes they didnt commit and how many people are found innocent of crimes they did commit I dont understand why they didnt even do a manhunt search till 4 days later I understand it was a holiday weekend but by that time the Reply rwise57 August 30 2013 at 1149 AM Nancy Grace said If I were going to defend someone Id want to defend Jeff Pyne Please PLEASE Nancy Do The prosecutor is WRONG Assuming that Jeffrey was the killer ONLY TO close a CASE Without doing THE MANHUNTING As he supposed to the police investigation WAS SLOPPY to save money Jeffrey called the neighbor because he has not heard from her since she said that shell be back which was MONDAY She saw the bushes transplanted and did not report back to Jeffrey after RESONABLE time Jeffrey calls on FRIDAY at 241 to find out if she was back as schedule And added he already transferred the bushes However did not said he transferred the BUSHES that Friday the day of the homicide The neighbor confirms that the bushes were transferred on MONDAY 4 days before when she arrived home from her trip but did not report that to Jeffrey Blisters are deep pink in color on the first day FRESH NO white around the blister JEFFREY blisters on FRIDAY have WHITEDRY on the edge or around them MEANING they are in the last stage of healing On the 2nd and 3 day of a blister forms WATER between the new skin and the old skin and USUALLY a person pierces the skin to draw the water but leave the old skin to protect the new raw skin When Jeffrey catches the pallet the pallet ripped the old skin open and Jeffrey just pulled off exposing the raw new skin Reply Replies Jacqueline Frisbie June 30 2016 at 109 PM Plus not all people respond the same way Being his mother was as she was maybe he actually felt a little relief that he would not have to face another outburst from his mother Who knows why a person doesnt react the way society thinks is normal in a given situation Reply Sherry September 2 2013 at 316 AM As much as I hate to say it I think that he did it His family went through hell with her not taking her meds I feel he took as much as he could in his mind then wanting to protect his little sister its just sad He got those blisters from hitting her over over not by transferring any bushes I wont make excuses for him the woman stated he did not do any of the list she left for him to do while she was out of town Reply Replies Unknown July 24 2018 at 136 AM The blisters were days old Its so obvious the blisters are at least 3 to 4 days old there was no redness at all case over INNOCENTEven if he did do it theres so much reasonable doubt Reply Anonymous September 3 2013 at 1101 AM TO LINDA RUTH PYNE SISTER YOU HAVE BEEN ABSENT from your nephew and Ruth Jeffrey Pyne is 100 INNOCENT NOT GUILTY it appears that YOU have not follow THE TWISTED TACTICS OF POLICE or you have not been a juror in your life When each juror was asked Is this your TRUE VEREDICT they sound forced to say WHAT THE LEADER of the JURORS AGREED to believe There is always a couple or more to lead THIS CASE WAS NOT PROOVED BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT reasonable doubt The precise meaning of words such as reasonable and doubt are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country Jurisprudence is the study and theory of law THE SYSTEM should change and a CLASS FOR JURY SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS and only select jurors that have taken classes Jurors are regular people NOT EVEN paying attention to details AND just follow what other jurors opinion is to save face Reply Replies Cyntia Martin September 2 2016 at 326 AM This is very true Ive severed as a juror in a bank robbery case of a mentally ill man off his meds Jurors are averge people Many do not pay attention to details trails are long n BORING N you are couped up w these jurors until trial is over n verdict is reached Wen jurors start delibersting on guilty or innocent verdict There are often hold outs or there is often a few that are overbearing n insist that you agree w them or the deliberations are never gonna end n cant go home till judge says you can so you are cohearsed bullied into going along w them I didnt agree n I held out Thats how I am there was alot of arguing between juror I Never intend on Ever Be a Juror Ever Again IVE NEVER BEEN TO JAIL HONESTLY ID NEVER WANT TO HAVE MY LIFE IN THE HANDS OF 12 JURORS THEY HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE OF POLICE WORK FORENSIC S SOME MAY HAVE A PREJUDICE MOST WILL NOT PAY ATTENTION THERE IS SO MUCH SAID IN A TRIAL N ESP A MURDER TRIAL Average people that have no basic knowledge on how trial n juries work except what they see on TV fiction Its very hard to keep up w every thing said n it going on for days or weeks ect it can be confusing For some people you can not take notes at the end you can ask for a few things to go back over but if its several days its hard to Remember every word every thing said its impossible n cant take notes I dont know if this young man jeffery killed his mother in a fit of rage Is it possible yes if he did I can understand why she physically attacked him b4 was arrested was obsessed w being a Christian I am a Christian I say obsessed due to her mental illness so her thoughts in her mind The dad worked long hours n didnt hear n see all his wife did to the kids jeffery begged his dad to divorce her instead he had an affair n got caught It was the fathers responsibility to protect his children n make sure his wife sought help n took meds n if she refused her meds or he should have left w his children asap n stayed away that probably wld have prevented this tragedy if the son is guilty This mother was mentally unstable n had no business being around her children much less raising them all that has occurred will scar this lil girl for life I hope her dad can be a loving attentive dad to help her heal from this ordeal If you have a spouse thats mentally ill n not on meds its your responsibility to protect your children period I have experience w a daughter that is bipolar will not take meds has been in Hosp ect had her child taken from her I am now raising my 5 yr old granddaughter permanently Many people w mental illness refuse to take meds do crazy things n often self medicate w drugs alcohol ect as my daughter did you have highs n lows wen they are good they refuse meds n wen its bad they beg for help or try suicide Its an emotional Rollercoaster for the person thats mentally ill but its also the same for the parents spouse child ect of a mentally ill person Its hard for them but very hard for family members living w them n their crazy lows n highs n negative behaviour or dangerous behaviours so I 4sure can speak from Experience of a family members perspective My daughter took good care of her child but wld have mood outbursts that wld scare her n she n the daddy fought all the time n he got her into meth so child was taken n I got her now permanently Been almost 14 months my grandchild is now in a secure stable family environment n day by day working thru things my daughter n the Daddy n his parents nothing has changed they are all still using drugs meth n we rarely see them or hear from them like a few miles apart very sad my granddaughter questions whether they love her I assure her they do Its Heart Breaking Mental illness drugs crimes tear families apart 4 ever Reply Anonymous September 5 2013 at 1213 AM Jeffrey Pyne LOVED HIS MOTHER I wish he never had asked he will take his mothers situation because it came true I have several mentally ill relatives including a brother and a daughter Even thou I sometimes think they would be better off dead for them to stop suffering and making others miserable Every relative still love them and learn to tolerate We know it is God testing us to become humble and patient Jeffrey was Christian and would NOT KILL He had good foundation taught by his own mother Jeffrey loved his mother and respected her even thou she tried to chock him He knew he is bigger and stronger Jeffrey would just hold her hands Jeffrey DID NOT KILL Reply Replies Anonymous August 15 2016 at 1038 PM I honestly dont think he did it He calmly took her abuse for years simply because she was his mom Even if he had killed her 20 years is far too long She was a chronic abuser I think that she was batshit crazy and she probably was verbally abusive toward the wrong personwho got revenge Absolutely NO EVIDENCE AT ALL And that old lady and her lilac storyMaybe Jeff was with someone and he feels he needs to guard her honor Reply Diane Gentsch September 9 2013 at 919 AM I have never thought someone was innocent and in the last few years very public trials ended in an acquittal This young man is innocent No DNA to link him to this crime Police had on blinders This man is innocent Ruth was in a jail mental hospital where she met someone she tried to help She seems like she was a woman of god wanted to help others Reply Diane Gentsch September 9 2013 at 934 AM Jeffrey is innocent He was not emotional because he learned how to keep his emotions in check when he was a child Now he is punished for this The police didnt look into anyone else and have killed ruth again She loved her son and still does I pray for this case to go to appeal ASAP so that this man can go on with his life Ruth would want this Reply Mary B September 16 2013 at 1234 PM Dont be dogging Linda Ruth Pynes sister Shes a friend of mine and knows the background on this case She is risking a break with her family because she doesnt believe the son is innocent and has solid reasons behind her opinion And no one deserves to be killed just because they have a mental illness You have to find another way to deal with the situation Reply Replies Anonymous September 27 2013 at 947 AM LINDA is A FRIEND of yours isnt she Do you know the meaning of FRIEND It means YOUR colleague associate workmate acquaintance You say she doesnt believe the son is innocent BUT THEN YOU BELIEVE HER You ARE JUST LIKE LINDA Wait until YOU have a DISAGREEMENT WITH HER Linda might even be jealous of SUCH A PERFECT SON DEVIL is everywhere YOU think defending Linda are defending her YOU are harming her NO FAMILY MEMBER SHOULD be badgering other family members LINDA is vexing afflicting Bernie Pyne She damaged innocent Jeffrey Pyne case Now the little sister LOST her Anonymous March 30 2014 at 1050 PM What are these solid reasons Please listelaborate steve wills July 24 2018 at 141 AM She also believed and said the husband did it Family of the deceased always get it wrong Reply Anonymous December 13 2013 at 1116 AM Suspicious of the fathers ex gf Reply Diane Gentsch December 13 2013 at 440 PM Did police check into Bernies female friends exhusband her sons Did police check into the neighbors their adult children Reply Anonymous December 27 2013 at 1135 AM As hard as it may sound I cant get past the fact of how many times she was beaten and how many times she was stabbed To beat and to stab someone that many times means the perpetrator had to have felt deep deep rage and had probably had a lifetime of abuse be it verbal or physical this happens over a long period of time Not just on a few occasions Think back on all the well known murder cases where someone was stabbed or beaten 20 times and its always been a family member Reply Replies Anonymous February 14 2015 at 346 PM Thats not true several years ago a young lady was stabbed 101 times and then propped up in a sexual manner in her bed The killer had never met his victim EVER They had never even spoke There was no sexual assault just a brutal stabbing 101 stab wounds That is a vicious angry beyond words crime Again this killer DID NOT KNOW HIS VICTIM Never stereotype a crime thats how the innocent are punished and killers walk free I believe this young man is innocent The prosecution had absolutely no evidence You can not commit a crime like this Lisa P August 13 2015 at 152 AM I agree with that 100 There are many many murders that involve rage but the rage is in the murderer already 1000s of murders as heinous as this one that the murderer had never even met before There is absolutely no proof no evidence no DNA that points at Jeff being the one capable of this kind of rage Dont forget Mom isnt taking her meds is paranoid and imagining some very wild stuff and had been in jail AND a mental hospital Theres no telling what kind of crazy stuff she might have said to someone as crazy as Anonymous June 24 2017 at 104 AM Many serial killers are known for their overkill and they had NO personal relationship with the victim Richard Ramirez for example Overkill should never be considered as evidence Reply Anonymous February 2 2014 at 405 PM What bothers me about this case is the murder weapons Usually in such vicious homicides these come under close scrutiny Did Jeffrey carry a knife or was it one he took from the kitchen If so why wasnt it stated Jeffrey stated that he left his mother in bed around 130pm If you look at photographs of how she was dressed it looks like she just shoved on a pair of pants and top Maybe she heard noises and went to investigate in the garage If I were Jeffreys father I would engage DrHenry Lee to examine the entire forensic Reply Replies Anonymous March 30 2014 at 1056 PM Clearly the father does not want an investigation It is best for him that the son is convicted The father is the one who allegedly did not pick up the daughter from day care until after a day of drinking with his buddies at a local pub The father is the one who had a mistress The father is the one who came home to an open door with his daughter but did not check the door or the premises instead going into the backyard to work on the pool after an afternoon of drinking The father is the one who despite the fact that they live in a rural neighborhood removed from the neighbors ran around screaming and crying while calling the authorities The father is the one who could have actually stopped by the house on his way to drinking killed her and then went to the pub to create an alibi before returning with the daughter Reply Anonymous March 27 2014 at 306 PM Jim Fisher You should write this story and name the book The Lilac Bushes It is an amazing case in so many ways Reply Jim Fisher March 28 2014 at 500 AM Nice title Im tempted Reply Replies Anonymous March 30 2014 at 1101 PM I agree it would be an interesting book Please include a timeline showing when the father allegedly left work it does not appear the police got the actual time stamped security gate records to when he left the Milford House It would be nice to know exactly what time the waitress clocked his ServPro request for drinks Both of those records would establish a clear time line of what the father did when he actually passed through the security gates and when he actually ordered a drink at the pub I also wonder why it was never explained why the father went to the pub before picking up the daughter and why the mother who obviously was home that day did not pick up the daughter if the father was going to be out drinking Anonymous May 12 2014 at 1222 AM I think you make EXCELLENT points Was the dad getting some liquid courage Did the dad pick up the daughter because he knew his wife was dead and wouldnt be able to Geri L July 29 2015 at 100 AM It seems that Ruth was unable to care for Julia I have bipolar II so I feel for her Bernie is an obvious suspect but I dont believe he or his son did it He agreed to stay married thereby dumping the girlfriend she needs to be checked out Overkill isnt only done when there is a personal connection There just isnt any direct evidence that Jeff did this none Where is the murder weapon DNA bloody clothes blood on him or his car etc This isnt right Anonymous May 20 2016 at 151 PM Bernie wasnt out drinking he was at a local restaurant Highland House attending a retirement luncheon for a coworker The restaurant does have a bar but being familiar with GM retirement luncheons I find it unlikely they were drinking See some additional details here httpwwwexaminercomarticleberniepynesbossotherstestifyvaledictoriansmurdertrial Reply Anonymous April 6 2014 at 1214 AM Anyone Could have killed her an angry neighbor crazy person hired murderer maybe the husband his mistress her husband anyone That IS RESONABLE DOUBT I do Believe the son is innocent there is no history of violence and in familiesrelations like that it is usually a lot of violence and hospital visits until one day it goes too far and victim get killed Jeffreys girlfriend testifyed he never hurt her He doesnt seem to be a violent individual Everyone reacts differently I dont burst out in tears and show my emotions it does not mean I dont feel When called to a Police Station you already expect bad news Being taken to a Police station IS bad news I hope we get the answer one day Jeffrey never admitted to this and there is no evidence he did it And no proof he is innocent but I Think he is Reply Anonymous May 11 2014 at 1003 PM Watched this on ID this evening Usually things seem open and shut by the time the show is done Not this one Could he have done it Yes Something just doesnt ring true about this one though I dont see either how they didnt find blood anywhere linked to him The blisters looked like old blisters with skin picked off Maybe from planting the lilac bushes 4 days earlier Appeared to be shoveling blisters to me I was skeptical on the planting of the lilac bushes police account of alibi since sometimes what someone interviewed says is way different from Aside from that the cases do happen where a complete stranger overkills Listen to the stories of the family of Glen Rogers whose family believes he murdered Nicole Brown Simpson He definitely overkilled him victims Also had a friend shortly after high school who had a neighbor killed in her trailer house that was overkilled and toddler child left in the home all day with her dead mother until the father got home and discovered the body Then there was the man released in TX who was last to see his wife spending 30 years in prison for her murder I dont know as much as you all since I first heard of it tonight but from what was presented on ID 48 hrs I could not have convicted beyond reasonable doubt Reply Anonymous May 11 2014 at 1031 PM Jeffreys blisters were old not fresh and what was shown on ID the skin was gone Looked like shoveling blisters to me If he bludgeoned his mother to death some of that skin from the old blisters should have been at the scene unless he had picked it off prior to that I put any stock in what Ruths sister says Police said she at first said it was Bernie Now she is sure it is Jeffrey She doesnt have anything to base that upon Of course Ruth didnt deserve that Noone does That doesnt mean it was someone in the household May have been but just dont see how the police didnt find her blood transferred anywhere if it was Jeffrey unless they are completely totally inept Reply Anonymous May 12 2014 at 1211 AM I dont believe Jeffery did it Reply texasjo May 12 2014 at 1230 AM I just watched this case on ID The father on TV said he didnt let the little girl see her mother he saw her and ran out immediately Also I read somewhere the little girl was afraid to practice the piano in front of the father and in the TV show he was so proud of her piano playing and is her best pal Something doesnt add up The evidence was circumstantial no blood just bad lies it seems So as far as I can tell and Ive watched many crime shows and know people who have gone to prison Reply AuthorLaurence June 19 2014 at 753 PM Jeffrey Pyne the spoiled punk got exactly what he deserved after taking the life of his mother who changed his dirty diapers fed and raised him She obviously didnt hinder him from getting good marks in school She weighed 105 pounds what kind of threat did she pose to this spoiled rotten punk He should have gotten the death penalty for the brutality that he visited on her Reply Replies Anonymous January 1 2015 at 925 PM And just what eveidence did you see that makes you know he did it His own exgirlfriend said she hit him and he never touched her so why after all the years his mom had been ill and not taken her meds and was abusive to him did he kill her while she was on her meds and they were happy and working things out finally Dont make sence that he would have killed her then and not when she was abusing him Reply Anonymous June 22 2014 at 152 AM I believe one or two people were burglarizing the garage possibly trying to steal the motorcycle that was inside Testimony in the trial was brought up that a piece of wood that the motorcycle kickstand rested on was missing from the murder sceneperhaps this was one of the murder weapons I believe it may be one or possibly two of the neighbors that may have been watching for Jeffrey to leave and entered the garage to steal property Ruth may have heard noises and may have gone to the garage to check it out Whoever killed Ruth wanted to make Reply Replies Unknown May 14 2016 at 306 AM I believe he is not guilty there are no real evidence showing that he was the one that killed his mother a man goes from being a sweet person ever hurting one person in his life to brutally murdering his mother Im sorry but sometimes the law is wrong and this is it what is his reason wheres the evidence My prayers go out to the family and I hope he gets another trial Chรจrie Lee Amour January 17 2017 at 932 PM And if the police werent so fixated on convicting Jeffery and put in some leg work the answer to your questions would be answered But nope first it was the dad now Jeffery and Ive said it more than once now had Jeffery not had those blisters on his hands because the lilacs being planted on said date could have easily been explained so because of those blisters day old blisters I might add but blisters never the less they alone convicted him because there wasnt a shred of evidence concrete or otherwise And I cant say for certain he did it but had I been a juror I couldnt say without a shadow of a doubt that with the evidence that was before me was concrete leaving me on the fence I find it VERY hard to believe that Jeffery was that meticulous leaving not a single solitary drop of DNA They system failed him his lawyer failed him but most of all his father failed him Its a VERY unfortunate incident and his mother died a cruel and violent death but justice wasรฑt served in this case theres far too many unanswered questions questions that deserve answers Reply Anonymous June 23 2014 at 924 PM It appears that the father did it Check the time line Son is afraid of father Reply Anonymous June 24 2014 at 156 PM If he hated his mother that much why not move out of the house and never talk to her againjust leave Reply Replies Respiratory_Angel July 17 2015 at 932 PM Didnt you hear what his aunt said Someone had to be there to pick up the pieces He was a great brother and did not want to leave his little sister to the crazy woman She was violent in addition to being negligent of the little girl I dont think he hated his mother at all He never fought back when she attacked him I think that he hated the crazy that had destroyed her Reply Anonymous July 26 2014 at 916 AM I just watched this on ID channel I do not agree with the verdict That is not to say he couldnt have carried out the murder however I have reasonable doubt And the jury should have as well Reply Juanita Daniel July 26 2014 at 933 AM Wow There was no forensic evidence This was definitely a reasonable doubt case So sad to think that maybe the police was so obsessed with convicting the son that the real killer got away Yes it is reasonable to say that he had all this pent up rage toward his mother and finally snappedbut you need hard evidence to back this up and they had no evidence yet he was convicted of murder Just seen this episode on ID Payed close attention to this because this happened in my home state Im appalled at the way this case was handled Reply Iacobus Franciscus July 26 2014 at 1040 AM This comment has been removed by the author Reply Anonymous September 26 2014 at 735 AM I think he is innocent the cops did not do there job they only pinned it on him tell the cops to do there job Reply Anonymous October 10 2014 at 1239 AM The dad had established a relationship with another woman before all this had happened and the dad decided to workout his relationship with Ruth which had to end the dad relationship with this mysterious woman I wonder why whats called detectives hadnt mention or investigate the only person who has motive to commit such an ugly disturbing crime and destroy someones future because prosecutor detectives and judge only want to move a case off their desk shameful system Reply trustmeigetit October 22 2014 at 408 PM I really think Jeff did it Now yes the lack of evidence in the case really does upset me I mean there was so much with Casey Anthony yet she was found not guilty We sure dont see a lot of fair justice in this world But here where I may differ from some in this case I still blame dad for this at the end of the day I am a parent and if my husband was bipolar and ever hurt my child I would leave him My childs safety would come first PERIOD She is only safe if she stays on her meds But the simple fact that she tried to kill Jeff my worry from that moment on would be what if she stops taking them again I would not stick around to find out There would be no way I would subject my son to a home where he was not safe EVER So I do think Jeff killed his mom I blame the father for not protecting him and his daughter Jeff had stated many times he wanted to leave the home In fact some say he was free to leave since he was an adult BUT people forget his little sister remained So what options does he have Leave and know every day his sister is in danger Or stay and be stuck in that environment never knowing So I think either he just had enough that day or she said something that either was threatning to him or more likely his sister Mom also had started keeping knives in her room girlfriend testified to this I think Jeff possibly saved his little sisters life She would have been in danger in that home if mom ever decided not to take her meds again Jeff really had no choice I dont think he deserves praise per say but I do think he should have been held in a mental facility for a few years and provided counseling I do not think he is a danger to society and do not agree to years in jail Jeff would have likely been a great guy if he had been removed from that home years ago Dad is responsible for not removing those kids from danger Jeff should be free and should get counseling Reply Replies Anonymous September 2 2016 at 1016 AM I could not have said this any better myself and you are the only person who has stated this that I have found I just watched this on ID so the case is fairly new to me Reply SuzieQ January 22 2015 at 1130 PM Jeff graduated as class valedictorian My my he was a brainy kid It seems to me tt he had plenty of time to whack stab away clean up after he killed his momma Reply IronicAsAlways1976 May 6 2015 at 425 AM Cases like this and Casey Anthony are whats wrong with our justice system There was forensic evidence against Caseyand she walked There was ZERO forensic evidence against Jeffrey ZERO and he gets 20 years How many other possible suspects were discarded because Jeff was an easy target Reply Anonymous May 6 2015 at 430 AM Cant truly say anything definite without knowing all the facts but from what I do know he was wrongfully convicted because there is definitely reasonable doubt Also in trial his attorney should have objected to his coworkers testimony about trying to duplicate the blisters He is not an expert On that the blisters did not look fresh to me Also his attorney should have at least called character witnesses A miscarriage of justice Stated at beginning reasonable doubt Reply Respiratory_Angel July 17 2015 at 930 PM I am shocked that he was convicted There was no physical evidence Those blisters were probably from his job I have had similar ones from performing similar work His mother tormented and attacked him previously and he never struck back The jilted girlfriend said he was a convincing liar Wow does that surprise anyone This guy should be freed but his appeals have been denied The biggest mistake was Jeffreys dad staying with a crazy woman who abused at least one of her kids and neglected the little girl and in fact the whole family Reply Marta Bergen August 3 2015 at 821 PM Jeff has the meanest coldest face Ive seen in a while And his mother sounded like a violent abuser I believe hes guilty There was a lot of evidence against him especially the hotblooded angry method of murder But I dont believe there was enough evidence to convict him If I were on the jury Id want better forensic results no matter what my gut feeling was Reply Replies A Gal February 17 2016 at 1108 AM A Gal February 18 2016 at 915 AM Marchio9 March 12 2016 at 934 AM Ted Bundy had an exceptionally high iQ Jeffrey Pyne I beleive found out about his dad having an affair and wanted a rounded happy time for his fatherfamily H was abused by his mother and suddenly exploded He is intelligent If he washed his hands he could clean a door handle He simply cleaned up too good He wore coverall clothing and buried it in the friend teachers garden He got the blisters by hurriedly digging the hole to bury his protective clothing He answered the call from his father because he checked the first call would be about his Reply Anonymous September 6 2015 at 1015 AM i cried when i saw this his case on tv that tears that came out when his sister wrote for him to come back home a person whom is so emosional like that couldnt have the heart to kill his own mother just because he didnt show much emotion when they tell him that his mother was murdered they raise a red flag is completely unacceptablehe is just a human being that is being judged simple because no feedback emotions during interrogation i wud probably do the same thing if they told me that i wouldnt have known how to Reply Replies Chรจrie Lee Amour January 17 2017 at 955 PM His dad had already called him home to tell him his mother died so he already knew she was dead So digesting that information along with being questioned like a suspect which he was he was void of emotion he was trying to be strong for fear of he did show emotion hed ha e a breakdown And your right hed been through so much by the time it came to sentencing that when his father read the letter from his sister a sister 12 years his junior that he cared deeply aboutwho he felt a sort of parental connection towards he began to breakdown upon hearing her simple yet sincere words I think a psychologist should have e been called to give professional opinion on the matter of emotion and how people react differently in a crisis The system failed him his lawyer failed him but most of all his father failed him Reply rwise57 September 8 2015 at 1245 PM How can people judge us for not showing EMOTION THATS ME TOO I did not cry for my beloved pet I did not cry for my beloved husband and my father I dont shed a tear for BIG THINGS and sometimes I CRY for a dumb bird being killed HOW CAN PEOPLE JUDGE OTHERS BECAUSE WE DONT SHOW EMOTIONS shit what kind of people are there unqualified to do the job When my husband died I got very angry how can people judge us for acting this way PEOPLE DONT KNOW what is inside us I hide in the closet Reply Anonymous September 25 2015 at 908 AM Whats wrong with you people Its not okay to kill EVEN IF someone has a mental problem Its not okay to kill period May Mother rest in peace and may he live in Hell forever Reply Replies Rockfish Files October 14 2015 at 420 PM There isnt one shred of evidence that he killed this woman and if cheating on a womanhaving blisters on your hand or not being very emotional are proof that a person is a killerthen there are millions of people who could be convicted of murderI got blisters from handling pallets at a warehouse when I was young and he looked to be in shock when the police told him his mother had been murderedThen after not proving this case they throw in a lesser included offensevery lame and very shabby LilyDaleGirl08 October 27 2015 at 205 PM Its not okay to kill but it is okay to actually wish an eternity of torment in hell upon this kid Im confused perhaps attend extremely different churches rwise57 November 1 2015 at 142 PM What part of the INVESTIGATION people dont understand Crime scene investigators on the day of the murder combed Jeffrey Pynes car for physical traces of the murder They found nothing A forensic analysis of Jeffreys clothing also produced negative results DAHHH JEFFREY IS INNOCENT what is THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF _______ are going to say after all the years Jeffrey was innocent how is the PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF _____ going to pay back each day without his DAD or LITTLE SISTER JEFFREY IS INNOCENT Reply Unknown October 27 2015 at 158 PM Too many disturbing events in this mans trial too small a forum to tackle them all The proper forum should have been the courtroom but I dont think that was the case This young man was convicted because of blisters lilac bushes Blisters lilac bushes I could attempt to debate the ridiculousness of that however everyone here seems intelligent enough to have worked out the many different problems the prosecution SHOULD have had presenting that as evidence Im curious why did the judge allow the testimony of a coworker of Jeffreys and a kid be presented to the jury as Reply Replies Chรจrie Lee Amour January 17 2017 at 901 PM My rant was similar to yours The kid was soley convicted on the blisters he had in his hands and a time frame on planted lilac bushes that right there could have been argued as a misunderstanding With absolutely NO forensic evidence not a miniscule not to mention hed have to be EXTREMELY meticulous hes by all accounts with the exception of ONE negative character reference from a woman scorned but he was a good kid who was patient and loving his sister can attest to that and even with the problems he was dealing with at home he still managed to maintain good grades hold a job work small jobs for teachers and neighbors all people who should have been called to stand in defense of this young man His lawyer AND the police force for I cant say for certain whether he killed his mother or not but I do know that had I been a juror I would not have been able to convict on reasonable doubt And as for emotions that utter bullsht EVERYONE reacts different in a crisis and there you go AGAIN why wasnt a psychologist called in to give expert opinion on the topic Its REALLY scary to think that if youre close to someone iemother father spouse sibling child and a trauma occurs that your whole life could change in the flash of a eye Rants over for nowHA HA HA Anuradha Shanker September 13 2018 at 751 AM I feel the girl did it Probably Jefferey is defending his sister Reply Jacqueline Frisbie November 2 2015 at 740 AM Amen My friend This was an unfair trial No beyond a reasonable doubt Reply Anonymous November 3 2015 at 425 AM Way too much reasonable doubt I kind of felt like he did it because of the blisters and the bushes but if he did do why wouldnt he have claimed self defense With the moms history it seems like he could have proved it so it brings up even more reasonable doubt for me And if I was wrong do I really think he is a danger to anyone else No it seems that he would go on to lead a productive life Reply Jacqueline Frisbie November 3 2015 at 1243 PM His conviction was purely circumstantial He says the media blew his mothers bipolar condition way out of proportion That she only hurt him about 3 times in all those years but the media acted like it happened all the time and that he lost it and killed his mother I dont buy it There is no DNA evidence anywhere Reply Anonymous November 10 2015 at 107 PM It sounds like Ruth spent quite a bit of time in the hospital in the psychiatric ward and the first thing I thought of was perhaps someone she had come across during one of her stays and got out just like she got out could have caused this crime Reply A Trac November 10 2015 at 114 PM We all know that people with delusional emotions have been known to commit suicide Psych patients commit suicides everyday and possibly stage the suicide Just look at the Illinois cop they called GI joe That guy shot himself twice and killed himself with a bullet proof vest hmmm people do stab themselves She could have fallen and cracked her skull and broken the arm I am just saying nobody ruled out suicidehmmm These defenders were horrible They should give up their law degree Reply A Trac November 10 2015 at 327 PM We all know that people with delusional emotions have been known to commit suicide Psych patients commit suicides everyday and possibly stage the suicide Just look at the Illinois cop they called GI joe That guy shot himself twice and killed himself with a bullet proof vest hmmm people do stab themselves She could have fallen and cracked her skull and broken the arm I am just saying nobody ruled out suicidehmmm These defenders were horrible They should give up their law degree Reply Anonymous December 1 2015 at 1124 PM I believe this was a horrible investigations while watching this on 48 hours I noticed they didnt check out many suspects like they husbands ex girlfriend the neighbors and a few others Its also pretty crazy that the only true thing they had to pin on the son was the blisters Many people blister easier than others and if your beating someone with an object that couldve been wood most likely it wouldnt have caused blisters that quickly Sadly this case probably wont be reopened I hope and Pray they do because i believe the real killer of the wife Reply Jacqueline Frisbie December 2 2015 at 955 AM You are totally correct Prayer may help to get him some help I dont think he is guilty but I have no idea who is Reply Replies Marchio9 March 15 2016 at 827 AM I do think he is guilty I know it is very sad a family torn apart but he is 100 guilty If he were a stranger with the same evidence i think people would accept guilt But as he is family and it has destroyed a whole family unit I think this influences people and blinds them as to his obvious guilt The Father is a solid good guy which makes this even more sad that losing his son expands and hardens the tragedy Reply Anonymous December 9 2015 at 918 PM Having watched this on 48 Hrs I have to agree with so many others here that this was an unjust case Nowhere near enough evidence to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt Reply Unknown December 26 2015 at 1102 PM I just watched the 48 Hours and read some of the stories If I was on the jury I would not have been able to convict even on the 2nd degree charge Too many holes in the case eve if he did do it Reply Zanna Hall January 6 2016 at 330 AM This case had no definite proof I think it was a rush to judgement Those blisters did not look fresh Why wasnt there a doctor to testify to that Just some kid that said it wasnt possible He wasnt a professional wound care doctor His ex girlfriend said he was an effortless liar but he had never been abusive her A liar and blisters do not a murderer make No blood in the house his car or on his clothes How in Gods name did they have enough evidence to even get enough evidence for an arrest warrant People like Reply rwise57 February 16 2016 at 422 PM The neighbor very clear said that Jeffrey work hard on Monday I have worked with shovels and blisters get full of water when healing then suddenly burst if you accidentally grab the pallets When the busted Jeffrey man up and pulled the protective old skin off then drying up process those blisters had white drying skin HOW CAN STUPID POLICE CONFUSE THIS PROCESS Accusing an innocent just to have credit Shame on you F prosecutors You destroyed jeffreylife his sister and father Jeffrey I hope you get compensated for all wasted time of your Young years I think of all Reply Marchio9 March 12 2016 at 947 AM I think he did kill his mother Several points figure in my mind 1 Fathers 2 phone calls 2 Lack of disgust and anger at being questionedaccused as the killer 3 History of abuse by mother 4 Knowledge of fathers affair and wanton for a rounded family unit without mother 5 Intelligent enough to work out a plan for alibi and clean crime scene especially his own clothes and car etc 6 Blisters caused by mad hurried digging of a hole to bury his protective clothing he wore while committing the murder 7 Knowledge his Teacher friend he did gardening for would NOT be there but had excuse to be there himself to use her digging toolsHence Lilac alibi if seen digging 8 His absolute silence throughout nothing of feeling was ever said by him He also never denied killing his mother When sentenced he accepted it why because he did it I also dont understand how def Counsel can question a jurer this is illegal in UK and also prejudiced any chance of appeal The permitting of the Second Degree Murder option was masterlyPros Counsel but totally wrong as it allowed the Jury to find guilt without having to accept the real pressure of a First Degree finding of guilt As they said if no second degree option we would aqcuit what sort of court system is this Reply Replies hazport August 31 2017 at 1051 PM Dont you think if he did it and being so intelligent he would try to plead for self defense Rather than tough it out and hope for the best I think people would have felt sorry for him and would have given him a better chance to get off I dont think he did it rwise57 January 31 2018 at 134 PM You dont get blisters by hitting a 2x4 a few times The blisters had some white arrownd it caused by the previous rubbing the shovel planting the flowers few days before blisters create water between the new skin when he was lifting pallets the blisters pop open and he pull the protective old skin causing the new skin to be very sensitive so he wrapped them to keep working Then he got arrested Police TWIST the facts to get credits making up false stories convicting innocent people The killer is someone else Reply Anonymous March 15 2016 at 1240 AM If there was such questionable evidence why didnt the judge give him the minimum 7 years Never go before a jury of your peers Reply Marchio9 March 15 2016 at 823 AM Both Counsel have the job of convincing a jury to their tune A jury is nothing like the general public opinion That old adage for scruffy defendants wear a suit it works well with the jury really does work A bad attitude in the witness boas influences the jury regardless of what you say the actual words etc Reply Anonymous March 24 2016 at 440 PM I Do not Belive Jeffery Pyne Killed his Mother I think you should go further into the Family Tree and the outside Relationship of the Father and Jefferys Ex Girlfriend Reply Replies Marchio9 March 25 2016 at 607 AM I saw what the jury saw Thats al you can do On this basis I am 100 happy with my assertion that he is guilty Reply Jennifer Barton May 14 2016 at 320 AM He didnt do it and I pray for his familys sake he will get a new trial Sohe van be with his family I feel for him and his family and it makes me so sick that he got put in jail with no evidence towards him Reply M L Arthur July 11 2016 at 304 PM Quite a shame I dont know if Jeffrey killed her or not but there is no proof he did Plenty of reasonable doubt He should not have gone to prison for this Reply Replies Jacqueline Frisbie July 12 2016 at 110 PM That is exactly how I felt Reply goroyals2011 July 12 2016 at 112 AM Seems like dirty attorney tactic to ask permission for 2nd degree murder chargesat the end when it was obvious to the attorney the case didnt have evidence to prove they have the right person This case reeks of manupliation flaws in our justice system Its injustice and disturbing Reply Jacqueline Frisbie July 12 2016 at 109 PM My sentiments exactly Reply Anonymous September 2 2016 at 1020 AM As someone else said above I blame the Father for all of this if anyone in the family did this His responsibility was to keep his children safe above all else He failed miserably and the selfish bastrd went on to have an affair to keep HIMSELF sane so between that and work he was fine The kids were left at the mercy of their mother At the very least he should have had the kids live with another relative if he thought it was maybe too dangerous to leave his wife If Jeffrey did do it I dont blame Reply Dog with a bone September 25 2016 at 730 AM I have read everything I can on this from here in the UK I think he was let down badly by his own council I get the impression they thought it was a walk in the park so called nobody even character witness at very least How can a set judicinal system be changed and allowed by the judge at the last moment when the jury would not commit on 1st degree so they would have acquitted him which is what they should have done With the technology we have no crime is committed leaving no evidence particularly one of such violent nature As said nothing on his shoes his clothes his car Luminal brings up the tiniest amount invisible to the eye there would have been something Whos hair did she have in her hand again DNA would be there If she had the tendency to be violent it was not necessary a family member but she could have gone crazy she would have scratched most likely DNA under nails if you had a clump of hair she was close enough for this person to be covered in blood not the small amount they say was in sink So was it the father hoping his son would get off He gets insurance money and no time served now thats an incentive isnt it His girlfriend biggest reason Or the neighbour who they had run ins in the past Why were none of these people tested for DNA I get the impression the police wanted this case closed for what ever reason except the right one With regards how people act I cried buckets at my fathers funeral and other relatives My mother who I found deceased nothing why because she had been a drunk and destroyed our family by telling stories to one or the other then sat back and watched the fireworks So although I loved her when I found her I didnt cry but just thought its over she cant be bitter any longer So people do react differently With his council not doing their job regardless to how easy they thought it would be and provide no witnesses and then to have 2nd degree added or not get a conviction I cant understand why legally he is not getting a retrial I hope he does because the one person who needs him is his sister The father should have been long gone the moment those children were in danger and hiding knives and strangling or trying to is danger Reply Jacqueline Frisbie September 26 2016 at 929 AM My sentiments exactly It was not a fair trial Reply Anonymous October 21 2016 at 930 AM Jeffrey Pyne is innocent of the death of his mother The innocence project is looking into his case and hopefully they will get the case overturned Jeffrey has gotten married this year to a woman from Australia who he has been with for several years and who has helped bring his case to light and has given him love and support The judicial system is flawed corrupt and Jeffrey did not receive a fair trial Reply Unknown December 15 2016 at 342 PM If the mother was diagnosed with bipolar in 1998 and was abusive and violent due to not taking her drugs why did her husband have another child with her It wasnt bad enough that the older son had to live through hell the father needed to drag another child through the mud Reply Blondie2 May 5 2017 at 120 AM How can they say he didnt have enough of a reaction He was clutching his head and shaking his headnot everyone is going to fall on the floor and scream cry Also who would call Jeffs ex girlfriends testimony relevant She was obviously very scorned and burned by a first love and teen romance gone bad Then she went on to say that she hit him and laughed about it What the heck This poor guy There was no blood in his car or on his person They always find a microscopic amount of blood evidence Horrible jury decision I Reply Jacqueline Frisbie May 5 2017 at 848 AM My feelings are completely the same I think it was a total injustice Reply Anonymous June 24 2017 at 115 AM There was a time when circumstantial evidence was NOT enough to convict someone of murder Now more and more DAs salivate over circumstantial cases Given the advances in forensics it seems obvious that the standard of proof should be higher not lower especially in murder cases Personally I think it is quite possible that he committed the crime But if I had been serving on the jury I would have had no choice but to vote to acquit I understand why he might have done it but thats not good enough to take away someones liberty Reply rwise57 January 29 2018 at 122 AM It is unfair to judge a person for not showing feelings I hate DRAMA PEOPLE I show no feelings when a dear one of mine dies I am quiet I dont show my feelings in fact I am actually angry Thinking WHY GOD Why God DOES this means I AM convicted if convicted if Im a suspect System is totally wrong Reply rwise57 May 23 2018 at 353 PM I can not believe Jeffrey is still in Jail How many innocent people are serving in jail for corrupted system Jury takes a whole semester to understand All people chosen are unprepared and follow the leader to get off fast Reply Anonymous July 12 2018 at 119 PM The fact they had a exgirlfriend to testify is a joke the defense should have torn her to pieces The prosecution never prove he was at the scene of the crime This should have been a easy acquittal for the defense but now this guy is in prison because his defense was terrible Reply Jacqueline Frisbie July 12 2018 at 1009 PM That girls testimony had nothing to do with why he was on trial and her testimony hung him There was no blood on him or his truck no evidence whatsoever on his mother not DNA period no eye witness nothing Incredible in this country how someone like him with not even a traffic ticket could end up in prison for so many years I am appalled Reply Jacqueline Frisbie July 12 2018 at 1009 PM And I agree his defense was terrible Reply Anonymous July 28 2018 at 635 PM Its obviously the father Completely makes sense why he broke down hearing the father read the letter at trial I cant imagine being wrongfully convicted and havinh NO ONE to turn to and the only way to see his true family the sister is through the murderer father Reply Anonymous October 5 2018 at 911 AM He did not claim the blisters came from planting lilacs That is incorrect He claimed he lost some skin on his hands when he was lifting pallets at his workplace Source audio from police interviewing Jeffrey Reply Jacqueline Frisbie October 28 2018 at 810 AM My main point in all of this is the son did not receive a verdict guilty beyond a reasonable doubt He did not get a fair trial Circumstancial evidence is not hard evidence I do not know how he was convicted at all Reply The Mammoth Book of True Crime The latest from Jim Fisher Test your knowledge with the true crime exam at the end of the book The Mammoth Book of Murder 200 gripping stories of violent death Crimson Stain 2013 New and Expanded Edition Crimson Stain The Shocking True Story of the Only Amish Man Ever Convicted of Homicide by Jim Fisher The GE Mound Case The GE Mound Case The Archaeological Disaster and Criminal Persecution of Artifact Collector Art Gerber SWAT Madness and the Militarization of the American Police A National Dilemma A powerful work well researched Recommended Choice LITERARY QUOTATIONS GENRE LITERARY QUOTATIONS GENRE is a compilation of informative and entertaining quotes by writers editors critics journalists and literary agents on the subject of literary genre The quotes also touch on the subjects of craft creativity publishing and the writing life Jims Books and Web Resources The Mammoth Book of True Crime True Stories of Bad Behavior The Mammoth Book of Murder True Stories of Violent Death The GE Mound Case The Archaeological Disaster and Criminal Persecution of Artifact Collector Art Gerber 2013 Crimson Stain Revised and Expanded Edition 2013 Available Now Jim Fisher Official Site Criminal Investigation The Lost Art Murder for Hire An Overview The Lindbergh Case Rutgers 1987 1994 Fall Guys False Confessions and the Politics of Murder Southern Illinois 1998 The Ghosts of Hopewell Setting the Record Straight in the Lindbergh Case Southern Illinois 1999 Crimson Stain The Shocking True Story of the Only Amish Man Ever Convicted of Homicide Berkley True Crime 2000 Ten Percent of Nothing The Case of the Literary Agent from Hell Southern Illinois 2004 Bookslut Interview with JF on Ten Percent Book The Writers Quotebook 500 Authors on Creativity Craft and the Writing Life Rutgers 2006 Forensics under Fire Are Bad Science and Dueling Experts Corrupting Criminal Justice Rutgers 2008 Swat Madness and the Militarization of the American Police A National Dilemma Praeger 2010 Followers Blog Archive 2019 15 2018 1010 December 118 November 107 October 108 September 97 August 82 Assisted Suicide The Willard Skellie Case Murder Trials Are Imperfect Forensic Hair and Fiber Identification Jacob Limberios Death A Bungled Investigation Memoirs and The Culture of Public Confession What is Circumstantial Evidence Thornton P Knowles On Prison Reform Delvin Barnes War on Women The John Raymond Sterner SuicideMurder Case Thornton P Knowles On Why Smart People Do Stupid The Heather Cook Fatal HitAndRun Case The Andres Ordonez Murder Case Sudden Death in Ga Reckless Writing Crimes Against Journalism MurderForHire The Crime and Its Cast of Charact The Michelle Gibson MurderForHire Case Shivinder Singh Grovers Triple Murder And Suicide Thornton P Knowles On The Power Of Imagination Tip of the Catholic Church Sexual Abuse History Si The Paul JohnsonVance Roberts KidnapSexual Tortu The Gilbert Collar PoliceInvolved Shooting Case The Hannah Overton Murder Case Peter Lizon The Husband From Hell Al Capone Was a Nice Guy Is There No Place Safe From Sexual Assault Rape in India A Victimless Crime John Mark Karrs Confession in the JonBenet Ramsey Thornton P Knowles On Seeking Political Office The Mark Young Marijuana Sentencing Case Dr George Kenney The Case of the Hypnotizing Sch The Lawrence Capener Knife Attack Thornton P Knowles On Point Of View The Alexander Kinyua Cannibalism Murder Case Shoplifting As a Cultural Phenomenon Thornton P Knowles On Governments Relationship W Death BY Hospital Negligence The Lynne Spalding C The Perception Versus The Reality of Crime Thornton P Knowles On The Master Detective Ethel Anderson The Unrepentant Child Molester Sticky Fingered Grandmas Lifting Latent Fingerprints In The Cold Who Started The Black Forest Wildfire Legally Dead But Still Alive The Brenda Heist Mis The Rise of Shoplifting and the War to Stop It Thornton P Knowles On Writers Workshop Fiction The Catholic Priest Child Molestation Grand Jury R The Brett Seacat ArsonMurder Case A Case Of Cold Blooded Murder Young Dimwitted A Killing Monroe Isadore Retail Theft Protecting Items Shoplifters Want To The Highly Professional Criminal Investigator A D The Joseph Oberhansley Murder Case SIDS Is Not a Cause of Death August Vollmer The Forgotten Father of Community The History Of Private Security Thornton P Knowles On The First AWord The No Good Dead Drowning Case Thornton P Knowles On Posthumous Publishing Types of Criminal Behavior The Female Pedophile The Tabatha Partsch Case Criminal Investigation As A Thinking Persons Game The Santa Monica Art Heist In Greece Youre Not a Criminal Just Disabled Score One For The Devil The Arkansas Church Murde The Christopher Wells MurderForHire Case Thornton P Knowles On Mankind Outsmarting Itself Thornton P Knowles On Wrong House SWAT Raids The Father Edward Belczak Embezzlement Case The Shane Absalon Murder Case Collateral Damage Militaristic Policing In The Wa The Future of Small Town Policing The Jared Remy Murder Case The Shayna Hubers Murder Case Joelle Ann Lockwood The Woman in the Cage Americas Littering Epidemic A Problem Government The Stacey Sutera Stalker Murder Case The James Sullivan MurderForHire Case Did Jeffrey Pyne Murder His Mother Pedophilia The Perpetual Epidemic What Can Be Do Ronald W Brown The Child Porn Puppeteer The Albert Jackson Sterling II MurderForHire Cas Thornton P Knowles On The Coming Dystopia Psychic Sylvia Mitchell Cleansing Spirits and Cle July 75 June 73 May 79 April 71 March 67 February 56 January 77 2017 1069 2016 48 2015 394 2014 987 2013 303 2012 154 2011 79 Contributors Jim Fisher A graduate of Westminster College Pennsylvania and Vanderbilt University Law School I am the author of twelve nonfiction books on crime criminal investigation forensic science policing and writing I have been nominated twice for the Mystery Writers of Americas Edgar Allen Poe Award in the Best Fact Crime Category As a former FBI agent criminal investigator author and professor of criminal justice at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania I have been interviewed numerous times on television and radio and for the print media For more information about me please visit my web site at httpjimfisheredinboroedu View my complete profile Links Literary Quotations Collected Matt Mangino A lawyers take on American criminal justice Historical Crime Detective Features vintage true crime stories lost to history | [
"Jeffrey Pyne"
] |
http://jimslaw.info/ | Jim Albertelli Advocate and Legal Strategist James Albertelli is a graduate of The University of Florida ( B.S. Finance ) and Emory University College of Law ( Juris Doctor ) . Jim founded the Firm in 1997 after practicing as an Assistant District Attorney assigned to the Chief Judge of the Cobb Judicial Court . Name Jim Albertelli Date of birth Address 5404 Cypress Center Dr , Tampa , FL Email jim @ albertellilaw . com Phone 904.303.4306 Website http : / / www . alaw . us | [
"Jim Albertelli",
"University of Florida",
"Assistant District"
] |
http://jitc.fhu.disa.mil/projects/ucdepot/documentdepot.aspx | UCR TEST DOCUMENT DEPOT Updated : 3 / 1 / 2017 2 : 21 : 50 PM Product * indicates there is a document for the product NOTE : There are two versions of the UCR , 2013 Change 1 and 2013 Errata 1 , whose requirement applicability is determined by the product submission date . UCR 2013 Change 1 , dated June 2015 is the latest approved version . Tracking Numbers ( TNs ) submitted after 1 June 2015 ( i.e. , TN 15152xxx and higher ) are based on the requirements in the Change 1 version . TNs submitted prior 01 June 2015 are based on the requirements in UCR 2013 Errata 1 , dated July 2013 . | [
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http://jkfisheries.in/ | DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES Call From Kashmir Trout OFFICE OF THE DIRECTORATE OF FISHERIES IS SHIFTED TO EXCHANGE ROAD SRINAGAR NEAR KOTHI BAGH GIRLS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL CONTACT NOS 01942480551 2480598 2480557FAX 2480549 Click for online booking DrAsgar Hassan Samoon IAS Principal Secretary to Government AnimalSheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department inagurated Wholesale cum Retail Fish Market at Narwal Jammu on 3rd Jan 2019 Five Plan Allotments under Blue Revolution Fixation of Annual Contract Rates 201819 for Supply of Linseed Oil Fixation of Annual Contract Rates 201819 for Supply of Soyabean Meal Fixation of Annual Contract Rates 201819 for Supply of Whole Wheat DrAsgar Hassan Samoon IAS Principal Secretary to Government AnimalSheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department inagurated new office complex at Fish Farm Nowabad on 15th Nov 2018 DrAsgar Hassan Samoon IAS Principal Secretary to Government AnimalSheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department visited Doomi Fish Farm on 10th Nov 2018 Training Programme of Fish Farmers under NFDB Visit of Sh RNPandita Director Fisheries to Narwal Jammu on 15092018 Notification regarding Retirement of NonGazetted and Class IV Officials RevalidationRelease of Funds under CSS Blue Revolution Vide Order No 191192193 Dt 14082018 Inauguration of Trout Hatchery House at Panzeth Hygienic Fish Sale Centre at Ashajipora and Trout Hatchery House at Achabal District Anantnag on 3rd August 2018 DrAsgar Hassan Samoon IAS Principal Secretary to Government AnimalSheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department inaugurated the Trout Project at Bandipora on 2nd August 2018 Visit of DrAsgar Hassan Samoon IAS Principal Secretary to Government AnimalSheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department Merit list of candidates for Short term Skill Development Certificate Course of Aquaculture Technicians for skill development of unemployed youth Tentative Seniority List of InspectorsEquivalent of Fisheries Department dated 01062018 Tentative Seniority List of Officers of Fisheries Department dated 25042018 Auction Notice for Ranjit Sagar Reservoir Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 668 Dt 08032018 Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 667 Dt 08032018 Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 666 Dt 08032018 Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 665 Dt 08032018 Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 663 Dt 08032018 Release of Funds under CSS Blue Rev Vide Order No 662 Dt 08032018 Record Note of Review Meeting held on 16022018 under the Chairmanship of Director Fisheries in his office Chambers Sale of Fish on the eve of Mahashivratri 2018 Review Meeting of Jammu Division scheduled to be held on 16022018 Quotations invited for repairing grinding and polishing of red quota stone at Aquarium cum Awareness Centre Bahu Fort Jammu Quotations invited for essential maintenance of 160 KV Silent Genset at Aquarium cum Awareness Centre Bahu Fort Jammu Auction Notice for Fishibg Rights in Ranjit Sagar Reservoir Application Form for conducting of Short Term Certificate Course Tentative Seniority List of Inspector Fisheries Equivalent in reponse to the Court Direction as stood 01012009 Circular Low Performance in respect of expenditure incurred ending Nov 2017under Capex Budget 201718 Record Note of Meeting held on 09112017 under the Chairmanship of Director Fisheries in his office Chambers Copyright Reserved Fisheries Department This site is optimized for java enabled Netscape 40 above IE40 above and 1024x768 resolution Site Designed Developed and Maintained by FISHERIES DEPARTMENT | [
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] |
http://jmaddux.blogspot.com/ | Apportionment and Redistricting Sunday , November 15 , 2009 Apportionment , and subsequently reapportionment and redistricting based on population , are significant processes that affect the United States Congress . Specifically , reapportionment and redistricting play roles in shaping the House of Representatives , where representation is based upon population . This process ultimately affects nearly all members of the House , incumbents and challengers , Democrats and Republicans , and senior members as well as freshman . These processes also cause secondary events that also affect Congress , such as gerrymandering , oddly shaped districts , litigation , and calls for reform . The original process for the apportionment of seats within the House of Representatives was laid out in the Constitution . Article I Section 2 of the Constitution states , โ Representatives โฆ shall be apportioned among the several States โฆ according to their respective numbers โ ( Davis 81 ) . The Constitution further stated specifically that enumeration was to be the method for determining the respective populations of the states . Thus the census is taken every ten years and seats are reapportioned based on these populations ( Davis 83 ) . Apportionment of the seats in the first Congress was explicitly stated in the Constitution as each state was assigned a certain number of representatives . Also included in the Constitution was the requirement that each representative account for at least 33,000 people . However this was never an issue as the population continued to grow and the number of representatives continued to grow with it ( Jacobson 7 ) . After the census of 1910 , the previous method of continually apportioning new representatives for new and growing states became unwieldy and difficult . Large population increases and shifts would have drastically increased and altered the representation of many states within the House of Representatives . Thus , after the 1930 census , Congress placed a limit on the number of representatives at 435 ( Jacobson 7 - 8 ) . As a result of limiting the amount of representatives within the House of Representatives , the census and the process of reapportionment have become more influential upon Congress . The limit on the number of Representatives causes representatives to be apportioned in states with increasing and decreasing populations . Thus as people move from the Midwest to the South and West , the states in each region either lose or gain representatives . Consequently power in the Congress shifts , thus attracting and keeping residents becomes important for states to have representation , and thus get legislation favorable to the area passed ( Jacobson 8 ) . The census , which is the basis for reapportionment has also been scrutinized . It has been argued that the census under represents certain groups . Minorities and those living in low - income urban areas are traditionally undercounted by the census . These individuals traditionally vote democrat . It has also been suggested that illegal immigrants can alter the reapportionment data , influencing the result . It has been suggested that statistical sampling would provide a more accurate number of individuals living in a certain area . Using statistical sampling has been rejected as not complying with the provision of the Constitution that requires โ enumeration . โ Thus , currently , sampling is not allowed to determine how seats in the House of Representatives will be apportioned ( Davis 82 ) . As seats in the House of Representatives are reapportioned , the process of redistricting must follow . While similar to reapportionment , redistricting involves the process of redrafting district lines within states that have gained or lost seats through reapportionment . The process of drawing the districts is done by the state legislatures . There are multiple restrictions that have developed to guide the state legislatures in this process . One rule that guides state legislatures is that the districts must be drawn with nearly equal districts . Prior to this districts could vary widely in size . Often rural residents were over represented , affecting those elected to the House ( Jacobson 8 ) . Another rule is that districts must only elect one member ( Smith and Roberts 57 ) . Laws regarding civil rights and the Voting Rights Act disallowed diluting minority voters through many district . The implementation of this led to the creation of districts where the minority was the majority ( Jacobson 13 ) . Further , districts must be contiguous . When designing district boundaries state legislatures must follow these basic rules . In practice , the process of redistricting and the rules that must be followed have some unavoidable consequences that affect the members and the makeup of the House of Representatives . For example , when a state loses or gains a seat , all the districts must be redrawn to keep all the districts equal population . When a state loses a district in particular , an incumbent will lose a seat , potentially leaving that person without a district to run in , or creating potential contentious elections between two incumbents . The creation of districts with a minority - majority , coupled with the rule that districts must be contiguous also creates some oddly shaped district . This creates districts comprised of residents without common characteristics ( Jacobson 8 - 13 ) . This can make it difficult to campaign in a region , or make it difficult for congressmen to be responsive to their constituents . Due to the rules that accompany redistricting , various unavoidable consequences result that has varying effects on the House of Representatives . . The nature of redistricting also influences who runs and how they run their campaign . The varying nature of these districts as far as the age , income , and ethnicity makes each race different . Thus in these ever - changing districts , party control is not as strong in influencing who runs . These elections can often present the candidate with a district where they can have the most success running a local campaign . This changes who runs and the nature of the campaign ( Jacobson 18 ) . While redistricting has a number of rules to structure the process , different actors will attempt to influence the redistricting process in order to further their goals . The major way in which this is done is through political gerrymandering . Redistricting is done by State Legislatures who often have political , partisan agendas . The point of political gerrymandering is to concentrate voters for a party so as to maximize potential victories ( Jacobson 8 ) . Political gerrymandering has also been used as one factor leading to the incumbency effect , whereby politicians can hopefully remain in districts that are drawn to maximize their chances of reelection ( Janda , Berry , and Goldman 331 ) . This is a complex process that often results in interplay between any numbers of factors that make carrying out political gerrymandering difficult . As with any political controversy , gerrymandering , both political and racial , has been the cause of a large number of litigation . Prior to the implementation of the Voting Rights Act , racial gerrymandering occurred to dilute black political representation . Thornberg v . Gingles eliminated all racial gerrymandering , even unintentional gerrymandering ( Jacobson 13 ) . While racial gerrymandering has been eliminated in the courts , political gerrymandering has held up in a number of court decisions . Hunt v . Cromartie allowed race to be considered in redistricting if it was for partisan purposes , while League of United American Citizens v . Perry held that it was legal to redistrict between census ( Jacobson 12 , 14 ) . This was especially important because it allowed a party that had gained control of a State Legislature to redistrict before the census to create districts beneficial to the party . Overall , political gerrymandering has been challenged often , it has however been difficult to prove political gerrymandering , and thus it still occurs . In addition to legislation challenging gerrymandering and the redistricting process , call for reform have come from a variety of groups . Most reformers wish to limit the influence parties play in the redistricting process . There are a variety of suggestions for reform that include having a independent commission redistrict states when it is necessary , or forcing groups that identify with each other , or share common characteristics to remain in the same districts . It is thought that measures such as this will generate competitive elections , where money and power are less important while quality representatives would have a better shot at victory . The reapportionment and redistricting processes are import ones . They have far reaching effects that affect Congress greatly . The events themselves cause gerrymandering , litigation , and calls for reform . These processes will continue to generate much interest within Congress and politics in general as long as they remain process that can be influenced . Works Cited Davis , Sue . Corwin and Peltason โ s understanding the Constitution . Belmont , CA : Thomas Wadsworth , 2008 . Jacobson , Gary C . The Politics of Congressional Elections . New York : Pearson Longman , 2009 Janda , K , Berry J , and Goldman J . The Challenge of Democracy . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2008 . Smith , Steven S . , Roberts , Jason M . , Vander Wielen , Ryan J . The American Congress . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2009 . Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom ) Followers Blog Archive โผ 2009 ( 1 ) โผ November ( 1 ) < ! - - StartFragment - - > < ! - - StartFragment - - > < ! - - St . . . About Me jmaddux View my complete profile | [
"Apportionment",
"REDISTRICTING"
] |
http://jmburson.com/key-indicators-2/tab-11-revenue-factor-page-11/ | Total Payroll Multiplier also called โ Revenue Factor โ โ Previous Up โ Next โ The Revenue Factor is a labor - related key indicator that is a better indicator of a firm โ s efficiency than the net multiplier or utilization rate alone . The Revenue Factor is calculated by dividing net revenue by total labor dollars ( includes both direct and indirect labor ) or by multiplying the net multiplier by the utilization rate . The result is the same . The profit plan is used to check the balance between revenue ( marketing plan ) and labor ( personnel plan ) . In other words , is there enough revenue to support the existing staff ? This table shows the relationship between the two methods of calculation of the . There is an inverse relationship between Net Multiplier and Utilization Rate Net Multiplier x UtilizationRate : Net Multiplier 3.00 2.80 3.00 3.14 Utilization Rate 0.65 0.70 0.70 1.95 1.95 2.10 2.20 Net Revenue divided by Total Labor : Net Revenue 97,500 100,000 110,000 Total Labor 50,000 45,455 50,000 2.20 Multiplying the firm โ s total labor expense by the profit plan revenue factor shows what the net revenue should be : Total labor ( actual ) $ 500,000 Revenue factor ( profit plan ) Net revenue ( target ) 1,100,000 Net revenue ( actual ) 1,000,000 Net revenue variance โ over / ( short ) $ ( 100,000 ) Dividing net revenue by the revenue factor shows how much total labor ( not just direct labor ) the firm should have to produce that much net revenue : The above calculation indicates that the marketing plan may need to be evaluated . Are there enough revenue backlogs to support the current staff level or production capacity ? Net revenue ( firm - wide ) $ 1,000,000 Divided by revenue factor ( profit plan ) Total labor ( budget ) $ 454,545 Total labor ( actual ) $ 500,000 Excessive labor $ 45,455 The above calculation indicates that the human resources or personnel plan may need to be evaluated . Is there too much โ capacity โ for available revenue ? Or has โ work expanded to fill the available time โฆ ? โ or are there too many non - technical overhead staff FTE โ s in proportion to available technical staff FTE โ s ? โ Previous Up โ Next โ Like this : Loading . . . | [
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http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/1.full | Genomic instability and cancer : an introduction Zhiyuan Shen Journal of Molecular Cell Biology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , Pages 1 โ 3 , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / jmcb / mjq057 Published : 01 February 2011 Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share Abstract Genomic instability refers to an increased tendency of alterations in the genome during the life cycle of cells . It is a major driving force for tumorigenesis . During a cell division , genomic instability is minimized by four major mechanisms : high - fidelity DNA replication in S - phase , precise chromosome segregation in mitosis , error free repair of sporadic DNA damage , and a coordinated cell cycle progression . This introduction summarizes the major molecular processes that contribute to these mechanisms in the context of prevention of genomic instability and tumorigenesis . Issue Section : Editorial Genomic instability as a major driving force of tumorigenesis The ultimate goal of cell division for most non - cancerous somatic cells is to accurately duplicate the genome and then evenly divide the duplicated genome into the two daughter cells . This ensures that the daughter cells will have exactly the same genetic material as their parent cell . Failure to achieve this purpose , or abnormally high - frequency of errors during this process will result in various forms of genome alterations in the daughter cells . Those alterations include , but are not limited to , various forms of mutations on specific genes , amplifications , deletions In normal tissues , cell divisions are tightly regulated to avoid neoplastic transformation or tumorigenesis . As simplified in Figure 1 , the molecular process of tumorigenesis can be viewed as the accumulation of genomic alterations during a series of cell divisions . The alteration ( s ) of critical genes in a progenitor cell can transform a normal cell into a pre - cancerous cell . Although the pre - cancerous cells may not be clinically considered as cancer , additional genomic changes would allow some of them to gain further growth advantages . Hence , this new population of neoplastic cells can progress to a clinical status that can be diagnosed as cancer . Additional genetic alterations among the Figure 1 View large Download slide Cancer as a disease of genomic instability and its implication for cancer interventions . Figure 1 View large Download slide Cancer as a disease of genomic instability and its implication for cancer interventions . Major mechanisms used to maintain genomic integrity Because cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell growth , and the accumulation of genomic alterations during cell division is a driving force for tumorigenesis , understanding how genomic stability is maintained during cell divisions is critical to reveal the mechanisms by which tumorigenesis is prevented during normal tissue growth . In principle , the normal mammalian cells mainly resort to four mechanisms to maintain their genomic stability during cell division ( as outlined in Figure 2 ) : ( i ) high - fidelity of DNA replication in S - phase , ( ii ) accurate distribution of chromosomes among daughter cells during mitosis , ( iii ) error - free repair of sporadic DNA damage throughout the cell cycle , and ( iv ) cell cycle progression and checkpoint control . Other mechanism ( s ) , such as dys - regulation of cell fate control , including apoptosis and senescence , can be viewed as consequences of genomic instability and may further contribute to the growth advantage of cancerous cells . Among each of Figure 2 Overview of the major mechanisms to maintain genomic stability during the cell cycle . Figure 2 Overview of the major mechanisms to maintain genomic stability during the cell cycle . DNA replication fidelity In the S - phase , the entire genomic DNA is accurately duplicated once and only once per cell cycle . Any tendency for errors in this process would constitute genomic instability . The major mechanisms to minimize genomic alterations in association with DNA replication are as following . ( i ) High - fidelity of base - pairing and proofreading activities by DNA polymerases . ( ii ) Mismatch repair machinery to correct not only mismatched bases , but also secondary DNA structures resulted from replication slippage , especially in repeat DNA sequences . ( iii ) Timely resolution Precise chromosome segregation in mitosis Once the DNA and chromosomes are duplicated in S - phase , the next critical phase in cell division susceptible to genomic instability is mitosis . During mitosis , the sister chromatids are equally distributed in the daughter cells . This is coordinated by many processes including : ( i ) chromosome condensation , ( ii ) sister chromatid cohesion , ( iii ) centrosome duplication and separation , ( iv ) kinetochore assembly and attachment , ( v ) spindle formation and checkpoint , ( vi ) chromosome segregation , ( vii ) cytokinesis , etc . Dys - Error - free repair of sporadic DNA damage Throughout the cell cycle , the genome encounters various forms of spontaneous and induced DNA damages . When these damages are left un - repaired , it will not only affect cell functions but also renders a higher risk for errors during DNA replication and chromosome segregation . The DNA damages are repaired by several well - defined repair pathways , including base excision repair , nucleotide excision repair , DNA double - strand break ( DSB ) repair , etc . Mismatch repair , a special type of nucleotide excision repair to fix mismatches that may not be considered Of significance to genomic instability is that , the outcome of the DNA repair varies . Completion of some of the repair processes to fix chemical damages to the DNA double helix may cause alterations on the DNA sequence or rearrangements of genome segments . This type of repair is referred to as โ error - prone โ repair . Clearly , its outcome can contribute to genomic instability , although it may prevent further genomic alterations that would otherwise arise from the initial DNA damage . In contrast , other repair processes may not only fix the chemical damage The activities of repair pathways and their coordination with other cell functions ( such as cell cycle progression and cell death ) are regulated by a DNA damage signaling network . Dys - regulation of this network would significantly impair the coordinated effort to repair DNA damage thus can contribute to genomic instability . In addition to its implications in genomic instability and tumorigenesis , DNA damage repair pathways are highly relevant to cancer therapy . Radiation and many chemotherapeutic agents are used for cancer therapy due their abilities to cause DNA damage in cancer cells . Hence , repair capability is a critical determinant in therapeutic outcome . Targeted inhibition of an appropriate DNA repair pathway in cancer cells is considered an effective way to enhance therapeutic efficacy . Checkpoints to coordinate cell cycle progression Because the cell division is conducted in an orderly manner , the progression of the cell cycle is highly coordinated . Premature entry of a cell into the next cell cycle phase would result in significant propensity for genomic alterations . Cell cycle checkpoints are built to ensure that progression from one phase to the next is under a condition of minimum risk of genomic alteration . This is accomplished by delaying the entry into the next phase until the risk factors ( such as DNA damage in G1 / S / G2 phase , spindle abnormality prior to anaphase The mechanisms of several cell cycle checkpoints have been well established . The G1 / S checkpoint is to restrict damaged cells from entering S - phase , as cells with DNA damage would have much high risk of DNA replication errors . It holds the cells at G1 / S boundary until DNA damage and high - risk factors are removed , or it triggers apoptosis and senescence to eliminate the severely damaged cells from the cycling pool . The G2 / M checkpoint prevents cells from premature entry into mitosis , and in this way it minimizes chromosome The current issue of JMCB As outlined above , the relationship between genomic instability and cancer is complex . It involves almost every major aspect of cell and molecular biology . In this special issue , we collect nine review articles to cover a few aspects related to DNA replication , DNA damage response and repair , and to exemplify their implications in cancer therapy . The specific topics are : restart of stalled replication forks , replication licensing , maturation of Okazaki fragments , RecQ and Blm helicases in resolving stalled replication forks , RAD9 checkpoint protein in tumorigenesis , microRNA regulation of p53 ยฉ The Author ( 2011 ) . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Journal of Molecular Cell Biology , IBCB , SIBS , CAS . All rights reserved . | [
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http://jn.nutrition.org/content/135/6/1539S.full | Article Navigation Branched - Chain Amino Acids and Brain Function John D . Fernstrom Author Notes The Journal of Nutrition , Volume 135 , Issue 6 , 1 June 2005 , Pages 1539S โ 1546S , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / jn / 135.6.1539S Published : 01 June 2005 Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share ABSTRACT Branched - chain amino acids ( BCAAs ) influence brain function by modifying large , neutral amino acid ( LNAA ) transport at the blood โ brain barrier . Transport is shared by several LNAAs , notably the BCAAs and the aromatic amino acids ( ArAAs ) , and is competitive . Consequently , when plasma BCAA concentrations rise , which can occur in response to food ingestion or BCAA administration , or with the onset of certain metabolic diseases ( e.g. , uncontrolled diabetes ) , brain BCAA concentrations rise , and ArAA concentrations decline . Such effects occur brain blood โ brain barrier branched - chain amino acids tyrosine tryptophan serotonin catecholamines rat human neurological diseases metabolic diseases exercise toxicity Topic : catecholamines serotonin exercise amino acids , branched - chain blood - brain barrier maple syrup urine disease metabolic diseases neurotransmitters plasma tryptophan brain tyrosine ingestion brain function Issue Section : 4th Amino Acid Assessment Workshop The branched - chain amino acids ( BCAAs ) leucine ( LEU ) , 3 isoleucine ( ILE ) , and valine ( VAL ) participate directly and indirectly in a variety of important biochemical functions in the brain . These include protein synthesis , the production of energy , the compartmentalization of glutamate ( GLU ; an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain ) , and the synthesis of the amine neurotransmitters serotonin ( 5HT ) and the catecholamines dopamine ( DA ) and norepinephrine ( NE ) , which are derived from the aromatic amino acids ( ArAAs ) tryptophan ( TRP ) , phenylalanine ( PHE ) , and tyrosine ( 1 3 ) . In relation to a connection between dietary BCAA intake and brain function , however , to date , only the production of the amine neurotransmitters appears clearly to have been linked to diet . This link occurs for several metabolic reasons : first , dietary protein contains considerable amounts of the BCAAs ( e.g. , 15 โ 20 % of the amino acid content of animal - based proteins ) ( 4 ) ; second , a major fraction of ingested BCAAs is not metabolized by the liver and passes into the systemic circulation after a meal , causing plasma concentrations to rise appreciably and in proportion to the protein content of the meal ( 5 6 ) ; third , plasma BCAAs are transported into the brain [ and other portions of the central nervous system ( CNS ) ] by a transporter , located at the blood โ brain barrier ( BBB ) on CNS capillary endothelial cells , that is almost fully saturated at normal plasma amino acid concentrations , competitive and shared by a number of large neutral amino acids ( LNAAs ) , including the ArAAs TRP , TYR , and PHE ( 7 9 ) . As a consequence of these relations , the ingestion of BCAAs causes rapid elevation of their plasma concentrations , increases their uptake into brain , and decreases the brain uptakes and levels of the ArAAs [ e.g. , see ( 10 ) ] . And fourth , the synthesis and the release in the CNS of 5HT and the catecholamines varies directly and rapidly with changes in concentrations of their precursor amino acids ( TRP , TYR , and PHE , respectively ) ( ) . Consequently , reductions in the brain levels of the ArAAs that follow the ingestion of amino acid mixtures containing BCAAs diminish the synthesis of these neurotransmitters ( 11 13 ) . It is these neurotransmitter changes that largely drive the ongoing exploration for CNS functional changes after BCAA administration . It is also these relations that should form a part of any evaluation of the oral dose range in which humans can safely consume BCAAs . Diet , BBB LNAA transport , and neurotransmitter synthesis The relations between plasma LNAA concentrations , brain TRP and TYR uptake , and the formation of the amine neurotransmitters are summarized in Figures 1 and 2 . The focus of each figure is the โ revolving door , โ representing the BBB LNAA transporter , located at the capillary wall . Because this transporter is almost fully saturated at normal plasma LNAA concentrations and is competitive , the uptake of each LNAA into the brain will be affected not only by its own concentration in plasma but also by that of each of its competitors . For example , if plasma TRP ( or TYR ) declines or if plasma concentrations of the BCAAs ( or other LNAAs ) rise , brain TRP ( or TYR Figs . 1 and 2 ) catalyzes the rate - limiting step in the pathway and is not fully saturated with substrate at normal brain concentrations . Consequently , raising or lowering brain TRP concentrations rapidly changes the rate of 5HT synthesis ; the same relation holds for TYR and catecholamine synthesis , with some caveats ( ) . Moreover , precursor - related changes in 5HT and catecholamine synthesis rates directly modify the release of these transmitters from CNS neurons ( 14 15 ) , which form the basis for thinking that brain functions might be modified as a result . FIGURE 1 View large Download slide Brain tryptophan uptake and 5HT synthesis in neurons . TRP is converted to 5HT in neurons containing TRP hydroxylase ( * ) , the rate - limiting enzyme in 5HT synthesis . TRP concentration controls synthesis , because the enzyme is normally unsaturated with TRP . Brain TRP uptake influences brain TRP levels and thus 5HT synthesis ( and release by neurons ) . Brain TRP uptake depends on the serum levels of TRP and several other LNAA , which compete for transport at the BBB ( revolving door in model ) . Meals and diet affect 5HT synthesis and FIGURE 1 View large Download slide Brain tryptophan uptake and 5HT synthesis in neurons . TRP is converted to 5HT in neurons containing TRP hydroxylase ( * ) , the rate - limiting enzyme in 5HT synthesis . TRP concentration controls synthesis , because the enzyme is normally unsaturated with TRP . Brain TRP uptake influences brain TRP levels and thus 5HT synthesis ( and release by neurons ) . Brain TRP uptake depends on the serum levels of TRP and several other LNAA , which compete for transport at the BBB ( revolving door in model ) . Meals and diet affect 5HT synthesis and FIGURE 2 Brain TYR uptake and DA and NE synthesis in neurons . TYR is converted to DA and NE in neurons containing TYR hydroxylase ( * ) , the rate - limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis . TYR concentration controls synthesis ( in active neurons ) , because the enzyme is normally unsaturated with TYR . Brain TYR uptake influences brain TYR levels and thus catecholamine synthesis . Brain TYR uptake depends on the serum levels of TYR and its LNAA competitors for transport at the BBB ( revolving door ) . Meals and diet affect DA and NE synthesis by 4 , a major NE metabolite in rat brain . FIGURE 2 Brain TYR uptake and DA and NE synthesis in neurons . TYR is converted to DA and NE in neurons containing TYR hydroxylase ( * ) , the rate - limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis . TYR concentration controls synthesis ( in active neurons ) , because the enzyme is normally unsaturated with TYR . Brain TYR uptake influences brain TYR levels and thus catecholamine synthesis . Brain TYR uptake depends on the serum levels of TYR and its LNAA competitors for transport at the BBB ( revolving door ) . Meals and diet affect DA and NE synthesis by , a major NE metabolite in rat brain . These relations suggest one further feature of interest . Because the uptake of an LNAA can be influenced by changes in the plasma concentrations of itself or any of the other LNAAs , any physiologic , pathophysiologic , or pharmacologic phenomenon that modifies the plasma LNAA pattern can modify LNAA uptake into the brain and thus , potentially , the synthesis and the release of the amine transmitters . Hence , oral or injected amino acid loads , normal foods , and certain metabolic diseases that modify amino acid metabolism all produce changes in the brain levels of TRP or 11 13 ) . Or , a protein meal , fed to rats , raises the plasma concentrations of competing LNAAs relative to that of TRP and lowers brain TRP concentration and 5HT synthesis ( 16 ) but , at the same time , raises the plasma concentration of TYR relative to those of the other LNAAs , causing increases in CNS TYR concentrations and catecholamine synthesis ( 17 ) . Chronic effects can be demonstrated as well , such as the observation that brain TYR concentrations rise as dietary protein content increases from very low ( 2 % energy ) to moderate ( 10 % energy ) levels , with catecholamine synthesis following the change in TYR ( 18 ) . These effects parallel changes produced by the diet in the plasma level of TYR relative to that of its LNAA competitors . Finally , uncontrolled diabetes serves as a good example of another chronic metabolic setting , in which increases in the plasma concentrations of certain LNAAs produce a marked reduction in the brain uptake of other LNAAs and predictable effects on transmitter synthesis . The plasma concentrations of the BCAAs are high in uncontrolled diabetic rats , whereas those of the ArAAs are almost normal ( Fig . 3 ) . The predictable result is that brain concentrations of TRP , TYR , and PHE are abnormally low ( 19 ) , causing reductions in both CNS 5HT and catecholamine synthesis ( 20 21 ) . These effects can not be attributed to direct changes in the LNAA transporter itself ( 22 23 ) . FIGURE 3 TRP and VAL concentrations in serum and brain of chronically diabetic rats . Rats ( male , initial weight 150 g ) were made diabetic with streptozotocin ( 65 mg / kg intracardiac ) 3 wk before euthanasia . Food ( standard rat diet , about 25 % protein ) and water were available ad libitum . They were killed at the indicated times . Horizontal black bars indicate daily dark period . Data are means ยฑ SEM ( n = 6 group ) . A significant group effect ( P < 0.05 ; ANOVA ) was present for each variable . Adapted from Crandall and Fernstrom ( 19 ) . FIGURE 3 TRP and VAL concentrations in serum and brain of chronically diabetic rats . Rats ( male , initial weight 150 g ) were made diabetic with streptozotocin ( 65 mg / kg intracardiac ) 3 wk before euthanasia . Food ( standard rat diet , about 25 % protein ) and water were available ad libitum . They were killed at the indicated times . Horizontal black bars indicate daily dark period . Data are means ยฑ SEM ( n = 6 group ) . A significant group effect ( P < 0.05 ; ANOVA ) was present for each variable . Adapted from Crandall and Fernstrom ( Finally , functional effects of raising the plasma concentration of a BCAA can readily be demonstrated on 5HT - or catecholamine - linked brain functions that are modified by raising peripheral concentrations of TRP or TYR , respectively . One example is blood pressure , which is known to be influenced by catecholamine receptors in brain that , when stimulated , lower blood pressure ( 24 ) . An injection of TYR [ 100 mg / kg ( i.p. ) ] into spontaneously hypertensive rats produces a marked drop in blood pressure , an effect that can be blocked by coincident injection of an equimolar dose of VAL ( Fig . 4 ) . Another example is growth hormone secretion in the rat , which is stimulated by drugs that promote 5HT synaptic transmission in brain ( 25 ) . Hence , an injection of TRP ( 100 mg / kg i.p. ) into rats enhances the episodic secretion of growth hormone , and this effect can be blocked by an injection of VAL just before TRP administration ( 26 ) . Together , such biochemical and functional effects in rats indicate that administration of BCAAs to elevate plasma BCAA concentrations should produce functional effects tied to reductions in brain TRP and TYR uptake , and the production and the release of their respective neurotransmitters . FIGURE 4 Effect of VAL on the antihypertensive action of l - tyrosine . TYR ( 100 mg / kg i.p. , 0.55 mmol / kg ; black circle ) , valine ( 0.55 mmol / kg , black triangle ) , TYR plus VAL ( 0.55 mmol / kg each ; white triangl e ) , or vehicle ( white circle ) was injected i.p. into spontaneously hypertensive rats ( = 4 / group ) . Blood pressure was measured just before injection and then at the indicated times after injection . Data are expressed as the change in blood pressure from baseline values ( mean ยฑ SEM ) . TYR injection caused a significant decline in blood pressure ( < 0.01 ) ; treatment with TYR plus VAL produced a slight reduction in blood pressure ( < 0.05 ) , but this effect was not as great as that produced by TYR alone . VAL and vehicle injections had no effect . Adapted from Sved et al . ( 62 FIGURE 4 Effect of VAL on the antihypertensive action of l - tyrosine . TYR ( 100 mg / kg i.p. , 0.55 mmol / kg ; black circle ) , valine ( 0.55 mmol / kg , black triangle ) , TYR plus VAL ( 0.55 mmol / kg each ; white triangl e ) , or vehicle ( white circle ) was injected i.p. into spontaneously hypertensive rats ( = 4 / group ) . Blood pressure was measured just before injection and then at the indicated times after injection . Data are expressed as the change in blood pressure from baseline values ( mean ยฑ SEM ) . TYR injection caused a significant decline in blood pressure ( < 0.01 ) ; treatment with TYR plus VAL produced a slight reduction in blood pressure ( < 0.05 ) , but this effect was not as great as that produced by TYR alone . VAL and vehicle injections had no effect . Adapted from Sved et al . ( 62 Studies of BCAAs in humans The BCAAs have been administered under a number of circumstances to healthy humans and to individuals with certain metabolic and neurological diseases . They have been given either alone or together with other amino acids , either as a single bolus or repeatedly for extended periods of time . In most ( though not all ) cases , when BCAAs have been given , they have been used to modify , indirectly , based on the competitive functioning of the BBB LNAA transport system , the concentration in the brain of one or more of the other LNAAs ( e.g . Athletes . Trained athletes use a variety of nutrients , including BCAAs , in an attempt to improve physical performance and mental focus during training and competition . The use of BCAAs is based on the notions that a ) BCAAs can become depleted in muscle and plasma during exercise , producing a negative impact on muscle energy economy and promoting muscle fatigue , and b ) plasma BCAA depletion can indirectly increase TRP uptake into brain , stimulate neuronal serotonin synthesis and release , and , as a consequence , cause central โ fatigue โ ( 27 ) . Hence , supplying BCAAs during training and competition to counteract the BCAA - depleting action of exercise has been hypothesized to be beneficial to both muscle function and mental focus by preventing BCAA depletion . A number of studies have examined this idea in athletes , providing evidence in a population of normal ( if highly fit ) humans regarding the general tolerability of BCAA supplementation . For example , Struฬder et al . ( 28 ) administered a total of 21 g of BCAAs ( 10.82 g LEU , 5.82 g VAL , 4.35 g ILE ) to male cyclists in 2 doses ( the first , just before a cycling test , and the second , 1 h later ) , and examined the effect ( vs . a placebo ) on their cycling performance over a 2.5 - h period . Plasma BCAA concentrations ( ฮฃBCAA = LEU + ILE + VAL ) increased 4 - fold , peaking at 1250 nmol / mL 90 min after the first dose . The authors 28 ) . A similar cycle ergometry study was performed by van Hall et al . ( 29 ) , in which the highest dose of the BCAAs was 23.4 g ( equal amounts of VAL , ILE , and LEU in grams ) , spread at intervals over about a 2.5 - h period . Plasma LEU , ILE , and VAL at the end of the exercise period ( about 2.5 h after initiation ) were 636 , 561 , and 1200 nmol / mL , respectively ( ฮฃBCAA = 2397 nmol / m ) . No mention is made of any adverse effects in these athletes . And , Blomstrand et al . ( 27 ) conducted a study in experienced runners taking part in a lengthy race ( 30 or 42 km ) . The athletes running 42 km were given a total of 16 g ( 50 % VAL , 30 % LEU , 20 % ILE ) , divided into 4 portions provided at equal intervals during the race ( duration about 3.5 h ; the 30 - km athletes ingested 7.5 g in 5 divided doses ) . Blood samples were taken before and at the conclusion of the race . Plasma levels of each BCAA had doubled by the end โ 1 ยท d โ 1 for 30 d , or about 14 g ยท d in a 70 - kg subject ) and make no mention of adverse effects ( 30 ) . Because no performance decrements ( and sometimes improvements ) were noted , perhaps the subjects reported no treatment - related complaints ( Table 1 TABLE 1 BCAA studies in humans 1 Subjects Treatment Effect on plasma BCAA AE Reference Athletes adult , โ Acute treatment : 21 g BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 5.8 : 4.4 : 10.8 ) ; = 10 ( crossover design ) ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL at 90 min Reported No AEs Struder et al . ( Chronic : 200 mg ยท kg ยท d BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 2 ) , 3 divided doses ยท d for 30 d vs . placebo ( 71 kg bw โ 14.2 g ยท d BCAA ) ; = 6 BCAA ; = 5 placebo Not measured No comments regarding AEs De Palo et al . ( 30 Acute : 7.5 g or 16 g BCAA during 30 - to 42 - km race ( V : I : L , 50 : 15 : 35 or 50 : 20 : 30 ) in water with CHO ; = 107 BCAA ; = 111 control Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 550 nmol / mL , end of race ( 3 โ 3.5 h ) , low dose , ฮฃBCAA = โ 750 nmol / mL and high dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL No comments regarding AEs Blomstrand et al . ( Acute : 5.3 g total BCAA ( V : I : L , 40 : 25 : 35 ) divided during marathon in water with CHO ; = 24 BCAA ; = 28 placebo Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 520 nmol / mL , end of race , ฮฃBCAA = 650 nmol / mL Hassmen et al . ( 63 Acute : 7.8 or 23.4 g BCAA ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 1 ) in water with carbohydrates during cycling for 2 h ; = 10 ( crossover design ) Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 500 nmol / mL , end of cycling , low dose , ฮฃBCAA = โ 950 nmol / mL and high dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 2400 nmol / mL van Hall et al . ( 29 Normal adult , โ + โ Acute : 10 , 30 , 60 g BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) ; = 12 ( crossover design ) 60 - g dose : VAL โ 2350 nmol / mL , ILE โ 1300 nmol / mL , LEU โ 2000 nmol / mL at 300 min Reported no AEs ; โ The drinks were well tolerated โ Gijsman et al . ( 43 adult , โ Acute : 8 - h infusion of Branchamin ( BCAA ; Travenol ) at 4 โ 6 g / h ; = 6 ( crossover design ) 5 - to 14 - fold rise in each BCAA in plasma All infusions well tolerated ; no AEs Kirvela et al . ( 64 adult , โ Acute : oral BCAA ( 55 g ) as part 90 g total amino acid load with or without TYR or PHE ; = 7 ( crossover design ) 6 h after dosing , TYR + PHE ratio very low โ BCAA very high ( no data ) Montgomery et al . ( 42 Bipolar adults Chronic : 60 g oral BCAA / d ( V : I : L : , 3 : 3 : 4 ) for 7 d during manic phase ; = 8 BCAA ; = 10 placebo Not measured Mania improved ; BCAA generally well tolerated Scarna et al . ( 41 Tardive dyskinesia , adult , โ Chronic : 0 , 222 mg / kg BCAA ( V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) t.i.d. for 21 d 1 h before meals ( 80 kg bw โ daily BCAA dose about 50 g ) ; = 18 BCAA ; = 18 placebo No data presented ; authors stated ฮฃBCAA about doubled 2 h after treatment administration ( 1 of 3 doses ) BCAA and placebo side effects same ; no AEs on blood chemistries Richardson et al . ( 45 Chronic : 150 , 180 , or 209 mg ยท kg BCAA ( L : I : V , 4 : 3 : 3 ) in 3 divided doses for 14 d around mealtime ; = 9 , not placebo controlled Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 470 nmol / mL , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1240 nmol / mL 2 h post - AM high dose ( โ 70 mg / kg ) โ None of the subjects experienced side effects โฆ โ Richardson et al . ( 44 Spinocerebellar degeneration , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 0 , 1.5 , 3 , or 6 g oral BCAA t.i.d. before meals for 4 wk ; = 16 , all subjects received all treatments in random order โ There were no remarkable side - effects โ Mori et al . ( 51 Stable hepatic encephalopathy , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 250 mg BCAA ยท kg ( L : I : V , 4.4 : 2.8 : 2.8 ) with meals for 8 wk ; = 17 ( crossover design ) Placebo ฮฃBCAA = โ 240 nmol / mL , post - dosing / meal ฮฃBCAA = โ 450 nmol / mL , time post - meal not specified No AEs observed . BCAA well - tolerated Plauth et al . ( 38 ) ; Egberts et al . ( 65 Hepatic cirrhosis , advanced , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 14.4 g BCAA ยท d ( L : I : V , 2 : 1 : 1 ) taken divided dose before meals for 12 mo ( = 59 ) , vs . 2 placebos ( lactalbumin , = 56 ; maltodextrin , = 59 ) โ AEs usually mild and rapidly resolving โฆ โ ; same in BCAA and placebo groups . ( nausea , GI discomfort , diarrhea ) Marchesini et al . ( 39 Cancer adult , โ + โ Chronic : 14.4 g BCAA ยท d for 7 d as 4.8 g t.i.d. with meals ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 2 ) , vs . placebo ; = 15 BCAA ; = 13 placebo Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 550 nmol / mL , 1 h after 4.8 g , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL Appetite improved on BCAA ; no comments about AEs Cangiano et al . ( 52 PKU adult & kids , โ + โ Chronic : 500 mg BCAA ยท kg ( V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) , 4 divided doses ยท d for 2 d or 4 โ 6 wk ; = 11 , not placebo controlled Adult โ ; Max V = โ 550 nmol / mL , I = โ 400 nmol / mL ; L = โ 460 nmol / mL during daytime Reported no AEs , even in Px on Rx for up to 2 y Berry et al . ( 33 adult Acute : 0 or 90 mg BCAA ยท kg ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 1 ) with other LNAA ( 30 mg / kg each ) every 3 h for 5 doses ( total BCAA dose = 450 mg / kg ) ; = 6 ( crossover design ) Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 430 nmol / mL , 2 h after dose 5 , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1500 nmol / mL ( L = 338 nmol / mL , I = 332 nmol / mL , V = 816 nmol / mL ) No AE , side effects reported Pietz et al . ( 32 young adult Chronic : LNAA ( 800 mg ยท kg ; 200 L + 146 I + 150 V , mg ยท kg ) added to a low protein diet ( 0.6 g ยท kg ) for 30 d ; = 4 , not placebo controlled โ The diet was well tolerated โ Dotremont et al . ( 35 Adolescent & adult , โ + โ Chronic : oral BCAA ( V = 150 + I = 150 + L = 200 , mg ยท kg ) in divided doses each day for 3 mo with meals and at bedtime ; = 16 ( crossover design ) Nonfasting values , baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 380 ; during chronic BCAA dosing ; ฮฃBCAA = โ 820 nmol / mL ( L = 228 nmol / mL , I = 144 nmol / mL , V = 448 nmol / mL ) No abnormal liver function ; other metabolic safety measures normal Berry et al . ( 34 ALS , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 26.4 g / d BCAA ( 12 g L , 8 g I , 6.4 g V ) , 4 divided doses ยท d for 12 mo vs . placebo ; = 11 BCAA ; = 11 placebo Baseline ฮฃBCAA = 300 nmol / mL ; ฮฃBCAA = 950 nmol / mL 60 min after ยผ daily dose No comments regarding AEs ; Rx was beneficial Plaitakis et al . ( 49 adult , โ + โ Chronic : 26.4 g / d BCAA ( 12 g L , 8 g I , 6.4 g V ) , 4 divided doses ยท d with meals for 6 mo ( = 31 ) vs . THR ( 4 g / d + 160 mg / d pyridoxal P ; = 32 ) vs . placebo ( = 32 ) Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 394 nmol / mL ( V = 215 nmol / mL , I = 57 nmol / mL , L = 122 nmol / mL ) ; 1 h after ยผ daily dose EBCAA = 1957 nmol / mL ( L = 554 nmol / mL , I = 795 nmol / mL , V = 608 nmol / mL ) Amino acids well tolerated ; โ no untoward effects โ ; but , faster loss of pulmonary function in BCAA and THR groups vs . placebo Tandan et al . ( 50 adult , โ + โ Chronic : 24 g / d BCAA ( 12 g L , 6 g I , 6 g V ) , 5 divided doses ยท d before meals / food for 12 mo vs . placebo ; = 13 BCAA , = 11 placebo Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 400 nmol / mL ( V = 220 nmol / mL , I = 60 nmol / mL , L = 120 nmol / mL ) ; 1 h after 1 / 5 daily dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL ( L = 480 nmol / mL , I = 220 nmol / mL , V = 550 nmol / mL ) Study stopped because of increased mortality in patients on BCAA Bastone et al . ( 47 MSUD , children MSUD patients during metabolic crisis and recovered vs . matched normal controls ; no treatments ; = 11 MSUD , 10 controls Control ฮฃBCAA = โ 475 nmol / mL ; MSUD during crisis ฮฃBCAA = โ 5300 nmol / mL , MSUD recovered ฮฃBCAA = โ 1020 nmol / mL Not applicable Wajner et al . ( 55 Normal baseline plasma BCAA concentrations ( nmol / mL ) : L , 100 โ 120 ; I , 60 โ 80 ; V , 200 โ 300 ; varies with daily dietary protein intake ( 66 67 AE , adverse event ; CHO , carbohydrate ; GI , gastrointestinal ; I , isoleucine , L , leucine ; P x , patients ; R x , treatment ; ฮฃBCAA , sum of branched - chain amino acid concentrations ; THR , threonine ; t.i.d , three times a day ; V , valine . View Large TABLE 1 BCAA studies in humans Subjects Treatment Effect on plasma BCAA AE Reference Athletes adult , โ Acute treatment : 21 g BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 5.8 : 4.4 : 10.8 ) ; ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL at 90 min Reported No AEs Struder et al . ( Chronic : 200 mg ยท kg BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 2 ) , 3 divided doses ยท d for 30 d vs . placebo ( 71 kg bw โ 14.2 g ยท d BCAA ) ; = 6 BCAA ; = 5 placebo De Palo et al . ( Acute : 7.5 g or 16 g BCAA during 30 - to 42 - km race ( V : I : L , 50 : 15 : 35 or 50 : 20 : 30 ) in water with CHO ; = 107 BCAA ; = 111 control Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 550 nmol / mL , end of race ( 3 โ 3.5 h ) , low dose , ฮฃBCAA = โ 750 nmol / mL and high dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL Blomstrand et al . ( Acute : 5.3 g total BCAA ( V : I : L , 40 : 25 : 35 ) divided during marathon in water with CHO ; = 24 BCAA ; = 28 placebo Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 520 nmol / mL , end of race , ฮฃBCAA = 650 nmol / mL Hassmen et al . ( 63 Acute : 7.8 or 23.4 g BCAA ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 1 ) in water with carbohydrates during cycling for 2 h ; Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 500 nmol / mL , end of cycling , low dose , ฮฃBCAA = โ 950 nmol / mL and high dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 2400 nmol / mL van Hall et al . ( Normal adult , โ + โ Acute : 10 , 30 , 60 g BCAA ( ratio V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) ; = 12 ( crossover design ) 60 - g dose : VAL โ 2350 nmol / mL , ILE โ 1300 nmol / mL , LEU โ 2000 nmol / mL at 300 min Reported no AEs ; โ The drinks were well tolerated โ Gijsman et al . ( 43 adult , โ Acute : 8 - h infusion of Branchamin ( BCAA ; Travenol ) at 4 โ 6 g / h ; 5 - to 14 - fold rise in each BCAA in plasma All infusions well tolerated ; no AEs Kirvela et al . ( 64 adult , โ Acute : oral BCAA ( 55 g ) as part 90 g total amino acid load with or without TYR or PHE ; = 7 ( crossover design ) 6 h after dosing , TYR + PHE ratio very low โ BCAA very high ( no data ) Montgomery et al . ( 42 Bipolar adults Chronic : 60 g oral BCAA / d ( V : I : L : , 3 : 3 : 4 ) for 7 d during manic phase ; = 8 BCAA ; = 10 placebo Mania improved ; BCAA generally well tolerated Scarna et al . ( 41 Tardive dyskinesia , adult , โ Chronic : 0 , 222 mg / kg BCAA ( V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) t.i.d. for 21 d 1 h before meals ( 80 kg bw โ daily BCAA dose about 50 g ) ; = 18 BCAA ; = 18 placebo No data presented ; authors stated ฮฃBCAA about doubled 2 h after treatment administration ( 1 of 3 doses ) BCAA and placebo side effects same ; no AEs on blood chemistries 45 Chronic : 150 , 180 , or 209 mg ยท kg BCAA ( L : I : V , 4 : 3 : 3 ) in 3 divided doses for 14 d around mealtime ; = 9 , not placebo controlled Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 470 nmol / mL , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1240 nmol / mL 2 h post - AM high dose ( โ 70 mg / kg ) โ None of the subjects experienced side effects โฆ โ 44 Spinocerebellar degeneration , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 0 , 1.5 , 3 , or 6 g oral BCAA t.i.d. before meals for 4 wk ; = 16 , all subjects received all treatments in random order โ There were no remarkable side - effects โ Mori et al . ( 51 Stable hepatic encephalopathy , adult , โ + โ Chronic : 250 mg BCAA ยท kg ( L : I : V , 4.4 : 2.8 : 2.8 ) with meals for 8 wk ; = 17 ( crossover design ) Placebo ฮฃBCAA = โ 240 nmol / mL , post - dosing / meal ฮฃBCAA = โ 450 nmol / mL , time post - meal not specified No AEs observed . BCAA well - tolerated Plauth et al . ( 38 ) ; Egberts et al . ( 65 Hepatic cirrhosis , advanced , adult , โ + โ ( L : I : V , 2 : 1 : 1 ) taken divided dose before meals for 12 mo ( = 59 ) , vs . 2 placebos ( lactalbumin , = 56 ; maltodextrin , = 59 ) โ AEs usually mild and rapidly resolving โฆ โ ; same in BCAA and placebo groups . ( nausea , GI discomfort , diarrhea ) Marchesini et al . ( 39 Cancer adult , โ + โ for 7 d as 4.8 g t.i.d. with meals ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 2 ) , vs . placebo ; = 15 BCAA ; = 13 placebo Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 550 nmol / mL , 1 h after 4.8 g , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL Appetite improved on BCAA ; no comments about AEs Cangiano et al . ( 52 PKU adult & kids , โ + โ Chronic : 500 mg BCAA ยท kg ( V : I : L , 3 : 3 : 4 ) , 4 divided doses ยท d for 2 d or 4 โ 6 wk ; = 11 , not placebo controlled Adult โ ; Max V = โ 550 nmol / mL , I = โ 400 nmol / mL ; L = โ 460 nmol / mL during daytime Reported no AEs , even in Px on Rx for up to 2 y 33 adult Acute : 0 or 90 mg BCAA ยท kg ( V : I : L , 1 : 1 : 1 ) with other LNAA ( 30 mg / kg each ) every 3 h for 5 doses ( total BCAA dose = 450 mg / kg ) ; Baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 430 nmol / mL , 2 h after dose 5 , ฮฃBCAA = โ 1500 nmol / mL ( L = 338 nmol / mL , I = 332 nmol / mL , V = 816 nmol / mL ) No AE , side effects reported Pietz et al . ( 32 young adult Chronic : LNAA ( 800 mg ยท kg ; 200 L + 146 I + 150 V , mg ยท kg ) added to a low protein diet ( 0.6 g ยท kg ) for 30 d ; = 4 , not placebo controlled โ The diet was well tolerated โ Dotremont et al . ( 35 Adolescent & adult , โ + โ Chronic : oral BCAA ( V = 150 + I = 150 + L = 200 , mg ยท kg ) in divided doses each day for 3 mo with meals and at bedtime ; = 16 ( crossover design ) Nonfasting values , baseline ฮฃBCAA = โ 380 ; during chronic BCAA dosing ; ฮฃBCAA = โ 820 nmol / mL ( L = 228 nmol / mL , I = 144 nmol / mL , V = 448 nmol / mL ) No abnormal liver function ; other metabolic safety measures normal 34 ALS , adult , โ + โ for 12 mo vs . placebo ; = 11 BCAA ; Baseline ฮฃBCAA = 300 nmol / mL ; ฮฃBCAA = 950 nmol / mL 60 min after ยผ daily dose No comments regarding AEs ; Rx was beneficial Plaitakis et al . ( 49 with meals for 6 mo ( = 31 ) vs . THR ( 4 g / d + 160 mg / d pyridoxal P ; = 32 ) vs . placebo ( = 32 ) Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 394 nmol / mL ( V = 215 nmol / mL , I = 57 nmol / mL , L = 122 nmol / mL ) ; 1 h after ยผ daily dose EBCAA = 1957 nmol / mL ( L = 554 nmol / mL , I = 795 nmol / mL , V = 608 nmol / mL ) Amino acids well tolerated ; โ no untoward effects โ ; but , faster loss of pulmonary function in BCAA and THR groups vs . placebo Tandan et al . ( 50 Chronic : 24 g / d BCAA ( 12 g L , 6 g I , 6 g V ) , 5 divided doses ยท d before meals / food for 12 mo vs . placebo ; = 13 BCAA , Fasting ฮฃBCAA = โ 400 nmol / mL ( V = 220 nmol / mL , I = 60 nmol / mL , L = 120 nmol / mL ) ; 1 h after 1 / 5 daily dose ฮฃBCAA = โ 1250 nmol / mL ( L = 480 nmol / mL , I = 220 nmol / mL , V = 550 nmol / mL ) Study stopped because of increased mortality in patients on BCAA Bastone et al . ( 47 MSUD , children MSUD patients during metabolic crisis and recovered vs . matched normal controls ; no treatments ; = 11 MSUD , 10 controls Control ฮฃBCAA = โ 475 nmol / mL ; MSUD during crisis ฮฃBCAA = โ 5300 nmol / mL , MSUD recovered ฮฃBCAA = โ 1020 nmol / mL Not applicable Wajner et al . ( 55 Normal baseline plasma BCAA concentrations ( nmol / mL ) : L , 100 โ 120 ; I , 60 โ 80 ; V , 200 โ 300 ; varies with daily dietary protein intake ( 66 67 AE , adverse event ; CHO , carbohydrate ; GI , gastrointestinal ; I , isoleucine , L , leucine ; P , patients ; R , treatment ; ฮฃBCAA , sum of branched - chain amino acid concentrations ; THR , threonine ; t.i.d , three times a day ; V , valine . View Large Phenylketonuria . Phenylketonuria ( PKU ) is an inherited metabolic disease involving a deficiency in the enzyme PHE hydroxylase . Individuals with this disease thus can not hydroxylate PHE to TYR . As a result , in PKU patients eating a normal protein diet ( at least 0.8 g protein ยท kg bw 31 ) , in which the protein would contain about 5 % PHE or at least 2.8 g PHE ยท d ยท 70 kg ) , plasma PHE levels become enormously elevated ( 20 times normal or more ) . PKU is successfully treated from birth by restricting PHE intake in the diet ( low - PHE diet ) , indicating that either PHE or a metabolite is responsible for the devastating derangement of mental functions that results when the disease is untreated . Because of this suspected relation , the use of BCAA dietary โ supplements โ has been examined as a means to promote reductions ( or further reductions ) in brain PHE concentrations . The notion is that by elevating plasma The chronic use of BCAA supplements has been evaluated in PKU subjects as either an adjunct to or substitute for a low - PHE diet ( e.g. , in patients unable to maintain the rather restrictive low - PHE diet ) . They were initially given to PKU subjects for up to 6 wk in 4 divided daily doses totaling 500 mg ยท kg . This treatment significantly elevated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) concentrations of the BCAAs and reduced CSF concentrations of both PHE and TYR in adolescents and adults ( ) . This treatment paradigm was associated with no adverse effects and , according to the investigators , has been used for up to 2 y in some patients ( ) . In later studies , in which this same dose regimen was examined over a 1 - y treatment period , improvements in some cognitive functions were noted ( ) . In general , these and other studies have found that BCAA supplements in the 500 mg ยท kg dose range are well tolerated and are associated with no adverse effects ( 36 ) . In relation to plasma levels of LEU in patients with MSUD that are associated with neurologic effects ( see below ) , plasma concentrations of LEU produced by BCAA ingestion by PKU subjects are comparatively low ( < 500 nmol / mL ) ( Hepatic cirrhosis . Oral BCAA treatment has also been applied to patients with stable hepatic cirrhosis . This approach is based on the observation that liver failure produces elevated circulating levels of the ArAAs and depressed concentrations of the BCAAs . Such changes increase brain concentrations of the ArAAs , possibly stimulating the production of neurotransmitters and other biogenic amines that facilitate encephalopathy ( 37 ) . Supplying BCAAs to elevate plasma BCAA concentrations is thus seen as a means to antagonize ArAA uptake into the brain and thus reduce the production of the biogenic amines derived from them . For example , in one study , patients ingested 250 mg ยท kg of BCAA in divided doses at mealtime for 8 wk , or about 18 g ยท d of BCAA ( average patient weight was 70 โ 75 kg ) . Indices of mental and motor function were significantly improved , and no adverse reactions were observed ( ( Table 1 ) . In another study , subjects with advanced cirrhosis ingested for 12 mo 14.4 g BCAAs daily in divided doses at breakfast , lunch , and dinner . BCAA treatment reduced hospitalization , improved biochemical and pathophysiologic signs , and reduced anorexia ( ) . The principal side effects reported were gastrointestinal , but the incidence did not differ between treatment ( BCAA ) and control groups ( there were two control groups , one receiving maltodextrin , and the other lactalbumin ) ( ) . The absence of adverse effects ( relative to a placebo ) has recently been affirmed in a meta - analysis of a number of trials of BCAA use in hepatic encephalopathy ( 40 Psychiatric , neurological , and other diseases . Oral BCAA supplements have been examined as a treatment for several neurologic diseases . For example , BCAAs have been given to bipolar subjects during periods of mania , on the presumption that this treatment will reduce brain TYR uptake and will slow catecholamine synthesis ( increased catecholamine neuron activity is thought to be etiologic in mania ) ( ) . The BCAAs ( 60 g ) were administered daily for 7 d and produced a significant reduction in manic symptomology , consistent with an effect on brain catecholamines ( ) . In a dose - ranging study in normal volunteers , in which plasma amino acids were measured 300 min after dosing , plasma BCAA concentrations rose markedly ( LEU to about 2000 nmol / mL ) , after ingestion of the 60 - g BCAA dose ( ) . The BCAA drinks used โ were well tolerated , and no adverse effects were reported by any of the volunteers โ ( BCAAs have also been administered to patients with tardive dyskinesia , a notable aberration of voluntary motor control that develops in schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs . The application of oral BCAA therapy to this patient population followed from the observation that plasma PHE concentrations were high in these patients , possibly causing abnormally high PHE levels in the brain and adverse neurochemical effects . In one study , the doses examined ranged up to 209 mg ยท kg , given in divided doses daily for 2 wk . The summed plasma BCAA concentration 2 h after the morning dose rose about 3 - fold over baseline values to about 1250 nmol / mL ( data for individual BCAAs not given ) ; involuntary motor movements were diminished notably ( ) . Moreover , the investigators noted that โ none of the subjects experienced adverse effects during the course of the trial โ ( ) . In a later study , using a slightly higher dose ( 222 mg ยท kg ) , administered for 3 wk , a similar outcome was obtained . The only adverse effect reported by subjects was occasional , mild gastrointestinal side effects ; no clinically significant changes were found in routine physical examinations or in blood or urine chemistries ( The BCAAs have been studied as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ; Lou Gherig disease ) , a progressive , debilitating and fatal neurological disease of the neurons that control the musculature ( upper and lower motor neurons ) ( 46 ) . The logic for this application is that the ALS brain contains below - normal levels of GLU dehydrogenase , an enzyme that catabolizes GLU , suggesting that extracellular brain GLU levels may be abnormally high . In the brain , GLU is an excitatory neurotransmitter ; excessive extracellular levels can overstimulate neurons , causing them to die ( excitotoxicity ) . GLU dehydrogenase is activated by the BCAAs ; hence , BCAA administration has been hypothesized to restore enzyme activity , increase brain GLU disposal rate , and thereby diminish the neurotoxic effects of excessive extracellular GLU ( ) [ this mechanism is now in dispute ; see ( 48 ) ] . The result would be to slow the progression of ALS . An initial study in ALS patients , providing 26.4 g ยท d BCAA for 1 y , showed a slower rate of neurological decline in ALS patients ( compared with control ) and no side effects ( ) . However , later studies observed adverse effects in the active treatment group ; for example , one study was stopped because of an increase in mortality [ see ( ) ] . In another study , using 26.4 g BCAA administered daily in divided doses for 6 mo , BCAA treatment was noted to accelerate the decline in respiratory function ( ) , ultimately , the most common cause of death in ALS patients ( 46 ) . The basis for such adverse effects is unknown , but a recent meta - analysis concluded that the use of BCAAs to treat ALS actually did not significantly increase the incidence of adverse effects or the death rate above that because of placebo ( or provide significant benefit to the ALS patient ) ( 48 Patients with spinocerebellar degeneration ( ) and cancer ( ) have also been given BCAAs . In spinocerebellar patients , daily doses of up to 6 g for 4 wk significantly improved symptoms ( compared with control ) and were associated with no side effects . In an attempt to moderate anorexia , cancer patients were given 14.4 g BCAA ( or a placebo ) each day in 3 divided doses for 7 d . Food intake increased significantly in the BCAA group ( the expectation was that the treatment would diminish TRP uptake into brain and thus 5HT release , an action that should increase hunger ( 53 ) . Plasma total BCAA concentrations were measured 1 h after ingestion of one - third of a daily dose and before a meal ; plasma BCAA levels increased about 2 - fold , to a value about 1200 nmol / mL . No adverse effects were reported . MSUD . MSUD , an inherited metabolic disease that occurs with a frequency of 1 : 200,000 births , presents an unfortunate example in nature of possible neurologic effects that may result from extremely high circulating levels of the BCAAs . MSUD is an enzyme deficiency disease in which BCAA metabolism is severely diminished , because of defects in the enzyme branched - chain ฮผ - keto acid dehydrogenase ( 54 ) . As a consequence , plasma and tissue levels of the BCAAs ( particularly LEU ) and associated branched - chain keto acids are greatly elevated ( 56 ) . This disease has catastrophic and life - threatening neurologic effects for newborns who survive , mostly attributed to LEU and its keto acid ( plasma LEU concentrations can range well above 2000 nmol / mL during metabolic crises ; a normal value is about 100 nmol / mL ) ( ) . The underlying biochemical mechanisms that have been proposed to produce the neurotoxicity associated with this disorder include inhibition of creatine kinase , derailment of GLU handling by neurons and glia , including inhibition of synaptic GLU uptake ( 56 59 ) , and possibly reduced synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitters , secondary to reductions in the brain concentrations of their precursor amino acids ( ) . Many of these effects may result from alterations in the competitive uptake of the LNAA into brain and neurons , produced by the high circulating BCAA levels . Dietary treatments that lower circulating BCAA concentrations by restricting BCAA intake have been successful in controlling the symptoms of the disease ( ) . However , the onset of negative symptoms in MSUD patients does not correlate well with the absolute plasma LEU ( or BCAA ) concentrations achieved after BCAA loading such patients ( ) , suggesting that MSUD may not serve as a useful model for identifying threshold plasma BCAA concentrations at which adverse CNS effects might be expected in normal humans . Relevance to upper limits of BCAA ingestion Together , these studies generally indicate that the BCAAs can be consumed in considerable amounts by humans without adverse effect and , in some cases , with significant benefit to the study populations . To gain an impression of the size of the dose used in human studies , it is useful to reflect on the normal daily intake of BCAAs from the diet . The typical BCAA content of dietary proteins is 15 โ 20 g ยท 100 g protein ( ) . The current recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) for protein is 0.8 g ยท kg for adults ( 31 ) , or about 56 g protein ยท d for a 70 kg person . The daily intake of the BCAAs in a 70 - kg person consuming the RDA for protein would thus be 8.4 โ 11.2 g . In athletes , for whom a common recommendation is 1.2 g protein ยท kg or more ( 60 ) , the daily BCAA intake of a 70 - kg individual would be 12.6 โ 16.8 g . From this perspective , the highest doses of BCAAs that have been administered chronically to humans have been to PKU [ up to 35 g / d ( ) ] and mania [ up to 60 g / d ( ) ] patients . These doses thus represent 2 - to 4 - fold multiples of the daily BCAA intake for athletes , and 3 - to 7 - fold multiples for nonathletes ( with reference to 70 kg body weight ) . In these studies , the authors reported minimal or no adverse effect or side effects ( see Table 1 ) . It would therefore appear that daily doses of up to 60 g of the BCAAs , in addition to the amounts consumed as a component of dietary protein , are safely consumed as by humans . Moreover , because no systematic evaluation of the safety of oral BCAA has been conducted in humans , the no observable adverse effect level ( NOAEL ) of BCAA intake may be considerably higher . The possibility that humans can safely ingest supplemental amounts of the BCAA well in excess of 60 g / d ( 850 mg ยท kg - 1 for a 70 - kg individual ) provides an interesting contrast to a NOAEL dose that can be derived from recent subchronic studies in rats . Tsubuku et al . ( 61 ) recently conducted a 13 - wk study , in which rats consumed individual BCAAs added to a standard diet at 1.25 , 2.5 , or 5 g ยท 100 g diet . The outcome measures did not include brain effects but did include standard measures of potential toxicity . They concluded from their data that ingestion of the 2.5 g ยท 100 g diet for each BCAA added to the diet in addition to the BCAAs already in the diet was associated with no observable adverse effects ( combinations of the BCAAs were not evaluated ) . From this outcome , they calculated that the daily dose of each BCAA at the 2.5 g ยท 100 g diet supplemental intake level was above 1500 mg ยท kg and , hence , was suggested as a NOAEL value . If the typical 100 - fold safety factor is applied to this dose , to estimate a safe upper limit of intake in humans , the human NOAEL dose would be 15 mg ยท kg , or about 1 g / d for a 70 - kg human . 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Als - Nielsen Koretz Kjaergard L . L . Gluud 2003 Branched - chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy Cochrane Database Syst . Rev . CD001939 . 41 . Scarna Gijsman H . J . McTavish S . F . Harmer C . J . Cowen Goodwin G . M . Effects of a branched - chain amino acid drink in mania Br . J . Psychiatry 182 210 213 42 . Montgomery A . J . S . F . Grasby P . M . Reduction of brain dopamine concentration with dietary tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion : an [ 11 C ] raclopride PET study Am . J . Psychiat . 160 1887 1889 43 . Gijsman Scarna Harmer C . J . S . B . Odontiadis J . Goodwin G . M . A dose - finding study on the effects of branch chain amino acids on surrogate markers of brain dopamine function 160 192 197 44 . Richardson Bevans M . L . Weber J . B . Gonzalez J . J . Flynn Amira L . Read L . L . Suckow R . F . Maher T . J . Branched chain amino acids decrease tardive dyskinesia symptoms 143 358 364 45 . Richardson Bevans M . L . Read Chao H . M . Clelland Suckow R . F . Maher T . J . Citrone L . Efficacy of the branched - chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in men Am . J . Psychiat . 1117 1124 46 . Borasio G . D . Miller R . G . 2001 Clinical characteristics and management of ALS Sem . Neurol . 21 155 166 47 . Bastone Micheli Beghi Salmona The imbalance of brain large - chain amino acid availability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients treated with high doses of branched - chain amino acids Neurochem . Int . 467 472 48 . Parton Mitsumoto H . Leigh P . N . Amino acids for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / motor neuron disease Cochrane Database Syst . Rev . CD003457 . 49 . Plaitakis Smith Mandeli Yahr M . D . 1988 Pilot trial of branched - chain amino acids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lancet 1015 1018 50 . Tandan Bromberg M . B . Forshew Fries Badger G . J . Carpenter Krusinski P . B . Betts E . F . Arciero K . Nau 1996 A controlled trial of amino acid therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : I . Clinical , functional , and maximum isometric torque data Neurology 1220 1226 51 . Mori Adachi Mori N . Kurihara Kashiwaya Kusumi Takeshima Nakashima Double - blind crossover study of branched - chain amino acid therapy in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration J . Neurol . Sci . 195 149 152 52 . Cangiano Laviano Meguid Mulieri Conversano Preziosa I . Fanelli F . 1996 Effects of administration of oral branched - chain amino acids on anorexia and caloric intake in cancer patients J . Natl . Cancer Inst . 88 550 552 53 . Sugrue M . F . Neuropharmacology of drugs affecting food intake Pharmacol . Ther . 145 54 . Chuang D . T . Shih V . E . Maple syrup urine disease Scriver C . R . Beaudet A . L . Sly W . S . Valle eds . The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease 8th ed 1971 2005 McGraw - Hill New York , NY 55 . Wajner Coelho D . M . Barschak A . G . Araujo P . R . Pires Lulhier F . L . Vargas C . R . Reduction of large neutral amino acid concentrations in plasma and CSF of patients with maple syrup urine disease during crises J . Inherit . Metab . Dis . 23 505 512 56 . Korein Sansaricq Kalmijn Honig Lange 1994 Maple syrup urine disease : clinical , EEG , and plasma amino acid correlations with a theoretical mechanism of acute neurotoxicity Int . J . Neurosci . 79 57 . Pilla Cardozo Dornelles P . K . Dutra - Filho C . S . Wyse A . T . Wajner Wannmacher C . M . Kinetic studies on the inhibition of creatine kinase activity by branched - chain alpha - amino acids in the brain cortex of rats Int . J . Dev . Neurosci . 145 151 58 . Pilla Oliveira Cardozo Dutra - Filho C . S . Wyse A . T . Wannmacher C . M . Effect of leucine administration on creatine kinase activity in rat brain Metab . Brain Dis . 59 . Tavares Santos C . E . Tasca C . I . Souza D . O . Inhibition of glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles of rat brain by the metabolites accumulating in maple syrup urine disease J . Neurol . Sci . 181 60 . Lemon P . W . Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements Int . J . Sport Nutr . 8 426 447 61 . Tsubuku Hatayama Katsumata Nishimura N . Mawatari Smriga Kimura 2004 Thirteen - week oral toxicity study of branched - chain amino acids in rats Int . J . Toxicol . 119 126 62 . Sved A . F . Wurtman R . J . 1979 Tyrosine administration reduces blood pressure and enhances brain norepinephrine release in spontaneously hypertensive rats Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U.S.A . 76 3511 3514 63 . Hassmen Blomstrand Ekblom Newsholme Branched - chain amino acid supplementation during 30 - km competitive run : mood and cognitive performance Nutrition 10 405 410 64 . Kirvela O . Jaatinen Scheinin Kanto The effects of branched chain amino acid infusion on pain perception and plasma concentrations of monoamines Pharmacol . Biochem . Behav . 60 77 82 65 . Egberts E . H . Schomerus Hamster Jurgens 1985 Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy . A double - blind placebo - controlled crossover study Gastroenterology 887 895 66 . Hammarstrom Wiklund Rand Munro H . N . Davidson 1979 Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of tryptophan , tryosine , and other neutral amino acids : effect of dietary protein intake 1912 1922 67 . Eriksson Hagenfeldt Wahren A comparison of the effects of intravenous infusion of individual branched - chain amino acids on blood amino acid levels in man Clin . Sci . 95 100 Abbreviations 5HT ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ArAA aromatic amino acid BBB blood โ brain barrier CNS central nervous system CSF cerebrospinal fluid DA dopamine GLU glutamate ILE isoleucine LEU leucine LNAA large neutral amino acids MSUD maple syrup urine disease NE norepinephrine NOAEL no observable adverse effect level PHE phenylalanine PKU phenylketonuria RDA recommended dietary allowance TRP TYR VAL valine | [
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http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3558 | Acid grasslands - upland Context Assessments SSSI features Distribution SSSI Condition summary Condition assessment - SSSI Adverse activities Management measures Show all Context Upland acid grassland is characterised by vegetation dominated by grasses and herbs on a range of lime - deficient soils which have been derived from acid rocks such as sandstones , acid igneous rocks and on superficial deposits such as sands and gravels . Although the habitat is typically species - poor , a wide range of communities occur in the UK . Large expanses of acid grassland , uniform in character , occur in the uplands . These areas have a limited biodiversity interest , but a proportion contribute to the conservation interest of the moor . Upland is Montane grasslands and heaths reporting category . SSSIs can be notified if they qualify under criteria outlined in Chapter 9 Upland habitats of the Guidelines for Selection of Biological SSSIs . In Northern Ireland , ASSIs are selected on a very similar basis โ the Guidelines for the Selection of Biological ASSIs in Northern Ireland is an addendum to the SSSI guidelines rather than an alternative . Summary statistics A / SSSI Total Favourable condition 23 % 23 % Main monitoring coverage E Reported assessments 56 56 Completeness of assessments unknown Distribution of features GB Interpretation 23 % of the SSSI acid grassland features reported are in favourable condition . This is well below the average for terrestrial habitats , all habitats , and all features combined . 29 % of features reported are unfavourable - recovering . These results raise serious concerns that features at more than three out of four sites are failing to meet favourable condition . The reported activity that has had the greatest impact contributing to unfavourable condition on acid grassland features is over - grazing , though under - grazing also has an important impact . Both lead to the loss of vegetation structure and the failure of more palatable or vulnerable species to reproduce and maintain themselves . Both can also lead to the loss of plant species and associated fauna , and the spread of rank , unpalatable plant species . In extreme cases , very heavy grazing and trampling can lead to exposure of bare soil and erosion . There is | [
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http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/71/suppl_1/i13 | Home Archive Volume 71 , Issue suppl 1 Email Alert PDF Paper NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF COMA David E Bateman Dr David E Bateman , Consultant Neurologist , Royal United Hospital , Bath BA1 3NG , UK david . bateman @ ruh - bath . swest . nhs . uk http : / / dx . doi . org / 10.1136 / jnnp . 71 . suppl_1 . i13 Request Permissions T he neurologist is often required to evaluate the unconscious patient from both the diagnostic and prognostic perspective . Knowledge of the anatomical basis of coma is essential for competent evaluation but must be combined with an understanding of the many , often multi - factorial , medical conditions that result in impaired consciousness . Consciousness is a state of awareness of self and the environment . This state is determined by two separate functions : awareness ( content of consciousness ) arousal ( level of consciousness ) . These are dependant upon separate physiological and anatomical systems . Coma is caused by disordered arousal rather than impairment of the content of consciousness , this being the sum of cognitive and affective mental function , dependent on an intact cerebral cortex . The absence of all content of consciousness is the basis for the vegetative state . Arousal depends on an intact ascending reticular activating system and connections with diencephalic structures . Like awareness , arousal is not an all or nothing concept and gradations in awareness have been described in the past as inattentiveness , stupor , and obtundation . Such terms lack precision and coma can be more objectively assessed using measures such as the Glasgow coma scale ( GCS ) ( table 1 ) . This analyses three markers of consciousness โ eye opening , and motor and verbal responses โ bringing a degree of accuracy to evaluation . View inline View popup Table 1 Glasgow coma scale . Adapted from Teasdale et al 1 The GCS arbitrarily defines coma as a failure to open eyes in response to verbal command ( E2 ) , perform no better than weak flexion ( M4 ) , and utter only unrecognisable sounds in response to pain ( V2 ) . The GCS is of no diagnostic value , but is a reliable way of objectively monitoring the clinical course of the patient with an acute cranial insult without elucidating cause . NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF COMA Clinicopathological correlation and neurophysiological experimentation has shown that coma is caused by diffuse bilateral hemisphere damage , failure of the ascending reticular activating system , or both . The reticular activating system is a core of grey matter continuous caudally with the reticular intermediate grey lamina of the spinal cord and rostrally with the subthalamus , hypothalamus , and thalamic nuclei . It runs in the dorsal part of the brain stem in the paramedian tegmental zone . A unilateral hemisphere lesion will not result in coma unless there is secondary brain stem compression , caused by herniation , compromising the ascending reticular activating system . Extensive bilateral damage or disturbance of the hemisphere function is required to produce coma . Bilateral thalamic and hypothalamic lesions also cause coma by interrupting activation of the cortex mediated through these structures . In hypothalamic lesions , phenomena associated with sleep , such as yawning , stretching , and sighing , are prominent . The speed of onset , site , and size of a brainstem lesion determine whether it results CAUSES OF COMA BY ANATOMICAL SITE The causes of coma by anatomical site are summarised in fig , and can be simply divided into : Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 Sites and causes of coma diffuse or extensive processes affecting the whole brain supratentorial mass lesions causing tentorial herniation with brain stem compression ( associated with other neurological signs such as third nerve palsy and crossed hemiparesis ) brain stem lesions โ for example , compression from posterior fossa mass lesions such as cerebellar haemorrhage / infarction and disorders primarily affecting the brain stem ( for example , basilar artery thrombosis ) . When evaluating patients with medical causes for coma the neurologist should be aware of its many causes and various outcomes . In a large study of patients presenting with โ medical coma โ cerebrovascular disease accounted for 50 % , hypoxic ischaemic injury 20 % , and various metabolic and infective encephalopathies the remainder . 2 Assessment of coma Coma is an acute , life threatening situation . Evaluation must be swift , comprehensive , and undertaken while urgent steps are taken to minimise further neurological damage . 3 Emergency management should include : resuscitation with support of cardiovascular and respiratory system ; correction of immediate metabolic upset , notably control of blood glucose and thiamine if indicated ; control of seizures and body temperature ; any specific treatments โ for example , naloxone for opiate overdose . Assessment now should comprise : history โ through friend , family or emergency medical personnel general physical examination neurological assessment โ to define the nature of coma ( table 2 ) . View inline View popup Table 2 Clinical assessment of coma This article will address the approach to neurological assessment alone , though the trainee must remember that this should not be done in isolation from general evaluation . The neurologist has to determine : where is the lesion responsible for coma ? what is its nature ? what is it doing ? Neurological diagnosis is based on history , thoughtful examination , and the appropriate choice of investigations . This is essential , as there is little point in performing a cranial computed tomographic ( CT ) scan in a patient in hypoglycaemic coma where urgent correction of the metabolic disorder is paramount and any delay โ for example , waiting for a scan โ is unacceptable . Understanding the pathophysiological basis for coma directs the neurological examination and properly determines the selection of neurological investigations . The approach to clinical evaluation is used to categorise coma into : Coma without focal signs or meningism . This is the most common form of coma and results from anoxic - ischaemic , metabolic , toxic , and drug induced insults , infections , and post ictal states . Coma without focal signs with meningism . This results from subarachnoid haemorrhage , meningitis , and meningoencephalitis . Coma with focal signs . This results from intracranial haemorrhage , infarction , tumour or abscess . Monitoring the subsequent course of coma with serial GCS assessment and formal neurological examination is essential , especially in the case of mass lesions where management of raised intracranial pressure either pharmacologically or by surgery may be necessary . Multifocal structural pathology , such as venous sinus thrombosis , bilateral subdural haematomas , vasculitis or meningitis , can present with coma without focal signs or meningism and so mimic toxic or metabolic pathologies . Conversely , any toxic / metabolic cause for coma may be associated with focal findings โ for example , hypoglycaemic or hepatic encephalopathy . Also focal signs may be the consequence of pre - existing structural disease ; in the septicaemic patient with a previous lacunar infarct , for example , the focal neurology may be mistakenly accepted as signs of the current illness . The adjacent box summarises the salient relevant signs in relation to localisation and diagnosis . Clinico - anatomical correlation in coma Bilateral hemisphere damage / dysfunction โ symmetrical signs ( tone and flexor or extensor response to pain ) โ may have fits or myoclonus โ normal brain stem reflexes โ normal oculocephalic response ( OCR ) : normal calorics ( fig ) โ normal pupils Supratentorial mass lesion with secondary brain stem compression โ ipsilateral third nerve palsy โ contralateral hemiplegia Brain stem lesion โ early eye movement disorder : abnormal OCR or calorics โ asymmetrical motor responses Toxic / metabolic โ normal pupils : single most important criterion ( except opiate poisoning ) โ ocular motility : rove randomly in mild coma and come to rest in primary position with deepening coma โ absent OCR and calorics โ decorticate and decerebrate rigidity or flaccidity โ multifocal myoclonus Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 Oculocephalic and caloric response . Oculocephalic ( doll ' s eyes ) response : move head passively and observe motion of the eyes . The eyes should move conjugately in the direction opposite to the movement . An abnormal response ( absent or asymmetric ) implies brain stem disease . Do not perform when neck instability is suspected . Caloric response : if doll ' s eye movements are absent proceed to calorics . Ice cold water applied to the tympanic membrane normally elicits a slow conjugate deviation to the irrigated side . Absence indicates brain stem disease . Caloric Neurological examination : specific features The stimulus and response used in examination should be specified in the notes . Voice , visual menace , and painful stimuli are used to arouse the patient . All patients should be asked to open their eyes and look up , down , and from side to side . Patients with a โ locked - in โ syndrome will be able to open their eyes and look up and down , but are unable to make any other purposeful response . Painful stimuli should be administered without injury . This is done by pressure over the notch of the 3 ) . Figure 3 Motor response to pain . The symmetry or asymmetry of the motor response can assist localisation . ( A ) Left hemisphere lesion . The two figures illustrate localisation of pain with the left hand and flexion ( left hand figure ) or extension ( right hand figure ) on the right . ( B ) Subcortical : unilateral left sided lesion exerting a variable contralateral effect . The figures illustrate flexion to pain with the left hand with either extension ( right hand figure ) or flexion with the right and hyperextension in both lower limbs . ( C Pupillary responses Assuming the visual pathways to the lateral geniculate body are intact , assessment of the pupillary responses is important in localising the site of coma and separating structural from toxic / metabolic causes , as pupillary responses in the latter are generally intact ( fig 4 ) . Lesions above the thalamus and below the pons preserve pupillary reactions . A third nerve lesion can be differentiated from a Horner ' s syndrome on the contralateral side , by the position of the eye and the degree of ptosis . Figure 4 Pupillary findings in comatose patients Proper assessment of the pupillary responses requires a bright light and if needed magnification that can be provided by using an otoscope . Preceding ocular injury impairs responses and relatives should be asked about this . Use of mydriatics can confuse matters by causing an asymmetrical response as the effect may wear off asymmetrically . Drugs such as atropine or dopamine that can be used in resuscitation from cardiac arrest have effects on pupillary reactions that may be misleading . 4 Ocular motility Centres for eye movement control are adjacent to the brain stem areas responsible for arousal ; thus , evaluation is a valuable guide to the presence and level of brain stem disease causing coma . Ocular pathways run from the mid brain to the pons , thus normal reflex eye movements imply that the pontomedullary junction to the level of the ocular motor nucleus in the mid brain is intact . In addition the oculomotor nerve is susceptible to compression in tentorial herniation . Case history 1 A 63 year old man is admitted for carcinoma of the colon . He has a history of high alcohol intake . The day after admission he has a tonic - clonic seizure and is treated with thiamine and chlordiazepoxide . Surgery is performed the next day . Because of poor conditions post surgery , he is admitted to the intensive therapy unit and put on a ventilator for two days . As he is weaned and sedation reduced , he is thought to be in a coma and there is no limb response to pain . However , when What is the cause of the patient ' s neurological condition ? What investigations would you perform ? Case history 2 You are called to the HDU to see a 78 year old patient in a coma 24 hours after undergoing knee replacement surgery . There is a history of progressive memory failure and deterioration in other cognitive function over the past few years . Preoperatively the patient was taking digoxin and a diuretic . During the operation the patient ' s blood pressure dropped a little , but not substantially . She woke up after the operation , but her oxygen saturation was slightly reduced and she remained hypotensive . Her conscious level then deteriorated together with a rise in What is the problem with the patient ? What further tests would you do ? Please email answers to : david . bateman @ ruh - bath . swest . nhs . uk The following observations should be made : resting position spontaneous eye movements on lifting the lids and releasing them , observe tone and closure if blinking is present , either spontaneously or to bright light , sound or menace , this implies an intact pontine reticular formation when carrying out corneal reflexes , observe the movement of the eyelid and globe of the eye ; with an intact pons eye closure will occur and with integrity of both pons and mid - brain , Bell ' s phenomenon will be present . reflex eye movements should be performed ( fig Eye deviation This can be conjugate or disconjugate . Lateral deviation of the eyes is commonly caused by a lesion in the ipsilateral frontal eye fields , but can result from lesions anywhere in the pathway from frontal eye fields to the parapontine reticular formation ( PPRF ) . Disconjugate eye movements imply sixth or third nerve or intrinsic brainstem lesions . Downward deviation of the eyes below the horizontal meridian is a sign of poor localising value , occurring in brain stem , bilateral thalamic , and subthalamic lesions and can occur in some metabolic encephalopathies . Upward deviation is also Spontaneous eye movements If purposeful eye movements are present in an otherwise unresponsive patient , states confused with coma such as locked - in syndrome , catatonia , and pseudo coma should be considered . Roving eye movements are slow , conjugate , lateral , to and fro excursions . These occur when third nerve nuclei and connections are intact and often indicate a toxic , metabolic or alternatively bilateral hemisphere cause for coma . Irritative or epileptic foci cause contralateral conjugate eye deviation . This can occur with or without other obvious manifestations of seizures , though sometimes these are simply subtle movements of eyelids , tongue , jaw or face . The presence of such an eye movement disorder should raise the possibility of some form of complex partial status that should be confirmed by EEG . Ocular bobbing describes a rapid downward jerk of both eyes with slow return to the mid - position . This eye movement disorder is specific for acute pontine lesions . Motor examination Resting position and spontaneous movements should be documented . If the eyes and head are deviated to the side opposite hemiparesis , this implies a hemisphere lesion whereas deviation to the side of hemiparesis is indicative of a pontine lesion . Decerebrate rigidity โ This refers to bilateral upper and lower limb extensor posture , usually the consequence of bilateral mid - brain or pontine lesions . Decorticate posture โ This refers to bilateral flexion of the upper limbs and extension of the lower limbs , usually the consequence of an upper brain stem lesion . Unilateral decerebrate or decorticate postures can be seen and are an indication of a unilateral lesion . This asymmetry has some localising value ( fig Movement disorders such as myoclonus , epilepsia partialis continua , and tonic - clonic seizures may all occur in coma . They are important to identify since seizures require urgent treatment . Myoclonic jerking is seen commonly in patients with anoxic / ischaemic encephalopathy and other toxic or metabolic disorders . Patients with brain stem herniation can have flexor or extensor posturing triggered by respiration or external stimuli . These should not be confused with seizures . Asymmetry of the plantar response , tendon jerks , and muscle tone may all be valuable in localisation of structural lesions and differentiation from metabolic conditions . Acute structural damage above the brain stem results in a flaccidity of muscle tone and is asymmetric in comparison to metabolic disorders where such findings are usually symmetrical . Fundal examination Subhyaloid haemorrhages , hypertensive retinopathy , and papilloedema should be looked for . Subhyaloid haemorrhages occur in conditions that cause a sudden increase in intracranial pressure . Papilloedema can occur when raised intracranial pressure is established for some time , but its absence does not exclude raised intracranial pressure . Respiratory pattern Respiration can be affected in coma . This can be a generalised effect relating to the level of consciousness , be preferentially affected by certain drugs or metabolic states , and it may have some limited localising value ( table Role of neurological investigations CT imaging is the most readily available investigation that gives immediate information on the presence of gross structural intracranial disease . This will confirm the presence of mass lesions showing displacement or shift of intracranial compartments โ for example , subfalcine or uncal herniation . Raised intracranial pressure is suggested by narrowing of the third ventricle and loss of the quadrigeminal and suprasellar cisterns . Magnetic resonance imaging provides better visualisation of the brain stem and cerebellar structures , venous sinuses , compartment shifts and diffuse disorders โ for example , laminar necrosis of hypoxic encephalopathy โ but in the References and further reading โต Teasdale G Jennet B 1974 Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness - a practical scale . Lancet ii 81 84 CrossRef Google Scholar โต Levy DE Bates D Corona JJ et al . 1981 Prognosis in non traumatic coma . Ann Intern Med 94 293 301 Google Scholar Plum F Posner JB 1980 The diagnosis of stupor and coma Davis Philadelphia ) , 3rd ed . Beck RW Smith CH 1988 Neuro - ophthalmology . Littlebrown ) , p 242 Bates D 1993 The management of medical coma . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 589 598 FREE Full Text Ropper AH 1986 Lateral displacement of the brain and level of consciousness in patients with acute hemispherical mass . N Engl J Med 314 953 PubMed Web of Science Schmutzhard E Ropper AH Hacke W 1994 The comatose patient in neuro - critical care . Bleck HE , ed . Springer - Verlag Berlin 7th European Forum on Quality Improvement in Health Care 21 โ 23 March 2002 Edinburgh , Scotland We are delighted to announce this forthcoming conference in Edinburgh . Authors are invited to submit papers ( call for papers closes on Friday 5 October 2001 ) and delegate enquiries are welcome . The themes of the Forum are : Leadership , culture change , and change management Achieving radical improvement by redesigning care Health policy for lasting improvement in health care systems Patient safety Measurement for improvement , learning , and accountability Partnership with patients Professional quality : the foundation for improvement Continuous improvement in education and training People and improvement . Presented to you by the BMJ Publishing Group ( London , UK ) and Institute for Healthcare Improvement ( Boston , USA ) . For more information contact : quality @ bma . org . uk or look at the website www . quality . bmjpg . com . Tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7383 6409 ; fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7373 6869 . View Abstract Request Permissions If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center โ s RightsLink service . You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways . Copyright information : Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry | [
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http://jobs.gianteagle.com/faqs/ | Home > FAQs FAQs Giant Eagle is committed to providing a quality recruiting experience to all of our candidates , beginning with clear answers to your most frequent questions . Q : How do I apply for a position with Giant Eagle ? A : All job applications must be submitted through this web site . Begin the process by searching for the keywords that best describe your position of interest . You can use the Search Jobs mechanism found on this page or any page to complete this first step . The job postings that return from your search will each have a red Apply button that will take you to the online application and assessment . Please allow 30 minutes to complete the application and assessment . Upon completion of the online application and assessment , you may be asked to MyHRconnection @ gianteagle . com or call 1 - 888 - 892 - 2248 . If you are interested in working in one of our stores and do not currently see a job posted , please visit the store location you are interested in to obtain additional information on current openings and the application process . * Please note โ If you are a current Team Member , you should log out and visit MyHRConnection to apply for internal opportunities . Q : How / when will I know the status of my application ? A : Giant Eagle can receive hundreds of applications for any given opening on our careers site . The time it takes to fill these openings varies from job to job . If you are among the best qualified candidates for a position , you will be contacted for a phone or in - person interview . If you are not selected to interview , you will receive an e - mail from our Recruiting Team . Please be patient as we ensure that we are hiring the best candidate for every opportunity . Q : Can I apply for more than one position ? A : Yes . We encourage you to apply for any position for which you are qualified . Q : Why do I need to take an assessment as part of my application ? A : The Giant Eagle assessment helps to measure candidate fit based on our Core Values and skills . Q : Can I get a copy of the assessment ? A : Results of online and other assessments are confidential and are not provided to candidates . Q : What is the interview process like ? A : The Giant Eagle Recruiting Team is committed to providing an informative and respectful interview process to every candidate . After reviewing your application and / or resume , the team will determine if you should participate in a phone or in - person interview with a recruiter and possibly the hiring manager . Depending on the role , you may be asked to participate in additional interviews and / or a leadership assessment . The selected candidate will receive an offer and undergo a background and reference check and drug test . Q : I have worked for Giant Eagle before . Can I reapply ? A : Yes . Your application , along with your previous Giant Eagle work history , will be reviewed by our recruiting team . Q : How do I request a reasonable accommodation ? A : Giant Eagle is committed to hiring qualified individuals with disabilities . To request a reasonable accommodation , please contact MyHRConnection at 888 - 892 - 2248 or myhrconnection @ gianteagle . com . Requests will be kept confidential and shared only on a need - to - know basis . Q : Does Giant Eagle offer relocation assistance ? A : For certain positions , Giant Eagle may offer relocation assistance for new hires moving more than 50 miles to join the Company . Your recruiter can discuss whether you would be eligible for relocation assistance . Q : I do n โ t see any openings that fit my background . How can I stay informed about future opportunities ? A : You can sign up to receive job alerts that will inform you when suitable positions become available . Q : Does Giant Eagle promote from within ? A : We have a long history of promoting our people from within . In fact , many of our senior leaders started as hourly Team Members . Everyone at Giant Eagle has an equal chance to participate in training sessions and mentoring programs designed to encourage leadership at all levels . Q : Where can I find a list of independently owned Giant Eagle stores and how to I apply to for a position for one of these locations ? A : If you are interested in working in an independently owned Giant Eagle store , please contact the store location in order to obtain additional information on the application process . Each independently owned store uses it โ s own application process outside of this website . You may view a complete list of our independent store locations here | [
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http://jobs.irs.gov/ | Featured Job - INTERNAL REVENUE AGENT * 12 Month Roster * Through integrity , diversity , and pride , we make a difference The IRS is the foundation for all that our nation is capable of โ and we ' re depending on bright , capable citizens like you to achieve our goals . Use your talents to serve the American public and fund its future . You really can help make our nation a better place . Training WorkLife Programs Alternative Schedules / Leave Salary & Financial Employee Profile 27285 Views Special Agent | [
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http://jobs.lovetoknow.com/Job_Description_for_a_Restaurant_Hostess | Job Description for a Restaurant Hostess By Sandy Baker Learn About Fun Part Time Jobs . Source A job description for a restaurant hostess may not give this person enough credit . This rewarding job does require hard work and an enthusiastic attitude . For those who may be considering applying for a job as a restaurant hostess , it is important to know what the job entails and what to expect from it . Job Description for a Restaurant Hostess Explained A restaurant hostess is an individual who greets customers as they arrive at the facility and often is the last to say goodbye to them as they leave . The hostess job description for a restaurant hostess includes a wide variety of other tasks . The hostess schedules dining reservations for guests in advance and as they arrive at the restaurant . Hostesses often have to make decisions about where a group will sit in the restaurant . The hostess directs and instructs the dining room personnel on customer needs to ensure customers receive fast and quality service from the moment they arrive . Should a party have special needs or request accommodations , the hostess ensures the group ' s requirements are met . This may include services needed for small children , as well as for individuals with disabilities or food allergies . Hostesses greet guests as they arrive and take them to their seats . They also provide a menu and explain specials . They may answer immediate questions the patrons have . They may introduce the customers to their server . The hostess also inspects and maintains the dining facilities . They do by instructing the buss personnel and waiters . They may be required to spot cleanliness problems and to help clear tables to facility customer needs . These are some of the main tasks a restaurant hostess does on a regular basis . There is often more than one hostess one duty during busy periods at the restaurant . Some facilities will require a hostess to hold open doors and help guests to their vehicles as needed . Restaurant Hostess Role in the Business Source The role of a restaurant hostess is fairly easy to see . Their goal is to ensure the customer is greeted , seated and served . The hostess is responsible for ensuring that customers enjoy an excellent experience at the facility . In order to do this job well , a hostess often has to be engaging and genuinely interested in the success of the establishment . She needs to smile , make eye contact with the guests , and to be courteous to them . In most restaurants , the hostess holds a position above that of the waitresses and waiters , but do not typically have any managerial responsibilities . They may handle receipts depending on the formality of the location . In a more formal location , the hostess rarely handles money . In addition , the restaurant hostess often is the face of the business and must typically follow a strict dress code . In a semi formal or formal restaurant , the hostess may be dressed in a business formal or formal dress or in a suit . If a uniform is worn by other staff members , the hostess may wear the same thing or something similar . Becoming a Hostess The job description for a restaurant hostess describes what is done on a daily basis as a hostess . To become one , individuals often have to work through the restaurant ' s training . They may or may not work as a waitress or waiter before being able to work as a hostess . Often , the individual ' s personality and positive attitude will encourage management to place these individuals in the hostess position . The training will require the hostess to be familiar with the restaurant ' s make up , menu , business policies and hostess job duties . It will also instruct the hostess in managing the workload of the waitresses and waiters on the floor , to maintain a balance the workload each individual has . They also have to keep the flow of customers being seated steady to enable the kitchen to work at its best . In all of these areas , the hostess needs to follow the policies of the restaurant . Was this page useful ? Yes No Job Description of a Computer Technician What Do You Do at a Job Interview | [
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http://jobs.meijer.com/ | Sign Up for Job Alerts ! Not ready to apply ? Take just a minute to sign up for job alerts . ๐ฅ Sign Up for Job Alerts At Meijer , our core values define us - like delivering excellent customer service and treating our team members like family . If you โ d like to join a team that โ s focused on your growth and success , then explore the wide variety of opportunities in our stores , distribution centers , manufacturing facilities and corporate offices across the Midwest . And if you โ re a current Meijer team member , please explore Team Member Opportunities MEIJER HERITAGE CENTER VIRTUAL TOUR Meijer is an Equal Opportunity Employer , fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace . We are committed to treating all persons with dignity and respect . Meijer ' s policy is to not discriminate because of any applicant or team member ' s race , color , national origin , sex , sexual orientation , gender identity or expression , pregnancy , religion , age , physical or mental disability , uniformed service or veteran status , or any other lawfully - protected classification . If you need a reasonable accommodation of a disability to complete any part of your application , please click here and you will be directed to the ILRU Directory to find an agency in your area that can assist you . | [
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http://jobs.prodivnet.com/company/1835 | Create your profile to view available jobs at Wawa or other nearby retailers Job Job title , Keywords , or Wawa Location City , State or Zip View Jobs These companies may also be hiring in your area : Wawa Wawa Inc . is a chain of convenience store / gas stations located along the East Coast of the USA . It operates in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , and Florida . The corporation ' s corporate headquarters is located in the Wawa area of Chester Heights , Pennsylvania in Greater Philadelphia . As of 2008 , Wawa is the biggest convenience store chain in Greater Philadelphia , and it is also the third biggest retailer of food in Greater Philadelphia , after ACME Markets and ShopRite . What to Expect When Interviewing Employment applications for Wawa may be given in person at Wawa or online . There is a screening process that gauges math and language skills as well as personality traits , to ensure that you ' ll be a good fit at Wawa . After the application is delivered there is usually a 1 - 4 week wait before the first interview . Most applicants get a phone interview prior to an in - person interview . Applicants usually report that the personal interview process is fast to moderate in length depending on the position at Wawa . Questions included View Jobs | [
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http://jobs.shu.edu/cw/en-us | Careers at Seton Hall Thank you for your interest in working with Seton Hall University . All applicants must create an online application to be considered for any open position . Please note , employment is contingent upon satisfactory criminal and other relevant background investigations . The determination of satisfactory is at the sole discretion of Seton Hall University . A computer workstation is available in the Human Resources Office for applicants who wish to apply in person . There are also computers available in the Walsh Library . Resumes received outside of the online application process will not be accepted . If special accommodations are needed in order to apply for a position , please contact the Department of Human Resources Current opportunities Position Location Closes Director of Philanthropic Engagement South Orange Reporting to the Associate Vice President of Alumni Engagement & Philanthropy , the Director of Philanthropic Engagement is a senior role that is responsible for developing a strategy and leading annual giving efforts across direct mail , social media , crowdfunding and digital marketing to reach philanthropic engagement goals on behalf of the entire university . Federal Work Study - General Accounting - 2019 - 2020 South Orange Student Worker position for the department of General Accounting . First Fidelity - University Work Study - 2019 - 2020 Provides administrative support to faculty members in a particular academic department or center . Student workers are selected by Department Chairs or Center Directors . This position is for the 2019 - 2020 academic year . Stillman - - Work Study - - 2019 - 2020 Provide administrative support to administrative assistants and faculty members . Sports Polling Student Worker - Academic Year 2019 - 2020 Students will participate in the Seton Hall Sports Poll , which contacts adults nationwide by telephone from a call center in Jubilee Hall Room 545 to conduct interviews about moral / ethical issues in the world of sports . Federally Funded Student Assistants - Dean โ s Office CCA Summer 2019 The College of Communication and the Arts seeks Federally Funded work study students to assist in the Office of the Dean for Summer 2019 . Federally Funded Student Assistants - Dean โ s Office CCA 2019 - 20 The College of Communication and the Arts seeks Federally Funded work study students to assist in the Office of the Dean for Academic Year 2019 - 20 . Federally Funded Student Assistants and Coordinators โ College of Communication and the Arts โ 2019 - 20 Academic Year The College of Communication and the Arts seeks Federally Funded work study students to assist in various areas of the College for Academic Year 2019 - 20 . Opportunities include Student Office Assistants , Lab Coordinators , and TV Studio Assistants . Summer , 2019 Student Worker - International Programs The student work study will assist international students and university students wishing to study abroad . PCSS Asset Management Administrative Office Assistant 2019 - 2020 An Asset Management Office Assistant will assist the area manager and coordinators within the Asset Management office . The Office Assistant manages the front desk and is responsible for handling a variety of laptop and mobile computing questions that the Seton Hall community may encounter . The Office Assistant will also assist with the updating and management of laptop related databases , administrative tasks and other assigned projects . PCSS Adminstrative Office Assistant - 2019 - 2020 * * There are two different locations available for this position . Please see below . * * Office Assistant The CH25 Office Assistant will assist the Graduate Assistants and PCSS Lab Manager in Corrigan Hall 25 with a variety of tasks including : administrative tasks , printer maintenance checks , delivering items to designated locations , directing members of the community to the appropriate staff member , managing traffic flow to assure all users receive the best possible service , updating Service NOW tickets . Management Suite Receptionist The CH23 Office Assistant assists with directing members of the community PCSS Student Technician 2019 - 2020 Student Technicians provide support in the Technician Service Area ( TSA ) located in Corrigan Hall Room 29 . Student Technicians are responsible for providing software and hardware technical support for members of the Seton Hall community . Student technicians will document all work done within the Service Now database . In addition , Student Technicians are expected to provide excellent customer service at all times . Student Worker - Center for Vocation and Servant Leadership - 2019 / 2020 Community Engagement Leaders support the community service - learning programs offered by the Center for Community Research and Engagement . PCSS Tech Administrative Assistant 2019 - 2020 The Administrative Assistant supports the Technician Service Area ( TSA ) in Corrigan Hall . The Administrative Assistant works the front desk and is responsible for controlling the workflow of the room . They are also responsible for the coordination of administrative activities , retrieving , organizing and disseminating information to the Technicians as well as top executives . They must possess excellent interpersonal skills . They are comfortable interacting across multiple levels of the organization and coordinate with other departments , personnel and external business entities . The front desk is also considered the crisis center and the Administrative PCSS Database Administrative Assistant - 2019 / 2020 The Technical Database Administrative Assistant will assist full - time Technicians with technical support for inventory and other laptop related issues . The Data Administrative Assistant assists with hands on maintenance of laptops and other projects as determined . PCSS Lab Consultant 2019 - 2020 The lab consultant will assist users within the PCSS affiliated computer labs . While working in the computer labs , the lab consultant is responsible for handling a variety of problems that the Seton Hall Community may have . General Student Worker - Business Leadership Dept - 2019 / 2020 Leadership Institute Podcast Producer General Student Worker - Parking Services - 2019 / 2020 Customer service position with the Parking Services Office . CEHS - Federal Work Study - 2019 / 2020 Assisting the Department support staff and faculty with office clerical work and delivering important mail to other offices . Secretary for the Department of Athletic Training Interprofessional Health Sciences The role of the Secretary for the Department of Athletic Training is to provide support to the Chair , full - time and adjunct faculty , and students in order to ensure the program ' s success . More Jobs 198 Powered by PageUp | [
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http://jobs.stateuniversity.com/pages/17/American-Workplace-HOW-MUCH-TIME-DO-AMERICANS-SPEND-AT-WORK.html | 22 minute read The American Workplace How Much Time Do Americans Spend At Work ? Compared to other countries with advanced economies , workers in the United States have a long work year , due in part to a lack of legally mandated , employer - paid TABLE 2.2 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry sector , 1955 โ 2005 ( CONTINUED " B - 1 . Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry Sector , 1955 to Date , " in Establishment Data Historical Employment , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , 2005 , ftp : / / ftp . bls . gov / pub / suppl / empsit . ceseeb1 . txt ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) vacation time . Such paid vacation time is common in many countries in Europe . In 2004 , according to the Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons : The Americas , Asia , Europe ( U.S. Department of Labor , January 2006 ) , only Koreans ( 2,380 hours per year ) and Mexicans ( 1,848 ) averaged more hours worked per year than Americans ( 1,824 ) . These figures contrasted sharply with such European countries as the Netherlands ( 1,357 hours ) , Norway ( 1,363 ) , France ( 1,441 ) , and Germany ( 1,443 ) . ( See Figure 2.1 . ) TABLE 2.2 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry sector , 1955 โ 2005 ( CONTINUED [ In thousands ] Year and month Service - providing Total service - providing Trade transportation , and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Education and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Government a Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959 . This inclusion resulted in an increase of ( 0.4 percent ) in the nonfarm total for the March 1959 benchmark month . b preliminary Note : Data are currently projected from March 2004 benchmark levels . When more recent benchmark data are introduced with the release of January 2006 estimates , all unadjusted data ( beginning April 2004 ) and all seasonally adjusted data ( beginning January 2001 ) are subject to revision . SOURCE " B - 1 . Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry Sector , 1955 to Date , " in Establishment Data Historical Employment , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , 2005 , ftp : / / ftp . bls . gov / pub / suppl / empsit . ceseeb1 . txt ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) Annual averages 1955 31,510 10,612 1,735 2,212 3,320 2,491 3,140 978 7,021 1956 32,674 10,921 1,778 2,299 3,437 2,593 3,242 1,018 7,386 1957 33,290 10,942 1,780 2,348 3,504 2,676 3,267 1,050 7,724 1958 33,107 10,656 1,674 2,386 3,449 2,695 3,243 1,058 7,946 1959 a 34,211 10,960 1,718 2,454 3,591 2,822 3,365 1,107 8,192 1960 35,114 11,147 1,728 2,532 3,694 2,937 3,460 1,152 8,464 1961 35,458 11,040 1,693 2,590 3,744 3,030 3,468 1,188 8,706 1962 36,455 11,215 1,723 2,656 3,885 3,172 3,557 1,243 9,004 1963 37,379 11,367 1,735 2,731 3,990 3,288 3,639 1,288 9,341 1964 38,658 11,677 1,766 2,811 4,137 3,438 3,772 1,346 9,711 1965 40,279 12,139 1,824 2,878 4,306 3,587 3,951 1,404 10,191 1966 42,280 12,611 1,908 2,961 4,517 3,770 4,127 1,475 10,910 1967 44,049 12,950 1,955 3,087 4,720 3,986 4,269 1,558 11,525 1968 45,731 13,334 1,991 3,234 4,918 4,191 4,453 1,638 11,972 1969 47,619 13,853 2,048 3,404 5,156 4,428 4,670 1,731 12,330 1970 48,827 14,144 2,041 3,532 5,267 4,577 4,789 1,789 12,687 1971 49,734 14,318 2,009 3,651 5,328 4,675 4,914 1,827 13,012 1972 51,499 14,788 2,056 3,784 5,523 4,863 5,121 1,900 13,465 1973 53,462 15,349 2,135 3,920 5,774 5,092 5,341 1,990 13,862 1974 55,025 15,693 2,160 4,023 5,974 5,322 5,471 2,078 14,303 1975 55,751 15,606 2,061 4,047 6,034 5,497 5,544 2,144 14,820 1976 57,477 16,128 2,111 4,155 6,287 5,756 5,794 2,244 15,001 1977 59,620 16,765 2,185 4,348 6,587 6,052 6,065 2,359 15,258 1978 62,670 17,658 2,287 4,599 6,972 6,427 6,411 2,505 15,812 1979 64,935 18,303 2,375 4,843 7,312 6,767 6,631 2,637 16,068 1980 66,265 18,413 2,361 5,025 7,544 7,072 6,721 2,755 16,375 1981 67,172 18,604 2,382 5,163 7,782 7,357 6,840 2,865 16,180 1982 67,127 18,457 2,317 5,209 7,848 7,515 6,874 2,924 15,982 1983 68,171 18,668 2,253 5,334 8,039 7,766 7,078 3,021 16,011 1984 71,095 19,653 2,398 5,553 8,464 8,193 7,489 3,186 16,159 1985 73,926 20,379 2,437 5,815 8,871 8,657 7,869 3,366 16,533 1986 76,156 20,795 2,445 6,128 9,211 9,061 8,156 3,523 16,838 1987 78,618 21,302 2,507 6,385 9,608 9,515 8,446 3,699 17,156 1988 81,436 21,974 2,585 6,500 10,090 10,063 8,778 3,907 17,540 1989 83,969 22,510 2,622 6,562 10,555 10,616 9,062 4,116 17,927 1990 85,764 22,666 2,688 6,614 10,848 10,984 9,288 4,261 18,415 1991 85,787 22,281 2,677 6,558 10,714 11,506 9,256 4,249 18,545 1992 86,631 22,125 2,641 6,540 10,970 11,891 9,437 4,240 18,787 1993 88,625 22,378 2,668 6,709 11,495 12,303 9,732 4,350 18,989 1994 91,517 23,128 2,738 6,867 12,174 12,807 10,100 4,428 19,275 1995 94,142 23,834 2,843 6,827 12,844 13,289 10,501 4,572 19,432 1996 96,299 24,239 2,940 6,969 13,462 13,683 10,777 4,690 19,539 1997 98,890 24,700 3,084 7,178 14,335 14,087 11,018 4,825 19,664 1998 101,576 25,186 3,218 7,462 15,147 14,446 11,232 4,976 19,909 1999 104,528 25,771 3,419 7,648 15,957 14,798 11,543 5,087 20,307 2000 107,136 26,225 3,631 7,687 16,666 15,109 11,862 5,168 20,790 2001 107,952 25,983 3,629 7,807 16,476 15,645 12,036 5,258 21,118 2002 107,784 25,497 3,395 7,847 15,976 16,199 11,986 5,372 21,513 2003 108,182 25,287 3,188 7,977 15,987 16,588 12,173 5,401 21,583 2004 109,596 25,510 3,138 8,052 16,414 16,954 12,479 5,431 21,618 2005 b 111,490 25,833 3,142 8,227 16,935 17,344 12,748 5,467 21,795 FIGURE 2.1 International comparison of annual hours worked per employed person , 1994 and 2004 " Chart 2.8 . Annual Hours Worked per Employed Person , 1994 and 2004 , " in A Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons : The Americas , Asia , Europe , U.S. Department of Labor , Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy , January 2006 , http : / / www . dol . gov / asp / media / reports / chartbook / chart2_8 . htm ( accessed March 21 , 2006 ) TABLE 2.3 Persons at work by occupation , sex , and usual full - or part - time status , 2005 " 23 . Persons at Work by Occupation , Sex , and Usual Full - or Part - time Status , " in Employment and earnings , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , January 2006 , http / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat23 . pdf ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) TABLE 2.3 Persons at work by occupation , sex , and usual full - or part - time status , 2005 [ Numbers in thousands ] Occupation and sex 2005 Total at work Worked 1 to 34 hours Worked 35 hours or more Average hours Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Total at work Persons who usually work full time Usually work full part time Usually Worked 35 part time * Includes farming , fishing , and forestry occupations , not shown separately . SOURCE " 23 . Persons at Work by Occupation , Sex , and Usual Full - or Part - time Status , " in Employment and earnings , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , January 2006 , http / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat23 . pdf ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) Total , 16 years and over 136,218 32,268 4,350 8,427 19,491 103,950 39.2 42.9 Management , professional , and related occupations 46,925 9,131 721 3,207 5,202 37,794 41.1 44.0 Management , business , and financial operations occupations 19,772 2,823 206 1,220 1,397 16,948 43.5 45.5 Professional and related occupations 27,153 6,307 515 1,987 3,805 20,846 39.3 42.8 Service occupations 22,288 8,198 1,327 1,198 5,673 14,090 35.2 41.6 Sales and office occupations 34,703 9,607 998 2,102 6,507 25,096 37.4 42.0 Sales and related occupations 15,846 4,575 568 744 3,262 11,271 38.3 43.8 Office and administrative support occupations 18,857 5,032 429 1,358 3,245 13,826 36.6 40.5 Natural resources , construction , and maintenance occupations * 14,853 2,393 698 1,009 685 12,461 41.0 42.5 Construction and extraction occupations 8,832 1,587 543 672 372 7,244 40.3 41.7 Installation , maintenance , and repair occupations 5,077 587 101 279 207 4,490 42.1 43.3 Production , transportation , and material moving occupations 17,449 2,940 606 911 1,423 14,509 41.0 43.3 Production occupations 9,099 1,215 261 483 472 7,884 41.1 42.5 Transportation and material moving occupations 8,349 1,725 345 428 951 6,625 40.9 44.2 Men , 16 years and over 73,607 12,454 2,220 4,121 6,114 61,152 41.8 44.2 Management , professional , and related occupations 23,532 3,140 329 1,395 1,416 20,392 44.0 45.8 Management , business , and financial operations occupations 11,421 1,243 125 604 513 10,179 45.8 47.2 Professional and related occupations 12,111 1,898 204 791 903 10,213 42.2 44.4 Service occupations 9,584 2,651 512 498 1,640 6,933 37.9 42.7 Sales and office occupations 12,821 2,469 303 598 1,568 10,353 44.4 Sales and related occupations 8,135 1,448 176 328 944 6,687 42.3 45.7 Office and administrative support occupations 4,686 1,021 127 270 624 3,665 38.7 42.0 Natural resources , construction , and maintenance occupations * 14,177 2,215 663 960 593 11,962 41.2 Construction and extraction occupations 8,575 1,518 525 653 340 7,057 40.4 41.7 Installation , maintenance , and repair occupations 4,871 552 99 263 190 4,320 42.3 43.4 Production , transportation , and material moving occupations 13,492 1,979 413 670 897 11,513 43.9 Production occupations 6,368 686 148 322 216 5,682 42.2 43.1 Transportation and material moving occupations 7,124 1,293 265 348 681 5,831 41.8 44.7 Women , 16 years and over 62,612 19,814 2,130 4,306 13,377 42,798 36.1 23,393 5,991 392 1,812 3,787 17,402 38.1 41.9 8,350 1,581 81 616 884 6,769 40.5 43.0 15,043 4,410 311 1,196 2,902 10,633 36.9 41.2 12,704 5,547 814 700 4,033 7,157 33.1 40.6 21,882 7,138 695 1,503 4,940 14,744 35.3 40.3 7,710 3,127 392 416 2,318 4,583 34.1 14,171 4,011 303 1,087 2,621 10,160 36.0 39.9 676 177 36 49 92 499 37.6 257 69 17 20 32 188 37.6 40.9 206 35 2 16 17 170 39.0 40.8 3,957 961 193 242 526 2,996 40.8 2,731 529 113 161 255 2,202 38.7 1,226 432 80 81 270 794 35.3 40.6 In 2005 , according to Employment and Earnings ( BLS , January 2006 ) , 104 million Americans out of the total nonfarm laborer population of 136.2 million ( 76.3 % ) were working full - time ( defined as thirty - five hours or more ) , while the remaining 23.7 % were working fewer than thirty - five hours per workweek ( defined as part - time ) . The average part - and full - time workweek in 2005 was 39.2 hours per week , while the average full - time employee worked 42.9 hours per week . The total part - time workforce of Some occupations require more time than others . For example , in 2005 , transportation and material - moving workers labored an average of 40.9 hours per week TABLE 2.4 Agriculture , agriculture - related , and nonagricultural workers by hours of work , 2005 " 19 . Persons at Work in Agriculture and Related and in Nonagricultural Industries by Hours of Work , " in Employment and Earnings , U.S. Department of Labor , bureau of Labor Statistics , January 2006 , http : / / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat19 . pdf ( accessed January 10 , 2006 ) ( 44.2 hours for workers on full - time schedules ) . Workers in management , business , and financial occupations averaged 43.5 hours per week ( 45.5 hours per week for full - time ) . ( See Table 2.3 . ) TABLE 2.4 Agriculture , agriculture - related , and nonagricultural workers by hours of work , 2005 Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture and related industries Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture and related industries Nonagricultural industries Note : Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria . " 19 . Persons at Work in Agriculture and Related and in Nonagricultural Industries by Hours of Work , " in Employment and Earnings , U.S. Department of Labor , bureau of Labor Statistics , January 2006 , http : / / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat19 . pdf ( accessed January 10 , 2006 ) Total , 16 years and over 136,218 2,103 134,115 100 , 0 100 , 0 1 to 34 hours 32,268 550 31,717 23.7 26.2 23.6 1 to 4 hours 1,385 54 1,330 1.0 2.6 1.0 5 to 14 hours 4,990 138 4,852 3.7 6.6 3.6 15 to 29 hours 16,008 246 15,762 11.8 11.7 11.8 30 to 34 hours 9,885 112 9,773 7.3 5.3 7.3 35 hours and over 103,950 1,553 102,397 76.3 73.8 76.4 35 to 39 hours 9,371 103 9,269 6.9 4.9 6.9 40 hours 56,179 520 55,659 24.7 41.5 41 hours and over 38,400 930 37,470 28.2 27.9 41 to 48 hours 13,609 147 13,463 10.0 7.0 10.0 49 to 59 hours 14,569 256 14,313 10.7 12.2 10.7 60 hours and over 10,222 528 9,694 7.5 25.1 7.2 Average hours , total at work 39.2 43.7 39.1 Average hours , persons who usually work full time 42.9 49.9 42.8 Many employees are working longer hours by skipping or shortening their lunch breaks . The National Restaurant Association reported ( in " What ' s for Lunch ? A Survey of Full - Time Employees , " 2002 ) that 40.6 % of the surveyed workers reported they did not leave the office for a lunch break . Forty - five percent reported they had less time for lunch than they ever had . A frequently expressed motivation for staying on the job was a fear of being downsized . An earlier study by Philip L . Ronces and others ( " Trends in the Hours of Work since the Mid - 1970s , " Monthly Labor Review , April 1997 ) , attributed growth in the share of workers reporting very long workweeks to a shift in employment toward high - hour , increased responsibility occupations such as managers , professionals , and certain sales workers . During the 1990s , longer workweeks were also reported by associations representing secretaries and restaurant owners / employees . Survey of Workers ' Hours Of the respondents to an August 2005 Gallup Poll , 45 % reported that they worked between thirty - five and forty - four hours per week ; 30 % worked between forty - five and fifty - nine hours per week ; and 9 % worked more than sixty hours each week . These numbers had fluctuated somewhat over the previous fifteen years but had not changed significantly in a manner that indicated a decided trend except at the high end , where fewer workers were reporting that they worked sixty hours or more . In a poll conducted As to the flexibility of their work schedule , respondents to the August 2005 Gallup Poll were generally satisfied . Sixty - two percent of respondents indicated that they were completely satisfied with the flexibility of their hours ; 23 % were somewhat satisfied ; 8 % were somewhat dissatisfied ; and 6 % were completely dissatisfied with their flexibility . The percentage of those who were completely satisfied had increased markedly from those surveyed in July 1991 . At that time only 39 % of respondents reported that they were completely satisfied with the flexibility of their work schedule Part - Time Work People work part - time for various reasons . In 2005 , as reported by the BLS in , 4.4 million of the total 32.3 million part - time workers ( 13.5 % ) took part - time work due to economic conditions . TABLE 2.5 Persons at work 1 to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full - or part - time status , 2005 " 20 . Persons at Work 1 to 34 Hours in All and in Nonagricultural Industries by Reason for Working Less than 35 Hours and Usual Full - or Part - time Status , " in Employment and Earnings , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor statistics , January 2006 , http : / / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat20 . pdf ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) These economic reasons , usually caused by employers ' circumstances , included 2.7 million ( 8.3 % of all part - time workers ) who cited slack work and 1.3 million ( 4.2 % ) who could only find part - time work . Most workers ( 27.9 million , or 86.5 % ) who usually worked part - time did so for noneconomic reasons , which included 6.2 million ( 19.3 % of all part - time workers ) who were enrolled in school or other training programs and 5.6 million ( 17.2 % ) who cited family and TABLE 2.5 Persons at work 1 to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full - or part - time status , 2005 [ Numbers in thousands ] Reason for working less than 35 hours Total Usually work full time Usually work part time Usually work full time Usually work part time Note : Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria . " 20 . Persons at Work 1 to 34 Hours in All and in Nonagricultural Industries by Reason for Working Less than 35 Hours and Usual Full - or Part - time Status , " in , U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor statistics , January 2006 , http : / / www . bls . gov / cps / cpsaat20 . pdf ( accessed January 9 , 2006 ) 9,983 22,285 31,717 9,818 21,900 Economic reasons 1,556 2,794 4,271 1,504 2,766 Slack work or business conditions 2,684 1,294 1,390 2,636 1,260 1,376 Could only find part - time work 1,341 1,341 1,330 Seasonal work 188 125 63 169 109 60 Job started or ended during week 137 137 136 136 Noneconomic reasons 27,918 8,427 19,491 27,477 8,313 19,134 Child - care problems 791 72 719 787 72 715 Other family or personal obligations 5,558 745 4,813 5,469 734 4,735 Health or medical limitations 806 806 784 784 In school or training 6,237 98 6,138 6,180 97 6,083 Retired or Social Security limit on earnings 2,095 2,095 1,980 1,980 Vacation or personal day 3,431 3,431 3,395 Holiday , legal or religious 910 910 895 895 Weather - related curtailment 513 485 485 All other reasons 7,588 2,668 4,920 7,472 2,635 4,837 Average hours : Economic reasons 23.0 23.8 22.5 23.0 23.8 22.5 Other reasons 21.5 25.2 19.8 21.5 25.3 19.9 Additional topics The American Workplace - Multiple Jobs The American Workplace - The Shift To A Service Economy Jobs and Career Opportunities Careers and Occupations : Looking to the Future The American Workplace - A Workplace In Transition , Movement Of Work , The Shift To A Service Economy , How Much Time Do Americans Spend At Work ? | [
"American Workplace",
"Workers ' Hours",
"Nonfarm Payrolls"
] |
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/interviewquestionsanswers/a/entrylevelquestions.htm | Job Interviews Interview Q&A Entry - Level Interview Questions and Answers Typical Questions Asked During Entry - Level Job Interviews โข โข โข By Alison Doyle Updated February 21 , 2019 Are you a student or a recent graduate looking for an entry level job ? What can you expect during the job interview ? The interview questions that hiring managers ask entry level candidates will typically be focused on why you are interested in the job and why the company should hire you . Even if you have limited work experience , you can still answer these kinds of interview questions well . Review these entry level interview questions and sample answers . Consider how you would answer , so you ' re ready to respond during the job interview . How to Prepare for the Interview Research the company . Before the interview , do some research on the company . Review the โ About Us โ section of the company website to get a sense of their mission and company culture . If you know someone who works at the company , you might ask them a bit about the company too . This will help you answer questions about the company , and why you are a good fit for the organization . Review the job description . Reread the job listing before your interview to get a sense of what skills and qualities the employer is looking for in a candidate . At least some of the interview questions will be about whether or not you have these skills . The interviewer might even ask for examples of times you demonstrated those skills and qualities . Use examples from outside of work . When thinking of examples of times you demonstrated particular skills or qualities , you can use examples from work and non - work experiences . For example , you can draw on experiences from school or extracurricular activities . You can also draw on work experiences even if they are not directly related to the job . As long as you can show you have the qualities and skills for the position , any of these kinds of examples will work . Prepare questions to ask the interviewer . Along with preparing answers to common interview questions , you should also prepare questions to ask the interviewer . Prepare questions that will give you more information on the job and company , while also further highlighting your qualities , skills , and experience . Entry - Level Interview Questions Questions About College Why did you select your college or university ? - Best Answers How would you prepare for important tests or exams ? - Best Answers What college subjects did you like best ? Why ? - What college subjects did you like least ? Why ? - Describe situations where you have used your leadership skills . - Describe your most rewarding college experience . - If I were to ask your professors to describe you in three words , what would they be ? - What was your biggest challenge as a student , and how did you handle it ? - Do you think that your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement ? - Did you prefer working independently or in groups on school projects ? - Tell me about your educational background . - What extracurricular activities have you participated in ? - What was your greatest strength as a student ? - Why did you choose your major ? - How has your college experience prepared you for a career ? - Questions About Your Work Experience Have you completed any internships ? What did you gain from the experience ? - Tell me about your work experience . How has it prepared you for a career ? - Have you accomplished something you ' re proud of at work ? - What major problems have you encountered at work and how did you deal with them ? - What have you learned from your mistakes ? - Questions About You What is your greatest weakness ? - What is your greatest strength ? - How do you handle stress and pressure ? - How would you describe yourself ? - How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you ? - What motivates you ? - What accomplishments are you the most proud of ? Why ? - Why should I hire you ? - Questions About the Future What do you see yourself doing five years from now ? - What do you see yourself doing ten years from now ? - How do you plan to achieve your goals ? - What are you looking for in your next job ? What is important to you ? - Questions About the Company and the Job What do you know about our company ? - What interests you about this job ? - Why do you want to work here ? - If you were hiring a college graduate for this job , what qualities would you look for ? - What do you think it takes to be successful at this company ? - What can you contribute to our company ? - What new ideas do you think you can bring to this company ? - In what kind of work environment are you most comfortable ? - Are you willing to travel ? - How do you feel about working evenings and weekends ? - Is there anything I have n ' t told you about the job or company that you would like to know ? - Entry Level Candidates : Interviewing Tips ยฉ The Balance , 2018 Landing your first job can be intimidating , but knowing how to approach the process can take a lot of the pressure off and allow you to present yourself confidently and professionally . Here are a few things to remember : Dress appropriately . What you wear to an interview has an impact on that all important first impression you make , and can influence whether or not you get the job . Do n โ t lie or embellish your background ( to do so is grounds for dismissal ) , but emphasize and advocate for the strengths and skills you have acquired through your education , past employment and experience . Employers appreciate confidence and pride in the work experience you have gained , and your ability to transfer your skills to your next position . During your meeting , you โ ll probably be asked typical entry level interview questions , as well as other common job interview questions . When you are a college student or recent graduate , it ' s important to relate your college education , extracurricular activities , and experiences to the job for which you are applying . Interview Questions to Ask The last job interview question you may be asked is " What can I answer for you ? " Have an interview question or two of your own ready to ask . You are n ' t simply trying to get this job โ you are also interviewing the employer to assess whether this company and the position are a good fit for you . Continue Reading + | [
"Entry Level Job Interviews",
"Questions and Answers",
"Work Experience"
] |
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/salary/a/fired.htm | Job Searching Career Advice How to Handle Getting Fired Try to Focus on What Your Next Steps Will Be โข โข โข By Alison Doyle Updated February 11 , 2019 Getting fired , unfortunately , can happen to the best of us . Regardless of the circumstances , what should you do if you ' ve been fired ? First of all , do n ' t beat yourself up . Do n ' t dwell on it , since that wo n ' t help your situation . Instead , focus on what you are going to do next and how you are going to find another job . Keep in mind that another hurdle โ the stigma of being fired โ has just been added to your job search . That said , there are ways you can address this issue and put it in at least a neutral , if not a positive , light . What Not to Do After Being Fired Even though it ' s difficult , you can make a bad situation worse by doing or saying the wrong thing to the wrong people when you have been fired . It ' s natural to feel angry , sad , and frustrated ; just make sure to restrict negative comment and complaints to your closest friends and family . But do n ' t just walk out the door . There are things you need to know before you can move on . Steps to Take in the Immediate Aftermath Here is what to ask your employer about getting fired , including questions about severance pay , benefits , unemployment , and potential references . If you are feeling emotional , shocked , or otherwise unprepared for this conversation , you can ask if you can make an appointment to discuss these issues . In some cases , you may want to appeal your firing . However , it ' s best to address your concerns the day you are fired . Once you are home and assessing your next steps , it ' ll be important to know when your last paycheck will arrive and if the employer will provide a neutral reference that does n ' t mention you being fired . Wrongful Termination and Unemployment Benefits Before you begin a job search , consider where you stand from a legal perspective . Was your firing legitimate or could it be considered wrongful termination ? Can you , or should you , consider suing for wrongful termination Are you eligible for unemployment benefits ? If you were fired for misconduct you may not be eligible , but do n ' t assume that is the case . Check with your state unemployment office , especially if you have a different opinion than your employer does about how you parted ways . In many cases , if it is n ' t clear - cut , the unemployment office will lean towards the unemployed job seeker , rather than the employer , when making a decision on unemployment compensation benefits Resumes and Cover Letters All your job search correspondence must be positive . There is no need to mention that you were fired in your resume or in your cover letters . Make sure your cover letters address the position you are applying for and why , and how , you are qualified for it . That ' s all you need to do . There is no point in bringing up the circumstances of your leaving until you have to . Job Applications After Being Fired When filling out job applications , do n ' t be negative , but do be honest and do n ' t lie , because it will come back to haunt you . You can use language like " the job ended " or " terminated " if you need to state why you are no longer working at the job . If you are specifically asked if you were fired , you need to answer yes . Lying on a job application is grounds for dismissal at any time in the future and could cost you future unemployment benefits Interviewing for Jobs After Being Fired Here ' s where getting fired is going to matter most . You can be sure you are going to be asked the question " Why did you leave your last job ? " The best bet is to keep it brief and to the point and avoid badmouthing your former employer . Sometimes it ' s truthful to say " the position was n ' t a good fit , and we parted on good terms " instead of saying " I was fired . " However you address it , do n ' t lie , because it may come back to haunt you if a potential employer checks references or conducts a background check . Take some time to prepare answers to questions about being fired , so you know exactly what you ' ll say , instead of trying to come up with an answer on the spot . The more prepared you are , the less the firing will create a negative impression for an interviewer . Getting Fired and Moving On As hard as it may be , you need to get over getting fired and move on . You need to be able to convince employers that , regardless of what happened in the past , you are a strong candidate for a new position and can do the job . Focusing on the skills and experience you have , rather than the firing , will help sell you to the employer and will help you get the job . Continue Reading + | [
"Getting Fired",
"Career Advice"
] |
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/workathometips/qt/legitimatewah.htm | Job Searching Job Listings How to Find Real Work at Home Jobs โข โข โข By Alison Doyle Updated January 14 , 2019 Looking for a work at home job ? Here ' s everything you need to know about working at home , including where to find work at home job listings , the best sites for finding working at home jobs , and how to avoid work from home scams . Are there real work at home jobs ? Yes , there are some , but they are not nearly as plentiful as you would think considering the amount of interest there is in working from home . They are also sometimes difficult to find . Here ' s a list of the top jobs to work remotely and three ways to find a work from home job Despite all the online advertising you see , there are n ' t as many legitimate work at home jobs as you might think , unless you have the skills that are conducive to freelancing or for working full - time at a position where you do n ' t need to be in the office . There are almost as many scams as there are real work from home opportunities . Here ' s how to research work at home opportunities to make sure they are legitimate and avoid scams . There are companies that hire for work from home jobs , and you can find work at home job listings online . Companies That Hire Many people who work from home started out working in an office , but were able to arrange with their employer to work some or all of time at home . There are companies that hire employees directly to work from their homes . Check the sites that list work at home jobs . Some of these positions are those where you cover a territory , for an insurance company or a consumer products firm , for example , and spend some time on the road and some time in your home office . There also are customer service , recruiting , sales , scheduling , technical , writing , computer , and telemarketing jobs available . In many cases , the jobs are part - time , commission - based , or pay a lump sum for a completed project . In other cases , you can work as a home - based agent where you are an employee of the company who works from a home office , providing customer service to client companies . Virtual assistants provide administrative , secretarial , and clerical support , as well as creative and / or technical services for clients . Work at home transcriptionists or closed captioning writers are usually independent contractors who transcribe and edit recorded reports onto their home computer . Online tutors work for internet - based companies that offer help within a variety of subject areas to students of all ages . If you ' re looking to make a little extra money , paid surveys are a possibility , but do be careful about avoiding scams . Full - time jobs that provide health insurance , a pension , vacation , and other benefits while you work full - time from home , especially if you do n ' t have experience , are few and far between . Finding them online is a little like looking for a needle in a haystack . Be Flexible Flexibility is one key to successfully working from home . If you are willing to consider freelance or contract employment or willing to combine a couple of part - time positions , you ' ll have a greater chance of success in finding opportunities that are legitimate . It ' s also critically important to take the time to search for positions and to research those that sound viable thoroughly . How to Find " Real " Work Despite all the online advertising you see , there are n ' t that many work at home jobs . Those that are available may require that you live in a certain area or spend at least some time in the office . Others may be part - time or freelance , so you will need to be continually seeking potential positions . Keep in mind that the skills needed for home employment are similar to those needed for working in an office . You need both the experience and the skills necessary to do the job . You ' ll also need a home office with high - speed internet , phone , fax , computer , printer , software , and other basic office equipment . Job Search To get started , consider your job search for your job . Dedicate as many hours per week to your search for employment as you would spend working . If you ' re looking for full - time work , you should be spending full - time hours seeking employment . Networking remains the top way to find a job , and it does work . Develop contacts โ friends , family , college alumni , even the other job seekers โ anyone who might help generate information and job leads . You can take a direct approach and ask for job leads or try a less formal approach and ask for information and advice . Contact everyone you know and tell them you want to work from home . You may be surprised by the people they know and the leads you can generate . Job Sites Check the sites that list work at home jobs and look through all the listings and remember to take advantage of the resume posting section , if the site has one . That way companies seeking employers will be able to find your resume . Use the job search engines using terms like " work at home " , " telecommute " , and " freelance " . Next , search the online job banks using keywords like " work at home " , " telecommute " , and " telecommuting " . Searching Monster , for example , using " telecommuting " as a keyword generates almost 200 listings . " Work at home " generates close to 1000 positions . Applying Be prepared to apply online . Have a resume and cover letter ready to send . Depending on the type of employment you ' re looking for , you may also need work samples to send to prospective employers . Track where you ' ve applied . Many of the same positions are listed on multiple sites , so you ' ll want to be sure not to duplicate your efforts . Interviews If you are applying for a work at home job for a company that has a local office , you may be expected to interview in - person . If you are working for a remote company , you may be interviewed via an online interview system , video , Skype , or even via email . Regardless of the type of interview , be prepared to answer a variety of interview questions . Tips for Avoiding Scams There are more work from home job scams than there are real work from home job listings , so job seekers need to be careful when searching for and evaluating work at home job offers . Presume that the position is a scam unless there is compelling evidence to the contrary . Take the time to research the position and the company , including talking to other people who work there . That way , you wo n ' t be scammed , and you will be using your best efforts and best judgment to find a legitimate work from If it sounds too good to be true , it most likely is . If you get an unsolicited email telling you that a company that you have never heard of wants to hire you for a job where you do n ' t need experience or skills and can make a lot of money , ignore it . There are lots of scams out there , some of which are personalized and sound quite legitimate . Know the common scam jobs . There are a number of work at home jobs to avoid . These include assembly jobs , multi - level marketing , claims processing , and stuffing envelopes . Many of these positions require you to pay a lot of money , and you see little to no earnings . Read the listing carefully . Make sure you know if there is a salary or if you โ re paid on commission . Look into whether or not you need to buy equipment , and if you will be reimbursed . Research the company . If you are n โ t sure the company is legitimate , ask for references . If the company wo n โ t provide references , do not apply . Never send money . Employers should not charge you to begin working for them . Avoid any company that asks you to send money for equipment . Also , do n ' t send money for work at home directories or start - up kits . Free information and job listings are available online . Also , never give your bank account information or any other personal information that could help someone steal your identity . Avoid โ get rich quick โ ads . Be careful of listings that guarantee you wealth or financial success or that will help you get rich fast from home . They will probably do none of the above . Evaluate every listing you look at very carefully . Find out if there ' s a salary or if you ' re paid on commission . Ask how often are you paid . Ask what equipment ( hardware / software ) you need to provide . Find out what support the company provides . Ask for references . Request a list of other employees or contractors to see how this has worked for them . More Tips for Finding Legitimate Jobs Below are some more tips for finding legitimate work at home positions . Ask your boss . Telecommuting is becoming more and more common . If you have a job you already like , talk to your boss about the possibility of working from home . When talking to your boss , focus on the benefits to your company , for example , emphasize that you will be more productive . Focus on specific companies . To help avoid job scams , focus on legitimate companies that you might want to work for that support telecommuting . Search online . There are a number of job search boards and engines that specialize in work from home positions . Remember to look out for scams . Continue Reading + | [
"Home Jobs",
"home scams",
"Virtual assistants"
] |
http://jobstat.net/jobs/assistant-branch-manager-banking/ | Assistant Branch Manager , Banking By JobStat October 30 , 2016 Jobs Assistant Branch Manager , Banking Job Description Financial Managers , Branch or Department Direct and coordinate financial activities of workers in a branch , office , or department of an establishment , such as branch bank , brokerage firm , risk and insurance department , or credit department . Loan Officers Evaluate , authorize , or recommend approval of commercial , real estate , or credit loans . Advise borrowers on financial status and methods of payments . Includes mortgage loan officers and agents , collection analysts , loan servicing officers , and loan underwriters . Assistant Branch Manager , Banking Salary Statistics as of 2015 Salary Hourly Bonuses States Cities Salary History Low High Median Assistant Branch Manager , Banking Annual Salary $ 0 $ 65,619 $ 40,082 $ 29,465 $ 52,495 Average annual salary for a Assistant Branch Manager , Banking is $ 40082 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015 . The highest salary recorded was $ 52495 . The lowest salary reported was $ 29465 . These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states . Job Outlook Tags Assistant Assistant Branch Manager Banking Branch Hourly Wage Job description Manager Salary | [
"Assistant Branch Manager",
"Banking Job",
"credit loans"
] |
http://jobstat.net/jobs/fbi-agent/ | FBI Agent By JobStat October 30 , 2016 Jobs FBI Agent Job Description Police Detectives Conduct investigations to prevent crimes or solve criminal cases . Criminal Investigators and Special Agents Investigate alleged or suspected criminal violations of Federal , state , or local laws to determine if evidence is sufficient to recommend prosecution . FBI Agent Salary Statistics as of 2015 Salary Hourly Bonuses States Cities Salary History Low High Median FBI Agent Annual Salary $ 0 $ 181,313 $ 67,046 $ 34,105 $ 145,050 Average annual salary for a FBI Agent is $ 67046 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015 . The highest salary recorded was $ 145050 . The lowest salary reported was $ 34105 . These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states . Requirements The training requirements to become an FBI agent can be extensive . Legally , FBI agents are required to have a bachelor โ s degree and related work experience . It is also possible to enter into the FBI with an advanced degree and at least two years of related work experience . There is a great deal of competition to become a FBI agent and as such it is recommended to have a degree and work experience in order to be considered . In addition , knowledge of a second language is highly recommended . There is an 18 Work Environment FBI agents work a dangerous and highly stressful job . Law enforcement positions can pay a relatively high amount but this is only compensation for the high stress environment . FBI agents are forced to make split second decisions in order to save the lives of others . In addition , criminal organizations can try and extract retribution for damages done to their members . FBI agents and their families may be specifically targeted and attacked by criminal organizations . As agents gain greater security clearances within the U.S. government they will face an increased degree of scrutiny . In FBI agents need to have strong interpersonal skills and analytic skills . One needs to be able to think on the spot and quickly analyze all possible outcomes for a given situation . Due the international nature of modern economy and criminal organizations , it is possible for international travel to be a required part of a FBI agent โ s career . A large amount of travel is required for this position . It is common for assignments to require overnight stays . FBI agents are required to work to be able to work any hour . Job Outlook There is room for a great amount of improvement within the FBI career . Pay is given according to responsibility and experience . In addition , one is able to earn overtime pay . After years of working as an FBI agent one is able to move into a management position . Internal promotion is very common within the FBI . As one increases in seniority an increased amount of security clearance is required . Working as an FBI is a strenuous but reward job with good pay . Tags Agent FBI FBI Agent Hourly Wage Job description Salary | [
"FBI Agent",
"Criminal Investigators",
"stressful job"
] |
http://jobstat.net/jobs/orthodontics-office-manager/ | Orthodontics Office Manager By JobStat October 30 , 2016 Jobs Orthodontics Office Manager Job Description Office Managers , Medical or Dental Office Oversee insurance claims and billing . Conduct patient service needs . Perform collections of outstanding bills . Maintain inventory of medical supplies . Oversee compliance with established recordkeeping guidelines . Orthodontics Office Manager Salary Statistics as of 2015 Salary Hourly Bonuses States Cities Salary History Low High Median Orthodontics Office Manager Annual Salary $ 0 $ 76,384 $ 45,553 $ 31,854 $ 61,107 Average annual salary for a Orthodontics Office Manager is $ 45553 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015 . The highest salary recorded was $ 61107 . The lowest salary was $ 31854 . These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states . Job Outlook Tags Hourly Wage Job description Manager Office Orthodontics Orthodontics Office Manager Salary | [
"Orthodontics Office Manager",
"Job Description",
"insurance claims"
] |
http://jobstat.net/jobs/vice-president-vp-real-estate-acquisitions/ | Vice President ( VP ) , Real Estate Acquisitions By JobStat October 30 , 2016 Jobs Vice President ( VP ) , Real Estate Acquisitions Job Description Vice President ( VP ) , Real Estate Acquisitions Salary Statistics as of 2015 Salary Hourly Bonuses States Cities Salary History Low High Median Vice President ( VP ) , Real Estate Acquisitions Annual Salary $ 0 $ 293,353 $ 152,624 $ 87,888 $ 234,682 Average annual salary for a Vice President ( VP ) , Real Estate Acquisitions is $ 152624 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015 . The highest salary recorded was $ 234682 . The lowest salary reported was $ 87888 . These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states . Job Outlook Tags ( VP ) Acquisitions Estate Hourly Wage Job description President Real Real Estate Acquisitions Salary Vice Vice President ( VP ) | [
"Vice President",
"Real Estate Acquisitions",
"Salary Statistics"
] |
http://joelcomm.com/to_arbonne_or_not_to_arbonne.html | To Arbonne or Not to Arbonne Mar 29 , 2005 | Arbonne | 1,756 comments It is true . I am an Arbonne consultant . ( Actually , that may be past - tense by the time you read this โฆ ) For those unfamiliar with Arbonne , they are a fast - growing company focused on health care and skin care products . They claim the products are all natural and most of the people who try them truly love them . The downside is that they are ridiculously expensive . Still , you get what you pay for . For the record , I have several friends in Arbonne and they are good people with a high level of integrity . Nothing I have to say should be construed as inpugning them in any way . I signed up as an Arbonne consultant on the recommendation of a friend . It โ s basically a multi - level marketing deal where you are supposed to tap your warm market , teach them the business , help them get rich , etc โฆ It โ s nice when the product is n โ t Amway , but the marketing plan is essentially the same . Before I signed up , I did a little research online . I wanted to see if anyone was successfully marketing Arbonne online . Naturally , there is a corporate web site . But I also encountered several sites created by independent consultants . There were only a few , but they were pretty good as far as content and design . Having a good deal of Internet knowledge , I figured I could do likewise . So , I signed up and purchased a โ myarbonne โ site , which would essentially give me a place for my customers to buy product online . Since I had no intent of bringing my family or friends into a multi - level marketing organization ( It โ s the absolute fastest way to alienate family and lose friends ) , I would be doing all my selling and recruiting online . Well , the recruiting was actually going to be done by a person in my upline , but I โ ll get to that in a moment I paid the obligatory signup fees and , of course , you are expected to purchase product , not for inventory purposes but for your own use . While I do know of some men who enjoy the products , I figured I would let Mary try the Nutrimin - C anti - aging formulas . She liked them a lot , so I purchased enough for her to have a lasting supply . For an annual fee of $ 120 , you get your own MyArbonne . com site . This was the first red flag for me . Instead of rolling the costs of hosting a few pages into the signup fee , I hit my first โ gotcha โ . I know what web hosting costs and I realize that if someone wants to promote a site that is going to make me money , I do n โ t charge them for space . But this is a way for Arbonne to monetize the consultant . I bit the bullet and paid the fee to register my own Arbonne site . Next , I encountered Arbonne โ s search engine submission service . Essentially , they charge $ 39 / year to submit your myarbonne . com site to a list of search engines and directories . This service is a MASSIVE rip off and entirely worthless to the consultant . I suspect Arbonne , Inc . gets a kickback from the company that does the directory submissions for them , because there is no benefit to the consultant . How can I say this ? Here is all you need to know about search engines and directories : Google Yahoo MSN AOL HotBot Lycos DMOZ End of story . The rest of the directories and search engines on their list are virtually worthless , netting almost zero traffic for the dollars spent . Out of these listed , most are created by โ spidering โ your site , looking for original content , and especially content that changes on a regular basis . It is extremely RARE for subdomain sites to be successfully listed in these places as they deliberately block the majority of them . Why ? Because they know that there are going to be hundreds or thousands of people all trying to submit the same blasted content . This clogs the search engines and makes them less valuable to the end consumer . Long story short ? Submit your sites In order to maximize my Arbonne site traffic , I put together a plan to implement several web strategies . First , I decided to register a domain , www . fantasticskincare . com I knew Arbonne would not allow their brand name in a url , so I thought this would be fine . After all , I found several other sites that were doing the same thing , and the manager in my upline assured me that it would be alright . I put several hours into building a nice site and was quite pleased with the product . Next , I choose to leverage my shopping site , www . dealofday . com , by creating an Arbonne category in which I would display my Arbonne special offers and sales . The visitors to my site would be able to easily find product and a link to the myarbonne . com site . In order to facilitate recruiting , I opted to give away a free sample of the Nutrimin - C RE9 formula to those who signed up for it on my site . I think I processed 150 requests and passed those on to my upline to follow up with . I guess people online just want freebies , because we were unable to make even one sale , let alone sign up a new consultant . So much for a product that โ sells itself โ . I think the price point is just too high for the average person In the meantime , I had been running my independent site and promoting on DealofDay . com for a few weeks , when lo and behold , I received a notice from Arbonne โ s legal representative . He / she ( ca n โ t recall , do n โ t care ) informed me that I was in violation of Arbonne โ s terms of service , both by having my own web site AND by promoting Arbonne products on my shopping site . I thought there must be some mistake . After all , others were doing As it turns out , they no longer allow people to develop their own sites OR promote on any site OTHER than the MyArbonne . com site to sell product . I recall having a lengthy , and extremely frustrating , conversation with some gentleman in their office . Yes , it is paraphrased , but it went a little something like this . Joel : Let me get this straight . I have bought a web site site to sell Arbonne product online , but I ca n โ t promote my business online . Arbonne : You can put your URL for your MyArbonne . com site on your business cards . Joel : But I ca n โ t promote an Internet site on the Internet ? Arbonne : That is correct . Joel : That is insane . So how do you explain the consultants out there that DO have an Internet presence ? I have encountered no less than three sites that have good seach engine rankings and pleasant design , with the purpose of promoting their Arbonne business and selling products . Arbonne : They built their sites before we instated this policy , so they were grandfathered in . Joel : Ah , so those who signed up early have an unfair advantage ? Arbonne : We do n โ t see it that way . We are trying to protect our brand . Joel : I see . So why not have your team review individual web sites and approve them if they meet your standards ? Arbonne : That would take too much work . We do n โ t have the staff to handle it . Joel : So it is just easier to discourage innovation and creativity , stifling the people who can take your Internet presence to the next level ? Arbonne : We are primarily an offline business , designed for one - on - one face - to - face encounters with the client . The web site is there to tell your clients about so they can easily purchase product from your site online . Joel : So why are you encouraging people to pay $ 39 to submit their myarbonne . com sites to directories and search engines if they are n โ t supposed to be working their business online ? At this point , Mr . Arbonne got a bit flustered and I had had enough . Clearly , these people really do n โ t have it together regarding their Internet model . Ultimately , its no skin off my back . I take risks like this on a regular basis . I flushed a couple hundred dollars down the tube and my wife got some face cream that she really likes . All in all , not a bad deal . I guess its just the backwards thinking that makes me nuts . Companies that crush creativity and So , I removed my Arbonne links from DealofDay . com . I took the product off the site I had created . But I left a redirect at FantasticSkinCare . com for people to get to shopping . myarbonne . com . Today , I get another email from my friends at Arbonne legal telling me that I am in violation by having any links on any site . I encountered similar problems in dealing with Tupperware , but my Arbonne experience was more maddening . It โ s a good thing their product is good . Click here for more skin care discussion | [
"Arbonne consultant"
] |
http://joepastry.com/2011/where-do-crepes-come-from/ | Where do crรชpes come from ? A massive anthropological tome could be written on the subject of pancakes , as they were in all likelihood one of mankind โ s first prepared foods . Hunter - gatherers have been cooking gruels of mashed grain on hot rocks for millennia . When they invented the first Stone Age IHOP is unknown , though remains of paleolithic policemen have been found huddled over platters of what look like Pick - A - Pancake double blueberry stacks . Experts are still debating the evidence , of course . They might be Rooty Tooty Fresh n โ Fruity combos . But I digress . Pre - modern proto - pancakes evolved in all sorts of interesting directions . In northern Europe they evolved in the direction of what we now know as pancakes . And in the region of what is now Brittany , France , they evolved into crรชpes . Crรชpes are of course quite thin as pancakes go , and were originally made with buckwheat flour . In fact until about 100 years ago the buckwheat crรชpe was the norm in France . They โ re still quite common , especially for savory entrรฉe crรชpes . Crรชpes probably arrived in America in the 30 โ s , mostly in fine dining establishments , mostly as desserts . The French food crazy of the early 60 โ s brought crรชpes to the forefront of American popular consciousness where they remained for roughly 15 years . By the 70 โ s they were on every brunch table in the lower 48 . But that largely ended by the early 80 โ s , and crรชpes went the way of French onion soup and quiche Lorraine . Exactly why is a bit of a mystery , though my guess 12 / 07 / 11 joepastry Pastry SHARE 7 thoughts on โ Where do crรชpes come from ? โ Jacki 12 / 08 / 11 at 12 : 40 am When you โ re done with crepes , would you consider posting a recipe for a simple pancake ? I โ ve been trying recipes for years but have yet to accomplish the perfect fluffy pancake . Reply joepastry 12 / 08 / 11 at 2 : 41 am Sure , Jacki . Though I have to confess the thought intimidates me a little . A perfect pancake is , well โฆ hard to pull off ! But I โ m up for the challenge ! โ joe Reply MadDog14 04 / 10 / 16 at 11 : 58 pm Yes I would love to Ann P . 12 / 08 / 11 at 8 : 04 pm Where I โ ve lived , crepes are still quite โ in ! โ We had at least four creperies within a couple blocks of campus ( all had regular business ) , and people loved to hire catering to make made - to - order crepes at large parties . Also , I still love French onion soup and quiche Lorraine ! Maybe my town is backwards 12 / 08 / 11 at 8 : 13 pm You are n โ t emailing me from the past , are you , Anne ? โ Cause that would completely freak me out . โ Joe Jane 12 / 08 / 11 at 9 : 24 pm On the other side of the channel , traditional English pancakes are what Americans ( and the French ) call crepes ; fluffy , chemically - leavened griddle cakes seem to be an Americanism ( from my limited experience โ I do n โ t have any actual history to back that up ) . In any case , in England they โ re traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday , the day before Ash Wednesday , with sugar and lemon . From which I can say that the ideal way to eat them is to slide the crepe out of the pan onto a plate , squeeze on a little lemon , sprinkle with sugar , and eat instantly . Burnt fingers are part of the experience 12 / 08 / 11 at 9 : 33 pm Sounds fun , Jane ! Thank you . I had no idea that English pancakes were / are thin by tradition . I โ ll have to do a little investigation on that , clearly . Previous Crรชpe Recipe Next Do Les Bonnes Femmes Bake ? | [
"crรชpes",
"America"
] |
http://joewindsurfer.blogspot.com/2012/03/fins.html | average joe - windsurfer blog Fins People have commented on this discussion / post saying it is NOT very technical and it is NOT . Most average Joe windsurfers do NOT concern themselves too much with materials used , softness of the fin , rake / angle , etc . Having said that , some of us do NOT realize the importance of a good fin . People have changed fins and suddenly discovered the board was GREAT and there was NO issue with the board . Used fins are not expensive and can be easily repaired . As such , it is a MUCH cheaper alternative to trying a different board . Typically I have one fin for each board and sail combination ENJOY Fins also called skegs are the engine under water , boards are the engine on the water and the sail is the engine over the water . Fins are a key element in the entire equation that were ignored in the early days of the longboard . They used to have a U.S. box connection where the placement of the fin was slightly adjustable . Those connections are also called Chinook or A - box . Now most fins go into the tuttle ( for larger fins ) or power box ( for the rest of the fins ) one Here Jim Ballantyne of sailworld walks us through the various fin bases Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Chinook or A box - single bolt from the bottom - max about 30 cm Power box - single bolt from the top - max about 50 cm Tuttle box - 2 screws from the top - slalom fins - and freeride Deep Tuttle box - 2 screws from the top - Tuttle box fit here with longer screws max length about 70 cm - wide boards like Formula Trimm box - single screw from the top - old fins from BIC and Fanatic - max about 66 cm In 2015 there was discussion on iwindsurf about a Mistral Competition and its fin . http : / / www . iwindsurf . com / forums / viewtopic . php ? t = 29639&highlight = mistral + competition It was pointed out that the typical US box fins do NOT fit Mistral boards . The US or Chinook box is sometimes called the A box - for USA ? ? The fin box that is similar , but slightly different and called the E box - for Europe ? ? Both fin types are typically NOT available with lengths more than 30 cm - fin box can not support it . There are giant formula fins like in this image . Rarely have I seen such flex or asymmetry on land . . .Other fin types are free - ride , slalom / free - race , weed , wave , bump n jump and freestyle . Perhaps I missed some ? What sets types apart ? The obvious factor is length and is often cited as the measuring stick . Fins or foils as I like to call em have MUCH more character than that ! ! There are factors such as width { top and base } , area moulded polyester fins , with good twist characteristics " . Length and shape together make up the type of fin more than anything quickly visible . In 2016 was informed by IanK on OZZIE forum that this is NOT about FLEX , but rather angle inside the box . If it is off , there is NO issue . Discussion here seemed to upset him and posted photo on forum smashing his screen - DO IT MAN What are the fin " parts " really called ? The following link WAS good when it worked % & * ( ) http : / / www . vmgblades . com / learn / fin - parts Oh well - here is my version of the fin parts : Oh yeah ! Fins come in ALL shapes n sizes . The most bizarre is the hydrofoil . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . See in this video , just how much fins actually " flex " while in the water : And here is another from the infamous Pfaffi who is quoted later on in this post . . . The numbers 10 , 20 and 30 represent cm from perpendicular and NOT degrees . SUGGEST you turn DOWN the volume : Just as sails have ideal wind ranges , so do fins . . . In other words it is VERY important to match board , sail and fin for the conditions and the type of sailing one is about to do . I call this aligning the engines : - ) Lately wave sailors have been using boards with two ( 2 ) and even four ( 4 ) fins . So , once again we are off to new horizons : - ) Locally I have NOT seen any dual or quad fin setups and personally know just enuff about the single fin . Suggest you look elsewhere if u r lookin 4 info on dual or quad fins - sorry mate . However , here is an interesting discussion on quad setups by Keith Teboul : Last year , 2010 , the water was extraordinarily low here and as such , there were many board and fin repairs in the area . My fins took a beating and I like to try n fix my stuff myself . Fin repair happens in the off - season , but this was the first year where a light sanding was NOT enough . After searching the web and writing on a few forums , I tried and like Marine - Tex . Bit of a pain to apply and one must discover the trick of sanding it wet Personally have a long 53 straight up race stiff fin for my 10 - oh sail . The 47 weed fin does well for the 8.5 and gets used for the 10 - oh as well . A 40 cm slalom fin is my ticket to fun with my 7 - oh . Fin suppliers now have charts for sailors to choose fins . Nowadays board width is a factor in fin selection as well . My personal fin favorites are Select Fins - they are known to whistle at high speeds - just sand one side of the back www . designlessacher . com Unfortunately molds were sold to StarBoard , some madame ran the show and now it seems decrepit . Around 2015 Unifiber started selling Lessacher weed fin . In the past people changed sails to change things up . Now people are realizing the fin is just as important . Personally have one fin for each sail . Can not be bothered having more than one weed fin , but this may become a factor when I get into the smaller sail sizes . . . Here ' s a picture from the WindSurf Magazine of July 2002 giving a fin overview . As you can see , there are lots of shapes and sizes , all with their special purpose and special function ( s ) . . . Believe the following chart was taken from the Select Hydrofoils website showing relationship between board width , fin sizes and sail sizes : For some reason people are saying the fin can not be longer than the width of the board one foot forward or off - this is called OFO . Personally have NOT determined the why on this one , butt do stick to this " ruling " just the same . Will see if i can not find a reason more physics based . . . Further down here Roger Jackson discusses how a fin should NOT be less than half of the OFO diameter . . . Here they are saying max fin length is OFO + 3 cm and use formula listed below of fin length = 5 * sail size + 3 : http : / / www . gunsails . co . uk / en / trimtips . htm and then a race / slalom forum suggested 2 cm LESS than OFO max fin length . http : / / www . soulrider . com / forum / GROUPF_35 / 51505 For my 80 cm wide board the following formula seems to work for me to get fin sizing - - Fin Length = 8 times the sail size minus 16 : ) examples : for an 8 square meter sail - > fin size = 8 * 8 - 16 = 64 - 16 = 48 cm : - ) for a 7 square meter sail - > 8 * 7 - 16 = 56 - 16 = 40 cm : - ) for a 10 square meter sail - > 8 * 10 - 16 = 80 - 16 = 64 { this seems a bit high - was using 53 cm } however on my BIC Techno Formula I do use a 66 cm race fin how about smaller sails ? for a 6.3 square meter sail - > 8 * 6.3 - 16 = 50.4 - 16 = 34.4 cm let ' s see if i can corroborate this figure . . . James Douglass calculator gives 34 cm for 6.3 sail also : - ) his formula seems to be 5 * sail size + 3 - > for 8 - oh gives 43 which i find a bit low In early 2013 i DID purchase a Fanatic Hawk 34 cm fin which fits the board and was rated to be good for 5.0 to 8.0 on the 2006 Hawk 110 . 6.5 is in the middle and thus the fin should be great on the BEE with 6.3 and perhaps even with the 7 - oh ! ! ! Here ' s a couple of pics showing the " rake " on the fins , straight up n down 53 cm race vs 47 cm weed vs 40 cm slalom : Surprisingly the 7 or 8 degree angle or rake on the race 53 and the slalom 40 do not seem that different ! ! The weed fin seems to have a rake of about 40 degrees . Some are advertised at 45 degrees for extreme weeds . In 2010 I lost the 47 cm Select weed fin in the local river $ % & * ( ) _ Can only blame myself and perhaps the local river in terms of rocks $ % & * Early 2011 i purchased a Makani Hahalua 43 cm weed fin to replace the lost one . This 43 cm weed fin is supposed to be good for sails from 7.0 mยฒ to 8 - oh . Helmut has a True Ames weed fin of 43 cm which is good for 6 - oh to 7 - oh . The Makani fin has a larger chord than the True Ames . I also call this the width since we measure the depth at 90 degrees to the base / board . The Makani is actually of a longer chord / wider than the lost longer Select weed fin by half a cm ! ! ! The rake The longer Select weed fin was purchased to cover sails from 8 - oh to 10 - oh on the 79 cm wide short board . With time I have decided to use the Fanatic Ultra CAT in lighter winds with 8 - oh and 10 - oh . The 79 cm board will only be used with 7 - oh to 8 - oh . Even though it is winter , I HAD to try the fin on my 160 liter / 79 cm AHD FastForward short board : With the BEE 124 and AHD 160 my fin quiver was : 40 cm Select Slalom fin with sails 7 - oh and down , 43 cm Makani Hahalua weed fin for 7 - oh and 8 - oh , 48 cm Select Freeblade fin for 8 - oh and 53 cm Select SuperFast race fin for the 79 cm board and 10 - oh race sail . Since I am NOT planning to use the 10 - oh on the short boards , perhaps I should sell this fin ? ? Will try ! SOLD it in 2012 after I purchased a BIC Techno Formula with which I use a True Ames Santa Barbara / SB 58 cm weed fin and a Select Race 66 cm fin with the MS - 2 8 - oh and TR - 4 10 - oh respectively . The weed fin was selected based on the 79 cm wide AHD . Also plan to use it on the 63 cm wide Fanatic BEE 124 . Ideally that combo should be with a 38 or even 33 cm weed fin . However , since I do not need the weed fin all summer longer , hardly ever sail the BEE and have NO $ $ $ , this setup will do : - ) Forgot to analyze the MFC 42 cm fin that came with the Fanatic BEE . I exchanged it for the 48 cm Select Freeblade before even trying the MFC . The other fellow { MAX } purchased a Hawk and was used to a more powerful MFC fin - I am used to Select fins . . . Here I put the 40 cm on top of the 48 cm and what I found interesting is : the TE / trailing edge is the same and NOT the LE / leading edge . See the photo : { tail end is at the left : - ) } With the BEE 124 / 60 , AHD 160 / 79 and FreeFormula 170 / 94 my fin quiver is : 34 cm Fanatic Hawk fin for 6.3 and 7 - oh perhaps , 40 cm Select Slalom fin with sails 7 - oh and down , 43 cm Makani Hahalua weed fin for 7 - oh and 8 - oh , 48 cm Select Freeblade fin for 8 - oh and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 cm Trimm box True Ames SB weed fin for BTF using 8 . x and 10 - oh 66 cm Select Ultra Race fin for 10 - oh on BTF Just found an article in the July 2006 Windsurf Magazine with Gonzalo Costa Hoevel . He calls choosing fins a 3 step system . Step one is about board analysis . Ironically he says to put planing fins on the faster boards and faster fins on the early planing boards . He says the early planers have straighter outlines and need fast fins with some rake , small tip area and less flex or more stiff . The faster boards are " rounder " and he suggests power fins or early planers . These fins have less rake / angle more straight up n down ) , more area in the tip and softer flex . The video of the fin above and the formula bent fin for me seem to exhibit a lot of flex . Step two for Gonzalo is assessing your goal and step three is knowing your fins . He says the softer fin gives more " kick " or " lift " . Upright means planing AND upwind control - like a keel . The profile or thickness plays a factor as well . He states " A fin with a thicker foil gives you more power , upwind angle , but sacrifices top speed . A thinner foil gives you better top speed , butt in lighter winds you lose early planing and upwind angle . A fin that has the thickest point of its foil forward creates a smoother , more controlled riding sensation . Moving the foil back gives you more speed , but it ' s a more technical - riding fin - especially when going upwind . " He also mentions that people overlook area of a fin and compares this to only analyzing sails based on luff length ! ! Here is a video that covers some areas regarding windsurf fin physics . They actually are saying that at over 40 knots pressures cause water to boil at room temperature ! ! Fins are usually made with hi - tech components and are precise pieces of equipment . As such , they do NOT give them away . I have about one fin per sail and they are about $ 200 each . Some people also have overlap since they may require weed fin ( s ) . Used fins are closer to $ 100 each and can easily be repaired with Marine - Tex . Just remember to sand wet . Here ' s a good link with everything you wanted to know about fins , butt were afraid 2 ask http : / / www . carbonsugar . com / design / everything - you - should - know - about - fw - fins / and for " slalom tuning tips " : h ttp : / / www . windsurfermag . com / magazine / pro - slalom - windsurfing - fin - tuning - tips - kurosh - kiani - vector - fins / ? params = M3w2MnwxNj A = Wrote to Roger Jackson of Starboard about under sizing fins and this is what he said : Hi Joe , You are underfinned if when you reach top speed and " push " laterally across the top of the fin it lets go and spins out . My personal " rule of thumb " for fin length is the fin has to be greater than 1 / 2 the board width or OFO width . The wider the board and the greater the footstrap off set , the more the 1 / 2 board width applies . On a Futura or other freeride board with inboard and outboard footstrap positions , you can generally run a smaller fin ( perhaps < 1 / 2 the OFO width ) with the footstraps in the closer to centered positions . The smaller fin ( or underfinned ) also depends a lot on sail size and overall board speed . I have really tiny ( < 25 cm ) speed fins that are great if you can head off wind and get them up to > 25 knots board speed . At 30 knots + board speed they are solid as a rock , but if you have conditions where you ca n ' t get them up to speed , you can push them loose any time you like if your speed is less than what it takes for these tiny fins to " hook up " and stay hooked up . Hope this helps , Roger What are F4 fins ? h ttp : / / www . f4fins . com / f4company . ht m FINS DEVELOPED BY RACERS FOR RACERS " F4 Fins was started by avid formula windsurfing racers in the San Francisco Bay because good racing fins had become either too expensive or unobtainable . The wind and water conditions , as well as the experienced racing fleet in the San Francisco Bay , provide the ideal proving grounds for developing the next generation racing fins . With help from Boogie of C3 on the design and manufacturing , combined with daily testing in the Bay waters , refinements can be quickly incorporated , resulting in an improved and constantly evolving product . After nearly a three years Our goal is to make the worlds best fins for racing and ensure that they are available at reasonable cost and in a reasonable time frame . Its important to us to encourage new and junior racers to participate in formula and slalom racing . Check Waterhound for the latest news on the success of the BB and other F4 Fins in the San Francisco Racing Fleet WHY WE / they ARE DIFFERENT We are racers just like you who simply want the best fins at a reasonable price in a reasonable time . The key to our success is the local racers who are sailing and testing EVERY day during our season , from early March to late October . This allows us to deliver a fin that is build with  ; the combined knowledge and feedback from one of the most competitive fleets in the world . WHY OUR FINS ARE DIFFERENT An F4 Fin utilizes an advanced composite layup that provides a softer feel , enabling greater control in a wider range of conditions . Our advanced composite design produces a consistent , responsive and longer - lasting fin with soft lateral and stiff torsional flex as compared to other formula fins . We have found that this softer feel , combined with a bullet - proof layup , gives you a fin with the optimal speed and control which makes the rest of your kit work more effortlessly . Call us prejudiced , but we ' ve seen it all OUR MISSION Our goal is to make the worlds best fins for racing and ensure that they are available at reasonable cost and in a reasonable time frame . We believe that this is important for the the sport and for the enjoyment of all competitors . One of our primary goals to to support junior racers . We believe that making the right fins and equipment available to juniors will help toincrease the total level of participation and overall interest in our sport . " Still confused ? Check Rik ' s tricks : - ) http : / / www . rikswindsurfing . com / support / access / fins / index . html = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Somewhere around 2010 slot boxes showed up on wave boards . Similiar to US / A - box , butt without the tab , they weigh less and have 2 side screw holding fin into place . Believe this photo is from the Tabou website . .Was designed by Fabien Vollenweider ? ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Now I will do a brief discussion on how I repair my fins . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This was a repair I had NOT anticipated . I am getting more and more upset with this supposed high grade race fin from Select . First it was more money than I had hoped to pay AND it fit poorly into the Trimm box . I took it out a few times and was satisfied with the performance - once I had adjusted it ' s fit into the box $ % & * ( I took it out in the cold one day { - 1 Celsius } and water levels were slightly different . It sounded like the fin grazed over some rocks and was actually When I checked the fin , there was more damage than I anticipated and I did NOT dare go out with this fin until repaired . . . As you can see here , the leading edge was slightly scraped , butt the bottom got chewed out . So , I got out the MarineTex and splashed some on . . . Once sanded it was NOT looking so bad : - ) Sometimes I put on black Sharpie ink in order to make it look half decent . This repair did NOT take long and the fin is almost as good as new . I did NOT do as good a job as I usually do since I anticipated going out ONE MORE TIME this season . The hope was for today , butt temps are up and winds are not : - ( Guess it is time to start the jogging and prepare for the ice board sailing season , which is just around the corner . . . Okay , once it WAS time to ensure it was a good job . . . . I asked some fin suppliers and windsurf retailers about final finishing . All said NON to waxing and polishing . All said YES to wet - sanding . Most said that a grade 400 was more than enough and some suggested going as high as 600 . I purchased 180 and 400 grit paper and re - sanded the same area without adding any more epoxy . It looked and felt really good . Here is a shot : As usual , I am NEVER satisfied and SO put another layer of MarineTex on the repair ! ! ! Since board width is a factor in fin selection , I should mark that down as well when I am discussing my fins : { BTF was replaced with a JP SLW92 in 2014 34 cm Fanatic Hawk fin for 6.3 and 7 - oh perhaps , 63 cm wide BEE board 40 cm Select Slalom fin with sails 7 - oh and down , ideally 70 cm wide board - now 63 and 79 43 cm Makani Hahalua weed fin for 7 - oh and 8 - oh , mostly 79 cm wide AHD 48 cm Select Freeblade fin for 8 - oh , on the AHD which is 79 cm wide - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 cm Curtis CR - 16 deep tuttle on JP SLW92 using 8 - oh - obviously 92 cm wide 66 cm Select Ultra Race fin for 10 - oh on JP SLW92 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = How often does one need to make adjustments to make the fin fit the box ? ? The worst case for me was a Makani weed fin with powerbox top / base . Ironically it did fit the Fanatic BEE , but not the AHD for which it was meant . Gentle sanding took quite some time . The next worst was a trimm fin for the BIC Techno Formula . This was less of an issue , but took some time to fit . On the Auzzie seabreeze forum Mr . Love comments : The tuttle has parallel sides so no taper , it is the front and rear edges that control how far it disappears into the box . So you need to either add tape , mono film shims or epoxy filler to tune it perfectly . Unfortunately the tuttle is sensitive to small production tolerances either in the box or the fin head so you often have to tune it to a particular board . Yep , frustrating . In May 2015 for the first time I had cracks in the head portion of a Select PB 48 cm fin . I put some waterproof glue in the cracks and it seems okay , but need to test it on the water . Will NOT be using it in gusty conditions and may stay close to shore . . . Luckily have a weed fin that will do the job . . . Fin was fine and sold with my AHD 160 / 79 . In 2015 I made a chart with wind speed + sail size versus board + fin . . . Specialized fins and companies making them are showing up - Black Projects , Choco , Flying Objects , MOO , MXR , Tribal and Zulu - amongst others . . . Here is an enthusiast video from the Zulu magician : This fellow decided that not only did he want to be able to sail in light winds using a Formula board , but also in shallow waters . He added two ( 2 ) fin boxes and ran the board with three ( 3 ) 26 cm weedies : End of 2015 I purchased a Unifiber Lessacher 42 cm fin . As mentioned Lessacher worked out of Holland and made world - renowned fins . This fin is supposed to be be much shorter than other weedies for the same setup and also has a very different asymmetrical side profile . It is practically ribbed . Since it now winter , I will not get to try it until 2016 . Others have used it with success on a JP SLW , which is where I hope to use it as well . It was either that or the As usual , the fin does NOT fit right away . I do remember a time when I purchased fins and they FIT ! ! The fin went in about 80 % and then jammed all the way across . First I measured it with my trusty compass because I don ; t have a calliper to gauge the thickness . . . I sanded it somewhat and put some McLube on . I was able to get it in the JP SLW92 : The front was fine and was able to force the back with the screw . . . If this fin works well , it means I will be using a 42 cm weed fin rather than a Curtis 58 or Select 66 ! ! When I tried it on the SB iSonic 177L / wide it did the same thing and so rather than forcing it , I did a little more sanding and it went in like butter . This was NOT nearly the sanding I have had to do in the past . When I purchase from a shop , I should bring my board to ensure it goes in well . The one time I did , they thought I was nuts and it went in well % & * Anyway , here is the SB iS with the fin . This board is already using " shorter " fins - like around 46 cm . However , sometimes there are weeds and an angled fin actually helps when you hit a sandbar . It is not quite as abrupt ! ! ! Here is another fin I repaired - it came with a Mistral SLE 303 slalom board . Fixed with MarineTex , sanded and put some primer on . . . In 2016 there was a discussion on an Australian windsurf forum about stiffness of fins and one of the extraordinary fins I have ever seen was discussed : In the " gear review " section of the same forum , they discuss using softer fins for slalom . So , does one use soft fins on slalom and Formul a until conditions get " hairy " / over ? It seems to come down to " stiff fins for heavyweights " . This makes sense since the F = ma is much more for someone with more mass / weight . For me , the same thing applies when one speaks about masts . Lighter sailors seem to like " softer masts " even going up over 7 mยฒ sails . Heavier sailors can easily handle 75 % SDM since they are exerting more force against the mast bend . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hello , I read a bit on the link to the forum and they all have pretty accurate accounts . Bigger guys in general should have stiffer fins than lighter sailors . But still all fins should have some give relative to the sailors weight . The better the sailor you are , the more you will begin to understand how flex can help in all aspects of sailing . For intermediate sailors it is not that big of an issue because you are learning how all of your equipment comes into play and works together . The most important thing is Chuck Ames True Ames Fins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Summer of 2016 , I found this : http : / / www . seabreeze . com . au / forums / Windsurfing / General / Interesting - read - on - Fins / have copied the material here THE SCIENCE OF WINDSURFING FINS Since you love windsurfing as much as us we thought you might appreciate some insight and theory into fin dynamics . There ' s a lot of hype and jargon spoken about fins , so we hope you find this theoretical information useful when making choices about what fins to buy . There ' s a lot to cover , so we ' re going to send this to you in a series of short episodes , starting with a common misconception โฆ THINNER PROFILES ARE FASTER Indeed thinner profiles are faster - BUT only when used for speed sailing at very high speeds . For ' normal ' speeds , thinner profiles in most constructions simply do n ' t deliver enough LIFT . There are a lot of influences on generating lift : Surface area , profile ( thickness ) Profile form ( wing shape or camber - the shape of the fin in plan shape or cross section if you like ) , Chord ( the front - to - back width ) Depth top to bottom Profile ratio ( chord length in mm . รท thickness in mm . expressed as % ) Stiffness - Flex - Twist โฆ and more , that all play their part . Any one fin that ' s built without taking into account fine tuning of all of the above for specific purpose is Both the profile form and profile ratio are normally optimised for the use and intended speed range . A higher % profile will , in principle , generate more lift compared to a lower % profile at a given speed - but with a higher resistance . For speed , the amount of lift generated should be high , while the resistance must be as low as possible . Profile efficiency ( lift รท drag ratio ) has a relation to the required speed range and type of profile . Profile forms and outlines are a real scientific area . E.g. , the realms of NASA , At higher speeds thinner profiles normally show a higher efficiency . Hence thinner profiles are better suited at higher speeds - but not necessarily for reaching them . There ' s a cut - off point at around 9 % ( of chord รท thickness ) . Below 9 % would typically be used for speed . 9 % or higher for slalom use . It could be a good idea to develop fins with > 12 % ratios specifically for very low speeds , like first time use etc . The result will be a high - lift fin The amount of lift generated by a fin depends on a number of variables . If speed doubles , lift will increase by a factor of 4 ! Angle of attack ( lift increases linearly with the angle ) .Profile form and ratio ( the higher the ratio the more lift per a given area ) .Rake angle also influences the lift figure considerably ( a weed fin with 45 - deg . delivers considerably less lift compared to a slalom fin with 12 deg . SPECIAL SAUCE Welcome back to episode 2 of our series on windsuring fins - where we ' re busting a few myths and giving you the facts on fin technology . Last time we got really scientific . This time we ' re going to use that theory and examine a few more preconceptions . YES OR NO - THE MORE SURFACE AREA MY FIN HAS THE MORE LIFT IT WILL GENERATE Maybe yes - but only when all other parameters like twist / flex / rake angle and profile are the same . These parameters all influence the amount of lift FACT OR FICTION ? SHORTER FINS ARE ALWAYS FASTER THAN LONGER FINS A real misconception ! So โฆ for a given board type and sail size AND the type of sailing ( e.g. , speed or upwind sailing ) only one size of fin will give the optimal amount of lift . If your fin ' s too short it wo n ' t lift the board enough and therefore you ' ll have more wetted surface area and be significantly slower than if you used a longer fin If your fin ' s too long it ' ll deliver too much lift and as a result your board will be difficult to control with errative behaviour such as spontaneous tail walks . Next time we ' ll look at profile , how construction methods influence handling characteristics and price factors such as custom fins versus production models . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Some people vary the the thickness to chord ratio as discussed in same post : " Slowie varies his profiles thicknesses . Whilst he has always had slight variances to optimise for cavitation inception etc the thickness variation of the current Tribal Sym Speed is very obvious in this regard . It is about 11.5 % for the first 10cm then quickly changes over the next 2cm to 9 % then continues that to the tip which may be a bit thinner still . Looks weird from the front . " In August 2016 in a fin discussion on iwindsurf U2U2U2 posted this picture : I suggested that it actually looked like a foil AND like nothing I have seen before ! ! In early 2017 I purchased a Makani fin to replace a 34 cm fin lost after hitting a rock @ La Crรชte , OKA Parc . The fin ordered was to be 34 cm and after paying was told no more in stock and okayed the 32 cm one . . . When the fin did not fit in the fin box and screw hole was misaligned , I was informed they were having manufacturing issues and were going to CNC . I wrote about this on the OZ forum and was not going to mention the manufacturer . When may have been a different forceten and NOT our local buddy Since this is my forum to express myself . . . I can honestly say i did NOT feel I was whining and was semi - satisfied in the end . Just because a company is just down the road does not mean i support them no matter what - that sounds too much like Trump mentality . I will continue to buy Makani , but will be sure to implicate them when there are issues - AND report those issues on windsurf forums . Makani have been known to make fins liked by many . and the price is right . . . Was wondering if I wrote about fin length . When a fin is too short , it is fairly obvious , We speak about " spin - out " . May also not plane up early enough for our satisfaction . A bigger question is : what if a fin is too long and how do you know ? ? OFO means width of the board " one foot off " or 30 cm up from the tail . People say that fin should NOT be more than that width and ideally 3 / 4 of that width . What happens if the fin is too long or 2017 and just when you thought you had seen and heard it all . . . . Apparently there was a board brand called Real Winds and they made their own fin base called " meritex " . Looks like a tuttle , but has ONLY one screw in the middle like a PB / powerbox : In 2017 hydrofoils have suddenly become a VERY hot topic . My first discussion about them is here : sailboard - hydrofoiling . html . Ironically people are also suggesting foil boards and just recently foil sails . Who has $ 6000 extra to try the latest n greatest in windsurfing ? Not I : - ) In 2018 I saw this on the Auzzie forum : it was marked Tribal sym speed fin with a thick bulbous base and apparently raked enough for weeds maybe they are raked like these Tribal fins - personally have NOT heard of them before No comments : Post a Comment all comments are now moderated = sorry . due to comment spam MUST have google account . . . 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http://johndclare.net/EC5.htm | Why did the Korean War break out in 1950 ? The underlying reason that the Korean War broke out was because it was just another episode in the ongoing Cold War between the USA and the USSR . On the surface , the Korean War seemed to be a war between South Korea and North Korea , but really the superpowers were just using it as a front to combat each other without actually going into a โ hot war โ which โ as both had the atomic bomb โ would have been MAD ( mutually assured destruction ) . The USA went to war in Korea for three reasons . The first reason was the โ Domino theory โ . Salami tactics in eastern Europe was not the only place where Communists were coming to power . In the Far East , too , they were getting powerful โ China turned Communist in 1949 . Truman believed that , if one country fell to Communism , then others would follow , like a line of dominoes . He was worried that , if Korea fell , the next โ domino โ would be Japan , which was very important for American trade . This was probably the most important reason for America โ s involvement in the war . The second reason was just to try to undermine Communism . President Truman believed that capitalism , freedom and the American way of life were in danger of being overrun by Communism . The Truman Doctrine had been one of โ containment โ โ stopping the Communists gaining any more territory . In April 1950 the American National Security Council issued a report ( NSC 68 ) recommending that America abandon ' containment ' and start ' rolling back ' Communism . This led Truman to consider driving the Communists out of North Korea . Finally , Truman realised the USA was in a competition for world domination with the USSR . By supporting South Korea , America was able to fight Communism without directly attacking Russia . The USSR , also , went to war because of the Cold War . Stalin wanted to see Communism expand as long as he did not get involved in a โ hot war โ with America . In 1949 , Kim II Sung visited Stalin . He persuaded Stalin that he could conquer South Korea . Stalin did not think that America would get involved , so he gave his agreement . Kim II Sung also went to see Mao Tse Tung , the leader of China , to get his support . The trigger for the war was when , in 1950 , Syngman Rhee boasted that he was going to attack North Korea . It was a good enough excuse โ the North Koreans invaded South Korea . This started the actual fighting . | [
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] |
http://johndimotto.blogspot.com/2011/03/determining-constitutionality-of-laws.html | Bench and Bar Experiences Tuesday , March 1 , 2011 Determining the Constitutionality of Laws By John DiMotto As I am sure everyone knows , the budget problems of State of Wisconsin have been been the focus of local , national and international news for the past three weeks . Today , it was reported that the Milwaukee City Attorney has authored an opinion that provisions of the Governor ' s Budget Repair Bill are an unconstitutional infringement on the city ' s " home rule " authority over its pension plan , violates employees ' contractual rights and violates workers ' due process rights . There will undoubtedly be very lively and heated debate over whether he is correct . Today , I want to examine the Rules of Statutory Construction that are considered by the courts when a constitutional challenge to legislation is raised . When a party claims that a law is unconstitutional , that party is claiming that the law is at odds with a provision in either the US or the Wisconsin Constitution or both and , as such , the law can not stand or be enforced . Black ' s Law Dictionary , 5 th Edition defines " Constitution " as : " The organic and fundamental law of a nation or a state . . .establishing the character and conception of its government , laying the basic principles to which its internal life is to be conformed , organizing the government , and regulating , distributing , and limiting the functions of its different departments , and prescribing the extent and manner of the exercise of sovereign powers . A charter of government deriving its whole authority from the governed . The written instrument agreed upon by the people . . . of a particular state , as the absolute rule ie . branches ) and officers of the government in respect to all the points covered by it , which must control until is shall be changed by the authority which established it ( ie . by amendment ) , and in opposition to which any act or ordinance of any such department or officer is null and void . " It is a fundamental bedrock of our government , by virtue of the " separation of powers , " that : 1 ) The Legislature enacts the law . 2 ) The Executive enforces the law . 3 ) The Judiciary interprets the law . Thus , when a law is challenged as being unconstitutional - - an affront to the constitution - - it is the judiciary which makes the final decision . A party has standing to challenge a statute ' s constitutionality if that party has a sufficient interest in the outcome of a justiciable controversy to obtain a judicial resolution of that controversy . Standing involves a two step analysis . The court must determine whether the plaintiff has suffered threatened or actual injury and the interest asserted must be recognized by law . see State v . Oak Creek , 232 Wis . 2d 612 ( 2000 ) . The Rules of Statutory Construction as they pertain to constitutionality provide that : 1 ) Statutes enjoy a presumption of constitutionality , and , 2 ) All doubts are resolved in favor of constitutionality . 3 ) Therefore , a party challenging a statute ' s constitutionality bears a heavy burden and must demonstrate the statute is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt . see Ferdon v . Wisconsin Patients Compensation Fund , 284 Wis . 2d 573 ( 2005 ) . The only exception to the challenger bearing the burden of proof is when a statute infringes on a First Amendment Right . In this instance , the State has the burden of proving constitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt . see State v . Trochinski , 253 Wis . 2d 38 ( 2002 ) . A constitutional challenge to a law can be : 1 ) A " facial " challenge ; that is , on its face , the law is unconstitutional in every context , or 2 ) An " as applied " challenge ; that is , the law is unconstitutional as to the challenger alone . see State v . Smith , 323 Wis . 2d 377 ( 2010 ) . A constitutional challenge to a law can be based on : 1 ) Overbreadth - - a statute is overbroad when its language is so sweeping that its sanctions may be applied to constitutionally protected conduct which the State is not permitted to regulate . see County of Kenosha v . C & S Management Inc . , 223 Wis . 2d 373 ( 1999 ) . In order to assert a claim of overbreadth , it is not necessary that a person ' s own conduct be constitutionally protected . The overbreadth analysis reflects the conclusion that possible harm to society from allowing unprotected speech to go unpunished is outweighed by the possibility that protected speech will be muted . Thus , if a statute included in its prohibition conduct which is constitutionally protected , it is void even if the person ' s own conduct is unprotected and may be prohibited by a more narrowly drawn law . see State v . Johnson , 108 Wis . 2d 703 ( Ct . App . 1982 ) . The danger in overbroad statutes is that they provide practically unbridled administrative and prosecutorial discretion that may result in selected prosecution based on certain views deem objectionable law enforcement . However , must be real and substantial . Marginal infringement or fanciful hypotheticals of inhibition which are unlikely to occur will not render a statute unconstitutional on grounds . see S tate v . Stevenson , 236 Wis . 2d 86 ( 2000 ) . 2 ) Vagueness - - a statute is vague if it fails to afford proper notice of the conduct it seeks to proscribe . The test for vagueness is whether a statute is so obscure that men of ordinary intelligence must guess as to its meaning and differ as to its applicability . To withstand a vagueness challenge it must be sufficiently definite so that potential offenders are able to discern boundaries of proscribed conduct . see Johnson , supra . Procedural due process is at issue . see C ounty of Kenosha , supra . 3 ) Procedural Due Process - - requires that a person who has life , liberty or property at stake must be afforded the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner . Failure of a statute to so provide renders a statute unconstitutional . see Estate of Makos v . Masons Health Care Fund , 211 Wis . 2d 41 ( 1997 ) . 4 ) Substantive Due Process - - the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause is a guarantee of " more than a fair process . " It contains a substantive sphere as well barring certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them . The threshold inquiry when analyzing an alleged violation of substantive due process is whether the challenger has established a deprivation of a liberty or property interest protected by the constitution . see Dowhower v . West Bend Mutual Ins . Co . , 236 Wis . 2d 113 ( 2000 ) . 5 ) Equal Protection - - a statute which treats members of similarly situated classes differently violates the Fourteenth Amendment . If the challenge implicates a fundamental right or suspect classification the statute is subject to a strict scrutiny test . It must be shown by the State that the regulation is necessary to serve a compelling state interest and that it is narrowly drawn . see State v . Baron , 318 Wis . 2d 60 ( 2009 ) . If the challenge does not implicate a fundamental right or suspect classification then the statute is subject to a rational basis test . It must be shown buy the challenger that the regulation is not rational . All doubts are resolved in favor of constitutionality . see N ankin v . Village of Shorewood , 245 Wis . 2d 86 ( 2001 ) . Whenever there is a challenge to the constitutionality of a state statute , notice must be given to the Wisconsin Attorney General under 806.04 ( 11 ) so he / she can decide whether the State wishes to be heard above and beyond the parties to the lawsuit . If the Governor ' s Budge Repair Bill does become law , the constitutionality of some of the provisions of the bill ( . home rule , worker contractual rights , worker due process ) may be challenged in the courts . Furthermore , the challenger may also seek an injunction to prevent the challenged provisions from taking affect until the constitutionality of those provisions is ultimately decided . Any challenge may well result in a long and winding road . Posted by John DiMotto at 12 : 02 PM Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers About Me John DiMotto Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States I have been a Circuit Court Judge in Milwaukee County since 1990 . I currently serve in the Civil Division , assigned to a Large Claims Docket . View my complete profile | [
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http://johnjayhomestead.org/about-us/history/ | History During twentyseven years of service to his state and nation John Jay looked forward to the day when he would retire with his wife and family to the house on my farm in Westchester County In 1785 Jay had inherited a 287acre parcel originally purchased by his maternal grandfather Jacobus Van Cortlandt Two years later he inherited an adjoining 316 acres from an aunt He soon began developing the land as a farm purely for business purposes In the late 1790s he decided to make the Bedford farm his home in retirement He enlarged his farm managers house to become his own home increased the number of outbuildings on the farm and moved here in the summer of 1801 His wife Sarah Jay joined him later in the fall and the couple lived here with Only months later in May 1802 Sarah died Jay never got over the loss of his beloved wife but continued to reside on the farm for another twentyseven years with some of his children and grandchildren Jays daughter Ann known familiarly as Nancy took her mothers place as female head of the household Jays younger son William spent much of the first decade of the nineteenth century away from home first as a student at Yale then as an apprentice lawyer in Albany Sarah Louisa the youngest child also spent much time away as she grew older first as a John Jay was finally able to enjoy a considerable amount of family companionship after his son William married Augusta McVickar in 1812 William and Augusta moved into the house and had five children by the time of Johns death in 1829 In his last years Nancy was also still at home and there were frequent visits from Maria and Peter Augustus As for the farm its produce changed over time When Jay was alive Bedford was part of the breadbasket of New York City and the farms principal products were wheat butter apples and pears This remained much the same during the time the property was in William Jays ownership following Johns death It began to change in the next generation that of Williams son John Jay II Given the condition of the roads and available modes of transportation in the early nineteenth century the Jay farm had been very isolated two days distant from New York City The advent of John Jay II Williams son had married Eleanor Kingsland Field in 1837 The couple first lived in another house on the Jay farm until Williams death in 1858 John then inherited the main house and they moved in after a dramatic remodeling transforming the farmhouse into a stylish Victorian country retreat They made their Manhattan home their principal residence to be near Johns law office and their social life The Bedford farm was still run for profit but its commercial function was now joined by use as a summer home and country getaway for the Jays and their friends and The leisureclass lifestyle progressed further with the next generation of the Jays Col William Jay and his wife the former Lucie Oelrichs were members of The Four Hundred the exclusive social set associated with Mrs William B Astor Jr Col William owned the Jay farm from 1894 to 1915 A lawyer like his father grandfather and greatgrandfather he had his office in New York and made that city his principal home As president of the Coaching Club which held fashionable events in Manhattan and Newport Col Jay and his wife were leading society figures Their home in Bedford became primarily Col Jays daughter Eleanor Jay Iselin was the next owner of the property She and her husband Arthur Iselin were the first generation of the family since her greatgrandfathers to make the house their principal home Arthur could now commute easily into New York for his work as a board member of the Chemical Bank given fast train service to Manhattan They enlarged the house in the mid1920s with a large masonry wing designed by Warren Wetmore the architects of Grand Central Terminal The farm was developed further and its principal crops changed to eggs waterfowl and potatoes Then in Much of the family fortune was lost The farm paid poorly through the 1930s and the costs of maintaining the estate became difficult By the mid1940s as the BedfordKatonah area was developing into a bedroom community of New York City the value of the land became greater than the income the farm could generate The Iselins began selling land to be developed for suburban housing Aware of the difficulty of keeping the property Mrs Iselin sought an appropriate new function for it that would honor its historic significance In 1946 she offered it to be the location of the United Historical Essays John Jays Bedford House Collections | [
"History"
] |
http://johnmcgrathford.com.au/ | New Ford Vehicles Passenger SUVs Commercial Focus RS Focus Mondeo Mustang Mustang Bullitt Search Our Stock We have the largest range of new vehicles and quality Used vehicles Search Cars for sale Search Cars By Budget Search Cars By Stock Number New Demo Used Make Any Any Model Transmission Any Price From Min Price To Max Cant see the vehicle youre looking for Please contact us for our free nonobligation vehicle sourcing service Its fast its safe its free Search Our Stock Tradein Your Vehicle Get Finance What Our Customers Say Book Your Service Parts Accessories About John McGrath Ford John McGrath Ford Videos Scroll through the playlist below to view the latest videos by Ford Australia 122 Ford Ranger Leading Ideas Gearbox Ford Australia Watch later Share Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 031 | [
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http://johnsgymatx.com/classes/muay-thai-kickboxing-class-austin-cedar-park/ | NW Austin Cedar Parks Only Dedicated Muay Thai Program For All Levels The 1st thing youre going to feel is our friendly nonintimidating vibe as you walk in Our Muay Thai Kickboxing class caters to beginners as well as those looking for more advanced training and competition Weve had members compete and win in local Muay Thai tournaments although most people come for a great workout and to learn the art of the eight limbs punching elbows kicks and knees Muay Thai is the most complete and devastating form of standup Martial Art as it incorporates your whole body in striking Everyone starts learning the fundamentals to keep you safe and help along your progression in a systematic way Were also the only Muay Thai program that has a dedicated sparring night if youd like to take your training to the next level and put it into live practice Our sparring nights are fun and safe and allow you to grow at your own pace as you put the technique into live practice What Is Muay Thai Exactly Simply put Muay Thai is the most devastating and effective for of standup Martial Art because it incorporates the whole body Knees Kicks Fists and Elbows as well as clinching your opponent Every fight starts standing and Muay Thai gives you the tools and strategies to strike however possible Practiced for over 1000 years its Thailands unofficial national sport Muay Thai was developed as a form of martial art for Siamese soldiers if they lost their weapons in battle Once Thailand was at peace Muay Thai became a form of physical exercise selfdefense and personal advancement Unlike other Martial Arts gyms that teach traditional Martial Arts like Karate Taekwondo or other Korean Martial Arts that focus on forms and base their grading on board breaking or how well you can do a form we focus on real practical self defense skills and techniques Everyone starts at Level 1 learning the foundation of the Muay Thai stance and fundamental striking techniques From there you move on through the levels learning how to hold pads for your partner advanced striking tactics and ring generalship as well as sparring nights if youd like Each level brings new challenges and techniques so you never feel board or feel like youre hitting a plateau Abraham Cabral I really enjoy the Muay Thai class the environment in the class its really cool and the instructor Scott knows a lot about this discipline Johns Gym its a really good place to workout and in my case its the perfect gym to learn Muay Thai The major differences between Johns Gym Muay Thai classes and other Muay Thai classes in the Austin and Cedar Park area Other Muay Thai Programs Muay Thai Gym that doesnt actually offer muay thai technique classes but only cardio kickboxing No Curriculum for advancement more of a freeforall atmosphere where instructors teach what they feel like No Sparring No room for advancement into competition Muay Thai class is treated as an afterthought with no real investment in the students Part time instructors with no Muay Thai competition experience teaching incorrect technique Very few classes in the schedule to get any real training Gladiator Gym where only the strong survive Johns Gym Muay Thai Program We offer Muay Thai Technique classes with sparring night and kickboxing for conditioning as well as strength training for our more serious athletes Our Muay Thai class has a curriculum and levels of advancement so that you can stay safe and arent put into situations that your level may not be ready for yet Dedicated sparring night as well as open ring for you to use whenever youd like as long as a class isnt using the ring We have 7 Muay Thai Kickboxing classes weekly including sparring night to choose from so we are very dedicated to your success Full time instructors and assistants that are here to assist you in your advancement through our Muay Thai levels Our instructors have participated in Muay Thai Kickboxing matches and so they are speaking from real world experience not theory or YouTube Local friendly gym where youll see the owners working out right next to you or at the gym daily Beginner friendly gym that offers a systematized curriculum to keep you safe an efficiently teach you how to defend yourself right away Daniel Seahorn Im only a few months in with the Muay Thai program at the gym but Ive loved every second of it Im always looking forward to the next class every time I leave the gym and every instructor is well trained and will push you to get your desired results My money is well spent at Johns Gym and I cant wait to start learning some BJJ New To Muay Thai We have GREAT news Try our Level 1 Beginner Fundamentals Muay Thai Class Enter Your Info Below Heres what you can expect from our Muay Thai Classes We are a BEGINNER FRIENDL Y Muay Thai Gym that does not allow any craziness just a good group of quality people enjoying Muay Thai for fitness andor competition We are here for people that simply want to use Muay Thai classes to get in shape and learn some technique to those that want to take it to the next level and compete in boxing matches We have an active sparring night if that is what youd like to try Its always safe with the head boxing instructor running the sparring and paring people people up properly Curriculum so that you can follow through the different levels and feel safe that you are learning at a proper and accurate pace Stress Relief Ever wanted to punch or kick something or someone and not get intro trouble Here you can and we encourage it 6 Learn how to properly throw a punch and kick as well as knees and elbows while keeping your balance dodging strikes and counter punches and kicking in our muay thai classes Age is not a factor From kids classes all the way up we have athletes of all levels training and enjoying our Muay Thai classes at their pace Living a healthier lifestyle as well as mentally psychically and emotionally Meet new likeminded friends who will last a lifetime One of the major things youll notice is our friendly vibe from the moment you walk in No intimidation here we are a group of people that just enjoy this different way of getting into shape and having fun We supply the motivation The 1 reason people get derailed from the gym is due to boredom It can get boring trying to be the best at working out so try a martial art that will give you the results youre looking for far more rapidly Our training sessions are never boring Heck you may not want to go home And Many More Frequently Asked Questions Dont see your question answered Simply click the blue Contact Button or callTXT 5124360675 and well promptly reply Do you have classes for beginners Do I need to be in shape before joining Will I learn how to defend myself Can I try a class first to see if Ill like it Will people try and hurt me How many people are in class Do we spar during class Will I be able to train with the professor Will I be able to compete Am I too old to start training When can I start classes Get Started Today 30 Day FREE Trial Sooner or later you just have to try Johns Gym Mixed Martial Arts and Fitness training for yourself To make it easy were the ONLY training center in Central Texas that offers a 30 Day Free Trial membership Thats some of the very best martial arts training available anywhere To get started click the link below 30 Day FREE Trial | [
"Muay Thai",
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"Martial Art"
] |
http://johnsonfurnitureco.com/ | Our Products Accents Bedroom Dining Rooms Furniture Care Home Office Lighting Living Room Tables Upholstery Leather All Vendors Our Story American Made Reviews FAQs Contact 283 S Seguin Ave New Braunfels TX 830625532 1 We know there are many furniture store choices out there it can feel overwhelming and perhaps you still arent seeing what you want At Johnson Furniture we pride ourselves on a high level of customer service while providing quality readymade and customordered furniture in the Central Texas area With over fifty years of experience we can expertly guide you through the design process of blending your existing pieces with new furniture and ideas Our Products Tables Dining Rooms Accents Upholstery Leather Home Office Lighting Bedroom Living room Furniture Care Our Venders questions Contact Us AMERICAN MADE Proudly Supporting America Cofounders Mr and Mrs Johnson instilled in us an appreciation and gratitude for our nation military and freedoms Before opening the store Mr Wallace Johnson served in World War II with the 71st Ordnance Group Headquarters setting up ammunition depots for the 1st Army He landed on Utah Beach with the third wave on June 6 1944 and fought in the Battle of the Bulge We want to thank all of our servicemen and women past and present for the sacrifices made in order to protect and support our nation Reflecting our beliefs our business carries many vendors that manufacture furniture in the United States We also proudly offer discounts to military inactive and active Hey real talk We wont blow up your newsfeed We post noteworthy and relevant material that will keep you inspired by interior design and in tune with our news and specials | [
"Johnson Furniture",
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http://johnstonesupplydfw.com/ | Largest Selection at the Best Prices Our team is available to assist you with your project Dedicated account manager Knowledgeable staff Bulk pricing Serving Texas Since 1982 Give us a call or fill out the form 2143570836 Search Inventory or Purchase Online Check Us Out Quick Free Delivery Large Local Inventory Several Locations to Serve You Better Johnstone Supply DFW has several area locations for your convenience Each location has a large inventory of product knowledgable staff and multiple pickup and delivery options Find Your Nearest Location Request a Quote for Parts Need parts for your next job Tell us what youre looking for and we will contact you with a quote to pick it up in store or have it delivered straight to your job site Sales Deals Take advantage of current instore equipment sales and deals Visit or call one of our locations to learn more See current promotions Like us on Facebook Like our page and youll be the first to know about upcoming classes promotions and the latest HVAC news Visit our Facebook page Sign up to receive our latest deals events more | [
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http://jojosrestauranttaphouse.com/ | JoJos Restaurant Tap House provides a bit of a unique dining experience We have a semiprivate dining room that will appeal to those that want a nice casual atmosphere without the noise and bustle of a bar right next to them For those that are looking for a bit more in the way of live music a great selection of craft beer and an evening out with friends our Tap House side hits the mark The great thing about having both is that we can appeal to all ages we routinely have customers from their 20s to their 80s enjoying I am an early ejaculator for over three years not yet married I first consulted a urologist who prescribed me this drug Levitra and Priligy But on the internet Levitra seems rather indicated for the problems of erections my question is to know if it is really necessary for cases of premature ejaculation | [
"dining room"
] |
http://jokes.cc.com/funny-gross | all categories Gross Gross $ 10 Complaint 40 Feet Long and Stinky 69 80 Pounder A Clitoris , an Anniversary and a Toilet A Crappy Trait A Daring New Position A Hooker & a Bungee Jump A Lesson In Morals A Limerick About a Man From Peru A Little Cannibalism Humor A Piece of Ass A Prayer Before Dying A Scot ' s Tale Adam Ferrara : Doing My Part Adam Growe : Piercings After 69 Al Madrigal : Backstage at the Mexican Strip Club Al Madrigal : Too Old for Breastfeeding Always Bring the Fingers Amish Life Amy Schumer : False Advertising An Assortment of Nuts An Old Fart Archeological Gag Ashes to Ashes Baby Drink Baby Jobs Baby Zombies Baldy Pants Bank Robbers Beans & Onions Bear & Toilet Beaver Belly Button Ben Bailey : Lactose Intolerant Intolerant Ben Bailey : Summer NYC Smells Ben Kronberg : Fart Mysteries Ben Kronberg : White Castle Big Girl With Yeast Infection Big Tongue Bill Coronel : Dog Food Guideline Bill Engvall : Being Tactless At Eighty Birdie Poem Blair Butler : Little Children Blake Clark : Cousins Blonde Waitress Warmer Bob Nickman : Sizzler Cheater Bob Oschack : Defending Your Children Against Your Friends Bonnie McFarlane : New Diaphragm Booger Wooger Boogie Nights Boris Hamilton : Quick Weight Loss Brain Fart Bravery Brian Kiley : Toilet Paper Brian Posehn : City Homeless Bruce Baum : Jeffrey Dahmer Bruce Bruce : Breath Be So Bad Bug ' s Mind Burping Skeleton Butt Cheeks Camouflage Clothing Cannibal Etiquette Captain Hook ' s Death Carlos Mencia : Every Guy Craps His Pants Carmen Lynch : Hard Sneeze Carol Leifer : You ' re Close to Someone Caroline Rhea : Watching People in New York City Chapped Lips Chillin ' Biddies Chilling with Eskimos Chips and Dip Chris McGuire : Old Fashioned Perverts Chris Porter Christian Finnegan : Moaning Leak Church Condom Recycling Constipated Accountant Constipation Constipation : The Movie Corey Holcomb : Break Up Science Corpsalicious ! Craig Anton : Different Kind of Comic Craig Shoemaker : Circumcision Damon Williams : Canadian Lap Dance Dan Cronin : Male or Female Restroom Dan Devido : Fraternity Fish Dan Levy : Combat Plan Daniel Tosh : Dad ' s Breakfast Talk Daniel Tosh : Tastes Like Ethnicity Dave Attell : Caught Watching Porno Dave Attell : Favorite Apartment Game Dave Attell : In Terrible Shape Dave Attell : On Breastfeeding Dave Attell : Uppity Fish Dave Attell : Wet Your Pants Dave Attell : Women Love Mystery David Cross : Necrophiliacs David Feldman : On Cannibalism David O ' Doherty : St . Patrick David Wain : The Perfect Day Dead Blonde in Closet Deep in the Fourth Quarter Definition of Agony Demetri Martin : Neighborhood Diner Dentist Depressed Proctologist Did you hear . . . . ? Dinner ' s Ready Dirt Road Dirty Cowboy Mustache DL Hughley : New York City Clubs Doctor ' s Orders Dog Abilities Doggy Licks Donald Glover : Seen the Face of God Door Prize Doug Benson : Ever Been Driving Along . . . Doug Benson : On the Toilet Doug Stanhope : Elderly Getting Lucky Doug Stanhope : Necrophiliacs Dov Davidoff : Ca n ' t Assume the Best Dov Davidoff : In the Pharmacy Dov Davidoff : Molestation Scandals Dov Davidoff : Try Lamb Skin Dragging Their Feet Drew Fraser : Good Advice Drummers & Laxatives Eddie Pence : Marking Territory Eddie Pence : Pee Dream Elephant Encounter Elephant Tampon Eliot Chang : Juicy Ass English , Irish & Scottish Football Equal - Opportunity Gas Ex - Lax , Do n ' t Do It Farting Into the Great Beyond Fetal Attraction Fine Fly Dining First Impressions are Everything Fishsticks are for Lovahs Food for the Hungry Foot - Long Carrot Frank Prinzi : Trouble Sleeping Freddy Soto : Leave the Cockroach Gassy Granny Geriatric Halloween Geriatric Medicine Girls Playing Hockey Gonna Marry Good Samaritan Goverment Wrestling Federation Green and Yellow Greg Fitzsimmons : Hair at the Holes Greg Giraldo : Valentine ' s From Grandma Gross Siamese Tongue Grosser than gross . . underwear Grosser Than Gross . . . Porn Grosser Than Gross . . . Vampires Growing Old Gum Gynecologist and a Dog Hal Sparks : Seeing " The Vagina Monologues " Hal Sparks : Strange Thing to Call a Woman Halloween Ha - Ha - Frickin ' - Ha Hand - Me - Downs Hannibal Buress : Life Is Great Happy Birthdead To You Harland Williams : Barbecue Recipe Harland Williams : Gardening Government Secret Harland Williams : No Airbag Harland Williams : Parents Having Sex Harland Williams : Pillsbury Doughboy Government Secret Harland Williams : Powder Source Government Secret Harland Williams : Stuffing the Mattress Harland Williams : Talking in Church Harland Williams : Tormenting Flies Harland Williams : Underwear Lint Harland Williams : We ' re All the Same Harland Williams : What Happens With a Thong ? Harland Williams : Wrinkle Cream Government Secret Having to Take a Whisper Hiney Bubbles Hold the Mayo Holding It In Holy Water + Castor Oil How does herpes leave the hospital ? Hugh Fink : Mafia Expressions Huntin ' License I Do n ' t Like My Brother I See You ! I ' m Very Bullish On Milk Ian Bagg : Information Superhighway Ian Bagg : Roll of Nickels Iliza Shlesinger : Physical Indicators Incest Farm Incontinent Vegetarian Interesting Appearance . Not Normal It ' ' s awful scary in these woods , mister ! It ' s Not For Him , Stupid It ' s What ' s For Dinner Jack and Jill II Jackie Flynn : Employees Must Wash Hands Jacob Sirof : Away From the Wife Jacob Sirof : Ca n ' t Hang Out Jake Johannsen : Getting a Colonic Jake Johannsen : Vet Instructions Jamie Lissow : At the Gym Jay Larson : Embarrassing Purchase Jeff Altman : Wish I Could Do That Jeff Dunham : A Ventriloquist in Prison Jeff Dunham : Benefits of Divorce Jeff Dunham : Giraffe ' s Vomiting Delay Jeff Dunham : Meat Thermometer Tip Jeff Dunham : Penicillin for Valentine ' s Jeff Dunham : Symptoms May Include Jeffrey Dahmer Ends the Relationship Jeremy Hotz : Dental X - Rays Jeremy Schachter : Cockroaches Jesse Joyce : Hot Medical Interns Jim David : From Within Jim David : Morning Papers Jim Gaffigan : Thinking in Movies Jim Hamilton : Burns When I Pee Jim Lauletta : At the Doctor ' s Office Jimmie Walker : Athlete ' s Foot Commercial Jimmy Aleck : No Toilet Paper Jimmy Carr : The Toilet Seat Jimmy Dore : Pledging a Fraternity Jo Koy : When Monkeys Get Mad Joe DeRosa : My Uncle Is Not Afraid Joe Starr : Colonoscopy Joey Kola : The Male Silverback Gorilla ' s Fiber Intake John Caponera : Strong Drinks John Evans : Abortion Statistics John McCain ' s Underwear John Oliver : Anus Bomb John Oliver : Falling in Love with America John Ramsey : Russian Poop Joke Johnny Dark : A Touch of Leprosy Johnny Lampert : Jeffery Dahmer in the War on Terror Jon Dore : Dad the Dog Jon Dore : Hiding From the Nazis Jon Dore : Memories Going Jon Dore : Practical Jokes Jon Fisch : Fantastic Membership Jon Manfrellotti : Eating the Fake Food Jonathan Katz : Bring in a Sample Jonathan Katz : Dead Aunt Jordan Rubin : Airplane Seat Cushion Josh Sneed : On Flea Markets Josh Sneed : Weight Loss Plan Julian McCullough : Male Cleaning Schedule Julian McCullough : Public Restroom Fears Julian McCullough : Sex in the Shower Jungle Gaiety Just Depends K.P. Anderson : Comic or Tragic Karen Rontowski : Think Like a Man Kevin Kataoka : Pay Toilets Kristen Schaal : Hot Sex Dream Kurt Metzger : Liposuction Kurt Metzger : The Only Animals in All of Nature Lab Monkeys Larry Amoros : Hannibal the Cannibal Larry Amoros : The Jeffery Dahmer Trial Larry the Cable Guy : Fishing While Hammered Laura Kightlinger : Blind Date Type Laura Kightlinger : Handling Anal Requests Laura Kightlinger : Low Self - Esteem Legless Cow Leper and Prostitute Leper Hockey Leper Poker Game Leper Stew Little Girls Little Johnny and the ABC ' s Little Johnny Gives to the Sick Little Johnny . . . Definite Definition Little Johnny . . . Peanut Little Red Riding Hood Stunned by the Wolf Little Red ' s Granny Lizz Winstead : Bottled Water Lizz Winstead : Bran - Eating Roommate Lizz Winstead : Iraq ' s Prime Minister Lizz Winstead : Potato Chip Technology Loni Love : 80s Fashion Louis C.K. : Customer Service Calls Louis C.K. : Hey , That ' s Mine Louis Katz : Clown Advice Lucky Dog Lucky MotherDucker Luke ' s Saga Margaret Smith : Hairy Guys Margaret Smith : John Bobbitt ' s Penis Margaret Smith : New Underwear Margaret Smith : Overly Attentive Salesperson Margaret Smith : Shake It Margaret Smith : You Do n ' t Know What Love Is Mark Brazill : Women as Best Friends Mark Cohen : Gross New York City Mark Roberts : Dad ' s Toupee Maryellen Hooper : Covering Up Zits Matt Braunger : Drunk Batman Maxi Pad to the Fart Mayo and Semen Medical Samples Men and Diapers Men and the Toilet Seat Men With No Arms or Legs Microwaves Mike Sweeney : Cannibalism After a Crash Mike Sweeney : Mexican Explosion Mmmmmmmmmm . . . Mo Mandel : Dog Walkers Mommy , Mommy ! Mommy , mommy . . . circles Monkey Booty Call . . . My Place Monster Valentine Morgan Murphy : New York City Subway Smell Morning After the Orgy Mouse Droppings News for Adam and Eve Nick DiPaolo : C * * k - Blocked Nick DiPaolo : Keeping the Weight Down Nick DiPaolo : Money for Sperm Nick DiPaolo : Throwing Up Violently Nick Swardson : Taco Bell Employee Perks Nick Swardson : Third Grade Fight No Backseat Blonde No Revolving Doors Norm MacDonald : Quitting Smoking Nudist Camp Obese Michigan Mammas One Clean Joke , Two Dirty Jokes Orange Oddity OSU Owen Benjamin : Public Restrooms for Guys Pantyhose Parsley Pat Hazell : Four - Pack of Toilet Paper Patton Oswalt : Face Transplant Patton Oswalt : Not Medical Science Education Patton Oswalt : Shocking Medical Videos Patton Oswalt : Suicide Pinata Paul Mooney : Before Jeffrey Dahmer Paul Nardizzi : Not Cutting the Umbilical Pea Soup vs . Roast Beef Penguins Drive Cars Peter Correal : Guide to Better Sex Pit Bull with Herpes Plumber ' s Job Poor Fly Pretty Hair Proctology , For Fun & Profit Prune Pizza Raggedy Ann and the Pillsbury Doughboy Rattlesnake vs . Flaccid Penis Ray James : Masturbating in the Shower Ray Lipowski : Hand Sanitizer Rejected Greeting Card - - Sorry Retta : Men ' s Armpits Retta : Next for the Bathroom Rhoids Rhyming Riddles Are The Best Richard Jeni : Inconvenient Diarrhea Richard Jeni : Of Course Men Love Condoms Richard Lewis : That Nauseous Robert Hawkins : Quitting Smoking Robert Kelly : Potty Poem Rocky Mountain Oysters Roger Rittenhouse : Do n ' t Eat Right Ron Richards : Bathroom Ozone Ron White : At the Vet ' s Rory Scovel : Strip Club Rosebud Rubbed the Wrong Way Rudy Rush : Single Life Rules of Bedroom Golf Rump Roastin ' Runny Noodle Russian Vodka Urine Rusty Ward : Cremation Ryan Hamilton : Love My Cell Phone Sabrina Matthews : Refusing Airplane Restrooms Safety Curls Sandpaper Sally Santa ' s lap Saving Her Butt Science Fiction Porn Titles Scratchy Lottery Search & Destroy Seek and Ye Shall Find . . . Sex Education Sex with Leprosy Sex You Up Shaking Things Up Shane Mauss : Freakishly Skinny Sharper Than a Ginsu Shaun Majumder : Fetish Party Sheng Wang : Central Park Carriage Rides Sheng Wang : Summer in New York City Sheng Wang : Toilet With No Water Shih - Tzu + Poodle Shipwreck ' d Shirley Hemphill : No Kinky Food Stuff Showers Instead of Baths Sick Rabbit Trick Skunked Smallest Hotel Smart Pills Smellin ' Wood Smoke Rings Smoking Problems Snack Food Snobby Tampons Snot Socks Sonny , Got Any Viagra ? Sons Devoted to Mom Sperm 1 and 2 Spider Diet Star Trek Star Trek & Toilet Paper Statues Come to Life Steve McGrew : Good Toilet Paper Steve Rannazzisi : Keep the Subways Clean Steve Trilling : Bathroom Out of Order Sticker Shock Still Together Strawberry Fields Streakers and Strokers Stupid Narcissist Sue Murphy : Over - Tanning Sunday School Daze Switched Ends Take ' Em Off , Boys Taking Out the Garbage Talking Out of Your Ass Tammy Pescatelli : On Terrell Owens Tarzan Sees Elephants Teacher ' s Pet Ten Things to Do in a Public Bathroom That ' s Meaty That ' s Not Your Rug That ' s Really , Really Nasty & Practical That ' s tacky The Aggie , the Longhorn , and the Goat The Amazing Health Computer The Army Hospital The Blind Guy Polemic The Blind Man The Blonde and Car Maintenance The Blonde and the Deodorant The Bottom Line The Businessman ' s Medical Problem The Cannibals Eat Out The Cork The Cross - Eyed Cow The Cure for Mutes The Day Owl and The Night Cat The definition of . . . . . . . The Desperation of the Undead The Difference Between a Bull and a Cow The Farmer and the Prostitute The Fly The Flying Condom The Giant with Diarrhea The Golfer ' s Confession The Hunting Knife The Hurt Bird and the S * * t The Midget The Native American Clock The Newlyweds and the Doorknob The Perils of Flatulence The Poop List The President ' s Dog The Scent of a Carrot The Scent of an Old Woman The Seven Dwarves Go to Rome The Three Generals The Toothbrush And The Toilet Paper The Toothbrush Salesman The Unfortunate Penis The Vacuum Business Sucks The Vampire The Werewolf The Whore The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers The worse thing after an orgy Thea Vidale : Fighting Children There she blows There was a little boy and a little girl . . . Things Just Fallin ' Off This Joke is Bananas ! Three Flies in a Bathroom Three Gay Men Three Girls Go Camping Three Men with Three Wishes Three Types of Sex Three ' s a Crowd To Boldly Go . . . Todd Barry : Substitute Teacher Toilet Brush Tom Cotter : Favorite State Tom Cotter : Niece ' s Dance Recital Tom Cotter : Tension Tom Parks : Seat Cushion Tom Rhodes : Hurricane Safety Tom Segura : Description of Atlantic City Tom Segura : It Counts Tonight ' s My Night Too Much Tea Toot Toot Beep Beep Top Ten Things You Should Never Do Topless Fat Woman Tough Ass Trapped Inside a Whale Troubled Man Trucker Runs Turtle Soup Twisted Baby Joke Two Boots Two brunettes and a blonde . . . Two Gay Men and a Shower Two Guns Gonzales Two Old Ladies Two Spoons Two Toothpicks and a Straw Ty Barnett : Paranoid Safety Under the Influence Underbite Unwanted Compliment Urethra vs . Garden Hose Valentine ' s Day Surprise Vampire Bar Vampire Date Very Robust Zacklies Viaxative Victor Varnado : Bathroom Adventure Victor Varnado : Black Albino Myths Victoria Jackson : Toughen Up the Image Visiting Grandma Wacked - Out Restaurant Walking in a Doggie Wonderland Walks Into a Bar . . . Basement Challenge Walks Into a Bar . . . Drunk Dry Cleaning Walks Into a Bar . . . Leprechaun Pee Walks Into a Bar . . . Monkey Eats Everything Walks Into a Bar . . . Name That Drink Walks Into a Bar . . . Pissing Contest Walks Into a Bar . . . Taxidermy Walks Into a Bar . . . The Ballerina Wanda Sykes : Nasty Evidence in Clinton - Lewinsky Testimony Wanda Sykes : Standards & Practices Warming the Skunk Wasp ' s Nest Watch Where You Step Water on the Inside Wayne Federman : Jazz History Wayne Federman : Movie Theater Hot Dog Ways To Annoy Bathroom Friends We ' re Studying Hard Weiner Eater Well Endowed and On the Prowl Well - Endowed Queen Wet Cigarettes What do puppies and gynecologists . . . What do you call a blonde with a dollar . . . What do you call an abortion in Czechslovakia ? What is funnier than a zombie baby hanging . . . What is grosser than gross ? What is red and green ? What ' s green and smells like . . . What ' s That , Tampon ? What , No Golden Goose ? White Stuff in Bird Poop Who Was the Most Drunk ? Whore and Bungee Jumper Why Men Snore Winnie the Pooh Witches ' Broomsticks Witches ' Ride Wizard of Oz Woman from Ealing ( Limerick ) Women Pass Less Gas Women vs . Dog Poop Working Up a Sweat with Your Cousin Workplace Farting : Options Explored Wrong Kind Of Collection Yeast + Billy Ray Cyrus = ? Yo mama ' s so fat . . . Godzilla tried Yo mama ' s so nasty . . .phone sex Yo Mama ' s so Stank . . .Breath Yo ' Mama Is Like . . . Ass Hair Yo ' Mama Is Like . . . Hockey Player Yo ' Mama Is So Dirty . . . Roaches Yo ' Mama Is So Dumb . . . Fart Brains Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . Chicken Pox Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . Cook Out Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . Farts Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . Hot Dogs Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . Mattress Yo ' Mama Is So Fat . . . National Weather Agency Yo ' Mama Is So Hairy . . . Butt Hair Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Axis of Evil Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Bacon Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Bath Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Bio - Weapons Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Corns Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Cucumber Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Dog Farts Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Ear Infection Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Fresh Crabs Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Red Lobster Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Same Bush Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Spatula Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Tampon String Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Tuna Surprise Yo ' Mama Is So Nasty . . . Velcro Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Bathroom Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Boogers Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Cockroach Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Daddy ' s Toe Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Hot Meal Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Tampons Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Tin Can Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Toilet Paper Yo ' Mama Is So Poor . . . Underwear Yo ' Mama Is So Skanky . . . Crabs Yo ' Mama Is So Skinny . . . Dental Floss Yo ' Mama Is So Stanky . . . Monkey Poop Yo ' Mama Is So Stanky . . . Yeast Yo ' Mama Is So Stupid . . . Ribbed Condom Yo ' Mama Is So Stupid . . . Wet Floor Yo ' Mama Is So Ugly . . . Flushed Yo ' Mama Is So Uptight . . . Fart Yo ' Mama ' s Breath . . . Teeth Yo ' Mama . . . Red Lobster You Ca n ' t Put HimTogether Again You Ca n ' t Stop The Voodoo You - Wanna - Do - What - To - Me - Elmo ? Your Pants Zach Galifianakis : Greek Sinus Infection Joke Categories Animal Blonde Blue Collar Cross the Road Dark Humor Dirty Doctor Fat Food God Insults Kids Lawyer Little Johnny Lookin ' Good Marriage Men / Women Miscellaneous Money NSFW Nationality News & Politics Partying & Bad Behavior Pick - Up Lines Police & Military Pop Culture & Celebrity School Sports & Athletes Technology Travel & Car Walks into a Bar Work Yo ' Mama | [
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http://jokes4us.com/animaljokes/beejokes.html | Bee Jokes Back to : Animal Jokes Q : Why did the bee get married ? A : Becase he found his honey Q : What do you call a bears without ears ? A : B ' s Q : What do you call a wasp ? A : A wanna - bee ! Q : What ' s a bees favorite novel ? A : The Great Gats - bee ! Q : What do you get if you cross a bee with a door bell ? A : A hum dinger ! Q : Who is the bees favorite singer ? A : Sting ! Q : Who is the bees favorite pop group ? A : The bee gees ! Q : What is a bee ' s favorite part of a relationship ? A : The Honeymoon period . Q : What did the sushi say to the bee ? A : Wassabee ! Q : What do you call a bee that ca n ' t stop eating ? A : Chub - bee . Q : What kind of bee is a sore loser ? A : a cryba - bee Q : What singer is most popular for the bees ? A : Bee - yonce . Q : Who protects the Queen Bee ? A : Her Hub - bee . Q : How many bees do you need in a bee choir ? A : A humdred ! Q . What ' s the last thing to go through a bees mind when it hits your windshield ? A . Its bum . Q : Why did the bee go to the barbershop ? A : To get a buzz - cut . Q : What did one bee say to the Queen bee ? A : Your so bee - tiful ! Will you bee my wife ? Q : What do you call a bee born in May ? A : A maybe ! Q : What kind of bee ca n ' t be understood ? A : A mumble bee ! Q : What does a Wasp say during an Identity Crisis ? A : " TO BEE OR NOT TO BEE " Q : What do you call a bee that lives in America ? A : USB Q : Where do bees keep their money ? A : In a honey box ! Q : What do you get when you cross a race dog with a bumble bee ? A : a Greyhound Buzz . Q : What is a bees favorite sport ? A : Rug - Bee . Q : What TV station do bees watch ? A : Bee bee c one ! Q : What do you get if you cross a horse with a bee ? A : Neigh buzz Q : What did the bee say to the naughty bee ? A : Bee - hive yourself ! Q : Why did the bees go on strike ? A : Because they wanted more honey and shorter working flowers ! Q : What do you get if you cross a bee with a skunk ? A : An animal that stinks and stings ! Q : How do you fight a killer bee ? A : With a Buzz - ooka . Q : What does a queen bee do when she burps ? A : Issues a royal pardon ! Q : How do you propose to the queen bee ? A : With a Ru - Bee ring . Q : Did you hear about the bee that was overweight ? A : It had chub - bee legs and a flab - bee stinger . Q : How do you seduce a bee ? A : With a succu - buzz . Q : How does a queen bee get around her hive ? A : She ' s throne ! Q : What do you call a bee that prefers nectar to pollen ? A : Snob - Bee . Q : What does the bee Santa Claus say ? A : Ho hum hum ! Q : Why do bees hum ? A : Because they ' ve forgotten the words ! Q : What kind of bees hum and drop things ? A : A fumble bee ! Q : What did the bee say to the flower ? A : Hello honey ! Q : What ' s a bees favorite flower ? A : A bee - gonias ! Q : What do you call a bee who single handedly defended the colony from a wasp attack ? A : Not to shab - bee . Q : What did the confused bee say ? A : To bee or not to bee ! Q : What do you call a Bee who is having a bad hair day ? A : A Frisbee . Q : What do bees do if they want to use public transport ? A : Wait at a buzz stop ! Q : What do you give a bee on the first day of class ? A : A Sylla - buzz . Q : How does a bee get to class ? A : On the school - buzz . Q : What is a bees favorite shape ? A : A Rhom - buzz , of course . Q : Why do bees hummm ? A : They forget the words to the song . Q : What do you call a bee explorer ? A : Christopher Colum - buzz . Q : What do you call a bee you ca n ' t share secrets with ? A : a blab - bee . Q : What ' s a bee - line ? A : The shortest distance between two buzz - stops ! Q : What is a baby bee ? A : A little humbug ! Q : What does a bee get at McDonalds ? A : A humburger ! Q : What buzzes , is black and yellow and goes along the bottom of the sea ? A : A bee in a submarine ! Q : What ' s more dangerous than being with a fool ? A : Fooling with a bee ! Q : What kind of animal kills a lot of people ? A : Hepatitis Bee . Q : What did the spider say to the bee ? A : Your honey or your life ! Q : What did the bee say to the other bee when they landed on the same flower ? A : Buzz off . Q : Who is a bee ' s favorite painter ? A : Pablo Beecasso ! Q : What did the bee to the other bee in summer ? A : Swarm here is n ' t it ! Q : What is a bee ' s favorite classical music composer ? A : Bee - thoven ! Q : Who writes books for little bees ? A : Bee - trix Potter ! Q : Why did Jimmy ' s parents scream when they saw his grades ? A : Because he had a bee on his report card Q : Where do bees go on holiday ? A : Stingapore ! Q : What do you call bees buzzing in unison ? A : Stingalongs . Q : what does a bee style his hair with ? A : a honeycomb Q : What do you call a bee who ' s had a spell put on him ? A : He ' s bee - witched ! Q : Why do bees buzz ? A : Because they ca n ' t whistle ! Q : What letter make honey ? A : b Q : Can bees fly in the rain ? A : Not without their little yellow jackets ! Q : Why did the bee started talking poetry ? A : He was waxing lyrical ! Q : What does Pooh Bear call his girl friend ? A : Hunny ! Q : What flies in the air and goes zub zub ? A : A bee flying backwords . Q : What goes zzub , zzub ? A : A bee flying backwards ! Q : What are the cleverest bees ? A : Spelling bees ! Q : What bee is good for your health ? A : Vitamin bee ! If you want a pet bee , you must be called a wanna - bee . Movies A man in a movie theater notices what looks like a bumble bee sitting next to him . " Are you a bumble bee ? " asked the man , surprised . " Yes . " " What are you doing at the movies ? " The bumble bee replied , " Well , I liked the book . 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http://jokes4us.com/yomamajokes/yomamasofatjokes.html | Yo Mama So Fat Jokes Back to : Yo Mama Jokes Yo mama so fat she left the house in high heels and when she came back she had on flip flops . Yo mama so fat she sat on an iPhone and turned it into an iPad Yo mama so fat she went to KFC to get a bucket of chicken they asked her what size and she said the one on the roof Yo momma so fat she sued xbox 360 for guessing her weight yo mama so fat that she dont need the internet she ' s already world wide Yo mama so fat that I ran out of gas trying to drive around her . yo mama so fat that she gave draclua diabeties Your mama so fat , when she twerk , she became a wrecking ball . Yo mama so fat shes on both sides of the family Yo Mama ' s so fat , it took Thanos two snaps to kill her . Yo mama so fat , everytime she walks she does the harlem shake Yo mama so fat she went to Mcdonalds and they had to call Wendys for backup . Yo Momma so fat , I bumped into her and said " Sorry , my mistake . " And she said " Did you just say steak ? ! " Yo Mama So Fat she has mass whether the Higgs Boson exists or not . Yo mama so fat when she sat on a dollar bill she squeezed a booger out of George Washingtons nose Yo mama so fat all she wanted for christmas is to see her feet Yo mama so fat she went to Mcdonalds tripped over Burger King and landed on Wendy ' s ! You mama so fat that when she sat of Home Depot it became Lowes . Yo mama so fat even Meghan Trainor made an exception and called her " treble " . Yo momma so fat that the National Weather Service named each of her farts . Yo mama so fat when she was diagnosed with a flesh eating disease , the doctors gave her 10 years to live ! Yo mama so fat that when she fell down the stairs , I was n ' t laughing but the stairs were cracking up . Yo mama so fat she has two watches one for each time zone she ' s in . Yo mama so fat that when she took a selfie , Instagram crashed . Yo momma so fat , she enjoys long romantic walks to the refrigerator . Yo mamas so fat when she stepped on the scale , the doctor said " Holy Crap , That ' s My Phone Number " yo mama so greasy and fat she uses bacon as a bandaid Yo mama so fat , she can devour a Big Mac in two bites . yo mama so fat , her Apple Watch is and iPad Pro on a rope . Yo mama so fat she ate a whole Pizza . . . .Hut . Yo mama so fat I use her as a queen size matress and she does n ' t even know it Yo momma so fat Burger King hired her because she eats cows and shits hamburgers . Yo mama so fat that even Dora could n ' t explore her Yo Mama so fat , that she gets free WiFi . Because she ' s already world wide Yo mama so fat , she ' s " Large , Single , and ready to Pringle . " Your Mama so fat that when she wore a blue dress everybody thought that the " sky was fallin " Yo mama so fat that her Polo shirt had a real horse on it . Yo momma so fat Joran van der Sloot could n ' t make her body disappear . Yo mama so fat she uses Google Earth to take a selfie . yo Mama so fat her job with Hostess is why they went out of business Yo mama so fat when she sat on my iPad she made a flat screen tv ! Yo mama so fat she just had a baby and said it was delicious Yo mama so fat her blood type is Nutella . Yo mama so fat that her only friend on Facebook is McDonald ' s . Yo mama so fat she went to a restaurant and got the group discount Yo mama so fat she sat on the TV while you were watching Family Guy and Brian the dog died . Yo momma so fat her idea of dieting is deleting the cookies from the internet cache . Yo mama so fat that when someone called her fat , she ate him Yo mama is so fat the police use her as a road blocker . Yo mama so fat you have to grease the door frame and hold a twinkie on the other side just to get her through Yo mama so fat she sets off car alarms when she runs . Yo Mama so fat that when she wears a Orange jumpsuit and walks up the hill , people think the sun is rising yo momma is so fat she sat on Walmart and lowered the prices yo momma so fat she blocks the WiFi signal Yo mama so fat she lays on the beach and greenpeace tried to push her back in the water Yo mama so fat the only pictures you have of her are satellite pictures Yo mama is so fat , it took 3 years for Nationwide to get on her side . Yo momma so fat , everytime she starts singing people leave . Yo momma so fat , she gets confronted every time she drinks or smokes because everyone thinks shes pregnant . Yo mama so fat , she masterbates to the food channel Yo mama so fat the government shut her down along with the rest of the national parks . Yo mama so fat she jumped in the air and got stuck . Yo mama so fat , she had a nice personality , but ate it . yo mama is so fat when she bent over and showed her crack the grand canyon said " DAMMMMMMMMMMN " yo mama so fat she can do the truffle shuffle better than Chunk in " The Goonies " Yo mama so fat they found carmen san diego in between one of her chins Yo momma so fat , she curves space and time . Yo mama so fat she put on some BVD ' s and by the time they reached her waist they spelled out boulevard . Yo mama so fat she stepped on a rainbow and made Skittles . Yo mama so fat then when she fell from her bed she fell from both sides Yo mama so fat that she would have been in E.T. , but when she rode the bike across the moon , she caused an eclipse . Yo mama so fat she was baptised in the ocean . Yo momma so fat , she ' s always singing that Ariana Grande song " Thank you bacon eggs , Thank you bacon eggs " YO Mama so FAT , she was born on the fourth , fifth , and sixth of June . Yo mama so fat I told her to haul ass & she hadda make two trips . Yo momma so fat , that a part of her is a citizen in every country . yo mama so fat that I could n ' t take a picture of her because I did n ' t bring my wide angle lenses . Yo mama so fat when she gets in an elevator , it HAS to go down . Yo mama so fat she has to iron her clothes in the driveway . Your momma is so fat when she walked in her new house the first thing she saw was the basement Yo mama so fat they tie a rope around her shoulders and drag her through a tunnel when they want to clean it . Yo mama so fat when she got hit by a bus , she said , " Who threw that rock ? " Yo mommas so fat , they had to put a choking hazard sign on the Oscar Meijer Wiener Truck . Yo mama so fat when she stands in a left - turn lane it gives her the green arrow ! Yo mama so fat that when whe was born , she gave the hospital stretch marks . Yo mama ' s so fat when she is having sex , her partner doese n ' t know if it ' s in her butt or her boobs ! Yo mama so fat we went to the drive - in and did n ' t have to pay because we dressed her as a Chevrolet . Yo mama so fat when her beeper goes off , people thought she was backing up Yo mama so fat she eats Wheat Thicks . Yo mama so fat were in her right now Yo mama so fat people jog around her for exercise Yo mama so fat she wears neck deodorant Yo mama so fat she has pork rind incense burning in her house yo momma is so fat her favorite basketball team is the Denver Nuggets Yo mama so fat when she sits on the beach she makes sandpaper Yo mama so fat she wears a sock on each toe Yo mama so fat her DNA is DRO ( for Dorito ) Yo mama so fat she got a bath from the cooking channel Yo mama so fat she went to the movies and sat next to everyone Yo mamma so fat you haveta roll over twice to get off her . . . Yo mama so fat she was floating in the ocean and Spain claimed her for then new world Yo mama so fat when you get on top of her your ears pop ! Yo mama so fat she straps an iPad on her arm before every run Yo mama so fat the army stole her underwear to use as parachutes Yo mama so fat when she wears a yellow raincoat , people said " Taxi ! " Yo mama so fat she had to go to Sea World to get baptized Yo mama so fat in the summer , people use her belly button as a swimming pool . Yo mama so fat her shits are as long as king kongs finger Yo momma so fat , she almost turned gummy bears into an endangered species . Yo mama so fat , if she was bricks she ' d be a housing project . Yo mama so fat she got to iron her pants on the driveway " You cant have a brother or a sister " Why ? " " Yo mama so fat your daddy got squished in the process ! " Your mom is so fat that she ca n ' t fit in this joke . Yo mama so fat she puts insurance on her food Yo mama so fat she can hear bacon cooking in Canada your mama so fat she aint got cellulite she got celluheavy Some people trade tit for tat , yo mama so fat she traded fit for fat Yo mama so fat , she did a belly flop and 2 weeks later they found water on Mars . Yo mama so fat , if she was a dinosaur , her name would be Jell - Osaurus Rex . Yo mama so fat she put on her lipstick with a paint - roller yo mamma so fat for Halloween she put on a white sheet and came as Antarctica . Yo mama so fat , NASA thought she caused a solar eclipse Yo momma so fat I could travel halfway across the world and still see her shadow Yo momma so fat her cereal bowl comes with a life guard . Yo mama ' s so fat her patronus is a cake . Yo momma so fat she has to wear her pants backwards , because her front butt is bigger yo mama so fat when she got in front of the HOLLYWOOD sign you could only see H - D Yo momma so fat the national weather service gives a name to each one of her farts . Yo mama ' s so fat she needs a steamroller to iron her clothes . Yo momma so fat , they call her the " Great Shoe - dini " because she can turn high heels into flip flops . yo mama so fat her favorite pirate is chips ahoy . your mama so fat the horse on her shirt is real your moms so fat when the judge said " Order in the Court ! " she said " Pie and chips please ! " Yo mama so fat she got to pull down her pants to get into her pockets yo momma so fat she was born in space and from then on she was know as Pluto ( until they discoverd she wasnt a planet ! ) Yo momma is so fat she shits lard Yo momma her porta potty is bigger than my house Yo mama so fat when she tripped over on 4th Ave , she landed on 12th Yo mama so fat when she bungee jumps , she brings down the bridge too Yo mama so fat the highway patrol made her wear " Caution ! Wide Turn " Yo momma so fat when she sat on a penny and Abraham Lincolin said ouch . Yo mama so fat when she sits around the house , she SITS AROUND THE HOUSE ! Yo mama so fat the only way she burns calories is when her food catches on fire Yo mama so fat she entered the Hunger Games and won all 75 of them Yo mama so fat she ' s the reason African kids are starving your mama is so fat that when I tried to take a picture off her , I had to get a mile away . yo mama so fat that when she got into the ocean Thailand declared another tsunami warning . please " Yo mama so fat when she steps on a scale , it read " one at a time , please " Yo mama so fat when she sits on my face I ca n ' t hear the stereo . Yo mamma so fat even penguins are jealous of the way she waddles . yo mama so fat when she drives a car people shout " hey its the fat and the furious ! " yo mama so fat when I stabbed her in the stomach the whole McDonalds value meal came out of her Yo mama so fat when she gets on the scale it says to be continued . Yo mama is so big that there is a time difference between her two buttocks Yo mama so fat she blew out both her tires on her roller skates Yo Mama so lazy AND fat , she ate all the lunch meat , and did n ' t bother to pack yo lunch . Yo mama so fat when she gets on the scale it says we do n ' t do livestock . Yo mama so fat , when she went to sign up for Survivor , they said " Sorry we already have an island . " Yo mama so fat she dont skinny dip she chunky dunks Yo momma so fat . Your father no longer finds her attractive and its destroying their marriage . Yo mama so fat her neck looks like a pack of hot dogs ! Yo mama so fat she ' s got her own area code ! Yo mama so fat she looks like she ' s smuggling a Volkswagon ! Yo mama so fat when God said let there be light , he asked her to move out of the way Yo momma ' s so fat , she ' s got more chins than a Hong Kong phonebook Yo mama is so fat that when she sits on the toilet it starts saying a , b , c , d , e , f , g , get your fat ass off of me Yo mama so fat the only time she saw 90210 is when she stepped on a scale Yo momma so fat , Santa brings her along to finish the cookies and milk when he gets full . Yo mama so fat NASA has to orbit a satellite around her ! yo mama so fat she stuffed a turkey with her fat . Yo mama so fat whenever she goes to the beach the tide comes in ! Yo mama so fat when she plays hopscotch , she goes New York , L.A. , Chicago . . . Yo momma so fat she downloads cheat codes for wii fit . Yo mama so fat she ' s got Amtrak written on her leg . Yo mama so fat even Bill Gates could n ' t pay for her liposuction ! Yo Mama so fat , she has a KFC bucket in her hands at all times Yo mama so fat her legs is like spoiled milk - white & chunky ! yo mama so fat you cant tell if she got a penis or a vagina . Yo mama so fat I had to take a train and two buses just to get on the her good side ! Yo mama so fat she wakes up in sections ! Yo mama so fat when she goes to an amusement park , people try to ride HER ! Yo mama so fat she sat on a quarter and a booger shot out of george washington ' s nose . Yo mama so fat she rolled over 4 quarters and it made a dollar ! Your mother is so fat , its illegal for her to skydive because the world only needs one grand canyon . Yo mamas so fat she needs cheat codes for Wii fit Yo momma so fat she broke her leg and gravy poured out Yo momma so fat , the only thing stopping her from going to work in the morning is the front door Yo mama so fat when she lies on the beach no one else gets sun ! Yo mama so fat airplanes get turbulence warnings when she farts . Yo mama so fat when she bunge jumps she goes straight to hell ! Yo mama so fat , when she bends over , helicopters think her butt ' s a landing pad Yo momma so fat she masturbates to cook books Yo momma so fat she went to Hollister and the manager told her to leave cause none of the clothes could fit her . Yo mama so fat when she uses a space shuttle as a vibrator your mamma so fat that when she went skydiving people thought she was a hot air balloon . Yo mama so fat when her belly button does n ' t have lint , it has sweaters Yo momma so fat she thought the f on the dash board stand for food . Yo mommas so fat she uses a whole stick of deodorant on half an armpit . Yo mommas so fat when she died and went to heaven Jesus said there was no room so then she went to hell and the devil said HELL NO . Yo mama so fat when she farted in the Gulf of Mexico it caused Hurricane Katrina Yo mama so fat when she jumps up in the air she gets stuck ! ! ! yo mama so fat when she went to heaven she did n ' t get a mansion she goat a 24 hour mcdonalds . Yo mama so fat she goes to KFC and licks other peoples fingers Yo mama so fat that her senior pictures had to be aerial views ! Yo mamma so fat even Kirby ca n ' t eat her . Yo mama so fat everytime she walks in high heels , she strikes oil ! Yo mama so fat she fell and made the Grand Canyon ! Yo mama so fat she sat on the beach and Greenpeace threw her in ! Yo mama so fat even her clothes have stretch marks ! Yo mamma so fat she has front , side , and back boobs Yo mama so fat she does n ' t have corn rows she has crop circles Yo mama so fat , she ' s the reason buffets installed speed bumps Yo mamma so fat a vampire bit her and got Type 2 diabetes . Yo mama so fat if she had a porn name it would be Krispy Kreme . Yo mama so fat she has a wooden leg with a kickstand ! Yo mama so fat when she went swimming , The Japanese harpooned her and took her back to Japan to sell her blubber Yo mama so fat when she rides in a hot air balloon , it looks like she ' s wearin tights ! Yo mama so fat she got hit by a parked car ! Yo mama so fat they have to grease the bath tub to get her out ! Yo mama so fat she has a run in her blue - jeans ! Yo mama so fat when she gets on the scale it says to be continued . Yo mama so fat when she wears a yellow raincoat people say " Taxi ! " Yo mama so fat she has to get out of the car to change the radio station Yo mama so fat Japanese harpooners daydream of what she would look like , in a ham slicer . Yo mama so fat when she get hurt we take her to the hospital in a pick up truck yo mamma so fat it took Usain Bolt 3 years to run around her Yo mama so fat she eats noodles with a forklift . Yo mama so hungry when she goes to the petting zoo she brings barbecue sauce . your mama so fat when someome tried to fuck her it was like throwing a hotdog down a really long hallway Yo mama so fat she sweats more than a dog in a chinese resturaunt . Yo mama so fat her shadow weighs 35 pounds Yo mama so fat she ' s like my ex - girlfriend . . . I ca n ' t get within 100 yards of her Yo Mama so fat up on Uranus their saying X marks the spot Yo mama so fat but I screwed her anyway Yo mama so fat she grinded her roller skates flat Yo mama so fat , shes the reason London Bridge is falling down . yo mamma so fat I took a picture of her on christmas and it still printing Yo mama so fat she uses a stick of butter for chapstick . Yo mama so fat that she woke up on all four sides of the bed ! Yo Mama ' s so fat that when she bends over , the whole country enters daylight saving ! your mama is so fat I tried to hang a picture of her on my wall , and my wall fellover . Yo mama so fat she steps on a scale & it goes one at a time please Yo mama so fat that when she was born the doctors had to give her a pregnancy test ! Yo mama so fat when she masterbates it looks like a 3 - way Yo mama so fat when she wears light blue people yell " Tsunami " . Yo mama so fat SHE is a map on CALL OF DUTY ! Yo mama so fat the police man said lady please move that exercising ball . Yo mama so fat she shops at the Gap and now its the Filled Yo mama so fat the back of her head looks like hot dogs Yo mama so fat shes like the ocean . . . .Big . . .Wide . . .and filed with Cubans ! Yo mama so fat she has soft elbows Yo mama so fat instead of an STD she gave me cholestorol Yo momma so fat she made Jabba the Hut go dayyyyummmm . Yo mama so fat she jumped up in the air and got stuck ! Yo mama so fat she sweats butter and syrup and has a full time job at Denny ' s wiping pancakes across her forehead Yo mama so fat she ' s like an SUV " Big Black and room for 6 construction workers inside " Yo mama so fat she has more crack than Whitney and Bobby Yo momma so fat she gotta eating disorder . She eat dis order , & that order , & everybody else ' s order too Yo mama so fat she fell in love and broke it . yo mom is so fat all i hear when she walks by is heffty heffty heffty Yo mama so fat when she sits on my face I ca n ' t hear the stereo . Yo Mama So Fat . . . . . .That everyone is extremely concerned for her health and hopes she gets better . Yo mama so fat they use the elastic in her underwear for bungee jumping Yo Momma ' s so huge , she looked at the Empire State Building , and said , " Hey look ! A Barbie Dream House ! " Yo mama so fat when they used her underwear elastic for bungee jumping , they hit the ground . Yo mama so fat when she back up she beep . Yo mama so fat she jumped up in the air and got stuck . Yo mama so fat she has to buy two airline tickets . Yo mama so fat when she fell over she rocked herself asleep trying to get up again . Yo mama so fat she influences the tides . Yo mamma so fat , she doesnt need a passport , cause she ' s already there . Yo mama so fat she uses Mount Everest as a dildo yo mama so fat , when she made a club penguin account , SHE TIPPED THE ICE - BERG ! ! ! Yo mama so fat that when I tried to drive around her I ran out of gas . Yo mama so fat she has n ' t seen her waistline since 85 yo mama so fat that her new years resolution was to see her feet . Yo mama so fat she puts mayonaisse on her diet pills Yo mamas sooooo fat she didnt need to take a flight she was already in China . Yo mama so fat that when she crossed the street every body thaught that she was a roundabout Yo mama so fat , she step on a lego and broke it ! Yo mama so fat when she walked out in August in her yellow sun dress and the kids said mommy its time for school . Yo mama so fat , her favorite word is Gravy cuz she puts that shit on everything . Yo mama so fat when she wears Nike ' s they say Nickeloden Yo mama so fat when she wears a yellow raincoat people yell " Taxi ! ! " Yo mama so fat she puts mayonasise on asprin Yo mama so fat she went to buy hamsters and brought home hippos . Yo mama so fat she shops for her clothes in the maternity section ! yo mamma so fat when she got in a plane she was like the Japanese Kamikaze , up up up crash . Yo mama so fat she bathes with Shamu at Sea World Yo mamma is so fat she was talking on her telephone and it got lost in her ear . Yo mama so fat she has to pull her pants down to get into her pockets Your mum so fat when she used a vibrater she made the whole world shake . Yo mama so fat she went cow tipping and got pushed over Yo mama so fat , that in the summer , she sells her own shade . Yo mama so fat , her fingers are too fat for the iPad . Yo momma so fat , Costco had to start charging her for samples . Yo mama so fat , she used jumper cables for suspenders your mamas so fat if you slice her in fruit ninja , you automatically win the game ! Yo mama so fat , her address is McDonalds Yo Mama so fat that it takes 40 men and 4 cranes to get her in Skinny Jeans Yo mamma so fat and dumb , she thinks she ' s in shape , because circle is a shape . Yo mama so fat , she had a twin , but she ate her . Yo mama so fat she went bungee jumping and broke the bridge Yo mama so fat the only time she lifts weights is when she gets out of bed Your mama so fat the only letters in the alphabet she knows is KFC Yo mama so fat shes on the seafood diet , she sees food and she eats it Yo mama so fat it took her four weeks to die from lethal injection Yo mama so fat her nipples touch on her back Yo mama so fat she ' s a middleweight prostitute Yo mama so fat she pulls her pants down and her ass is still in them . Yo mama so fat the animals at the zoo feed her . Yo mama so fat that when she jumped off a bridge she baptised the whole world . Yo mama so fat not even Jesus could lift her spirits Yo mama so fat she needs a lattitude and longitude number to find her own asshole Yo mama so fat they had to put her back pockets in front Yo mama so fat her favorite actor is Krevin Bacon yo momma so fat she has enough rolls to feed china . Yo Momma so fat , You can print out a picture of her and use it as a paperweight . Yo mama so fat she has to wear a spandex wedding ring Yo mama so fat she has shocks on her toilet Yo mama so fat when she dances at a concert the whole band skips . Yo mama is so fat when she lays on the bed she falls from all sides . Yo mama is so fat , a hyperbole coulde n ' t exagerate her weight Yo mama so fat , when she goes camping the bears hide their food Yo mama is so fat , your daddy had to hire an engineer to reinforce their bed Yo mama so fat the Aids quilt would n ' t cover her Yo mama so fat she stands in two time zones . Yo mama so fat that when she died even god could n ' t lift her spirit . Yo mama so fat when she climbed the full moon it cracked in half your mamma ' s so fat she made the sumo wrestlers look anorexic . Yo , mama so fat when she weres a shirt with pictures on it they become 3 - D Yo mama so fat she stepped on the scale and it said my phone number . Yo Mama ' s so fat she uses a Snickers for a toothbrush . yo mama is so fat the police stoped her and told her to stop selling crack Yo mama so fat that when she goes to KFC she says , " can i get the bucket on the roof ? " Yo mama so fat she walked in front of the tv and i missed the hole titanic movie Yo mama so fat she stepped on a dollar and got cents Yo Mama so fat after Hostess went bankrupt all she does is chase school buses Yo mama so fat when she gets a cut she bleeds milkshake Yo Mama so fat she became the eighth wonder of the world . Yo mama so fat she puts on a black bathing suit , gets in the ocean , and everyone screams " Oil Spill . " Yo Mama is so fat , when she got on the scale her phone number showed up ! Yo mama so fat , trains stop to let her pass . Yo momma ' s so fat , her Lee ' s jean size is bigger than the Lee population of Asia . Yo mama so fat when she was in school she sat by everybody ! Yo Mama So Fat She Use A Flat Bed Truck As A Bed Yo mama so fat that every buffet in the world has her picture on the window with a Big X on it . Yo mama so fat she started flashing people and got arrested for trafficking . Yo mama so fat , elephants ride her on a safari . Yo mommas so fat , she put Little Debbie through college . Yo mama so fat sperm whales could swim in her pussy . Yo mama so fat she needs a heavy license to walk . Yo mama so fat the only way she ' ll lose weight is if she loses a leg to diabetes Yo mama so fat and dumb , she thinks " Real women have curves and diabetes " Yo mamma so fat that when she got arrested for selling 10 pounds of crack , the police called in a garbage truck to haul her ass in . Yo mama so fat the only liquor she knows is liquorice Yo mamas so fat she has more rolls than a bakery ! Yo mama so fat she dont like the grand canyon cause it gives her claustrophobia . Yo momma so fat when she went to the zoo she got put in with hippos Yo mama is so fat , her nearest toilet is EVERYWHERE ! Yo mama ' s so fat , when she went to the theaters everybody yelled , " Look King - Kong in 3 - D ! " . Yo mama so fat she jumped into the ocean and made the whales sing " we are family , even though you are fatter than me . " Yo mama so fat she went in a bed store , and ask for a waterbed , the owner put a blanket over the Pacific Ocean Yo mama so fat , she thought that she was having a stomach ache when she was really going into labor Yo mama so fat , she was sued for eating people , so she ate the prosecutor Yo mama so fat , she uses mayonnaise for toothpaste , and Coca - Cola for mouthwash Your mama so fat that when she runs every one shouts EARTHQUAKE . Yo Mama ' s so fat , she makes Jonah Hill look superbad at gaining weight ! Yo mama so fat , she got arrested for selling crack Yo mama is so ugly that when she was born her mother said to her husband DAMN I should have just gave you head Yo mama so fat , her picture heavy yo mamas so fat that when you poke her with a fork she bleeds chocolate milk yo mama so fat she has to eat with a fork lift driver Yo mama so fat she gotta do the matix just to get of her car Your mum so fat when she walk around people say there go the neighborhood ! Yo mama so fat she cant take pictures , she have to take billboards ! Yo mama so fat she uses a flat bed truck as a bed . yo mama so fat her ass needed 5 zipcodes Yo mama so fat when she sat on the toilet it sang abcdefg get your fat butt off of me . Yo mama so fat she look like a obese teddy graham that should be haven a million bras two in the front of her neck , two in the back of her neck , ten on her back , eleven on her stomach , six on each arm and leg and theigh , and one wrapped around each toe , and a tripple d cup size bra to hold up her virgina ! Yo mum so fat that I walked around her twice and got lost ! Yo mama so fat she jumped off the Grand Canyon and got stuck Yo mama ' s so fat that her part time job is being a tug boat ! Yo mama so fat that when God sent her to heaven she fell down to hell . Yo momma so fat that her senior picture had to be taken from space . Yo mama so fat when she jumped in the Pacific ocean a tsunami wiped out half of Japan . Yo mama so fat she can play pool with the planets . Yo mamas so fat that she donates her fat rolls to the bakery . Yo mama is so fat that when she saw a yellow bus she said " there goes my twinkie " Yo mama so fat when she ๏ฟฝ went to the zoo she got put in with the hippos . yo mama so fat she play hopscotch like this Washington , Texas , Florida , Mexico . Your mom so fat when she got on the scale the doctor looked at the number and said " That ' s my phone number . " Yo momma so fat that she has a gravitational pull Your mom ' s so fat that she called a group of scientists to calculate the amount of chins she has . yo mama so fat when she got shot in the leg the doctors could n ' t find the bullet Yo Momma so fat , a Blind Dude pointed at her and said " That Bitch is FAT " Yo mama is so fat that her car is made out of spandex . Yo mama so fat that u have to take 2 airplanes and bus to get on her good side . Yo mama so fat her stretch marks got stretch marks . Your moma is so fat , when she had fever it caused global warming . Yo mamma so ridiculous she is ridiculously fat . Yo mama so fat she wears the eqautor for a belt just to hold up her pants . Yo mama so fat that her nickname is Fatty McButterpants . Yo momma so fat , she uses Jupiter as a basketball yo mama is so fat she thought the first 3 letters of the alphabet was KFC Yo mama so fat when she puts on a yellow rain coat the childern come running to the bus stop . Yo mama so fat when you have sex with her you have to slap her stomach and ride the wave in . Your mom is so fat , she uses the asteroid belt to slice her foods . Your mom is so fat , she is standing on Marianas Trench , which is the reason why it ' s the lowest point on Earth . Your mom is so fat , the Hubble telescope took a picture of her not on Earth but on the opposite point of the universe . Yo mama is so fat that the government could use her jelly - rolls to stop world hunger . Yo mama so fat she fell off the bed and went straight to hell Yo mama so fat that even god could n ' t raise her spirit Yo mama so fat she got stuck in the grand canyon Yo mama so fat when she walked past the t.v. you missed three episodes . Yo mama so fat that her feet need license plates . Your momma so fat that when people want to clean the tunnels they tie ropes around her shoulders and pull her through them Yo Mama so fat she wears a vcr as a beeper Yo mama so fat she had to take a specially made taxi the size of the united states . Yo mama so fat when she hop she goes from Europe to asia to africa to anartica Yo mama is so fat she brought a spoon to the Superbowl . Yo mama so fat she got her own area code Your mom is so fat , the NASA ordered her to clean up the satellite junks floating above . Your mom is so fat , even all dark matter from space is falling into her right now . Yo mama ' s so fat , she has to fly cargo class . Your mom is so fat , when all the planets got aligned , she played hopscotch on them , starting from the sun . yo mama so fat , she went to disneyland and was offered a group discount . Yo momma so fat , her car has stretch marks . Your mum is so fat when sat on the rocket the rocket could n ' t lift off Yo momma so fat , they used Google Earth for her school photo . Yo mama so fat when she was watching the food network & turned over she missed 2 episodes . Yo momma so fat she broke up Pangea ! yo momma so fat , she has to get pulled by a trailer to get home Yo mama so fat she fills up tha bathtub then she turns on the water . Yo mama so fat that when she farts , the richter scale says 9.0 ! Yo mama so fat the shadow of her butt weighs fifty pounds . Yo mama so fat she sat in the middle of the road and got mistakened for a roundabout . Yo mama so fat NASA uses her farts for rocket fuel Yo momma so fat she has double wide swinging restuarant doors in her house . Yo mama is so fat she wore a pink and yellow spotted dress and a girl thought she was Mr blobby Yo mama so fat when she leaves the beach everyone screams the coast is clear ! ! ! Yo mama so fat she is in love with the great wall of china Yo mama so fat her BFF is Betty Crocker . Yo mama so fat her strech marks spell out " big bitch " Yo mama so fat when she leaves the beach everyone screams the coast is clear ! ! ! Yo mama so fat when she walk up a street pepole thought the sun was coming . Yo momma so fat her favorite children ' s book is " Three Little Pigs in a Blanket " yo mama so fat that that when she was walking home she tripped over Wal - mart and landed on Target . Yo mama so fat that when she sat on the toilet she said ooh this ai n ' t comfortable . Because she was sitting on a broken chair ! Yo mama so fat , I wasted all my gas driving around her ! ! Yo momma so fat when she walks across the isle at the theatre everybody misses the movie Yo mama so fat she made the movie " Gorillas in the Mist " in her shower . Yo mama so fat that her belt size is the equator . Yo momma so fat , she got stuck in an armless chair . Yo mama is so fat to keep her cold at night she doesnt use a fan she uses a helicopter Your momma so fat she sat on 2 Sumo wrestlers and got arrested for double homicide Yo mama is so fat that her car is made out of spandex . Yo mama so fat her blood type is Rocky Road Yo momma is so fat a truck hit her and she asked who pelt that stone ! Yo mama ' s so fat she could stand on the sidewalk and still get hit by a car . Yo momma so fat she has a shape of a pepsi not the bottle THE CAN ! Yo mama so fat when she said beam me up scotty he said " I cant your to heavy . " Yo mama so fat her butt cheecks look two pigs fiting over a milk dud Yo mama is so fat that when your school bus passed by she ran after it trying to catch that twinkie Yo mama so fat she got hit by a bus and was like " who be thowin rocks at me " . . . Yo mama so fat that when she stepped on the scale it said to be continued Yo mama so fat every time she walked in JCPennys they said its all inside Yo Mama is so fat that when she travelled to a different country they said " Oh look there ' s an American " . Yo mama is so fat she hopped over walmart , tripped over kmart , rolled over sears and landed on target . Yo mama so fat the bath tub sits in her ! Yo momma so fat that her thighs have license plates . Yo mama so fat that when she farted she started global warming your mama so fat she has pictures of food in her wallet yo mammas so fat when she went to " In ' n ' Out " she could n ' t get in or out Yo Mamma ' s So Fat , When God Said Let There Bel Light , He Asked Her To Move Out Of The Way . Yo mama so fat , she wears " Hammer Pants " as skinny jeans Yo mama so fat everytime she TRIES to masterbate she can only find her belly button Yo momma so fat that Cristopher Colombus claimed her for the new world . Yo momma so fat , the rent money was stuck in her belly button for a month and ya ' ll got evicted cuz she could ' nt find it Yo momma so fat , she lost a face cloth and a bar of soap in the crack of her ass trying to take a shower Yo mama so fat that if you tried to kick her butt you might never get your foot back Your Mama So Fat When She Bungie Jumps . .She Goes Straight 2 Hell Yo mama so fat she use a county issued trash can for a girdle . Yo mama so fat if she go skydiving up in the Northeast there ' d be 6 Great lakes . Your mama so fat when she jumped in the ocean she said " Beat that Moses . " Yo Mama is so fat her high school photo was a double page spread . Yo mama so fat that when she leaned on the " Empire State Building " , it tipped Yo mama so fat , she rolls up the stairs ! Yo mama so fat she put a blanket over the ocean and called it a water bed Yo momma so fat dat she left out da house wit heels on and came home wit flats on . yo mama is so fat when she got in her car she says " Dam kids , they popped my tires " Yo mama so fat when she steps on the scale Buzzlightear popped out and said to infinity and beyond Yo mama so fat she went to da zoo and da elephants was jealous yo mommas so fat that when she walks around the house she walks " around " the house Yo mama so fat when shes in her car and she sticks out her hand , the car will turn ! yo mama so fat that when she walked pass the t.v. you missed a marathon yo mama so fat that when she laughs she farts yo mama so fat her strechmarks got strechmarks ! yo mama ' s so fat that when she wore a red shirt , people said hey look koolaid ! Yo mom is so fat that she walked into a tattoo parlor and the worker said " Wooaahh ! We do n ' t paint murals ! " Yo mama so fat when she walked past the t . v . you missed three episodes . Yo Mama is so Fat . . when she tried to take a bath the water jumped out and said " Nah brah , I ' ll wait . " Yo mama so fat when you have sex with her you have to slap her stomach and ride the wave in ! Yo mama so fat that when she goes out to eat she looks at the menu and says okay Yo mama so fat when she puts on a yellow rain coat the children come running to the bus stop . Yo mama so fat when she gave birth to you it took them 7 days to find you ! Yo mama so fat she jump into the sea and the sea jump out Yo momma so fat the only way to get her out of a telephone booth is to grease her thighs and throw a twinkie in the street . Yo mama , so fat 500 people cant pick her up , not even a fork lift Yo momma , so fat that everytime she takes a step the Earth ' s orbit changes Yo mommas so fat when she goes to the beach people ask her is she wearing bottoms ! Yo Momma So Fat They Used Her For The New Years Ball Drop Yo Momma So Fat she has stretch marks on her toenails Your mamas so fat einstien based the black hole theory on her Ass hole Yo momma so fat when she fell off the roof people thought it was santa claus ! Yo momma so big , she went to the airport and asked for a ticket . And they gave her clearance to take off ! Yo momma is so fat she needs a GPS to find her ass hole yo mama so fat her belly button gets home 15 mins before she does Yo mama so fat she ate herself alive Yo Mama so fat she hoola - hooped the Superbowl Yo momma ' s so fat , Borden ' s called her and asked for their cottage cheese back . Yo mama so fat she was laying on the side of the beach and a kid walked by and said " WOAH BEACHED WHALE " yo mama so fat when I kicked her in the stomach porkchops came out of her ass yo mama is so fat , when she walks on the road her butts clap Yo Mama is so fat when she came up missing they couldnt fit her face on the milk carton so they branded it on the side of the cow . Yo mama ' s so fat she broke her own branch on the family tree . Yo Mama is so fat , she created a black hole because she has attained infinite mass . yo mama ' s so fat that when I thought I heard music from her cellphone in her pocket she instead pulled out and ice cream truck . Yo momma so fat her double chin is bigger then your ass your mama so fat , she has smaller fat women orbiting around her yo mama is so big dora ca n ' t explore her yo mama so fat you can stand on top of her and Hi - 5 jesus . yo mama so fat her blood is doughnut jelly yo mama so fat she play hop scotch like pennsylvania , new york , maine , massachussets Yo mama so fat everyone keeps asking her when her baby is due yo mama ' s so fat she jumped in the swiming pool and said " Where did all the water go " Your Mama SO Fat when she got on the scale it said lose some weight bitch yo mama so fat when she got on the bus the bus driver asked how ' d she got on the bus Yo mam so fat , when she auditioned for star trek she bent the space time continuum yo mama so fat the only thing stopping her from Jenny Craig is the door ! Yo momma so fat she has her own orbit yo mamma so fat she sneeze bacon grease Yo mama so fat she sat on the bus seat an the bus tilted over yo mama so fat when she had surgery it took hours for the doctors to get to the flesh your mama so fat when she ordered a water bed they put a blanket over the Mississippi River Your mama ' s so fat that at her wedding the ring bearer was Saturn . Yo mama so fat , when sumo wrestlers landed on her , they flew off into space . yo mamas so fat that she rolls up her matress to use it as a tampon ! Yo mama so fat , she cant float , even in space ! Ya mummas so fat she has to put her boobs in the back seat to drive yo momma so fat every time she rolls out of bed she finds six naked men attached to her ass . Yo mama ' s so fat that two guys could be having sex with her at once and they still would never meet . yo mama so fat when she fell down I tried not to laugh , but the ground was cracking up . Yo momma so fat she sweat bacon bits yo mama ' s so fat scientists thought Jupiter was her brother . Yo momma so fat when she jumped into the alantic ocean she brought back titanic Yo momma so fat her kidney stones are the size of boulders . yo mama so fat , when she goes on vacation , everyone gotta put sun block on Yo mama so chubby when she went out to the strip club , they called her momma shake weight Yo mama ' s so fat that when God said " Let there be light . " he had to ask her to move out of the way first . yo mama ' s so fat , even her myspace has no space . Yo momma is so fat the only thing stoping her on the way to mcdonalds is the door Yo momma so fat , even Bill Gates could n ' t pay for her liposuction Yo mama so fat she broke the 256 block limit on Minecraft . yo momma so fat when she swam in the mediterranean sea and even Italy could n ' t kick her out . Yo momma is so fat during pregnancy she went to the hospital in a tow truck . Yo Mama So Fat She Was Wearing An All Blue Shirt And Hawaiians Said , " Oh Shit Tsunami . " Yo Mamas so fat she has three pockets on the back of her jeans . Yo mamma so fat when she traveled to outer space people thought she was the moon Yo mamma so fat when I tickeled her , she didnt feel it ! Yo Mama so fat she uses the highway as a slip and slide Yo momma so fat she said she would get me a snack walked in front of the tv and I missed the superbowl Yo mama so fat and poor that when her kids said " i want trampoline for Christmas " she said you dont need one ! You ' ve got me ! BOUNCE BOUNCE ! Yo mama so fat when she turned around she knocked Mars out of orbit Yo mama so fat the police used her as a road block ! Yo mama so fat her nose and her butt are in different time zones . Yo mama so fat and ugly , Fat Albert says " Hey Hey Hey , get away " yo mama so fat when she died she broke the stairway to heaven Yo mama so fat that when she jumped out an airplane her fat rolls made their own parachute . Yo mama is so fat when she was in Call of Duty she got killed and the person that killed her got a five person kill streak . Yo Momma so fat she makes fat people look skinny Yo momma so fat that she thinks the ocean is like jumping in a puddle Yo mama so fat that when we die we ca n ' t go to heaven or hell because it ' s all full yo mama is so fat instead of swimming with the dolphins she goes out to the ocean and and swims with the whales yo mommas so fat when she sat down she caused an eathquake on the OTHER side of the WORLD ! yo mama so fat that her back rolls cried justin timberlake a river . yo momma so fat that when she entered the fat racing contest she came in first second and third yo mama is so fat she has her own energy source yo mama so fat that when she was wearing a hollister shirt , a helicopter landed on the H yo mama so fat that when she hears the doorbell she runs to the microwave singing ' HOT POCKETS ' ! ! ! yo mama so fat she could n ' t have sex with king kong yo mama so fat that when its time to take the subway no one else can come on ! Yo mommas so fat when she sat in the tub it sang bubble bubble abc get your big a $ $ out of me . yo mamma so fat when shes mad she turns into a tomato Yo mama so fat , when ' s she walk down the street , she creates potholes . yo mama is so fat when she went to the movies , everyone asked " Can this screen be any bigger ? yo mama is so fat when she was in outer space she had more gravitational pull than all the planets combined . . . . . YO momma so fat that the goverment thought that she was RUSSIA . Yo mama so fat they needed a bulldozer to bury her , may she Rest In Peace . yo momma so fat when she pulls her panties down to her knees she still has pu * * y in them . Yo momma so fat she asked Jenny Craig how many Weight Watchers points Self - Esteem was worth yo mama so fat when she jumped in the Pacific ocean it became the Pacific desert Yo mama ' s so fat when she sat on a tree it made paper . Yo mama is so fat that when she had fish and chips she used her belly button as a salt cellar . Yo mama so fat , wine companies stand in line waiting for her to shit so they can buy it and harvest their Vineyards . Yo mama so fat the equator is smaller then her waist line . yo momma so fat every time she goes grocery shopping workers yell " Deliverys here " yo momma is so fat . . . . . .She has bacon - bits in her blood Yo mama so fat that when she went to Walmart she could n ' t get in OR out ! Yo Mama is so fat , they had to transport her to Paris in a cargo ship . Yo Mama is so fat she uses a king size mattress for a maxi pad . Yo momma so fat , that one side of her lives in a parallel universe . yo mamma ' s so fat when she wading in the atlantic ocean , people could get to New York from London without having to pay yo mama so fat she has the weight loss commercial for a ringtone Yo mama so fat when she farts they have to put it on the weather channel ! Yo Mama so fat when she went swimming Japanese whalers on the other side of the ocean harpooned her yo mama so fat she was floating in the ocean and they used her as a replica of the war of 1812 Yo mama so fat when she gets out of the shower , her legs are still dry ! ! Yo mama is so fat , NASA qualified her as a planet Yo mama so fat that when I pictured her in my head , she broke my neck ! Yo mama so fat when she sits on an active volcano she makes a whole beach yo mama is fat that when she sits on a semi they say " Ok now give me the over size load sign . " Yo mama so fat , she went to take her blood test and the machine said " Life at STEAK " . Yo mama so fat , She ate popcorn out of the whole theater ! Yo mama so fat that when she passes by the tv , Jesse Pinkman was in and out of rehab 4 times . yo mama so fat half of her ass was in a parallel universe Yo mama so fat when she plays Mortal Kombat , Sub Zero cant freeze her . yo mama so fat and old she sat on a toy airplane and invented the jet Yo mama is so fat she tried out for the Indiana Jones movie and got the part as the rolling boulder Yo mama is so fat , that when she dies , they will need to make a whole new cemetary ! Yo mama so fat her farts started global warming and if she died it would be over . Yo mama so fat she made a ditch the grand canyon yo mama is so fat that the Titanic ran into her not the iceberg . your mom is so fat she ate the rest of the joke Yo mamma ' s so fat when people are looking for a moonbounce they call her ! Yo mama so fat she got an ocean side house and said her pool was to small . Yo mama is so fat her middle name is steak . Yo mama so fat everyone keeps asking when the triplets are due Yo mama is so fat she went to space and never floated . Yo mama is so fat that I had a dream about her and I woke up with a broken neck . Yo mama so fat she went to the elephant exhibit at the zoo and had a family reunion . Yo mama is so fat when she walks into a manwhore house all she gets is a cheese sandwich . Yo mamma so fat when she sat on the bible Jesus came begging her to set his people free Yo Mama so fat her idea of eating pork is eating the entire pig . Ya mamma so fat she thinks biscuits are like tic tacs Yo mama is so fat that she makes a whale look like a tic - tac Yo mammas so fat , she went to Syria and farted . . . . and Barack Obama almost bombed the country for having weapons of mass destruction . Yo momma so fat that a car can park on her back . Yo momma so fat , they got to use garden tools to give her a pap smear . Yo momma so fat Nasa though they found a second moon Yo momma so fat , it takes 4 rolls of toilet paper and a Bed sheet to wipe her ass ! Yo mama so fat , she used to have a six - pack , but she drank it Yo momma so fat she got her ears pierced with a harpoon while she was swimming . Your mama so fat when she saw herself on the weather channel she said " Wow I never new I was that fat " Yo momma so fat , she got steering wheel burns on her belly from driving to work everyday . . Yo mama is so fat that when I had sex with her and rolled over 3 times I was still on that b * * ch . Yo momma so fat she hopped in a monster truck and made it a low rider Yo momma so fat her nickname is the " Big Bang " because we only have theories as to what created her . yo mamma was so fat when she left the beach , the people all shouted the coast is cleared You momma so fat when she tryied out for rhymatic gymnastics she had to hoola hoop in saturns rings . yo mama so fat she can name every Restaurant because there all in her stomach . Yo mamma ' s ass is so fat when she sits down she ' s three feet taller yo mamma so fat I thought she worked at KFC , but in fact she was their best customer . Yo mama so heavy , that when she goes on an elevator , it turns into Hellevator . yo momma so large , she does n ' t need a data plan , she ' s already world wide . yo momma so fat at McDonalds she looked at the menu and said okay Yo mama so fat when she said " I ' m jonesen for a milky way , she meant the entire galaxy " yo mama so fat you need a g.p.s to walk around her Yo mama so fat that she inspired Al Gore to invent the World Wide Web . Yo mama so fat she has to call 911 anytime she wants to leave the house . yo mama ' s so fat when she sat on the side walk she got a parking ticket ! yo mammas so fat when she sat on the floor she went to the basement Yo Mama So Fat When She Step On The Scale My Credit Card Number Showed Up . . . . . yo mama so fat she eats a prize pig for breakfast and a family of whales for a light snack Yo mama is fat that scientists are worried she ' s helping the earth become a black hole . yo mama so fat that she counts as a 5 kill streak on Call Of Duty . yo momma is so fat when she got into her mini van construction workers had to tape over size load on the back Yo mama so fat she has her own ozone layer yo mama so fat her shirt size is XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXL Yo momma so fat she walked in the aquariam and the tour guide said " How did this whale get out ? " yo mama so fat and thats that . yo mama so fat if you had a dollar for every pound she weighed you could pay down the national debt . yo mama so fat that when she put a sparkley dress , she almost brought back disco . Yo mama so fat for halloween she wore a black plastic bag and when i asked her what she was going as she said night . People used to be able to fall in love , but yo mama so fat she fell in love and broke it . Yo mama so fat , SHE is a board on the MARIO PARTY GAMES ! Yo mamma so fat , when she ' s thirsty she puts a straw in the ocean . Yo mamas so fat she does n ' t need two others to make a crowd . Your mums so fat , she ' s in every time zone Your mum so fat she needs a digital scale to remember her phone number . Yo mama so fat she makes " Free Willy " look like a goldfish . Yo mama so fat when they took pictures of Earth it looked like Earth had a pimple . Yo mama so fat that when she got up from her desk she had to bring it home with her . Yo mama so fat and large only the sun is jealous of her . yo mama so fat , she made " Precious " say " God Damnnnnnn " . Yo mommas so fat after she gave birth it took the doctors a year to find you . Yo Mama so fat and her teeth are so yellow the only cat calls she gets are " Hey Taxi " Yo mama so fat and old that her falling caused Pangaea to break apart . Your momma is so fat she uses the Great wall of China as a belt . Yo momma so fat she has to wait for it to rain before she can take a shower . Yo momma so fat she farted in the ocean and caused El Nino . Your mamma so fat she calls the apple orchard a fruit salad . Yo momma so fat people at the carnival said " How many tickets to ride that blimp ? " Your mama so fat that when you where born they could n ' t find . . . . . You Yo mom is so large when she gets on a elevator it always goes to the ground floor . Yo mama so fat evel knievel called and wanted to jump her . . . . ( with his motorcycle ) Yo Mamas SO Fat She Went to the beach And Jumped Of A Diving Board A person Went inside of her your mom so fat when she she turns around its her birthday Yo mama soo fat she ate the rest of my joke Yo Mamas so fat she ca n ' t go swimming in Japan because of illegal whaling . Yo mummy is so fat , when she steps on Wolverine . . . . Even he ca n ' t heal himself ! yo mama so fat that when i moved from china to England , she was still my neighbor . Yo mama so fat that when she sails , she sails underwater . yo mama so fat when she went to the gynecologist and told them she was pregnant , they did n ' t think she could get any bigger . yo mama so fat when she goes up a flight of stairs she leaves dents in them yo mama so fat and blonde that when the sun retired she was eligible to take its place . Yo Mama so fat , when she walked into a construction site , one of the workers said , " Hey ! Bill ! Get the crane ready ! We ' ve got a wide load comin ' in ! Yo momma so fat her engagement ring was one of Saturn ' s Yo mama so fat , fast food stock prices go up and down based on her eating habits . Yo mamma so fat , when she does the hokey pokey her left leg goes outside of earth Your mama ' s so fat that she makes the national debt look small ! Yo mama so fat she fell down and rocked her self asleep trying to get up yo mama so fat her ass got mistaken for Uranus Yo mama so fat that when she wore her wedding dress people thought it was snowing Yo mama ' s so fat , when she ' s going on an airplane , she her ass has to pay for baggage fees . yo mamma so fat that when she stand on one end of the Earth the other end lift up Yo momma is so big that she needs two washing machines to clean her panties . Yo momma so fat , her village got 1000 cattle as a dowry , when they gave her to cannibals . Yo mama so fat she doesnt have to be famous to be nation wide . Yo mamma so fat the elephant at the zoo thought they were related . Yo moma so fat , they call her belly the low rider . Yo mamma so fat , scientists proved that the moon orbits her . yo mama so fat when i asked to have sex it took her years to take off her clothes You Mamas so fat when we talk about mother earth we are referring to her . Yo mama so fat , when she went to Japan in a green bikini , everyone screamed , " GODZILLA ! ! " Yo mama so fat she went to the store and tryed to go down one isle and took up two ! Yo mama so fat , when she bent down , the Grand Canyon got jealous Yo mama is so fat the when she worked at hooters they bribed her in hot wings to not wear the tank top yo mama so fat every time she turns around they give her a welcome back party . Yo momma so fat if she lived on Pluto , scientists would call it a planet again . Yo mamas so fat , she was Miley Cyrus ' s wrecking ball . Yo mama is so fat that when she sat on my 3DS she turned it into a 2DS . Yo momma so fat , when she sat on a scooter she turned it into a bike . Yo mama so fat and poor the national weather service had to call her and tell her to stop stomping out her roaches cause she ' s causing earthquakes Yo mama so fat , when she sits on a hockey puck , it becomes a flat tire ! Yo mamma so fat , she uses the local car wash to take a shower . Yo Mama So Fat She Do n ' t Need A Plane Ticket Because She ' s All Ready World Wide . Yo momma so fat when she sat on Home Depot it became Home Deposit . Yo mama so fricken fat if she could bend over she could disprove the laws of physics Yo mamma is so fat when she gets hit by a bus she yelled " Who throw that Twinkie at me ? " Yo Momma so fat i was by the ocean in the morning and by the time she passed me I missed the sunset . Yo mama so fat , she fell and hit the Earth , it caused the Ice Age . Yo mama so fat an 18 wheeler could fit in her ass crack . yo mama so fat she sat on a bear and turned it into rug Yo mama so fat the FDA took her to a grocery store to look for organic food items . yo mama so fat that when she went to a store with XXXXXXXXXXL shirts , they said , " to get cloths for you , get a time machine and kill a wooly mammoth . Yo mama so fat , she jumped into the Pacific Ocean and Tsunami sirens sounded in Southeast Asia . Your momma so fat , when she jumped into the ocean , Gilligan , the Skipper , the Millon and his Wife , Movie Star , the Professer and Maryann had land to walk home . Yo mamma ' s so fat , her plumbers crack is more like a plumbers ravine . Yo momma so fat , she uses the entire country of Mexico as a tanning bed . Yo mama so fat she ordered leg of lamb as an appetizer . Yo mamma so fat the abandoned ship said " Land ho . " Yo mama so fat , when she farted , homeland security thought it was a dirty bomb . Yo momma ' s so fat , she sued the State of Florida because every time she went to the beach , people dragged her into the water thinking she was a beached whale . Yo mama so fat , she eats soup with the Big Dipper . Yo mama like the baconater . Big , greasy , and meaty . Yo momma so FREAKING fat she uses motorcycles as rollerblade ' s Yo mum so fat , a picture of her weighs more than I do . Yo mama so fat she has Sara Lee on speed dial . Yo mama so fat , she has to take selfies in parts Yo mama so fat she went to her favorite restaurant by herself and asked for a table for two . Yo momma so fat , when she was in space , scientists thought her neck was pluto . Yo mama so fat I asked her what her favorite animal was , and she said the ones I can eat . I bet you know about Fast and Furious , right ? But . . . .Yo mama so fat , she ' s the star of the reality show : Fat and Furious . I have a big belly and a big face I eat too many burgers and I hate veggies ! Who am I . Your mama ! Yo Momma ' s so fat . ( Just wanted to remind you ) What is the difference between your mother and an elephant ? 20 pounds ! What is big and everywhere ? Your mother . Knock Knock , Who ' s there ? WHALE . whale who ? ! yo mama so fat she ' s a Whale of a good time Yo mama so fat I asked her about the M.O.B. tattoo on her arm " Money Over Bitches ? " She said " No , Mcdonalds Over Burger King " submissons by : dantethomas9 , bella7887 , twitch . mason12 , hubb47bn , noahkramer03 , STREET_BLAZER , kittyloverc , bskahlon903 , danicic91 , 991wildcats , projectfreelancer578 , daddysgirl712 , shecola80 , ernesjr03 , jenlardanjor , birthisel . children , Thomas_arce , Derrickbutler59 , Jdonaghho , snakeman . grant , neza , maccoby , randall . rosario23 , zachary889836 , Jrrbbarnes , legolexcrane , yankiedoodle64 , pearlanuku , rx_vee , Maggieguest , Wolf . blood69 , hannahg0493 , missmanitoba017 , elliesofee , maldives12345678 , emmaswiss , ekbestever , 20bvagt , williamjameswilsonwjw , seizedbread750 , themanyhermanss , Millita8704 , jkgirl1999 , Andrearodriguez2509 Joke Generators : Click Here for a random Pick Up Line Click Here for a random Yo Mama Joke Click Here for a random Dirty Joke Click Here for a random Ethnic Joke Click Here for a random Blonde Joke Click Here for a random Knock Knock Joke Click Here for a Random Joke ( all other categories ) | [
"Yo Mama Jokes"
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http://jonasacademyofgolf.com.sg/ | About us Jonas Golf Academy provides quality Golf Lessons in Singapore to all levels Who Are We We provide Golf Lessons that aims to build your basic foundations for beginners Let us help you proper your Golf swing and stance transforming you into a better Golf player with our carefully structured Golf lessons Our Golf Lessons is customised and catered to every individual requirements and needs Jonas Golf Academy provides quality Golf Lessons in Singapore to all levels We conduct kidjunior Golf lessons beginner Golf lesson intermediate Golf lessons and customized Golf lessons Jonas Golf Academy also organizes golf clinic for corporate events that caters to their needs Our qualified professional Golf Instructors will impart their experiences and knowledge with state of the art technology and video analysis demostrations to enhance the learning experience for your Golf lessons The learning experience for the Golf students should be fun and enjoyable at all levels especially so for kids and junior Golfers As kids focus span are short our Golf lessons are designed to be fun to keep their interests focused Activities are organized in such that it will encourage creativity competitiveness and strategic thinking Beginners Program Promotion 250 student 58 Pax 350 student Group of 4 A friendly and caring instructor who not only teaches golf the easy step by step way he also inspired me to play better golf He is always energetic and never get tire when he is teaching us You can see he radiates with passion and his tireless enthusiasm when he is teaching it like the whole situation then is nothing else but golf Jie Yin I stopped my golf activities after attending the beginner lessons a year back I decided to play golf again but was not sure if I am still able to play I attended a free lesson conducted by Jonas and found him to be genuine and frank After he corrected my basic foundation with simple drills I decided to advance my golf through his intermediate course During the course I find Jonas to be a very passionate coach and will stop at nothing to impart his skill and knowledge to his students I feel so much better and confident now to continue my golf again Amos Lee I was teaching myself golf through videos and books until I was introduced to Jonas whom I attended one of his golf clinics His instruction was easy and clear compared to the book and video I was able to interact with him during lessons about my swing and mistakes He encouraged me to practice often and would attend to me during his free time without any additional cost He is so committed that he even answers my queries on the phone Steven Wong My children are so enthusiastic and energies looking forward to the golf lesson every week Jonas always had different ideas to create game to instill the golf swing and at the same time fun for my children He is very patient with my children and had also instilled life skill to my children in manners and attitude Karen I had signed with Jonas for a package of 10 lessons last year I did only 2 lessons with him and was away for a year I called Jonas after my return and he immediately told me to continue the lesson without any additional cost I was supposed to finish my package within 4 months after enrolment I truly respected his commitment to his student Eric Tan Jonas is not just an average coach he inspire the passion of golf in me He is able to spot correct the weakness and address each mistake with practical solution that helps in improving my game Eric Koh Golf Lessons Beginners Program Lesson 1 Golf introduction orientation Stance and 14 swing Lesson 2 12 and 34 swing and weight transfer with follow through Lesson 3 Full swing with proper swing plane spine angle and balance finish Lesson 4 Timing impact and proper release Lesson 5 Introduction to wood swing and pre shot analysis Lesson 6 Theory for golf etiquette and rules Lesson 7 Mental preparation for on course with wood and iron swing Swing fault detection and correction for both Iron and wood Lesson 8 9 Course orientation basic chipping putting and bunker play Lesson 10 Analysis of swing and play during course Intermediate Program Lesson 1 Video analysis of swing and corrections Lesson 2 Focus on swing plane and spine angle with techniques and impact Lesson 3 Introduction to driver and long iron with timing and rhythm Lesson 4 Timing impact and proper release Lesson 5 Course management theory and game play at range Lesson 6 Approach shot from different distance Shots for rough and fairway bunker Lesson 7 Uneven lies shot Uphill and downhill shot ball above and below feet shot Lesson 8 9 On Course management Lesson 10 Summary of individual flaws and corrections with improvement on game Express Course The express and intensive course will be conduct oversea in a fun and challenging course like a golf camp The training conducted will be focus primary on the course management mental and understanding and knowing individual weakness and strong area The course will include 3 X 18 holes games The fun and challenging course will prepare the students for attaining the golf handicap | [
"Jonas Golf Academy"
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http://jonathanpeppers.com/ | Jonathan Peppers glidexforms Fast Images for XamarinForms on Android From my experience making imageheavy XamarinForms apps in the past Android was a huge painpoint AndroidGraphicsBitmap is somewhat of a troublemaker and to make matters worse XamarinForms API design makes it tough to handle them properly 9 Comments XamarinForms Performance on Android One of the tasks that has always been in the back of my mind on the XamarinAndroid team is to make some improvements to help XamarinForms apps It turns out that one of our most common Xamarin project is developed with XamarinForms in Visual Studio on Windows We should improve that scenario 6 Comments Deploying a Minecraft Server on Azure with Docker This week at Microsoft is One Weekan allweek Hackathon where we are allowed to work on open source projects for fun 0 Comments Securing Google Play InApp Purchases for Xamarin with Azure Functions Implementing secure inapp purchases for Google Play is a bit trickier than iOS for several reasons The Android APIs are a bit more involved and Androids openness lends itself to more hacking in general 3 Comments Securing InApp Purchases for Xamarin with Azure Functions If youve ever added inapp purchases to your app and track each purchase with analytics you will quickly see the reports from iTunes real revenue dont match up with purchases recorded from your analytics tracking 8 Comments Improving HTTP Performance in Xamarin Applications Any mobile application that depends greatly on HTTP requests can be a source of frustration Mobile devices are constantly running slow connections losing connectivity entirely or switching from WiFi to cellular 20 Comments Mocking XamarinForms Im not making fun of XamarinForms I promise Discussing my library for unit testing XamarinForms appropriately named XamarinFormsMocks 12 Comments Build XamarinForms from Source One thing Ive found not much information out there on is how to build your own copy of XamarinForms and use it in your application With just a little effort I was able to setup Visual Studio Team Services to build my fork of XamarinForms and deploy a NuGet package to our private feed on MyGet I think people out there are probably interested in setting this up especially if you have a project pushing XamarinForms to its limits 7 Comments XamariniOS Under the Hood Calling ObjectiveC from C So how exactly does C code call into ObjectiveC How does this compare to how ObjectiveC methods are called natively These are questions Ive always pondered but have not always had the time to research 4 Comments Automating Unity3D Builds with FAKE So among the different types of games and apps we build at Hitcents one particularly troublesome type to deal with is basically any game built with Unity 5 Comments Second edition of my book is out My book Xamarin Crossplatform Application Development is new and updated with Xamarins latest releases Includes goodness about the new stuff XamarinForms NuGet shared projects and more Build all the things with FAKE At Hitcents currently we had been using Jenkins and setup some complicated build steps in their web UI to build our various projects 16 Comments If You Can Ship your App in China You Can Ship it Anywhere Xamarin 3 and Healed Cuts After updating to Xamarin 3 I am definitely impressed with the work Xamarin is doing to improve their products 2 Comments My Book Xamarin Crossplatform Application Development Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Xamarin Android Builds in Jenkins Recently at Hitcents we have been working on deploying our Android version of Draw a Stickman EPIC to app stores across China Chinas Android app market is a strange place and it has somewhere around 30 app stores 1 Comment MonoGame on Gone Mobile I had a great time talking about writing cross platform games at Hitcents with the guys on Gone Mobile If you are interested in MonoGame or game development with C in general its a great listen Xamarins Tiny Cuts I want to start out this post by saying I am a great lover of Xamarin and their tools Without Xamarin I would might not have become a mobile developer and most of the success the company I work for Hitcents has had with mobile apps would not be possible 21 Comments Best Mac Apps for Windows Devs At work I have more and more been transitioning to using a Mac MonoTouch has fueled this and I hate to say it but I am starting to like Mac hardware 2 Comments | [
"Jonathan Peppers",
"Android",
"Fast Images"
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http://joneakes.com/jons-fixit-database/1036-Why-do-shingles-cup-and-curl-long-before-their-warranty-date-And-what-is-CSA-certification | Learning Curve Videos On Radio April 13 , 2019 Topics : Hot water tank and shark fittinga ; Bbrick shed . . . April 6 , 2019 Topics : Replacing insulation after a leak in a compact . . . March 30 , 2019 Topics : How to size mini - split heat pumps - using contr . . . Weekly Maintenance For Your Home Seasonal Home Improvement Tips & Techniques Last Updated Thursday , August 9th , 2012 Created : Sunday , February 14th , 2010 Why do shingles cup and curl long before their warranty date ? And what is CSA certification ? Click here for the BP Class Action Suit relating to failing organic based asphalt shingles . Asphalt shingles should be able to take a lot of heat and cold , over and over again . So why do some suddenly curl up , asks Craig from Point - Claire , Quebec ? Cold climate shingles Probably the first thing to understand in Canada is that our shingles live in a different climate than those in most of the US . The US is dealing with excessive heat , we are dealing with extreme cold . That is important to realize because our building standards are not the same , so the CSA ( Canadian Standards Association ) requirements for shingles are much more stringent than those in the US . However contractors are only required to use CSA certified shingles in new construction . There is no shingle certification requirement for renovation ! Hence we get a lot of " legal " shingles installed that can not possibly last as long as their claimed warranties . Always write into your roofing contract that they will install CSA certified shingles and insist on seeing the logo on the packages . This will solve a lot of Canadian shingle problems . In fact I recommend that Americans living in very cold regions demand CSA certified shingles as well - - and some US companies do certify some of their shingles to the Canadian cold climate standard . Assuming you have shingles designed and certified for a cold climate , you need to know that the shingle is made of a base mat , then asphalt is impregnated into that to make it waterproof , and then coloured granules are put over the asphalt to look good but primarily to keep the UV rays of the sun from reaching the asphalt . If you walk a lot on the shingles , or scrape off a lot of ice regularly , you will scrape off the granules and expose the asphalt . Then the sun will wear it rapidly Excessive heat Also excessive heat can cause a problem . Interestingly enough , it is not a roof that is normally hot or even very hot , that ages . It is when you hit a one hour peak at 2 : 00 p.m. on a very hot August day with no wind and something is wrong below the shingle , that the temperature can get hot enough to bubble the asphalt up around the protective granules - - the critical point on the shingle itself is 60 C ( 140 F ) . ( I replicated this on the show with Attic ventilation So just what can cause that extremely high temperature ? Usually a lack of ventilation below the shingle , especially in spots where the attic insulation actually touches the roof . In that spot where the insulation touches , the heat beating down on the shingle ca n ' t pass into the attic to allow the shingle to cool off . This can explain why it is not uncommon to see the row of shingles over the lowest part of the attic aging first . Shingles above have some attic ventilaiton , shingles below are over the open soffets If shingles are curling up on the edges just in one spot - - you probably have a heat source below this spot , like a recessed light . A point blister is probably too much plastic cement under the shingle and the solvent is boilling up , something that happens often over a flashing that will not allow solvent to disperse downward . Spot gluing of shingle tabs should never be larger than the size of a quarter , to minimize the solvent problem . Starter strip If only the bottom row of shingles are curling up before any others right on the edge of the roof , then the roofer put on the first layer incorrectly - - under those first visible tabs . He should either use a special starting strip as the first shingle on the roof , or cut all the tabs off of shingles - as if they were overhanging the roof , leaving just the solid part of the shingle and the glue dabs that are designed to hold down the corners of the shingle that will go over this layer adhesive on that bottom tab . This entry shows how to do it when double shingling but the same rule applies to the first row when simply applying shingles to a bare roof . If you already have this problem , on a hot day when the shingles are very flexible , put a dab of roofing plastic cement under the corner of every shingle on that bottom row and push the curled corners down flat . Keywords : Damage Roof Shingle Asphalt Soffit Overview Attic Temperature Environmental Ventilation Mystery Tweet Print Article 1036 | [
"warranty date",
"CSA certification",
"attic ventilaiton"
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http://jop.ascopubs.org/content/3/6/296.full | Cover Story OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Purchase Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI : 10.1200 / JOP . 0763501 Journal of Oncology Practice - published online before print September 21 , 2016 PMID : 20859385 Medicare ' s Coverage With Evidence Development : A Policy - Making Tool in Evolution Show More First Page Full Text PDF Figures and Tables Coverage with evidence development is a tool used by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in an attempt to bring a new rationale to payment decisions and , ultimately , cost savings to the Medicare program . Here we explore the latest evolution in Medicare coverage policy and coverage with evidence development ( CED ) , discussing how it developed and what it means for practicing oncologists . Origins of CED Evidence - based medicine ( EBM ) , making treatment decisions on the basis of previous examples of effectiveness or ineffectiveness , is the foundation for identifying gaps in evidence and for evaluating existing evidence to establish best practices . 1 With the variety of oncologic treatments , diseases , and presentations , oncology has been described as depending on evidence - based decision making , possibly more than any other medical specialty . 2 ASCO ' s clinical practice guidelines ( CPGs ) , which synthesize evidence from clinical research into clear and useful applications for practicing oncologists , are a familiar example . Quality and Pay - for - Performance During recent years , use of EBM and adherence to such tools as CPGs has been linked to quality assurance measures , and quality assurance to payment . Although there are many benefits to using CPGs as a tool to evaluate quality , there are also drawbacks . โ CPGs are viewed as credible sources of data for what might be considered effective care . However , CPGs are primarily designed as tools to broadly inform patient care , rather than a roadmap for the treatment of a specific patient , โ wrote Wolff and Desch in a 2005 Journal of Oncology Practice article . 1 โ CPGs have a stated goal to improve quality of care , but there is significant variability in how quality is defined and they commonly lack validated quality indicators . In our highly fragmented health care delivery system that is geared towards the provision of acute care and technical procedures , the use of CPGs to guide reimbursement policies in the absence of robust quality indicators could in some cases create perverse incentives . โ Pay - for - performance ( P4P ) models in oncology , which to this point have rewarded quality reporting through financial incentives , gained steam through CMS demonstration projects in 2005 and 2006 . In general , the goal of P4P is to tie payments to quality and efficiency standards in an effort to get better outcomes for beneficiaries , and programs include hospitals as well as physician groups . 3 A major challenge with P4P models is developing adequate and sustainable quality measures that provide a reliable baseline against which to evaluate performance . 3 While the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 ( MMA ) promoted P4P models , they are less of a priority for the current Congress . ASCO ' s Quality Oncology Practice Initiative ( QOPI ) , launched in 2002 , is an oncology - specific quality - improvement program for which measures are developed and revised by practicing oncologists and measurement experts . QOPI is the result of ASCO ' s National Initiative on Cancer Care Quality ( NICCQ ) , 4 which was established in response to the Institute of Medicine ' s 1999 report โ Ensuring Quality Cancer Care . โ 5 Among the strengths of QOPI is its basis in clinical guidelines and established standards and its high clinical relevance . 6 The program allows participating practices to evaluate their performance alongside that of their peers based on semiannual abstracting of medical records , 7 in a real - world , essentially real - time comparison of treatment decisions in medical practice . Additional information about QOPI is available at www . asco . org / QOPI CMS has its own quality program , the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative ( PQRI ) , which emphasizes โ value - based purchasing , โ quality of care , and successful physician reporting . 8 PQRI is based on 74 quality measures and rewards reporting with bonus payments of 1.5 % of allowed Medicare charges for the reporting period โ July 1 , 2007 , through December 31 , 2007 . A minimum 80 % reporting rate is required to be eligible for bonuses . CMS has proposed extending the PQRI into 2008 . Additional information about PQRI is available at www . cms . hhs . gov / PQRI Comparative Effectiveness and Alternatives Growing out of EBM is the concept of comparative effectiveness ( CE ) , which refers to the evaluation of multiple treatments for the same disease or condition to determine which is the best therapy . Earlier this year , Representatives Tom Allen ( D - ME ) and Jo Ann Emerson ( R - MO ) introduced the Enhanced Health Care Value for All Act ( H.R. 2184 ) to propose funding for new CE research , to empower the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [ AHRQ ] advisory board to prioritize CE research , and to more 9 and , presumably coverage for medical care , The introduction of this Act was closely followed by additional calls for CE legislation from the BlueCross BlueShield Association 10 and from Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton ( D - NY ) . 11 Although there are indisputable benefits to identifying the most effective treatments for various ailments , the issue of effectiveness is not black and white . Who decides what โ effective โ means ? If a drug dramatically improves a patient ' s quality of life but has no impact on overall survival , is more or less effective than one that prolongs survival marginally but with no quality improvement ? Further , who determines comparability ? If two products are similar in effectiveness but have different price tags , the less expensive one will likely be deemed the least costly 12 โ For every product , there is some subset of the population for whom the product is a cost - effective alternative , โ says Donald W . Moran , founder of health research and consulting firm The Moran Company . โ If a product is superior for 80 % of the population versus 20 % , you ca n ' t restrict coverage to just those 80 % . โ This raises concerns that coverage may be confined to only the most effective treatment option for the majority of patients , rather than an effective treatment option . The Medicare Trust Fund This context of evidence , quality , and effectiveness forms the conceptual basis for CED . There is , however , an important financial element at play as well . In 2005 , The Washington Post reported that the Medicare Trust Fund is projected to be exhausted in 2019 , a full 20 years ahead of the forecast demise of the Social Security trust fund . 13 Health care costs continue to rise , and so does the percentage of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) being spent on medicine . Medicare decision makers are therefore looking for ways to lower the cost of health care by increasing the value of services provided , eliminating unnecessary costs and complications , and emphasizing prevention and personalized care , 14 with the goal of allowing Medicare services to continue within the limitations of the existing system . CED Today Although the concepts that form its background are familiar and well established , CED is a relatively new approach to Medicare coverage , first introduced in 2005 and then refined in 2006 ; it โ links Medicare coverage of specific promising technologies to a requirement that the patients participate in a registry or clinical trial . โ 15 Ultimately , the data generated in the trial or collected through the registry is intended to be used as the basis for future coverage decisions once it is determined whether a treatment is reasonable and necessary . CED has also been referred to as a way to develop a โ learning - based health care system โ and the coverage to support it . 14 Additional , secondary subtypes of CED include coverage with appropriateness determination ( CAD ) , defined as โ the function of gathering data to assure that an item or service was only being provided appropriately according to the clinical criteria specified in the coverage decision , โ 15 and coverage with study participation ( CSP ) , wherein a treatment would be considered reasonable and necessary โ if the patient was enrolled in a clinical study that would ultimately provide reliable evidence of the health benefits and risks of the item or service . โ A stated advantage to CED is that it โ provides a mechanism for promising but unproven technologies to get into practice sooner , conditioned on evidence generation , which is of benefit to both clinicians and patients if it ' s done right , โ says Sean Tunis , MD , founder and director of the Center for Medical Technology Policy in San Francisco , California , and former CMS chief medical officer and director of the Office of Clinical Standards and Quality . However , he says , โ there are also risks because you ca n ' t Perhaps that is the goal in CED : limiting payment to only promising and proven technology that will have the greatest positive impact ( providing earlier access in targeted ways to promote premarket learning ) rather than spending limited funds on treatment modalities that may prove ineffective or even potentially harmful . But that is hard to say because the actual execution of CED is still quite vague . โ CED and CE are both a Rorschach test , buzz phrases , not a description of an operational program , โ says Moran . โ CED , until now , has been a limited number of circumstances to make coverage conditional on manufacturer testing and data . [ We ] do n ' t know what they ' ll do with the data they According to Moran , there are two issues in practice with CED โ the speed of a new product to market and its coverage , and rules for off - label usage . โ It ' s possible that CMS will flip the No . 1 burdens to the FDA , where approval will equal coverage , โ he says . โ They may add new criteria by defining medical necessity more narrowly than the FDA on label , and then slow the introduction of new agents . โ He suspects that there will be tighter restrictions on off - Opportunities and Challenges Ideally , CED would open up discussion as to how manufacturers , physicians , and payers can most rapidly and efficiently improve the evidence available for decision making and locate the areas where more evidence is most needed . โ Clinicians are critical participants in identifying those deficiencies : what are the most important unanswered or inadequately answered questions , โ Tunis says . โ The key limiting factor in a more rational and efficient health care system is better evidence on what works and what does n ' t and how well . Clinicians and patients are the most Tunis states , โ Coverage policy both by Medicare and other payers could effectively be used as a tool to generate the information that ' s missing โฆ [ One can ] get stuck on the debate between the product development community and payers on whether evidence is sufficient for coverage . โ He believes it is critical to broach that dialogue . Like effectiveness , though , the rules for adequacy may be a matter of judgment . But , says Moran , defining those rules may be up to the manufacturing community . โ Manufacturers could go to Congress and request that they lay out a set of rules , but they may obtain due process at the price of an explicit set of rules and a mandate to do it , โ he says . Moran describes the manufacturing community as being somewhat schizophrenic at the present time , as it navigates between the disadvantage of having required rules and the potential advantage of having CMS regulate coverage . His prediction is that , because CMS and manufacturers have approached restrictive coverage decisions one at a time until now , they will probably continue to do the same in the future . Says Tunis , โ [ In ] the notion of payers using evidence - based medicine to make coverage decisions , the premise is that telling product makers how high the bar is , all that ' s necessary is for them to do the studies to get the information . โ Whereas historically , payers have sat back and simply told manufacturers to jump , he says , they are now taking a role in helping with that leap . โ They are playing a role in generating the information required to make the decisions . This is transformational CED may be a means of collaborating toward an end , and has clearly led to the sense by the Medicare program that improving quality of information for decision making is as much their responsibility as anybody else ' s . That being said , it will still be difficult to figure out priorities and coordinate all of the factors that will contribute to effective CED . โ It ' s not self - evident what the right questions are , โ Tunis says . Also , CED presents a challenge in that it offers new treatments to a limited universe of patients by restricting coverage to trials and registry . It is a logical arrangement , but it presents a practical challenge . Another key challenge is determining how best to incorporate judgments of clinicians and patient pReferences into coverage decision making , alongside rigorous medical studies . โ While coverage decisions , particularly from Medicare , are doing better with regard to a focus on scientific evidence , they ' re not doing as well on how to incorporate unbiased clinical judgment and Evidence Gathering Further , the issue of generating the meaningful evidence necessary to make coverage decisions is no small challenge . โ Meaningful means very robust , statistically significant evidence that product A works better than product B for a specific indication , โ says Moran . โ That ' s good . People will use that . But you can do all of the rigorous evaluation in the world and 80 % to 90 % will come out with ambiguous conclusions . The idea is that there will be enough slam - dunk , no - brainer [ results ] to Another question is that of whose job it is to pay for CE studies and studies of new technologies to generate sufficient evidence . Tunis suggests the formation of a new national institute on CE with several million or a billion dollars to spend on comparative studies with the goal of generating highly robust data . โ The challenge is that many believe the evidence should be gleaned from routinely collected data in health care , linking insurance databases , and so on , โ says Tunis , but he does n ' t believe that systematic reviews will even Dr Tunis referred to the practice changing Antihypertensive and Lipid - lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT ) , which was an NIH - funded , randomized , double - blind , controlled hypertension treatment trial in 42,418 patients , which reported that a thiazide - type diuretic ( chlorthalidone ) was superior to a calcium channel blocker ( amlodipine ) , an angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor ( lisinopril ) , and an alpha1 - blocker ( doxazosin ) in preventing the new onset of heart failure ( HF ) . 16 โ If the ALLHAT study had been an administrative database study , it probably would n ' t even have gotten published , much less generated enthusiasm , โ he says . โ The policy dialogue has n ' t really scratched the surface of [ the potentially practice - changing nature of administrative database studies ] . I hope the [ AHRQ ] Comparative Effectiveness Advisory Board will create good priorities to address that . โ Before CMS or anyone else invests money in comparative effectiveness research , Tunis says , there needs to be a more clear idea of how to use that money . โ It ' s manageable to think through those questions on a topic - specific basis , but hard to have that conversation generically . Figure out what the job is first , and then select the tool , โ he says . โ Sufficiently designed and run prospective studies are going to contribute a lot to the missing evidence , and we ' re going to see much less Tunis also points out that in future discussions sections of clinical reports , it is very seldom that investigators suggest a systematic review or a registry as the next step ; it is nearly always a large , randomized controlled study . Recommending analysis of routinely collected data or systematic reviews as a means of collecting robust evidence for CED would be a disconnect โ an apparent inconsistency that would need to be addressed . โ With respect to manufacturer - funded research , it is possible to see positives and negatives , โ says Moran . โ On the one hand , we rely on manufacturer - funded research to determine safety and efficacy ; it ' s the FDA ' s role to ensure that the research that is done meets its standards , under threat of disapproval . Hence , the conflict [ of interest ] issue is probably manageable . On the other hand , assuming that you would make the cost of doing this stuff part of the cost of Considering Moran ' s earlier observation that most research will likely yield ambiguous results , these trials may not yield the return on investment manufacturers need to make them worthwhile . โ This argues for being far more selective , concentrating research resources on areas where there is prima facie evidence of performance differentials . This approach , however , would raise important questions of who gets to decide what products get tested , โ says Moran . โ [ This ] balancing act โฆ is one of the most important reasons I believe that , if this stuff is Priority Setting Among recommended priorities for CED are ( 1 ) identifying and prioritizing gaps in existing research and evidence , ( 2 ) standardizing methods for gathering and processing data and making decisions , ( 3 ) establishing and disseminating a technologic infrastructure to support the research , and ( 4 ) allocating or generating funding to support initiatives and studies . 17 As Tunis pointed out , physicians and their patients will play a significant role in spurring the discussion of where deficiencies lie . Additionally , says Moran , anything physicians can do to speed the dissemination of information and existing knowledge into medical practice is a good thing , and not just in the field of oncology . Where methodology is concerned , types of trials and their requirements , performance measures , medical necessity decisions , disease management and quality improvement programs , case management protocols , decision support tools , priority and goal setting , and strategic planning are only some of the elements that need to be considered . 18 The foundation must support the structure that will be built on it , and likewise , that structure must match its foundation . Without constant coordination and clear planning from the beginning , the potential for contradiction is great . Once the need for research has been identified and methodologies for accomplishing evidence goals have been set , information management will be critical . JOP has discussed electronic health records ( EHRs ) extensively , and has highlighted their ability โ to integrate an individual ' s multiple , physician - generated , electronic medical records and the patient - generated personal health record . Intended to be comprehensive , the EHR should facilitate optimal management of the health of an individual or , when used in aggregate , of a population . EHRs should allow sharing of information about patients between any authorized providers . A patient should be able to enter any health care setting , provide authorization , and then consult with 19 Utilizing technology will facilitate better application and distribution of data , 20 allowing better identification and follow - up for health care through an active surveillance infrastructure . The Future of CED Although CED is currently nebulous in many ways , it is certain that changes will be coming in Medicare coverage policy , and that evidence - based decision making will be at the forefront . Oncology currently receives what might be considered special treatment when it comes to off - label use : โ Somewhere between 50 % and 80 % of cancer chemotherapy involves one or more off - label uses of approved drugs , and , if third - party payers did not cover those uses , quality cancer care would suffer . โ 2 EBM has been the basis for this policy , and ASCO was a driving force in securing coverage for off - label uses . โ Until now , chemotherapy agent policy has been more liberal than any other area , โ says Moran . โ Even a uniform policy identical to other drugs would be more restrictive compared to now . At a minimum , the presumption is that rapid diffusion and off - label use will get more restrictive . โ Moran also predicts an explicit regulatory mechanism , specifically for off - label chemotherapeutic agent use . Additionally , with CED comes the possibility for what Tunis called โ decision - based evidence making , โ or creating the evidence to support the decision . Whether this will negate the validity of the decision or the evidence remains to be seen , but it is one potential challenge that CED will have to face as it finds its form . Another challenge is that the shift to simultaneous consumption and generation of evidence will mean more work for clinicians and patients alike , but effective methodologies and technologic infrastructure should ease the transition . CED and EBM are already part of the clinical experience , but as the role of payers changes through CED , the role of patients will probably change as well . โ It will be an increasingly common experience for patients to be enrolled in prospective studies โฆ and patients will get more accustomed to being both a patient and an evidence source , โ Tunis says . โ The evolution will be that patients understand that part of receiving clinical care will be contributing to the information going into studies . It ' s not just the use of New Terms Applicable to Medicare Coverage Policy Evidence - based medicine ( EBM ) โ Medical decision making that utilizes clinical data as its basis . Pay for performance ( P4P ) โ Financial incentives to promote quality of patient care by rewarding physicians for meeting quality performance measures . Comparative effectiveness ( CE ) โ Evaluation of multiple treatments for the same disease or condition to determine which is the best therapy . Least costly alternative ( LCA ) โ The less expensive of multiple comparable treatment options ; a local coverage decision that limits reimbursement to the price of the cheapest comparable treatment . Coverage with evidence development ( CED ) โ Medicare coverage of a treatment or technology conditioned on data gathering through a clinical trial or registry to determine its effectiveness . PET Registry The National Oncologic PET Registry is a familiar example of CED . The PET Registry demonstrates both the attractive and the nuisance features of CED . Patients with cancer diagnoses not currently covered for [ F 18 ] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography reimbursement under existing policy can receive reimbursement if their physician and provider participate in the registry . On the other hand , this is a situation in which โ medical necessity is decided contingent on participation in a trial or study , โ says Sean Tunis , MD , founder and director of the Center for Medical Technology Policy in San Francisco , CA , and former CMS chief medical officer and director of the Office of Clinical Standards and Quality . โ Limiting coverage of a new technology to only patients in a trial is a significant limitation . โ For additional information on the PET registry , visit www . cancerpetregistry . org Clinicians As Resources in Learning - Based Health Care Although comparative effectiveness and evidence - based medicine are not new players in the field of medicine , as the nature of care interactions changes in response to new trends in Medicare coverage policy , the roles of patients and clinicians will evolve in tandem with that of payers . โ It would be pretty hard for individual oncologists to have a thorough and systematic understanding of the various alternatives , โ says Center for Medical Technology Policy Founder and Director Sean Tunis , MD . But despite the challenges that may arise as coverage with evidence development gains momentum , it creates an opportunity for physicians to interact in different ways with their patients by becoming more familiar with resources like the Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making ( www . fimfm . org ) and the patient versions of clinical guidelines . โ Oncologists can become a resource for resources by using them themselves and providing them directly to their patients , โ Tunis says . Copyright ยฉ 2007 by American Society of Clinical Oncology . References 1 . AC Wolff CE Desch Clinical practice guidelines in oncology : Translating evidence into practice ( and back ) J Oncol Pract 1 : 160 161 2005 Link Google Scholar 2 . T Mulvey Preserving evidence - based oncology : We ca n ' t jeopardize clinical trials J Oncol Pract 2 : 204 2006 Link Google Scholar 3 . Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services move toward pay - for - performance J Oncol Pract 1 : 27 2005 Crossref 4 . EC Schneider AM Epstein JL Malin , etal : Developing a system to assess the quality of cancer care : ASCO ' s national initiative on cancer care quality J Clin Oncol 15 : 2985 2991 2004 5 . M Hewitt JV Simone Ensuring Quality Cancer Care 1999 Washington , DC National Academy Press 6 . K McNiff The Quality Oncology Practice Initiative : Assessing and improving care within the medical oncology practice J Oncol Pract 2 : 26 30 2006 7 . House committees hold hearings on Medicare payments , quality care , and pay for performance 219 222 Crossref 8 . TB Valuk 2007 Physician Quality Reporting Initiative ( PQRI ) the 9th Annual Meeting of the Hematology / Oncology Carrier Advisory Committee Network July 13 - 14 , 2007 Washington , DC Presented at 9 . Enhanced Health Care Value for All Act ( H.R. 2184 ) http : / / tomallen . house . gov / uploads / cesummary07 . pdf 10 . Improving health care value : Quality and cost http : / / www . bcbs . com / issues / transparency / background / improving - health - care - value . html 11 . Senator Clinton announces comparative effectiveness legislation : Applauds Blue Cross Blue Shield for their leadership http : / / clinton . senate . gov / news / statements / details . cfm ? id = 273656 12 . DW Moran Emerging trends in coverage and reimbursement policy : Implications for oncology the 9th Annual Meeting of the Hematology / Oncology Carrier Advisory Committee Network July 13 - 14 , 2007 Presented at 13 . J Weisman Report emphasizes shortfall in Medicare The Washington Post 24 A1 14 . M McClellan Keynote address 15 . SR Tunis SD Pearson Coverage options for promising technologies : Medicare ' s โ coverage with evidence development โ Health Aff 25 : 1218 1230 Medline 16 . PT Einhorn BR Davis BM Massie , etal : ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group : The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT ) Heart Failure Validation Study โ Diagnosis and prognosis Am Heart J 153 : 42 53 2007 Medline 17 . SR Tunis A clinical research strategy to support shared decision making Health Aff 24 : 180 184 18 . Reflections on science , judgment , and value in evidence - based decision making : A conversation with David Eddy Health Aff 26 : w500 w515 2007 19 . EP Ambinder Electronic health records 57 63 20 . TV Carino RD Williams II Federal initiatives to support rapid learning about new technologies Health Aff 26 : w140 w149 | [
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http://joppasalvage.com/what-we-buy/ | What We Buy Home What We Buy What We Buy at Joppa Salvage At Joppa Salvage we strive to keep our customers informed There are many different kinds of materials that are considered Scrap To see a list of Ferrous Materials we buy click here For our NonFerrous list click here Below is a list of the items that we do not buy This is in no way a complete list as that list would be miles long If you have any questions about what we do or do not buy contact our buyer below Dont forget to LIKE us on Facebook Items We Can NOT Accept Hazardous Waste Propane Tanks Live Ammunition Paint Radioactive Material PCB Material Tar Pots Acids Combustible Materials Trash or Excessive Glass Loose Tires Mercury Freon Explosives Ink Liquid Filled Transformers Steel Cable Asbestos Leaded Glass Televisions Safes Wood Fuels Shopping Carts Note We can NOT accept the following Any Item of Which the Majority of Weight is Constituted of Glass Plastic or NonMetals 55 gallon drums must be open and clean Larger tanks must be drained and dry with a 15 square cut open for inspection Gas or Diesel tanks must be removed or split open and completely dry Items We Can NOT Accept From NonGovernment Entities The items listed below can not be accepted from NonGovernmental Entities public utility companies or contractors without proper written authorization Written authorization must be on companyagency letterhead indicating that the material is being released for recycling purposes Brass or Bronze Cemetery Ornaments Beer Kegs Aluminum Bleachers Street Signs Light Poles Manhole Covers Aluminum Scaffolding Tree Grates Railroad Material Cement Forms Traffic Signals Guard Rail Contact Our Buyer | [
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http://jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/who-were-the-vikings/where-did-they-come-from/ | About Visit The Vikings Education What โ s on Get Involved Press accessibility Book Explore the Jorvik Group T h e O r i g i n a l V k n g E c o u t e r BOOK NOW Opening times & directions Book your visit with the Vikings Pre - booking your visit to the award - winning JORVIK Viking Centre gives you a guaranteed time slot , allowing you to Fast Track the queue and head straight back in time to experience the Viking Age ! Book tickets What ' s on All Events From 8th April 2017 | 10 : 00am daily | JORVIK Viking Centre British Museum Treasures Come to JORVIK JORVIK Viking Centre is proud to announce a special three year collaboration with the British Museum which will see internationally significant Viking treasures displayed alongside our own collection from Coppergate . . . . Read more Your Visit JORVIK Viking Centre is a must - see for visitors to the city of York and is one of the most popular visitor attractions in the UK . Opening Hours & Prices Finding Us Pastport Explore All | [
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http://josefoshea.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-true-history-of-pirate-luke-ryan.html | Regular Joe Wednesday , 19 March 2014 The True History of The Pirate Luke Ryan & Benjamin Franklin ' s Black Fleet ( PT II ) * This is Part II of the Luke Ryan Story , for Pt I , please see my previous blog . * Dubliner Luke Ryan had sailed his ship out of home waters as a British privateer to fight the Americans . But he had decided that profit and duty would be best served by turning pirate for the French Crown , and going to war against the British Navy for the freedom of the United States . In Dunkirk , he placed himself in the service of a man called Torris - a sort of super - agent for promising young pirates . A Model Of The Black Prince - Ryan ' s Ship Jean Francois Torris was an armateur โ a middleman who supplied the capital needed to arm , outfit and commission the privateers โ and his native Dunkirk was a privateer โ s port , as close to a pirate town as you could get in northern Europe in the latter half of the eighteenth century . Privateering in Dunkirk was big business and was administrated by the French civil service ; revenue came from charging rewards , fines and duties levied on behalf of Louis XVI . The French government supplied the port facilities for the conversion and fitting out of smuggling vessels and sold former Friendship , the Frenchman Torris was in the slightly strange position of owning a privateer crewed and commanded by Irishmen and ( nominally , at least ) carrying a letter of marque from the English admiralty . Ships of The Port Of Dunkirk 1760s The Irish smuggling ship , turned British Letter of Marque was now a renegade French privateer . And it was bound for Dublin in May 1779 with a cargo of brandy and other contraband goods , to turn a profit for its French owner . However , the ship ran foul of the ever vigilant revenue men , who seized the Friendship and its crew at Rogerstown , near Rush shortly after they docked . Wilde and his crew were thrown into the Black Dog Prison , close to the quays in the heart of Dublin at Cornmarket . Ryan , by now a very worldly twenty - five - year - old , had not been on board when the ship and its crew was seized and soon hit on a plan to free his crew and retake the Friendship . He organised a force of smugglers from Rush to go up the River Liffey in armed river ferry boats , they subdued the guards in the dead of night and sprung Wilde and the rest of the men from The Black Dog . They then boarded the , cut the anchor lines and sailed her back to Rush , along with a small group of unwilling passengers , Revenue men who had been surprised on board the ship by the sudden arrival of the men from Rush . After taking on additional crew in an inlet in North County Dublin , Ryan sportingly dropped the Dublin Revenue officers across the Irish Sea in Dorset before making away for Dunkirk . Remains of the Debtors Prison - Close to the Old Black Dog in Dublin Once out of reach of the British revenue and navy at Dunkirk , it was time for Luke Ryan and the to change their identities and sign up to help Benjamin Franklin win the War of Independence . Franklin had been on the lookout for likely vessels to carry American letters of marque . Jean Franรงois Torris was able to offer the American ambassador to the court of King Louis XVI some likely candidates , and top of the list was the lightning - fast Irish cutter with its enterprising captain and a crew that , after the Black Dog breakout , owed Ryan their lives and their liberty . Torris sold Franklin on the idea , the would be renamed the Black Prince and her Irish crew would sail under American colours . Torris and Ryan wanted profit . Franklin wanted chaos . It was a mutually beneficial arrangement even if there was one slight sticking point As a pirate , wanted by the British , Luke Ryan could not legally command a US privateer . So Torris and the Dubliner came up with a simple solution , an unemployed merchant seaman from Boston called Stephen Marchant would be the nominal captain and front - man for the operation . Ben Franklin was told the Black Prince was sailing under an American captain . But it was a twenty - five - year - old Dubliner , a pirate , smuggler and wanted man , who was really calling the shots . The Black Prince went to work , sailing from Dunkirk in June 1779 and quickly snapping up eight British prizes which were sailed back to the French port of Morlaix . In July , Ryan and his ship captured a further thirteen British coastal trading vessels , which were stripped of their cargoes and then ransomed back to the English owners . A Waterford brig ( a quick and highly - manoeuvrable ship with two square - rigged masts ) called the Sally - Anne was one of eighteen vessels brought into the ports of Morlaix and Dunkirk after a particularly productive cruise to the waters off the South West coast of England . In September , the Black Prince , which now included another Rush man as officer , one Patrick Dowling , went on a longer cruise , all the way up to the Outer Hebrides off the far north west coast of Scotland to seize an impressive thirty - four prizes . Part of the secret of the Black Prince โ s success was its ability to stalk its prey while projecting an pacific appearance . Sailing with its gun - ports closed ( but with slow - match burning and cannon - fully loaded , ready to be run out at a moment โ s command ) it could look like an innocent trading vessel . Privateers like Ryan would go to such lengths as making their ships look scruffy , ill - handled and as different from a tautly sailed and obviously disciplined and dangerous man - o - war as possible . It was only when you got up close to the cutter that you might notice the extra gun - ports , the 70 - odd , evil - looking crewmen packed on deck and the murderous swivel guns bolted to the rails . By then it was usually too late . Ryan and his crew were close enough and well - armed enough to threaten a broadside that would blow your ship to matchsticks . If you resisted and they were able to board with cutlasses , flint - lock pistols and deadly musketoons ( a primitive form of shot - gun , often loaded with glass or old nails ) they would make short and bloody work of any resistance . Worthy prizes were sailed back to friendly ports to be stripped , sold or ransomed back to their owners . Vessels Benjamin Franklin was impressed . There was consternation in London , where the Black Prince was now causing great dread and distress to the merchants and money men of the City . By this stage , the nominal American captain Marchant had given up his paper command and returned to the US , to leave the Irish to get on with the job . Torris and Matthew Wilde ( or โ McCatter โ ) sourced a new vessel , which was named the privateer Black Princess and put to sea . Their trusted Rush compatriot Patrick Dowling would take over the under an American commission . Ryan , who had been ill , now wanted to come out of the shadows . Together with Torris , he wrote to Benjamin Franklin seeking permission to outfit a new privateer with the Rush man as captain , sailing , officially for the first time , with an American commission . Franklin was now in on the secret . He realised that he had been hoodwinked by Torris and Ryan . But the Founding Father was impressed . He recognised in Ryan the kind of successful , leader of men who could get the job done . And it Sans Peur ( or the Fear Not to her English - speaking crew ) , making Ryan its official master ( though not making him an official commissioned officer of the American navy ) and setting her on British shipping . Franklin also presented Ryan with a highly - prized โ night glass โ , a telescope that had been specially adapted to make the most of dim light . Franklin may have been exercising his noted sense of humour as a night glass was the perfect accessory for a pirate . The Fear Not was refitted and sailed in early 1780 for the Orkney Islands , where she seized sixteen prizes on her first voyage under her new master , Luke Ryan . With eighteen cannon and twelve swivel guns , the Fear Not was a match for many armed ships and could claim to justify her defiant name . There were now three Irish - commanded and crewed ships sailing under American commission for Benjamin Franklin against the British . And while Wilde and Dowling were doing their bit for the Revolution , it was Ryan in the who was really making a name for himself . The ship caused mayhem along the Scottish coast . When supplies ran low , Fear Not sailed into one of the more isolated ports and demanded victualling at the point of eighteen cannon . On more than one occasion , Ryan was said to have blown up the storehouses of a Scots merchant who was not coming across with the goods . On 28 July 1780 , the Dublin newspaper , The Freeman โ s Journal , reported on โ letters recently arrived from Scotland โ , which โ mentioned that the Fearnought ( sic ) privateer , Luke Ryan commander , landed at Stornaway , in the island of Lewis , and after plundering the town , carried off the principal inhabitants hostages , as ransomers for the houses . โ To the British , Ryan and his men were fighting for the Americans , but they were not American citizens , they were Irish pirates and rebels . If captured , it was the hangman โ s noose in short order . But as one American officer who came into contact with Ryan observed , โ I have Torris , the hard - nosed French armateur , also appears to have had a soft spot for Ryan . On at least one occasion he is said to have asked Benjamin Franklin to accede to Ryan โ s request for a formal commission in the Continental Navy and US citizenship . Ryan himself wrote that he would give โ the last drop of blood to gain honour for the American flag . โ Franklin never did make Ryan and his men an official part of the Continental Navy , with the protections that this would have brought . They Franklin may also have been irked by Ryan and his fellow captains โ failure to bring in as many prisoners as he wanted for exchange . Strangely , the Irish privateers seemed to be more intent on treasure than the more complicated business of catching and holding British prisoners . As the joined the Black Prince and Black Princess at sea , the British navy came under increasing pressure to do something . There were reports in the English newspapers that two Royal Navy frigates had been sent out to look for the Irish privateers . Luke Ryan and his fellow Irish privateers were about to become the victims of their own success . Since the middle of 1779 , events had gone Ryan โ s way . He had sailed in and commanded five different privateers , Black Prince , Black Princess , Fear Not , La Marechal and Calonne , capturing an impressive 114 prizes . He had ransomed seventy - five captains of British vessels and exchanged over 160 British seamen . He and his fellow privateers from Rush had sailed under three different flags ( not counting flags of deception ) and fought on both sides of the war , albeit briefly for the British . In a little over two years , they had been by far the most active and successful captains in a privateering fleet that had destroyed 733 British and Irish prizes with cargoes valued in excess of two million pounds . During a debate in the British House of Lords at the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783 , peers were told that the actions of Yankee privateers during the recent conflict had cost the British merchant navy an estimated ยฃ 8m in damages . This did not take into account the huge problems caused to the British war effort and the Royal Navy , which was effectively forced to fight a sea war on the โ wrong โ side of the Atlantic . Benjamin Franklin โ s proxy sea war , fought with American captains and Irish and French * Final Part of the story . . . Here Posted by Josef O ' Shea at 07 : 28 Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest 2 comments : Unknown 17 February 2017 at 17 : 04 Josef , Excellent write - up on the history of Luke Ryan and the Black Prince . This is more detail than I have seen in several historical accounts I have in published books on the American Revolution , as well as on - line . One question , if you do n ' t mind : Do you happen to know the flag the Black Prince sailed under ? I may have missed it in your writings . Thank you , Scott ( USA ) Reply Replies Josef O ' Shea 22 March 2017 at 05 : 19 Hi Scott , glad you found it interesting - as for the flag the ships sailed under - they were privateers - so it was a case of any flag that suited them . They were never officially part of the US navy or anything like that - the full story is in my book - Murder , Mutiny & Mayhem - The Blackest Hearted Villains from Irish History - which is available from Amazon etc - thanks - Joe Reply Hi - I welcome comments - even if they do n ' t agree with what I say or simply do n ' t like it . But I always try to treat people with respect and I would appreciate the same in return . There ' s no point in calling me names or getting into personal abuse because there are only a handful of people in the world whose opinion of me I respect and - no offense - you are unlikely to be one of them . Thanks ! Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://journal.ahima.org/2013/02/01/physician-query-examples/ | Home Coding and Reimbursement Physician Query Examples Physician Query Examples Posted By AHIMA Staff on Feb 1 , 2013 A query can be a powerful communication tool used to clarify documentation in the health record and achieve accurate code assignments . This Practice Brief In Addition provides examples of the different forms of queries available to HIM professionals . Example Verbal Query Documentation The documentation of verbal queries should follow a standard format to include all necessary information . Spoke with Dr . X regarding the documentation of ( condition / procedure ) based upon the clinical indicator ( s ) found in the health record ( list what was found and where ) Example Open - Ended Query A patient is admitted with pneumonia . The admitting H&P examination reveals WBC of 14,000 ; a respiratory rate of 24 ; a temperature of 102 degrees ; heart rate of 120 ; hypotension ; and altered mental status . The patient is administered an IV antibiotic and IV fluid resuscitation . Leading : The patient has elevated WBCs , tachycardia , and is given an IV antibiotic for Pseudomonas cultured from the blood . Are you treating for sepsis ? Nonleading : Based on your clinical judgment , can you provide a diagnosis that represents the below - listed clinical indicators ? In this patient admitted with pneumonia , the admitting history and physical examination reveals the following : WBC 14,000 Respiratory rate 24 Temperature 102 ยฐ F Heart rate 120 Hypotension Altered mental status IV antibiotic administration IV fluid resuscitation Please document the condition and the causative organism ( if known ) in the medical record . Source : AHIMA . โ Guidance for Clinical Documentation Improvement Programs . โ Journal of AHIMA 81 , no . 5 ( May 2010 ) : expanded web version . Example Multiple Choice Query A patient is admitted for a right hip fracture . The H&P notes that the patient has a history of chronic congestive heart failure . A recent echocardiogram showed left ventricular ejection fraction ( EF ) of 25 percent . The patient โ s home medications include metoprolol XL , lisinopril , and Lasix . Leading : Please document if you agree the patient has chronic diastolic heart failure . Nonleading : It is noted in the impression of the H&P that the patient has chronic congestive heart failure and a recent echocardiogram noted under the cardiac review of systems reveals an EF of 25 percent . Can the chronic heart failure be further specified as : Chronic systolic heart failure____________________ Chronic diastolic heart failure___________________ Chronic systolic and diastolic heart failure_________ Some other type of heart failure _________________ Undetermined________________________________ Source : AHIMA . โ Guidance for Clinical Documentation Improvement Programs . โ Journal of AHIMA 81 , no . 5 ( May 2010 ) : expanded web version . Example Yes / No Queries Compliant Example 1 Clinical Scenario : A patient is admitted with cellulitis around a recent operative wound site , and only cellulitis is documented without any relationship to the recent surgical procedure . Query : Is the cellulitis due to or the result of the surgical procedure ? Please document your response in the health record or below . Yes _____________ No ______________ Other ___________ Clinically Undetermined ______________ Name : ___________________ Date : __________ Rationale : This is an example of a yes / no query involving a documented condition potentially resulting from a procedure . Compliant Example 2 Clinical scenario : Congestive heart failure is documented in the final discharge statement in a patient who is noted to have an echocardiographic interpretation of systolic dysfunction and is maintained on lisinopril , Lasix , and Lanoxin . Query : Based on the echocardiographic interpretation of systolic dysfunction in this patient maintained on lisinopril , Lasix , and Lanoxin can your documentation of โ congestive heart failure โ be further specified as systolic congestive heart failure ? Please document your response in the health record or below . Yes _____________ No ______________ Other ___________ Clinically Undetermined____________ Name : ___________________ Date : __________ Rationale : This yes / no query provides an example of determining the specificity of a condition that is documented as an interpretation of an echocardiogram . Compliant Example 3 Clinical scenario : During the removal of an abdominal mass , the surgeon documents , in the description of the operative procedure , a โ serosal injury to the stomach was repaired with interrupted sutures . โ In the description of the operative procedure a serosal injury to the stomach was noted and repaired with interrupted sutures . Was this serosal injury and repair : A complication of the procedure _____________ Integral to the above procedure _____________ Not clinically significant ____________________ Clinically Undetermined____________ Please document your response in the health record or below accompanied by clinical substantiation . This is an example of a query necessary to determine the clinical significance of a condition resulting from a procedure . Non - Compliant Example 1 On admission bilateral lower extremity edema is noted , however , there are no other clinical indicators to support malnutrition . Do you agree that the patient โ s bilateral lower extremity edema is diagnostic of malnutrition ? Please document your response in the health record or below . Yes______________ Clinically Undetermined ______________ Malnutrition is not a further specification of the isolated finding of a bilateral lower extremity edema . An open - ended or multiple choice query should be used under this circumstance to ascertain the underlying cause of the patient โ s edema . Non - Compliant Example 2 A patient is admitted with an acute gastrointestinal bleed , and the hemoglobin drops from 12 g / dL to 7.5 g / dL and two units of packed red blood cells are transfused . The physician documents anemia in the final discharge statement . In this patient admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed and who underwent a blood transfusion after a drop in the hemoglobin from 12 g / DL on admission to 7.5 g / dL , can your documentation of anemia be further specified as an acute blood loss anemia ? Please document your response in the health record or below accompanied by clinical substantiation . Yes ______________ Other ____________ Clinically Undetermined ____________ Rationale : In this example , a yes / no query is not appropriate for specifying the type of anemia . A multiple - choice or open - ended query is a better option . Non - Compliant Example 3 Clinical Scenario : In the ED , a foley catheter was inserted for the patient with dysuria and elevated WBCs that was removed two days after admission . The cultures were positive for E . coli and the progress note reflect a catheter associated urinary tract infection ( CAUTI ) and this was coded . Quality has requested review of the HAC condition to ensure it should be coded as it does not meet the CDC definition for CAUTI . Query : The quality department has indicated that your documented diagnosis of CAUTI does not meet the CDC definition which impacts the Hospital Acquired condition statistics for your profile as well as the hospital . Does your patient have a catheter associated urinary tract infection ? Yes ____________ Clinically Undetermined _________________ This query is inappropriate as it explains the impact of the addition or removal of the diagnosis for the physician and hospital profiles . This query questions the physician โ s clinical judgment which may be more appropriate in an escalation policy and / or physician education regarding the CDC definition of CAUTI . For more content on clinical documentation improvement topics , check out the Journal of AHIMA blog โ Documentation Detective . โ This monthly blog discusses the components of quality clinical documentation with a comprehensive approach to cover all areas of the healthcare industry . | [
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http://journal.crossfit.com/2011/05/enduranceprogramintro.tpl | Home New featured journal content Categories Browse content by category Chronology Browse content by publish date Start Here An introduction to the Journal What is Fitness Our pioneering article on fitness CrossFit Level 1 Training Guide The foundational CrossFit Resource CrossFit Kids Resources for training kids CrossFit Radio Live interviews discussions Submissions Submit your own original content CrossFit Endurance Intro to Programming By John McBrien In Coaching Sports Applications Videos May 16 2011 This is really what CrossFit Endurance is designed to do its to make you suck less says John McBrien a CrossFit Endurance coach Find the area where you suck and then make it suck less Thats the goal right According to McBrien traditional endurance training focuses on volume and intensity with technique training only as a last resort However CrossFit Endurance programming like CrossFit itself starts with technique then adds intensity and volume only after the technique is sound One of the reasons we came up with CrossFit Endurance was to help the CrossFit athlete develop a bigger gas tank that is develop stamina McBrien explains He says CrossFit Endurance seeks to replace cardiorespiratory endurance with stamina Think about stamina as gears on a caryou want to use all the energy systems effectively If we can teach the athlete to use all of them effectively its not only going to help their anaerobic capacity but it is also going to help their cardiorespiratory endurance he says For the CrossFitter CrossFit Endurance brings pacing and for the endurance athlete it brings intensity with interval training 10min 43sec Additional reading A Theoretical Template for CrossFit Endurance Programming by John McBrien published Sept15 2010 Download This article is only available to subscribers Please login or subscribe to download Comment There are 39 comments on this article to add your own 39 Comments on CrossFit Endurance Intro to Programming 1 Andrew Brautigam wrote Crossfit Endurance drives me nuts There is this assumption that all endurance athletes only train long slow distance That is just a pile of crap Every successful endurance athlete trains with at least some intensity The paradigm wide best practices across every major endurance sport is the same 80 aerobic 20 anaerobic or nearly anaerobic by time Going out and throwing down five workouts a week does not equip an athlete to be fast over distance any more than going out and going Zone 2 5 days a week does Both programs equip athletes to be slow Period A program that allows for true speed over distance necessarily involves long workouts Four Hours Hard is the workout that gives true fitness I like crossfit but the CFE stuff is not practical for truly elite endurance performances By elite I mean sub 10 hour ironman sub 3 hour marathon sub 9 hour hundred mile MTB etc These standards are fairly low in reality If CFE were truly a capable program there would be top 10 and podium performances If the crossfit endurance guys could show me multiyear training logs from established endurance athletes that have achieved better results doing CFE than a typical program Ill shut up Ive cruised around the boards over there and found nothing convincing about programming that indicates that for a given ability level CFE is capable of producing the best results in sport My challenge to the CFE coaches is Put up or Shut Up Post Power Files GPS Tracks that show year to year improvement Success that is sustainable over time and throughout a competitive season A typical 8020 ratio of aerobicanaerobic exercise has been proven with Gold Medals World Championships and success over time CFE has not and there is not convincing evidence that the program works Google Mark Twight TNSTAAFL for a more convincing argument if you want to May 16 2011 506 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 2 Jeffrey Peterson wrote Hello Andrew My name is Jeff Peterson a longtime endurance athlete and current crossfit endurance athlete Ive been running for a long time now High School College University of North Carolina and beyond Ive also had some positive results in triathlon having some overall amateur wins Pacific Grove 09and eventually earned my professional license I have been the athlete that has run 100 mile weeks logged 25hr triathlon training weeks and have lived and breathed my sport trying to improve It has gotten me a lot and has been fun but at too great of a cost I first learned of Crossfit and Crossfit Endurance in the fall of 2010 This was coming off of a period of doing NOTHING I was at my wits end with endurance sport My wifea professional runner and I were expecting our 2nd child and had recently taken in my 11yr old brother That coupled with a full I hate to keep sounding like a self promoter I only hope to respond to your request in your curiosity to find elite crossfit endurance athletes Is running or triathlon my profession NO Can I run under 230 in the marathon go under 9 in an Ironman have run under 31mins in the 10k and all under the CFE regimen YES Am I elite I dont know but what I do know is this Crossfit Endurance is an amazing community of coaches and athletes that promote a lifestyle of being VERY fit in less time I am proud to be involved in this revolution of endurance fitness through Brian and through San Fran Crossfit Not only do I have more time for my expanding family career friends and social life but I feel GOOD My energy is always high my overall health and physical preparedness is better than it ever has been I can hop in a pickup hoops game and not feel sore for days and I look forward to my workouts every day a far cry from my 100mile weeks25 hr training weeks I will continue to use Crossfit Endurance because it works for me and it keeps me on the podium Whether that is a 5k or Ironman Andrew Please feel free to get in touch with me if you are continually curious about this topic Naturally I understand that something different is scary If you try and really stick to it you WILL see results Simply Ive done it both ways and this way works just as well if not better Im excited for my future in the sport and for all others who take on this fun endeavor Ill keep you and the community posted as I go after my goals Best Regards Jeff Peterson May 16 2011 622 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 3 Sebastian Assaf wrote Love this video and am super interested in Crossfit Endurance Would be great to see some more of that lecture or similar content May 16 2011 632 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 4 Kevin B Sandberg replied to comment from Jeffrey Peterson Jeff it didnt sound like self promotion at all Thanks for sharing your story Rate of the return is a key phrase I think Continued to perform well in your sport became more overall fit have quality time with your family All while not losing your job Well done May 16 2011 642 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 5 Kevin B Sandberg wrote Sorry Rate of return May 16 2011 643 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 6 Jerome Winters wrote JMACyou da man May 16 2011 645 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 7 Jeffrey Peterson replied to comment from Kevin B Sandberg Thanks Kevin Youre absolutely right on rate of return Ive never recovered so quickly To me that might have been tricky to get used to BUT once you establish a base of SC via crossfit you begin to recover SO quickly There is a slight hump to get over to achieve this but what would sport be like without challenges May 16 2011 653 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 8 Mike DiProspero wrote I would also love to see more material from CFE in the journal including programing for an endurance Mtn Bike race This was great thank May 16 2011 713 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 9 Alex Europa replied to comment from Jeffrey Peterson Jeffrey I believe Andrews point was that Mark Twight experienced the same thing at first but then his endurance performance began to suffer dramatically as the endurance base bank account if you will that he had built up over years and years of training slowly whittled away to nothing At that point he had to turn around and start over from scratch Personally I add in a long run and an interval each week in my training with CrossFit but I do it because my profession military requires me to be able to run I think that CFE is fantastic for weekend warrior racers or those people who are required to run because of their job but lets be honest there was a direct correlation in the drop of internationally competitive US distance runners in the 80s after the intensity bug hit 70s guys like Pre Shorter Salazar etc were so successful because they routinely logged 100140 mile weeks It wasnt until May 16 2011 726 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 10 Jeffrey Peterson replied to comment from Alex Europa Hi Alex Believe me I really like the idea of being on your feet or bike for a long time That is why on occasion log run workouts in the range of 1214 miles For me this workout has become the glue of everything else I do It ties it all together and gives me confidence that I can be successful over a long race like a half or full marathon The same goes for riding 20mi TT serves a similar purpose Ive also on a rare occasion been able to hop along on my buddys 2830 10k runner 20mi long run More than one way to skin a cat That is why most of my former collegiate teammates some racing professionally others weekend warriors train the Lydiard style 100140mpw with an interval workout tempo and LONG run I did this It got me to some decent times but at a big cost I recognized that I was chronically fatigued and suffered from endurance ADDtraining got boring This way seems to work with me and I am achieving some good results I did experience a time where I felt like I was going backwards but now I consider myself on the way up Not as many miles in the engine but the body is still ready to go when I need it to 400m Marathon I appreciate your insight and I do not wish to seem like I am in a fixed mindset My way or the highway should not be anyones motto I like crossfit I like endurance sports so this makes sense May 16 2011 741 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 11 Kaitlin Lyons wrote Andrew At the Gansett Marathon in Narrangansett RI Jeff Ford posted a 24950 which was a 14 minute PR using CFE prescription httptinyurlcom3rqypbd A question that I have for you is how are Armstrong Macca Reid Fraser and Shorter trained Where are their detailed 8020 training programs posted or located Do you understand the dynamics of a Mexican Standoff May 16 2011 744 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 12 Paul Eich replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam Andrew I dont think you should do CFE But lets say I was your evil twin and stopped doing what you do to try CFE for a season How much harm could it do compared to the harm of all the life energy you burn up running long and slow and developing virtually no other physical capacity assuming thats what you are advocating And if someone wanted to have a fair dose of the broad general work capacities of CrossFit and almost as much capacity as you have for running long and slow why the hell would that bother you Elite performance is as much about math as it is about methods you take the right athlete and they can train like crap and still throw an amazing performance You can also take a bunch of athletes in the 90th percentile and train them with unhuman perfection and they wont beat the 99 percentile athlete that only trains pretty good Logically even if your assertion that 8020 is the proven way is correct up until now that does not mean it will be true in ten years Your perception that CFEs invalid because not everyone does it is just an ax you want to grind for reasons unknown to anyone but you The only one that can judge whether it is valid for them is the athlete that tries it and either does or doesnt meet their goals for return on training time invested All I know is I was at the point of being unable to run due to stupid training and a trashed knee but have been thrilled to learn to POSE and as my technique improves I regain pleasure in running Lastly theres no one that will be hurt and many that will benefit if Brian is right like CrossFit CFE offers the possibility of trading short very painful very intense work periods for long pointless hours of low capacity training in how to run slow many will chase that trade and benefit from it I cant see a case that anyone will lose from making that choice and certainly it wont hurt you You remind me of the old saw We know so much that isnt so May 16 2011 811 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 13 Guy Petruzzelli replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam Andrew To support everything Jeff has stated so far I too am an athlete that follows the CFE prescription for training and can say without hesitation it has provided me unbelieveable results at what is considered to be the elite level Prior to training with CFE I was a huge proponent of the Lydiard method prior to discovering CFE and thought it was the only way to get faster at the elite level of multisport The 35 hour a week regimen seemed to make sense it was the everyone is doing it approach and I figured it would work for me Shortly after in that same month I was hit by a car on a training ride leaving me with a broken right clavicle in 3 spots and 4 broken ribs I was the recipient of a metal plate and seven metal screws to put the clavicle back together My doctor stated a minimum of 20 weeks for recovery That meant not being able to get my heart rate over 140 Essentially he was telling me in a round about way that my season was over 2 weeks post surgery I walked into my Crossfit box and asked for thier help on keeping my strength With one arm I was doing back squats and back on my bike indoors Shortly after that I had the honor of meeting Brian MacKenzie at a CFE cert in Chicago I was a big Lydiard follower and all my training had basically revolved around that I was hesitant to accept this very different method but I was open to learning about it 48 hours later I was hooked I started to run again and found my times dropping significantly I In October of 2010 I competed in 2 smaller duathlons and was second overall in both owning the fastest run splits in both races That was using the CFE protocol completely In January of this year I competed in the Midwest Indoor Tri Series and in the elite wave I was 2nd overall again in a very competitive pro field Unfortunately a week later I had an emergency appendectomy That surgeon told me I wouldnt be able to do anything but walk for 3 weeks In 3 days I was riding lifting and running 3 weeks post surgery I competed 2 weeks later I was at the Natchez Trace Duathlon in Tennessee racing against some of the top duathletes in the south with only a few days of outdoor riding At this same race 2 years ago I could barely manage 6th in the pro field and was a distant 6th at that This year I was 3rd and it was a fight to the finish for the 3 of us On a hilly course with scarce outdoor riding I was fighting for top placings Like Jeff this isnt about selfpromotion its about providing insight into the CFE protocol and its ability to work for elite athletes I only feel myself getting stronger and faster daily and have complete faith that this training program will get me to the top of the podium all season I have the great priviledge to learn directly from Brian and Doug Katona which is critical to my success After spending time with them in California for the Endurance War Camp in April I was able to gain valuable knowledge that completely reinforced everything we do On a different note I would like to address something else you stated You made a claim that the 8020 rule is used by world champions olympic gold medalists and so forth My question is how do you know that The only reason I ask and its not to be argumentative but when did Lance Armstrong Chrissie Wellington Craig Alexander Andy Potts any world champion post thier training data for the world to see Even if some data was made available it was never an open boo look into what they were or are doing How do I know this I think for you to really get a good sense as to what CFE is all about is to let your guard down and give it a legitimate shot Try it for a month see what happens If you dont want to thats fine but why are so bothered that other athletes elite or otherwise use it If you dont and dont want to then what does it matter CFE is a protocol that we believe produces superior results Is it the only method out there Clearly thats not the case All we are saying is we believe its superior Hope this sheds some light on your doubts about CFE Guy May 16 2011 820 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 14 Zach Even Esh wrote Brian MacKenzie trained my buddy for his first marathon I believe he ran each mile at 7 30 and maybe his last few miles were faster 2 days later he went mtn biking as we do mid week for 90120 minutes the next weekend he did a 12 hr race from 3 pm until 3 am he crushed that as well it was a mix of mtn biking running ocean kayaking dragging kayak in sand and more craziness Im psyched to see MORE Brian MacKenzie and Doug Katona are hitting The Underground first weekend in June Im psyched to learn For Andrew I would focus more on the take away rather than arguing I understand EVERY program is flawed and Im psyched to LEARN I better see some peeps signed up for The NJ CFE cert around the corner BOOM z May 16 2011 821 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 15 Casey Maze wrote Im curious as to the claims of CFE For a true comparison between old school training methods vs CFE wouldnt the study have to take more information into account I am very interested in this program but most of these great success stories and personal accounts throughout this running comment section are from former specific sport athletes runnerstriathletes For someone to say I was a former prothen I switched to CFE and look at all these awesome results isnt truly unfolding all the layers of what took to get to this level Saying or claiming it is all becuase of May 16 2011 935 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 16 Danny Bench wrote CFE is a fantastic program I have never come across anyone who has had the balls to do it report slower race times All have been faster and whats also amazing no injuries What is unique about CFE is that it can take someone who is a family man and works 40 hrs a week and they can compete in the sport they love There stronger and healthier than ever and can enjoy the sport into old age I had the priviledge to learn CFE from Doug Katona and he is one of the best coachestrainers out there The only bad thing about CFE is its hard to get people to do it because there skeptical Im sick of people calling CFE out saying it cant produce elite athletes Im going to get someone to run under a 2hr marathon using CFE someones got a do it May 16 2011 1006 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 17 TJ Murphy wrote I think some interesting perspective can be gained on this debate by considering Arthur Lydiard generally considered the original proponent of highmileage base training He was a Kiwi that thought he was going to die from a heart attack when he went out for a jog at the age of 27 and was subsequently motivated to get into shape to save his life His profession A shoe cobbler He launched himself into experimenting with running running as much as 240 miles in a week From his conclusions he went on to coach neighborhood kids into worldbeaters Was he a great But also consider Percy Cerutty an Australian born in 1910 who at the age of 43 lost his job as a civil servant because of an unspecified illnesshe suffered from severe migraines weightloss and lack of energy At the point doctors began to think he was done for at the age of 46 Cerutty began experimenting with running and diet He also began to apply a lifelong interest in movement in particular the movement of wild animals and by the time he was in his 50s he began coaching athletes in Portsea Cerutty applied principles of diet running technique gymnastics And theres Peter Coe coach of Sebastion Coe who turned his son into a multiple world record holder using lowmileage speed endurance and highintensity circuit training Its interesting to note that when Lydiard heard that Coes highest level of weekly mileage was 40 mpw Runners World quoted Lydiard as saying it was impossible and that Coe was lying All three of these coaches used different approaches to develop elite athletes And without a doubt Lydiard has had the most effect on distance running over the past half a century but the truth is from a historical perspective were just beginning to learn about how best to train for distance Why not push the envelope Is the only road to the top via highmileage Are we so sure that Lydiard nailed it in the 1940s and that 100 years from now the only way to become a good runner is by logging tons of raw mileage Maybe thats the way it will play out But one thing you have to admire about CFE is that theyre taking the initiative to explore a different route to developing a runner and when you consider the thinking it makes sense In CFE the program looks to first develop the physiological infrastructure running technique and diet that will help make a runner resistant to injury more powerful and more efficient with that power In other words you become a healthy athlete who can run CFE is also less worried about serving the sacred cows of history and looking into how Will CFE supplant the Lyidard model Who knows but considering that CFE was a case not unlike Ceruttys and Lydiards where necessity was the mother of inventionMacKenzie started experimenting with different combinations of technique speed endurance Crossfit and powerlifting when highmileage programming broke him to piecesI personally have come to the conclusion that it would be irrational not to let go of my former emotional attachment to highmileage programming it broke me to pieces too and see whats there Why the hell not Im not going to make the Olympic team whether I run 10 miles a week or 240 May 16 2011 1120 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 18 Ben Swinehart wrote Hmmm I dont think I like the characterization made by McBrian that the traditional approach to swim training is VolumeIntensityTechnique Technique has been the driving force behind the consistant improvement in World Records throughout the history of the sport Any coach who doesnt recognize that isnt very observant TechniqueIntensityVolume is the CFE way but they arent the only ones doing it The entire sport of swimming has been moving that direction since the 80s May 16 2011 1144 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 19 Andrew Brautigam replied to comment from Paul Eich Paul I dont have an axe to grind but I do want to see something empirical Heres why I am a decent runner and mountain biker Ive finished towards the middle of the pack in some proexpert mountain bike races around these parts WV and also won some sport class races Ive run a hard hilly marathon some trail races and done well in some adventure races Im not selfpromoting either because I have nothing to gain Ive been crossfitting since November and I have the usual time constraints that most grownups do dogs baby wife friends My cycling program since 2006 has revolved around three things Mountain Bike rides quantified intensity rides and long hard rides I was preparing for endurance mountain bike races and using this program really transformed my riding from mediocre at best to an allround hammer Im still not fastfastfast but Im getting more that way During the winter months when all I did were short highintensity trainer workouts I would have great fitness for one or two hours After two hours I would totally fall apart completely This winter when all I did was run and crossfit and ride occasionally because it was busy baby and the weather sucked I had the same kind of fauxfitness this spring Through some work and a few long hard rides Ive regained a bit of my true fitness but it is still not to the level when I was doing 46 hour rides twice a month So my programming when I made my biggest gains in fitness was 23 days of ballsout intensity a week one or two skilltype low intensity rides on the mountain bike and a long hard ride at least every two weeks That kind of program really isnt that different from the CFE protocol replacing the TT efforts with one or two long hard rides and dialing back the number of days of intensity What CFE is right now kind of reminds me of a AMRAPMETCON exclusive CF program If you are a Crossfitter looking to specialize in a strength sport a weightlifter or powerlifter you are not going to base your program around FRAN and CINDY Instead you are going to use those metcons judiciously and maybe even quite frequently but continue to do barbell workouts frequently Long rides are kind of like a pure strength program You arent going to do Crossfit Total or 5 x 3 DLs or Squats 4 times a week but that WOD has its place as do May 17 2011 431 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 20 Andrew Brautigam wrote Some additional thoughts First I appreciate the comments from Guy and Jeff about how the program has worked for them It is hard not to take those reports with a bit of skepticism both Guy and Jeff were elite athletes before starting the CFE protocol with extensive background in long workouts and high mileage These guys have such a deep foundation that it is hard assess how well CFE works for them and how much of the success is based on fundamental talent and the longterm affects of the previous training methods That said these two athletes are strong evidence of the shortterm Some more not necessarily related thoughts Three of the top mountain bikers in the US right now are Todd Wells Jeremiah Bishop and Adam Craig These guys are very different in their power profiles and training styles Wells and Bishop both do the prebasebase phase of legend 2530 hour weeks which is crazy to me Adam Craig as far as I know doesnt do the same kind of baseprebase that these guys do but spends his winters skiing riding ocassionally and in general being a dude All of these guys have had pretty significant success in their sport Bishop from what I know is an aerobic animal He can put down the power for hours and is an animal on extended 30 minute climbs His aerobic capacity is about as high as a persons can be Craig on the other hand is sometimes called fat boy by cyclists which is ridiculous but has unbelievable anaerobic capacity and recovery He can punch it to 800 watts consistently and recover from those efforts really really well Bishop has had most of his success in marathon and american cross country racing while Craig has had most of his success in worldcup racing This is a direct result of their contrasting abilities American XC racing and marathon racing is about maximum sustainable power while WC racing is about being able to climb above threshold This obviously isnt firsthand knowledge but what Ive gleaned from toplevel coaches and athletes I either eknow or know personally At the top level these guys are training to both maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses They have unlimited time to both train and to recover That said even with identical resources of time training and recovery toplevel athletes train differently They try to minimize their unique individual weaknesses and maximze their unique individual strengths Amateur athletes also need to train to maximize their strengths and minimize weaknesses For weak inflexible slow athletes adding anaerobic capacity endurance and recovery workouts to their diet of aerobic workouts along with smart strength and conditioning will result in gains Adding long aerobic workouts to strong flexible athletes who fade after 60 or 90 minutes will yield results too All that said my ideal theoretical programming for what I want to do win expert class mountain bike races ride sub 9 hour 100 milers will look in the most general terms like this In the offseason octoberapril XC Ski and Run extensively do 35 CF Wods a week 2 metcons 2 strength bias wods then in the competitive season MaySeptember do 3 days of on the bike intensity 3 wods focused on strenth maintanence and mobility one race day a week or one long hard ride Ill probably never do more than 1012 hours a week following this protocol May 17 2011 538 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 21 Matt Solomon wrote Physiological infrastructure Diet that will help make a runner resistant to injury Youll drown in the pool Go out in the ocean yup youre dead Definitely drowning OMG I learned to swim as child and wasnt coached with perfect form ohhhh no swimmers must be all be terrible people and have bad coaches Imagine little league having fun Virtually no other athletic capacity Im convinced If I tell you that I once raced a whole 50meter pool does the value of your anecdote change Please dont justify your methods with narrative May 17 2011 611 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 22 Carlos Pareja wrote Please keep these types of videos coming Fantastic stuff May 17 2011 629 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 23 Jason Ashman wrote Just out of curiosity Isnt it sort of premature to be making comparisons this early in CFEs existence Wouldnt it be better to wait until you had a large group of topend people using CFE for 5 years before taking a look at its efficacy After all elite endurance folks run for YEARS to get to the top level It strikes me that running a few races using the CFE method and declaring it right and true because youve shown improvement is jumping the gun a bit Endurance racing like powerlifting favors the experienced Wait for the longterm data to prove the point May 17 2011 636 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 24 Paul Eich replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam Andrew I appreciate these comments gives your critique a context There must be a million ways to the top of the mountain if yours is sucessful it would be interesting to see if it is applicable to others like you Therein lies the problem with programming so many variables between athletes its extremely difficult to get past strongly held belief and get to known May 17 2011 655 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 25 Luke Mullen wrote Awesome video explaining the theory behind Crossfit Endurance As a weekend warrior athlete who ran both crosscountry and track in high school without any coaching on technique or sportspecific cross training eg dead lifts for posture my data driven endorsement of both Crossfit Crossfit Endurance is as follows 1 First marathon results without hitting the wall httpboardcrossfitcomshowthreadphpt57805 2 Improved halfmarathon results httpboardcrossfitcomshowthreadphpt61978 May 17 2011 1015 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 26 Dargan Grigg replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam Hi Andrew I dont believe that the speaker is trying to connivence anyone that CFE is for elite endurance athletes He never makes the assumption that all endurance athletes only train long slow distance Actually he speaks to them using threshold training and interval training in conjunction to their mainstay long endurance workouts CFE is really there to make CF athletes better at endurance and average endurance athletes better at endurance by incorporating the intensity threshold interval etc element into their training Its makes you suck less Elite endurance athletes do not suck at endurance and therefore CFE does not apply to them Respectfully Dargan May 17 2011 1057 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 27 Greg Lata wrote Love the video Thanks Andrew not saying I agree with you but I love the fact that you created a storm of a discussion More exchange of information like this is great exchange of ideas and methods I believe CFE will adapt if need be if future history will tell a different story As an all round trainer of health and fitness there is always an arguement from other trainers whom suffer triathlons and marathons that cringe and are horrified about the idea of less kilometers per week They comment You mean you want me to instensify my workout with weights nad lessen my KMs but Ive tried that and it didnt Is it physical or mental strength that defines endurance From this you can ask how long did you do the intensity training length of months years What is your diet like Was it a balanced workout Did the intensity imporve or maintain etc CFE does need a track record and if you cringe to the idea of 100s of KM per WEEK and it is disrupting a balanced lifestyle CFE definitely makes sense CF in itself helps with ROM and stamina the big hills are not as terrifying Moving from common athlete to elite will definitely need to be defined in CrossFit Endurance with tracking data records Old school vs CFE would be the ultimate But do they want you to be an elite athlete Should CFE sponsor one common man and bring him to the elite level or should CFE sponsor an existing lower ranked elite athlete and put the power to the punch and make him great May 17 2011 424 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 28 Adam Martin replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam Andrew My name is actually Jeff Ford I do not have access to CFIT Journal but watched the video via Kaitlin Lyons She posted earlier about my recent race performance and I am thrilled to spread the word about Cross Fit Endurance Heres my background I grew up playing golf hockey and baseball average athlete okay skills but honestly in the middle as far as performance as a team member I began strength training the traditional way all the way thru high school and into college At the end of college I ran my first 5K in a time of 1805 so surprisingly good time but not amazing After college I became at fitness specialist in Hilton Head Island and discovered CrossFit Began the marathon scene in December 2009 Running the Charlotte Thunder Road Marathon in 30555 Training straight LCD some strength training so qualified for Boston on MY first try After moving to Hilton Head I picked up CrossFit last June and it has completely changed the way I trained Heres the story I wasnt sold of CF short workouts high intensity I always thought longer was better How could this be I gave CF a month and it changed my life The variety the intensity and opportunity to PR is every day Exactly the mentality I strive for in races So it began I had another marathon insights October to be exact the New Hampshire Marathon in Bristol NH I found it incredibly difficult to train for a marathon the LSD way and keep up with the 3 on 1 off CF programming MY body was breaking down so much that I had to stop running the last 8 weeks of a typical 18 week marathon training schedule I only CrossFitted because my knees and sciatic nerve were banged up and I could accomodate most of the moves with the injury So headed in I was banged up and only The plan was to run Boston but I missed registering like many this year and decided on the Gansett Marathon Narragansett RI on April 16 2011 In December decided to only CrossFit and Add CrossFit Endurance as my marathon training was worried at first but as I implemented the programming it felt right I ran typical 3 to 4 times a week some weeks only twice Always included tabadas and intervals and also a stamina based workout tempo or time trial Body felt good the whole time and began to see my times improve I ran two Half Marathons leading As of now I am back at CrossFit Hilton Head Training 4 to 5 WODS a week The one thing I need to learn more about is post recovery the following week I always hit the post race WOD that is listed on the CFE website but tend to jump back balls to the walls at CFIT too quickly Despite a few bumps I am back to running and trianing for a half ironman in August Now training CFE in the pool ocean on the bike and of course my original passion running I have evidenced my training in a PS Adam M CrossFits using his log in to respond to your post May 17 2011 558 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 29 Matthew Stehr wrote What Id really like to see is some real research that shows that CFE is better than other methods Just like there are athletes here showing dramatic results other people on other sites make the same kind of statements about other programs Anecdotal evidence is great but real research involves 2 groups before and after an intervention The Tabata protocol is popular because it works but also because he showed its effectiveness in a randomized controlled trial Problem is that there are so many variables involved that controlling for them is difficult Many other programs lack research as well Carmichael May 18 2011 828 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 30 Marc Agnello wrote I love the Crossfit Endurance program I just started implementing into my training I am a newbie in regards to endurance training I ran some over the years currently 42 years old but for the last 4 months have been training more I ran my first duathlon last month first 30 mile cycling road race and have entered another duathlon in 2 weeks I am hooked I am wondering if some of the success current CFE athletes are experiencing are due to their previous endurance training LSD etc and the size of their gas tanks prior to starting CFE Can training exclusively CFE increase the size of the gas tank Should I do more LSD to increase my gas tank or train exclusively CFE I would assume that training with the CFE protocol tempo runbike would increase my gas tank I would love to hear your comments and suggestions Thanks in advance May 18 2011 1110 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 31 mike speas replied to comment from Andrew Brautigam From my perspective as an endurance coach thats been using CFE personally and with athletes for the past 2 years your ideal workout programming would be totally within the norm of what I would see CFCFE athletes programming My opinion is that there will never be a perfect protocol for everyone just a protocol that is perfect for you For me this is the most efficient at making truly faster and stronger and healthier athletes Good luck in achieving your goals Andrew Thanks for posting this video May 18 2011 1131 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 32 Kevin Maupin replied to comment from Matthew Stehr Search PubMed for articles related to interval training Theres no perfect training methodology and there are really no perfect studies especially in the athletic realm Sorry Im a cancer biologist and most exercise phys articles are generally set at a lower standard for publication All I know is that CFE works for me and gives me the intensity and diversity I need to continue to enjoy my workouts The only number I have to claim is that during my traditional marathon training last year my resting heart rate was around 5560 The last few times I measured I was in May 18 2011 112 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 33 gabriel avilla wrote Bottom line up front If anyone out there is willing to program a CFE plan for an average runner training for a half marathon Id be willing to embrace the suck to provide data to be analyzed that everyone is discussing here My background is that Ive been running for about 6 years but Im not elite by any means My PR was in 2009 at 136 I followed traditional running plans to get there Ive been CFing for about one year and am now hooked However I immediately noticed that I probably wont be pushing comparable weights to my friends who CF Only when there is a WOD that has a running portion or body weight only sometimes did I feel I was comparable As much as I love doing CF I personally judge my fitness levels on how fast I Unfortunately on the CFE site there isnt much going on in the forum so Im looking for a groupcommunity to help me program based on some race dates and worklife commitments Sorry for the pandering but I figured Id give it a shot And I loved the video hope to see more CFE covered on the Journal May 18 2011 254 PM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 34 Andrew Brautigam replied to comment from mike speas Theres no perfect program for everyone Two things that Ive taken from Joe Friel that I think every single endurance athlete should hold as gospel There is no universal program and training is doing the MINIMUM POSSIBLE WORK of any type FOR THE DESIRED RESULT I appreciate the ongoing discussion on this article Im not surprised that athletes have had really good results using a mostly intensity program even though no cyclists have responded Intensity is an absolute necessity for being good at any endurance sport At any sport really I recently read a study I think it is available on SSRN that was an aggregate of most of the studies on endurance sport training over the past 20 years Most of the CFE ideas have been around the block before The study found that the best athletes in any endurance sport spend about 80 of their training time at low intensity and about 20 at very high intensities Many of these athletes participate in technique sports like swimming and XC skiing and there is a pretty serious technique portion of sports like running and cycling too The 80 easy and I do mean EASY 20 HARD program is what the majority of elite endurance athletes use Racing is the ultimate testing ground and this kind of program really works That said if most elites are training 1525 hours a week that 20 would be anywhere from 46 hours a week so not that far outside of a typical CFE week as far as time at intensity Just some more thoughts May 19 2011 544 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 35 Marc Agnello wrote Andrew Could you tell me the title of the article I am interested to read it Thanks May 19 2011 742 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 36 Andrew Brautigam wrote heres the link to the metastudy I mentioned httpsportsciorg2009sspdf May 19 2011 1121 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 37 Tommy Marshman wrote The debate on CFE effectiveness aside I found this avery concise informative and well structured lesson Zach evenEsh makes a good point you dont have to embrace the whole paradigm but look for something to take away that enhances your training dont throw out the baby with the bath water June 12 2011 108 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 38 thom abrams wrote This is a fantastic video I have been practicing the Pose Running techniques as recommended by Brian and although going through an adaptation period find myself moving more effortlessly and more efficiently and most importantly without pain Thank you I would love some programing and training recommendations to train for running ultra distance 50 mile Thom July 2 2011 658 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink 39 Brad Durham wrote Has anyone implemented crossfit endurance as a coach for a high school cross country team If so what was your programing like I am working with a high end runner that is coming off two stress fractures on her right foot Any suggestions would be awesome brad February 20 2014 714 AM Login to reply to this comment Permalink Leave a comment to comment | [
"CrossFit Endurance",
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http://journal.portalgaruda.org/index.php/EEI | Portal Garuda Indonesia Journals Home About Register Search Current Archives Announcements Home Vol 8 No 2 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics BEEI ISSN 20893191 eISSN 23029285 is open to submission from scholars and experts in the wide areas of electrical electronics instrumentation control robotics telecommunication computer engineering computer science information system information technology and informatics from the global world BEEI is published by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan in collaboration with IAES Indonesia Section This journal is ACCREDITED recognised by the Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia RISTEKDIKTI Decree No 60EKPT2016 and indexed by Scopus Elsevier Authors must strictly follow the guide for authors Please read these instructions carefully and follow them strictly In this way you will help ensure that the review and 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Ritika Vijay S Data flow in wireless sensor network protocol stack by using bellmanford routing algorithm 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 8187 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026921718doi10115912feeiv6i1577partnerID40md5fbe85a02e8e49cfd6cc41d0c4d36d766 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1577 Saravanan V Aravindan M Balaji V Arumugam M Z source inverter topologiesa survey 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 112 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026923039doi10115912feeiv6i1579partnerID40md539a509d5c917cd973f5113c600c8231f DOI 1011591eeiv6i1579 Alamirew T Balaji V Gabbeye N Comparison of PID controller with model predictive controller for milk pasteurization process 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 2435 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026917044doi10115912feeiv6i1575partnerID40md5c1c56ae31c471c5542fa71b48e4661b8 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1575 Wiryadinata R Nurliany AS Muttakin I Firmansyah T Design of a low cost remotely operated vehicle with 3 DoF navigation 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 1323 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026920081doi10115912feeiv6i1596partnerID40md50615fe3b58f2a2209cd77ab65d0e6000 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1596 Yudhana A Sunardi Saifullah S Segmentation comparing eggs watermarking image and original image 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 4753 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026913895doi10115912feeiv6i1595partnerID40md5c3e2ddcbccedd35f0ccd275c33e02336 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1595 Motamarri HK Leela Kumari B Onchip generation of functional tests with reduced delay and power 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 3646 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026913286doi10115912feeiv6i1570partnerID40md5180ec435198ac022340b0016807adf4a DOI 1011591eeiv6i1570 Tamizharasi A Selvathai JJ Kavi Priya A Maarlin R Harinetha M Energy aware heuristic approach for cluster head selection in wireless sensor networks 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 7075 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026899976doi10115912feeiv6i1598partnerID40md51793da29c87eef13c80020b4c5f9a9f8 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1598 Toor AS Jain AK A survey on wireless network simulators 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 6269 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026920718doi10115912feeiv6i1568partnerID40md5e2e8544ad898f3db7c68e2316ae9ba90 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1568 Fadhel Hamood S Mohd Rahim MS Farook Mohammado O Chaos image encryption methods A survey study 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 99104 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026894108doi10115912feeiv6i1599partnerID40md5379913a0a53bf8ec0bac993e054c392e DOI 1011591eeiv6i1599 Manhasa P Sonib MK Performance of ofdm system under different fading channels and coding 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 5461 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026915583doi10115912feeiv6i1591partnerID40md5739665896d25d23630fa9db444306a12 DOI 1011591eeiv6i1591 Haldar D Panwar S Kumar V Goswami A Dhawan S Circuits for optical based line of sight voice communication 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 7680 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026895587doi10115912feeiv6i1592partnerID40md5a06037a4ad1be262a51842ba3ce9c11e DOI 1011591eeiv6i1592 Moza M Kumar S Routing in networks using genetic algorithm 2017 Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 6 1 pp 8898 httpswwwscopuscominwardrecordurieid2s2085026909941doi10115912feeiv6i1574partnerID40md5d11da83b81fa39224a7e41bc15faaa1f DOI 1011591eeiv6i1574 Posted 20170901 Call For Editors Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics All research articles in Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics BEEI ISSN 20893191 eISSN 23029285 undergo rigorous peer review based on initial editorial screening and refereeing by at least two anonymous referees High quality scholarly communication of this nature requires the collaborative efforts of academics The journal is professionally managed by a team of editors drawn from the academic and practitioner community for fixed periods and a journal administrator Hence BEEI is calling for academics with sound academic background and who want to leave their footprints on the sand of time to serve as editors The primary responsibility of an editor will be to edit manuscripts after they have been peerreviewed The editor will ensure that revisions have been completed if requested by peer reviewers The editor will also make sure that manuscripts are grammatically correct consistent in style readable and free of plagiarism or other scientific misconduct Applicants must have significant publishing hisher specific field of research and reviewing experience Submit your short bio included your Scopus author ID background Educations Researches and some information to review to EEIjournaluadacid cc TEIjournaluadacid Due to the high volume of applications only accepted applicants will be contacted via email We look forward to your constant support and initiative in improving the quality of BEEI Keep your eyes to BEEI and we hope that BEEI will grow into a worldbest international journal We will continue to strengthen BEEI as a helpful research open source for scholars researchers and students Thank you Best Regards T Sutikno EditorinChief Posted 20140914 More Announcements Vol 8 No 2 June 2019 List of Accepted Papers Table of Contents Low Insertion Loss of Surface Mount Device Low Pass Filter at 700 MHz Khairil Anuar Khairi Mohd Faizal Jamlos Surentiran Padmanathan Mohd Aminudin Jamlos Muammar Mohamad Isa Routing Performance of Structured Overlay in Distributed Hash Tables DHT for P2P Rafiza Ruslan Ayu Shaqirra Mohd Zailani Nurul Hidayah Mohd Zukri Nur Khairani Kamarudin Shamsul Jamel Elias R Badlishah Ahmad A Low Quiescent Current Low Dropout Voltage Regulator with Selfcompensation ChuLiang Lee Roslina Mohd Sidek Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani Nasri Sulaiman Analysis of NearInfrared NIR Spectroscopy for Chlorophyll Prediction in Oil Palm Leaves Mohd Shafiq Amirul Sabri R Endut C BM Rashidi A R Laili S A Aljunid N Ali Selfswitching Diodes as RF Rectifiers Evaluation Methods and Current Progress Nor Farhani Zakaria Shahrir Rizal Kasjoo Muammar Mohamad Isa Zarimawaty Zailan Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad Sanna Taking High Availability of Data using Automatic Selection Algorithm ASA in Distributed Stream Processing Systems Sultan Alshamrani Hesham Alhumyani Quadri Waseem Isbudeen Noor Mohamed Hand Motion Pattern Recognition Analysis of Forearm Muscle using MMG Signals M R Mohamad Ismail C K Lam K Sundaraj M H F Rahiman An Efficient Algorithm for Monitoring Virtual Machines in Clouds Sultan Alshamrani Face Recognition Using Assemble of Low Frequency of DCT Features Raja Abdullah Raja Ahmad Muhammad Imran Ahmad Mohd Nazrin Md Isa Said Amirul Anwar VMQ An Algorithm for Measuring the Video Motion Quality Nawaf O Alsrehin Ahmad F Klaib Study of User Effects on TwoPort MIMO Antennas at 24 GHz and 58 GHz for WiFi and WLAN Applications Nur Basyirah A Rahman Azremi Abdullah AlHadi Rizwan Khan NewtonRaphson Method to Solve Systems of NonLinear Equations in VANET Performance Optimization Siti Asilah Yah Naimah Yaakob Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Ong Bi Lynn R Badlishah Wan Aida Nadia Wan Abdullah Study of multiple antennas with defected ground slot for lowband LTE application Wai Loon Cheor Azremi Abdullah AlHadi Ping Jack Soh Mohd Faizal Jamlos A Efficacy of Different Buffer Size on Latency of Network on Chip NoC F W Zulkefli P Ehkan M N M Warip Ng Yen Phing Flexible PVDF Thin Film as Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Norfaizul Izwan Nordin Rosminazuin Ab Rahim Aliza Aini Md Ralib Food Intake Gesture Monitoring System BasedOn Depth Sensor Muhammad Fuad bin Kassim Mohd Norzali Haji Mohd Users Hand Effect on Efficiency of 2port 5 GHz Mobile Terminal Antennas Che Muhammad Nor Che Isa Azremi Abdullah AlHadi Saidatul Norlyana Azemi Rizwan Khan Improved Wolf Algorithm on Document Images Detection Using Optimum Mean Technique Wan Azani Mustafa Mohamed Mydin M Abdul Kader Zahereel Ishwar Abdul Khalib Energy Efficient AntiCollision Algorithm for the RFID Networks Murukesan Loganathan Thennarasan Sabapathy Mohamed Elshaikh Muzammil Jusoh R Badlishah Ahmad Mohamed Nasrun Osman Rosemizi Abd Rahim Mohd Ilman Jais Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approach N M Nawawi Anuar M S M N Junita S R Abdullah Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of a Circular Microstrip Antenna using a DNG Split Ring Resonator Radome Ojo Rasheed Mohd Faizal Jamlos Ping Jack Soh Mohd Aminudin Jamlos Muammar Mohamad Isa This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 30 License Bulletin of EEI Stats | [
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"Universitas Ahmad Dahlan",
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http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2008/10/pfor1-0810.html | Policy Forum Oct 2008 The Cost of Saving the Tiniest Lives : NICUs versus Prevention Jonathan Muraskas , MD and Kayhan Parsi , JD , PhD Citation PDF Print In an incisive Narrative Matters piece in Health Affairs , John Lantos made the following observation about neonatal intensive care units ( NICUs ) : Neonatal intensive care is one of the triumphs of modern medicine . Babies who inevitably would have died a few decades ago routinely survive today . But the success of NICUs should not lead us to see them as the only solution to infant mortality or as an adequate moral response to our children ' s health needs . We should constantly remind ourselves that the need for so much intensive care for so many babies is a sign of political , medical , and moral failure in developing ways to address the problems that sustain an epidemic of prematurity Lantos writes eloquently about how NICUs have emerged over the last several decades as major revenue generators in the world of inpatient pediatric care . Like transplantation , neonatal medicine captures the public ' s imagination as few other areas of medicine do โ patients who would have surely died years ago are now miraculously saved . NICUs and transplantation are also valence issues for the public : everyone supports saving premature children and extending people ' s lives . The questions that Lantos poses for policymakers and health care leaders are , " Why do we have such an In the United States alone , 4 million babies are delivered annually , with almost 15 percent of those ( 500,000 ) being premature , defined as less than 37 weeks ' gestational age . Of these , 5 percent ( 25,000 ) are born weighing less than 2 pounds , of which 75 percent ( 18,750 ) survive [ 2 ] . Approximately 75 percent of NICU admissions are related to prematurity and 25 percent are term newborns with a variety of pathology . Daily NICU costs exceed $ 3,500 per infant , and it is not unusual for costs to top $ 1 million for a prolonged stay . Expenditures to preserve life are limited in every society , and , although third - party payers have questioned this level of expenditures , courts have consistently reaffirmed the rights of parents to determine the treatment of their newborns . Initiating NICU Care Lantos has stated that he does not believe reimbursement influences treatment decisions in the NICU [ 1 ] . In our estimation , the following factors have more often trumped cost considerations in the decision to initiate NICU care : ( 1 ) Fear of litigation and a 30 percent cesarean section rate . Despite popular belief , no significant differences exist in the outcomes of premature infants delivered by vaginal versus the surgical method . Yet , the medical - legal focus often rests on the final 2 hours of a 7,000 - hour pregnancy so the pressure to Lifelong Cost NICU costs are just the beginning . The extraordinary cost of managing the medical , educational , and social needs of extremely low - birth - weight newborns , as well as term newborns with perinatal asphyxia , often are not discussed with parents early in the infant ' s care . Advances in neonatal medicine in the last 20 years give an infant born 13 weeks early and weighing 2 pounds a 90 percent chance of survival . But , short - and long - term outcomes have not improved significantly in the last 2 decades . The incidence While devastating handicaps such as blindness , deafness , and cerebral palsy often figure prominently in discussions of withdrawing or withholding life - sustaining treatment , many mild and moderate handicaps are associated with preterm and low - birth - weight babies . Asthma , attention - deficit disorder , visual problems , " mild " cerebral palsy , and the need for special education can drain a family financially , physically , emotionally , and spiritually [ 7 ] . Cerebral palsy is not diagnosed until well after 1 year of life , and diagnostic tests in the neonatal Most U.S. clinicians practice a " wait until death appears certain " strategy in the management of newborns [ 8 ] . A strategy of withholding treatment on grounds of a statistically grim prognosis can be implemented for a short period of time . An extremely premature newborn or an asphyxiated , term newborn has a " clinical honeymoon " period that usually ends by the third day of life . The incidence of infection , respiratory deterioration , bleeding in the brain , and seizures can surface at this time . An experienced clinician , using evidence - based Alternate Means for Saving Babies NICU costs are relatively small in the big picture of the U.S. health care economy . For instance , in a $ 2 - trillion health care economy , the total economic costs of preterm birth has been estimated to be $ 26 billion ( between 1 and 2 percent of total health care expenditures ) [ 10 ] . Nonetheless , $ 26 billion is a substantial amount of money . Could the money saved from prolonging death in certain cases be directed to improving prenatal care ? Could better prenatal care or other preventive interventions stave off the Lantos ' critique of neonatology is well taken โ NICUs have done an amazing job of saving countless lives . Yet , as with transplantation , there is little discussion of the role of prevention . Would greater preventive efforts yield substantial cost savings and reduce morbidity and mortality of children ? Perhaps , but the current health care system offers clinicians little incentive to focus on such efforts . In many ways , the world of neonatology is a microcosm of our health care system which greatly rewards rescuing our most vulnerable patients through a panoply of technological interventions References Pope TM . Involuntary passive euthanasia in U.S. courts : reassessing the judicial treatment of medical futility cases . Marquette Elder ' s Advisor . 2008 ; 9 ( 2 ) 248 . View Article PubMed Google Scholar Catlin A . Extremely long hospitalizations of newborns in the United States : data , descriptions , dilemmas . J Perinatol 2006 ; 26 ( 12 ) : 742 - 748 . View Article PubMed Google Scholar Adams MM , Barfield WD . The future of very preterm infants : learning from the past . JAMA 2008 ; 299 ( 12 ) : 1477 - 1478 . Ballard DW , Li Y , Evans J , Ballard RA , Ubel PA . Fear of litigation may increase resuscitation of infants born near the limits of viability . J Pediatr 2002 ; 140 ( 6 ) : 713 - 718 . PubMed Marlow N , Wolke D , Bracewell MA , Samara M , EPICure Study Group . Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth . N Engl J Med 2005 ; 352 ( 1 ) : 9 - 19 . Swamy GK , Ostby T , Skjaerven R . Association of preterm birth with long - term survival , reproduction , and next - generation preterm birth . JAMA 2008 ; 299 ( 12 ) : 1429 - 1436 . Hack M , Taylor HG , Drotar D , et al . Chronic conditions , functional limitations , and special health care needs of school - aged children born with extremely low - birth - weight in the 1990s . 2005 ; 294 ( 3 ) : 318 - 325 . Rhoden NK . Treating Baby Doe : the ethics of uncertainty . Hastings Cent Rep 1986 ; 16 ( 4 ) : 34 - 42 . Tyson JE , Stoll BJ . Evidence - based ethics and the care and outcome of extremely premature infants . Clin Perinatol 2003 ; 30 ( 2 ) : 363 - 387 . Behrman RE , Butler AS , Editors , Committee on Understanding Preterm Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes . Board on Health Sciences Policy . Preterm Birth โ Causes , Consequences , and Prevention . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press ; 2007 . Wen SW , Smith G , Yang Q , Walker M . Epidemiology of preterm birth and neonatal outcome . Semin in Fetal and Neonatal Med 2004 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 429 - 435 . High value care / Cost of care Ethics / Health policy Citation Virtual Mentor . 2008 ; 10 ( 10 ) : 655 - 658 . DOI 10.1001 / virtualmentor . 2008 . 10 . 10 . pfor1 - 0810 . The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA . Author Information Jonathan Muraskas , MD is the director of the Neonatal - Perinatal Medicine Fellowship and chairman of the committee on admissions to the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine . His interests are extremely low - birth - weight infants ; multiple births ; conjoined twins ; and medical , legal , and ethical issues in medicine . Kayhan Parsi , JD , PhD is an associate professor and graduate program director at the Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Health Policy at the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine . He is a co - editor ( with Myles N . Sheehan ) of Healing as Vocation : A Medical Professionalism Primer ( Rowman and Littlefield ) . Art Gallery โ Art of Medicine โ assets explore ethical dimensions of caring through the visual arts . Learn More | [
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http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2012/10/hlaw1-1210.html | Health Law Oct 2012 Minors โ Refusal of Life - Saving Therapies Valarie Blake , JD , MA Citation PDF Print Rare but challenging are those cases in which teenagers , whether for religious or other reasons , refuse or seek to discontinue life - saving therapies . Unlike their adult counterparts , teenagers generally do not have the right to make their own medical decisions , and physicians , families , and sometimes the courts are left to make difficult choices that have implications for religious freedom , parental rights , and a child โ s well - being alike . Three stories help illustrate the key considerations a court generally weighs when asked whether a teenager should be allowed Medical Decision Making : Minors and Adults Adults with decision - making capacity have a long - recognized and legally protected right to make decisions about their bodies and health , stemming from interest in their autonomy and bodily integrity . This is emphasized by famous cases like Cruzan v . Director Missouri Department of Health , in which the U.S. Supreme Court recognized a competent person โ s โ constitutionally protected liberty interest in refusing unwanted medical treatment โ and set the evidentiary standard for proving an unconscious adult would want life - sustaining support removed [ 1 ] , and Bouvia v . Superior Court , in which a California court allowed a 28 - year - old woman with cerebral palsy to order withdrawal of the nasogastric tube that fed her [ 2 ] . The right to refuse life - saving therapies on religious grounds is also strongly defined , most notably the refusal of blood transfusions by Jehovah โ s Witnesses [ 3 ] . Whether the same rights apply to minors ( typically defined as younger than 18 , though the definition varies by state ) is more complex . The legal norm for minors is that parents provide consent on behalf of the child and the child provides โ assent โ to the extent he or she is developmentally able to do so . Parents are deemed to be the natural and best decision makers for their children based on their โ traditional interests in and responsibility for the upbringing of their child โ and a โ deeply rooted โฆ belief that the parens patriae , or โ parent of the nation โ [ 6 ] . Most states provide certain universal exceptions , instances in which minors can give medical consent . One is for emergency care when a parent is not available in time to provide consent [ 7 ] . Another exception is for emancipated minors , who are deemed legally independent from their parents in all legal capacities , including medical decisions [ 7 ] . Some states have statutes that specify types of care for which parental consent is not required , such as treatment for sexually transmitted infections , treatment for substance abuse or mental health , or requests for contraceptives Cases of Teenagers โ Refusal What do courts consider when deciding whether to permit a teen to refuse life - saving therapies ? Does the teen โ s opinion count more than the parent โ s , and how do courts weigh the teenager โ s age and maturity ? While much depends on the particular state and unique facts of the case , three stories illustrate some common considerations . E.G . E.G. was a 17 - year - old Jehovah โ s Witness with leukemia who refused medically necessary blood transfusions on the basis of religious belief , a decision her mother supported [ 9 ] . Without transfusions , professionals expected E.G. to live no more than a month , and either way her long - term prognosis was poor โ persons with her condition had a predicted survival rate of 20 to 25 percent [ 9 ] . Experts evaluated E.G. and agreed about the following : she was mature ( one specialist placed her at the maturity Daniel Hauser . Daniel Hauser was 13 and suffering from Hodgkin โ s disease when his case came before the Minnesota courts in 2009 [ 10 ] . Daniel had undergone a first round of chemotherapy and experienced common adverse side effects [ 10 ] . While several experts agreed that Daniel had an 80 to 95 percent chance of remission with chemotherapy and very little chance of surviving 5 years without it , Daniel and his parents agreed to end treatment [ 10 ] . The refusal was based on their religious practice of Nemenhah , a Native American healing practice Shannon Nixon . 16 - year - old Shannon Nixon died of diabetic ketoacidosis that was not treated in accordance with the Nixon family โ s views as members of the Faith Tabernacle church [ 11 ] . Shannon โ s parents were then convicted of involuntary manslaughter and child endangerment [ 11 ] . Shannon โ s case was unique because the right for a minor to refuse medical care was invoked as a defense against criminal charges after her death , rather than in seeking permission to forgo care during her life [ 11 ] . The Pennsylvania Supreme Court Relevant Considerations Each of these three stories has unique driving forces , facts , and outcomes , but they share features that most courts take into account . While not every refusal involves religion , many do , whether the belief is on the part of the child , the parent , or both . The freedom to practice religion is strongly undergirded by the First Amendment of the Constitution , which prohibits Congress from making any law that interferes with it [ 12 ] . Yet , the Supreme Court has limited this right in the context of parental decision making , saying that โ parents are free to become martyrs โฆ [ b ] ut it does not follow they are free โฆ to make martyrs Courts also consider whether the parent ( s ) agree with their child โ s refusal . While parents โ rights can be trumped by the state , courts provide a great deal of latitude for parental decision making , as in E.G. โ s case when the mother โ s agreement may have ultimately determined the court โ s decision [ 9 ] . In contrast , when the court did not believe the child had a true ability to express his or her wishes ( as in Daniel โ s case ) or did not have an opportunity The likelihood that treatment will be curative is also an undercurrent in these cases . Even if E.G. had received the blood transfusions , her chance of long - term survival was only about 20 percent , whereas Daniel was expected to go into remission and had an 80 to 95 percent chance of long - term survival , and Shannon โ s condition was treatable and not life - threatening if given prompt care [ 9 - 11 ] . Had E.G. โ s chances of survival been greater , the outcome may have been different . Lastly , courts consider and evaluate the minor โ s competency and level of understanding . Both E.G. โ s and Daniel โ s cases involved testimony by experts about the minor โ s maturity , level of sophistication in articulating their religious views , and understanding of the consequences of refusing treatment [ 9 , 10 ] . Courts dealing with teenagers โ refusals of care must balance a variety of competing interests and values in reaching a decision that can have ultimate consequences for the minor . This is an area of law that varies greatly from state to state and by the specific facts of the case , and it is likely to continue to receive much attention from scholars , media , and courts . References Cruzan v Director , Missouri Department of Health , 497 US 261 ( 1990 ) . Google Scholar Bouvia v Superior Court , 179 Cal App 3d 1127 ( Cal Ct App 2nd Dist 1986 ) . Stamford Hospital v Vega , 236 Conn 646 , 674 A2d 821 ( Conn 1995 ) . Parham v JR , 442 US 584 , 602 ( 1979 ) . Bellotti v Baird , 443 US 622 , 638 ( 1979 ) . Hawkins SD . Protecting the rights and interests of competent minors in litigated medical treatment disputes . Fordham L Rev 1996 ; 64 ( 4 ) : 2075 - 2132 . Google Scholar Driggs AE . The mature minor doctrine : do adolescents have the right to die ? Health Matrix Clevel . 2001 ; 11 ( 2 ) : 687 - 717 . PubMed Slonina MI . State v Physicians et al . : legal standards guiding the mature minor doctrine and the bioethical judgment of pediatricians in life - sustaining medical treatment . Health Matrix Clevel 2007 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 181 - 214 . PubMed In re EG , 133 Ill 2d 98 ; 549 NE 2d 322 ( Ill 1989 ) . In the Matter of the Child of Colleen Hauser and Anthony Hauser , Parents . File No . JV - 09 - 068 ( Minn 5th Dist 2009 ) . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v Nixon , 563 Pa 425 , 761 A2d 1151 ( Pa 2000 ) . US Constitution amendment I . Prince v Massachusetts , 321 US 158 , 170 ( 1944 ) . Autonomy / Capacity , competency for making decisions Decision making / Autonomy End - of - life care / Refusal of life - sustaining treatment Informed consent / Capacity , competency for making decisions Citation Virtual Mentor . 2012 ; 14 ( 10 ) : 792 - 796 . DOI 10.1001 / virtualmentor . 2012 . 14 . 10 . hlaw1 - 1210 . The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA . Author Information Valarie Blake , JD , MA is a senior research associate for the American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs in Chicago . Ms . Blake completed the Cleveland Fellowship in Advanced Bioethics , received her law degree with a certificate in health law and concentrations in bioethics and global health from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law , and obtained a master โ s degree in bioethics from Case Western Reserve University . Her research focuses on ethical and legal issues in assisted reproductive technology and reproductive tissue transplants , as well as regulatory issues in research ethics . | [
"HEALTH LAW",
"Valarie Blake"
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http://journalrecord.com/2017/09/28/industry-gastro-lounge-to-open-in-nw-okc/ | Home News Headlines Industry Gastro Lounge to open in NW OKC Industry Gastro Lounge to open in NW OKC By Molly M Fleming The Journal Record September 28 2017 0 A new locally owned restaurant is planned for Oklahoma Citys northwest sector Tagged with Bobby Kahkesh Industry Gastro Lounge Email Alerts People on the Move Jason Brown joins OKCPS McLarty joins Mabrey Bank Pointer receives antimoney laundering credential Francis Tuttle appoints board member | [
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] |
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00098.x | SAGE Recommends Contents Article Metrics Cite Share Request Permissions Related Articles Explore More Trends and Directions in the Development of a Strategic Management Theory of the Family Firm James J Chrisman Jess H Chua Pramodita Sharma First Published September 1 2005 Research Article httpsdoiorg101111j15406520200500098x Article information Abstract This article provides a review of important trends in the strategic management approach to studying family firms convergence in definitions accumulating evidence that family involvement may affect performance and the emergence of agency theory and the resourcebased view of the firm as the leading theoretical perspectives We conclude by discussing directions for future research and other promising approaches to inform the inquiry concerning family business References Adams J Taschian A Shore T 1996 Ethics in family and nonfamily owned firms An exploratory study Family 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] |
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http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0143034312472759 | INSTITUTIONAL ACCESS Institution Institutional Access Shibboleth Open Athens Need Help SAGE Recommends Contents Supplemental Material Figures Tables Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Share Request Permissions Explore More Academic buoyancy and academic resilience Exploring everyday and classic resilience in the face of academic adversity Andrew J Martin First Published September 17 2013 Research Article httpsdoiorg1011770143034312472759 Article information Abstract Academic buoyancy has been defined as a capacity to overcome setbacks challenges and difficulties that are part of everyday academic life Academic resilience has been defined as a capacity to overcome acute andor chronic adversity that is seen as a major threat to a students educational development This study is the first to examine the extent to which a academic buoyancy and academic resilience are distinct but correlated factors and b academic buoyancy is more relevant to lowlevel negative outcomes anxiety uncertain control failure avoidance whereas academic resilience is more relevant to major negative outcomes selfhandicapping disengagement The findings based Keywords Academic buoyancy academic resilience engagement motivation References Baron R M Kenny D A 1986 The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research Conceptual strategic and statistical considerations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 1173 1182 doi 101037002235145161173 Google Scholar Crossref Medline ISI Coleman J Hagell A 2007 Adolescence risk and resilience London John Wiley Google Scholar Covington M V 1992 Making the grade A selfworth perspective on motivation and school reform Cambridge Cambridge University Press doi 101017CBO9781139173582 Google Scholar Crossref Finn J D Rock D A 1997 Academic success among students at risk for school failure Journal of Applied Psychology 82 221 234 doi 10103700219010822221 Google Scholar 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"Psychology"
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http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1059840518761792 | SAGE Recommends Contents Figures Tables Article Metrics Cite Share Request Permissions Related Articles Explore More Students Perceptions of School Safety It Is Not Just About Being Bullied Show all authors Susan Williams PhD RN Mallory Schneider MA Cory Wornell MS MPH First Published March 14 2018 Research Article httpsdoiorg1011771059840518761792 Article information Abstract This study examined the relationship of students perceptions of school safety and school avoidance related to feeling unsafe with predictor variables bullying victimization studentteacherparentadministration relations rule clarity and consistency school physical environment negative and positive and students belongingness In a public high school sample n 585 247 of students felt unsafe and 144 avoided school due to feeling unsafe during the past month Being female and experiencing bullying was associated with feeling unsafe However after accounting for demographics and bullying victimization perceptions of safety increased when students reported positive student and teacher relations consistent rules a clean school that is also crowdednoisy and a sense of school belonging Avoiding school because of safety concerns was related to decreased school belonging and teacherstudent relationships but not bullying Focusing on enhancing the school climateenvironment facilitating student belongingness and reducing bullying are ways school nurses can help promote Keywords school safety school climate school avoidance belongingness teacher relationships student relationships bullying References Akiba M 2010 What predicts fear of school violence among US adolescents Teachers College Record 112 68 102 Retrieved from httppsycnetapaorgrecord201106379003 Google Scholar Aldridge J M McChesney K Afari E 2017 Relationships between school climate bullying and delinquent behavior Learning Environments Research 1 20 doi101007s1098401792496 Google Scholar 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to prevent or reduce violence in teen dating relationships Review of Educational Research 87 7 34 doi1031020034654316632061 Google Scholar SAGE Journals ISI Fisher B W Viano S Curran F C Pearman F A Gardella J H 2017 Students feelings of safety exposure to violence and victimization and authoritative school climate American Journal of Criminal Justice 1 20 doi101007s1210301794066 Google Scholar Flannery D J Todres J Bradshaw C P Amar A F Graham S Hatzenbuehler MRivara F 2016 Bullying prevention A summary of the report of the National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine Committee on the biological and psychosocial effects of peer victimization Lessons for bullying prevention Prevention Science 17 1044 1053 doi101007s1112101607228 Google Scholar Medline Gottfried M A 2013 Quantifying the consequences of missing school Linking school nurses to student absences to standardized achievement Teachers College Record 115 1 30 Google Scholar Gregory A Cornell D 2009 Tolerating 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http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0141076814562713 | INSTITUTIONAL ACCESS Institution Institutional Access Shibboleth Open Athens Need Help Association and causation in epidemiology half a century since the publication of Bradford Hills interpretational guidance Richard Wakeford First Published January 8 2015 Editorial Download PDF Article information Austin Bradford Hill was one of the greats in the fields of epidemiology and medical statistics 1 In the mid20th century with another great Richard Doll Bradford Hill initiated epidemiological studies that were to be highly influential in revealing the causal link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer 2 3 However this link was not accepted without a battle and opponents of a direct causeandeffect interpretation of the epidemiological association included such notables as the eminent statistician Ronald Fisher 4 The debate spurred Bradford Hill to consider in some depth how the findings of epidemiological studies should be interpreted and this led to the publication in 1965 in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine of his seminal paper on association and causation 5 To mark the 50th anniversary of the publication of this landmark paper it is reproduced in this issue of Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Bradford Hills 1965 paper is a remarkable one that is full of insights It proposes nine guidelines often erroneously referred to as criteria which Bradford Hill made clear they were not against which a statistical association found in an epidemiological study may be judged as to whether a causal interpretation is reasonable or not The most important of these guidelines are strength a strong association is more likely to be causal than a weak one consistency an association is observed in different studies under different circumstances times and places biological gradient ie doseresponse the effect should tend to be greater What is it about epidemiology that demands a detailed examination of the interpretation of its findings such as that conducted by Bradford Hill With the exception of a few studies that are able to piggyback on clinical trials epidemiology is an observational ie nonexperimental science 5 8 This is in contrast to randomised controlled clinical trials which are experimental setups study subjects are randomised between treatment groups by the investigators so that any background individual differences that might affect the outcome of the trial even if unknown are evened out between the groups 7 Randomisation between treatment groups is a fundamental concept in clinical trials that Bradford Hill was key in establishing as a necessary requirement in study design 1 9 In observational epidemiology randomisation of study subjects between groups say different levels of exposure to tobacco smoke is not possible because studies in which people are deliberately exposed to potentially harmful substances without a realistic prospect of personal benefit are unethical As a consequence epidemiology must rely on data generated under the unconstrained conditions of everyday life with no intervention on the part of the investigators and this greatly complicates the interpretation of epidemiological findings 7 8 In clinical trials essentially all that needs to be considered assuming the study has been correctly designed conducted and analysed in judging causality is whether chance is a reasonable alternative explanation for the findings ie how statistically significant are the results In epidemiology not only must statistical fluctuations be taken into account but also the potential presence of systematic errors of primary concern is the existence of bias in study data but other errors are possible and confounding when a factor considered in a study is associated with another factor that influences the outcome producing a distorted potentially misleading result 8 Biases can be introduced into a study in many subtle and not so subtle ways In casecontrol studies for example control selection bias is a notorious problem controls differ from cases in ways that affect the results relating to the factors under study 10 Confounding as a credible explanation is always difficult if not impossible to entirely eliminate because even when potentially important confounding factors such as smoking are recognised and adjustment for their presence attempted there remains the spectre of unknown extraneous influences lurking in the background Thus it is most unusual for an epidemiological study to generate findings that in their own right can be considered as unequivocally demonstrating a causeandeffect relationship An inherent mistrust of nonexperimental studies is likely to have been a material reason underlying Ronald Fishers questioning initially at least of a direct causal interpretation of the association between 4 Bradford Hill urges epidemiologists to carefully question the available evidence as to whether a causal interpretation of an association is reasonable or whether an alternative explanation is not just possible but perhaps probable He summarises the situation thus 5 None of my nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against the causeandeffect hypothesis and none can be required as a sine qua non What they can do with greater or less strength is to help us to make up our minds on the fundamental question is there any other way of explaining the set of facts before us is there any other answer equally or more likely than cause and effect No formal tests of significance can answer those questions Such tests can and should remind us of the effects that the play of chance can create and they will instruct us in the likely magnitude of those effects Beyond that they contribute nothing to the proof of our hypothesis What Bradford Hill produced was a framework for a structured approach to the interpretation of epidemiological findings Note what he says of the role of statistical significance highly significant results tell us that chance is unlikely to have produced the association at least not on its own but that is far from demonstrating a causeandeffect relationship Indeed an extremely significant result may indicate a causal link but could well have been generated by biases in the study data or another source of systematic error and should act as a spur to examine the possibility of alternative explanations more intensely It Half a century after the publication of Bradford Hills detailed examination of epidemiological association and causation his paper is still of substantial relevance today possibly more so given the number of epidemiological studies that are now undertaken Observational epidemiology has made major contributions to the establishment of causal links between exposures and disease and plays a crucial role in for example the evaluation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the carcinogenicity of a wide range of human exposures 11 but the positive findings of epidemiological studies have often proved to be controversial and transitory leading to scepticism if not cynicism 12 Perhaps Bradford Hills paper should be required reading not just by epidemiologists but more generally by the medical profession and beyond Declarations Competing interests None declared Funding None declared Ethical approval Not applicable Guarantor RW Contributorship Sole author Acknowledgements None Provenance Commissioned editorial review References 1 Doll R Sir Austin Bradford Hill and the progress of medical science BMJ 1992 305 1521 1526 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 2 Doll R Hill AB Smoking and carcinoma of the lung BMJ 1950 ii 739 748 Google Scholar Crossref 3 Doll R Hill AB A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung BMJ 1952 ii 1271 1286 Google Scholar Crossref 4 Doll R Proof of causality deduction from epidemiological observation Perspect Biol Med 2002 45 499 515 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 5 Hill AB The environment and disease association and causation Proc R Soc Med 1965 58 295 300 Google Scholar Abstract 6 Hill AB Hill ID Bradford Hills Principles of Medical Statistics London Edward Arnold 1991 Google Scholar 7 Grimes DA Schulz KF An overview of clinical research the lay of the land Lancet 2002 359 57 61 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 8 Grimes DA Schulz KF Bias and causal associations in observational research Lancet 2002 359 248 252 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 9 Schulz KF Grimes DA Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials chance not choice Lancet 2002 359 515 519 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 10 Grimes DA Schulz KF Compared to what Finding controls for casecontrol studies Lancet 2005 365 1429 1433 Google Scholar Crossref Medline 11 International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Preamble Lyon IARC 2006 Google Scholar 12 Taubes G Epidemiology faces its limits Science 1995 269 164 169 Google Scholar Crossref Medline Contents Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Permissions Share Explore More SAGE Recommends | [
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http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2059700216684518 | SAGE Recommends Contents Figures Tables Article Metrics Cite Share Request Permissions Related Articles Explore More Effects of concussion on the bloodbrain barrier in humans and rodents Show all authors Ronald Sahyouni Paula Gutierrez Eric Gold First Published January 1 2017 Review Article httpsdoiorg1011772059700216684518 Article information Abstract Traumatic brain injury and the longterm consequences of repeated concussions constitute mounting concerns in the United States with 53 million individuals living with a traumatic brain injuryrelated disability Attempts to understand mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches to alleviate the consequences of repeat mild concussions or traumatic brain injury on cerebral vasculature depend on several aspects of the trauma including 1 the physical characteristics of trauma or insult that result in damage 2 the time window after trauma in which neuropathological features develop 3 methods to detect possible breakdown of the bloodbrain barrier and 4 understanding different consequences of a single Keywords Concussion TBI traumatic bloodbrain barrier brain injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury TBI and the longterm consequences of repeated concussions are a mounting concern in the United States with 53 million individuals living with a TBIrelated disability 1 TBI exists as a spectrum ranging from mild to severe brain trauma such as intracerebral hemorrhages ICH and penetrating missile wounds However on the mild end of the spectrum concussions are far from trivial as even mild concussions can result in prolonged deficits The Centers for Disease Control CDC estimates that 1438 million concussions occur annually in the United States alone 2 3 Efforts to develop therapeutic treatments to deal with the effects of concussions and TBI as well as possible measures to prevent the secondary effects of head injury in military or sportsrelated situations must be based on an understanding of what constitutes TBI what conditions contribute to the severity of TBI and what might be the treatment window for interventional therapeutics Attempts to understand mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches to alleviate the consequences of repeat mild concussions or TBI on cerebral vasculature have led researchers to focus on several aspects of the trauma including 1 the physical characteristics of trauma or The present paper briefly reviews literature on the milder TBI spectrum of concussions and mild TBI Attention will first be focused on concussion and TBI in humans with a goal to point out the gaps in our knowledge and how the solution to these gaps may be informed by results from studies in rodent models Although the bulk of results demonstrate that laboratory rodents exhibit physiological and behavioral responses similar to neurotrauma to humans it is crucial to bear in mind that lissencephalic rodent cortex along with possible species differences in fundamental cell biology may not allow experimental results in 4 Specifically we will focus on disruptions that concussion causes to the BBB and its multifaceted consequences Secondary repercussions of postconcussion BBB dysfunction may manifest as neuronal loss impaired consciousness memory and motor impairment cognitive decline and even increased dementia risk 5 6 Importantly the magnitude of postconcussion BBB dysfunction may influence the time course and extent of neuronal recovery hence we include in this review comparisons of more severe TBI to concussion where appropriate Overview of the BBB The BBB is a highly selective barrier formed by specializations of endothelial cells ECs which separates circulating blood from neuroparenchymal extracellular fluid 7 11 In addition astrocytes microglia and pericytes contribute to the formation and maintenance of the BBB and also contribute to aspects of selectivity and specificity regarding the molecules able to traverse the BBB Figure 1 12 ECs line all vascular structures but those of the cerebral vasculature are characterized by different genetic profiles than those of other organs 13 Characteristics of ECs that contribute to the regulation of molecular movement between circulating blood and brain parenchyma include tight junctions between adjacent cells specialized vesicles that contribute to the selectivity of transcellular movement of molecules and active transport mechanisms The tight junctions are composed of smaller subunits often biochemical dimers 14 which are transmembrane proteins including occludins claudins and junctional associated proteins shown in Figure 1 Moreover glial and ECs communicate via paracrine signaling contributing to the integrity of the BBB Figure 1 Diagram depiction of the bloodbrain barrier BBB In the upper left a crosssectional depiction of a mouse brain is shown The upper right panel focuses on the intraparenchymal bloodbrain barrier BBB demonstrating astrocyte footprocesses in conjunction with pericytes forming highly selective tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells This restricts the movement of many microscopic and macromolecular compounds The barrier is reinforced by a thick basement membrane Disruption of the BBB results following concussion and traumatic brain injury TBI Microanatomical and functional changes in the cellular constituents of the BBB such as the endothelial cells following TBI result in leakiness of Lipophilic 15 andor very small compounds including water and some gases can pass through the BBB with little resistance Larger molecules such as glucose or insulin can be facilitated past the barrier by transporter proteins located in the endothelial layer of the brains blood vessel wall 16 BBB disruption can allow into the neuroparenchyma potentially toxic bloodborne factors largely proteins in addition to uncontrolled signaling fluxes from the cellular components of the BBB These adverse effects will be explored in detail with regard to neurotrauma severity BBB studies in humans across the neurotrauma spectrum The first challenge to understanding neurotrauma is the development of a reliable means of assessing neurotrauma severity In this regard standardized scales have proven to be advantageous The Glasgow Coma Scale GCS is a standardized neurotrauma severity scale commonly used clinically in humans which in conjunction with duration of posttraumatic amnesia PTA and loss of consciousness LOC duration can classify TBI severity 17 25 Although the GCS is a widely used index of TBI severity there is widespread agreement that improved tools for the classification and subtyping of brain injuries in humans are needed considerable efforts to develop such tools are underway 26 27 Other systems including the Abbreviated Injury Scale AIS Trauma Score and Abbreviated Trauma Score have been developed to classify TBIs 28 29 The Mayo Classification System for Traumatic Brain Injury Severity has since been developed as a single TBI classification system that uses GCS PTA LOC duration and the presence of skull fractures to accurately classify TBI severity 30 Although many of these approaches have focused on behavioral and clinical neurological assessments of the degree of trauma additional studies have focused on measures of BBB breakdown In the following sections we review the current understanding of BBB and EC changes postneurotrauma by injury severity First we will discuss BBB and EC changes postconcussion in humans then we will examine common changes in mild moderate and severe TBI An important and still unresolved issue is the question of how best to detect possible breakdown in the BBB following neurotrauma This issue will be addressed more fully below in the section on animal models where the general approach is to inject tracer molecules intravascularly and look for leakage into brain parenchyma Studies in humans are constrained by procedural 31 Concussion Concussion and mild TBI mTBI are terms that historically have been used interchangeably but technically are different entities with concussion constituting a subset of mTBI Although the delineation between mTBI and concussion is blurry we attempt to distinguish the two throughout Concussion is broadly defined by the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology AAN as transient neurological dysfunction due to biomechanical force that may or may not involve LOC or an event during which there has been the transmission of physical energy imparted to the head and neck by an acceleration 32 Like in mTBI LOC is usually present but not required for a diagnosis of concussion Additionally a medical diagnosis of postconcussive syndrome PCS which refers to signs and symptoms frequently seen post mild head injury can differentiate concussion from mTBI however the pathogenesis of PCS is not known 33 It is well known that concussive forces can have a multitude of neurological sequelae including ionic fluxes rodent 34 indiscriminate neuroparenchymal glutamate release rodent 35 hyperglycolysis rodent 36 lactate accumulation rodent 37 38 and diffuse axonal injury cat human 39 41 Secondary consequences include intracellular hypercalcemia rodent 42 44 mitochondrial dysfunction rodent 45 46 impaired oxidative metabolism cat 47 decreased glycolysis rodent 48 diminished cerebral blood flow rodent 49 50 axonal disturbances neurotransmitter disarray and apoptotic delay 51 Furthermore the postinjury period increases the brains susceptibility to further damage This suggests that even small concussive forces which remain undetectable in humans by current techniques may increase the risk for damage from subsequent impacts and thus have clinically relevant consequences which are additive over time Marchi et al 52 used diffusion tensor imaging DTI and serum measurements of S100B a glialspecific protein secreted by cells in the central nervous system CNS and used as a marker of BBB disruption and S100B autoantibodies to evaluate whether lowforce head impacts can disrupt the BBB even when they are not considered as classic neurotrauma 53 The study included 67 college football players In a subset of the players n 15 for whom pre and postgame blood samples were available the players with the most subconcussive head impacts based on selfreport and review of corresponding game recordings had detectable serum levels of S100B and elevated levels of autoantibodies against S100B Serum S100B antibodies predicted lasting changes in mean brain white matter diffusivity in a subset of players n 10 who had preseason postseason and sixmonth followup DTI scans They also found that postseason S100B autoantibodies also correlated with impulse control and balance problems Although the study In an alternative approach some investigators have focused on cerebral microbleeds 54 which are small collections of red blood cells or their ironcontaining residues that can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging Such microbleeds have been demonstrated to result from a variety of cerebral traumas including stroke seizures and head trauma 55 These microbleeds can occur following concussion and increase the risk for future ICH which contributes to cognitive impairment and dementia Studies have found that after concussion various neuropathological changes may persist for days or weeks in humans For example even in individuals with normal GCS scores significant changes in cerebral glucose metabolism were found with the first month postconcussion 56 Specific interest is now turning to finding cerebrospinal fluid CSF and peripheral biomarkers that can be used to assay concussion TBI and BBB integritythough none have been widely used clinically 57 One study examined individuals with PCS using electroencephalogram recordings and single photon emission computed tomography to examine the BBB The results showed that abnormal rhythm generators were closely related to the anatomic location of the injury and corresponding BBB lesion The authors suggested that focal cortical dysfunction BBB disruption and hypoperfusion might underlie the pathogenesis of PCS 33 Among proteins in circulating blood in addition to S100ร discussed above other potential biomarkers for concussion and mTBI include ubiquitin Cterminal hydroxylase L1 UCHL1 neuronspecific enolase NSE cleaved ฯ protein CTP brainderived neurotrophic factor BDNF creatine kinase brain isoenzyme CKBB glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP and myelin basic protein MBP but only UCHL1 S100ฮฒ NSE and CTP have been studied in patients with mTBI 58 61 NSE similar to S100ฮฒ has a very variable sensitivity ranging from 40 to 89 making it too insensitive to diagnose mTBI and does not reliably provide prognostic information on mTBIs 62 65 Similarly CTP has not been found to significantly differ between control subjects and those with mTBI 66 67 UCHL1 has also been demonstrated to be elevated in TBI patients with less severe TBI GCS of 68 being associated with lower UCHL1 levels in CSF 68 70 NSE GFAP BDNF CKBB and MBP all correlate with TBI severity but are also found in patients with polytrauma without TBI 71 With the exception of S100B these other biomarkers have not been studied as well and do not appear to be promising for diagnostics Vascular changes postconcussion Following direct impact to the brain considerable variation in displacement characteristics between different structures which can lead to intracranial shear tensile and compressive forces Impactinduced shearing stresses result in axonal injury as well as primary vascular damage leading to the leakage of bloodborne proteins and extravasation of red blood cells into the brain parenchyma In addition to these specific regions isolated petechial hemorrhages were scattered throughout the brain and were sometimes located contralateral to injuryconsistent with a coupcontracoup injury in mild head injuries 9 72 In addition to these clear damages to vascular elements more subtle damage to the BBB can result from concussion Although EC changes in humans postconcussion have not been well characterized BBB damage likely causes significant changes to EC microstructure and function The above studies which focused on BBB changes postconcussion suggest that neurological trauma of any magnitude has substantial clinical consequences Next the effects of mTBI on BBB and EC integrity will be examined mTBI Concussion and mTBI share many similarities The diagnostic criteria differentiating the two are sometimes elusive and nondelineative The two terms are often used interchangeably as concussion is normally considered the mildest arm of the TBI spectrum 73 A recent review of concussion and PCS helped distinguish PCS from mTBI 74 The model defines mTBI using the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the CDC criteria Mechanical force to the head resulting in LOC for no more than 30 min or amnesia and a GCS of 1315 Concussion is defined using the AAN criteria of a traumainduced alteration of mental state with or without LOC This implies that concussion is relatively transient from a clinical perspective with a shorter time course in comparison to mTBI and no or very brief LOC yet both concussion and mTBI can lead to permanent alterations in brain function Individuals with both mTBI and concussion may 75 Although this definition is clinically useful it deemphasizes the potential longterm sequelae of concussion and mTBI The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control considers mTBI as a silent epidemic due to the subclinical symptomatology and lack of visible neurostructural changes normally seen in severe neurotrauma 76 Currently no universal criteria of mTBI exist 77 Commonly accepted criteria include physiological disruption of cognitive function manifested by one or more of the following alteration of mental state LOC memory loss or focal neurological deficit 78 79 Humans demonstrate a particular vulnerability to mTBI in the frontal lobes Interestingly studies have shown that acute mTBI and chronic mTBI differ in fMRIdetermined levels of anisotropywith acute mTBI associated with elevated anisotropy values while chronic mTBI is correlated with depressed anisotropy 80 Studies of TBI and inflammatory responses Currently the utility of inflammatory biomarkers to assess the severity of neuropathology following mTBI remains elusive However recently some human studies have begun to explore the important relationship between inflammatory markers and mTBI Importantly Hergenroeder et al 81 found plasma levels of Creactive protein CRP a sensitive but nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation to be a robust predictor of TBI pathological symptomatology In fact by Su et al identified a significant association between continued elevated CRP levels and increased the incidence of PCS OR 2719 CI 95 16094594 in 213 patients with mTBI 82 Essentially among this cohort of patients persistent higher CRP levels forecasted clinically relevant cognitive impairment Moreover S100B is a calciumbinding protein that is notably detected in glial cells at physiologic concentrations However overproduction of S100B at levels 030 ยตgL of plasma at six months after mTBI was linked to neuroinflammation and injury 83 84 In particular Zongo et al examined CT scans and plasma S100B for 1560 patients with mTBI and found that patients with positive CT scan had a higher S100B median relative to patients with negative CT scan results 046 vs 022 ยตgL p 0001 85 Furthermore prior studies have shown IL6 a proinflammatory cytokine to be an independent predictor of mTBI 86 87 Interestingly the findings of a study that evaluated inflammatory markers in 16 pediatric patients demonstrated higher concentrations of IL6 in patients with mTBI relative to controls without injury p 000 88 Finally these investigations highlighted novel inflammatory markers that can to some extent uniquely classify mTBI in human patients thereby translating theory into clinical practice While studies focusing on systemic inflammation after mTBI in humans are limited the opposite trend is observed for studies on severe TBI Specifically Kossmann et al 89 examined IL6 levels in the serum and CSF of 20 patients with severe mTBI and found maximum levels of IL6 on day 1 and 2 posttrauma in both of these body fluids Pointedly peak IL6 levels strongly correlated with severe BBB dysfunction r 0637 p 0001 and CRP and ฮฑ 1 antitryptin reactant proteins r 0605 p 0004 r 0719 p 00002 in serum Ultimately these findings highlight the principal role of the CNS in initiating the acutephase response in patients with severe TBI Likewise Hergenroeder et al 90 assessed the relationship between IL6 levels and intracranial pressure ICP in patients with severe TBI GCS8 and found a significant mean difference between healthy controls and severe TBI patients with the latter having higher IL6 levels and experiencing ICP 25 mm Hg 90 To further refine this relationship increases in ICP are dependent on the formation of brain edema thus and not surprisingly peak pressures were found three to five days postinjury Ultimately these studies all underline the importance of identifying prognostic inflammatory biomarkers in patients with TBIs in order to advance and support clinical management Studies of TBI in laboratory rodents While a common goal is to understand mechanisms of TBI in humans and then develop therapeutic interventions the combination of ethical and procedural challenges of doing mechanistic work in humans has led to efforts to develop neurological models in laboratory animals primarily rodents and test hypotheses in these models Use of rodent models allows investigators to address the fundamental issues outlined above including 1 the physical characteristics of trauma or insult that result in damage 2 methods to detect possible breakdown of the BBB 3 the time window after trauma in which neuropathological features develop and 4 understanding possible different Rodent models of TBI Exhaustive modeling of TBI has been well characterized in rodents Both invasive and noninvasive models have been developed to mimic neurophysiological and pathological changes postTBI Several models with various parameters exist such as the controlled cortical impact CCI model 91 the weight drop acceleration impact model 92 94 the blast model 95 96 and the fluid percussion model 97 99 Injuries produced in each model can range in severity based on varying levels of force applied to the skull or directly to the brain Replication and reproducibility are consistent across laboratories although a range of parameters has created a wide range of injury severity from mild to moderate to severe relative to one another Table 1 Table 1 Range of parameters used for TBI severity in rodent models Table 1 Range of parameters used for TBI severity in rodent models View larger version For example the CCI model utilizes commercially available devices that deliver impacts to either the skull or brain directly at speeds ranging from 0 to 60 ms depths of injury from 1 to 30 mm as well as different impactor tip diameters ranging from 1 to 5 mm Commercially available CCI devices have improved reproducibility of classic weight drop models that have variability due to imprecise impact location When weights are dropped down a tube lateral movement along the way down and upon exiting the tube can create an uneven sided andor angled impact to the rodents skull CCI devices 105 107 No exact definition of mild moderate or severe has been widely accepted in regards to injury parameters but rather these terms are used relative to one another in a spectrum of disease progression and mimic the clinical neuropathological presentation of varying TBI severities Most often mTBI is characterized in rodent models as having minimal LOC as defined by righting time post injury little to no BBB breakdown diffuse axonal injury neuronal and synaptic changes as well as metabolic changes Methods of detection of vascular changes postTBI While studies of BBB changes in humans have relied largely on analyses of brain parenchymal proteins appearing in circulating blood experimental studies in laboratory rodents typically have relied upon intravascular injections of tracer molecules and searching for evidence of extravasation of those tracer molecules into brain parenchyma The detection of disruption of brain vasculature in general and the BBB in particular is reliant in part upon the ability to image the fine vascular elements in brain The use of immunohistochemistry to detect endothelial related markers has commonly been used particularly Von Wildebrand factor and CD31 or PECAM1 a protein found on the surface of a variety of circulating blood cells and also on the surface of endothelial cells 108 Recently the use of intravascularly injected tomato lectin has been used to provide a detailed image of cerebral and other vascular structures see Figure 2 109 and use of a zinc fixative before immunohistochemistry for CD31 in thick vibratome sections has been shown to be helpful in visualizing brain vasculature 110 Figure 2 Fluorescence photomicrographs of sections of cerebral cortex from mice that received intravenous injections of labeled tomato lectin a Normal control mouse injected with labeled 488 nm lectin b Another normal control mouse injected with 594 red labeled lectin most labeled vessels are likely capillaries although arrows indicate larger vessels likely venules c Mouse injected with 594 lectin 24 h following a single TBI head impact of moderate strength note the three dilated vessels in cerebral cortex d Mouse injected with 594 lectin after five daily impacts of moderate strength note the several dilated vessels in cortex arrows as well as A common approach used intravascular injections of Evans blue to assess BBB leakage Although Evans blue is a relatively small molecule it binds rapidly and strongly to albumin a 68 kDa protein that normally is prevented from extravasation into the brain by the BBB Evans blue can be detected within brain parenchyma either under bright field optics or fluorescent optics using a long wave length deep red filter and continues to be a useful tool 111 115 Because Evans blue is tightly bound to albumin other investigators have used intravascular injections of fluorescently labeled albumin 14 In addition to the use of Evans blue investigators have also employed intravascular injections of horseradish peroxidase liposomes 116 118 which also offers the advantage of being able to be detected electron microscopically 15 and the extravasation of erythrocytes or endogenous plasma proteins from circulating blood into brain parenchyma 9 116 118 In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the cell biological bases of BBB breakdown recent studies have employed dextrans 112 Dextrans are linear flexible carbohydrate molecules that are commercially available in varied lengths molecular weights ranging from 3 kDa to 2000 kDa 119 with varied fluorescent tags Depending on their molecular size the markers can be used to test both solute and ion permeability lowmolecular weight dextrans and large molecule permeability highmolecular weight dextrans It should be noted that plasma proteins have been shown not to bind to FITCdextran 112 Hoffman et al evaluated assays from both EB and FITCdextrans varying in molecular weight 4 40 and 70 kDa in Wister rats following a 2h middle cerebral artery MCA occlusion Extravasation of EB and highmolecular FITCdextrans 40 and 70 kDa in the infarcted region could be detected with all preparation methods use However there was no evidence of extravasation by the 4kDa lowmolecular weight dextran Diffusion and washout of lowmolecular weight FITCdextran can be avoided when freshly frozen sections are used without a paraformaldehyde PFA or sucrose wash thus minimizing falsenegative results 119 Recent development of lysine fixable dextrans has reduced the problem of fixation and postfixation diffusion of the dextrans Additionally Nagaraja et al conducted a study to evaluate if there is a limit on the size of a macromolecule before it leaks through the BBB Following 3 h of unilateral MCA occlusion and either 3 or 21 h of reperfusion 42 Wister rats were injected with both EB and fluorescent dextrans ranging from 77 to 2000 kDa The study concluded that the 2000 kDa dextran was too large to pass through the opening of the BBB after 3 h of reperfusion in about 40 of the microvascular networks that were visualized 120 These studies give insight on the amount and extent of leakage that different dextrans could indicate in regard to the disruption of particular components of the BBB The studies indicate that selectivity in choosing a dextran size to assess BBB permeability as a result of neurotrauma is important As described above mTBI or concussion may result in decreased BBB permeability and requires the utilization of lower molecular weight dextrans to investigate BBB leakage However with more severe forms of TBI dextrans of greater molecular weights can be used and will be easier to visualize BBB permeability There is a need What component of the cerebral vasculature is Leaky Cortical vasculature includes arterioles capillaries and venules see Figure 3 While much attention to the components of the BBB has been focused on capillary endothelial cells whether the leakage occurs exclusively or primarily from capillaries is not clear Indeed in an early study Dietrich et al studying effects of fluid percussion injury in rats reported that intravascular injections of HRPlabeled small hemorrhages are associated with small venules 116 The involvement of venules was corroborated by Chodobski et al who reported that extravasation of red blood cells occurs particularly from small venules 9 In lymphoid tissue where movement of white blood cells between circulating blood and parenchyma is commonplace movement of white cells occurs preferentially in postcapillary venules through a specialized high endothelium Despite the recent discovery of CNS lymphatics 121 such high endothelial linings of venules have not been reported for CNS vasculature The identity of vascular components when damaged that allow movement of large molecules and leukocytes between brain and blood is an issue that awaits careful investigation Figure 3 Diagram depiction of systemic blood vessels demonstrating blood flow from an artery to an arteriole venule and vein The bloodbrain barrier BBB is found at the level of the capillaries within the brain and is not present in normal circulation Although most of the focus on BBB changes following TBI has focused on capillaries a growing body of evidence is supporting the importance of small venules distal to the arterial and capillary circulation No evidence has yet demonstrated leakiness at the level of the arterioles 122 The contribution from venules in breakdown of the BBB is supported by work in areas other than TBI For example Boroujerdi et al studied a mouse model of multiple sclerosis the EAE model and found leakage of labeled fibrinogen from capillaries and venules at four to seven days following inoculation while at 14 days after inoculation leakage occurred only from venules 123 Further Guerin et al present evidence that in an experimental model of BBB breakdown from toxic poisoning of astrocytes leakage of fluorescently labeled dextrans occurs from venules and some capillaries 124 No evidence currently is available suggesting leakage from arterioles Impact strength and cerebral vascular changes Endothelial cell changes postmTBI mTBI can lead to increased BBB permeability via leakage of vasogenic factors and endothelial disruptors in human and rodent 110 Although Cornelius et al pinpointed primary and secondary damage resulting from any TBI injury they do highlight BBB dysfunction and dysregulation following mTBIdefined by LOS 30 minutes amnesia 24 h with transitory neuropsychiatric deficits and largely full recovery These effects deplete energy and lead to alterations in calcium homeostasis 120 Excess cytoplasmic calcium is taken up by various calcium buffers of the cell such as the mitochondria Calcium intake by mitochondria affects the mitochondrial membrane potential and when its threshold is reached the excess calcium is pumped back into cell cytoplasm As cytosolic calcium levels rise inflammatory cascades apoptotic dependent and independent caspases and other protease pathways are activated in brain endothelial cells as well as in various other cell types of the brain via studies in rodent brain 125 Although reactions such as vasogenic edema EC activation and calcium instability all work independently to initiate BBB breakdown at the level of EC tight junctions they all synergistically weaken the BBB changes postmTBI 126 This damage is dependent on time and severity of the head trauma If the severity of the TBI is mild there may not be this evolution of permanent BBB disruption in contrast to moderate and severe TBI Rat models of mTBI show that vascular breakdown is transient lasting between four and six days 124 In this study 13Dinitrobenzeneinduced glial degeneration resulted in BBB breakdown which was investigated via fluorescent dextrans below 500000 mol wt in size Disruption of the BBB was detected 18 h following dinitrobenzene dosage and leakage continued for up to four days following lesion formation but BBB integrity was reestablished by day 6 Timing of vascular changes postTBI The question of timing of onset of vascular as well as parenchymal changes following TBI are of great importance but the temporal pattern may vary with species investigated as well as choice of method to detect changes Most commonly used has been Evans blue and Cernak et al report that EB labeling of BBB breakdown peaked 20 min after TBI for rat pups aged 7 14 and 21 days 127 Adult animals showed a second peak at 24 h postTBI Boyd et al report that stealth liposomes enter the brain 0 to 8 h after TBI 15 Shapira et al using weight drop impact on ether anesthetized rats reported extravasation of Evans blue as early as 15 min after impact and Evans blue labeling continued through four days postimpact 115 Glushakova et al report that delayed increases in microvascular pathology after CCIinduced low and highmagnitude TBI in rats is associated with prolonged BBB disruption 128 Tanno et al 118 studied fluid percussion injury in rats and intravascular HRP and report that the impact site was permeable to HRP for up to 72 h after impact BBB disruption normalizes within one week in several injury models including CCI and weight drop models yet recent studies show BBB permeability up to 30 days after ischemic insult 129 Collectively these observations suggest that BBB integrity represents complex and dynamic sequelae meriting attention during acute and delayed stages postsevere TBI Comparison of single vs multiple impacts The emerging literature from studies of TBI in humans is indicating that multiple incidents of trauma produce markedly greater brain trauma than do single incidents As with other aspects of TBI the variation of sites and strengths of multiple head traumas has led investigators to search for mechanisms using animal models A study of functional consequences using a lateral fluid percussion model has demonstrated that rats sustaining three impacts display deficits in longterm potentiation a model of learning while a single impact results in nondetectable deficit 130 A series of contributions from Petraglia et al 131 134 have described the pathological and behavioral effects of repetitive TBI in a closed skull model of TBI in mice and demonstrated the clearly greater effects of multiple impacts on a variety of behavioral measures While much attention has been focused on the cellular both neural and glial response to TBI as well as its behavioral consequences less attention has been directed toward understanding possible effects of TBI on cerebral vasculature Our laboratory has begun a series of preliminary experiments studying the effects of varied impact parameters of TBI on cerebral cortical vascular elements as well as the possible leakiness of those cortical blood vessels These studies required a combination of techniques including 1 intravascular injections of fluorescently labeled lectin 109 as a general label for the endothelium of cerebral cortical blood vessels combined with 2 intravascular injections of tracers including Evans blue labeled albumin or dextrans of varied molecular weights to study the possible movement of molecules of varied sizes from circulating blood into brain parenchyma Injections of lectins and tracers were made at varied times ranging from just prior to TBI injury to one month post injury The pilot study consisted of three groups 1 a repeathit group 2 a singlehit group and 3 a sham group With IACUC approval a 1 cm region on the top of the Preliminary experiments were undertaken to determine if TBI impact had discernable effect on morphological features of cortical vasculature elements and for these studies intravascular injections of lectins were used Figure 2a shows green lectin labeling of cortical vascular elements from a normal control mouse revealing the dense network of small vessels in the cortical tissue Figure 2b is a slightly higher magnification view in this case of redlabeled cortical vascular elements again from a normal control mouse Most labeled vessels appear to be small capillaries although some slightly larger vessels likely to be venules also can be seen Figure 2b presents an image from cortex of a mouse 24 h after receiving a single TBI impact of moderate impact strength Note the relatively normal appearing vasculature with the exception of three apparently dilated vessels possibly venules as indicated by the arrows Figure 2c presents a comparable photomicrograph of the cortex of a mouse after five daily TBI impacts of moderate strength Note the marked increase in the number of apparently dilated vessels and the apparent reduction of the normal cortical small vessel network Current work in our laboratory is directed at developing quantitative techniques so that reliable assessments can be made of the effects on cortical vasculature of a varied of parameters of TBI including impact strength number of impacts and time after impact before assessment While these impacts appear to result in dilation of some cortical vessels the more important question is likely to be whether the integrity of the blood vessel wall and thus the BBB is affected by the impacts Figure 4 presents preliminary results from a case in which a mouse received a single TBI impact In this case three views of a single section of cerebral cortex are seen under different fluorescence optics Figure 4a is the section under fluorescein optics to show the green lectinlabeled vasculature Note the cortical network of vessels and the one dilated vessel arrow near the center Figure 4b shows the section under rhodamine optics which reveals both the 594labeled 10Kd dextran as well as the Evans blue fluorescing red It is clear that some dextran andor Evans blue was extravasated from the circulating blood the punctate appearance of the red labeling suggests that much of the dextran andor Evans blue has been taken up by local neurons or glial cells Figure 4c presents an image of the same section as seen under UV optics to reveal the 46diamidino2phenylindole DAPIlabeled nuclei of neurons and glial cells The DAPI does not provide a particularly sensitive indicator of the integrity of cortical parenchyma but no evidence of gross damage is visible Figure 4 Fluorescence photomicrographs of a single section of cerebral cortex from a mouse that received an intravenous injection of a combination of Evans blue and 594 labeled 10 Kd dextran followed 5 min later by a single TBI impact followed by a intracardiac injection of 488 labeled lectin a Lectin labeling showing abnormal cortical vascular elements including a widely dilated vessel in the center arrow b Dextran labeling showing evidence on extravasation and probable cellular uptake of 10 Kd dextran in the regions surrounding the dilated vessel in a c DAPI labeling of cell nuclei in the cortex showing no gross Work in our laboratory now is directed toward using different molecular weights of dextrans and different times between TBI and impact in an attempt to understand what aspects of the BBB may be affected by the TBI impacts It is becoming clear that multiple TBI impacts have greater effects on a several measures of cortical integrity For example Figure 5 presents preliminary results from a mouse that was injected with lectin and euthanized seven days following a series of five hits of moderate strength Figure 5a shows red lectinlabeled cerebral cortical and hippocampal vessels with several clearly dilated blood vessels GFAP labeling of astrocytes normally is very scant in cerebral cortex but the image in Figure 5b shows evidence of proliferated astrocytes surrounding the impact site in cortex Figure 5c shows FluoroJade labeling in an adjacent section FluoroJade can be used as an indicator of degenerating neuronal tissue 135 136 Figure 5 Fluorescence photomicrographs of three adjacent sections from mouse cerebral cortex demonstrating the effects of a series of five impacts moderate strength seven days after the last impact a Cortical vasculature as indicated by 594 red labeled lectin b Astrocyte proliferation as indicated by 488 green labeling for GFAP immunohistochemistry c Neuronal degeneration as indicated by FluoroJade labeling Arrowheads indicate site of cortical damage following the TBIs Calibration bar in C 500 ยตm for all images Conclusion The consequences of TBI and repeated concussions are a growing concern in the United States Despite increasing evidence linking head injury to a variety of cognitive alterations including dementia the mechanisms and therapeutic approaches to alleviating the consequences of repeat concussions or TBI on cerebral vasculature have yet to be fully understood It is clear that a variety of BBB microstructural and subsequent functional changes occur in a graded manner following head injury As researchers work toward developing interventional therapeutics to alleviate the deleterious effect of TBI it will be important that further studies are undertaken using tools that allow Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship andor publication of this article Funding This work was supported by a Seed Gift to Brian Cummings Stem Cell Research Center UC Irvine and a grant from the Department of Defense W81XWH1510435 to Brian Cummings and Cathy Cahill References 1 Roozenbeek B Maas AI Menon DK Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Nature Rev 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"SAGE Journals",
"Article information"
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http://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/default+domain/49wntTs5dFgrX94WR3q6/full | INSTITUTIONAL ACCESS Institution Institutional Access Shibboleth Open Athens Need Help Contents Full Article Explore More Statistical versus Clinical Significance in Nursing Research Maher M ElMasri PhD RN First Published June 1 2016 Research Article httpsdoiorg1011770844562116677895 Article information The primary goal of analytical quantitative research is to generate valid results from representative samples that can be generalized to target populations Such generalizations are based on statistical inferences that researchers make about the nature of the relationships that they examine While one cant deny the invaluable role of statistical inference in research reporting nurse researchers particularly novice nurse researchers need to be cautious not to overplay the statistical significance of research findings while ignoring the clinical significance of such findings This is important because after all the ultimate goal of nursing research is to generate findings that are of clinical or real life value to nursing theory and practice In this short article I will briefly explain the concepts of statistical and clinical significance in nursing research in an attempt to highlight the equal importance of both concepts when making conclusions about research findings Doing so is extremely important because a statistically significant finding that has a limited clinical significance has little if any benefit to nursing practice Likewise a clinically significant finding that is not statistically significant is a function of chance and its observed size is essentially zero Statistical significance refers to ones decision to reject the null hypothesis based on a predetermined criterion eg a 2tailed alpha of 005 or 95 confidence interval It allows researchers to make statistical inference from the study findings about the true parameter or population value A statistically significant result simply indicates that the observed effect is not likely due to chance For instance when one makes statistical inference based on p values heshe will report a statistically significant result if the reported p value is equal or less than the studys predetermined alpha level A p value greater than the alpha level are not statistically significant indicating that the observed results eg difference or correlation are likely due to chance Clinical significance pertains to the practical real life importance or benefits of research findings It often measures the magnitude of the relationship between the independent variable and the outcome variable It answers whether or not the change one may observe in the outcome as a result of the proposed intervention or exposure is big enough to warrant real life implications Judgement of clinical significance depends on the nature of the research outcome under investigation Common indicators of clinical significance may include but are not limited to correlation coefficients amount of shared variance mean difference odds ratio relative risk risk reduction To illustrate the important link between statistical and clinical significance in nursing research let us consider a fictitious scenario in which a nurse researcher studies the impact of administering a oneonone postoperative educational program on the risk of developing postoperative complications In this scenario our nurse randomly assigns patients to a standard postoperative education group control group and oneonone postoperative education group treatment group assuming that the outcome variable is measured on a binary scale as postoperative complication versus no postoperative complication At the end of the study our nurse researcher reports a significant difference in the rate of postoperative p 0035 While this result leads one to infer that the observed difference in postoperative complications between the study groups in not likely due to chance it only tells part of the story What is the clinical implication of this finding from a practical point view one shall ask It is important therefore to look into whether or not this statistically significant finding was of any clinical value Let us now assume that the study findings above indicated that the rate of postoperative complications was 30 in the control group as opposed to 27 in the treatment group Given the relatively high rate of complications in the control group this modest reduction of 3 may carry little if any clinical significance to the practicing nurse or hospital administrator This will be especially true if the cost and time associated with the proposed oneonone education program was considerably high Therefore a reasoned nurse researcher will likely discuss this statistically significant finding with caution highlighting its modest clinical significance Now let us assume that the rate of complications in the above scenario went down from 30 in the control group to 20 in the treatment group p 0035 One will agree that this would be a statistically significant result that is associated with an impressive reduction in the complication rate by one third making it also a clinically significant one Such finding will probably be of interest to nurses and hospital administrators It is important however to keep in mind that clinical significance shall not be solely judged by the observed effect size In fact sometimes an impressive reduction in the risk may not be of a real clinical value if such reduction is associated with prohibitive increase in other health risks andor cost Thus clinical significance This discussion demonstrates that while statistical significance allows one make inferences about the study results it is not enough to make sound recommendations concerning the clinical benefits of these results Thus researchers are encouraged to always consider the clinical significance of their findings and to discuss statistically significant results within the context of their clinical significance SAGE Recommends | [
"Nursing Research",
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http://journalstar.com/niche/neighborhood-extra/lawn-and-garden/pruning-and-fertilizing-hydrangeas/article_95499d0c-a93f-529d-ab44-e950b4b9ccdf.html | Pruning and fertilizing hydrangeas by George Edgar / Master Gardener Feb 18 , 2014 Try 1 month for 99 ยข If your hydrangea blooms on new wood ( this year โ s new growth ) cut back these shrubs to the ground in late winter or early spring before new growth begins . This includes Panicle hydrangea and Smooth hydrangea . They will grow and set buds the same year they bloom . Shrubs that flower on new wood start blooming later than old - growth bloomers , from midsummer until the first frost . These are forgiving if pruning is not done at a certain time as long as you avoid pruning when the flower buds are opening . Some branches of new wood flowering hydrangeas buckle under the weight of their blooms . To avoid this , cut the stems to a height of 18 to 24 inches instead of to the ground , providing a sturdy framework to support the new growth . A framework like a peony ring also works . When pruning your hydrangea that blooms on old wood ( last year โ s growth ) prune after blooms fade . This includes Bigleaf hydrangea , Hydrangea serrata , and Oakleaf hydrangeas . To determine if your hydrangea blooms on old wood , think about when it flowers . Most shrubs that bloom before July are considered to bloom on old wood . These form next year โ s flower buds in late summer or early fall as the days get shorter and temperatures cool . To reduce the risk of removing these buds , prune after the flowers begin If you are not sure what kind of hydrangea you have , cut off a 12 - to - 14 - inch cane ( with leaves and a flower ) and take it to a full service garden center or your county Extension Office for identification . They will want to know if it flowers before or after July 1 , how tall the plant is , and what the flower looks like . A digital picture really helps . They can then tell you what family the hydrangea belongs to but probably not the specific cultivar , and can Many hydrangeas do fine in our soil but prefer a more acidic soil than the 6.5 to 7.5 pH in eastern and central Nebraska . Some species develop blue flowers . Aluminum turns the flower blue . Most of our soils have enough aluminum to turn the flower blue if the pH is low enough ( 4.7 to 6.0 ) . Too much aluminum can be toxic to hydrangeas . Gladys and I use granular horticultural sulphur rather than aluminum sulphate . Or you can apply โ Holly Tone , โ which has both a slow - release fertilizer and Regarding fertilization , Dr . Michael A . Dirr , professor of horticulture at the University of Georgia , recommends applying a 10 - 10 - 10 slow release granular fertilizer . He recommends applying a small amount of this slow - release fertilizer scattered around the base of the plant and outward in early spring as the plant is leafing out and then another application after flowering . Liquid fertilizers like Miracle Gro or Miracid are effective but most are not slow release and provide more rapid greening , so must be applied more often . Miracid has enough sulphur to accomplish what you need to lower the pH , but only if you apply it every time you water . However , in doing this you may apply too much nitrogen . One of the reasons some plants do not bloom is because they get too much nitrogen fertilizer in relation to the phosphorous . Nitrogen makes your foliage grow but phosphorous is needed to produce flowers Dirr recommends you not fertilize any tree or shrub after mid - August . A fertilizer at this time of year stimulates growth that will probably not mature and will winter kill . Your plant needs to start getting ready for winter and not put on new growth . Many people see what they call a โ Snowball Bush . โ It may be a Smooth hydrangea ( Hydrangea arborescens โ Annabelle โ or the new โ Incrediball โ ) with creamy white flowers a foot across . It may be a โ Snowball Viburnum . โ โ Roseum โ will take full sun ; โ Annabelle โ likes partial shade . Another example why you need to find out about your plant and keep the tag so you know when to fertilize , how to prune , and whether it needs sun or shade . Common names can RESOURCES : โข โ Hydrangeas for the American Gardens โ by Michael A . Dirr , ( Timber Press : Portland ) 2004 โข โ Hardy Hydrangeas โ by Cindy Haynes , Department of Horticulture , Iowa State University , Horticulture and Home Pest News for June 22 , 2001 ( www . ipm . iastate . edu / ipm / hortnews ) HydrangeasPlus . com newsletter ( Hydrangeas Plus : A division of VanHoose Enterprises , LLC , and P.O Box 389 , Aurora , OR 97002 ) Hydrangea . com ( Wilkerson Mill Garden , Palmetto , GA 30268 ) โข โ Pruning Hydrangeas โ , Fine Gardening Magazine , The Taunton Press : Newtown , CT 06470 - 5506 , May - June 2007 , pages 51 - 53 . Copyright 2014 Load comments | [
"Panicle hydrangea",
"Smooth hydrangea",
"Oakleaf hydrangeas ."
] |
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_ashlye.html | Making lye from wood ash Lye made from wood ash is potassium hydroxide , not sodium hydroxide - - there ' s 10 times as much potassium as sodium in wood ash . The process makes lye water . If you boiled off all the water you could use it as the catalyst to make biodiesel , but you ' d need more accurate pH measures than those listed below . The usual pH meter or litmus papers would do . See also Natural test papers If you try this , we ' d be very interested to know the results - - please contact us Making the lye Drill a lot of holes in the bottom of a small wooden barrel , make sure it ' s waterproof before you drill the holes ! Stand the barrel on blocks leaving space beneath the barrel for a container . Use a waterproof wood or glass container . Lye can burn through some metals . Put a layer of gravel in the bottom of the barrel over the holes , then put a layer of straw over the gravel . Fill the rest of the barrel with hardwood ash ( NOTE : hardwood - - NOT softwood ) , leaving a couple of inches at the top clear . Then pour rainwater into the barrel . After a long time the water in the barrel will start to drip into the container . Leave it until it stops , then replace the container with another in case of odd drips . Use an old iron pot , or a steel pan ( One you will not be using for anything else ! ) . Boil the liquid until it is so concentrated that a fresh egg ( still in it ' s shell please ! ) will float on top . Then destroy the egg . Remember to take all precautions not the let the liquid touch your skin or clothing . To test the strength of the lye you need a saturated solution of salt . Dissolve chemical - free salt in a pint of water until no more salt will dissolve . Take a stick and put a small weight on the end of it and float it in a pint of the salty water . The weight will sink to the bottom , while the top of the stick will float . Make a mark on the stick where it reaches the water line . Then float the stick and weight in a pint of lye . The mark Making " Lye Water " Soap making uses a caustic solution known as " Lye Water " . When available , Caustic Soda is used . Here we will make Lye Water out of certain wood ashes and " soft water " . 1 ) White Ashes Dried palm branches , dried out banana peels , cocoa pods , kapok tree wood , oak wood , ( or for really white soap , apple tree wood ) make the best lye ashes . Ordinary wood used in cooking fires will do . Whatever wood is used , it should be burned in a very hot fire to make very white ashes . When cold , these are stored in a covered plastic bucket or wooden barrel , or stainless steel container . If these are not available , a clay pot - jar which has been fired in a pottery making kiln ( not just dried in the sun ) . A wooden drum or barrel which has a tap at the right is best . 2 ) Soft Water Water from a spring or from showers of rain is called " soft water " , because it does not have metallic or acidic chemicals in it . This makes it useful for soap making , as there are no other chemicals in it which would get in the way of making soap . " Ordinary " bore , well , or river water can be used for making soap , but this will sometimes need to have a " washing soda " or " baking soda " added to it . Otherwise some of the chemicals in the water will get in the way of making the soap . If you are using " ordinary " water and you want to test it to see if some soda needs to be added , simply try to make soap bubble up ( foam ) in it . If the soap easily foams up , the water is probably ok as it is . If not , try adding a little bit of soda at a time stirring it to make it disappear , until the water will foam the soap up . Then add the same amount of soda to the same amounts of the water that you wish to use to make the soap . For example , if you were testing a 1 / 4 ( a quarter ) of a bucket of water , and you ended up needing 1 / 8 ( an eighth ) of a cup of soda , then you would need 4 / 8 ( or 1 / 2 - half ) a cup of soda for a full bucket of " ordinary " water . However you have got it , store the " soft water " in covered wooden , plastic , or stainless steel buckets or containers . ( Again , a clay - jar as described above can be used if needed . ) " Safe " Containers Any of the types of containers , buckets , barrels or jars described in the White Ashes or Soft Water sections are called " safe containers " . Making " Lye Water " If you are going to use a large barrel or drum to make the lye water in , and it has a tap or hole at the right , place some kind of filter on the inside of the barrel around the opening . Fill the barrel with white ashes to about four inches ( 10 cm or 0.1 metre ) below the top . Boil half ( 1 / 2 ) a bucket full of soft water ( about 10 pints or six litres ) , and pour over the ashes . Slowly add more cold soft water until liquid drips out of the barrel . Close the tap or block the hole . Add more ashes to top the barrel up again , and more soft water . Do not add so much water that the ashes swim . Leave to stand for four or more hours ( or overnight if you have the time ) . Later pour the brownish lye water into a plastic or other " safe " container ( s ) . Then pour back through the ashes again . Let the lye water drip into " safe " containers . When the brown lye water stops coming out of the barrel , or ash container , then pour four to five pints ( 2 - 1 / 2 to three litre ) of soft water through the ashes , collecting the lye which comes out in a separate " safe " container ( as this lye may be weaker than the first lot ) . Repeat this using two to three pints ( one to two litres ) of soft water , until no more brown liquid comes out of the ashes . Either put the lye into " safe " bottles , or cover the " safe " containers which it is in . Dig the ashes into the vegetable garden . Lye Water Strength If an egg or potato will float just below halfway , or a chicken feather starts to dissolve in it , then the lye water is at the right strength . If the egg will not float , then the lye water could be boiled down if you want it to be stronger . If the egg seems to pop up too far , add a little bit of soft water ( a cup at a time ) stirring the lye water , until the egg floats so that its head pops up . Make The Lye From Soap Making - Traditional Methods : Lye Rain Water Wood Ash by Paul Norman In making soap the first ingredient required was a liquid solution of potash commonly called lye . The lye solution was obtained by placing wood ashes in a bottomless barrel set on a stone slab with a groove and a lip carved in it . The stone in turn rested on a pile of rocks . To prevent the ashes from getting in the solution a layer of straw and small sticks was placed in the barrel then the ashes were put on top . The lye was produced by slowly pouring water over the ashes until a brownish liquid oozed out the bottom of the barrel . This solution of potash lye was collected by allowing Some colonists used an ash hopper for the making of lye instead of the barrel method . The ash hopper , was kept in a shed to protect the ashes from being leached unintentionally by a rain fall . Ashes were added periodically and water was poured over at intervals to insure a continuous supply of lye . The lye dripped into a collecting vessel located beneath the hopper . The hardest part was in determining if the lye was of the correct strength , as we have said . In order to learn this , the soap maker floated either a potato or an egg in the lye . If the object floated with a specified amount of its surface above the lye solution , the lye was declared fit for soap making . Most of the colonists felt that lye of the correct strength would float a potato or an egg with an area the size of a ninepence ( about the size of a modern quarter ) From Colonial Soap Making : Its History and Techniques - - The Soap Factory http : / / www . alcasoft . com / soapfact / history . html " When a fresh egg floats with a nickel - sized to quarter - sized area above the surface , the liquor is ready for soap making . " - - Homestead mailing list . Nickel = 2 cm diameter Quarter = 2.5 cm diameter At the turn of the last century lye was obtained by leaching water through wood ashes . At best , the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the resulting lye water was always questionable . My grandmother said that she could tell if the lye water was the right strength by using the wing feather pulled from her favorite goose . She would pour the lye water into a 30 gallon cooking pot and heat the solution . Next she would touch the feather to the heating lye . If the feather dissolved , the lye was strong enough to dissolve - - Soap Making Today Biofuels at Journey to Forever Biofuel En espaรฑol - - Biocombustibles , biodiesel Biofuels Library Biofuels supplies and suppliers Biodiesel Make your own biodiesel Mike Pelly ' s recipe Two - stage biodiesel process FOOLPROOF biodiesel process Biodiesel processors Biodiesel in Hong Kong Nitrogen Oxide emissions Glycerine Biodiesel resources on the Web Do diesels have a future ? Vegetable oil yields and characteristics Washing Biodiesel and your vehicle Food or fuel ? Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel Ethanol Ethanol resources on the Web Is ethanol energy - efficient ? | [
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http://joyofandroid.com/root-samsung-galaxy-s3/ | How to Root Samsung Galaxy S3 to Unlock Hidden Powers October 16 , 2014 by Joe 15 Comments Filed Under : How to The Samsung Galaxy S3 . It โ s the first phone to truly rival the elegance and simplicity of the iPhone . After a few trial runs , Samsung finally figured it out , and they are now pumping out quality Galaxy phones on a consistent basis . But the glory of Android comes with rooting and customizing , so you need to learn how to root Samsung Galaxy S3 in order to make it your own . You root your phone to complete many tasks such as gaining access to restricted apps and improving the performance on your phone . Let โ s take a look at the best ways to root Samsung Galaxy S3 . Some Things to Remember Before You Root Samsung Galaxy S3 Rooting a phone is not for everyone , but if you follow these steps then you should n โ t have any problems . Keep in mind that when you try to root you run the rick of bricking it . This means it is pretty much useless , so follow the steps accordingly . Any manufacturer โ s warranty will also be voided if you try to root the device . So you ca n โ t send in the phone if something goes wrong in the future . It โ s basically a trade - off for much Make sure your phone is charged above 70 percent before attempting to root the device , and always backup your important information to ensure nothing gets lost along the way . Method 1 : Odin 3 This method is a little more complex , but it does n โ t require you to root your phone . If you do n โ t want to void your manufacturer โ s warranty or risk bricking your phone , this method is for you . It requires a few downloads to get the process started . Step 1 Connect your phone to your PC by using a USB drive . update all of your drivers on the phone . Step 2 Download these two files on your desktop : Odin 3 and CF Root SGS3 . Extract the Odin file onto your computer and then install it . Step 3 Extract the CF Root file . This should provide a TAR file for you to use in the next few steps . Step 4 Open Odin , and click on the PDA button . This will ask you to choose a file to load . Select the CF Root file you extracted earlier . Switch your phone off . Step 5 Click and hold down the following buttons at the same time : Volume down , Power button and Home button . This should turn your phone on again . Press the Volume up button to set your phone to Download button . Connect the phone to your computer again , and start up Odin . This completely roots your Galaxy S3 . After this you can go to the rooting app in order to root the phone . Method 2 : TowelRoot This is the method I enjoy the most , because it is considered a one - click method , even though it really takes a little longer than that . It does n โ t seem to work for all phones , but most users use this as a reliable rooting option . Step 1 Make sure you can download unknown sources in your Settings area before getting started . Go to the TowelRoot website . Click on the lambda symbol to download the apk file to your device . Step 2 Once the app is installed you can open it in the notification that appears on your phone . You can also go to the Downloads folder on your phone to find the file . Step 3 When the file opens up you should receive a message asking you to install TowelRoot . If you get warnings about the app then just click that you understand and proceed with the installation . Click Open once it โ s done . Step 4 This step is where the app roots your phone . Click the โ make it ra1n โ button and it will root your Samsung Galaxy S3 within just a few seconds . After this your phone will reboot on its own . That โ s it ! Once the phone comes back on it will be rooted ! Method 3 : Pay for MyRootSolution This is the method I recommend last because you have to pay for it . That said , I understand that some people just want to shell out the cash and get the rooting completed for them . It โ s for those who do n โ t want to take the time to learn how to root an S3 themselves . Go to the MyRootSolution website and click the Buy Now button on the first page . This basically allows you to sign up and download the software to properly root your phone . Select the payment plan you want . Punch in your payment info to complete the order . Go to the How it Works page to walk through exactly how to use the software and root your phone . There is no point in repeating the information here since the company already has everything you need right on their website . Conclusion Now it โ s your turn to contribute to the conversation . Let us know in the comments section if you have any questions about how to root Samsung Galaxy S3 . The process is actually quite simple compared to other rooting procedures on other phones . If you have any questions , or if you get stuck on one of the steps , then feel free to shoot us a line below , and we will get back to you as soon as possible . You might even be interested in the best apps and wallet cases for your Samsung Galaxy S3 Tagged With : Rooting About Joe When Joe sees an app , you can hear the gears turning in his brain . Besides technology , the sun and burritos turn him on . Winters turn him off . Is Joe a solar - powered robot or a polar bear ? | [
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http://joyofbaking.com/bakingsoda.html | about us recipe index substitutions ingredients glossary conversions w eight vs volume easter baking eggless recipes apple recipes chocolate recipes healthy baking comfort foods pumpkin recipes cranberry recipes biscotti recipes pudding recipes english tea party trifle recipes ice cream recipes strawberry recipes lemon recipes valentine ' s baking candy recipes blueberry recipes halloween baking thanksgiving baking christmas cookies christmas baking christmas candy baking history bibliography Join Our New Recipes & Videos Email List Baking Powder and Baking Soda ( Bicarbonate ) Both baking powder and baking soda are chemical leavening agents that cause batters to rise when baked . The leavener enlarges the bubbles which are already present in the batter produced through creaming of ingredients . When a recipe contains baking powder and baking soda , the baking powder does most of the leavening . The baking soda is added to neutralize the acids in the recipe plus to add tenderness and some leavening . When using baking powder or baking soda in a recipe , make sure to sift or whisk with the other dry ingredients before adding to the batter to ensure uniformity . Otherwise the baked good can have large holes . Baking powder consists of baking soda , one or more acid salts ( cream of tartar and sodium aluminum sulfate ) plus cornstarch to absorb any moisture so a reaction does not take place until a liquid is added to the batter . Most baking powder used today is double - acting which means it reacts to liquid and heat and happens in two stages . The first reaction takes place when you add the baking powder to the batter and it is moistened . One of the acid salts reacts with the baking soda and produces carbon dioxide gas Too much baking powder can cause the batter to be bitter tasting . It can also cause the batter to rise rapidly and then collapse . ( i.e. The air bubbles in the batter grow too large and break causing the batter to fall . ) Cakes will have a coarse , fragile crumb with a fallen center . Too little baking powder results in a tough cake that has poor volume and a compact crumb . Baking soda , also known as sodium bicarbonate or bicarbonate of soda ( alkali ) is about four times as strong as baking powder . It is used in recipes that contain an acidic ingredient ( e.g. vinegar , citrus juice , sour cream , yogurt , buttermilk , chocolate , cocoa ( not Dutch - processed ) , honey , molasses ( also brown sugar ) , fruits and maple syrup ) . Baking soda starts to react and release carbon dioxide gas as soon as it is added to the batter and moistened . Make sure to bake Baking soda has an indefinite shelf life if stored in a sealed container in a cool dry place . Too much baking soda will result in a soapy taste with a coarse , open crumb . Baking soda causes reddening of cocoa powder when baked , hence the name Devil ' s Food Cake . Printer Friendly Page Products shown above are for illustration purposes only and do not imply that they are endorsed by joyofbaking . com . Baking Soda and Baking Powder 1 teaspoon = 5 grams To test baking powder ' s effectiveness : mix 1 teaspoon ( 5 grams ) baking powder with 1 / 2 cup ( 120 ml ) hot water and the mixture should bubble immediately . Store in a cool dry place and it should be replaced every 6 - 12 months . To test baking soda ' s effectiveness : mix 1 / 4 teaspoon baking soda with 2 teaspoons of vinegar and the mixture should bubble immediately . Note : The general rule of thumb for amount of baking powder in recipes : 1 to 2 teaspoons ( 5 - 10 grams ) of baking powder leavens 1 cup ( 140 grams ) of flour . The amount will depend on the ingredients and how they are mixed . Substitution for 1 teaspoon commercial baking powder : 1 / 4 teaspoon ( 1.25 grams ) baking soda , 1 / 2 teaspoon cream of tartar plus 1 / 4 teaspoon of cornstarch or 1 / 4 teaspoon ( 1.25 grams ) baking soda plus 1 / 2 cup ( 120 ml ) of an acidic ingredient ( buttermilk , sour milk or yogurt ) . Since homemade baking powder immediately releases its carbon dioxide gas when it is added and then moistened by the batter , it is important to bake the batter right away . Note : Cream of Tartar - Lining the inside of wine caskets after fermentation is a white sediment ( tartaric acid ) . This sediment is removed , purified and then ground to produce a fine white powder which we call cream of tartar . Cream of tartar can be found in the spice section of most grocery stores and should be stored in a cool dry place . | [
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http://jp9000.github.io/OBS/general/faq.html | Frequently asked Questions Is OBS completely free ? Will this ever work on Windows XP ? What about Mac and Linux ? What settings should I use ? What are scenes and sources ? I do not know how much upload speed I have I can not find the 64bit Version of OBS , where can I get it ? How to install OBS plugins I need starting values to setup my first Stream Can I analyze my stream on Twitch . tv ? I have black bars on my stream or recording , how can I get rid of them ? I want to use a recording device such as a Line In or Mic as my primary Audio Input ( for example to select two Microphones ) , how can I do that ? My webcam picture is not great , can I improve it ? I got a DNS error in OBS Having issues with high CPU usage , or getting a warning about " Taking too long to encode , skipping frames " ? I want to test my CPU / memory for stability ( OBS crashes sometimes or your system is overclocked ) OBS tells me I am missing DirectX but the installer does not work ? I got an error " Could not initialize DirectX 10 on [ your GPU ] " I get D3DX10_43 . dll missing error , or a 80004005 error My audio device only works in one application at a time not in both ( OBS and Skype for example ) I have a lot of dropped frames or random disconnects I have a Razer Kraken Headset I have a Laptop and black screen in OBS I want to post a log file but do not know how I want to stream League of Legends , whats the best way to do it ? My Monitor capture runs very slow , but why ? My window capture shows all windows , not only the one I want to capture The start recording button is grayed out , or I want to do a local recording The quick sync selection is grayed out but I definitely have all necessary features in my system I recorded everything in mp4 / flv but I want flv / mp4 My CPU speed is decreasing after some time and I have slowdowns ? I am on Windows Vista and need the platform update My recorded video is either black or has no sound , what can I do ? I have a black screen and ca n ' t see my stream Why ca n ' t I move any sources that I added ? One of my actual sources is black and not showing up Can I use 4K resolutions ? Which capture card should I get for streaming or recording ? And do I need one ? ( avoid USB 2.0 capture devices if at all possible ) Why is my capture card showing up as a red box on my stream I ' m having a problem that is n ' t here , what should I do ? | [
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http://jpninfo.com/10389 | 3 Famous Plants and Flowers in Japan , and Where You Can Find Them ! NATIONWIDE Jun 8 , 2015 When someone thinks of famous Japanese flowers and plants , perhaps the two things that will probably spring to mind are Sakura ( cherry blossoms ) and bonsai trees . These two things have become synonymous with Japan , and are famous around the world . However , due to a great climate for plants and flowers throughout Japan , there are many other beautiful plants and flowers to be seen in various parts of the year . A real advantage for plant - lovers is that Japan takes very good care of its flora , and takes seriously the importance of conserving and encouraging the growth of plants and flowers in the country . There are over 7,000 native plants in Japan , many of which hold some importance or significance to its people in some way , This article will talk about just three of them , which are celebrated in the country and very beautiful to visit and see . 1 . Japanese Pine ( Matsu ) jp . fotolia . com / Matsu is Japanese pine , and it is a beautiful spectacle to see . It is an important part of any Japanese garden and is often admired for its dark serene colors . Matsu is relatively easy to grow , and can be easily pruned into different shapes . When matsu have reached maturity , their barks are almost black , which look amazing when matched with its dark green leaves . Matsu are also well known for keeping their color and shape throughout the year and in all seasons , making them especially popular . Matsu come in many different sizes and shapes , and are often the plant of choice when used in bonsai or tiny potted miniature trees . Creating a bonsai requires skill and patience , but are definitely worth it and made easier by the characteristics of matsu . You will be able to see matsu in basically any Japanese garden , temple , or shrine grounds in Japan . Try and head to one of many gardens during winter , which can be refreshing when surrounded by so many dead leaves and flowers ! 2 . Shibazakura jp . fotolia . com / Shibazakura basically means โ pink moss โ , and usually blooms between April and May in Japan . They are millions of tiny pink flowers , and they look absolutely spectacular when in full bloom . As seen in the above picture , they resemble a bright pink carpet when spread out over fields . As you might expect , locals and foreign visitors alike flock to see the shibazakura when they are in full bloom . One of the best places to see them is at the very popular ( and very busy ! ) Fuji Shibazakura Festival , which is in Yamanashi Prefecture but not far from Tokyo ( around two hours by train from Shinjuku ) . The festival is held from late April to late May every year , and the fields have around 800,000 shibazakura and six different varieties of the flower . There is a small entrance fee ( 520 yen for adults and 210 for children ) , but it โ s well worth it to see such stunning natural scenery . The festival is well organized with footpaths and many food stalls scattered in the surrounding area . Find out more here Aside from this festival , you can also see shibazakura in Hitsujiyama Park in Chichibu ( an hour from Tokyo ) . These flowers are absolutely unmissable and breathtaking when seen up close , and are well celebrated and looked after in Japan . Fuji Shibazakura Festival Access Hitsujiyama Park Access 3 . Hydrangea ( Ajisai ) Ajisai are probably my all - time favorite plant in Japan . These beautiful flowers have blossoms which resemble pom - poms . They usually bloom at the end of the rainy season in Japan , which is anywhere between May and June . Ajisai are very common in the whole of East Asia and you can see different varieties in China , Korea , the Himalayas , Indonesia , and of course in Japan . They also grow in the Americas . In terms of their color , most of the species of Ajisai are white . However , in Japan , you can see plenty of ajisai in pale blue , pink , and light purple . In fact , Japan is one of the best places in the world to see this variety of colors and shades of this flower . One explanation for the greater variety of colors in Japan is the different soil properties in certain areas of the country . In Japan , the pink variety of ajisai are particularly popular and are usually picked and given as a sign of love and affection when they are in bloom . It is also popular to make tea out of ajisai , which is known as โ ama - cha โ ( sweet tea ) . If you want to see these stunning flowers , you need n โ t travel far when in Japan . They can be spotted in parks , gardens , temples , and even along the streets in most Japanese cities . However , if you are in Tokyo try getting along to the Bunkyo Hydrangea Festival . This is an annual event which includes 3,000 of these flowers stretching from Hakusan Shrine from Hakusan Park in the city . You can also enjoy them at Sumida Park , and at Toshimaen Amusement Park , to name just a few ! Bunkyo Hydrangea Festival Website * Japanese Only Hakusan Shrine Access Here are just three of the best - loved plants and flowers in Japan , and some of the most recognized and established places you will be able to see them . However , just walking around one of the many Japanese gardens in Japan will show you there are so many gorgeous species of flora in the country . Enjoy your visit ! TAGS Bonsai Botanical Garden Bunkyo By Yuanxil Canadian writer Cascade Bonsai Exposed - root Bonsai ( Neagari ) Formal Upright Bonsai ( Chokkan ) Fuji Shibazakura Festival hydrangea ( ajisai ) Japanese garden Japanese pine moss phlox ( shiba sakura ) Multi - tree Bonsai Multi - trunk Bonsai nature PREVIOUS ARTICLE The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , short review . NEXT ARTICLE What makes Japan so addicting ? | [
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http://jpschools.org/department/payroll/ | Departments Finance Payroll 501 Manhattan Blvd . , Suite 2200 Harvey , LA 70058 504 - 349 - 7648 About Us The payroll department serves all employees , processing timekeeping from schools and departments , providing payment of these services , and processing deductions and payments to vendors . Downloads & Resources Payroll Schedule 2018 - 19 Payroll Calendar View Payroll Checks Employee Online ( View check stubs ) ( Preferred web browser : Chrome ) ( Employee Online is not compatible with iPhones or iPads ) Resources Starting and ending pay dates by position 14 - 15 Salary Schedules 06.17.14 schedule Payroll Forms Direct Deposit Form Federal Withholding Form State Withholding Form Stopping Voluntary Deductions Form Change or Revocation Form W2 Request Form Common Questions about 1095C Benefits CIGNA Short and Long Term Disability Phone Number : 1 . 800 . 362 . 4462 : Online CIGNA Short Term Disability Policy CIGNA Long Term Disability Policy CIGNA Life Assistance Program Brochure - LTD CIGNA Value Added Programs Office of Group Benefit ( OGB ) Payments ( Health Insurance and State Life ) Louisiana Dental Plan Forms 457 Retirement Plan - Voya Financial Advisers - Office Contact Tonielle Greenlee ( 504 ) 620 - 5564 Voya School Representatives 403B ( Tax Sheltered Annuity ) Information / Forms Eligibility Effective Dates for Health Insurance Employee Resources Page Contact Us Name Title Email Hudak , Steve Executive Director of Payroll steve . hudak @ jppss . k12 . la . us Hymel - Peneguy , Cathy Benefits Technician cathy . hymel - peneguy @ jppss . k12 . la . us Johnson , Joan Benefits Technician joan . johnson @ jppss . k12 . la . us Landry , Lori Payroll and Benefits Clerk lori . landry @ jppss . k12 . la . us Leblanc , Tina Payroll and Benefits Clerk tina . leBlanc @ jppss . k12 . la . us Meerman , Michelle michelle . meerman @ jppss . k12 . la . us Nicholas , Demetrice demetrice . nicholas @ jppss . k12 . la . us Poyadou , Ellen ellen . poyadou @ jppss . k12 . la . us Vegas , Darion darion . vegas @ jppss . k12 . la . us Wenger , Dawn dawn . wenger @ jppss . k12 . la . us | [
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http://jquery-howto.blogspot.com/2008/12/what-heck-is-function-jquery.html | What a heck is a ( function ( $ ) { . . . } ) ( jQuery ) Tuesday , December 23 , 2008 Tags : howto jquery reference tip Recently I wrote two articles on how to extend jQuery using its plug in system and a shorthand for that . If you look into them closely they are actually the same thing . The only difference being that the code in first one is wrapped in this anonymous JavaScript function : function $ / / code goes here } ) ( jQuery Little research shows that this allows the use of $ within this function without conflicting with other JavaScript libraries who are using it . Basically , since we are setting as a parameter , will overwrite any globally defined variables / references of in that particular anonymous function . / / Assume " $ " is a prototype reference function / / Here " $ " is a jQuery reference } ) ( jQuery So basically it โ s an anonymous function that lets jQuery play nicely with other javascript libraries that might have variable / function . Also if you notice , all jQuery plugins code is wrapped in this anonymous function . NOTE : The following two javascript codes are equivalent : / / Code 1 : / / Javascript code / / Code 2 : var myFunction = / / Javascript code } ; myFuntion ) ; Tweet โ Newer Post Home Older Post โ Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari bloomind โข 7 years ago Hi , unfortunaltely , I do n ' t understand the difference : ( I do n ' t understand the meaning of the ( jQuery ) between parentheses at the end of the function . Thanks Shivam Bhalla โข 5 years ago thanks a lot ! Long Jiang โข 6 years ago very thx Anonymous โข 6 years ago thx : ) chew yoon fui var test = ( function ( $ , thisModule ) { / / some function here . . . / / some function here . . . return thisModule ; } ( jQuery , test | | { } ) ) ; what does it means ? ? ? Sergey Romanov Another equivalent is ! function ( $ ) { / / code goes heer } ( jQuery ) Anonymous Thank you very much for clarifying this cryptic syntax . Kevin Thanks for this post thanks for the clarification . German Grekhov Great ! Thank you very much . ferdous โข 7 years ago what a great moment sin ? ukgeorge How do you use this ? Sorry i ' m very new to both Javascript and JQuery . I ' d like to be able to achive the effect of $ output . = ' jQuery ( " # subscribe_user_ ' . $ user . ' " ) .show ( ) ' ; jQuery ( function ( $ ) { var id = $ .target .attr ( " id " ) ; alert ( id ) ; but this obviously does n ' t work Dimox โข 9 years ago Thanks for post ! It ' s a very useful information for me . I think this way better than use var $ j = jQuery . noConflict ( ) ; for preventing a conflicts with other javascript libraries . โข 9 years ago thanks for clarifying that ! Always nice to really understand what your doing instead of just copy / pasting the codes : ) โ Newer Post Home Older Post โ | [
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http://jrpropertiesnyc.com/ | Featured Listings No Available Properties at this time to see more listings Properties Greenwich Village Greenwich Village found in lower Manhattan includes the area around Washington Square ParkThis historic neighborhood is one of the most charming areas in Manhattan Harlem Harlem includes a large part of Northern Manhattan and is best known for its unique culture The area recently experiencing a rebirth is a popular Manhattan area for new businesses restaraunts and clubs Washington Heights Washington Heights overlooking the Hudson River in Upper Manhattan is the home of many cultures The neighborhood includes the George Washington Bridge Fort Tryon Park and Little Red Lighthouse Yorkville Yorkville spans from 59th to 96th and the East River to 5th Avenue Its attractions include Museum mile galleries and the Central Park zoo Centrally located it is a very desirable location Chelsea Chelsea spans the west side of Manhattan from 14th Street to 30th Primarily residential the neighborhood features the High Line elevated park restaurants boutiques and over 200 art galleries Retail Spaces JR Properties has prime retail spaces available in many buildings throughout New York City in proven market locations Contacts JR Properties Office Address 176 West Houston Street New York NY 10014 Mailing Address PO Box 496 New York NY 100140496 Telephone 212 4639970 Fax 212 4639988 infojrpropertiesnyccom For General and Rental Questions Sandra Vergara 212 4639970 ext 2 or sandyjrpropertiesnyccom Mayra Martinez 212 4639970 ext 1 or 0 or mayrajrpropertiesnyccom or infojrpropertiesnyccom For Billing Questions Ivonne Luna 212 4639970 ext 5 or ivonnejrpropertiesnyccom Please note no cats or dogs are allowed in any of these apartments Brokers Apartment seekers register for daily email alerts of new listings | [
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http://jrscience.wcp.miamioh.edu/nsfall04/ProposalArticles/TheBehaviorofSowBugs.html | The Behavior of Sow Bugs Natural Systems 1 Syllabus - - - Western Program - - - Miami University We are interested in observing the behaviors and interactions of a sowbug community . What are their eating habits ? Are their reproductive cycles mainly influenced by temperature ? How do sowbugs react to light ? Background Information Closely related to the crayfish , sowbugs are not really bugs but crustaceans . Their flat , oval bodies are about a half - inch long . They have seven pairs of legs and overlapping armored plates . Sowbugs mate throughout the year , but mostly in the spring . The female has a pouch within which it deposits its eggs . After three to seven weeks , the young hatch , as many as 25 to 200 . The young stay in the pouch for another six to eight weeks before emerging . The life span of a sowbug Sowbugs , for the most part , eat decaying matter , including compost , mulch , grass clippings , and manure . Because sowbugs breathe through gills , they prefer damp , protected places . They group together to reduce moisture loss . As scavengers , they are often found under pots and rotting boards and will scurry for cover when disturbed . Their predators include birds and some amphibians . Sowbugs are considered to be nocturnal , doing most of their scavenging during the nighttime . Materials and Methods We will use two terrariums to house our community of sowbugs . One terrarium will have soil , the other sand . The terrariums will be well stocked with sowbug living quarters , such as a log and a rock with space underneath . It is known that for sowbugs , " prime habitats are under stones or in decaying wood " ( Animal Fact Sheets , X ) . The supply of living space will be more than adequate in order to ensure the survival of future generations of sowbugs . The sowbugs will be well cared for . Each terrarium will be supplied with basic needs for survival . The soil may be changed and the terrarium will be regularly cleaned . Food and water will be continuously replenished . The terrariums will be enclosed and will not allow an exit for aspiring escapees . The terrariums will have controlled light conditions , for this is necessary in order to conduct a light experiment upon the sowbugs . The group of sowbugs not involved in the light test will have preset light conditions for control purposes . Not all conditions will be equal between the terrariums . In order to better understand the behaviors of the sowbugs , different methods of testing will be used on the terrariums . The main tests that will be run will be light tests , in which different lights will be used to illuminate the sowbugs in a controlled environment . The separate experiments will be performed as follows : Experiment 1 : Because sowbugs are photophobic , we will test their reactions to various light frequencies . First we will construct or move the bugs into a light free zone , and allow them to acclimate there for 24 hours . Then we will begin a 24 hour bug watch . During this watch we will schedule different light frequencies to be tested , most likely a normal light source coupled with several different colors of the light spectrum , to be determined later . The sowbugs will be observed during this entire period , and the observations made Experiment 2 : We will test the food preference of sowbugs using three separate food types of equal masses . We will feed them equal amounts of Equine Senior , alfalfa , and oats and apple treats , and then record how quickly each is consumed . Experiment 3 : In order to observe their reproductive cycles in an ideal spring - like environment , we will have the class help us count our sowbugs periodically by sifting them through our sand terrarium . We will record any changes in the population . Works Cited 1 . ) Animal Fact Sheets : Sowbugs & Pillbugs . ( 2003 ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2004 from http : / / www . zoo . org / educate / fact_sheets / sowbug / sowbug . htm . 2 . ) California Biota : Sowbug . ( 2003 ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2004 from http : / / www . californiabiota . com / cabiota / sowbug . htm . 3 . ) Calow , P . Homeostasis and Fitness ( in Notes and Comments ) . The American Naturalist , Vol . 120 , No . 3 . ( Sep . , 1982 ) , pp . 416 - 419 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0003 - 0147 % 28198209 % 29120 % 3A3 % 3C416 % 3AHAF % 3E2 . 0 . CO % 3B2 - X 4 . ) Carthy , J.D. ( 1965 ) . The Behavior of Arthropods . San Francisco , CA : W.H. Freeman And Company . 5 . ) Featured Creatures . ( 1999 ) . Retrieved September 29 . 2004 from http : / / creatures . ifas . ufl . edu / veg / ringlegged_earwig . htm . 6 . ) Fichter , Edson . An Ecological Study of Invertebrates of Grassland and Deciduous Shrub Savanna in Eastern Nebraska . American Midland Naturalist , Vol . 51 , No . 2 . ( Apr . , 1954 ) , pp . 321 - 439 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0003 - 0031 % 28195404 % 2951 % 3A2 % 3C321 % 3AAESOIO % 3E2 . 0 . CO % 3B2 - G 7 . ) Himmelman , John . ( 1999 ) . A Pill Bug ' s Life . New York , NY : Children ' s Press . 8 . ) Hubbell , S.P. Populations and Simple Food Webs as Energy Filters . I . One Species Systems . The American Naturalist , Vol . 107 , No . 953 . ( Jan . - Feb . , 1973 ) , pp . 94 - 121 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0003 - 0147 % 28197301 % 2F02 % 29107 % 3A953 % 3C94 % 3APASFWA % 3E2 . 0 . CO % 3B2 - 1 9 . ) Judd , W.W. Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario . XIV . Observations on Sowbugs Cylisticus convexus ( Degeer ) and Tracheoniscus rathkei ( Brandt ) ( Isopoda : Oniscidae ) ( in Reports ) . Ecology , Vol . 44 , No . 3 . ( Jul . , 1963 ) , pp . 615 - 617 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0012 - 9658 % 28196307 % 2944 % 3A3 % 3C615 % 3ASOTBBI % 3E2 . 0 . CO 10 . ) Lawlor , Lawrence R . Parental Investment and Offspring Fitness in the Terrestrial Isopod Armadillidium vulgare ( Latr . ) ( Crustacea : Oniscoidea ) Evolution , Vol . 30 , No . 4 . ( Dec 1976 ) , pp . 775 - 785 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0014 - 3820 % 28197612 % 2930 % 3A4 % 3C775 % 3APIAOFI % 3E2 . 0 . CO % 3B2 - R 11 . ) Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet : Entomology . ( 2000 ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2004 from http : / / ohioline . osu . edu / hyg - fact / 2000 / 2072 . html . 12 . ) Pascoe , Elaine . ( 2001 ) . Pill Bugs & Sow Bugs and other Crustaceans . Woodbridge , CT : Blackbirch Press , Inc . 13 . ) Porcellio Scaber Behavior . ( 1999 ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2004 from http : / / cas . bellarmine . edu / tietjen / Projects / porcellio_scaber_behavior . htm . 14 . ) Schram , Frederick . ( 1986 ) . Crustacea . Oxford , NY : Oxford University Press . 15 . ) Schultz , George . ( 1969 ) . How to Know the Marine Isopod Crustaceans . Dubuque , Iowa : WM . C . Brown Company Publishers . 16 . ) Shough , Wren W . The Feeding of Ground Beetles . American Midland Naturalist , Vol . 24 , No . 2 . ( Sep . , 1940 ) , pp . 336 - 344 . Stable URL : http : / / links . jstor . org / sici ? sici = 0003 - 0031 % 28194009 % 2924 % 3A2 % 3C336 % 3ATFOGB % 3E2 . 0 . CO % 3B2 - 6 17 . ) Warburg , Michael . ( 1993 ) . Evolutionary Biology of Land Isopods . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . 18 . ) Wehner , Rลพdiger . ( 1972 ) . Information Processing in the Visual Systems of Arthropods . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . Next Article Previous Article Return to the Topic Menu Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this Study . . . Respond to this Submission ! IMPORTANT : For each Response , make sure the title of the response is different than previous titles shown above ! We also have a GUIDE for depositing articles , images , data , etc in your research folders . Article complete . Click HERE to return to the Pre - Course Presentation Outline and Paper Posting Menu . Visit the rest of the site ! DOWNLOAD the Paper Posting HTML Formating HELP SHEET ! We also have a GUIDE for depositing articles , images , data , etc in your research folders . | [
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http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-10-30/plagianos-flipflops.html | High Schools Give Flip - Flops the Boot By Irene Plagianos CLICK THIS TEXT for high - resolution images and text - only story Like most of her friends , Carah Depeter , 17 , slips on a pair of flip - flops when she goes , well , everywhere . โ They โ re so easy and comfortable , โ said Depeter , a high - school senior in Nyack , N.Y. โ So why would n โ t I wear them all the time ? โ For school administrators across the country , the answer to that question is simple : Flip - flopping through classrooms and hallways can be dangerous . Thong sandals have become a fashion staple in recent years , particularly among teenage and preteen girls . But more than a dozen schools from Florida to Massachusetts are banning the trendy footwear , citing concerns about safety , decorum and health . Student safety was the major reason Depeter โ s school , part of the Nyack Union Free School District , decided to prohibit all backless shoes this year , according to a school district spokesperson . If an emergency strikes , students wearing the flimsy footwear would have trouble getting out of the building quickly and safely , school officials said . โ Not to sound like an alarmist , โ said Gloria Fleming , co - president of the Nyack High School parent - teacher association , โ but we โ ve had bomb scares , and when you โ re trying to evacuate , wearing flip - flops just does n โ t seem like a good idea . โ Administrators are also worried about trips , falls , sprained ankles and stomped toes as students crowd the halls or rush up and down stairs . โ They can slip and break their necks when they are wearing those flip - flops , โ said Wanda Speede , vice principal of Randolph High School in Randolph , Mass . Speede โ s district banned the cheap shower - shoe version of the sandal two years ago . Some school districts that have prohibited flip - flops say they did so to promote a certain standard of decorum . โ Flip - flops are for the beach , not a serious learning environment , โ Speede said . โ They โ re just not appropriate in school . โ School officials say they also fear that wearing the nonsupportive sandals all day , every day , is leading to a higher incidence of foot problems among young people . Although doctors say there are no studies linking flip - flops to long - term health problems , anecdotal evidence suggests it can cause foot discomfort . โ We โ re seeing more heel pain than ever in patients 15 to 25 years old , a group that usually does n โ t have this problem , โ said Marybeth Crane , a Texas podiatrist and a spokeswoman for the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons . Flip - flops also provide little to no protection for the feet and can exacerbate tendinitis and arch pain , noted Dr . David Schofield , an Elmira , N.Y. , podiatrist and former president of the American Podiatric Medical Association . Despite good intentions , the bans , not surprisingly , have proved unpopular . Students , parents and even some administrators have challenged the restriction in many schools where the prohibition has been put into effect . One school that has seen its ban challenged is Weymouth High School in Weymouth , Mass . Students there collected more than 500 signatures for a petition opposing a district - wide flip - flop ban three years ago and argued in front of the school board for their right to wear the sandals . The efforts failed , said Weymouth principal Marilyn Slattery , a self - proclaimed flip - flop aficionado . โ The students put up a good fight initially , but obviously it did n โ t work out , โ Slattery said . Now , said Slattery , she feels like the โ fashion police , โ she said . โ It gets crazy trying to enforce the rule . โ But other schools have flip - flopped on the issue . The Hernando County School Board in Brooksville , Fla . , reversed its yearlong ban in October 2006 . โ We had a big problem clearly defining what a prohibited flip - flop was , and there was so much confusion , coupled with arguments from parents , students and faculty , it just was n โ t worth it , โ said Jim Knight , director of student services . The School District of Hillsborough County in Tampa , Fla . , also ended its long - standing ban last year . โ It โ s still an issue of safety , โ said Debi Veranth , the district โ s administration director , โ but it was just too overwhelming to stop kids from wearing them . โ Eventually , Veranth said , she โ s hoping that โ flip - flops will just go out of style . โ That wo n โ t happen anytime soon , if Nyack is any indication . When the last bell rang on a warm fall day , students flip - flopped their way out of school in a variety of stylish sandals . Bright yellow rubber thongs sped past a pair of thick - soled flip - flops with green flowers embroidered on the straps . Justine Machado , 15 , wearing a simple black pair of the soon - to - be - contraband footwear , said the ban is unfair . โ It โ s just ridiculous , โ Machado said . โ We want the right to free our feet . โ Gabriel Alvarez , 17 , like many of her Nyack classmates , agreed and planned to protest her school โ s putting the kibosh on her beloved footwear . โ You can fall in any shoe , especially , like , high heels , or trip over someone โ s shoelace , โ said Alvarez , a senior . โ And really , we โ re old enough to decide for ourselves . โ E - mail : ip86 @ columbia . edu | [
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http://jsspsn.edu.in/fee-policy-n-schedule.aspx | JSS PUBLIC SCHOOL JSS Mahavidyapeetha JSS Public School Sector 61 Noida Fee Structure for the Academic Session 201516 SlNo Particulars PreNursery KG Class I X 1 Tuition Fee 1020000 1125000 2 Annual Fee 500000 500000 3 Miscellaneous Fee 350000 400000 4 Sports Fee 50000 50000 5 Computer Fee 600000 QUARTER I Payable before 20th April 2015 1920000 2675000 QUARTER II Payable before 20th July 2015 1020000 1125000 QUARTER III Payable before 20th Oct 2015 1020000 1125000 QUARTER IV Payable before 20th Jan 2016 1020000 1125000 Grand Total 4980000 6050000 JSS Mahavidyapeetha JSS Public School Sector 61 Noida Fee Structure for the Academic Session 201617 SlNo Particulars PreNursery NurseryKG Class I X 1 Tuition Fee 1020000 1050000 1200000 2 Annual Fee 500000 500000 500000 3 MiscellaneousID CardWorksheetsetc 400000 400000 400000 4 Computer Fee 500000 5 Sports Fee 50000 50000 50000 6 Smart class Fee 50000 7 Accidental Medex Insurance 20000 20000 20000 QUARTER I Payable before 20th April 2016 1990000 2020000 2720000 QUARTER II Payable before 20th July 2016 1020000 1050000 1200000 QUARTER III Payable before 20th Oct 2016 1020000 1050000 1200000 QUARTER IV Payable before 20th Jan 2017 1020000 1050000 1200000 Grand Total 5050000 5170000 6320000 of increase compared to previous year 2 380 450 JSS Mahavidyapeetha JSS Public School Sector 61 Noida Fee Structure for the Academic Session 201718 Sl No Particulars PreNursery NurseryKG Class I X 1 Tuition Fee 1071000 1102500 1260000 2 Annual Charges 500000 500000 500000 3 MiscellaneousID CardWorksheetsetc 400000 400000 400000 4 Computer Fee 500000 5 Sports Fee 50000 50000 50000 6 Smart class Fee 50000 7 Accidental Medex Insurance 20000 20000 20000 QUARTER I Payable before 20th April 2017 2041000 2072500 2780000 QUARTER II Payable before 20th July 2017 1071000 1102500 1260000 QUARTER III Payable before 20th Oct 2017 1071000 1102500 1260000 QUARTER IV Payable before 20th Jan 2018 1071000 1102500 1260000 Grand Total 5254000 5380000 6560000 of increase compared to previous year 4 4 375 JSS Mahavidyapeetha JSS Public School Sector 61 Noida Fee Structure for the Academic Session 201819 Sl No Particulars PreNursery NurseryKG Class I X 1 Tuition Fee 1170000 1260000 1440000 2 Computer Fee 400000 3 Composite Annual Fees Annual Charges 300000 300000 300000 MiscellaneousID CardWorksheetsetc 300000 300000 300000 Sports Fee 50000 50000 50000 Smart class Fee 50000 Accidental Medex Insurance 20000 20000 20000 QUARTER I Payable before 20th April 2018 1840000 1930000 2560000 QUARTER II Payable before 20th July 2018 1170000 1260000 1440000 QUARTER III Payable before 20th Oct 2018 1170000 1260000 1440000 QUARTER IV Payable before 20th Jan 2019 1170000 1260000 1440000 Grand Total 5350000 5710000 6880000 of increase compared to previous year 2 6 5 FEE POLICY SCHEDULE JSS Mahavidyapeetha JSS Public School Sector 61 Noida Fee Structure for the Academic Session 201819 Sl No Particulars PreNursery NurseryKG Class I X 1 Tuition Fee 1170000 1260000 1440000 2 Annual Charges 300000 300000 300000 3 MiscellaneousID CardWorksheetsetc 300000 300000 300000 4 Sports Fee 50000 50000 50000 5 Computer Fee 400000 6 Smart class Fee 50000 7 Accidental Medex Insurance 20000 20000 20000 QUARTER I Payable before 20th April 2018 1840000 1930000 2560000 QUARTER II Payable before 20th July 2018 1170000 1260000 1440000 QUARTER III Payable before 20th Oct 2018 1170000 1260000 1440000 QUARTER IV Payable before 20th Jan 2019 1170000 1260000 1440000 Grand Total 5350000 5710000 6880000 NOTE 1 The School Bus Fees are to be paid in four installments 2 Mode of Payment The payment may be made through payment gateway or Cheque by 20th of the payment months The name of the StudentClassSectionAdmNoParents Mobile No should be mentioned on the back of the Cheque If availing School transport Bus Fee will be charged for 11 months as per the route Late fee will be charged at Rs10 per day after the due date 3 Fee Defaulters All fee defaulters for the IV Qtr are to pay fees only by Demand Draft if paid after 15 Feb 2019 No Cheque payment will be accepted Readmission fee of Rs500 will be charged from the defaulters after the quarter 4 Class X All pending dues are to be cleared before collecting Admit Card from the School 5 Online Payment is enable through parental login on wwwjsscampuscarein Please call school office 01204569966 for further details All Parents are requested to make FEE PAYMENTS THROUGH ONLINE PORTAL if possible Principal | [
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http://jstewartmusic.com/ | JStewartMusic Music Producer & Guitar Tuition Music is an amazing way of expressing yourself whether you โ re a game developer or you want to learn to play the guitar you โ ll be able to find something here to help you achieve your goal . I โ ve helped people : Bring to life their game and characters in different video games Helped developers with limited funds find royalty free and high - quality music that can finally fit their budget Helped children and adults explore the joy of playing the guitar through rhythm games and more through 1 - 1 lessons Provided guitars at a low cost for parents with limited funds so they can still learn to play the guitar without the upfront cost ! Click one of the links below for more info Guitar Lessons Video Game Music Jonathan Stewart Music Producer and Guitar Teacher from Tiverton Jonathan has been composing and creating music from a young age . He has helped students and game developers alike discover the power of music and how it can help their projects and lives grow . Music Production Music is an outstanding tool for use in video games . If you โ re looking for something special for your game I have Royalty Free Music available for purchase as well as free resources to download . Hire Now Store Guitar Lessons in Tiverton Learning guitar is an amazing skill to have and can be incredibly rewarding no matter your age , or musical experience ! Also , online tuition available now click the link to find out more ! Read More Online Lessons Testimonials Over the past year or so , I have had guitar lessons with Jonathan Stewart and in that time I have been extremely impressed with his patience , knowledge and friendly persona he has given throughout my lessons with him . Sarah Woodison Student My 10 year old son has been having lessons given by Jonathan for about 12 months now . I have never come across anyone as kind , considerate , understanding or as patient and I would have no issue with recommending JStewartMusic to anyone wanting to learn guitar . Michelle Baker Parent Jonathan has taught my 9 year old son guitar for a number of months now . My son has issues concentrating , and Jonathan has spent time coming up with different ways to try and keep him focused and motivated . Gemma Davey Parent Guitar Blog Learning Guitar Chords โ A Beginners Guide by Jonnie91 | Aug 13 , 2018 | Guitar Rhythm Ever wanted to learn how to play a few chords ? This short guide from The Busy Musician is just the ticket to get you going ! How to Use Sequencing as a Practice Technique by Jonnie91 Jun 7 , 2018 Practice I talk a lot about effective practice in my blog posts , but I ' ve not gone into much detail into " what it means " . We all hear about practicing productively , and effectively but how do we do that ? Well , I ' ve been lucky enough to work with Gregg Goodhart a learning coach . . . 6 Tips To Improve Chord Changes in Guitar Jul 7 , 2018 Guitar Rhythm When learning to play a new chord progression there are two difficulties nearly all students face : playing the chord and changing between them . This post ( as you can tell by the title ) covers the second one . Chord changes and changing between 1 chord and another can . . . How to Read Rhythm Notation ( A Parents Guide ) May 4 , 2018 Guides Music Theory Rhythm Notation Introduction This guide is designed for parents who want to learn the basics of rhythm notation . I try to teach the basics of rhythm ( the arrangement of sounds as they move through timeยน ) to my younger students as early as possible and make it fun by . . . Why Music Education in Primary Schools is Important โ New Evidence Available Jul 4 , 2018 I believe they should teach music to children from a young age , but as a guitar and music teacher , you probably expect that and as you can imagine there are obvious positives , which applies to all ages : Improving creativity Improving Hand Eye Co - ordination Reduces . . . Productive Practice vs Obsessive Practice Mar 2 , 2018 Practice Being a better musician requires a lot of focus on a lot of things . I discovered recently that although improving accuracy is important โ it runs a risk of becoming less productive practice and more like obsessive practice . When you start to learn guitar ( or any . . . | [
"JStewartMusic",
"Music Producer",
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http://jtenlen.drizzlehosting.com/walewis/meany-lewis.html | Meany ' s " Origin of Washington Place Names " Meany , Edmond S . Origin of Washington Place Names . University of Washington Press ( Seattle ) , 1923 . Edmond Meany was a Professor of History at the University of Washington in the late 1800s and early 1900s . He wrote several books on Washington history and geography . I have transcribed all of the entries for Lewis County locations from his book , " Origin of Washington Place Names . " There are a number of typographical errors in the text , which are reproduced verbatim here . All of the sources listed in parentheses are Meany ' s own footnotes . The titles are self - explanatory , except for " Names MSS . " This manuscript pg . 18 BENNIGHT , a town in Lewis County . On December 11 , 1913 , the town was named in honor of J . E . Bennight , manager of the Washington Coal and Mining Company , whose mines at the place so named are on the line of the Eastern Railway & Lumber Company ' s line to Kopiah . pg . 24 BOISFORT , a town in Lewis County . Boisfort Prairie received its name at the hands of the French - Canadian employes of the Hudson ' s Bay Company . Pierre Charles , a Canadian half - breed , is reputed to have been the first settler there . The first American settler was C . F . White in 1852 . pg . 42 CENTRALIA , a city in Lewis County . George Washington , a colored man , founded a village and called it " Centerville , " in the early fifties . Confusion of mail resulted because a town near Goldendale in Eastern Washington bore the same name . When a replat was planned , David Fouts suggested the name of Centralia after the Illinois town in which he had formerlly [ sic ] lived . Many deeds still read " according to the plat of Centerville , now Centralia . " ( Henry A . Dunckley , in " Names MSS CERES , a town in Lewis County , named by the railway officials in honor of Ceres , Goddess of Grains , in recognition of the fertility of the soil . ( Eugene Froenner , in " Names MSS > , Letter 149 . ) pg . 43 - 44 CHEHALIS CITY and RiVER . The river rises in Pacific County and flows through Lewis , Thurston and Grays Harbor Counties into Grays Harbor . George Gibbs , an early authority , says the word means " sand " and was at first applied to a single Indian village at the entrace of Grays Harbor . ( " Handbook of American Indians , " Volume I . , page 241 . ) Rev . Myron Eells gives the same definition and says that the early settlers gave the same name to the river and the upper Indian tribes , though pg . 47 - 48 CLAQUATO , one of the early settlements in Lewis County . Lewis H . Davis in 1852 laid out a town and built a courthouse which he gave to Lewis County . ( Hines , " History of Washington , " page 542 . ) pg . 48 - 49 CLARKE COUNTY , oldest county in the State of Washington . It was named in honor of Captain Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803 to 1806 . The addition of the letter " e " to the name has given rise to much inquiry and discussion . The blunder is one of ignorance , but is probably now too deeply imbedded in law , literature and custom to be completely corrected . The question was ably discussed by Frderick V . Holman in his presidential address before the Oregon Historical Society , December 18 , 1909 . pg . 56 CORA , a former postoffice near Lewis in Lewis County , which was discontinued in 1907 . ( Walter Combs , Lewis , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 150 . ) pg . 59 COWLITZ FARM , one of the early homes of white men in Lewis County . Retired employes of the Hudson ' s Bay Company settled there . It is indicated on the maps of the Wilkes Expedition , 1841 , and also on Preston ' s " Map of Oregon and Washington West of the Cascade Mountains , " 1856 . In 1858 the Legislature passed an act to locate the proposed Territorial University of Washington at that place . ( " University of Washington Catalogue " for 1910 - 1911 , page 37 . ) COWLITZ LANDING , near the present location of Toledo in Lewis County . Boats were used on the Cowlitz River up to this point , from which passengers would proceed overland to Puget Sound . The name appears on early Territorial maps . COWLITZ PASS , through the Cascade Mountains between Lewis and Yakima Counties . The Cowlitz River has its main source in Mount Rainier Glacier of the same name . One branch of the river , however , rises near this pass , which accounts for the name . pg . 59 - 60 COWLITZ RIVER . Of all the geographic uses of the word Cowlitz , the name of the river is the oldest and most important . Lewis and Clark , 1803 - 1806 , say the Indians called the river " Coweliske . " ( " Journal , " Cones Edition , Volume II . , page 698 . ) Subsequent writers made various attempts at spelling . Dr . W . Fraser Tolmie , 1833 , wrote it " Tawallitch . " ( " Washington Historical Quarterly , " Volume III . , page 233 . ) The word is pg . 62 CURTIS , a town in the western part of Lewis County . It was named for Ben Curtis , the first postmaster . ( Postmaster , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 393 . ) pg . 70 DONAHUE , a former town in Lewis County . See Meskill . pg . 71 DOTY , a town on the Chehalis River in the western part of Lewis County . It was named in honor of Mr . C . A . Doty , who established a sawmill there about 1900 . ( T . B . Stidham , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 502 . ) pg . 72 DRYAD , a town on the Chehalis River , in the western part of Lewis County . It was named by the Northern Pacific Railroad Company about 1890 . The name means " nymph of the woods . " ( N . W . Benson , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 72 . ) pg . 75 EARITS , Preston ' s Map of Oregon and Washington West of the Cascade Mountains , 1856 , shows a town of that name on the Chehalis River , three miles below the junction of the Skookum Chuck , near the boundary between Lewis and Thurston Counties . pg . 81 ETHEL , a town in the west central part of Lewis County . It was named on January 12 , 1886 , by Postmaster - General William F . Vilas . ( Postmaster at Ethel , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 211 . ) There is no record in the Post Office Department as to the origin of the name . ( First Assistant Postmaster - General , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 212 . ) EVELINE , a town in the west central portion of Lewis County . When the Northern Pacific Railroad Company put in a loading spur at that place it was named Evaline in honor of Evaline A . Porter , wife of Sedate W . Porter . When a postoffice was secured the same name was used but in a misspelled form . The railroad station still has it spelled correctly . ( Sedate W . Porter , postmaster at Eveline , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 32 . ) pg . 88 FORAN , a town shown on Kroll ' s map of Lewis County , north of Centralia . It does not appear in recent issues of the " United States Postal Guide . " FORD ' S PRAIRIE , a well - known pioneer name in the vicinity of the present Centralia , Lewis County . James G . Swan in his " Northwest Coast , " pages 355 - 356 , says : " Judge Sidney Ford lived on the Chehalis River , near the Skookum Chuck Creek . The judge - or , as he was more familiarly called , Uncle Sid - kept a public house on the Cowlitz road , which was the regulat mail - route from Olympia to the Columbia River . " FOREST , a postoffice in Lewis County , was established and named by W . R . Monroe in March , 1897 . On October 1 , 1897 , it was moved a mile and a half southeast to its present location by the postmaster , Joseph Grenner . The place is usually called Newaukum Prairie . ( Joseph Grenner , postmaster , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 18 . ) FORON , a new town on the Willapa Harbor branch of the Chicago , Milwaukee & St . Paul Railroad . It was named in honor of the Foron brothers , who have a coal mine and sawmill near the place . ( Henry A . Dunckley , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 54 . ) FORT BORST , at the junction of the Skookumchuck and Chehalis Rivers near Centralia , Lewis County . The blockhouse fort was built during the Indian war in 1856 on the claim of Joseph Borst . His widow presented the old fort to Centralia and that city proposed to creat for it Fort Borst Park . pg . 97 GLENAVON , see Lindberg , Lewis County . pg . 97 - 98 GLENOMA , a town in Lewis County . " I do not know the exact date of the establishment of the postoffice at Glenoma . I was asked to send them a name suitable for that particular location . I chose Glen , ' a valley , ' and oma , an old Hebrew word meaning ' a measure of grain . ' A liberal translation is ' fruitful valley . ' " ( Mrs . Beverly W . Coiner of Tacoma , in " Names MSS . , " LEtter 576 . ) pg . 98 GOLDSBORO LAKE , see Mineral Lake . pg . 122 JACKSON PRAIRIE , a prairie four miles southeast of Napavine , in the central part of Lewis County , on which John R . Jackson settled in 1845 . His cabin was on the main road from Puget Sound to the Cowlitz River . In it the first courts of Lewis County were held . The Daughters of the American Revolution have reconstructed the old cabin so intimately assocated with the history of the early days . It is mentioned by Theodore Winthrop in " The Canoe and the Saddle . " pg . 134 KLICKITAT CREEK , three widely separated streams bear this name : a tributary of Klickitat River , in the central part of Klickitat County ; a tributary of the Cowlitz River , in the central part of Lewis County , near Mayfield ; a tributary of White River in the Central part of Pierce County . ( Henry Landes , " A Geographic Dictionary of Washington , " page 175 . ) KLICKITAT PRAIRIE , in Lewis County , see Mossy Rock . pg . 137 LADD , a town in the north central part of Lewis County , named in honor of W . M . Ladd , one of the principal owners of the coal mine there . ( Postmaster , Ladd , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 396 . ) pg . 145 LEWIS , a town on the Cowlitz River , in the west central part of Lewis County . A postoffice was secured in August , 1896 , and named Sulphur Springs for a small spring nearby . After being moved to the present site the name was changed on June 1 , 1911 to Lewis for John Lewis , a member of the Mitchell , Lewis & Staver Company , of Portland , Ore . , and also president of the Valley Development Company then doing much development work on the Packwood power project . ( Walter Combs , Lewis LEWIS COUNTY , the second unit of government established north of the Columbia River by the Provisional Government of Oregon , December 21 , 1845 . It embraced the land west of the Cowlitz River and northward to " fifty - four forty " until the treaty of 1846 limited it to the forty - ninth parallel . The name was an honor for Captain Meriwether Lewis . See Clarke County for further information . ( Edmond S . Meany , " History of the State of Washington , " Appendix I . ) pg . 147 LINCOLN CREEK , a small tributary of Chehalis River near Centralia . The Indian name was " Natchel " meaning a place where camas grows . Frank M . Rhodes took up a homestead on the creek . He was a staunch Republican and Lincoln being President at the time , he declared the change of the creek ' s name in the presence of the following pioneers : George Gibson , Samuel Taylor , J . W . Ingalls and W . W . Ingalls . ( Henry A . Dunckley , in " Names MSS . , " LINDBERG , a town in Lewis County , named for Gustaf Lindberg , of Tacoma , who owned the sawmill and logging camps which made up the town . ( Hugo Lindberg , assistant postmaster , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 20 . ) pg . 148 LITTLE FALLS , see Vader , Lews Conty . pg . 154 MCCORMICK , a town in the western part of Lewis County , named about 1898 in honor of H . McCormick of the McCormick Lumber Company . ( McCormick Lumber Company , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 119 . ) pg . 162 MAYFIELD , a town on the Cowlitz River in the central part of Lewis County , named for W . H . Mayfield in 1891 . ( Postmaster , in " Names MSS . " Letter 258 . ) pg . 164 MENDOTA , a town in the northwestern part of Lewis County , named in 1908 by the Mendota Coal and Coke Company , who had a mining company in Missouri with the same name . ( P . L . Hansen , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 74 . ) pg . 165 MESKILL , a town on the Northern Pacific Railway in the west central part of Lewis County . It was formerly called " Donahue " or " Donahue Spur " in honor of Francis Donahue , of Chehalis , who owned the land . pg . 167 MINERAL , a town , creek and lake in the northeastern part of Lewis County . The town is on the south shore from the lake from which it derived its name . ( Postmaster at Mineral , in " Names MSS . " Letter 397 . ) The Surveyor General of Washington Territory in 1857 charted the lake as " Goldsboro Lake . " ( " United States Public Documents , " Serial No . 877 . ) pg . 172 MORTON , a town in the central part of Lewis County . When the postoffice was established it was named in honor of Vice President Levi P . Morton . ( John M . Jones , in " Names MSS . , " Letter 479 . ) MOSSY ROCK , a town on the Cowlitz River in the central part of Lewis County . It was named in 1852 by Mr . Halland after a point of moss - covered rock about 200 feet high at the east end of Klickitat Prairie . The local Indians had called the prairie " Coulph " but the Klickitat Indians came and drove out the white settlers one of whom , Henry Busie , killed himself . Since then the prairie is called Klickittat . ( N M . Kjesbin , in " Names MSS . " Letter 22 . pg . 183 NAPAVINE , a town in the west central part of Lewis County , named by James Urquhart on December 17 , 1883 . The name is derived from the Indian word " Napavoon , " meaning small prairie . Mr . Urquhart , a native of Scotland , who ame to New York in 1851 and migrated to Oregon in 1852 , settled first on Eden Prairie . When his family came by way of Cape Horn he settled at Napavine in 1855 . ( " History of the Pacific Northwest : Oregon and Washington , " Volume II . pg . 186 - 187 NEWAUKUM , a tributary of the Chehalis River in the west central part of Lewis County , a prairie and a town near Chehalis have the same name . Prior to the American regime , the Puget Sound Agricultural Company had a farmsite there which they called Nawakum ( " Nisqually Journal , " October 25 , 1849 , in " Washington Historical Quarterly , " Volume XI . , page 63 . ) George Gibbs , on March 1 , 1854 , mentioned the river as " Nawaukum River . " ( " Pacific Railroad Reports , " Volume pg . 205 PACKWOOD , name of a lake and formerly of a pass through the Cascades , in the east central part of Lewis County . They were honors for William Packwood , a Virginian , who was a pioneer and explorer in Oregon and Washington . He arrived in Oregon in 1844 and three years later settled on Nisqually Flats . Much of his explorations were done in the mountains . ( H . K . Hines : " History of Washington , " pages 889 - 890 , and " Olympia Pioneer and Democrat , " April 19 , 1861 pg . 210 PE ELL , a town in the southwestern part of Lewis County . Edward S . Curtis says white men adopted the name with the mistaken idea that it was an Indian word . " In fact it is an Indian pronunciation of the name of a one - eyed French halfbreed , Pierre , who used to pasture horses in this prairie . " The real Indiana name of the place , he says , is " Tsachwasin . ( " The North American Indiana , " Volume IX . , page 153 , note . ) pg . 254 SALZER VALLEY , in the northwestern part of Lewis County , named for a pioneer family . Joseph Salzer filed on the first homestead in the valley . His son Gottlieb lived on the claim to hold it for the father and during that time the valley was named . ( C . Ellington , of Chehalis , in " Names MSS . " Letter 21 . ) pg . 258 SAUNDERSONVILLE , see Chehalis . pg . 270 SILVER CREEK , a town in the west central part of Lewis County , named on April 28 , 1868 by John Tucker for a small stream by that name . ( G . H . Tucker , in " Names MSS . " Letter 398 . ) Six other small streams in the State have the same name . pg . 298 SWOFFORD , a town in the central part of Lewis County , named in honor of T . F . Swofford , who settled in the valley in 1887 and had the postoffice established in 1890 . He was postmaster there for several years and later moved to Mossy Rock . ( T . M . Hill , in " Names MSS . " Letter 99 . ) pg . 310 TILTON RIVER , a tributary of the Cowlitz River in the central part of Lewis County , was undoubtedly named for James Tilton , Surveyor General of Washington Territory , in 1857 . pg . 312 TOLEDO , a town on the Cowlitz River , in the south central part of Lewis County , was named for a steamboat . August Rochon and his wife , Celeste Rochon owned the land . The Kellogg Transportation Company operated on the river a boat named " Toledo . " In 1879 , Orrin Kellogg arrived from Portland on the boat and bought one acre of land on which to build a warehouse and docks . The Rochons game [ sic ] a dinner at which Mr . Kellogg , Mr . Caples and Mr . Hillaire Nallette were pg . 323 - 324 VADER , a town in the southwestern part of Lewis County , was named by act of the Legislature , dated March 25 , 1913 . ( " Laws of Washington , 1913 , " page 662 . ) George T . Reed , of Tacoma , Assistant to the President of the Northern Pacific Railway Company gives an interesting account of this name as follows : " There is some humor connected with the naming of Vader . The town formerly had the name of Little Falls . Our company had another town of the same name on its pg . 324 VANCE , a postoffice in the east central part of Lewis County , was named for Zebulon Baird Vance , United States Senator from North Carolina , " who , in the fall of 1886 , secured for us the extension of the mail route running east from Mossy Rock into the Big Bottom country , a distance of thirty miles , being the first post office east of Mossy Rock in eastern Lewis County . " ( J . S . Siler , in " Names MSS . " Letter 409 . ) pg . 334 WALVILLE , a town in the southwestern part of Lewis County , received its name in 1903 by using the first syllable from one and the last of another of the names of a firm , Walworth and Neville Company , in business there . Prior to 1903 , the name had been Rock Creek . ( In " Names MSS . " Letter 19 . ) pg . 349 WILDWOOD , a town in the southeastern part of Lewis County , was named by Thomas C . Naylor , the first postmaster on August 24 , 1889 , because it was appropriate to the locality . ( Mrs . Ella Hildesheim , in " Names MSS . " Letter 488 . ) pg . 351 WINLOCK , a town in the south central part of Lewis County , was named in honor of General Winlock W . Miller , one of the first Federal officers in the Territory of Washington , an officer in the Indian wars of 1855 - 1856 and a close personal friend of Governor Isaac I . Stevens . He was a successful business man and owned land where the town now stands . General Miller died in Olympia on January 24 , 1876 , at the age of 54 years . ( H . H . Bancroft , " Works pg . 352 WINSTON CREEK , a tributary of the Cowlitz River , at Mayfield , in the south central part of Lewis County , was named for William Winston . ( Postmaster at Mayfield , in " Names MSS . " Letter 258 . ) [ The above information was transcribed by Jenny Tenlen . ] | [
"Washington Place Names",
"Edmond Meany"
] |
http://judaism.about.com/od/judaismbasics/fl/What-Are-Tzitzit-What-is-a-Tallit.htm | Humanities Religion & Spirituality Tassels in Jewish Religious Wardrobe An explanation of tzitzit and the tallit Mnavon / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0 by Chaviva Gordon - Bennett Updated February 18 , 2019 Falling into the category of Jewish religious garments , the tallit and its tzitzit are an integral part of the daily experience for boys who ' ve reached the age of three . Meaning and Origins Tzitzit ( ืฆืืฆืืช ) translates from the Hebrew as " fringes " or " tassels , " and is pronounced either as " tzitzit " or tzitzis . " The tzitzit are closely related to the tallit ( ืึธืึตืืช ) , also pronounced either as " tallit " or " tallis , " which translates from the Hebrew as " cloak . " The mitzvah , or command , to wear tzitzit originates in the Torah , the Hebrew Bible , in Numbers 15 : 38 - 39 . " Speak to the children of Israel and say to them : They shall make for themselves fringes on the corners of their garments โฆ And this shall be tzitzit for you , and when you see it , you will remember all the commandments of God , and perform them . " The command here is quite simple : Every day , wear a garment with so that you remember God and the mitzvot ( commandments ) . It was common daily practice in ancient times for the Israelites to wear a simple garment with four corners with the commanded tzitzit . However , as the Israelites began to disperse and blend into other societies , this garment likely fell out of common practice and one garment evolved out of necessity into two with the tallit gadol and tallit katan Different Types The tallit gadol ( " big cloak " ) is the prayer shawl that is worn during morning prayers , services on the Sabbath and holidays , as well as special occasions and festive days . It is often used to make the chuppah , or wedding canopy , under which a man and woman are married . It is typically quite large and , in some cases , has colorful embellishments and can also have a decorative atarah โ literally " crown " but usually an embroidery or silver decoration โ along the neckline . The tallit katan ( " small cloak " ) is the garment that is worn daily by those from the time that they ' ve reached the age of bar mitzvah . It is similar to a poncho , with four corners and a hole for the head . Upon each of the four corners is found the uniquely knotted tassels , the tzitzit . It is typically small enough to fit comfortably underneath a t - shirt or dress shirt . The , or fringes , on both garments , are tied in a unique way , and tying customs vary from community to community . However , the standard is that on each of the four corners there are eight strings with five knots . This is especially meaningful as the gematria , or numerical value , of the word tzitzit is 600 , plus the eight strings and five knots , which brings the sum to 613 , which is the number of mitzvot or commandments in the Torah . According to the Orach Chayim ( 16 : 1 ) , the tallit must be large enough to clothe a child who is able to stand and walk . The strings must be made of wool or the same material from which the garment is made ( Orach Chayim 9 : 2 - 3 ) . Some use strings of techeylet ( ืชืืืช ) within their , which is a blue or turquoise dye mentioned countless times in the Torah , especially in regards to the garments of the High Priests . In Orthodox Judaism , a is worn daily , with a tallit gadol or prayer shawl used on the Sabbath , for morning prayers , on holidays , and for other special occasions . In the Orthodox world , boys begin being educated in and start wearing a tallit katan at the age of 3three , because it is considered the age of education . In Conservative and Reform Judaism , there are those who follow the Orthodox practice and those who only use a tallit gadol , but daily do not don a tallit katan . Among Reform Jews , the tallit gadol has become smaller in size over the years and is a much narrower shawl than that worn in traditional Orthodox circles . The Prayer for Donning a Tallit Katan For those who don the , a prayer is said in the morning upon putting the garment on . ืึธึผืจืึผื ืึทืชึธึผื ื ' ืึฑ - ืืึตืื ืึผ ืึถืึถื ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึทืฉึถืืจ ืงึดืึฐืฉึธื ืึผ ืึฐึผืึดืฆึฐืึนืชึธืื ืึฐืฆึดืึธื ืึผ ืึฐืึดืชืขึทืึตืฃ ืึฐึผืฆึดืืฆึดืช Baruch atah Adonai , Eloheinu Melech ha ' olam , asher kideshanu b ' mitzvotav v ' tzivanu l ' hit ' atef b ' tzitzit . Blessed are you , Lord our God , King of the universe , who has sanctified us with His commandments , and commanded us to enwrap ourselves with The Prayer for New or Replaced Tzitzit For those who are placing on a new garment , such as a tallit , or replacing damaged on a tallit , a special prayer is recited . ืึธึผืจืึผื ืึทืชึธึผื ื ' ืึฑ - ืืึตืื ืึผ ืึถืึถื ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึทืฉึถืืจ ืงึดืึฐืฉึธื ืึผ ืึฐึผืึดืฆึฐืึนืชึธืื ืึฐืฆึดืึธื ืึผ ืขึทื ืึดืฆึฐืึทืช ืฆึดืืฆึดืช Baruch atah Adonai , Eloheinu Melech ha ' olam , asher kideshanu b ' mitzvotav v ' tzivanu al mitzvat tzitzit . Blessed are you , Lord our God , King of the universe , who has sanctified us with His commandments , and commanded us concerning the mitzvah of Women and Tzitzit Much like with tefillin , the obligation to wear is considered a commandment that is bound by time , for which women are considered not obligated . However , among some Conservative and Reform Jews , it is common for women to wear a tallit gadol for prayer and less common for women to wear the tallit katan daily . Continue Reading | [
"Tzitzit",
"Meaning"
] |
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http://junglebook.wikia.com/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling | in : Characters Humans Males Real people Rudyard Kipling Edit Share Rudyard Kipling Species Human Place of Origin Bombay Gender : Male Death : Died of a hemorrhage from a perforated duodenal ulcer on 18 January 1936 Books Appears in Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( 30 December 1865 โ 18 January 1936 ) was an English author and poet . Born in Bombay British India ( now Mumbai ) , he is best known for his works The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) and Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( 1902 ) , his novel , Kim ( 1901 ) ; his poems , including Mandalay ( 1890 ) , Gunga Din ( 1890 ) , If โ ( 1910 ) ; and his many short stories , including The M an Who Would Be King ( 1888 ) . He is regarded as a major " innovator in the art of the short story " ; his children ' s books are enduring classics of children ' s literature ; and his best works speak to a versatile and luminous narrative gift . Kipling was one of the most popular writers in English , in both prose and verse , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The author Henry James said of him : " Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius ( as distinct from fine intelligence ) that I have ever known . " In 1907 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , making him the first English language writer to receive the prize , and to date he remains its youngest recipient . Among other honours , he was sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood , all of which he declined . Later in life Kipling came to be seen ( in George Orwell ' s words ) as a " prophet of British imperialism . " Many saw prejudice and militarism in his works , and the resulting controversy about him continued for much of the 20th century . According to critic Douglas Kerr : " He is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled . But as the age of the European empires recedes , he is recognized as an incomparable , if controversial , interpreter of how empire was experienced . That , and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts , make him a force to be reckoned with . " Contents show Childhood and early life Edit File : Malabarpoint governmenthouse bombay . jpg Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay British India , to Alice Kipling ( nรฉe MacDonald ) and ( John ) Lockwood Kipling Alice Kipling ( one of four remarkable Victorian sisters ) was a vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say , " Dullness and Mrs . Kipling can not exist in the same room . " Lockwood Kipling , a sculptor and pottery designer , was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay . The couple , who had moved to India earlier that year , met in courtship two years before at Rudyard Lake in rural Staffordshire , England , and had been so taken by its beauty that they now named their firstborn after it . Kipling ' s maternal aunt , Georgiana , was married to the painter Edward Burne - Jones and his aunt Agnes was married to the painter Edward Poynter . His most famous relative was his first cousin , Stanley Baldwin , who was Conservative Prime Minister three times in the 1920s and 1930s . Kipling ' s birthplace home still stands on the campus of the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art in Mumbai and for many years was used as the Dean ' s residence . Mumbai historian Foy Nissen points out however that although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born , the original cottage was pulled down decades ago and a new one built in its place . The wooden bungalow has been empty and locked up for years . File : Kiplingsindia . jpg Of Bombay , Kipling was to write : Mother of Cities to me , For I was born in her gate , Between the palms and the sea , Where the world - end steamers wait . According to Bernice M . Murphy : " Kipling โ s parents considered themselves ' Anglo - Indians ' ( a term used in the 19th century for British citizens living in India ) and so too would their son , though he in fact spent the bulk of his life elsewhere . Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction . " Kipling himself was to write about these conflicts : " In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep , she ( the Portuguese ayah , or nanny ) or Meeta ( the Hindu bearer , or male attendant ) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten , and we were sent into the dining - room after we had been dressed , with the caution ' Speak English now to Papa and Mamma . ' So one spoke ' English , ' haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in " . File : Tissot HMS Calcutta . jpg Kipling ' s days of " strong light and darkness " in Bombay were to end when he was six years old . As was the custom in British India , he and his three - year - old sister , Alice ( " Trix " ) , were taken to England โ in their case to Southsea Portsmouth ) , to be cared for by a couple that took in children of British nationals living in India . The two children would live with the couple , Captain and Mrs . Holloway , at their house , Lorne Lodge , for the next six years . In his autobiography , published some 65 years later , Kipling would recall this time with horror , and wonder ironically if the combination of cruelty and neglect he experienced there at the hands of Mrs . Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life : " If you retailed at breakfast , life is not easy . I have known a certain amount of bullying , but this was calculated torture โ religious as well as scientific . Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell : and this , I presume , is the foundation of literary effort " . Kipling ' s sister Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge , Mrs . Holloway apparently hoping that Trix would eventually marry the Holloway son . The two children , however , did have relatives in England they could visit . They spent a month each Christmas with their maternal aunt Georgiana ( " Georgy " ) , and her husband , the artist Edward Burne - Jones , at their house , " The Grange " in Fulham , London , which Kipling was to call " a paradise which I verily believe saved me . " In the spring of 1877 , Alice Kipling returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge . Kipling remembers , " Often and often afterwards , the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated . Children tell little more than animals , for what comes to them they accept as eternally established . Also , badly - treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison - house before they are clear of it " . File : Westwardho ladiesgolfclub1873 . jpg In January 1878 Kipling was admitted to the United Services College , at Westward Ho ! Devon , a school founded a few years earlier to prepare boys for the armed forces . The school proved rough going for him at first , but later led to firm friendships , and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co . published many years later . During his time there , Kipling also met and fell in love with Florence Garrard , a fellow boarder with Trix at Southsea ( to which Trix had returned ) . Florence was to become the model for Maisie in Kipling ' s first novel , The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) . File : Kiplingsengland3 . jpg Towards the end of his stay at the school , it was decided that he lacked the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship and his parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him ; consequently , Lockwood Kipling obtained a job for his son in Lahore ( now in Pakistan ) , where Lockwood was now Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum . Kipling was to be assistant editor of a small local newspaper , the Civil & Military Gazette He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October 1882 . He described this moment years later : " So , at sixteen years and nine months , but looking four or five years older , and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding , I found myself at Bombay where I was born , moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not . Other Indian - born boys have told me how the same thing happened This arrival changed Kipling , as he explains , " There were yet three or four days โ rail to Lahore , where my people lived . After these , my English years fell away , nor ever , I think , came back in full strength " . Early travels The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore , which Kipling was to call " mistress and most true love , " appeared six days a week throughout the year except for a one - day break each for Christmas and Easter . Kipling was worked hard by the editor , Stephen Wheeler , but his need to write was unstoppable . In 1886 , he published his first collection of verse , Departmental Ditties . That year also brought a change of editors at the newspaper . Kay Robinson , the new editor , allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper . File : Lahore railway station1880s . JPG During the summer of 1883 , Kipling visited Simla ( now Shimla ) , well - known hill station and summer capital of British India . By then it was established practice for the Viceroy of India and the government to move to Simla for six months and the town became a " centre of power as well as pleasure . " Kipling ' s family became yearly visitors to Simla and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in the Christ Church there . He returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888 , and the town figured prominently in many of the stories Kipling was writing for the Gazette Kipling describes this time : " My month โ s leave at Simla , or whatever Hill Station my people went to , was pure joy โ every golden hour counted . It began in heat and discomfort , by rail and road . It ended in the cool evening , with a wood fire in one โ s bedroom , and next morn โ thirty more of them ahead ! โ the early cup of tea , the Mother who brought it in , and the long talks of us all together again . One had leisure to work Back in Lahore , some thirty - nine stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887 . Most of these stories were included in Plain Tales from the Hills , Kipling ' s first prose collection , which was published in Calcutta in January 1888 , a month after his 22nd birthday . Kipling ' s time in Lahore , however , had come to an end . In November 1887 , he had been transferred to the Gazette ' s much larger sister newspaper , The Pioneer , in Allahabad in the United Provinces File : Bundi palace1990 . jpg His writing continued at a frenetic pace and during the following year , he published six collections of short stories : Soldiers Three The Story of the Gadsbys In Black and White Under the Deodars The Phantom Rickshaw , and Wee Willie Winkie , containing a total of 41 stories , some quite long . In addition , as The Pioneer ' s special correspondent in western region of Rajputana , he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel In early 1889 , The Pioneer relieved Kipling of his charge over a dispute . For his part , Kipling had been increasingly thinking about the future . He sold the rights to his six volumes of stories for ยฃ 200 and a small royalty , and the Plain Tales for ยฃ 50 ; in addition , from , he received six - months ' salary in lieu of notice . He decided to use this money to make his way to London , the centre of the literary universe in the British Empire . On 9 March 1889 , Kipling left India , travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon Singapore Hong Kong and Japan . He then travelled through the United States writing articles for that too were collected in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel . Starting his American travels in San Francisco , Kipling journeyed north to Portland Oregon ; on to Seattle Washington ; up into Canada , to Victoria Vancouver British Columbia ; back into the U.S. to Yellowstone National Park ; down to Salt Lake City ; then east to Omaha Nebraska and on to Chicago Illinois ; then to Beaver , Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family ; from there he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill , and later to Niagara Toronto Washington , D.C . New York Boston In the course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira New York , and felt much awed in his presence . Kipling then crossed the Atlantic , and reached Liverpool in October 1889 . Soon thereafter , he made his dรฉbut in the London literary world to great acclaim . Career as a writer London In London , Kipling had several stories accepted by various magazine editors . He also found a place to live for the next two years : Meantime , I had found me quarters in Villiers Street Strand , which forty - six years ago was primitive and passionate in its habits and population . My rooms were small , not over - clean or well - kept , but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti โ s Music - Hall entrance , across the street , almost on to its stage . The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side , the boom of the Strand on the other , while , before my windows , Father Thames under the Shot Tower walked up and down with his traffic . File : Kiplinghouse villiers steet . jpg In the next two years , and in short order , he published a novel , The Light That Failed ; had a nervous breakdown ; and met an American writer and publishing agent , Wolcott Balestier , with whom he collaborated on a novel , The Naulahka ( a title he uncharacteristically misspelt ; see below ) . In 1891 , on the advice of his doctors , Kipling embarked on another sea voyage visiting South Africa , Australia , New Zealand and once again India . However , he cut short his plans for spending Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Wolcott Balestier ' s sudden death from typhoid fever , and immediately decided to return to London . Before his return , he had used the telegram to propose to ( and be accepted by ) Wolcott ' s sister Caroline ( Carrie ) Balestier , whom he had met a year earlier , and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance . Meanwhile , late in 1891 , his collection of short stories of the British in India , Life ' s Handicap , was also published in London . On 18 January 1892 , Carrie Balestier ( aged 29 ) and Rudyard Kipling ( aged 26 ) were married in London , in the " thick of an influenza epidemic , when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones . " The wedding was held at All Souls Church , Langham Place Henry James gave the bride away . United States The couple settled upon a honeymoon that would take them first to the United States ( including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro Vermont ) and then on to Japan . However , when the couple arrived in Yokohama , Japan , they discovered that their bank , The New Oriental Banking Corporation , had failed . Taking their loss in their stride , they returned to the U.S. , back to Vermont โ Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child โ and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for ten dollars a month . According to Kipling , " We furnished it with a simplicity that fore - ran the hire - purchase system . We bought , second or third hand , a huge , hot - air stove which we installed in the cellar . We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight inch tin pipes ( why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand ) and we were extraordinarily and self - centredly content . " File : Naulakha fall . jpg In this cottage , Bliss Cottage , their first child , Josephine , was born " in three foot of snow on the night of 29 December 1892 . Her Mother โ s birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month , we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things . . . " File : Jungle book 1894 138 . jpg It was also in this cottage that the first dawnings of the Jungle Books came to Kipling : " workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight , and from December to April the snow lay level with its window - sill . It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves . In the stillness , and suspense , of the winter of โ 92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood โ s magazine , and a phrase in Haggard โ s Nada the Lily , combined with the echo of this tale . After blocking out the main idea in my head , the pen took charge , and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals , which later grew into the Jungle Books " . With Josephine ' s arrival , Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested , so eventually the couple bought land โ ten acres on a rocky hillside overlooking the Connecticut River โ from Carrie ' s brother Beatty Balestier , and built their own house . Kipling named the house " Naulakha " in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration , and this time the name was spelled correctly . From his early years in Lahore ( 1882 - 87 ) , Kipling had become enthused by the Mughal architecture especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort , which eventually became an inspiration for the title of his novel as well as the house . The house still stands on Kipling Road , three miles ( 5 km ) north of Brattleboro : a big , secluded , dark - green house , with shingled roof and sides , which Kipling called his " ship " , and which brought him " sunshine and a mind at ease . " His seclusion in Vermont , combined with his healthy " sane clean life " , made Kipling both inventive and prolific . File : Kiplingseastcoast2 . JPG In the short span of four years , he produced , in addition to the , a collection of short stories ( The Day ' s Work ) , a novel ( Captains Courageous ) , and a profusion of poetry , including the volume The Seven Seas . The collection of Barrack - Room Ballads , first published individually for the most part in 1890 , which contains his poems " Mandalay " and " Gunga Din " was issued in March 1892 . He especially enjoyed writing the Jungle Books โ both masterpieces of imaginative writing โ and enjoyed too corresponding with the many children who wrote to him about them . The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors , including his father , who visited soon after his retirement in 1893 , and British author Arthur Conan Doyle , who brought his golf - clubs , stayed for two days , and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson . Kipling seemed to take to golf , occasionally practising with the local Congregational minister , and even playing with red painted balls when the ground was covered in snow . However , the latter game was " not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive ; the ball might skid two miles ( 3 km ) down the long slope to Connecticut river . " From all accounts , Kipling loved the outdoors , not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall . He described this moment in a letter : " A little maple began it , flaming blood - red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine - belt . Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow . Three days later , the hill - sides as fast as the eye could range were afire , and the roads paved , with crimson and gold . Then a wet wind blew , and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army ; and the oaks , who had held themselves in reserve , buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf , till nothing remained but pencil - shadings of bare boughs , and one could see into the most private heart of the woods . " File : Kiplingcropped . jpg In February 1896 , the couple ' s second daughter , Elsie , was born . By this time , according to several biographers , their marital relationship was no longer light - hearted and spontaneous . Although they would always remain loyal to each other , they seemed now to have fallen into set roles . In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time , the 29 year old Kipling offered this sombre counsel : marriage principally taught " the tougher virtues โ such as humility , restraint , order , and forethought . " The Kiplings might have lived out their lives in Vermont , were it not for two incidents โ one of global politics , the other of family discord โ that hastily ended their time there . By the early 1890s , Great Britain and Venezuela had long been locking horns over a border dispute involving British Guiana . Several times , the U.S. had offered to arbitrate , but in 1895 the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American " right " to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent ( see the Olney interpretation as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine ) . This raised hackles in Britain and before long the incident had snowballed into a major Anglo - American crisis , with talk of war on both sides . Although the crisis led to greater U.S. - British cooperation , at the time Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti - British sentiment in the U.S. , especially in the press . He wrote in a letter that it felt like being " aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table . " By January 1896 , he had decided , according to his official biographer , to end his family ' s " good wholesome life " in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere . Devon A family dispute became the final straw . For some time , the relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained on account of his drinking and insolvency . In May 1896 , an inebriated Beatty ran into Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm . The incident led to Beatty ' s eventual arrest , but in the subsequent hearing , and the resulting publicity , Kipling ' s privacy was completely destroyed , and left him feeling both miserable and exhausted . In July 1896 , a week before the hearing was to resume , the Kiplings hurriedly packed their belongings and left Naulakha , Vermont , and the U.S. for good . File : Naulakha jsephne loggia . jpg Back in England , in September 1896 , the Kiplings found themselves in Torquay on the coast of , in a hillside home overlooking the sea . Although Kipling did not much care for his new house , whose design , he claimed , left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy , he managed to remain productive and socially active . Kipling was now a famous man , and in the previous two or three years , had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings . He had also begun work on two poems , " Recessional " ( 1897 ) and " The White Man ' s Burden " ( 1899 ) which were to create controversy when published . Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty - bound empire - building ( that captured the mood of the Victorian age ) , the poems equally were regarded by others as propaganda for brazenfaced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes ; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire . Take up the White Man ' s burden โ Send forth the best ye breed โ Go , bind your sons to exile To serve your captives ' need ; To wait , in heavy harness , On fluttered folk and wild โ Your new - caught sullen peoples , Half devil and half child . The White Man ' s Burden There was also foreboding in the poems , a sense that all could yet come to naught . Far - called , our navies melt away ; On dune and headland sinks the fire : Lo , all our pomp of yesterday Is one with Nineveh Tyre Judge of the Nations , spare us yet . Lest we forget - lest we forget ! Recessional A prolific writer โ nothing about his work was easily labelled โ during his time in Torquay , he also wrote Stalky & Co . , a collection of school stories ( born of his experience at the United Services College in Westward Ho ! ) whose juvenile protagonists displayed a know - it - all , cynical outlook on patriotism and authority . According to his family , Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from to them , and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes . South Africa File : Ralph , Landon , Gwynne and Kipling 1900 - 1901 . jpg In early 1898 Kipling and his family travelled to South Africa for their winter holiday , thus beginning an annual tradition which ( excepting the following year ) was to last until 1908 . With his newly minted reputation as the poet of the Empire , Kipling was warmly received by some of the most powerful politicians of the Cape Colony , including Cecil Rhodes Sir Alfred Milner , and Leander Starr Jameson . In turn , Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to greatly admire all three men and their politics . The period 1898 โ 1910 was a crucial one in the history of South Africa and included the Second Boer War ( 1899 โ 1902 ) , the ensuing peace treaty , and the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 . Back in England , Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War and on his next visit to South Africa in early 1900 , he helped start a newspaper , The Friend , for the British troops in Bloemfontein , the newly captured capital of the Orange Free State . Although his journalistic stint was to last only two weeks , it was the first time Kipling would work on a newspaper staff since he left Allahabad more than ten years earlier . He also wrote articles published more widely expressing his views on the conflict . Other writing Kipling began collecting material for another of his children ' s classics , Just So Stories for Little Children That work was published in 1902 , and another of his enduring works , Kim , first saw the light of day the previous year . On a visit to the United States in 1899 , Kipling and his eldest daughter Josephine developed pneumonia , from which she eventually died . During World War I , he wrote a booklet The Fringes of the Fleet containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war . Some of the poems were set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar In 1934 he published a short story in Strand Magazine , " Proofs of Holy Writ " , which postulated that William Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible In the non - fiction realm he also became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power , publishing a series of articles in 1898 which were collected as A Fleet in Being . Peak of his career The first decade of the 20th century saw Kipling at the height of his popularity . In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature . The prize citation said : " in consideration of the power of observation , originality of imagination , virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world - famous author . " Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English language recipient . At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907 , the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy , C.D. af Wirsรฉn , praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature The Swedish Academy , in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling , desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England , so rich in manifold glories , and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times . " Book - ending " this achievement was the publication of two connected poetry and story collections : 1906 ' s Puck of Pook ' s Hill and 1910 ' s Rewards and Fairies . The latter contained the poem " If โ " . In a 1995 BBC opinion poll , it was voted Britain ' s favourite poem . This exhortation to self - control and stoicism is arguably Kipling ' s most famous poem . Kipling sympathised with the anti - Home Rule stance of Irish Unionists . He was friends with Edward Carson , the Dublin - born leader of Ulster Unionism , who raised the Ulster Volunteers to oppose " Rome Rule " in Ireland . Kipling wrote the poem " Ulster " in 1912 ( ? ) reflecting this . The poem reflects on Ulster Day ( 28 September 1912 ) when half a million people signed the Ulster Covenant Many have wondered why he was never made Poet Laureate . Some claim that he was offered the post during the interregnum of 1892 - 96 and turned it down . It also appears - surprisingly - that Queen Victoria disapproved of him Template : Fact . . Effects of World War I File : Plaque theirnamelivethforevermore . jpg Kipling was so closely associated with the expansive , confident attitude of late 19th century European civilization that it was inevitable that his reputation would suffer in the years of and after World War I . Kipling also knew personal tragedy at the time as his only son , John Kipling , died in 1915 at the Battle of Loos , after which he wrote " If any question why we died / Tell them , because our fathers lied " ( Kipling ' s son ' s death inspired his poem , " My Boy Jack " , and the incident became the basis for the play My Boy Jack and its subsequent television adaptation , along with the documentary Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale . ) It is speculated that these words may reveal Kipling ' s feelings of guilt at his role in getting John a commission in the Irish Guards , despite his initially having been rejected by the army because of his poor eyesight , and his having exerted great influence to have his son accepted for officer training at the age of only 17 . File : Kipling timecover1101260927 400 . jpg Partly in response to this tragedy , Kipling joined Sir Fabian Ware ' s Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) , the group responsible for the garden - like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former Western Front and all the other locations around the world where Commonwealth troops lie buried . His most significant contribution to the project was his selection of the biblical phrase " Their Name Liveth For Evermore " found on the Stones of Remembrance in larger war graves and his suggestion of the phrase " Known unto God " for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen . He also wrote a two - volume history of the Irish Guards , his son ' s regiment , that was published in 1923 and is considered to be one of the finest examples of regimental history . Kipling ' s moving short story , " The Gardener " , depicts visits to the war cemeteries . With the increasing popularity of the automobile , Kipling became a motoring correspondent for the British press , and wrote enthusiastically of his trips around England and abroad , even though he was usually driven by a chauffeur . In 1922 , Kipling , who had made reference to the work of engineers in some of his poems and writings , was asked by a University of Toronto civil engineering professor for his assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students . Kipling was very enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both , formally entitled " The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer " . Today , engineering graduates all across Canada are presented with an iron ring at the ceremony as a reminder of their obligation to society . The same year Kipling became Lord Rector of St Andrews University in Scotland , a position which ended in 1925 . Death and legacy Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s , but at a slower pace and with much less success than before . He died of a hemorrhage from a perforated duodenal ulcer on 18 January 1936 , two days before George V , at the age of 70 . ( His death had in fact previously been incorrectly announced in a magazine , to which he wrote , " I ' ve just read that I am dead . Do n ' t forget to delete me from your list of subscribers . " ) Rudyard Kipling was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were buried in Poets ' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey , where many distinguished literary people are buried or commemorated . Following his death , Kipling ' s work continued to fall into critical eclipse . Template : Fact Fashions in poetry moved away from his exact metres and rhymes . Also , as the European colonial empires collapsed in the mid - 20th century , Kipling ' s works fell far out of step with the times . Many who condemn him feel that Kipling ' s writing was inseparable from his social and political views , they point to his portrayals of Indian characters , which often supported the colonialist view that the Indians and other colonised peoples were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans , claiming that these portrayals are racist . However , " and the reference to colonised people in general , as " half - devil and half - child " in the poem " " . However , George Orwell in his essay on Rudyard Kipling states that the lesser breeds referred to in " Recessional " are โ almost certainly โ the Germans , and Orwell goes on to claim that the poem is a denunciation of power politics , both British and German . File : Kipling funeral1936 . jpg Kipling ' s links with the Scouting movements were strong . Baden - Powell , the founder of Scouting , used many themes from The Jungle Book stories and in setting up his junior movement , the Wolf Cubs . These connections still exist today . Not only is the movement named after Mowgli ' s adopted wolf family , the adult helpers of Wolf Cub Packs adopt names taken from , especially the adult leader who is called Akela after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack . Those who defend Kipling from accusations of racism point out that much of the apparent racism in his writing is spoken by fictional characters , not by him , and thus accurately depicts the characters . They see irony or alternative meanings in poems written in the author ' s own voice , including " The White Man ' s Burden " and " Recessional " . File : Kipling poetscorner . jpg Despite changes in racial attitudes and literary standards for poetry , Kipling ' s poetry continues to be popular with those who see it as " vigorous and adept " rather than " jingling " . Even T . S . Eliot , a very different poet , edited A Choice of Kipling ' s Verse ( 1943 ) , although in doing so he commented that " [ Kipling ] could write poetry on occasions โ even if only by accident ! " Kipling ' s stories for adults also remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers as different as Poul Anderson Jorge Luis Borges . Nonetheless , Kipling is most highly regarded for his children ' s books . His have been made into several movies ; the first was made by producer Alexander Korda , and others by the Walt Disney Company . A number of his poems were set to music by Percy Grainger After the death of Kipling ' s wife in 1939 , his house , " Bateman ' s " in Burwash , East Sussex was bequeathed to the National Trust and is now a public museum dedicated to the author . Elsie , the only one of his three children to live past the age of eighteen , died childless in 1976 , and bequeathed his copyrights to the National Trust . There is a thriving Kipling Society in the United Kingdom . In modern - day India , from where he drew much of material , his reputation remains controversial , especially amongst modern Hindu nationalists and some post - colonial critics . However , Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , 1st Prime Minister of India , always described Kipling ' s novel , as his favourite book and , in November 2007 , it was announced that his birthplace in the campus of the JJ School of Art in Mumbai will be turned into a museum celebrating the author and his works . Other Contemporary Indian intellectuals such as Ashis Nandy have taken a more nuanced view of his work . Swastika in old editions File : Kipling swastika . png File : Kipling cover art . jpg Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling ' s books have a swastika printed on their covers associated with a picture of an elephant carrying a lotus flower . Since the 1930s this has raised the possibility of Kipling being mistaken for a Nazi - sympathiser , though the Nazi party did not adopt the swastika until 1920 . Kipling ' s use of the swastika , however , was based on the sign ' s Indian meaning of good luck and well - being . He used the swastika symbol in both right - and left - facing orientations , and it was in general use at the time . Even before the Nazis came to power , Kipling ordered the engraver to remove it from the printing block so that he should not be thought of as supporting them . Less than one year before his death Kipling gave a speech ( titled " An Undefended Island " ) to The Royal Society of St George on 6 May 1935 warning of the danger Nazi Germany posed to Britain . Works of Rudyard Kipling See List of the works of Rudyard Kipling for a complete list . See also Rudyard Kipling : Collected Works for lists of the collected volumes by type . The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales The Light That Failed ( 1890 ) ( 1890 ) ( poetry ) ( 1890 ) ( poetry ) ( 1894 ) ( short stories ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) ( short stories ) The Third Jungle Book " ( 1896 ) ( short stories ) ( 1895 ) ( poetry ) Captains Courageous ( 1897 ) The Day ' s Work ( 1898 ) ( 1899 ) ( 1901 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) Puck of Pook ' s Hill ( 1906 ) Life ' s Handicap ( 1915 ) ( short stories ) References โ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rutherford , Andrew . 1987 . General Preface to the Editions of Rudyard Kipling , in " Puck of Pook ' s Hill and Rewards and Fairies " , by Rudyard Kipling . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282575 - 5 โ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rutherford , Andrew . 1987 . Introduction to the Oxford World ' s Classics edition of " Plains Tales from the Hills " , by Rudyard Kipling . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281652 - 7 โ James Joyce considered Tolstoy Kipling D ' Annunzio to be the " three writers of the nineteenth century who had the greatest natural talents " , but that " he did not fulfill that promise " . He also noted that the three writers all " had semi - fanatic ideas about religion , or about patriotism . " Diary of David Fleischman , 21 July 1938 , quoted in James Joyce by Richard Ellmann , p . 661 , Oxford University Press ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 281465 - 6 โ Alfred Nobel Foundation . " Who is the youngest ever to receive a Nobel Prize , and who is the oldest ? " . Nobelprize . com . pp . 409 http : / / nobelprize . org / contact / faq / index . html # 3b . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 Birkenhead , Lord . 1978 . Rudyard Kipling , Appendix B , โ Honours and Awards โ . Weidenfeld & Nicolson , London ; Random House Inc . , New York . Orwell , George ( 2006 - 09 - 30 ) . " Essay on Kipling " http : / / www . george - orwell . org / Rudyard_Kipling / 0 . html . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 Lewis , Lisa . 1995 . Introduction to the Oxford World ' s Classics edition of " Just So Stories " , by Rudyard Kipling . Oxford University Press . pp . xv - xlii . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282276 - 4 Quigley , Isabel . 1987 . Introduction to the Oxford World ' s Classics edition of " The Complete Stalky & Co . " , by Rudyard Kipling . Oxford University Press . pp . xiii - xxviii . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281660 - 8 Said , Edward . 1993 . Culture and Imperialism . London : Chatto & Windus . Page 196 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75054 - 1 Sandison , Alan . 1987 . Introduction to the Oxford World ' s Classics edition of , by Rudyard Kipling . Oxford University Press . pp . xiii โ xxx . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281674 - 8 Douglas Kerr , University of Hong Kong . " Rudyard Kipling . " The Literary Encyclopedia . 30 May . 2002 . The Literary Dictionary Company . 26 September 2006 . [ 1 ] 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Carrington , Charles . 1955 . Rudyard Kipling : His Life and Work . Macmillan and Company , London and New York . Flanders , Judith . 2005 . A Circle of Sisters : Alice Kipling , Georgiana Burne - Jones , Agnes Poynter , and Louisa Baldwin . W.W. Norton and Company , New York . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05210 - 9 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 Gilmour , David . 2002 . The Long Recessional : The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling , Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , New York . thepotteries . org ( 2002 - 01 - 13 ) . " did you know . . . . " . The potteries . org http : / / www . thepotteries . org / did_you / 002 . htm . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 02 Sir J.J. College of Architecture ( 2006 - 09 - 30 " Campus " . Sir J . J . College of Architecture , Mumbai http : / / www . sirjjarchitecture . org / v2 / index . php ? option = com_content&task = view&id = 21&Itemid = 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 02 " To the City of Bombay " , dedication to Seven Seas , by Rudyard Kipling , Macmillan and Company , 1894 . Murphy , Bernice M . ( 1999 - 06 - 21 " Rudyard Kipling - A Brief Biography " . School of English , The Queen ' s University of Belfast http : / / www . qub . ac . uk / schools / SchoolofEnglish / imperial / india / kipling - bio . htm . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 Kipling , Rudyard ( 1935 ) . " Something of myself " . public domain http : / / ghostwolf . dyndns . org / words / authors / K / KiplingRudyard / prose / SomethingOfMyself / index . html . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 also : 1935 / 1990 . Something of myself and other autobiographical writings . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40584 - X 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Carpenter , Henry and Mari Prichard . 1984 . Oxford Companion to Children ' s Literature . pp . 296 โ 297 . Pinney , Thomas ( editor ) . Letters of Rudyard Kipling , volume 1 . Macmillan and Company , London and New York . Robert D . Kaplan ( 1989 ) Lahore as Kipling Knew It The New York Times . Retrieved on 9 March 2008 Kipling , Rudyard ( 1996 ) Writings on Writing . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521445272 . see p . 36 and p . 173 Mallet , Phillip . 2003 . Rudyard Kipling : A Literary Life . Palgrave Macmillan , New York . ISBN 0 - 333 - 55721 - 2 25.0 25.1 Ricketts , Harry . 1999 . Rudyard Kipling : A life . Carroll and Graf Publishers Inc . , New York . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0711 - 9 Kipling , Rudyard . 1920 . Letters of Travel ( 1892 โ 1920 ) . Macmillan and Company . Nicholson , Adam . 2001 . Carrie Kipling 1862 - 1939 : The Hated Wife . Faber & Faber , London . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20835 - 5 28.0 28.1 Pinney , Thomas ( editor ) . Letters of Rudyard Kipling , volume 2 . Macmillan and Company , London and New York . Kipling , Rudyard . 1899 . . Published simultaneously in The Times , London , and McClure ' s Magazine ( U.S. ) 12 February 1899 . Snodgrass , Chris . 2002 . A Companion to Victorian Poetry . Blackwell , Oxford . Kipling , Rudyard . 1897 . . Published in The Times , London , July 1897 . Template : Citation The Fringes of the Fleet , Macmillan & Co . Ltd . , London , 1916 Short Stories from the Strand , The Folio Society , 1992 . " Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 - Presentation Speech " . Nobelprize . org http : / / nobelprize . org / nobel_prizes / literature / laureates / 1907 / press . html . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 Webb , George . Foreword to : Kipling , Rudyard . The Irish Guards in the Great War . 2 vols . ( Spellmount , 1997 ) , p . 9 . Kipling , Rudyard . The Irish Guards in the Great War . 2 vols . ( London , 1923 ) " The Iron Ring < ! - Bot generated title - > " . Ironring . ca http : / / www . ironring . ca / . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 โ Rudyard Kipling โ by George Orwell , pub . Horizon February 1942 " ScoutBase UK : The Library - Scouting history - Me Too ! - The history of Cubbing in the United Kingdom 1916 - present < ! - Bot generated title - > " . Scoutbase . org . uk http : / / www . scoutbase . org . uk / library / history / cubs / index . htm # Jungle Template : Cite news Rudyard Kipling , War Stories and Poems ( Oxford Paperbacks , 1999 ) , pp . xxiv - xxv . External links Works Template : Gutenberg author , HTML online , text download . Works by Rudyard Kipling , HTML online . Works by Rudyard Kipling at Archive . org , scanned books viewable online or PDF download . at Google Books KIM free mp3 recording from LibriVox . org . Resources Kipling reads 7 lines from his poem France ( audio ) . Something of Myself , Kipling ' s autobiography The Kipling Society website Kipling Readers ' Guide from the Kipling Society ; annotated notes on stories and poems . Kipling Journal Published by The Kipling Society . Searchable Text Archive and Indexes from issue no . 1 , March 1927 ( complete except for the latest eight issues ) . A Master Of Our Art : Rudyard Kipling and Modern Science Fiction Template : Gutenberg , by John Palmer , 1915 biography from Project Gutenberg Mowglis at mowglis . org The Rudyard Kipling Collection maintained by Marlboro College . Categories Characters Humans Males Real people Add category | [
"Rudyard Kipling",
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