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### process \| photosynthesis: Algal photosynthesis * is the key element in the ecology of an aerobic stabilization pond. * oxygenates all waters. Net photosynthesis * Most net photosynthesis occurs in biospheres. * is gross canopy photosynthesis minus whole-plant respiration. Oxygenic photosynthesis * is at the heart of plant productivity - the most common and is seen in plants, algae and cyanobacteria * uses two systems for capturing photons.<\|endoftext\|>### process: Phylogeny * Phylogenies are an essential tool for understanding the evolution of life history traits - crucial tools in understanding biological evolution and biological mechanisms - provide evolutionary biologists with a framework to test evolutionary hypotheses * Some phylogeny has variation - shows classifications * biological process * describes how species are related. * explains why some adaptation is less than perfect. * has problems. * refers to the evolutionary history of one or a group of interrelated species. * refers to the evolutionary relationships among a group of plants or animals * supports origins. + Ethology, Tinbergen's four questions, Evolutionary history * Phylogeny explains why some adaptation is less than perfect. From where it is, there are always some possibilities which a particular species can never get to. This is because all stages in evolution must be viable, else extinction occurs.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| phylogeny: Macroevolution * Some macroevolution occurs over thousand years. * describes what happens over long time-scales measured in millions of years. * includes mass extinctions. * is another way to look at population change through the fossil record - evolution over time - phylogenesis - said to be the change from one species to another * is simply microevolution extrapolated over longer periods of time - the cumulative effect of microevolution - viewed as the extension of microevolution over very long time periods * refers to large evolutionary changes that result in new species. * requires large scale change through mutations. * theoretical extrapolation of microevolution over very long time periods.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| phylogeny: Microevolution * Most microevolution occurs over time. * change in the gene pool of a population, often associated with adaptation. * describes what happens to populations over short time-scales measured in generations. * involves changes on the small scale at the level of gene pool alleles - processes that lead to evolutionary changes within species - the evolutionary changes within a population * is evolution within a species * is the change in allele frequency of a population - within a species over time - study of adaptation - what happens in populations, between successive generations of organisms * occurs on a small scale within a single population. * occurs over a very long period of time within a population or species * refers to changes in allele frequencies within a species - evolutionary changes within a popula- tion Molecular phylogeny * Molecular phylogenies are as likely to disagree with each other as are morphological phylogenies. * Some molecular phylogeny shows characters. * has problems.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| phylogeny: Speciation * Most speciation increases biological diversity * Most speciation occurs in geologic time - over time - produces diversity * Some speciation occurs in cycads. * also can occur when geographic boundaries split populations from one another. * can also occur when a subpopulation migrates into a new niche. * can occur in only a single generation - when two populations occupy different habitats - result from isolation * common occurance in nature. * explains evolutionary branching and diversification. * generally requires barriers to gene flow. * happens almost on a daily basis - to populations * involves changes to more than one gene - many mutations leading to significant changes * is an absolute necessity for evolution to be valid. * is an evolutionary event that gives rise to new species - process in which one species splits into two or more species - extension of evolution - incredibly important edict of evolution - ongoing process that has resulted in a spectacular diversity of flora and fauna - at the boundary between microevolution and macroevolution - different from evolution - evidence of evolution - how a new kind of plant or animal species is created - often the result of environmental adaptation - one of the most basic processes in evolution - responsible for the great diversity of species in our nature * is the attainment of reproductive isolation - development of a new species - division of one species into two different species - formation of new species from older species - mechanism by which different species are created from the same ancestral species - name for the process by which one species branches into two or more new species * is the process by which new biological species arise - species are formed - of evolution by which new species form - where daughter species evolve from the parental species - separation of one lineage into two - very important in evolutionary biology * leads to the creation of two independent populations. * means reproduction can only take place between members of the same species. * occurs at the periphery of the population - because of reproductive isolation - several stages - naturally over a very long time - through changes in chromosome number resulting in reproductive isolation * occurs when one population is isolated from another population - two populations become reproductively isolated * phenomena in birds. * processes in the adaptive radiation of Hawaiian plants and animals. - the diversity that phylogenetic biologists document * requires reproductive isolation - selective mating, which result in a reduced gene flow * results from selections - sexual selections - in two species derived from a single progenitor species * takes place in geographically overlapping populations. * tends to be favored by catastrophic events on earth. ### process \| phylogeny \| speciation: Allopatric speciation * Most allopatric speciation produces diversity. * begins when a population becomes geographically separated. * is especially common on island chains - suggested to be the major mode of speciation in the clade - the easiest to understand, particularly on oceanic islands * needs a geographical barrier separating populations. * takes place when two populations are geographically isolated. Peripatric speciation * critical underpinning of the theory of punctuated equilibrium. * subset of allopatric speciation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| phylogeny \| speciation: Sympatric speciation * Occurs without geographical barriers. * Some sympatric speciation occurs in cycads - takes places * can be the result of behavioral, ecological and genetics mechanisms. * involves genetic divergence without geographical isolation - speciation without a geographic barrier * is extremely common in plants - like the measles - more common in plants and relatively rare in animals * is the opposite of allopatric speciation - physical isolation * occurs only in plants, while allopatric speciation occurs in animals. * occurs when a. populations of organisms once separated become reunited - genetic differences appear between populations - within a population, without geographic isolation<\|endoftext\|>### process: Physical process * All physical processes proceed in such a way that the entropy of the universe increases. * Every physical process is an energy transformation of some forms of energy into other forms. * Most physical processes generate signals at many different frequencies simultaneously. * behave more like a metaphor of information. * can breakdown larger material into smaller particles. * contribute to the acquisition and transformation of nutrients by living things. * influence the spatial distribution of bowhead whales in the Eastern Arctic. Pinocytosis * involves the transport of a. large particles out of a cell. * is an activity - similar to phagocytosis * is the act of grabbing some liquid - ingestion of fluids and solutes by small vesicles - when the external fluid is engulfed * occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles. * probably plays a minor role in drug transport, except for protein drugs. Quality improvement * is focused on making processes better - the process of increasing actual quality through mental and physical effort * modifies the process for providing care in order to improve outcomes. * refers to the betterment or enhancement of a product or service.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Reaction * Every reaction is regulated by an enzyme which specialized protein that acts as a catalyst. * Many reactions are reversable so that reactants and products switch positions - used in qualitative chemistry - consist of both a forward and reverse reaction occurring simultaneously - govern iron availability and contribute to the complexity of iron chemistry in soil * Many reactions involve combination or interaction of two or more reactant molecules - the transfer of hydrogen ions between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms - involving metal-sulfur bonds and oxygen, however, are highly endothermic * Many reactions occur in water solutions - within the cell - result from sunlight shining on the skin * Most reaction affects chemistry - creates electromagnetic energy - generates kinetic energy * Most reaction involves chemical compounds - gases * Most reaction involves in energy - photosynthesis * Most reaction occurs in atmospheres - within physiological temperature * Most reaction produces energy particles - uses chemical energy * Most reactions are reversible - go faster at higher temperatures - happen soon after contact with an allergen - have a reaction mechanism - involve the body purging itself of toxins - occur by mechanisms with more than one elementary step * Some reaction absorbs heat energy - contains polymerases * Some reaction creates covalent bonds - oxygen gases - is produced by electric current * Some reaction occurs in animals - chloroplasts - membranes - mitochondria - organs - respiration * Some reaction produces fission products - hydrogen gases * Some reaction releases chemical energy - electrical energy * Some reactions are harmful because they create additional stress - likely to occur also in mitochondria * Some reactions give off a lot of heat while other use up a lot of heat - out energy - occurring in stars are neither pure fusion nor pure fission reactions * affects areas * are harmful when they create additional stress - secondary to increases in by products of lipooxygenase pathway * can affect the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. * can occur between two types of chains as well as between the reacting monomers - due to the release of toxins into the circulatory system - only occur if molecules get close enough together to collide - result in the formation of completely new chemicals * causes sickness - symptoms * chemical action * converts carbohydrates * creates compounds * depends on factors - many factors * generates energy * gives off energy * has consequences - negative consequences - properties - steps * illustrates types. * includes fatigue - fevers - mild fevers - pain - sterile water - trouble * induces development. * involve energy changes as chemical bonds are broken and new chemical bonds are formed - nucleus instead of electrons - sharing or transferring outer electrons - transfer of electrons * involved in initial breakdown of energy-rich nutrients occur in the cytosol. * involves bonds - different substances - exchanges - isotopes - splits * involving methylcobalamin include biosynthesis of methionine, methane, and acetate. * is catalyzed by a ribozyme, which is part of the larger subunit. * is caused by exposure - conservatism - forces - ideas - process of responding to a security incident - resistance - responses - the body's response to adjustment * leads to fevers - oxidation - severe sickness * needs energy. * occur more rapidly when the density is high - when corrosives leak from their containers and drip or flow to other products * occurs and energy is released as new bonds form. * occurs at same time - sites - disks - locations - organisms - reductions - several steps * occurs under anaerobic conditions - difficult conditions * occurs within normal physiological temperature * often can release or absorb energy during the process. * proceed in the body according to the energy difference between reactants and products. - high energy particles * provides energy - power * reduces environments. * relates to activities. * releases oxygen. * requires activation energy * shows photosynthesis. * spreads to sources - water sources * take place and generate secondary particles - in which substituents bonded to a boron cage change positioin * tend to be exothermic - spontaneous and irreversible in natural environments. * usually occur more rapidly when the reactants are in the gaseous state. + Chemical reaction * Some reactions are very fast, and others are very slow. Some happen at different speeds, depending on temperature or other things. For example, wood does not react with air when it is cold, but if it is made hot enough, it will start to burn. Other reactions such as Nuclear Reactions differ in the way that Nuclear Reaction does not need a catalyst. They also cannot be stopped, sped up or slowed down. * Some reactions give out energy. These are called 'exothermic'. In other reactions, energy is taken in. These are called 'endothermic' - synthesis: Chemistry * Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine. These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants. Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel. Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition'. Prentice Hall, 1996 + Qualitative analysis: Analytical chemistry * Many reactions are used in qualitative chemistry. For example, fire or sodium hydroxide can be used to learn what metals are in the compound. The scientist would know what metal was in an unknown compound by the colour of the flame.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Addition reaction * is reaction * occur typically with functional groups which include pi bonds. Adverse reaction * Most adverse reactions are reversible if detected early. * are most likely to occur during the initial induction phase of immunotherapy - so serious reactions that occur in some people who use a drug - unexpected undesired effects that are replicable in several patients * are usually dose-related and diminish when dosage is reduced - reversible upon discontinuation of the drug * attributed to malaria chemoprophylaxis are common.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction: Allegic reaction * can also happen with waxing. + Waxing, Concerns, Health concerns: Care * Waxing rips the hair out of the skin and often causes pain. The pain increases in areas such as the genitals, especially for people who haven't waxed before or don't wax often. Redness and swelling also often occurs at the waxing site. Waxing is itself a safe thing, but there are times when it is not safe to get waxed. When skin is sunburned it is not good to get a wax treatment. Allegic reactions can also happen with waxing. People with medical problems such as diabetes, chronic kidney or liver disease, skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, or weakened immune systems are advised not to get wax treatments at all. At least one woman, with diabetes, almost died due to getting a bikini wax and becoming infected and another woman was hospitalised after being waxed in her genital area. In 2007 the New Jersey State Board of Cosmetology and Hairstyling came close to banning genital waxing based on health concerns. There is also concern about the trend to remove all or most of the pubic hair from a person's genitals. Waxing can pull small pieces of skin off the body.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Allergic reaction * Many allergic reactions are a mixture of more than one type of tissue damage. * Most allergic reaction causes sickness - includes fatigue - leads to fevers - occurs at sites * Most allergic reactions are rare - resolve within several days without dental or medical intervention * Some allergic reaction causes nausea - respiratory problems * Some allergic reaction includes headaches - hives - leads to death - occurs in patients - produces effects - relates to ingestion * Some allergic reactions are emergencies - severe - asthma is the best known and one of the most serious - can be very serious and require immediate medical treatment - occur as a result of skin contact * affecting the skin and gastrointestinal tract are rare. * are also possible from internal use - quite possible - an example of hyper-sensitivity - extraordinarily rare - fairly common - hyperactive responses of the immune system to generally innocuous substances - inflammatory - infrequent - less common, but if untreated can be fatal - nature's way * are possible after injection of the iodine-based dye - but uncommon - to any biological - rare but have been reported and can be severe - sometimes deadly - the most common complication from nail cosmetics * are the most common health problem from mold exposure - problems associated with biological pollutants - triggers for asthma attacks - type of adverse effect of dental materials - only true side-effects and require special precautions - third type - typically the most common health problem - unusual * are very complex but today they are relatively well understood * can affect small areas or the entire body. * can also occur with shiitake production but is less of a problem * can be a problem and require desensitization - extremely mild, or deadly - life threatening - mild, life-threatening, or somewhere in between - minor to severe - severe and result in death - cause itching, redness, or other symptoms - develop on skin when rubberized clothing is worn - happen from within minutes to a few hours after eating the offending food - intensify when dogs and cats shed their winter coats in the spring * can involve a rash, difficulty breathing and swelling of the face - several parts of the body at the same time * can occur to any medication, but are quite rare with beta blockers - leech bites - under a variety of circumstances * can occur with certain food additives - exposure to even small quantities of the allergen - herbal remedies just like other medications - lovastatin therapy - within minutes, or up to hours, or even days after eating food * can range from harmless skin rashes to very serious breathing difficulties - mild to severe, in some cases causing death - simple discomfort to life-threatening situations - slight to serious shock - very mild rashes to anaphylactic shock - take place if a person is allergic to peanuts - trigger an asthma flare-up - vary depending on the level of sensitivity * cause discomforts and in some cases life-threatening anaphylactic shock. * caused by wasp bites in humans is well-known. * common contraindication. * do occur in some people, but they are rare. * happens shortly after taking a substance. * involve a special set of cells in the immune system known as mast cells * is hypersensitivity reaction - illnesses - the primary risk of collagen * make eyes itching, irritated and watering. * occur in rare cases - sensitised persons - most commonly to pollen grains, dust, molds and foods - only after repeated exposure to a specific biological allergen * occur when IgE binds to receptors on the surfaces of basophils and mast cells - the army overreacts at the time of re-exposure - with plasma component transfusions - within a few hours of getting the shot if they occur at all * range from annoying to life-threatening - itchy noses and eyes to severe asthma attacks - merely bothersome to life-threatening - simple contact dermatitis to severe anaphylaxis - in severity and are usually treatable * tend to become more severe, more complex, and more numerous if untreated. * vary a lot - from person to person and can be very mild or very serious - in intensity depending on the level of sensitivity of the individual - with each individual's sensitivity	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Anabolic reaction * give off energy. * require energy input. * use up energy. Assertive reaction * allow people to stand up for themselves. * involve verbal and nonverbal messages. * promote positive mental health and healthy relationships. * reduce stress by allowing people to take steps to resolve the feelings. Autoimmune reaction * Some autoimmune reaction leads to brain damage * are unfortunate mistakes of the immune system. * contribute to many enigmatic diseases. Biochemical reaction * Most biochemical reactions involve solutes dissolved in water - occur in the watery, or aqueous, phase - take place in liquid environments * Some biochemical reaction involves enzymes - several enzymes - produces light * are chemical reactions that take place inside the of living things. * do have thresholds according to kinetic theory. * go fast at higher temps. * require enzymes to speed up and control reaction rates. * take place inside the cells. Bioluminescent reaction * All bioluminescent reactions occur in the presence of oxygen. * Most bioluminescent reactions involve luciferin and luciferase.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction: Cheletropic reaction * are a subclass of cycloadditions. * confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry * are a subclass of cycloadditions. What sets cheletropic reactions apart is that on one of the reagents, both new bonds are being made to the same atom. A few examples are shown to the right in Figure 1. In the first case, the single atom is the carbon atom in the carbonyl group. That carbon atom ends up in carbon monoxide. The end result is making two new bonds to one atom + Cheletropic reaction, Theoretical analysis: Pericyclic reactions * Because of the geometry of the molecules involved in cheletropic reactions, they confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists. Cheletropic reactions confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry. Combination reaction * are always exothermic. * occur when two separate reactants are bonded together, e.g. Decomposition reaction * Most decomposition reactions are endothermic. * are always endothermic. * is reaction Dependent reaction * Most dependent reaction produces oxygen. * Some dependent reaction occurs in membranes. * requires energy. Different reaction * have different equilibriums. * release energy in different ways. Dyotropic reaction * are important in organic chemistry. * can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules * are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971.'Dyotropic Rearrangements, a New Class of Orbital-Symmetry Controlled Reactions' Electrochemical reaction * are chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred. * cause neurons to fire. * determine hydrogen pickup in underwater wet welds. * occur on the surface of an electrode. * produce an electric current in a manner similar to a battery. Electrocyclic reaction * occur frequently in nature. + Electrocyclic reaction, Electrocyclic reactions in biological systems: Chemistry * Electrocyclic reactions occur frequently in nature. Biosynthetic and Biomimetic Electrocyclizations. One of the most common such reactions in nature is the biosynthesis of vitamin D3. Enzymatic reaction * Many enzymatic reactions are complex and involve more than one substrate * require particular pHs. Fission reaction * Most fission reaction creates heat - involves splits * Some fission reaction produces fission products * are reactions where larger elements are broken into smaller elements. * result in formation of lighter atoms.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Fusion reaction * All fusion reactions involving elements lighter than carbon are exothermic. * Many fusion reactions release large amounts of energy. * Most fusion reaction creates electromagnetic energy * Some fusion reaction occurs at cores. * Some fusion reaction releases energy - heat energy - reactions are easier to produce than others * are another way they generate energy. * are the combining of two nuclei to form a more massive nucleus - heat source in the core of the sun * create much of the energy given off by the sun. * involve the fusion of light nuclei, which results in a release of nuclear energy. * produce more power than fission - the energy radiation of stars, among others of the sun * release enormous amounts of energy. * require input of energy to cause the initial fusing event - that the atoms be raised to temperatures of millions of degrees * supply the power needed for our sun to shine. Human reaction * Most human reactions resulting from fly bites are initial pain, local irritation and swelling. * vary from extreme susceptibility to near immunity. Hydrolysis * decreases the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides. * is reaction Incompatible reaction * cause the pollen tube to stop growing on or near the stigma. * result in localized cell death and the formation of a barrage zone. Light reaction * Most light reaction is part of photosynthesis. * convert solar energy into chemical energy. - photochemical reaction * is the capture of light energy in the chloroplast of plant cells - first photosynthesis stage which requires light * occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts - mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana * take place on the actual thylakoid membrane. * takes place in association with the thylakoids. Metabolic reaction * All metabolic reactions are either catabolic or anabolic. * Many metabolic reactions require water as a reactant. * Most metabolic reaction induces development. * Some metabolic reaction produces heat. * occur in arranged sequences called pathways * take place in the cytoplasm or at the plasma membrane. Mild reaction * are quite common to childhood immunizations. * causes symptoms. Molecular reaction * are virtually responsible for every cellular process. * cascades in olfactory signal transduction. Neutralization reaction * give off heat. * is reaction Precipitation reaction * are also widely used in industry - dependent on the presence of multivalent antibodies and antigens - one type of double-replacement reaction - useful in quantitative analysis * occur widely in nature. Rapid reaction * involves oxygen. * produces copper and hydrogen.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction: Reflex * Most reflexes have responses. * Some reflexes have a combination of nervous and endocrine response. * are a form of instinct - type of instinct - actions that serve to protect and stabilize the human body - automatic, unconscious responses to a certain stimuli - bodily functions that require no input from the brain - essentially an involuntary motor response to a sensory stimulus - fast, unconscious muscular reactions that occur due to unexpected physical stimuli - pre-programmed stereotypical responses to specific sensory stimulation - reactions of relatively simple nervous mechanisms - simple, stereotyped motor responses to a stimulus - specific, predictable, involuntary responses to a particular type of stimulation - the newborn's most obvious organized patterns of behavior - very important to a dog's everyday life * automatically take over forcing air back into the lungs. * reflect the muscles and roots levels from which they are derived. * represent the simplest forms of behavior.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction \| reflex: Blink * are a shutting down of one's attention span long enough to miss pieces of the whole picture - reflexs * arise from relatively simple neural circuits that control an uncomplicated mechanical system. * occur most frequently at the end of an utterance.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction \| reflex: Burping * allows excess air, swallowed during sucking, to escape. * helps prevent spitting up and belly aches. * is an ejection - caused by air being trapped in the stomach - necessary to remove swallowed air from the baby s stomach * method of expelling excess air from the fish's swim bladder. * natural human phenomenon, but it's also possible for a bottle to burp. * physical nature of people to expel gas from the stomach through the mouth. + Belching: Digestive system * Belching' is the act of making a burp. It is letting air out of the stomach through the mouth. Burping is caused by air being trapped in the stomach. Electrical shock * Use nonmetal ladders around electricity. * can cause personnel injury or death. * can occur when a rat chews through a power cord - with metal or wet wooden ladders * happen in welding when the person becomes a better ground than the ground cable. * major electrical hazard. * potential hazard aboard ship. Fart * are motivated by the goal of attention - crude - reflexs * end with blushs - smell * have less atmospheric gas content and more bacterial gas content than burps. * start with blushs - moves * tend to burn with a blue or yellow flame. Goosebump * actually serve a purpose in animals. * caused by the contraction of the hair muscles can add to the effect. * result from tiny muscles in the skin.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction \| reflex: Hiccup * are a nervous spasm of the muscles controlling the diaphragm - result of spasms of the diaphragm - universal part of the human condition - basically an involuntary inspiratory spasm of the diaphragm * are due to periodic spasms of the flat diaphragm muscle, which controls respiration - stomach spasms - involuntary actions caused by the combined action of the diaphragm and the epiglottis - myoclonuses - normal during infancy - often rhythmic - symptoms * can also be due to fast chewing of food - the result of overeating, stress, or minor stomach disorders - be quite common in infants and are noted by mothers before their babies are born * is in the process of a recovery. * result from repeated, involuntary spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm. Mydriasis * are dilation * can be severe enough to block eyetracking - increase intraocular pressure by partially closing the iridocorneal angle * is dilatation * occurs naturally in youth, myopes, light colored irises and in anxiety. Pupillary reflex * are intact, but there is no menace response. * is tested in a darkened room. Reflex incontinence * is the loss of bladder control due to impaired nerve function. * occurs in persons with spinal cord damage. Sneeze * are healthy, and can help to remove germs, allergens, or dust from the nose - illnesses * can be single or multiple. * occur in rapid, multiple sequence. Yawn * are exhalation - motivated by the goal of tireds * become contagious to people between the first and second years of life. * seem to occur most often soon after waking and about an about before bedtime. Reversible reaction * have analogous mechanical examples. * tend to approach an equilibrium. Saponification * are chemical reaction. * cleaves the two esters bonds and frees monoalkyl glycerols. * is reaction * is the conversion of an oil and alkali into natural soap and glycerin - reaction between a fat and a base that produces soap - term applied to the hydrolysis of fats using a strong alkali like lye - what happens when a fatty acid meets an alkali * occurs in the presence of a base to produce the carboxylate salt and alcohol. * remains the basic chemistry.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Serious reaction * can also occur when latex enters the bloodstream. * includes fevers. Severe reaction * More severe reactions can include heart failure, enteritis, and ascending posterior paralysis. * are preventable by early detection and treatment of low blood sugars - rare in children - very rare in children * are very rare, but can include serious allergic reactions - severe allergic reactions or severe brain reactions * can cause difficulty breathing, coma, and death - occur if diethylcarbamazine is given to a dog with adult heartworms * occurs at time. Similar reaction * control the solubility of Mn in the soil solution. * take place with amines and amino acids. Soil reaction * is generally alkaline - related to the availability of soil minerals to plants * is strongly acid or medium acid - very strongly acid - to extremely acid in unlimed areas * is very strongly acid to slightly acid * measure of acidity or alkalinity and is expressed as a range in pH values. * vary from alkaline to slightly acid. Substitution reaction * can be of many different types. * result in the replacement of an O with a N or another atom. * In chemistry a 'substitution reaction' happens when an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by a different one. Substitution reactions can be of many different types. Systemic reaction * are difficult to reverse once they develop - unlikely as very little of the lidocaine is absorbed into the body * range from hives, muscle and joint pain, nausea, fever, and chills. Toxic reaction * Some toxic reaction occurs in animals. * are common and are related to damage to the nervous system - more likely to occur after parenteral administration * can be very different in humans and pets. * leads to severe sickness Tropism * allow plants to adjust the direction of growth when their environment changes. * are the ability to grow toward or away from some specific stimulus. * cause the ivy to twine. * occur in apes and taxes occur in bees.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reaction \| tropism: Phototropism * describes the plant's tendency to grow toward light. * growth of a plant toward a unidirectional light source. * is a. the effect of light on seed germination b - common in plants , but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi * is growth as a result to exposure to light - of roots away from the light - known to take place throughout the life of a plant - one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli - the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus * is the movement of plant structures in response to light - plants in response to sunlight - natural inclination of plants to grow towards the light source * is the tendency for plant organs to bend in response to a directional light source - of a plant to move toward light * only happens in stem. * refers to a plant's ability to lean and grow toward the light. * is common in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a plant growth hormone called auxin, which causes phototropism to occur. It causes the plant to have 'elongated cells' on the farthest side from the light. * is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source 'positive phototropism', while growth away from light is called 'negative phototropism'. Most plant shoots have positive phototropism. Roots usually have negative phototropism, though gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them. ### process \| reaction \| tropism \| phototropism: Positive phototropism * is the way a plant grows towards the light. * maximizes the amount of light that can be absorbed by a plant.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reaction: Violent reaction * arise when identities are under siege. * can occur when strong oxidizers are mixed with combustibles such as wood or paper. Real process * All real processes are nonadiabatic in the sense that some heat exchange always occurs. * are nearly always complex and variable over both time and space.<\|endoftext\|>### process: Refrigeration * Most refrigeration causes excess moisture - prevents bacterial reproduction * accelerates crystallization. * also helps preserve pea's texture and nutritional value - preserves the taste and texture * can cause discoloration - turn the leaves black - starch to turn to sugar - the fries to be darker, possibly sweeter, and waxy in texture * halts the progression of the disease. * has an essential part to play in the economics of most countries. * inhibits growth of the bacteria, and proper cooking eliminates the risk. * is an important tool in the temperature management of perishables - controlled by time - human activities - key to keeping bacteria levels low as well - low enough to stop the growth of most microbes - necessary to keep the food safe to eat - needed to control bacterial growth, and keep the food safe - one method of removing moisture from compressed air * is one of the most expensive uses of energy - widely used preservation techniques in the industrialized world - perhaps the highest area of demand of electricity in the home * is the first step in proper egg handling - key to handling holiday leftovers safely - only preservation method to be used on samples taken for biological analysis - process of cooling a space or substance below environmental temperature * is the single most important factor in maintaining the quality and safety of milk - in maintaining the safety of milk - therapy - too cold for chocolate and causes chocolate to become white or discolored - typically the largest consumer of electrical energy in an energy efficient home - vital to the health and well being of people living in developing countries * keeps plants fresh for days if stored in air-tight bags. * kills flavor in fresh tomatoes. * makes the flesh of a tomato mealy and flavorless. * only halts germ growth. * promotes granulation - mold as a result of condensation on their surface * slows bacterial growth - degradation and maintains the viability of the bacteria * slows down chemical reactions and enzyme activities - the enzyme activity, but it doesn t halt it - other bacterial growth * slows the growth of bacteria, molds, and other micro-organisms - loss of quality over time * speeds up crystallization.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Regeneration * always results in a new way of living. * arises from decay. * can also mean the replacement of lost body parts - replace body parts in certain organisms * contains three types of fiber to maintain intestinal integrity. * follows generation in the development of man. * form of mitosis, where body parts can be regrown. * gradual process taking many years, involving effort, love, good works. * implies a form of re-creation, or to make over, into a better form or condition. * involves the overthrow of the ruling loves of self and the world. * is an asexual method of reproduction - another form of asexual reproduction - birth, sanctification is growth * is common in plants, where cuttings can grow into a new plant - one and the same in all saints - revival - simply the pulse-beat of the eternal life throbbing in human hearts - simultaneous with the new birth * is the ability of the stem cells to divide and produce new neurons - to re-grow lost body parts - beginning of the ongoing renewal in the life of a believer * is the development of a new organism for a part of the parent organism - organism from a part of the parent organism - effect produced by the Holy Spirit in effectual calling - impartation of divine life effecting a change in the believer's nature - initiation and the center of our experience of salvation - method by which plants reproduce themselves - new birth, sanctification is the growth that necessarily results from it - process of burning off the collected particulate by means of oxidation - reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back - root and sanctification is the bud, blossom and fruit which it produces - same thing as being born again - therefore a spiritual resurrection - what happens to the spirit of the believer * is when part of a living organism is cut off and that part grows back - there new organism that is formed from part of the parent organism * magazine dedicated to matters of faith and culture for a new generation. * means breathing new life into what has come from the past. * momentary act, bringing a person from spiritual death to life. * occurs in both plants and animals. * occurs when a part of a simple organism seperates and makes an entire new organism - part of an animal breaks off and the animal grows it back * process by which organisms develop or regenerate their lost or worn-out parts. * refers to a total cellular make-over - reversing the ion exchange operation * relies on development. * shows some specialized cells can switch fates. * spiritual quickening, a new birth. * takes place in the gaps that occur when old trees fall. * uses bioelectric energy to heal wounds. + Developmental biology, Regeneration * Regeneration is the reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back. This phenomenon has been studied particularly in salamanders, where the adults can reconstruct a whole limb after it has been amputated. Researchers hope to one day be able to induce regeneration in humans. There is little spontaneous regeneration in adult humans, although the liver is a notable exception. ### process \| regeneration: Artificial regeneration * includes seeding and planting. * involves direct seeding or planting. Liver regeneration * is delayed in urokinase-deficient mice. * provides an ideal model to study gene regulation during cellular growth. Natural regeneration * can take time and is influenced by seasonal conditions. * is the main technique for restoration with planting within old felling coupes. * plays a much bigger role in Canadian forestry than planting or seeding. Vegetative regeneration * Some vegetative regeneration follows fire. * is apparently the primary mode of reproduction.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Reproduction * All reproduction is undergone in an aquatic environment - takes place between individuals in the same generation * Most reproduction affects inflorescence production - allows for genetic variation - appears to occur via the bulbuls - depends upon ability * Most reproduction has evolution - genetic variability * Most reproduction includes binary fission - pollination - increases genetic variation * Most reproduction involves alternation - cell division - fertilization - meiosis - nuclei - parents - replication - single parents - is asexual via conidiospores that break off from the tips of aeriel hyphae * Most reproduction leads to abnormal growth - diversity - genetic diversity * Most reproduction occurs by cross-fertilization - during seasons - in animals - over time - under circumstances * Most reproduction produces hormones - identical offspring - molt hormones - refers to growth * Most reproduction requires energy - uses mitosis * Rutting season is in the autumn and early winter, and births take place in the spring. * Some reproduction affects bats - causes decay - increases variability - involves pollination * Some reproduction is used by flower plants - many flower plants * Some reproduction occurs at cellular levels * Some reproduction occurs in environments - fresh water - geckos - lunar environments - prokaryotes - terrestrial plants * Some reproduction occurs under conditions - stressful conditions * Some reproduction produces growth - population growth - requires genetic materials * Starting Out Snakes reproduce either by laying eggs or giving live birth. * allows continuity of life. - organisms to continue living on the earth - the life cycle to begin as new organisms replace the organisms that age and die * are tools that can be used in varied ways. * begins in a newly emerged female when an ova is released from the right ovary. * begins when the animals mature - germ cells unite, a process called fertilization - male courts the female - with the division of single cells * benefit of living high in the tree canopies. * biological process * can be the division of one cell to form two new cells. * can either be asexual or sexual - sexual or asexual - serve as a barometer of animal well-being * characteristic of a living organism. * characteristic of all living organisms - systems * complicated process in all species of animals. * consequence of growth, and a process of excretion. * continuous process and generations of reproduction overlap. * creates potential. * critical phase of each seed plant life cycle. * depends on actions - interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads * dictates survival of a species. * directly affects profitability. * ensures survival. * fundamental role of marriage. * generally means the action or process of making a copy of something. * gives rise to more organisms with the same basic characteristics as their parents - new generations by either asexual or sexual processes * has advantage - cost - details - energy cost - finish * has high cost - incredible details - two distinct phases in eusocial insects - values * helps assure each species' survival in the ocean. - components - normal processes as well reproductive effects from chemical exposures - power - rupture and fission of the cell and then reclosure to form new cells - steps - transmissions * is accomplished by the release of sexual or asexual spores. * is also an essential quality of life - necessary for species survival * is always asexual - costly for women, and can also be for men * is an essential characteristic of all living things - process for all living things - impelling force in all biological organisms * is an important consideration in the economics of cattle production - life process which helps in the continuity of life on the Earth - part of female bed bugs' life - obvious behavioral property of all life - analogous to love * is another aspect of life science - function under control of the autonomic nervous system - important characteristic of living organisms * is asexual and sexual - by budding, or sexual * is both asexual and sexual - by asexual and sexual means * is both sexual and asexual, the latter taking place by bud- ding - latter taking place by budding - though there is no alternation of generations - parthenogenetic - sexually and asexually * is by asexual means - production of spores * is by binary fission of the trophozoites - birth of live young throughout the growing season - both plant division and seeds - budding of yeast cells * is by eggs in most cases, but a few species birth live young - or the birthing of live young - fission and by conjugation - fragmentation and also cell division - meiotic parthenogenesis - producing millions of spores that are scattered by the wind - seed, new plants can develop from pieces of broken taproots - simple binary fission when the amoeba splits into two * is carried out by a second type of specialized cell, called the gonidium - the release of sperm and eggs into the water - certainly one of the most important aspects in determining evolution - characterized by two processes - chiefly by binary fission, cell division yielding identical daughter cells - constant irrespective of climate - copying - divided into two categories sexual and asexual - done in order to pass the genetic material to the next generation - effected by binary fission, usually during a resting stage of the cell * is either asexual or sexual * is essential for the survival of an individual's genes - to the continuation of every species - essentially a process of making an offspring out of a part of a par- ent - extremely important to living things for many reasons * is generally asexual and involves simple cell cleavage - cyclic in bony fishes - how living things make more of their kind, or offspring * is important as it is the way in which corals can settle and live in new areas - because it prevents species from dying out - incredibly important to the survival of a species - indicative of a desire within an organism or set of organisms to continue itself - inhibited in soils with large amounts of organic matter - key to the survival of all species - mainly sexually - mostly sexual, though virgin females are able to lay viable eggs during the summer * is necessary for continuity of humans - life process for continuation of life, by the production of offspring - the survival of the species - one of our most delicately balanced biological systems * is one of the areas where adaptation is discussed - basic requirements for life, but there are others - defining characteristics of living things * is one of the fundamental characteristics of all living organisms - most characteristic features of living organisms * is one of the most important definitive characteristics of living things - personal and spiritual human activities - seven life processes - traits on which experts hold differing positions - only by sexual means - part of our animal nature - particularly dependent on normal vitamin A levels * is primarily a function of spore development and dispersal - recalls - restricted to the production of sporoblasts * is sexual and asexual - or, sometimes, parthenogenetic - with internal fertilization - sexual, and in most forms the sexes are separate * is the ability of an organism to make a copy of itself - to make the next generation - act performed by all organisms in order to make offspring - basic phenomenon required for the continued existence of living organisms * is the biological process by which existing organisms give rise to their offspring - new individual organisms are produced - that produces new organisms - creation of new offspring for a species - driving force of evolution - extension of life of a species at a given time - key to survival of all animals - means by which each new organism arises - most contested domain of gender difference relating to workplace regulation - natural way of life, after all - one thing that life has always been doing * is the process by which an organism produces new organisms like itself - animals produce offspring - humans gives rise to new individuals * is the process by which living things create more of their own kind - things produce new living things of their own kind - one organism makes one or more new organisms - organisms give rise to offspring - plants and animals produce offspring - in which new life is created * is the process of generating offspring - one or more living things creating another living thing * is the process of producing another organism of the same kind - sole goal for which human beings are designed - time in the life cycle of a flowering plant when offspring are produced - to create or recreate something, usually a new living thing, such as a baby * is typically asexual, although sexual exchange occurs as well - sexual with flagellated sperm fertilizing nonmotile eggs to form zygotes - sexual, but parthenogenesis occurs frequently * is usually asexuality by simple division - sexual with separate sexes - variable, but most gastropods have separate sexes - very important process for all organisms - vital for an organism's existence * is when organisms replicate themselves with variations in many cases - species produce their own kind * means producing a new generation of cells or multicelled individuals - the act of bringing to life young ones that are of the same species - to produce again * miracle in moderation and a fatal disease when uncontrolled. * necessary and important part of milk production. * occur two ways sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. * occurs asexually but placozoans can also form sperm and egg. * occurs asexually by budding and sexually - cell division, by motile zoospores, or by nonmotile spores * occurs both by vegetative and sexual methods - sexually and by budding * occurs by fragmentation, by zoospores, and by isogamy - only means of nucleic acid - exclusively through cell division * occurs in animals - every known living species on earth - parthenogenetically in the absence of egg fertilization by males - sexually through the production of numerous seeds * occurs through mitotic cell division * occurs under certain circumstances - when the parent polyp releases fertilized eggs - with the onset of the rainy season, which changes the water chemistry * offers advantage - benefits - evolutionary advantage - several advantage * plays a major role in a herd s milk production level. * possesses power. * receives attention - special attention * reproduction of the entire life cycle. * requires conditions - contact * resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes is called sexual reproduction. * synonym of procreation. * takes place both asexually and sexually. * takes place by both asexual and sexual methods - the formation of resting cells, zoospores, and gametes - mainly by simple fission, and the cells divide very rapidly - on a single chromosome and allows fitter chromosomes to reproduce more - only through cell division - when male and female clams release sperm and eggs into the water * varies from none to a complex life cycle containing mitosis and meiosis - greatly, from a binary fission-like process to true meiosis * very important function of living organisms. + Euglenozoa: Protista * Some other euglenozoa feed through the absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplasts and so obtain energy through photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls 'A' and 'C', along with other pigments, so are probably evolved from those of a captured green alga. Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reproduction: Assisted reproduction * calls for sensitivity to the value of human life. * is ethically wrong because it renders children into articles of commerce. Bird reproduction * is characterized by a. b. c. d. ovoviviparity. * varies quite widely from one family to another. Coral reproduction * is actually a common phenomenon in aquariums - affected by small and large-scale disturbances in the ecosystem * varies depending on the species. Differential reproduction * is the maximum reproductive capacity of a population of individuals. * occurs between the poorly and better adapted individuals. Early reproduction * can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. * contributes more to the population growth rate than late reproduction. Fungal reproduction * Most fungal reproduction allows for genetic variation * can be sexual, asexual or both. * occurs through sexual and asexual spores. Human reproduction * Most human reproduction depends on actions. * belongs to sexual reproduction. * involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior - the production of specialized cells that fuse, forming a fertilized egg * is considered in comparative perspective - inefficient - most efficient when there is only one fetus - no different * orients sexual activity to the future of the world.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reproduction: Natural reproduction * Most natural reproduction is vegetative by means of root suckering and stump sprouting. * Some natural reproduction occurs in the stream and it receives very little pressure. * appears good for all species present. * depends more on seedling survival than on requirements for germination. * is limited, and populations are maintained through stocking programs - usually prolific, but mortality rates are high, probably due to flooding - what every living organism does * maintains the lake trout, brook trout, and cusk populations.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reproduction: Plant reproduction * All plant reproduction requires that pollen be transmitted to the female organ, or pistil. * follows a continuous cycle. * includes asexual and sexual. * involves gamete production by a haploid generation, the gametophyte. * is important to man because man depends on plants to live - similar to animal reproduction - the creation of new offspring through asexual or sexual reproduction * is the process by which plants generate new individuals, or offspring - they can produce new offspring - woven into a web that includes wind, water, and animals<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reproduction: Sexual reproduction * involves the production of ascospores. * is reproduction * process that can only be found in eukaryotes. * takes place when a sperm fertilizes an egg. + Meiosis: Chromosomes * Sexual reproduction takes place when a sperm fertilizes an egg. The eggs and sperm are special cells called gametes, or sex cells. Fertilization restores the chromosomes in body cells to the diploid number. + Penicillium, Characteristics: Fungi * Sexual reproduction involves the production of ascospores. The asci contain eight unicellular ascospores each. + Sex, Evolution: Biological reproduction * Sexual reproduction is a process that can only be found in eukaryotes. These cells have a nucleus and mitochondria. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between bacteria. This is not the same as sexual reproduction, but it also results in the mixture of genetic traits. Successful reproduction * Some successful reproduction occurs in water. * involves production. * is the key to natural selection. * requires mature male and female lobsters of similar size.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| reproduction: Unauthorized reproduction * causes birth defects - blindness in laboratory rats - morning sickness * is illegal and disrespectful - in violation of criminal and civil intellectual property laws - punishable under federal law * violation of applicable laws - copyrights * violation of federal as well as spiritual laws<\|endoftext\|>### process \| reproduction: Vegetative reproduction * Most vegetative reproduction involves parents. * Some vegetative reproduction occurs naturally, usually via modified vegetative organs. * arises from fission, fragmentation, or by the formation of the hormogonia. * enables a stand of toadflax to spread rapidly. * happens through fragmentation of the filaments. * involves layering. * involves no mixing of genes from two parents - special reproductive cells * is asexual cloning of a plant. * is by cyst formation - rhizomes * is common in perennial grasses - the grass family - done by an extensive rhizome system - favored in the tropics - important because of low seed viability - known from bryophytes where sexual reproduction has never been seen - the formation of new individuals by mitosis * is the primary means of postburn regeneration in desert peach - mechanism of spread - mode of regeneration - their primary means of expansion - very common, by the production of propagules * occurs after injury - by fission or fragmentation or by the formation of hormogonia - from both crown and root buds * occurs through rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, or budding roots - runners or stolons * represents the primary mode of postfire regeneration in chokecherry. * uses plants parts such as roots, stems and leaves. Virgin birth * is reproduction * new thing in earth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Respiration * Describe the anatomy of the human respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing. * Looks at how fish get oxygen from the water. * Most respiration depends on ability - has effects * Most respiration involves chemical reaction - enzyme reaction - glycolysis - many chemical reaction - movement * Most respiration produces carbon dioxide - provides energy - releases oxygen - requires oxygen - uses energy * Some respiration continues and a very small amount of heat is produced - gives off energy - involves breakdowns * Some respiration occurs in absence - bottles - organelles - protists - wall walls - zones * Some respiration produces acid - lactic acid - removes blood * Some respiration requires carbon fixation - shows large spikes * Use an external electron acceptor. * also carries waste carbon dioxide away from the cells - causes cycle fluctuations - happens in plants during photosynthesis - increases when traveling or when water gets colder * also produces carbon dioxide and water, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis - which are eliminated by the respiratory system - heat, although it is much more evident in animals than in plants - takes place by diffusion through the external body surface * always involves the breakdown of more complex molecules to liberate energy. * are deep and rapid - often hard to see because of decreased chest expansion - shallow and rapid * arises from metabolic activity of mitochondria and largely occurs in roots and stems. * basic reaction of all plant material, both in the field and after harvest. * becomes an active, voluntary process, and every breath represents hard work. * becomes shallow and erratic - slow and the heart-beat decreases * begins with gas exchange. * biological process * breaks down glucose, using oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide and water. * can be rapid and shallow with grunting or chattering on expiration - provide heat for the body that is maintained by warm blooded animals * central function in humans. * changes the weather - within one breathing cycle * chemical process which occurs within every living cell in every living organism. * chemical reaction that happens in all living cells - within cells to release energy from food * combines oxygen and digested food to release energy. * consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products * continues at depth - to be governed by temperature after harvest * converts chemical energy * depends on a good air supply * function of life, which means it is carried on by all living things. * good example of a life process that is driven by entropy. * happens in regions of a cell called mitochondria. * has no effect. * includes exchanges. * involves a series of redox reactions - obtaining the energy to live by oxidising food, and expelling metabolic waste - oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water - releasing oxygen into the environment * is accelerated in pain and in feverish conditions - accomplished by the tentacles - achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm - aerobic when oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor - aided by respiratory horns projecting through the wall of the cocoon - almost the exact opposite reaction to photosynthesis * is also a direct cause why tomatoes fail to ripen during hot, summer days - at a lower level in the winter * is an energy consuming process and breathing is an energy producing process - important part of the global carbon cycle - oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy - both a degradative as well as a synthetic pathway * is by book lungs or tracheae - diffusion of gases through the cell membrane - gills and food capture by filter feeding with the help of gills * is by means of book gills, book lungs, or tracheae - calculated from the oxygen changes during the night extrapolated to the whole period * is carried out continuously by plant cells, as well as animal cells - in the mitochondria - cycles - different from breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs - done by animals, plants, and microbes - driven by different muscular systems in different species - entirely through the body wall in some polychaetes, and partially so in most * is essential to life and occurs naturally without effort or insight in a healthy person - life, when it ceases so does life * is essentially the opposite of photosynthesis - reverse of photosynthesis - evaluated at different levels of oxygen partial pressure - exergonic - faint, and in some sleeps appears to wholly cease - fast and superficial during anxiety attacks - impaired by collapse of a lung and by poor circulation - improved as the breathing muscles are strengthened - interrupted during swallowing - labored due to pulmonary congestion, or chest wounds - measured in breaths per minute, typically by a strain gauge worn around the chest - metabolism - more or less constant - much more efficient in birds than in mammals - necessary to extract oxygen from the air, which is use by cells - of two types, viz - regulated by substrate availability * is suspended after exhalation for exposure * is suspended at the end of full exhalation to elevate the diaphragm - full inhalation for sharper contrast - full inhalation to depress the diaphragm - temperature dependent * is the act of burning energy from oxygen - biological input and photosynthesis is the biological output - breakdown of sugars, etc., in the plant - converting of glucose and oxygen into energy - easiest sensor to wear and is the most immune from motion artifacts - oxydation of organic matter to release energy * is the process by which animals break down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water - living things use oxygen to release energy - oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled * is the process of breathing in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide - of all living things - getting the oxygen into the cells of the body to provide energy - releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose * is the release of energy from food substances in all living cells - glucose or another organic chemical - reversed process of photosynthesis - same in both plants and animals - taking in of oxygen and the eliminating of carbon dioxide - term used to describe breathing - useful release of the energy that has been stored by photosynthesis * is through the body surface, cerata or secondary gills located around the anus - shell and membranes, which are permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide - under tight control in living organisms - used in the coral when carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere and oceans - usually rapid and shallow * is via diffusion in the absence of more sophisticated organs - segmentally arranged trachea with segmental spiracles - when plant and animal cells release energy stored in the bonds of glucose molecules - where the plant takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide to the surroundings - wholly through the skin * leads to production. * means burning of food with the help of oxygen to release energy. * metabolic process evident at two levels of plant biological organization. * occurs as dissolved oxygen in the water diffuses across the cell membrane - at night as well as during the day - between the double membrane of the mighty mitochondria * occurs by diffusion through the moist surface of the body - continuously in the living proto- plasm of all animal and plant cells * occurs in all cells of all organisms - life forms and in all cells - living cells, including leaves and roots - the cells of nearly all living things * occurs in the mitochondria of animal cells - terminal bronchioles of the lower airway - on the plasma membrane * occurs through the thin carapace which is most efficient during swimming and feeding - well developed lungs, and in some turtles a moist cloacal surface - when plants and animals die and decay, releasing carbon dioxide * powers the body. * probably occurs mostly through the skin. * process inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide - whose reciprocal is photosynthesis * provides all organisms with the energy for their life processes - the energy or driving source for speech * reduces forage quality by consuming readily digestible carbohydrates. * refers to the metabolism of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. * speeds up to provide extra oxygen - when it is warm and slows way down when it gets cold * takes place at night and during the day - even though the lungs are severely injured and functioning poorly - in a special structure called the 'mitochondria' inside all eukaryote cells * takes place in all cells releasing energy stored in food - viable seed - every cell and is called as cellular respiration - plants, animals and decomposers * takes place in the mitochondria of the cell - mitochondrion of both plant and animal cells - roots and therefore, oxygen is vital to plant survival - through general body surface * the opposite process of photosynthesis. - oxygen to break down the plant material, releasing the stored energy * usually occurs spontaneously at birth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| respiration: Aerobic respiration * Most aerobic respiration leads to production - provides energy * Some aerobic respiration involves breakdowns - releases energy * ceases, anerobic respiration begins. * fairly recent development in the history of life. * is an oxidative process which uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor - at extracting chemical energy than is fermentation - composed of three separate processes - done when there large amount of oxygen available - much more rapid and efficient than anaerobic metabolism - possible only if oxygen is present in protozoan cells * is the most efficient form, and requires oxygen - of all because the electron falls so far - the production of carbon dioxide and water * occurs only in the presence of oxygen. * produces carbon dioxide as a waste product - many times more energy than anaerobic respiration does - much more than anaerobic respiration * provides energy much faster than anaerobic respiration * releases energy by breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. * uses oxygen and releases a large amount of energy - carbon in the form of carbon dioxide<\|endoftext\|>### process \| respiration: Anaerobic respiration * Most anaerobic respiration provides energy - enough energy - releases oxygen - requires oxygen * Some anaerobic respiration has equations - occurs in absence * Some anaerobic respiration produces acid - lactic acid * can provide energy to animals for several days in the absence of oxygen - use nitrate, sulfate, etc. as electron acceptor * common occurrence. * is in the absence of air - necessary above the anaerobic threshold - the build up of lactic acid which also causes cramps * lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen. * prevents muscle fatigue. * produces more energy for cells than does aerobic respiration. * releases much less energy than does aerobic respiration * takes place in a. the chloroplast - our skeletal muscles * uses oxygen from the breakdown of compounds such as nitrate or sulfate - sulfur, methane or hydrogen as electron acceptors * very slow process. Cell respiration * Some cell respiration occurs in organelles. * beautiful process that is vital to the well being all living things. * is the process by which consumers, detritus feeders and decomposers obtain energy. * releases carbon dioxide * takes place in the mitochondria of animals and in the cytoplasm of plants. * uses glucose and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Dark respiration * Some dark respiration shows large spikes. * taking place in plants is independent of the presence of light.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| respiration: Insect respiration * happens without lungs. + Insect, Physiology, Respiratory and circulatory systems: * Insect respiration happens without lungs. There is a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases diffuse or are actively pumped. Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures. Rapid respiration * is called tachypnea. * produces more heat, which can increase the temperature still further.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Response * Some responses are mediated by antibodies - histamine * Some responses occur at cellular levels - in organs * affect evolution. * alter atmospheric environments - local environments * are consequences - manners - measured by behavioural changes, altered rates of growth, reproduction or mortality - phrases * attract attention - considerable attention * can have consequences. * cause reaction. * demonstrate consideration - thoughtful consideration * depend on levels - severity * destroy antibodies. * follow applications - definite paths - events - experience - patterns - typical patterns * have limits - occurrences - outcomes * include positive reaction * indicate conductivity * involve activations - interaction * is an artform that requires opening, listening and knowing oneself and one s reactions - effect - the reaction of an organism when something happens to it * latencies to the onset and offset of visual stimuli. * may have cost. * occur at places - in skin * provide information - useful information * reflect adaptive evolution - genetic evolution * relate to ability - limit ability * require actions - tests * show creativity - little creativity * thresholds to sucrose predict foraging division of labor in honeybees. * vary among individuals. ### process \| response: Emotional response * can occur in the absence of conscious experience. * seems to be heightened in dreams, and concepts more clearly defined. Evoked response * are changes in electrical conductivity in the central nervous system. * measure how the brain handles different sensory stimuli.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| response: Immune response * Most immune responses destroy antibodies * Some immune responses kill infect viruses * Some immune responses lead to abdominal cavities - infection - severe infection - prevent diseases * are reaction. * improves in about four weeks. * involves antigen, antibodies and cell mediated responses. * is defined and characterized - different after weight training than with other types of intense exercise - humoral and cell mediated - mediated by lymphocytes , which are a type of white blood cell a * requires additional energy. Overreaction * has a tendency to create the law of unintended consequences. * is reaction. Stress response * Some stress responses lead to inductions. * involve both body and mind.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| response: Taxis * Some taxes are based on how much money a person earns. * Taxes Explain the tax implications of financial decisions - account for more than a third of the price of gas * Taxes affect consumption - economic behavior and decision-making, which in turn affects the economy - the economy, governmental structure, and political climate of that civilized society * Taxes also affect costs by way of depreciation - who receives gifts and what time of the year they are bestowed - can eat away investment returns - hamper the progress of technology - have a debilitating impact on the economy - help determine the character of civilized society and government and politics - pay for interest on the government's public debt - redistribute income and wealth - turn most people into plunderers - always change the distribution of emphasis and investment and activity in a company * Taxes are a cost of doing business that are considered when pricing goods - daily part of life - form of violence - job killer, particularly during economic setbacks - legal debt owed to others - major source of revenue for spending on health and education - moral duty, an unquestionable obligation - part of the cost of capital - penalty paid by the more productive and honest segments of society - relic of ancient times, as was slavery - vehicle for raising revenues - way of life - also a means of providing incentives for resource use * Taxes are an attempt to pool money to concentrate labor toward governmentally decided ends - example of people handing over their money to the government - expense of doing business - impediment to economic growth - important part of the cost of production as well as the cost of living - any payment on behalf of the individual to the government - as old as government - expensive in that they reduce investment and employment - investments - in our children, in our adults, in our infrastructure and in our economy - just part of the cycle of nature * Taxes are one of the most important economic weapons a government has - powerful instruments of change - powerful tools governments can use for guiding their economies - significant costs of investing in mutual funds - two guarantees in life - reason couples feel pressure for a second income - only one contributing factor to a high cost of living or of doing business - proportional to total income, and they are redistributed as equal lump-sum transfers - re-allocation of economic resources - required payments of money to the government - simply monies stolen from the people by force * Taxes are the amount the government takes away from a company s profit - arterial sclerosis of the economy - basic source of revenue to the government - economic basis of the government machinery and of nothing else - fuel that drive big government - highest or second highest cost of producing throughout the state * Taxes are the income the government receives from households and business firms - receives from households and firms * Taxes are the main source of revenues - sources of the state's funds - product of innovation, entrepreneurship, labor, blood, sweat and tears - regular taxes applicable to purchases in Canada - second component of gasoline prices - truly the food that provides sustenance to the predator state * Taxes can also affect our ability to give to others - constrict economic activity, leaving less profit and income to tax - cause people and firms to change their behavior - change the ways people invest and earn their livings * Taxes come from all levels of government and in a surprising variety of forms - in all shapes and sizes - consume more of a working person s income than anytime in history - create a demand for money, and government spending provides the supply - destroy wealth because they deter some wealth creating transactions from taking place * Taxes do affect behaviour and tax increases can curb investment - eat up almost half of one's hard earned income - increase the prices of certain goods and services, thereby decreasing the quantity demanded - involve family, money, business * Taxes is taxes - where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities - keep poor people poor - links Republican ideas to reform taxes - mean money and money means power - move behavior away from productivity, toward wastefulness - paid in Sweden are a tax credit, offsetting taxes payable in Norway - refer to property taxes and insurance is self explanatory * Taxes represent a lien on realized gains, a cost of winning - government claims on private property - sever the link between costs and benefits + Gasoline, Usage and pricing, United States: Fuel :: Hydrocarbons * Because of primitive gasoline pumps in the 1920s, United States gasoline prices are posted with taxes included and the taxes are set on cents per gallon. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. The federal government and many states fail to increase their gasoline taxes over time with inflation. Retrieved on November 25, 2011. also charge a sales tax as a percentage and vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline. + Municipal corporation, By county, India: Local government :: Urban studies and planning * In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more. Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations. Members are chosen from the wards of the city. The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities. + Tax, Types of taxes: Taxation * There are many different kinds of taxes. Some taxes are based on how much money a person earns. The more money is earned, the more a person must pay. This is called an income tax.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| response \| taxis: Death taxis * Death Taxes penalize work and saving and encourages large-scale consumption by the very rich. * Death taxes cost taxpayers time as well as money - penalize families, punish thrift and discourage entrepreneurship Direct taxis * Direct Taxes are taxes on people and property. * Direct taxes are payable only if there are net profits - upon persons or their property, and are subject to apportionment Estate taxis * Estate taxes affect the transfer of small businesses and family farms to surviving family. * Estate taxes are quite similar to corporate taxes - taxes on property or money that is inherited - the most onerous of federal taxes - can mean the loss of treasured family assets - have a negative impact on the economy - play an important role in the U.S. tax system Federal taxis * Federal taxes account for about two-thirds of the total taxes paid by farm sole proprietors - apply to all income regardless of residency * Federal taxes are a family issue in many ways - based on money income and are progressive, i.e. , the tax rate rises with income High taxis * High taxes are a crime against people, both rich and poor - disincentive to economic growth - taxes on jobs - encourage people to quit or never to start smoking - force families to work harder each year to fuel a growing government - limit parents' freedom and ability to address the needs of their families * High taxes reduce the incentive to work, save and invest - return to owners of capital and labor Payroll taxis * Payroll taxes are a far greater burden on the poor than on the rich - inflationary because they increase the costs of production * Payroll taxes are the biggest burden for workers - first to slip when a company has cash flow problems - primary source of financing for railroad retirement benefits - penalize work much more than income taxes<\|endoftext\|>### process \| response \| taxis: Property taxis * Property taxes account for more than three-fourths of the revenue raised through taxes on wealth. * Property taxes are a budget driven tax - leading source of local revenues - lien on the property - major source of revenue to local governments - ad valorem taxes * Property taxes are also common for most homeowners - legal deductibles from a homeowner's income tax - an inappropriate financing source for social programs - deductible from income for tax itemizers - easily the most destructive, regressive, and complicated form of taxation - generally ad valorem taxes - highest in the Midwest - levies on the value of real estate - local taxes - more appropriate for maintaining local governments - tax deductible * Property taxes are the engine that largely underwrites government at the local level - largest source of tax revenue for cities, counties, and special districts - one funding source over which local schools have direct control - primary source of revenue for local governments in Indiana - principal source of public school funds - are, by and large, a local tax - depend on the type of property and start at one percent of the assessed value - do affect low income and older people - impact housing affordability - pay for essential services and are a tax deduction - provide much of the revenue used to fund local and state governments - vary widely across the United States	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| response \| taxis: Sales taxis * Sales taxes are a discouragement of the use of the medium - heavy part of the revenue streams for state and local governments - an important source of revenue for most states and some large cities and counties - approximately one fourth of all tax revenues raised by state and local governments - generally the most regressive type of taxes - inherently taxes levied upon the poor * Sales taxes are regressive - that is, they disproportionately impact low income people - seven times as hard on poor people as they are on the rich - the single largest source of revenue for most states and local governments - trust fund taxes in some jurisdictions, as well - where Alabama cities sink or swim - boost the price of everything from peas to pantyhose - encourage savings by discouraging consumption of goods and services - help pay for the infrastructure that brings buyers, sellers, and the goods together - pay for public services	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Ringworm * Most ringworm appears on the arm and upper body torso. * Most ringworm is caused by fungi - parasitic fungi * Some ringworm causes burns - occurs in rats * appears as a red, circular, flat sore that is sometimes accompanied by scaly skin - to be an irregularly shaped area of partial or complete hair loss with crusts * are parasite that live on the skin and hair of animals. * can also come from rats and mice - occur in the scalp, usually in children - cause flaky bald patches that sometimes look red in the center - spread by direct contact with infected people or animals - take many forms however * common fungal disease of the skin - skin disease caused due to fungal attacks on the skin * contagious form of hair loss, most common in children. * contagious fungal infection of the skin that has nothing to do with worms * creates a dry, circular skin sore, which looks a bit like a mini-crater on the moon. * damages areas. * fungal disease of the skin that is transmitted by contact - which can also be transmitted to humans * fungal infection of the skin or scalp * fungal infection that can affect any part of the body - cause patchy hair loss - is treated with topical creams * fungus and tea tree oil very powerful, herbal anti-fungal. * fungus that can cause hair loss - lives on and in hair - requires a warm, moist environment to grow * is actually a fungal infection called dermatophytosis - fungus and can be transferred to both humans and other animals - an infection in the dead layer of the skin, hair, and nails * is an infection caused by tiny organisms called fungi, which feed on the keratin - infectious disease with zoonotic potential - considered to be a zoonotic disease, or one that can be transferred from pets to humans * is contagious as it spreads through contact - long as active lesions are present - both to goats and to humans * is contagious to humans and other animals - humans, particularly to children and to other household pets - people, so it is very important to handle infected animals with care - diagnosed by culturing some hairs plucked from the animal - difficult to prevent - extremely contagious both horse to horse and horse to human * is highly contagious to humans and other animals - contagious,humans can and do get ring worm from their pets - infectious to other pets and humans - mycosis - potentially contagious to people - probably the most common zoonosis of cats * is quite a common infection in childhood - painful and irritating - really a type of fungus that causes a ring-shaped itchy place on the skin of humans - seen much less commonly in adults than in children * is spread by direct and indirect contact with humans, animals, and soil - contact with a person or animal infected with the fungus - either direct or indirect contact - from person to person - the common name given to skin infections by certain fungi * is the most common fungal disease that affects animals - zoonotic disease transferred from animals to humans * is treated by applying tincture of iodine - with topical preparations like shampoos and salves as well as oral medication * is very contagious between animals and humans - from animal to animal, especially in dense population conditions - mildly contagious - widespread around the world and in the United States * looks like a circular, raised, gray lesion. * mild infection caused by different fungi. * needs to be treated with an anti-fungal cream. * often affects children - occurs on moist areas of the body, such as the groin, armpits, and between the toes * particular challenge to eradicate through disinfection. * requires treatments. * serious problem in places with multiple cats. * skin disease caused by a fungus - infection caused by dermatophytic fungi * starts as a small pimple that grows larger and creates patches of dry, bald skin. * superficial skin infection, also known as tinea. * usually responds to self-care.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| ringworm: Scalp ringworm * is found on the head, and body ringworm affects arms, legs, or the chest. * is highly contagious and especially among children - contagious, especially among children<\|endoftext\|>### process: Roundworm * Many roundworms are parasites and can cause a variety of problems for people and pets. * Most roundworms cause illnesses - infection * Most roundworms have bilateral symmetry - blood - live in the spaces between soil particles, or other substratum - reproduce asexually * Some roundworms affect humans - are also parasites - bear live young, and yet most release their eggs into various habitats * Some roundworms cause blindness - brain diseases - diarrhea * Some roundworms cause fatal brain diseases * Some roundworms have brains - guts - hearts - primitive brains * also live as parasites in animals, including people. * are a member of the nemathelminths phylum or group of animals - zoonotic disease, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to people - adapted to infesting dogs and cats primarily, but they can also infest humans - among the world's leading disease-causing organisms - common in most tropical areas - fairly large worms that can grow to be four or five inches long - found in every single type of environment on Earth - in the phylum - long, white and described as looking like spaghetti - most common in children - nonsegmented worms that include many common parasites * are one of the most common intestinal parasites of the cat - simplest animal groups that have a complete digestive system - parasitic to both animals and plants - round because they have psuedocoelom - round, pointy at the ends, and slightly pinkish in color * are small, often white in colour, and look like threads - slender, unsegmented worms which are tapered at both ends - surrounded by a strong, flexible noncellular layer called a cuticle - the intestinal parasite that look like spaghetti * are the most common of the parasitic worms found inside a dog - parasites in cats - type of worm infection - commonly seen intestinal parasite - simplest animals to have a complete digestive system * attach to the intestinal surface and suck blood or serum from the animal. * called nematodes are the most common parasite found in marine fishes. * can be a health risk for humans. * can cause the stomach to feel swollen and hard - vomiting in cats - generate weight loss or impactions and can cause an inflammation of the bowel - infest adult dogs and cats, too - pose a serious threat to a child's vision - remain infective in the soil for a prolonged period - reside in the intestinal tract of cats, other domestic animals, and wildlife * cause fever, cough and intestinal problems * come in segmented and unsegmented, parasitic and nonparasitic varieties. * describes a whole bunch of different worm parasites. * have a body cavity filled with fluid that houses the organs - that houses the organs and serves as a circulatory system * have a complete digestive tract that includes a mouth and anus - with a mouth and anus - digestive system similar to a tube with apertures on both ends - pseudocoel, which fluid filled body cavity - sudocoelem which suspends their digestive tracts in fluid - an odd life cycle - no blood or heart - remarkable powers of reproduction and are extremely numerous * is mycosis * live in salt water, fresh water and the soil. * live in the canine intestine - dogs intestines and live by sucking blood - gut and take food from the pig * look alike earthworms , but they are completely different. * reappear after treatment. * rely on movement to stay in the intestinal tract. * represent a significant public health concern, especially for children. * resides in the small intestine of dogs. * show anterior cephalization, a major evolutionary advance.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| roundworm: Adult roundworm * are relatively large and visible to the naked eye. * have a funny face, with three big lips surrounding their mouth.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| roundworm: Threadworm * affect mainly foals. * are any long slender roundworms, commonly found in preschool and school aged children - small thread-like creatures which can be noticed in the stools of children - tiny white worms which live in the bowel * can also be a problem for foals under six months of age. * grow in the gut of humans - their entire life is based around living in our bodies. * leave the bowel at night and lay eggs on the skin around the back passage. * live on the ground in damp soil, mossy areas or in decaying vegetation. * look like thin, white, cotton threads. Saltation * is an important mode of transport for sandy and gravelly systems - downwind movement of particles in a series of jumps or skips - how sand particles move - mutation - natural processes - recreation - the bouncing of particles along the soil surface * means leaping or dancing. * moves small particles in the direction of the wind in a series of short hops or skips. * process where the sand grains bounce as they are transported by wind. Scientific process * involves inquiry, problem solving, and decision making. * is about discovering truth - used to interpret observations that shape our perceptions of the cosmos * provide a logical method for problem solving, which requires critical thinking.<\|endoftext\|>### process: Secretion * Most secretion contains scent. * Most secretion has functions - properties * Most secretion is produced by deposition - endocrine glands - pedal glands - prostate glands - salivary glands - passes through ducts - serves functions - simulates positive reaction * Some secretion affects flavor - metabolism - burns eyes - causes skin irritation - consists of saliva * Some secretion contains carbohydrates - compounds - fiber - fructose - histamine - pheromone - sodium - sugar - sulfur compounds * Some secretion contributes to motility - sperm motility * Some secretion enters hollow organs - tubules * Some secretion includes antidiuretic hormones - various hormones - irritates skin * Some secretion is produced by aphids - bees - cane toads - female worker bees - insects - intestines - mothers - small intestines - suck insects - trees - leads to bone maturation * Some secretion occurs in proximal tubules - women - passes through pharynxs - provides nutrients * Some secretion reaches intestines * Some secretion reduces fish predation * are extremely high in chloride - increased, due to the body going into overdrive - liquid substances produced by parts of plants or bodies - very diverse in their functions * become thick, and dark, with a strong smell. * biological process * build up can cause pneumonia - up, encouraging the growth of certain bacteria * contain large amounts of proteins, carbs, iron and ammonia. * demonstrates variability. * draining from the mastoid also cross the middle ear and drain into the nasopharynx. * has assistance * includes excretion. * is active while excretion is passive in nature - affected by light - an area for which there is extensive research in both academic and industrial settings - by way of Malpighian tubules and reabsorption by way of rectum - inhibited by increased ionized calcium and increased calcitriol - one of the skin's most important functions - partly under the control of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system * is stimulated by an action potential - prolactin - the movement of material from one point to another * means moving from the blood into the tubule lumen. * obstruct airways and impede action of cilia. * occurs constitutively and is regulated by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. * results in odor. * takes place all along the homogenous Malpighian tubules - places	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion: Digestive secretion * Some digestive secretion provides nourishment. * diminish markedly, although enzymes remain adequate. * follow a day-night pattern. Gastrointestinal secretion * Some gastrointestinal secretion enters hollow organs * significant and important matter in animal life.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion: Hormone * ALL hormones are synthesized from fat. * All hormones are active in very small amounts - multifunctional compounds of wide spectrum of biological activities - pulsatile in nature - have the following basic structure a * DO play a role in acne. * Many hormones activate adenylate cyclase when they bind to their receptors - are proteins * Many hormones are secreted by specialized glands such as the thyroid gland - into the blood during sleep - steroids or peptides - come in antagonistic pairs that have opposite effects on the target organs - decrease significantly with aging * Many hormones interact to integrate body growth with nutrition and other intrinsic signals - keep a woman's body in balance - orchestrate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy * More hormone is secreted when there is less oxygen delivered to the kidney. * Most hormone estrogens stimulate uteruses. * Most hormones accelerate breast tumor development * Most hormones act on glands - pituitary glands * Most hormones activate development - gland development * Most hormones affect development - functions - kidney functions - metabolism - reproduction - are controlled by a feedback regulation mechanism * Most hormones are made by endocrine glands - parathyroid glands - pineal glands - produced by animals * Most hormones are produced by anterior glands - pituitaries - cells within the ganglia of the central nervous system - hypothalami * Most hormones are proteins composed of amino acid chains of varying length - consisting of amino acid chains * Most hormones are released by adrenal glands - anterior pituitaries * Most hormones are released by posterior glands * Most hormones are secreted by adrenal cortexes * Most hormones are secreted by anterior glands * Most hormones are secreted by posterior glands - sex organs - thyroids * Most hormones bind to antibodies - can function only within very narrow ranges of temperature * Most hormones cause chain reaction - change development * Most hormones circulate in blood, coming into contact with essentially all cells - bloodstreams * Most hormones come from enlarge glands - contribute to characteristics * Most hormones control blood - glucose blood - other endocrine glands * Most hormones create conditions * Most hormones encourage growth - maturation - enter bloodstreams * Most hormones have additive effects - different effects - homeostatic functions - many different effects * Most hormones have positive effects - impact - properties - roles * Most hormones help cortisol - lower cortisol - muscle growth - root growth - improve performance * Most hormones increase blood calcium levels - chances * Most hormones induce effects - normal growth * Most hormones influence crop growth - inhibit secretion - involve in development - lead to excretion - mediate growth - pass into bloodstreams * Most hormones perform functions - important functions - many important functions * Most hormones play different roles - essential roles - important roles - key roles - major roles - physiological roles - vital roles * Most hormones produce abnormal cell growth * Most hormones produce in adrenal glands * Most hormones promote bone health - differentiations - reach their target cells via the blood circulatory system - regulate activities * Most hormones regulate blood calcium levels - pressure - sugar levels - bodily activities * Most hormones regulate body metabolism - weight - exchanges - fetal tissue - kidneys - onsets - plant growth - renal uptake * Most hormones regulate water excretion * Most hormones release into bloodstreams - circulatory fluid - remain in bloodstreams * Most hormones secrete from glands - specialize glands * Most hormones stimulate adrenal cortexes * Most hormones stimulate anterior glands - behavior - blood cell production - cartilage maturation - courtship behavior - hair growth - milk production * Most hormones stimulate overall body growth - red blood cell production - white cell production - support growth * Some hormone oxytocins stimulate contraction - treatments cause ovulation * Some hormones accelerate protein synthesis * Some hormones act on bones - tubules * Some hormones affect behavior - human behavior - only one or two organs, while others affect the whole body - sexual behavior - the permeability of the cell membrane * Some hormones are excreted by kidneys - scorpions - lipids rather than proteins - located in lobsters - made by pancreases - necessary for life * Some hormones are produced by adrenal cortexes - cows - female gonads - follicles - humans - lobes - ovaries - plants - pregnant women - primates - skin - thymuses * Some hormones are released by hypothalami * Some hormones are secreted by anterior pituitaries - atriums - embryos - hearts - intestines - small intestines - stomachs - trophoblasts - steroids, fatty cholesterol-produced substances - stored, others undergo continuous turnover * Some hormones block ovulation - regular ovulation * Some hormones cause activations - baldness - electrolyte imbalances - inflammation - male baldness - tumors - change shapes - consist of as little as a single amino acid * Some hormones control growth * Some hormones control the release of other hormones - transcription of certain genes in their target cells - created in humans can also cause cancer - cross the target cell membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor - decrease peristalsis - derive from cholesterol - destroy tissue - do things like preparing the uterus while others have a mood-altering effect * Some hormones enhance production - enter nuclei - find in blood * Some hormones have causes - nephrons - residues * Some hormones help blood pressure - cervixes - children - food - homeostasis - motility * Some hormones increase blood pressure - food intake - indicate pregnancy - induce ovulation * Some hormones inhibit cell growth - involve in reproduction - isolate from fungi - maintain pregnancy * Some hormones participate in carbohydrate metabolism - play a role in the development of cancer by promoting cell proliferation * Some hormones prepare glands - mammary glands - prevent metamorphosis * Some hormones produce in brains * Some hormones promote cell division - cytokinesis * Some hormones reduce consumption - water consumption * Some hormones regulate activations - cellular metabolism - concentration - digestion - enlargements - height - movement * Some hormones stimulate bone marrow - livers - suppress development * Some hormones trigger dormancy - hunger - rapid production - work to ensure that there is enough calcium in the blood * act as a biological clock controlling the pace of aging - catalytic agents in various biochemical reactions * act as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body - regulate specific body functions - messengers to initiate a response to a change in conditions * act by accelerating, slowing, or stabilizing enzyme activity in target cells - triggering or regulating chemical reactions in the body - is small quantities and are usually carried in the serum - parts of the body by sending chemical signals through receptors on or inside cells - target tissues to activate a receptor - only as they are programmed by their target cells - behaviour and thinking - brain regions selectively - development, behavior, and reproduction - flexibility, male hormones reduce flexibility, female hormones increase flexibility - growth and metabolism - many vital functions in the body - the operation of other glands and organs * affects sexual receptivity, but also is related to contentment especially around mates. * also affect blood cholesterol - the individual's psychology, sometimes profoundly - cause the glands under the arms to release chemicals that have an unpleasant odor - come in pairs, with one member opposing the action of the other - control the volume of fluid and the levels of salt and sugar in the blood - have anti-inflammatory effects and stimulate the lymphatic system * also help mothers to relax and focus on their infants - prevent osteoporosis - make certain genes turn on * also play a role - significant role in regulating female sexual function - an important part in basal metabolism - reduce the amount of fat in the meat - regulate feelings of satiety and are important for the control of appetite - start and control sexual development - tend to cause fluid retention - thickens cervical mucosa * are a functional class of chemicals - strange thing and can make a person or a horse act nothing like themselves - activational and permissive at puberty - active in very small quantities - actually a reality for all women from before birth until the end of life - also a factor * are also responsible for characteristic changes - swelling because of the exaggerated response of the immune system - the emotional changes that take place during puberty - an additional factor that contributes to gender differences in motor skill - carried throughout the body through the bloodstream - chemical messages produced by special cells in glands and other organs of the body * are chemical messengers in the body that are sometimes proteins * are chemical messengers that control many bodily processes, such as growth and metabolism - invoke profound changes within target cells - the body produces to regulate critical life processes * are chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions - body that control various bodily functions - secreted from different glands of the body - that are produced by glands or organs * are chemicals from glands that affect other body parts - made by the body that regulate bodily functions, development and growth * are chemicals produced by one part of the body that cause things to happen in other parts - specialized organs called glands * are chemicals secreted by the animal's glands * are chemicals that are formed in the body and circulate in the blood - tell parts of the body to do things - which affect the actions of different organ systems in the body - created by glands - critical to the aging process because they control the chemistries of the body - glycoprotein chemicals that cause action away from their point of origin - hormones are hormones * are important for mental function, reproduction and other physiologic processes - in maintaining normal growth, puberty, blood glucose, and calcium levels - inanimate objects - incredibly powerful chemicals - interdependent - just as important for a transsexual person as for a non-transgender - known to play a role in senescence - long-lasting chemicals released from glands - glands in the body - molecules - natural substances that control normal development of all embryos and fetuses - naturally present in foods of plant and animal origin, including milk - now illegal in poultry and eggs - often medically necessary for successful living in the new gender * are organic compounds that are effective at very low concentrations - molecules that come in unique structures and shapes - our body's chemical messengers which act on a cellular level - potent biochemical messengers that trigger all sorts of bodily mechanisms - powerful chemicals produced by glands * are powerful chemicals that control or influence particular functions of the body - help keep our bodies working normally - drugs - substances that control many functions throughout the body * are present in almost all foods whether of animal or plant origin - low concentrations in early autumn - primarily proteins which require interaction with enzymes to regulate bodily processes * are produced by all humans and animals for normal body functioning and maturation * are proteins or steroids that are secreted directly into the blood stream - produced by organs of the body that trigger activity in other locations - which are broken down into amino acids in our digestive system - received only by cells with the appropriate receptor - into the bloodstream to prepare the body for physical action * are responsible for many aspects of being a woman - the egg s release from the ovaries and attachment within the uterus - in regulating growth and development - glands into the blood stream * are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body in the bloodstream - directly into the blood and act on tissues elsewhere in the body - similar to neurotransmitters - special tokens for inter-agent communication and control in distributed systems * are substances produced by the body that control or stimulate other cells into action - that travel through the blood stream and affect other organs - the blood-born molecules that regulate our metabolic and reproductive functions * are the body's chemical messengers that regulate a woman's fertility cycle - way of communicating messages about a wide range of functions - chemical messengers of the body's endocrine system - driving factor in development and growth in the bumblebee - major survival signals in endocrine tissues - means by which distant parts of the body communicate with each other * are the messengers of the body - natural chemical messengers of our bodies - pacemakers of youth - signaling molecules in enzyme control - time-released capsules of genetic code - toxic in the wrong amounts * are transported in the bloodstream - within the plant by utilizing four types of movements - typically present in very low concentrations * are used by both plant and animal cells for long-distance signaling - in some forms of contraception and in fertility treatments - to cause the tissue to grow into callus masses, roots or shoots * are very important bio-chemicals in the human body - potent chemicals that operate at low concentrations * are very powerful and can be dangerous * assist the kidney in maintaining the appropriate water balance and salt balance. * begin to decline in mid-twenties. - receptors on a cell's surface or inside a cell * binding causes a conformational change in the receptor that is transmitted to the G-protein - globulins undergo serpin conformational change in inflammation * binds to receptor and causes a second messenger to be released within the cell - with a specific receptor molecule, which protein * block the effect of oestrogen by acting on the oestrogen-receptors. * can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system - on the bone marrow to stimulate the pluipotential stem cell - affect menopause, libido, impotence and fertility * can also affect food cravings - dictate body temperature - have a harmful effect, especially if given in too-large amounts - be proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, or steroids * can cause acne - depression as well - function in much the same way as non-hormonal neurotransmitters - influence human preceptual abilities - interact in permissive, synergistic, or antagonistic ways - interfere with other body processes - modulate the nervous system - produce both positive and negative effects - shape personality - significantly affect bonding * cause a normal rise in blood sugar in all pregnant women - changes in their mood and blood chemistry - the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms * certainly play a role as does bacteria and possibly yeast. * changes after childbirth can affect the neuro-transmitters in the brain such as serotonin - during teenage years cause oil glands to become overactive - in body secretions, along with skin bacteria, can lead to a change in body odor * circulate in bloodstreams. * circulate in the blood and affect different body functions - bloodstream and affect the way other parts of the body function * commonly tell genes within cells to start or stop a growth cycle. * control a man, and women control hormones - all functions of the body - behavior to have sperm and egg released at the same time - every function in our bodies - growth, development, reproduction, and other important processes - many important body activities, such as growth - our energy, immune function, development, and desires - reproduction in most animals, and birds are no different * control the actions of certain cells or organs - tissues or organs - amount of calcium in the blood - function of various tissues - hair growth cycle, hair loss and transition phase - way certain cells or organs act - when the plant goes dormant and when it grows * convey their messages only where receptors are available. * coordinate and control the various organs and tissues of the body. * decrease with age and slow hair growth. * dictate which type it parlays into physical energy, and which form of fuel it stores. * differ from enzymes in that they take part in the reaction and are consequently used up. * diffuse away or are degraded by enzymes. * diffuses through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. * do affect a lot of our responses and the levels are constantly changing - our aging process - seem to affect arousability by altering the threshold for erotic stimulation * drive the production of breast milk. * effect every aspect of the body. * enable people and other animals to live, develop and reproduce. - the blood stream and can affect whole body * even have a role in the cure of hormonally responsive cancers. * exert many of their effects by forming transcription factors - their effects on cells by binding to specific cell receptors * exit their cell of origin via exocytosis or another means of membrane transport. * fights fat in humans. * function as biochemical messengers. * get into the developing cell and bind to receptors - their name from the Greek word meaning 'to urge on' * have a dramatic effect on emotional states - little-understood effect on oil production - significant impact on the skin - wide range of harmful side effects - an important effect upon body function - benefits - the effect of influencing how a mind and body behaves * help boys - elderly sleep - keep homeostasis in an organism - the body manage stress * induce adjustments in urine concentration * influence brains - electrolyte excretion - periodontal disease - the production of hair * inform cells about how and when to grow, produce bodily substances, divide and then die. * interact with receptors on or in target tissues to produce a response - their targets * is produced in the hypothalamus by cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei - problems * made by the placenta to help the baby grow block the effect of the mother's insulin - thyroid are also important during childhood growth and development * make our bodies grow up - tissue grow * making stems and leaves grow. * masculinizes other tissues. - their effects by changing biochemical events in the cell's interior * modify behavior. * occur in very low concentrations in our bodies all the time. * occur naturally in all plants and animals, at widely varying levels - many foods * often make cells divide. * pass through gap junctions of adjacent cells without entering extracellular fluid - synaptic clefts between neurons as do neurotransmitters * perform an organizational role and an activational role during adolescence * play a critical role in our health and vitality - crucial role in the proper development of the growing fetus - fundamental role in a worker's behavioral development - key role in development, and especially sexual differentiation * play a major role in influencing emotions - the way women feel throughout the menstrual cycle - role in the development of acne - similar role in people - vital role in the regulation of cellular activity - an important role in a woman's health and well being * play important roles in the regulation of many physiological and behavioral processes - the same vital sexual role in humans as they do in fish and other animals * produced by both the woman and fetus play a role. * produced by the pituitary also affect the function of other endocrine glands - thymus, too, act on cells in the brain * profoundly affect the nervous system, the reproductive system, and the immune system. * provide a primary way for cells to communicate with each other - many important controls over digestion - other benefits * raging out of control can cause problems that are unpredictable. * redistribute fat. - all areas of sexual performance, from arousal to ejaculation * regulate body functions - functions such as growth and maturation - growth and immune functions - growth, development, behavior, and sexuality - hunger and affect appetite - nearly every response and function within the marijuana plant - overall body conditions, such as blood glucose levels and metabolic rate - pancreatic secretions - physiologic processes in the body - puberty, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause * regulate the blood electrolyte levels - ebb and flow of calcium in and out of bone - ovarian and menstrual cycle - virtually all body processes * released by endocrine gland circulate the blood in order to reach their target cells - glands affect other tissues, including the brain - one gland can also tell 'other' glands to make 'different' hormones * released during labor are an example of a negative feedback loop - pregnancy can raise the mother's blood glucose levels to diabetic levels * seem to have an important role in breast cancer - play a role in the condition * serve as chemical messengers, carrying signals from one part of the body to another - messengers to coordinate activities of various parts of the body * signal an ovum or egg in the ovary to begin developing - the ovaries and other internal reproductive organs to start growing * significantly affect human brain formation, as well as brain development at puberty. * start affecting every animal shortly after it begins life as a fertilized egg - the softening of the cervix - both hair growth and hair loss - enzyme release - feelings, and homones are created by nervous stimulation of the glands * stimulate the growth of other lumps or cysts, too - oil glands to secrete more oil - sebaceous glands and oil production * stimulate, regulate and control all vital bodily functions. * supplements lower risk of cataracts. - reproductive functions and regulate metabolism * synchronize immune function. * take much longer to activate and dissipate, since they travel within our bloodstream. * taken orally enter the bloodstream from the small intestine, and go directly to the liver. * tell our bodies when to start developing breasts or producing sperm - the body when, where, and how to grow * travel in the bloodstream to cells that are called target cells a. * travel through the bloodstream - body by means of the blood vessels * travel throughout the bloodstream to act on target organs and regulate their activity - body and any cells can be affected - to other organs of the body where they produce their effect * trigger behaviour - mate behaviour * triggers cells to turn to fat. * vary in their range of targets. * work by fitting into receptors - on the basis of their specific molecular structure - slowly, i.e., they take minutes - together in a web-like design of chemical balance between our brain and body + Breast, Growth and form: Torso :: Sexuality * The appearance and size of the breasts of a woman may vary due to genetic factors, and the amount of fatty and connective tissue. Hormones also play a role. + Hormone, Actions: Endocrinology * Hormones do many things. They regulate metabolism. Metabolism is all of the chemical and energy reactions that happen in a living thing. Hormones cause the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms. Hormones also start and control sexual development. For example, the hormones estrogen and progesterone make girls puberty. * Hormones do many things. They regulate metabolism. Metabolism is all of the chemical and energy reactions that happen in a living thing. Hormones cause the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms. Hormones also start and control sexual development. For example, the hormones estrogen and progesterone make girls puberty. Hormones help keep homeostasis in an organism. Homeostasis means to keep a constant state inside the body like temperature, amount of water and salts, and amount of sugar. Hormones released by one gland can also tell 'other' glands to make 'different' hormones. + Puberty, How the body controls puberty: Physiology :: Human sexuality * Puberty is started and carried on by different hormones. Hormones are chemicals that tell parts of the body to do things. Hormones are made by glands in the body.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Adrenal hormone * are necessary to control salt, sugar and water balance in the body. * favor sodium retention and potassium loss, so stress can affect potassium levels. * provide stress resistance. Anabolic hormone * Most anabolic hormones promote growth. * Some anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis * Some anabolic hormones are secreted by anterior pituitaries - increase uptake<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Antidiuretic hormone * Most antidiuretic hormones are released by glands - pituitary glands - posterior glands - posterior pituitary glands * Most antidiuretic hormones are secreted by glands - regulate kidneys - stimulate kidneys * Some antidiuretic hormones increase permeability. * affects the kidneys to save water. * are released by posterior glands * are secreted by posterior glands * is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. * stimulates the kidneys to retain as much water as possible. * tells the kidneys to slow down urine production. Calcitonin * decreases blood levels by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth. * enhances excretion. * lowers blood calcium and increases bone density - bonedensity * thyroid hormone<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Catecholamine * act via membrane receptors, so they elicit much faster responses. * alter the pattern of blood flow in various bodily tissues. * are amine - chemically-similar small molecules that are derived from the amino acid tyrosine - chemicals produced by the body that work in nerve transmission - neurochemicals produced by the body, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine * cause impairment in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, impairing memory retrieval. * counterbalance the release of insulin that occurs when sugar is eaten. * decrease lymphocyte adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. * have only a limited role - varied effects, depending on the specific hormone and tissue * increase lung edema clearance in rats with increased left atrial pressure - the heart rate and blood pressure * inhibit growth in fetal sheep in the absence of hypoxemia. ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| catecholamine: Epinephrine * binds to a G-protein coupled receptor in the plasma membrane - the receptor * is drugs - monoamines - natural hormones * works by stimulating the nervous system and heart, and increasing blood pressure.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| catecholamine: Noradrenaline * are catecholamines. * eases depression, curbs hunger and improves memory and mental alertness. * gives the body energy. * is essential for mouse fetal development - important in maintaining wakefulness and attention - released during stress - responsible for alertness, concentration and mental activity * is the alarm hormone - natural bronchodilator, but it also increases heart rate and blood pressure * tends to be associated with more pleasant kinds of arousal. + Anger, Hormones and body changes: Emotions :: Seven deadly sins * Noradrenaline is released during stress. Then it increases heart rate, takes glucose out of storage so it can be used, and increases blood flow to muscles.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| catecholamine: Norepinephrine * acts on alpha-recpetors to cause vasoconstriction in vessels associated with gut - primarily thru b -adrenergic receptors to modulate several ionic currents * affects motivation. * also can from the adrenal medulla. * appears to be a possible contributor to any explanation for the extroversion trait. * attenuates serotonin inhibition of pial venous tone. * can cause severe persistent hypertension if administered concurrently with oxytocin. * catecholamine, and is used as an example in the pathways. * causes hostility and irritability - physiological expressions of fear and anxiety * constricts the arteries, thereby increasing blood pressure. * has more alpha than beta-adrenergic activity. * inhibits calcium-dependent potentials in rat sympathetic neurons. * is amine - another neurotransmitter which assists in melatonin production - created by the amino acid tyrosine - for infusion into a vein - important for mood, focused attention, and stress response - neurotransmitters - required for leptin effects on gene expression in brown and white adipose tissue * is the major neural transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system - principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic postganglionic endings - vasopressor of choice * neurotransmitter from peripheral nerves and nerves in the brain - that has been shown to speed up the thought process * precursor to epinephrine - commonly known as adrenaline. * regulates the in vivo expression of the L-type calcium channel. * stimulates the focus of attention toward the external environment. Certain hormone * help women. * influence electrolyte excretion	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Corticosteroid * All corticosteroids increase calcium excretion. * Most corticosteroids affect growth - can have effects * Most corticosteroids have effects - few side effects - similar effects, typified by the well-known drug hydrocortizone - produce effects * Most corticosteroids produce serious effects * Some corticosteroids are produced by glands - reduce inflammation - suppress growth * accelerate clearance of symptoms, physiologic disturbances, and x-ray changes - the recovery from an exacerbation * also affect the body's ability to create and maintain inflammation - can decrease the effect of insulin, thereby posing problems for diabetics * also have a high therapeutic index when used for acute chemotherapy-induced emesis - very bad side effects themselves * alter the differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes. * appear in breast milk and can suppress growth in infants - to also be more effective when used in a pulse fashion than when used daily * are a prescription product and come in both a pill and injectable form - also anti-inflammatory drugs and are meant for short term use * are an alternative therapy - important part of keeping asthma under control for older patients - integral part of therapy for moderate to severe Crohn s disease - another distinct group of drugs that are very potent anti-inflammatories - anti-inflammatory medications used to reduce tissue inflammation * are available in several forms - only by prescription - controversial - corticosterone and aldosterone * are different from anabolic steroids that some athletes abuse - steroids, which are used by some athletes * are drugs related to the natural hoemone cortisone - with very potent anti-inflammatory properties * are effective but have side effects that increase with chronic use - in mild to moderate Crohn's disease - especially potent drugs * are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that affect many body processes - in general ineffective - man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisone, a natural body hormone * are man-made forms of cortisol, a hormone made by the adrenal glands * are medications that are frequently prescribed for a variety of common illnesses - often used to treat allergic reactions - medicine - much more commonly used if the disorder continues - natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands * are natural substances found in the body that fight inflammation - body that help fight inflammation - necessary to treat the more severe symptoms - notorious for causing a variety of side-effects in humans - of no value during the acute stages and are contraindicated - particularly helpful when internal organs are involved - potent and highly effective, especially when applied after bathing * are potent anti-inflammatory agents used in the management of asthma - powerful and can have serious side effects * are similar to cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in the body - cortisone, a hormone produced by the body - some hormones produced naturally in our bodies - steroid hormones - still the drug of choice - the drugs which are usually administered in an attempt to stop the inflammation * are the mainstay of therapy and can be given topically or systemically - treatment * are the most common type of medication prescribed for myositis - commonly used agents for treating relapses or progressive illness * are the primary drugs used to treat any autoimmune disease - medication used for the treatment of sarcoidosis - refuge of the therapeutically destitute - to be avoided, if possible - unlikely to be of benefit, even when neuropathy is demyelinating - used if dietary management is unsuccessful * are useful for long-term treatment and are less useful for crisis - only for temporarily reducing inflammation - usually effective in curing minimal change disease * are very effective anti-inflammatories and can be taken by inhaler or orally - in the control of allergies, asthma and many other diseases - helpful in reducing inflammation - well known to cause osteoporosis and calcium loss * belong to the family of medicines called steroids. * block the inflammation that narrows the airways. * can also have adverse side effects - block the body's ability to fight infection * can cause acne or increased hair growth to appear on the face or elsewhere - high blood pressure, thinning of the bones and diabetes - weight gain, a puffy-looking face, and weak bones - go a long way in helping to relieve the symptoms of arthritis - serious side effects if taken in high doses for prolonged periods - improve lung function and reduce airway obstruction over time - increase a person's risk of infection - mask, or worsen, pus-forming eye infections * cause osteoporosis and fractures in a high percentage of patients - profound and varied metabolic effects * come as pills or as liquid - injections or in special inhalers or nasal sprays * cross the placenta. * decrease blood eosinophil numbers but increase the marrow pool of eosinophils. * distribute into breast milk and cross the placenta. * have a multitude of effects that lead to suppression of the inflammatory response * have few side effects when given by inhaler - several adverse effects on bone metabolism - significant side effects on sleep, stomach problems and weight gain - some use in patients with severe abdominal pain - substantial long-term toxicity - various effects on the body * help alleviate pain - the body respond to stress * improve flow rates in patient with respiratory insufficiency. * make sense for early treatment to help prevent further cellular damage. * modify the body's immune response to diverse stimuli. * occur naturally in both dogs and cats. * pass into breast milk. * prescribed include hydrocortisone, betamethasone, prednisene, dexamethasone. * readily cross the placenta. * reduce inflammation and slow joint damage - pain and inflammation and suppress the formation of granulomas - the inflammation in airway tissues and thus allow the airway to open * reduce the redness, thickness, and scaling of dermatologic skin conditions - of skin conditions * remain the primary sarcoidosis therapy - treatment for inflammation and granuloma formation * sex hormone * suppress immune response, disposing people to infection * used in the treatment of asthma are completely different to anabolic steroids. * work swiftly and effectively - very quickly and are also fairly inexpensive - within hours after the first dose is provided	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Cortisol * Most cortisol interferes with ability. * Some cortisol increases excretion - leads to fatigue * acts by at least two different mechanisms - mainly on the liver, with muscle and brain as secondary targets * competes with progesterone for common receptors. * contributes to appropriate responses - stress responses * dampens the body s reaction to stress by suppressing the immune system. * decreases amino acid uptake by muscle tissue, and inhibits protein synthesis. * even stimulates the synthesis of the liver enzymes that convert amino acids to glucose. * exerts a number of metabolic effects. * facilitates induction of female sexual behavior in the musk shrew. * helps protect the body's cells and tissues frominflammation and the effects of stress. * helps to feed and maintain the body's inflammation response mechanisms - regulate the immune system, body metabolism and our response to stress * increases the blood glucose supply for tissues, mainly the brain and heart - body's ability to produce energy - rate of breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats * is drugs * prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. * responds to stress, maintaining and if necessary, increasing energy levels. * stimulates gastric-acid secretion - hypoosmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon - intestinal fluid uptake in Atlantic salmon in the post-smolt stage * travels throughout the body, helping it to cope with stress. ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid \| cortisol: Excess cortisol * causes calcium to be pulled from the bones. * destroys the body's control system.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Cortisone * are anti-inflammatory drugs useful for soothing rashes from poison oak or diapers. * are the most consistently effective anti-itch medications available - medications for asthma * counteracts allergens and reduces allergic symptoms. * depresses the immune system by design. * drops only every hours two instead of one. * hinders the body s ability to fight infection even when antibiotics are used. * is chemical compounds - glucocorticoids - steroid hormones - steroids * maintains hormonal balance while balancing levels of salt and blood pressure. * produced by the adrenal glands reduces inflammation in the body. * reduces inflammation and anesthetics temporarily relieve pain. * taken internally is much stronger than local injections of cortisone into the skin. Dexamethasone * are drugs * decreases epidural morphine-related nausea and vomiting. * improves efficacy. * proves deleterious in cerebral malaria. * reduces nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy - the efficacy of salicylates * upregulates the na,k-atpase in rat alveolar epithelial cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Glucocorticoid * Most glucocorticoids appear to be readily absorbed when administered orally. * act on mast cells by slowing the synthesis of histamines. * affect almost every organ and tissue in the body - calcium and bone metabolism in many ways - metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects - weight, growth, and development * also inhibit collagenase activity, but side effects preclude long-term use - modulate the growth, reproductive and thyroid axes - reduce the body's inflammatory response * are a wonderful and complex class of medicines. * are also potent catabolic hormones, and regulate both sugar and fat metabolism - widely used clinically for the treatment of a variety of immune disorders - another group of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands - available as inhalers, creams, ointments, pills and injections - corticosteroids - essential to life - hormones that aid in carbohydrate processing - known to accelerate cancer growth - one of the prime inducers of apoptosis among cells of the immune system - produced by the middle cortex - safe if used correctly - steroid hormones in the same class as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone * are the adrenal born hormones which activate the glucocorticoid receptor - physiological messengers sent by a broken heart * attenuate taste aversions produced by toxins. * belong to the same family of steroid hormones as estrogen and testosterone. * block both airway responses and cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis. * can also produce substantial but short-lived remissions. * cause calciuresis and decrease the intestinal absorption of calcium - numerous side effects - profound and varied metabolic effects * differentially affect the physiology of the amygdala and hippocampus. * enhance histamine-evoked catecholamine secretion from bovine chromaffin cells - oxidative stress-induced cell death of hippocampal neurones in vitro * exert a suppressive effect on bone formation. * exert both direct and indirect effects on bone - permissive and suppressive actions to protect the body against stress * have a direct effect through their action on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. * have anti-inflammatory activity - and immunosuppressive effects and reduce joint erosion - properties and cause profound and varied metabolic effects - pleiotropic effects on small intestinal crypt cells * increase fatty-acid synthase mrna stability in fetal rat lung. * induce cell death in lymphoid cells. * inhibit apoptosis in human neutrophils - both the early and late stages of inflammation - growth of embryonic rat heart developing without hemodynamic load - keratinocyte growth factor production in primary dermal fibroblasts - the induction of nitric oxide synthase in macrophages * interact with innervation to control growth of fetal hearts in oculo. * maintain glucose availability. * oppose translational control by leucine in skeletal muscle. * play a complex regulating role in the maintenance of tight junctions. * potentiate central actions of angiotensin to increase arterial pressure. * prepare the body's energy stores and immune responses for defence. * promote protein catabolism during times of stress - somatostatin secretion in the anterior pituitary * reduce inflammation in the lungs. * regulate glutamine synthetase expression in lung epithelial cells - protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism - the expression of the human osteoblastic endothelin A receptor gene * stimulate amino acid degradation in liver which yields fumarate and acetoacetate. * then mediate the body's adaptive response to stress.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid \| glucocorticoid: Corticosterone * has a crucial rule in regulating energy, immune reactions and stress responses - positive effect on survival to the second clutch - further developmental effects on birds - multiple effects on memory * modulates the behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide. Endogenous glucocorticoid * inhibit neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites in cholestatic rats. * protect against cytokine-mediated lethality during virus infection. Prednisolone * acetate ophthalmic and topical dosage forms. * are glucocorticoids. * improves the response to primary endocrine treatment for advanced breast cancer. * reduces the amount of potassium in the blood.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid \| glucocorticoid: Prednisone * are corticosteroids - drugs * can be a very good drug, but it has a number of side effects - hard on the stomach - helpful in shortening the course of a bad outbreak - useful in patients with pseudogout * can cause fluid retention - mood swings * can cause stomach problems, mood swings, and sleep problems - sleep problems, and mood swings * can cause weight gain, high blood pressure , and osteoporosis - weakened bones, and mood swings - increase blood sugar levels - literally be life saver for some people - promote personality changes * causes the blood vessel walls to become very fragile. * common generic name. * corticosteroid drug that suppresses the immune system. * corticosteroid that helps prevent and treat rejection of a transplanted organ - is often used to treat lupus * corticosteroid, a group of drugs that are potent anti-inflammatory agents - the most potent class of anti-inflammatory medication in use * cortisone drug. * cortisone-like medication that is taken for several reasons. * decreases bone synthesis and increases bone breakdown. * does appear in breast milk in small amounts - increase appetite * generic drug. - steroid used to treat pemphigus * has many uses - significant side effects, and, therefore, it is usually used for short periods * hormone, affecting all body symptoms. * increases the appetite. * irritates the adrenal glands and other organs. * is an anti-inflammatory drug that is prescribed to patients of sarcoidosis - excellent steroidal anti-inflammatory - anathema to holistic vets - available as tablets and liquids to be taken by mouth - discontinued when serum IgE levels have fallen to normal or declined substantially - effective for the systemic symptoms and can thwart progression of the vasculitis - from the steroid family of drugs and inhibits the body's immune system - given initially at high doses - in a class of drugs called steroids - indicated for cluster headaches - know to increase blood glucoses - of course the steroid suppose to decrease the swelling of the nerve - one type of glucocorticoid - probably the corticosteroid most often prescribed today - similar to hydrocortisone, the natural glucocorticoid hormone produced by the body - taken by mouth and produces more complaints than any other drug * is the agent most commonly used, however, several oral agents are available - first-line immunotherapeutic drug therapy - main steroid used in the treatment of colitis * is the most common corticosteroid used - prescribed medication - commonly prescribed steroid * is the most commonly used agent - steroid to treat certain rheumatic diseases - type of steroid to treat certain rheumatic diseases - synthetic corticosteroid preparation most often used in the treatment of lupus * is used to stop the loss of protein from the blood into the urine - treat a wide range of disorders such as asthma and arthritis * is used to treat many different conditions - illnesses - usually the first drug used * is very inexpensive and comes in both small dosage pill and liquid forms - similar to the hormone cortisone, which the body manufactures * man-made corticosteroid that is used to suppress the immune system. * often causes stomach upset as well as gastric or duodenal ulcers. * passes into breast milk. * seems to be the most widely used of the steroids by most physicians. * sometimes causes weight gain. - which long term has several side effects * steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. * strong, potent drug. * suppresses inflammation in a blanket fashion - muscle inflammation and the normal immune response * suppresses the immune system, helping to prevent red blood cell destruction - production of antibodies * synthetic form of cortisone. * taking orally great sleep inhibitor. * type of steroid and is often associated with several side effects. * white to practically white, odorless, crystalline powder. * worsens the prognosis.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Hydrocortisone * acetate inhibits inflammation, edema, pruritus and other dermal reactions. * can interfere with certain lab tests and can cause false skin test results. * combined with heparin disrupts the basement membane and inhibits cellular invasion. * comes from the outer part of our adrenal glands, called the 'cortex'. * helps in reducing inflammation rapidly. * is also good to have to reduce swellings, itching and pain - an anti-inflammatory steroid cream - dialyzable - effective topically in a one percent concentration - probably the strongest anti-itching cream available - quite safe - similar to natural steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland - used to reduce redness, irritation, swelling, and itching * is used to treat a wide range of disorders such as asthma and arthritis * man-made form of an important chemical produced in the body. * stimulates growth hormone production and inhibits prolactin production. * topical steroid. ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid \| hydrocortisone: Topical hydrocortisone * can also provide some symptomatic relief. * is most effective on the face but needs to be applied daily.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Inhaled corticosteroid * are first-line agents in patients who require daily asthma therapy - frequently the drug of choice in the treatment of asthma - less absorbed and thus have a lower propensity for side effects * are the most effective medications for asthma - meds for long term control * are the most widely prescribed medications for long-term control of asthma - therapy for long-term control of asthma - very effective * can modulate the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis - prevent and reverse damage to the lungs from inflammation * decrease and prevent swelling of the airways. Mineralocorticoid * affect the rate at which the kidneys absorb certain minerals from the blood. * are corticosteroids. * have their major effects on salt and water balance. * maintain electrolyte balance. * regulate electrolyte balances - fluid and electrolyte balance and help maintain blood pressure Nasal corticosteroid * Most nasal corticosteroids have effects - few side effects * are a type of nasal spray - nose spray * treat the itching, discharge, stuffiness and blockage. Spironolactone * alone has mild to moderate antihypertensive activity. * are diuretics - drugs * is an antihypertensive drug * reduces mortality in patients with severe congestive heart failure. * tends to disrupt the menstrual cycle and increases menstrual bleeding. * works best when used in conjunction with oral contraceptives - by blocking the production of the hormone aldosterone<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| corticosteroid: Topical corticosteroid * Use the cream and ointment forumulation. * are also quite useful for symptom control - no more effective than cold water compresses in relieving symptoms - quite effective for relieving itching * are the main treatment for many itchy, inflammatory skin conditions - mainstay of therapy for squamous cell hyperplasia - primary therapy for atopic dermatitis - useful for outpatient treatment of patients with limited disease * can control the infiltration and delay the vascularization. * have no place in the treatment of rosacea. * offer the broadest range of treatment for ocular inflammation. * reduce inflammation and promote healing. * remain the mainstay of treatment. Different hormone * are responsible for different changes. * control different body processes. Endocrine hormone * Most endocrine hormones affect functions - kidney functions * Most endocrine hormones release into circulatory fluid * travel throughout the body in the blood.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Estrogen * More estrogen improves memory and cognitive functioning - means a thicker lining, which causes heavier bleeding * Most estrogens cause slight growth - circulate in bloodstreams - encourage growth - have effects * Most estrogens have positive effects - feedback effects - promote development * Some estrogen continues to be produced by the adrenals but in a lesser amount. * Some estrogens affect responses - are located in mice * Some estrogens are produced by fat tissue - secreted by follicles * Some estrogens derive from horse urine - pregnant horse urine - release into bile * affect multiple organ systems in diverse and at times antagonistic ways. * also affect the psychologic and emotional aspects of feminine behavior - release of pituitary gonadotropins - are female sex hormones - cause early uniting of the epiphyses - come in a patch and an injectable form - enhance attractivity which is highest around ovulation * also have a profound effect on the skeleton - non-reproductive effects - initiate growth and development of the mammary gland ducts - mediate aspects of sexual differentiation of the hippocampus * also play an important role in bone maintenance and exert cardioprotective effects - early embryonic development in swine - regulate the functioning of the menstrual cycle * are a class of hormones that are prescription anti-androgens - group of steroid hormones that primarily control reproduction in vertebrate species - major risk factor for hormone-dependent endometrial and breast cancers in women * are also available in combination with progesterone - helpful in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis - important for maintaining good tissue and bone integrity - present in both sexes, but in larger amounts for women * are hormones made by the ovaries of normal women - produced by the ovaries of normal women - that are important for sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women - which can affect cancer growth - important in maintaining healthy pelvic tissues - in young women prior to menopause, at very, very high levels - ineffective for the prevention or treatment of threatened or habitual abortion - medicine - multi-functional hormones, and one of their functions involves the bones - normal hormones produced by the female body * are relatively contraindicated in children because estrogens promote epiphysial closure - patients with hypercalcemia - secreted by follicles before ovulation * are steroid hormones necessary for normal female maturation - that promote youthful cell division in target organs of the body - strong growth promoters of normal and most cancerous breast tissue * are the hormones mainly responsible for female sex characteristics - powerhouse of activity * bind to estrogen receptors * can cause amenorrhea and interfere with the effects of bromocriptine - blood pressure elevation - sodium and fluid retention * can increase calcium absorption - or decrease the effect of protriptyline - inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine * cause breast growth - faster epiphyseal plate closure - increased osteoblastic activity * control development * decrease both quantity and quality of milk - the quantity and quality of breast milk * decreases certainly affect serotonin transmission. * encourage cancer cell growth * have a direct toxic effect on prostate cancer - number of functions in the body - both benefits and risks - effects on both the ovaries and the uterus - important benefits but also some risks - risks including increased clotting and breast cancer - serious risks - several important uses but also some risks * help to delay the loss of skin collagen and are therefore beneficial to the skin. * increase gene transcription and secretion of prolactin - libido in humans and are responsible for estrous behavior in animals * increase the density of the breast in up to half of women - risk of blood clotting in various parts of the body - uterine muscle mass, excitability and responsiveness to oxytocin * increases calcium efflux from female porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle - female sexual initiation independent of male responsiveness in rhesus monkeys - spine density in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons of peripubertal rats - stress hormones, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin * induce the release of proteins from the liver that cause high blood pressure. * inhibit and androgens enhance ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis - testicular androgen synthesis directly * lowers significantly after menopause. * occur naturally in several forms. * occur naturally in women and to a lesser degree also in men - a lesser degree in men * pass into the breast milk. * produced by the growing follicle of the ovary stimulate the endometrium to proliferate. - early onset and increase severity - growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and breasts * protect against the development of coronary heart disease in women. * reduces bone resorption and retards or halts postmenopausal bone loss. * relieves hot flashes, vaginal dryness, irregular bleeding, and helps prevent osteoporosis. * reportedly increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma in postmenopausal women. * rises rapidly near midcycle only to fall just prior to ovulation. * significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. * similarly have multiple effects in females. * slows bone loss and the progression of osteoporosis. * stimulate breast tissue and the lining of the uterus - proliferation of intrahepatic biliary epithelium in rats - the maturation of oocytes, and the growth of the uterine lining - uteruses * stimulates growth of milk ducts in the first half of the cycle * stimulates the breast and uterus to grow, while progesterone blocks the stimulation - growth of fibroid tumors so they often get bigger with pregnancy - inner lining of the uterus to grow - milk duct system to grow and differentiate - normal growth of breast tissue and is naturally produced by the body - production of collagen, which provides the structural support of the skin * strengthens and improves the elasticity of muscles and tissues. * taken by mouth has to pass through the liver before reaching estrogen sensitive tissues. * tend to be rather hydrophobic. * tends to cause a change in the electrical activity of the midbrain central gray - salt and water retention - make fibroids grow, which is why they tend to shrink after menopause - thicken or toughen up the skin, and provide it with a greater blood supply * treatments for hair loss attempt to elevate estrogen levels in the body. * turns off the brains signals to make testosterone. * work in the same way. * works by binding to and activating an estrogen receptor protein - especially well for hot flashes and vaginal dryness - in conjunction with progestin to suppress ovulation, and prevent fertilization	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| estrogen: Environmental estrogen * are the most studied of all the endocrine disruptors. * stir debate. Excess estrogen * can also cause a lack of libido - lead to cancer * cause a desire to knits. * impedes the cellular utilization of thyroid hormone. * is excreted in the bowel - known to increase cancer cell replication Excessive estrogen * causes swelling in the brain. * is also the most common cause of painful menstruations. * primary contributor to breast cancer. Female hormone * Most female hormones perform functions - important functions - many important functions * Some female hormones control metabolism. * are estrogen and progesterone. * give our tissue the ability to have normal sexual function. * is estrogen. * protect women in their younger years. * seem to worsen symptoms during pregnancy and menstrual cycles. * tend to help protect women until levels decrease after menopause. Natural estrogen * are inactive orally due to rapid metabolism in liver. * bind very tightly. Ovarian estrogen * acts to feminize the rat's corpus callosum. * causes behavioral estrus. Transdermal estrogen * continues unchanged, being replaced twice weekly. * reduces vascular resistance and serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women. Excess hormone * Most excess hormones come from enlarge glands - parathyroid glands * can disrupt normal menstrual cycles and stimulate certain cancers. Gastrin * causes stomach ulcers and is produced by overactivity in the region of the pancreas. * is proteins. * stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach. * stimulates the growth of gastric pit with less -differentiated features - parietal cells to secrete HCl and the chief cells to secrete pepsinogen - self-replication rate of enterochromaffinlike cells in the rat stomach<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Glucagon * Most glucagons have effects - opposite effects - stimulate livers * Some glucagons stimulate excretion. * are another hormone that stimulates the liver to produce insulin * elevates blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown. * increases blood glucose concentration partly by breaking down glycogen in the liver. * regulates blood sugar levels. * stimulates A. lipolysis in adipocytes - the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex * stimulates the liver to produce more glucose - release glucose - use of fat for energy * works intravenously, subcutaneously and intramuscularly. Gonadotrophin * also raise the risk of multiple births and can overstimulate the ovaries. * come only from the pituitary. Gonadotropin * are hormones that cause ovulation - stimulate ovarian function - tell the testicles to make sperm or the uterus to release an egg - natural human hormones that can cause a powerful stimulation of the ovaries - powerful ovarian stimulants - the natural hormones that normally regulate ovarian function * become sensitive to estrogen feedback suppression and fall to undetectable levels.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Growth hormone * Most growth hormone tests measure blood - hormones cause effects * Most growth hormones have benefits - impact * Most growth hormones have positive effects * Most growth hormones help growth - muscle growth - improve performance - increase chances * Most growth hormones induce growth - normal growth * Most growth hormones play major roles - vital roles - promote differentiations * Most growth hormones provide benefits - other benefits * Most growth hormones stimulate growth - production - root growth * Some growth hormones are produced by cows - cause tumors - find in blood * Some growth hormones help children * Some growth hormones increase food intake - used in meat production are human carcinogens * acts on a wide variety of tissues to promote protein synthesis and growth. * affects many of the tissues in the body, including bone, fat and muscle. * are produced by the anterior pituitary gland of vertebrates - proteins, similar to insulin that is used to treat diabetes - species-specific * can also increase muscle mass over the short term - help build height and weight - reverse the symptoms of loss of bone, muscle, energy, and libido * causes hypertrophy of the kidney after one was removed - mammary growth in combination with other hormones * chemical normally made in the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. * comes from two manufacturers. * control childhood development and maintain certain tissue structure in adults. * controls somatic growth, tissue anabolism, and metabolic homeostasis. * declines with age in every animal species that has been tested to date. * decreases protein catabolism in children with cystic fibrosis. * encourages the body to put on muscle and use fat as a fuel. * enhances reepithelialization of human split - thickness skin graft donor sites - split-thickness skin graft donor sites * fails to reverse effects of aging, researchers say. * fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life. * has a strong effect on bone growth, including the bones of the upper and lower jaws - no specific target tissue - pivotal role in influencing protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adults - powerful effects on the body - the same effect on tadpoles and frogs as it does on mammals - two distinct binding sites for growth hormone receptors * helps to maintain youthful protein synthesis within cells - trigger fat metabolism for energy use in the muscle growth process - that is produced and released by the pituitary gland in the brain * increases rate of pubertal maturation - the collagen supporting tissue of bone * is also an important factor in regulating bone growth - of considerable interest as a drug used in both humans and animals - an important hormone that declines with aging - at times given to girls to help a child achieve a greater height - critical in maintaining and repairing muscle * is essential for wound healing, necessary for repair - to growth * is given by twice per day self administered injections - to cattle to increase milk production - in many ways an anti-aging hormone - known for burning body fat * is made by the pituitary - in the pituitary gland and controls the growth of the bones - necessary to repair the connective tissue in order to prevent aches and pains - now available in an orally-absorbed spray - partially responsible for keeping bones and muscles strong * is produced by the pituitary gland - pituitary, the body's master gland - during deep sleep, meaning less of the hormone is produced - released, which causes tissues to heal and regrow - replaced in twice daily self-administered injections - secreted at night, and children are on medications during the day * is secreted during deep sleep - deep, slow-wave sleep - in bursts - taken by twice per day, painless and easy, self-administered injections * is the most abundant hormone made in the pituitary gland in the brain - only anti-aging treatment known that actually makes people look younger - used for muscle development and building new muscle mass * key factor in body growth and organ development. * natural hormone of the body which is necessary for normal linear growth. * occurs naturally within the body and is necessary for normal growth. * plays a counter regulatory role in glucose regulation - role in bone development, muscle development, and fat and weight gain * potent modulator of protein synthesis. * primes the oxidative burst of human neutrophils. * promotes growth of the body - healthy anabolic metabolism throughout the body - protein metabolism and muscle development * protein made by the pituitary gland and released into the blood - that is necessary for the normal growth of the body's bones and tissues * pushes the cell so that it goes into the repair and reproductive stage more quickly. * reduces adipocyte sensitivity. * rejuvenates the immune system. * results in reduction in body fat with increased muscle growth development. * reverses age-related cardiac myofilament dysfunction in rats. * seem to be safe, at least for the first few years. * stimulates body cells to synthesize proteins and - growth in children and muscle synthesis in adults * stops the sagging, helps the immune system, the muscle mass and the sex drive. * trigger responses. * upregulates gastrin and peptide yy gene expression. * very specific chemical, with a very specific job.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Human growth hormone * play roles * provide benefits Juvenile hormone * Most juvenile hormones are secreted by glands. * is secreted by two tiny glands behind the brain, the corpora allata. * restores larval pattern of sericotropin gene transcripts. * stimulates fat bodies to synthesize and export vitellogens, or yolk proteins. * suppress the development of adult structures. * tells the insect to remain in the immature state.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Male hormone * Most male hormone comes from the testicles in the form of testosterone. * are an important factor in balding - far more effective than female ones, even in women - responsible for much more than the desire and capability to breed mares * can actually help the prostate cancer grow - cause structural changes in the upper airway * decline gradually. * diminish with age. * have the opposite effect. * play a role in prostate cancer. * promote the growth and spread of the cancer. * stimulate the production of keratin and selubum, which leads to clogged pores - prostate gland to develop in the fetus<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Melatonin * Most melatonin has effects - properties * Most melatonin is produced by glands - pineal glands - produces in pituitary glands * Some melatonin acts as hormones. * Some melatonin has functions * Some melatonin helps cellular metabolism * Some melatonin is synthesized in glands - retinas - vertebrate retinas - reduces anxiety - serves functions * acts on receptors - specific receptors * decreases cell proliferation and transformation in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. * facilitates synchronization of sparrow circadian rhythms to light. * promotes protection. Natural hormone * Some natural hormones are produced by cows. * are available in health food stores - extremely potent and operate at minute concentrations in the body - simply an alternative to hormone replacement therapy * tend to be made from soy and yam products. Ovarian hormone * act early in development to feminize open field behavior in the rat. * give a warm, cozy, connected feeling. * influence territorial aggression in free-living mountain spiny lizards. Oxytocin * Most oxytocins have effects. * Some oxytocins are produced by anterior glands - pituitary glands - cause contraction - have roles - stimulate contraction * are drugs - peptides * governs the milk-ejection reflex, among other things. * secrete from glands * stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth - uterine smooth muscle - milk ejection in marsupials as in eutherian mammals Parathormone * causes resorption of calcium from the bones, which act as a giant calcium warehouse. * reduces reabsorption, ie more lost in urine. * regulates the calcium level in the blood. Parathyroid hormone * Most parathyroid hormones are made by glands - parathyroid glands * Most parathyroid hormones are secreted by glands - regulate levels * Some parathyroid hormones act on bones. * increase levels. Pituitary hormone * Most pituitary hormones have roles. * Most pituitary hormones regulate excretion - water excretion * Most pituitary hormones stimulate glands * Some pituitary hormones stimulate gonads. Placental hormone * Most placental hormones act on receptors. * Some placental hormones are physiologically very similar to pituitary hormones.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Progesterone * Most progesterone causes secretion. * Most progesterone helps endometriums - wombs - maintains pregnancy - prepares uteruses * Some progesterone becomes dominant hormones * Some progesterone causes effects - side effects - has effects - influences pituitary glands - maintains conditions - prepares glands * VERY important part of hormone therapy. * acts as a natural diuretic and has a constricting effect on blood vessels and muscles - regulator for the entire endocrine system * again becomes the dominant hormone. * alone can help that, as well. * also acts as a natural anti-depressant and sedative to the nerves - with estrogen on breast tissue - causes thickening of cervical mucous - enhances the libido, especially in females - has a role to play in the management of breast cancer * also helps create a balance of all other steroids - with the effects of estrogen dominance - inhibits the contractions of smooth muscle cells of the myometrium - interferes with insulin - prepares the oestrogen-primed endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum - promotes complete development of the alveoli of the mammary gland - provides an added health benefit by building bone mass * also slows down the movement of the stomach muscles, making digestion sluggish - wavelike contractions of the stomach, making digestion sluggish * also stimulates bone building and thus helps protect against osteoporosis - bone-building and thus helps protect against osteoporosis - glands in the endometrium - strengthens bones * balances the effects of estrogen exposure - estrogen level in the body, thus lessening the risk - estrogens that build in a man's body * blocks the effect of estrogen. * breaks down in the stomach when taken orally. * can also prevent ovulation and reduce circulating estrogen levels - cause bloating, breast tenderness, irritability and depression - even make estrogen if it's needed * causes changes in the endometrial lining which prepare it for pregnancy - lining of the womb which protect it from cancer - maturation of the oocyte to produce the egg - new blood vessels to grow within the uterine lining - sleepiness - smooth muscle tissues, such as the bladder, to relax - stromal cells to store glycogen, conn - the endometrium to mature so that it can support the egg after it is fertilized * changes from one hour to the next - the consistency of the vaginal mucus so that it becomes tacky or sticky * comes in tablets, vaginal gels, and an intrauterine device - mainly from the ovaries and a very slight amount comes from the adrenal glands * controls growth - osteoblast cells, which build new bone * cyclical hormone. * does actually reverse osteoporosis - more than just balance estrogen * eventually begin to rise as well. * falls and cycle restarts. * female hormone made by the ovaries during the second half of each menstrual cycle - that brings on menstruation * generates secretory endometrium and suppresses pituitary gonadotrope production. * has NO feminizing characteristics. * has a calming sedative effect on the brain - number of roles relative to menopause - important functions in men as well * has many important roles in maintaining good health - valuable functions in the female body and it has virtually no side effects - multiple roles in the body - no known side effects - rapid and membrane effects in the facilitation of female mouse sexual behavior - the dominant role for the maintenance of pregnancy * has the opposite effect, promoting the release of the hormones from the gland - principal targets of the uterus , breasts and the brain - very few side effects * helps about half also - alleviate the discomfort by assisting the adrenal glands to create cortisone - balance the other steroid hormones - slow-wave sleep * helps to increase bone density - mature the endometrium, preparing it for implantation of an embryo - restore vascular tone, counteracting the dilation - soften the lining of the uterus and aid in implantation * hormonal balancer, particularly of estrogens. * hormone naturally found in both sexes - necessary for a pregnancy to succeed - present in the human body in both males and females * hormone produced by the corpus luteum which develops on the ovary after ovulation - ovaries and the adrenal cortex * hormone that can counteract the effects of estrogen on the uterus - exists in the body naturally * increases brain cell energy while suppressing over-excitation - endometrial receptivity to implantation of an embryo * induces activity of the glandular epithelium. * inhibits effects - endometrial lymphocyte proliferation and myometrial contractility - the proliferation in favor of cell maturation - uterine contractility * is absorbed through fat cells under the skin - actually a precursor of testosterone and many other hormones - administered along with other hormones to mimic a regular menstrual cycle * is also a major ingredient in birth control pills - natural pain regulator - responsible for gas during the first trimester - an estrogen precursor, though it is also an estrogen antagonist * is an important factor in libido - hormone that readies a female elk for pregnancy * is another female hormone that each month prepares the uterus or womb for a pregnancy - hormone that can cause inhibition, when used long-term - associated with increased insulin resistance - created naturally in the body * is critical for pregnancy to continue since it maintains the endometrium - the maintenance of pregnancy in mares * is essential for establishing and maintaining a pregnancy - preparing the endometrium to receive the fertilized egg - to maintain pregnancy - excreted as eight differentfree forms - free of side effects, even in high amounts - given in pill form - good for the brain - high during midcycle and pregnancy - important for both men and women - involved with providing insulation to nerve cells - known to make a woman feel more sleepy - made in men by the adrenal glands and testes - measured by radioimmunoassay following extraction of specimens - metabolized primarily by the liver largely to pregnanediols and pregnanolones - necessary for thickening and preparing the uterine lining for the fertilized egg * is necessary to counter-balance estrogen - maintain the pregnancy - needed for the proper function of the adrenal glands * is needed to become pregnant - build up the uterine lining, to enable the embryo to implant - clean out the old bone cells - increase endometrial receptivity for implantation of an embryo - maintain a very early pregnancy - sustain a pregnancy - neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord trauma - one of the female sex hormones * is one of the hormones essential for regular menstrual periods - that decline as a woman reaches menopause - two main hormones produced by the ovaries - two primary hormones produced by the female body - present only as a trace * is produced after ovulation by cells in the now empty egg follicle - the corpus luteum, which forms on the ovary - both during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy - in the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle - only after ovulation - produced, after ovulation, by the cells of the corpus luteum - protective against cancer caused by excess estrogen * is released from the corpus luteum in several large bursts during the day and night - which further increases the blood vessels in the uterus - required for normal pregnancy in all mammalian species * is required for the maintenance of pregnancy in the bitch - pregnancy in virtually all mammals - responsible for enhancing the libido * is responsible for maintaining pregnancy in the rat * is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy and is also involved in mammary growth - rise in basal body temperature during the luteal phase - three things * is secreted by the corpus luteum - into the blood and subsequently into the milk - surely the cause as it also produces pyrosis in patients on birth control pills * is the calming female hormone responsible for maintenance of pregnancy - dominant hormone during pregnancy * is the hormone of pregnancy - released after the egg has moved into the fallopian tubes * is the hormone that helps build up the uterine lining to support a pregnancy - is high during that time of the period - makes the bed of implatation healthy for the fertilized egg - promotes gestation - stops growth and stimulates ripening - important precursor in the biosynthesis of hormones that protect against stress - key hormone involved in maintaining a normal pregnancy - main hormonal product of the corpus luteum, which forms after ovulation - major precursor of other steroid hormones * is the natural antagonist of estrogen - hormone produced by the ovaries - non-toxic form * is the precursor of testosterone - to estrogen, testosterone, and of all the important cortical hormones - pregnancy hormone that appears in the blood after ovulation * is the primary cause of the temperature rise - precursor of our adrenal cortical hormones and testosterone - single most important hormone made by the female body * is thought to cause fatigue associated with early pregnancy - stimulate myelination and the myelin-producing cells * is used by the body for the production of oestrogen and cortisone - for metastatic endometrial cancer - usually given in pill form and like estrogen, the dosage and schedule vary - vitally important to the normal functioning of several organ systems in the body - what causes the temp to rise, and every women responds differently to progesterone * key ingredient in early pregnancy - regulator of female reproductive activity * maintains pregnancy and regulates menstrual cycle * makes the uterus lush and thick, the ideal environment for the developing baby. * modulates long term potentiation in hippocampal rat slices. * natural antidepressant - hormone created by a woman's body - stress and depression reliever * naturally occurring chemical important to the estrous cycle in mares. * often opposes the actions of estrogens. * only works if it binds to the progesterone receptor. * opposes all of the toxic effects of estrogen and cortisol. * performs many crucial functions in the second half of the menstrual cycle. * plays a vital role in maintaining hormonal balance in the female body - an important role in regulating blood sugar levels * precursor in the normal biosynthetic pathway for estrogen. * prepares the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg. * prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation * prevents the ewe from returning to estrus and ovulating - mare from going into heat * primary precursor in the biosynthesis of the adrenal corticosteroids. * promotes maturation. * protects the female body from the negative effects of unopposed estrogen. * quickly stops the release of all other eggs until the next cycle. * raises the seizure threshold making it harder for neurons to misfire. * rapidly reduces arterial pressure in ewes. * reduces symptoms of menopause. * relaxes smooth muscle cells. * resensitizes the body's cells to estrogen. * restores osteoblasts function - thyroid function in the body * rises abruptly early in estrus, and estrogen declines. * second female hormone secreted by the ovary. * seems to bolster the immune system and helps stop cancer cells from spreading. * serves a role in keeping brain cells healthy. * single hormone produced by the body for many functions. * softens ligaments and supporting structures in the pelvis. * specific molecule. * stabilizes glucose levels, creates well-being and enhances libido. * stimulates new bone formation - pancreatic cell proliferation in vivo * stimulates the action of osteoblasts - development of the endometrium to make it ready for implantation - osteoblastic activity of forming new bone * stops the endometrium from growing out of control - menstruation and prepares the uterus for pregnancy * strengthens the endometrium and helps nourish fertilized ova. * tends to suppress the sex drive. * thickens the lining in the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. * triggers a wave of increased free calcium during the human sperm acrosome reaction. * works to stimulate bone production, even when estrogen activity is low or absent.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| progesterone: Hormone progesterone * controls ovulation. * helps wombs. Low progesterone * can cause irritability, anger, weepiness, and generally unstable behavior - prevent the embryo from implanting well in the uterus * causes depression in women.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| progesterone: Natural progesterone * Some natural progesterone causes effects - side effects - has effects * can actually help build bone back - also help alleviate breast soreness - help to properly balance the estrogen and progesterone ratios * counterbalances the effects of estrogen dominance. * has no side effects and is recognized and used by the body as needed - protective and balancing effects throughout the body * is an important component in menopausal symptom management for many women - broken down by the liver too quickly when taken orally - chemically identical to progesterone found in the human body - created by the ovaries at the time of ovulation - extremely safe - identical to progesterone produced by the human body - less likely to cause mood disorders * is needed for proper hormonal balance - to affect proper hormonal balance * is needed to effect proper hormonal balance - imbalance - one of the most effective ways to prevent and reverse osteoporosis - the exact same hormone that is produced by a woman's ovaries - very useful to balance excess estrogen * tends to have fewer side effects. Synthetic progesterone * differs in composition from the progesterone naturally found in the body. * is used as a contraceptive. Protein hormone * Most protein hormones are produced by glands - pituitary glands - produce in glands * Some protein hormones are actually glycoproteins, containing glucose or other carbohydrate groups - made by pancreases * have no activity when taken by mouth, while steroid hormones do have activity. Relaxin * are hormones * does seem to reverse many signs and symptoms of aging in fibromyalgia patients. * increases serotonin levels. * is of no value for the treatment of scleroderma. * promotes connective tissue remodeling by inhibiting excess tissue formation. * relaxes the muscles of the pelvic region at the time of childbirth. Release hormone * Most release hormones are secreted by hypothalami. * Most release hormones regulate blood pressure * Most release hormones stimulate anterior pituitaries - production * inhibit secretion.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Reproductive hormone * Most reproductive hormones influence development. * Some reproductive hormones have effects on seemingly unrelated neurotransmitter pathways. * affect the development of the nervous system. * are critical to pregnancy success - important in the development of the breast in puberty and in lactation - one of the primary causes of breast cancer in the cat * cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. * contribute to fat in the legs and butt. * seem to be suppressed. + Oestrous cycle: Hormones :: Female reproductive system :: Mammals * Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone: Anabolic steroid * All anabolic steroids are chemical derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone. * Most anabolic steroids affect men. * Most anabolic steroids stimulate growth - muscle growth * Some anabolic steroids inhibit bone growth * act in the limbic system - on the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes within the body * are a proven path to infertility - synthetic form of the male sex hormone - testosterone - totally different kind of drug related to the male sex hormone - an illegal drug that is used to enhance muscle mass - compounds which stimulate the body into anabolism - controlled substances, legal with a prescription - derivatives of the male hormone testosterone * are drugs derived from the male hormone testosterone - related to natural male sex hormones - extremely unpredictable - laboratory made versions of the male sex hormone, testosterone - legally available only by prescription in the United States - man made versions of the male hormone testosterone - man-made substances related to male sex hormones - natural or synthetic versions of hormones that are produced by the body - now controlled substances - one such class of substances - painkillers - perhaps the most well known performance-enhancing drug - potent drugs - probably the best known drugs of abuse in sports - safe used in a logical pattern - similar to, and include, the male hormone, testosterone - steroid hormones - strong prescription drugs that have some dangerous side-effects * are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone - forms of the hormone testosterone - hormones used by athletes to develop bulk and muscle strength * are synthetic substances related to male sex hormones - the male sex hormones, called androgens - which have many harmful side effects - substitutes for natural male sex hormones - tissue mass-increasing steroids, which means they help build muscle - used by athletes of all ages as well as other individuals - very different from corticosteroids such as prednisone, used to treat asthma * boosts weight. * can also stimulate male breast growth - be dangerous, though, and medical supervision is desirable - cause many health problems as well as other side effects - change the messages the hypothalamus sends to the body - halt growth prematurely in adolescents - have very bad effects on the human body - improve the body's capacity to train and compete at the highest level - irreversibly stunt one's growth potential - lead to an expansion of the cardiac muscle, which can cause heart attacks - produce heart attacks * cause heart attacks, growth stoppage and violent outbursts. * come in liquid forms for injection and tablets for oral administration. * do the opposite and are supposed to make muscles enlarge. * have many adverse side effects - dangerous side effects that corticosteroids lack - several legitimate medical uses * help send the amino acids back to the muscles - to build the body's tissues - users to recover from strenuous exercise * increase exercise tolerance. * increase muscle mass - size and therefore help to increase strength * taken to enhance performance can lead to ligament injuries. * use among adolescents in Nebraska schools - and use of other hormones can reduce sperm quality * used by bodybuilders are completely different medications with different effects. + Steroid: Hormones :: Sports :: Drugs * Certain anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, are used as drugs to help make muscles stronger. Such steroids are used to improve a person's performance, but they are sometimes overused and abused by athletes that depend on steroids. The rate of steroid abuse grew greatly in the early 21st century, all over the world. Anabolic steroids can have very bad effects on the human body. They can cripple and kill. Some sports forbid them.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone: Androgen * All androgens appear to act on same receptors, but tissue sites vary in absorption and metabolism. * affect brain structure and function - the growth and function of the male reproductive organs * also affect behavior - inhibit their own transformation into estrogen in the ovary * are a group of hormones, of which testosterone is the most powerful - neglected topic when it comes to non-reproductive actions on brain - also responsible for other changes in the genitals of boys - available combined with estrogen, for replacement therapy - converted to estrogen in various parts of a man's body, including bone - hormones that stimulate the sebaceous glands and hair follicles in the skin * are important for maintaining bone density and sex drive - normal male sexual development before birth and during puberty - in male sexual development around birth and at puberty - known to promote leanness and increased growth - male hormones that are present in both men and women, but are higher in men * are male hormones, like testosterone - the most common being testosterone - neuroprotective in the dentate gyrus of adrenalectomized female rats - principally responsible for stimulating hair growth in both sexes * are responsible for hair loss in women by the same mechanisms they cause hair loss in men - sexual differentiation in the fetus - sometimes helpful in raising the hematocrit - steroid hormones - steroids, such as testosterone - substances, usually hormones, responsible for male sex characteristics - the male hormones that cause beard growth, a deep voice and increased muscle mass * are the male sex hormones, but they are also normally present in women - very potent chemicals * can accelerate bone maturation without producing compensatory gain in linear growth - also potentially adversely affect the patient's lipid profile - cause retention of sodium and water - instruct the pituitary to decrease secretion of luteinizing hormone - trigger devastating changes in another hormone system important to aquatic life * cause plug formation and increased sebum production. * causes comb growth and condition, and has a function in the formation of albumen. * continue to be produced mostly by the adrenal cortex. * directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in vitro. * find use in the treatment of male hypogonadism regardless of the cause. * help trigger the development of the testes and penis in the male fetus. * increase sebaceous gland size and secretion rates, which can result in acne - sex drive in both men and women and also increase irritability * induce the following changes in boys at the time of puberty. * refers to male-life or masculinizing characteristics. * regulate bone resorption activity of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. * stimulate erythropoietin production by the kidney - the hormone-sensitive sebaceous glands, which produce oil, known as sebum * target specific organs that have androgen receptors. ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone \| androgen: Adrenal androgen * produce virilizing characteristics in genetic females. * seem to have no physiological role in normal growth.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone \| androgenic hormone: Nandrolone * are anabolic steroids - drugs * banned anabolic steroid that aids muscle growth. * builds muscle and helps athletes recover faster in training. * builds muscle, aiding strength and speed - but is easier on the liver than other steroids * is an anabolic steroid used to enhance strength and power - androgenic hormone - on the Olympic Games list of banned substances - proven to be a progestin - quick to attach itself to natural steroid receptors in the body * male hormone called androgen with minimal masculinizing effects. * steroid often used by track and field athletes.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone: Oestrogen * also play a part as the cell receptors for progesterone are oestrogen-dependent. * are essential for helping the tissues keep their strength and elasticity. * can increase the number of proliferating cells in the human endometrium in vivo. * have very broad effects in the body. * reduces milk output.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone \| oestrogen: Estrone * Most estrone is formed in peripheral tissue from androgens secreted by ad. * appears to increase risk of breast cancer. * are drugs - estrogens * does the same work that estradiol does, but it is considered weaker in it s effects. * increases the activity of osteoblasts, the cells that build bones. * is an oestrogen - another estrogen that occurs naturally in the human body - converted from estradiol in the liver - much less potent than estradiol but has the same function - produced by the fatty tissues * is the estrogen most commonly found in increased amounts in post menopausal women - hormone thought to be responsible for breast cancer - oxidized form of estradiol - thought to be the estrogen primarily responsible for breast cancer * precursor to estradiol. * relatively strong estrogen.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone: Progestin * -These medications mimic the action of progesterone. * All progestins are synthetic hormones. * Some progestins also have adverse effects on cholesterol levels - can also reverse the benefits of estrogen on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism - impart a higher risk of associated thromboembolism * act by establishing a state of false pregnancy in women. * also can demonstrate estrogenic, anabolic, and androgenic activity. * are also mild, direct stimulants of the respiratory center - low during the follicular phase and increase following ovulation - one of the female hormones - steroid hormones * are synthetic compounds that are designed to mimic the actions of natural progesterone - intended to mimic the actions of natural progesterone - bear some similarities to natural progesterone - progesterone-like drugs prescribed as pill or injections - steroids * can also be responsible for a person feeling tired or fatigued - increase a woman's risk of heart disease, liver disease, and lung disease * have some limited advantages. * help to regulate the effects of estrogens. * helps prepare the lining of the uterus for a potentially fertilized egg - protect against uterine cancer * offsets the cancer-causing effect. * produce an endometrium that is unfavorable to blastocyst implantation. * reduces the risk by causing monthly shedding of the endometrium - of cancer by causing monthly shedding of the endometrium * refer to the synthetic compounds with the properties of progesterone. * seem to give mood side effects in many women. * thins the lining of the uterus and prevents it from shedding. * works in a manner similar to breast-feeding. ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone \| progestin: Synthetic progestin * is used as a contraceptive. * occupy progesterone receptors and thereby block progesterone function. Progestogen * Many progestogens have oestrogenic activity and can modify the effects of oestrogens. * can be either natural or synthetic. * is added when a woman has an intact uterus - important in protecting against cancer of the uterus - taken in pill form	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone \| sex hormone \| progestogen: Medroxyprogesterone * acetate as a treatment for sexual acting out in organic brain syndrome - in homozygous sickle cell disease - induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro * interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm. * is available alone and in a combination product - synthesized from chemical precursors * man-made steroid that acts like the natural hormone progesterone. * milky liquid that is injected into a muscle. Norethindrone * acetate also stimulates mammary tissue growth. * is excreted in both urine and feces, primarily as metabolites - used to decrease the side effects of estrogens * synthetic steroid, all the other examples occur naturally.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Steroid hormone * All steroid hormones work in the same fashion. * Most steroid hormones are secreted by adrenal cortexes - adrenal glands * Most steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cell plasma membrane * Most steroid hormones increase growth - muscle growth - lead to problems - pass into bloodstreams * Most steroid hormones play roles - vital roles * Some steroid hormones act on kidneys - tubules * Some steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortexes - ovaries - bind to cytoplasmic receptors, which then move into the nucleus - derive from cholesterol - enhance secretion * are hormones. * binds to a receptor protein in cytoplasm, and migrates to the nucleus. * influence electrolyte excretion * play a vital role in maintenance of health * possess numerous activities. * survive, as do dioxin's and antibiotics.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| hormone: Stress hormone * Most stress hormones affect development. * Some stress hormones are produced by plants. * Some stress hormones inhibit growth - plant growth * Some stress hormones reduce consumption - water consumption * are the primary cause of belly fat stored above the waist. * can alter the glucose levels directly - impair recall skills * cause fat to build around the organs. * have a catabolic effect on the body - on impact on the hypothalamus gland, which makes reproductive hormones * raise cholesterol levels. Synthetic hormone * Most synthetic hormones accelerate breast tumor development * are patentable allowing a vast potential for profit - stronger than natural ones * have a long list of undesirable side effects.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| hormone: Testosterone * Most testosterone has effects - functions - several major functions - increases white blood cell production * Most testosterone is made in the testes - produced by testes - promotes production * Some testosterone causes enlargements. * Some testosterone comes from drink milk - whole milk * Some testosterone increases protein synthesis - is necessary to have a sex drive * accelerates growth in tissues that have testosterone receptors - tissue growth and stimulates blood flow * acts as an aphrodisiac by stimulating brain cell receptor sites - on bone in the same manner as progesterone * circulates in blood. * combines with enzymes. * decreases body fat in men - fat, enhances lean muscle mass * decreases with age in both men and women - sexes * increases blood cell production - cyclosporine concentration increasing the risk of nephrotoxicity * inhibits breast development, while estrogen promotes it. * is an androgenic hormone - androgens - the male sex hormone that creates muscles, aggression, sex drive and hair * mays have effects. * powers the sex drive in both men and women. * relaxes rabbit coronary arteries and aorta. * stimulates development - growth hormone responses - reproductive organs - sexual activity in women, as well as men * stimulates the development and functioning of the primary sex organs - final steps of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules - growth of most prostate cancers - prostate to grow * travels to every part of the human body. * turns on higher production of the allergic protein. * works on many parts of the body - to improve circulation in both men and women ### process \| secretion \| hormone \| testosterone: Injectable testosterone * are much safer than oral analogues. * is available, with or without balancing amounts of estrogen. * lasts two weeks in most patients. Low testosterone * can lead t o loss of muscle and gain of fat, in general. * decreases sexual desire, increases fatigue, and prevents erections. * is one of the determinants of sexual desire. Thymic hormone * are crucial for proper immune function. * contribute to lymphocyte maturation and differentiation. Thyroid hormone * Most thyroid hormones are released by glands - thyroid glands * Most thyroid hormones are secreted by glands * Most thyroid hormones play essential roles - major roles - promote growth * Most thyroid hormones regulate growth - metabolism - onsets * Most thyroid hormones stimulate enzymes * Some thyroid hormones control metabolism. * increase metabolic rate In the neck, below larynx. Thyroxine * contains iodine which is essential for the body's normal growth, and metabolism. * regulates metabolism. * stimulates the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells in the body. Various hormone * control hair growth. * have various roles. * stimulate hair follicles from different areas. Hypersecretion * Some hypersecretions cause gigantisms. * Some hypersecretions have effects - significant effects - produce blood pressure * Some hypersecretions produce high blood pressure Internal secretion * Most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands * Some internal secretion passes through duodenums. * takes places. Intestinal secretion * contain proteolytic enzymes for some extracellular digestion. * is both passive, due to the concentration of lumen contents, and active. * participate in digestion by adding fluid, electrolytes, and enzymes. Milk secretion * begins a few days prior to the birth of the litter. * is caused by the hormone prolactin, which both the male and female flamingo produce - stimulated by the pituitary gland hormone known as prolactin Mucous secretion * Most mucous secretion serves functions. * are clear and runny - copious * is secretion	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| mucus: Booger * are located in noses - mucuses - something found in the nose * can be squishy and slimy or tough and crumbly.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| mucus: Cervical mucus * can become hostile to the sperm as a result of infections, trauma or antibodies. * is colonized by sperm that are stored for several hours in cervical crypts - difficult to influence - important for the sperm to enter the cervix and the uterus - nature's way of helping a man's sperm reach a woman's egg - placed on a slide and quickly spread out in all directions to a very thin layer - produced by the secretory cells of the cervical mucosa - secretions that fill the opening of the cervix - stimulated by estrogen to become thin, clear, and stretchable - thin, watery, copious, slippery during the days immediately before ovulation * plays an important role in helping women get pregnant. * poor indicator of transformation zone material. Excess mucus * Some excess mucuses collect in lungs. * is produced in an attempt to protect the airway.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| mucus: Sputum * eosinophilia after asthmatic responses induced by isocyanates in sensitized subjects. * has something in it that speeds up polymerization of added actin. * is grossly purulent during exacerbations and mucoid in between - material coughed up from the lungs - mucoid and contains macroscopic brownish plugs, which are actual Aspergillus fragments - saliva mixed with mucus exerted from the respiratory system - the mucous secretions produced by the lower respiratory tract - thick fluid coughed up from the lungs or breathing tubes - what comes up with deep coughing * mixture of the foreign particles, mucus and cells expelled by the lungs. Thick mucus * Most thick mucuses are produced by glands - pedal glands * can also block the ducts of the liver and the pancreas, causing improper digestion. * is formed in the bronchial tree which predisposes the person to chronic lung infections - removed so that the cilia return to normal rate of beating Musk * Most musks are secreted by organs - reproductive organs - have single flowers and are generally winter hardy and disease-resistant * Some musks are produced by glands - skunks - spot skunks * Some musks cause blindness - nausea - temporary blindness - make perfume * are exocrine compounds of mammals, used to mark territory or as pheromones. * is scent * thistle spreads most rapidly along roadsides, fence lines, and sparsely vegetated areas. ### process \| secretion \| musk: Musk ox * graze on grass. * have babies. * live in territory - yukon territory	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion: Nectar * Most nectar attracts ants - bees - butterflies - insects - parasitic wasps - pests - feeds hummingbirds - gives energy * Most nectar is produced by flower plants - secreted by plants * Most nectar produces flowers - honey * Most nectar provides food - sugar * Some nectar appears on the staminodes. * Some nectar attracts birds - moths - prey - contains minerals - flows through holes - has low protein requirements * Some nectar is produced by trees - secreted by lips - plants support butterflies - provides energy - reduces fitnesses * are also good and easier to swallow than thinner liquids. * can contain other beneficial substances as well. * comes from deep inside flowers. * contains amino acids , lipids , vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars. * is fruit juice - in flowers, trees and hummingbird feeders * mixes with enzymes. - quick energy to sustain their extremely high metabolic rate and little else - simple sugar + Spider, Behaviour, Some spiders are not predators * Studies have shown that they do this for long periods. They also clean themselves regularly while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which shows that they are looking for nutrients. Many spiders are nocturnal, they are most active during the night. The extent of nectar consumption by spiders may therefore have been under-estimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars. Studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar also avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes. ### process \| secretion \| nectar: Sweet nectar * Most sweet nectar produces flowers. * is produced in copious quantities, attracting hummingbirds. Pancreatic secretion * contain enzymes which are needed to digest proteins, starch and triglyceride. * occur in the duodenum.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion: Perspiration * Most perspiration causes conditions - contains impurities - removes heat - requires heat * Some perspiration is alkaline but is just as harmful as acid - leads to dehydration * also contains high concentrations of salt, creating a hypertonic environment - helps the body eliminate excess heat * beads on nervous foreheads. * can also damage the hearing aid. * carries toxins out with it. * causes a desire to bathes - lysozyme and other antimicrobial substances * depletes cells of fluids and weakens the muscle tissue. * dissipates excess heat and cools our bodies. * exacerbates skin conditions such as dermatitis. * expends water which comes from body tissues and, during long exercise bouts, the blood. * increases the risk of frostbite and hypothermia - to cool the body * is natures most efficient cleanser - one of nature's ways of helping the body rid itself of extra heat - produced by sweat glands in the skin and is secreted through pores - salt water which very good conductor of electricity - salty water, but people tend to drink back regular water * is the body's attempt to cool itself - way of cooling itself * keeps that heat under control. * makes silk yellow. * moves more easily through two thin layers than it does through one thick layer. * occurs even in cold weather - in order to cool off the body by releasing warm water, etc * plays a vital role in regulating human body temperature. * problem with slip latex, too. * serves as a mechanism for excretion and for regulation of body temperature. * wastes water. + Silk, Chemical properties: Fibers :: Cloth * Silk is resistant to most mineral acids, except for sulfuric acid, which dissolves it. Perspiration makes silk yellow.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| perspiration: Excessive perspiration * Most excessive perspiration causes conditions. * can also result in acne - occur in the hands, the underarms, the feet, the trunk, or the face * is also a symptom of diabetes, anaemia and hyperthyroidism. * occurs and sweat glands become active.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion: Pheromone * Many pheromones act as male attractants. * Most pheromone acts as sexual stimulants - attracts bees * Most pheromone has functions - specific functions * Most pheromone induces behaviour - courtship behaviour - is produced by glands * Most pheromone is secreted by anal glands * Some pheromone attracts adult beetles - butterflies - drones - insects - japanese beetles - mates - mice - silverfishs - termites - weevils - workers - has life - is expelled from glands * Some pheromone is produced by anemones - queens - released by snakes - regulates reproduction - pheromones produce a very strong and immediate effects while others engender very little * also deliver messages about a person's sexual state and general health - influence the human menstrual cycle * are a chemical substance secreted by crabs and other creatures to attract each other - natural way of attracting women - naturally occurring chemical compound found in all insects, animals, and humans - sub-category of semiochemicals - airborne, odorless molecules that act as chemical signals * are also common in vertebrates - important for communication - an important part of sexuality - behaviour modifiers - best when applied to collar and cuffs of wool or cotton fabrics - bile compounds found in the gall bladders of lamprey larvae * are chemical scents playing a crucial role in human sexuality - sex attractants often used to confuse mating behavior of insects - substances, produced by insects, that influence their behavior * are chemicals employed in intraspecies communication - given off by the female to attract males in order to mate - naturally produced by all humans * are chemicals produced by animals allowing individuals of a species to communicate - insects to communicate - secreted by insects, and among other things they attract males to females * are chemicals that carry messages that produce behavioral responses in other fish - communicate information among individuals of the same species - insects use to attract one another - the body produces to attract the opposite sex - used for communication in animals, including humans - which some species produce to attract mates - compounds emitted by insects to communicate with members of their species - considered a type of hormone - effective at very low concentrations - generally for communication, to let males know the female is ready to mate * are hormones released by the body that play a large part in human attraction - that are thought to stimulate, through smell, sexual reactions in animals - important in sexual attraction - insect hormones - key chemical indicators in reproduction - natural aphrodisiacs * are natural chemical scents the body produces in order to attract others - produces to the opposite sex - chemicals produced by wasps which attract other wasps - compounds that are created in the body of an insect - excretions to which the opposite sex responds - scents that influence insect behavior - naturally-occurring chemicals that insects use to find mates - natures way of attracting the female sex - now a popular subject for research * are odorless chemical substances secreted by animals into their surrounding - chemicals secreted from the body that affect sexual behavior - hormonal secretions that stimulate the subconscious part of the brain - odorous substances secreted by various insects and animals - odors that are deliberately used for communication - powerful and can be detected for miles - released that attracts members of the same species - small, volatile, or water-soluble molecules that disperse into the environment - stinky chemicals excreted from glands throughout the ants body - substances that insects use to communicate and seek out one another for mating - subtle scents emitted by animals in mating season * are the best-known form of communication in ants - chemical attractants produced by female moths to draw in males - chemicals insects use to find each other - natural scents insects use to communicate with each other - unreliable in the mid and late season for indicating whether sprays are needed - usually effective in tiny amounts * are, to say the least, very effective stimuli. * attract only males, whereas both sexes are captured in traps with a blacklight. * attracts attention - mosquitoes * can act at very small concentrations, below what the sense of smell can detect - also function in nonreproductive behavior - be very potent and have a very powerful influence on animal behavior - improve one's sex life - indicate whether a female is sexually ready to reproduce - persuade a person to act in a certain way without being aware of the reasons why * communicate sexual attraction by the perspiration glands. * create an aphrodisiac effect in women. * creates strong attraction between the two sexes among animals, and also in humans. * differ from sight or sound signals in a number of ways. * have amazing potential - major influences - to be applied to the skin in order to mix and fuse with the human pH balance * initiate reproductive development in new winged females, called female sexuals. * maintain the cohesiveness and organization of the complex ant communities. * make the job easier. * only attract members of the same species. * play a very important part in the sexual behaviour of many animals - an important part in reproduction and other social behavior * play an important role in animals - the sexual isolation of insect species * produced by the opposite sex, affect our reproductive cycles - in the tail and anal sacs provide sexual information for mating * released by past ladybugs are detected by future generations. * seem to affect people s general impressions and assessments - play an important role in mammalian social and sexual behavior * sexually stimulates the opposite sex subconsciously. * tell animals what they are supposed to do, such as run, fight or have sex. * triggers reaction. * work very differently from other insecticides. + Odor, Pheromones: Chemistry * Pheromones are odors that are deliberately used for communication. A female moth may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers away. Honeybee queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the hive.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| pheromone: Alarm pheromone * signal the presence of potential danger. * warn members of a species of approaching danger. Male pheromone * Most male pheromone acts as sexual stimulants * help regulate menstrual cycles, increase fertility, and ignite the sex drive.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion \| pheromone: Pheromone trap * are an excellent tool for monitoring populations of adult male codling moths - available commercially for some insect pests * are available for Indian meal moth and other insects - detecting most of the moth pests in fruit crops in Michigan - monitoring adult armyworm activity - virtually all economically important lepidopteran species - in many retail stores to monitor and trap food-infesting moths * are available to detect and monitor flight activity of filbertworm moths - determine the peak mating and egg-laying periods for most species * are available to monitor adult armyworm activity - moth activity - for detection or sometimes for disrupting mating habits of insects * are only indicators of activity and no thresholds are associated with trap catches - the onset of adult activity - species specific * are useful in monitoring moth activity - tools that indicate when mating flights are occurring * attract insects, allowing growers to estimate pest populations. * can be an early detection device to protect against pest damage - help monitor for moth flight activity * containing a sex attractant are also available for many insects. * indicate moth emergence and aid in proper timing of spray applications. * lure male moths onto a sticky panel by means of a synthetic sex-attractant chemical. * placed near bushes are only affective for some species. * provide valuable but somewhat indefinite information about corn earworm populations. * show great promise for monitoring of adult population density. * utilize a sex attractant for the pest species. Prostatic secretion * contribute to the fluid volume of the ejaculate. * reveal inflammatory cells but no bacteria - cells, with macrophages containing oval fat bodies * vary among species.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion: Saliva * Most saliva breaks down food particles - builds up in mouths * Most saliva contains amylases - carbohydrate digestive enzymes - clot substances - compounds - enzyme amylases - salivary amylases * Most saliva has functions - properties - helps starches - is part of mouths * Most saliva is produced by glands - salivary glands - secreted by glands * Some saliva becomes blood - builds up in throats - carries diseases - causes tooth decay - comes into tissue * Some saliva contains essential vitamins - levels - poison - proteins - salt - toxins - has chemicals - helps blood - prevents tooth decay - produces histamine * activates the kavalactones. * acts as a buffer, regulating the pH when acidic drinks are ingested. * begins digesting food in the mouth , and moistens food to make swallowing easier. * breaks down carbohydrates * causes effects - immune reaction * collects in mouths * comes from three pairs of salivary glands, plus many smaller glands. * consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous'. * contains amylase that begins the breakdown of starch as food is chewed - amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestion of starches - antibodies and myriad molecules that nurture, preserve, and defend the oral tissues - bacteria - buffers which neutralize acids produced in the rumen during digestion of feeds - cellular material - enzymes that aggressively break down food in the mouth * contains enzymes that begin the digestion process by moistening the food - to fight bacteria - which start to break down proteins in the digestion process * contains mucus, a very effective lubricant, and coats the food to facilitate swallowing - antibodies, and enzymes - potent digestive enzymes which begin the digestive process - secretory IgA and lactoferrin, which check bacterial growth - significant amounts of immunoglobulins - sodium and some minerals - substances that help to maintain the mineralization of enamel - the highest concentrations - two enzymes that initiate fat and carbohydrate digestion - water, amino acids, proteins, sugars, organic acids, salts, etc * enables it to adhere to teeth rapidly. * exerts two effects. * flows into wounds via the channel formed from the union of the lower pair of incisors - through one tube into the bite - heal properties * helps clear away residues. * helps control the growth of bacteria and washes away sticky foods that help form plaque - germs that cause tooth decay and other oral infections - dissolve smelly sulfur particles and washes away bacteria and food particles - rinse away bacteria, but while sleeping, saliva production shuts down * helps to moisten food and begins the digestion of carbohydrates - neutralizes the decay causing acids - prevent cavities by digesting the sugars and by washing the teeth * helps with cleaning and protecting teeth from decay * impedes the accumulation of plaque on and between teeth. * is capable of thin ice - embryology - liquids * is located in mouths - near mouths * lubricates the food much like in a human so that it can pass to the esophagus - mouthparts and causes some external digestion to occur * mixes with food. * moistens the food while the teeth chew it up and make it easier to swallow - food, lubricates the esophagus, and initiates the digestion of starch * plays many functions in the oral cavity. * serves purposes. * spoils food faster than normal because of the digestive juices. * starts the process of dissolving food - to break down the food * stimulates immune responses * tends to act as a buffer against tooth decay. * triggers the start of the chemical breakdown. * washes away bacteria and dissolves the foul smelling sulfur compounds - sticky foods that help form plaque and strengthens teeth with minerals - sugars and other substances that promote cavities * wets the food and helps in swallowing. + Salivary gland, Salivary secretions and structure: Mouth :: Exocrine system :: Glands * Saliva' is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and some animals. Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| secretion \| saliva: Human saliva * Most human saliva contains substances. * contains an enzyme called amylase - the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme, salivary amylase * is rich in amylase, and the pancreas also secretes the enzyme. Saliva testing * is an accurate and reliable method of measuring body levels of hormones - emerging field for drug, alcohol, and DNA testing * newer, less proven technology. Sticky saliva * Most sticky saliva is produced by glands. * covers the tong during feeding. Salivary secretion * Some salivary secretion contains histamine. * are known to play an important role in the attack of aphids on plant tissue. * cause a stunting of leaf and stem growth and leaves tend to fold upwards * is controlled by the autonomic nervous system - strictly reflex<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion: Sebum * Most sebums contain chemicals - toxic chemicals * Most sebums have antibacterial properties * Some sebums are produced by glands - sebaceous glands - mix with dirt * acts to protect hair and skin, and can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin. * are secretion. * build up common reason behind slow hair growth. * builds up in the follicle, becomes infected leading to the basic acne pimple. * comes from the sebaceous glands, which surround the hair follicles. * helps to keep the keratin-rich epidermis flexible and waterproof - prevent evaporation of sweat * increases the growth of microorganisms on the skin. * is secretion * lubricates the skin. * plays an important role in maintaining a normal flora. * softens and lubricates the skin, making it more pliable - skin and inhibits the growth of some bacteria * travels up to the hair follicle and then comes out to the skin. ### process \| secretion \| sebum: Excess sebum * can mix with dead skin cells that builds up in the pores. * is associated with oily skin and acne. Smegma * are sebums. * is probably the most maligned body substance. Skin secretion * Most skin secretion has properties * Some skin secretion causes irritation. * Some skin secretion reduces fish predation * have hallucinogenic properties. Sticky secretion * Most sticky secretion is produced by glands. * is produced along the limbs where disease is present Toxic secretion * Most toxic secretion is produced by glands. * Some toxic secretion is produced by cane toads * Some toxic secretion reduces fish predation<\|endoftext\|>### process \| secretion: Tubular secretion * Some tubular secretion occurs in proximal tubules * helps the kidney remove a. some unfiltered wastes. * is also lower in infants than in adults - always an active process - another way of getting waste materials into the urine - by active transport - caused mainly by active transport - the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen * means the addition of a substance to the filtrate in the tubule lumen. * requires a good blood supply to the tubules. * serves the purposes of waste removal and acid-base balance. * significant mode of renal elimination. * takes place in the proximal tubule of the nephron. Vaginal secretion * Most vaginal secretion simulates positive reaction. * Some vaginal secretion is always present, but the amount tends to increase during pregnancy. * are very benign. * can contain the virus. * change through out the month. * maintain a normal, healthy vagina. Several process * appear to contribute to sympatric speciation. * are involved in how the body obtains, transports, and uses oxygen - moving materials across the cell membrane - involved, the first of which is transcription * contribute to building up and wearing down the earth's surface - changing the Earth s surface * move carbon from the geosphere to the atmosphere.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Similar process * occur in the microorganisms living in the environment. * play a role in modulating the fluxes of cosmic rays originating in galactic space. * take place when electrons are accelerated near the Sun. + Food processing: Technology * The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed. Slow process * can cause large changes over a long periods of time. * shape earth. Spinous process * are smooth and rounded and one can feel individual processes only with pressure. * run horizontally. Stimulus generalization * means behaving similarly to similar stimuli. * occurs when a response elicited by one stimulus is generalized to another - dog jumps to similar-sounding words<\|endoftext\|>### process: Subduction * also creates the ocean's deep trenches. * are geological processes. * can release pressure by pushing flakes of land that separate from lower stratas forward. * causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. * destroys crust and recycles it back into the mantle. * geologic process * is believed to work by density. * occurs when one plate moves under another - two plates come together, pushing the land upward * pulls rocks containing carbon down into the magma. * pushes rock deeply into the hot regions of the earth which melts to form magma. * refers to the sinking of oceanic crust when two plates collide. * usually is accompanied by volcanic activity. + Oceanic trench: Landforms :: Oceanography * Found at the base of some continental slopes, 'ocean trenches' have relatively steepsides falling dramatically to the ocean floor. In geology, subduction is the theoretical process whereby one oceanic plate slides under another crustal plate. Subduction is believed to work by density. As the heavy plate descends steeply into the earth, the lighter, or less dense, the two plates rides over the edge of the heavier plate. * Subduction' is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis.<\|endoftext\|>### process \| subduction: Subduction zone * Most subduction zones occur as collisions between an oceanic and continental plate. * Some subduction zones form where two oceanic plates collide. * appear as deep oceanic trenches. * are an important boundary in the rock cycle - areas where to plates are being compressed together * are places where oceanic and continental plates meet - tectonic plates dive under one another into the mantle * are the sites for most of the truly devastating earthquakes of the world - of the largest and most destructive earthquakes on the planet - very geologically active * are where one plate grinds against another, pushing it downward - is pulled beneath another because it is heavier<\|endoftext\|>### process: Synthesis * Most synthesis involves the creation of proteins from amino acids. * Some syntheses use thermite reactions and others use sol-gel processes - synthesis produces water * Syntheses are extremely important for the advancement of knowledge. * chemical action * involves factors - initiation factors - many factors * is academic journals - chemical processes - reasoning * occurs in stages - the liver and the rate correlates directly with the cellular iron content * permeates all life and is the origin of all that exists. * requires energy - summaries * results in activations. * shows patterns. * takes place through the processes of transcription and translation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process \| synthesis: Biosynthesis * Discuss the nature of bacterial photosynthesis. * Most biosynthesis occurs during development. * Some biosynthesis contributes to activations - leads to death - occurs in fungi * addresses the fundamentals of metabolism in an organism. * is catalysed by enzymes, production of which is directed by the cell's genes. - through sugar nucleotides that are formed through a pyrophosphorylation Chemical synthesis * adds amino acids one at a time to a growing chains using a cycle of reactions. * fundamental topic to the understanding of chemistry. Chemosynthesis * Most chemosynthesises use energy. * is illustrated for nitrogen-fixing monerans - performed by bacteria - the synthesis of organic compounds using energy contained in inorganic molecules * process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates. * sustain life. Dehydration synthesis * Some dehydration synthesis produces water. * plays an important role in the construction of organic polymers. Nucleosynthesis * are synthesis. * is synthesis * requires very high temperature. * takes place in a high pressure, high temperature soup - stars<\|endoftext\|>### process \| synthesis: Organic synthesis * special type of chemical synthesis. + Chemical synthesis, Organic synthesis: Chemistry * Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis. Only organic compounds are created in organic synthesis. The total synthesis of a complex product may take many steps to reach the goal product. These steps can take too much time. Chemists want to have skill in organic synthesis and being able to find a synthesis path with the least number of steps. The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists, such as Robert Burns Woodward, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Speech synthesis * is the task of transforming written input to spoken output - useful for a number of reasons * provides spoken output for users who are blind. Urea synthesis * Most urea synthesis requires energy. * Some urea synthesis has roles. Thaw * can lead to icy conditions, a potential hazard for outwintered cows. * causes cell damage * is heating - phase change - relaxation - weather * leads to drainage. * takes places. Thermal process * Most thermal processes require consumption of some material. * can mobilize radionuclides.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Transpiration * Most transpiration involves osmosis. * Some transpiration contributes to constant rainfall - increases atmospheric humidity. * It happens because the plant opens its pores in order to get carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables the flow of mineral nutrients from roots to shoots - creates water demand in plants * appears to be an adaptation that cools a plant. * assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble salts. * can also indirectly reduce soil erosion by reducing streamflow during storms. * depends on environmental factors * evaporates the water into the air so that it can fall as rain. * exerts a pull on the water column within the xylem. * gives evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the water vapor back up into the air. * happens when the sun warms the water inside the blade - water soaked up by plants evaporate into the air * has effects. * helps cool plants, but is also involved in moving nutrients from root to leaf. * includes water evaporated from leaf and other plant surfaces. * is an action - another important part of the water cycle - dependant on plant type, density of vegetation, growth stage * is evaporation from the surface of plants - of liquid water from plants and trees into the atmosphere - like evaporation, but it occurs in living things like plants and animals - natural processes - relatively independent of body temperature, up to some point - simply the evaporation of water through plant membranes - term given to the loss of water from the shoot of the plant * is the biological process that occurs mostly in the day - evaporation of vapor from a plant, especially the leaves * is the evaporation of water from plant leaves - plant tissues into the atmosphere - stems, leaves, and other plant parts - the aerial parts of a plant - through plants - evaporation, or loss of water vapor, from the leaves - evaporative loss of water vapour from a land plant - event in which plants lose water vapor to the atmosphere - fancy name for how plants cool themselves - loss of oxygen through a plant's leaves * is the loss of water from plants in the form of vapor - the leaves and stems of the plant * is the loss of water vapor by plants - from the plant surface - via evaporation through pores on the stems and leaves of plants - main process of water movement within plant tissues - movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere * is the process by which a plant loses water, primarily through leaf stomata - leaves regulate water loss * is the process by which plants consume water - lose water out of their leaves - lose water, mainly from their leaves - return moisture to the air - water evaporates from a plant's leaves and stems * is the process of water evaporation through the leaves - loss from plants through stomata - way plants use water to carry nutrients through their structure * is when plants exchange water for carbon dioxide - water is taken from the living things like plants and animals * moves amounts. * occurs as long as stomates are open. * occurs at same time - by way of the stomata of leaves - in leaves after being separated from the tree - mainly through a plant's stomates - more quickly at higher temperatures due to increased evaporation - mostly at stomata , tiny epidermal passageways of leaves and stems - when leaves use carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis * plays several important roles in keeping the plant alive. * pull theory is the proposed mechanism by which trees draw water through their roots. * refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees - process that plants use to cool themselves * replaces oxygen and water vapor in the air. * requires that liquid water evaporate, which has a cooling effect. * takes place when water passes through the leaves of plants.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### process: Turnaround * is areas. * is part of driveways - roads - preparation - work time Uptake * Some uptake is mediated by proteins. * drives growth. ### process \| uptake: High uptake * is seen in thalamus, basal ganglia, and amygdala. * is seen in the gray matter regions - kidney, liver, bladder, and tumor Nutrient uptake * involves a number of mechanisms operating in a compensatory manner. * is affected by many vineyard conditions - soil water content through mass flow and ion diffusion - also an essential function of the root system - different than for phytoplankton - shown below for corn and soybeans at different yield levels * refers to all the nutrients taken up by the crop as it grows and matures. Plant uptake * can be important to pesticide movement. * is slow in soils with fixing clays, but faster in tropical soils - water taken from the groundwater flow and soil moisture Various process * are involved in the development of sex differences in humans. * react to outside stimuli and internal interprocess communication.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Producer * Many producers feed high phosphorus levels in hopes of improving reproductive performance - generate electricity from wind, sun and geothermal sources - provide minerals to the cowherd to enhance cow fertility and productivity - supplement their sheep with selenium to avoid white muscle disease in lambs * Many producers use microchip identification as a method of identifying birds - small amounts of nitrogen fertilizer for soybeans * Most producers affect growth. * Most producers are green plants or algae that make organic compounds through photosynthesis - musicians, and listen to and are familiar with many styles of music - sensitive to the welfare of their livestock - claim to be environmentally friendly even if they are polluting highly - know the basic soil condition and have knowledge of the soil pH and fertility - operate so that cows are more likely to be thin than fat - produce energy - reduce nitrogen excretion - view agriculture as more than a commodity * Some producers also use aeration as a means of renovating meadows - claim their product protects crops from soil pathogens * Some producers create chemical energy - feed dead birds to swine - provide forage fish for their brood fish - raise game fish , such as largemouth bass and bluegill, for stocking ponds and lakes - sell animals to customers when the animals are still alive * Some producers use energy - herbicides early to retain crop residues - salt to limit feed intake because it is inexpensive and takes little time - utilize milking breeds for specialty cheese production * absorb the soil phosphate and incorporate it into molecules. * are a direct or indirect source of food for other organisms. * are able to harness the energy of the sun to make food - make food using the simple substances water and carbon dioxide - an important part of the food cycle since they are the first stage of the food cycle - anything that can create food from sunlight, hence photosynthesis - autotrophs since they use photosynthesis to get their food - causes - commercial organizations - creators - eaten by consumers - important to the food chain - organisms in the ocean like plankton,crill,and nekton * are organisms like plants that can produce food - plants, algae and some bacteria, that produce their own food - that are able to create their own food, through photosynthesis * are organisms that can make their own food - produce their own food by photosythesis - who make their own food * are organisms, like green plants, that produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds - such as green plants, that convert light energy into food - people who perform a service or make goods - plants and are food for consumers * are plants, algae etc. Primary consumers eat producers - algae, or cyanobacteria - so get their energy through photosynthasis - professionals whose time and product are valuable - stewards of the land and their animals * are the base of the food chain - first living things or link in a food chain - largest group in a food chain - one which can synthesize their own food as they have chloroplasts - ones that mostly make every other animal live - organisms that can make their own food through the process of photosynthesis - plants and animals that make the food - source of all the food in an ecosystem - workers * can also prevent disease by keeping infectious agents from coming onto their farm - have impact - keep P out of surface water by managing soil erosion and nutrient losses from runoff * can make their own food by photosynthesis - using the energy of sunlight and nutrients in the soil * capture sunlight and store it as food energy. * combine natural, human, and capital resources to make goods and services. * convert light energy into chemical energy. * convert the energy from the sun to energy for themselves through photosynthesis - radiant energy of the sun into the chemical energy of food - sunlight into chemical energy or food * create food through photosynthesis, whereas decomposers breakdown dead or decaying matter. * earn carbon credits by the amount of their carbon sequestration. * enhance air quality - water quality * form the base of all food chains. * get it in the form of nitrates or ammonia from the soil or water in which they live. * have ability - alternatives - backgrounds - beneficial effects - decisions - facilities * have major decisions - market decisions - many beneficial effects - military backgrounds - several alternatives - the largest population and the most energy * increase production. * live in the world of dollars and cents, income and expense and profit and loss. * make decisions - money by putting together products which they sell to consumers - organic nutrients which are transferred to consumers when the plants are eaten * make their food, in the presence of light, by the process of photosynthesis - own food from energy that comes directly from the sun * make their own food, and they make nutrients for other organisms - producers are plants * manufacture the organic compounds that they use as sources of energy and nutrients. * often add pesticides to protect hides during transport. * play an important role in consumer awareness. - more glucose and oxygen than they use during cell respiration * reduce excretion * release oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. * spend money for land, buildings, machinery, resources, and workers. * store energy in the chemical bonds of the food they make. * take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis - energy from nitrogen * then release oxygen, which is used by other organisms. * turn light energy from the sun into food through a process called photosynthesis. * use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis - methods - pesticides on certain plants that are very susceptible to nematodes - sunlight and other raw materials to make food through photosynthesis - techniques * use the basic chemicals produced during decomposition and sunlight to produce food - nutrients in the soil and sunlight to create food * view sustainability as an income generating activity with economic and social value.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### producer: Agricultural producer * have many opportunities to make efficient use of fertilizers. * invest vast amounts of capital and labor. * suffer severe economic losses, and consumers pay higher prices for food.<\|endoftext\|>### producer: Distiller * Many distillers also use barrels that once held sherry or wine. * Most distillers have one water reservoir. * accumulate hard residues, primarily composed of calcium and magnesium. * actually increase the concentration of trace organic contaminants in the distillation. * also remove benefi- cial minerals and make water taste flat or bland. * are bands - manufacturers * commonly add caramel coloring to their spirits to adjust the color. * demand equity when it comes to competing with beer and wine for alcohol consumers. * have small capacities and use considerable energy to process water. * is used to make files which are postscript, a different file format. * purify the water by boiling it, to produce steam. * remove bacteria, minerals, trace amounts of metals, many organic chemicals and nitrate. * work with electricity and do build up heat. ### producer \| film maker: Film director * are artists - film makers - leaders * thrive in a media environment driven by powerful visual images. Filmmaker * Some filmmakers consider their films art and some artists make films - form corporations with the intent of financing specific films * often use a technique called ray tracing to render light and reflections in images. Food producer * Most food producers are women. * are required to list the specific type of vegetable fat used, including palm oil. * use people to sniff their products and try to find problems.<\|endoftext\|>### producer: Movie producer * are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. + Movie director: Movie occupations * For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him. It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer. Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie. Organic producer * Most organic producers apply less irrigation - are also smaller, family run farms, often part of a producer cooperative * strive to preserve biodiversity and minimize toxic outputs.<\|endoftext\|>### producer: Primary producer * Most primary producers make food - turn light energy into food through photosynthesis * Some primary producers create habitats - use energy * are organisms that a. rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply. * are the base, or bottom level, of a pyramid of energy - beginning of the food chain - typically photosynthetic plants, which use sunlight as their energy source * can use other energy sources than light. * capture energy from the sun. * convert solar energy into chemical energy. * derive there energy from the sun through a process called photosynthesis. * take up the usable nitrogen to produce organic matter. * use photosynthesis to take in carbon. Record producer * help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums - make singles and albums. * make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized Steel producer * add various amounts of carbon. * use metallurgical coal, or coke , a distilled fuel that is almost pure carbon. Turkey producer * Most turkey producers agree that freezing affects the texture and taste of the meat. * rely entirely on artificial insemination as the sole means of reproduction. Product quality * is degree of freedom from defects - of key importance for marketing and utilisation of crop products harvested * key aspect of international trade.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Productiveness * involves reshaping the world in the image of one's own values. * is quality	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Productivity * All productivity is the result of energy expended as it flows through such a system. * Most productivity drives economic growth. * Some productivity contributes to growth. * alone determines the long-run path of income per capita, or living standards. * always increases when morale is high and a positive working environment exists. * bi-monthly magazine covering various aspects of productivity and related subjects. * complex measurement to standardize. * controls food-chain properties in microbial communities. * declines with the loss of plant diversity. * department's output compared to what is input. * depends on availability - choices - current availability - reproductive efficiency - the effective management of time and information * determines how fast living standards can improve. * dynamic phenomenon. * falls as hours grow. * form of the word productive. * here refers to labor productivity, the amount of output per hour worked. * increases availability - dramatically when people share information instead of hoarding it - naturally in an integrous environment - ultimately derive from capital accumulation * increases when employees actively participate in the creation of wealth and prosperity - perceive that they have full opportunity to achieve - less time is spent sitting in traffic * is also important in trying to manage cleared rainforest land. * is an important determinant of economic growth and our future standard of living - measure because it determines a region's standard of living - index measuring the amount of production for each unit of labor - issue that is endlessly debated among managers in the workplace - assessed by calculations - basically a function of per capita investment - crucial to survival in the global marketplace * is dependent on many things, an important item is food and drink - the health of each worker - essential to raising incomes and maintaining stable prices * is greatest at the bottom trophic level and declines at higher levels - in zones of high temperature gradients called ocean fronts - income based on objective or subjective factors based on the goals of the group - low and agriculture is subject to water, wind, and temperature stresses * is measured as historical levels of demand or output over historical units of effort - output per worker-hour * is measured by means of the Malmquist index - the number of worker hours it takes to build a vehicle - total employee compensation divided by revenue dollars - in joules per square metre per year - no abstract number - one way to look at the impact of advances in technology on economic growth - output per unit of input, usually expressed as a ratio - production per unit time - ratios - reduced when it is cold - said to increase when more output can be produced with the same amounts of inputs - the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker s time * is the amount of output each worker generates - per unit of input used - produced per unit of input - the produced goods divided by total working hours - economy's most important tool for combating inflation * is the key factor in a country's economic well-being - issue in software development * is the key to increasing our standard of living - noninflationary growth - real wage and employment growth - marker of a successful economy and productivity is manifested in competition - measure of what gets done - most important inflation fighting factor in the economy - output of the economy per unit of labour input - pivot of social progress - quality of the product as seen from the customer point of view * is the rate at which an ecosystem can accumulate new organic material - ecosystem can accumulate new organic matter * is the ratio of output produced to the amount of input used - outputs to the resources invested to produce it - real engine behind the economy - relationship of output to input - ultimate driver of our standard of living - value of output produced by a day of work or a dollar of capital invested * is, of course, measured by the ability of a firm to produce more with less. * key concern for both manufacturing and service organizations. * leads to resources. * means getting more from the resources being expended, namely being efficient - making a contribution to one's own household, neighborhood, and community - to produce or capable of producing * measure of average real output - ecosystem function * measure of the economic impact of a unit of a person's time - economy's efficiency, technically, worker output per hour * measurement of the performance of activities. * measures the amount of output per hour of work - that workers produce per hour - relationship between cost of input and the output gained * needs to be shared equally by all, and distributed in the form of a social income. * promotes wealth. * ratio, a comparison of what is produced and what is used to produce it. * refers to the amount of plant and animal life that can be produced within the lake. * reflects differences. * represents some measure of output divided by employee input. * result of efficient organization. * revolves around management issues, such as motivation and accountability. * rises in booms and falls in recessions. * tends to increase when employees stretch or exercise at work. * usually increases over time. * varies directly with particle velocity - greatly from year to year, affected mostly by weather * way of life, and it can be applied everywhere. + Economics, General economic rules * The living standard of a country depends on the skills to produce services and goods. Productivity is the amount of the produced goods divided by total working hours.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### productivity: Agricultural productivity * depends on the organisms that inhabit the soil. * is at all time highs in the United States and in the world - based solely on the thin layer of topsoil in which crops are produced - likely to vary across regions * is threatened by erosion and declines in soil fertility - increasing erosion and declining fertility of soils * measures the difference between output growth and input growth rates. * stays ahead of the market to consume farm commodities. Economic productivity * is the foundation supporting American world leadership - heartbeat of any community - key to a high standard of living * rises with the density of settlement and the size of cities. High productivity * depends on the high quality of materials. * is an important aspect of agricultural sustainability in the humid tropics. Higher productivity * allows businesses to increase both wages and profits without raising prices - firms to meet rising demand with the same number of workers * is critical in keeping inflation in check. * means employees can earn more without raising the price of products - less pressure to put more undisturbed ecosystems into production - that firms generate more revenue per worker without additional cost Labor productivity * gives the quantity of cheese a cheeser makes in an hour of work - wine a winer makes in an hour of work * grows faster when more output is produced in fewer hours. * is increased through shorter process cycles. * is measured as output per hour - by output per hour worked - output per worker - second to no other steel industry worldwide * tends to decline as the proportion of state shares increases. * varies from country to country. Labour productivity * measure of the total products produced in a certain period. * reflects the level of fish-raising in ricefields.<\|endoftext\|>### productivity: Primary productivity * decreases as depth increases as there is less light and less photo. * determines the energy budget of an ecosystem. * has a direct and major influence on fish production. * is the fixation of carbon using inorganic substrates by autotrophic organisms - increase in plant mass over time - rate of photosynthesis for the ecosystem during a specified interval - vital to marine life * refers to the amount of new organic material being created - total amount of matter made by producers within an ecosystem ### products: Car radio * Most car radios use a 'whip' antenna. * are products - radio receivers Music instrument * are products. * has a plural known as orchestra. ### profanity: Curse * Some curses also work by the cycle of the full moon. * are afflictions - like young chickens, they always come home to roost - profanity - spells that are often intended to cause harm to another person * cause stress, blessings reduce it. * involve emptying and scattering. * is profanity Oath * are commitment - illicit which are made to corroborate human contracts and civil commerce - promise - vows * have a long heritage. * vary in different countries according to different laws, constitutions, and religious beliefs. Scatology * is common in British and Japanese sex movies - profanity + Coprophilia: Human sexuality * There are people who make movies involving coprophilia. This is called scatology. Scatology is common in British and Japanese sex movies. ### professional people: Single adult * Many single adults are professional people. * Most single adults have relatives. * find safety in numbers. * leave homes. * live with their parents for mutual support. ### professionals: Museum curator * are professionals. * go into the field to collect from natural sites and from archaeological sites. * wear clean white gloves when touching objects.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### professionals: Olympic athlete * Many Olympic athletes have asthma. * Most Olympic athletes are professionals - start practicing sports in early childhood * Olympic Athletes say they have found a secret to deal with stress. * have sponsors, expensive equipment, and the luxury of training full time. * tend to have lower RHRs than couch potatoes. * tour the country every four years after the Olympics. * travel from all over the world to compete. * use their bodies. + Paralympic Games * The Paralympics have grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century. Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympic athletes. Olympic athletes receive much more financial support than Paralympic athletes. Some Paralympians who have also participated in the Olympic Games.<\|endoftext\|>### profits: Dividend * also serve as a protective cushion when the overall market is declining. * are a one-time return of premium based on recent financial results - payout of a portion of a company's earnings to a stockholder - portion of after-tax profits paid to shareholders by corporations - return of premiums * are a share of profits - the profits of the company * are an enormous part of the stock market's return over time - incentive for investors to hold stocks - bonuses - cash payments made to the owners or stockholders of the company - desirable for people who want income from their investments * are distributions of a company s profit or earnings back to the company s shareholders - assets to the owners of the corporation * are earnings from a company that are distributed to individual investors - paid to members' share accounts - net incomes - numbers - part of the profits that the company divides among the investors * are payments made by corporations on earnings - of part of a company's earnings to people who hold stock in the company - quarterly payments to share-holders made by many companies - shares of corporate profits paid to the stockholders of public companies * are the claim on future goods - only way to distribute national income without work or welfare and taxation * can account for a large percentage of the total investment return - also be a way to generate income - be an important part of a stock's total return * is profits - the portion that is distributed to the stockholders * refers to the dividend paid during the period. ### program analysis technique: Program slicing * is useful in program debugging, software maintenance and program understanding. * program analysis technique. * technique that reveals semantic threads within source code. Programming block * are groups of television programs that are played one after the other. + List of programming blocks: Television programs :: Television lists * This is a 'list of programming blocks'. Programming blocks are groups of television programs that are played one after the other. These programs are similar. The hope is that viewers will keep watching television. ### programs: Football game * Some football games focus on fields. * are programs. * contact sport ### progressive condition: Avascular necrosis * can occur due to vascular compromise. * has several causes. * is another cause of degeneration of the hip joint - curious cause of degeneration of the hip joint - diseases - rare but when present causes severe joint and bone pain * progressive condition. * strikes both men and women and affects people of all ages. ### progressive disease: Emotional illness * can be as painful as any physical illness. * progressive disease.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### progressive disorder: Diabetic nephropathy * is also a sign of worsening blood vessel disease throughout the body - an important cause of failure of kidney function * is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States - number one cause of renal failure requiring dialysis in our country * progressive disorder. ### progressive, degenerative disease: Alzheimer disease * affects the brain gradually but severely, impairing memory and cognition. * progressive, degenerative disease. ### project: Venture * are bands - commercial enterprises * database of jobs and internships in the non-profit sector. ### project \| venture: Crusade * are a defense of Jerusalem - expedition - projects - remedies * defines much of European activity for the high middle ages. * facilitate trade in the East. * often have an overemphasis on the future. ### project \| venture \| gamble: Private investment * drives competition and growth. * is critical to the modernization of the agricultural, energy, and export sectors - important to stimulate long-term economic growth - often a relatively quick and inexpensive source of capital - the key to providing capital, jobs, and technology to the Middle East * key driver of economic growth and job creation. Joint venture * arc used in real estate development as a means of raising capital and spreading risk. * are a mechanism for explicit interorganizational cooperation - also a way to fund innovative research at universities - an important approach to access global markets - the trend in international filmmaking - ventures Smart money * is people - speculation * refers to money that is used and invested in wise ways.<\|endoftext\|>Projection * are defense mechanisms - imagery - predictions - representations - structures - visual communication * depend on factors - many factors * fundamental component of mapmaking. * is an externalization of wishes that leads to a distortion of reality - anticipation - practiced against people who have personal traits that they consider undesirable - related to paranoia and anger * is the attribution of one's undesired impulses onto another - distance the cup extends from the rib cage - great determiner of perception - psychological domain of a projection * makes perception, and the mind perceives what it believes. * popular method for Cartographers to create maps of the world from a globe. * reflect components. * show variability. * style of slipping back into the past because of unresolved childhood issues. * theatrical art that is indispensable in the field. ### projection: Astral projection * is perhaps the most dynamic use of aether. * is the ability for one's consciousness to leave one's body - of the soul to travel outside of the body Azimuthal projection * result from projecting a spherical surface onto a plane. * use conic-shape projection surfaces. Back projection * projection system often used to create location backgrounds in the studio. * works backward in time from an age distribution at the end of the period of study. Bulge * are projections. * can also prevent parking too close to crosswalks. * cause bulges. * lie at the center of spiral galaxies.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### projection \| bulge: Snag * also provide essential habitat requirements for cavity-using amphibians, reptiles and mammals. * are also great storers of carbon - another characteristic feature of an old-growth forest - critical habitat for many species of birds, mammals, and arthropods - essential to wildlife and are usually called wildlife trees - extremely important for providing food, nest sites and homes for woodpeckers - great for attracting woodpeckers * are home to many birds and mammals - insects, birds, and mammals * are important for wildlife habitat and soil regeneration after a fire - habitat for many species of wildlife - homes for many species of wildlife in Olympic - sausage - the most important home for many forest creatures * give woodpeckers a place to excavate cavities to nest in. * occur most frequently in loop pile constructions. * provide homes for dozens of birds and mammals. * provide important food and cover for a wide variety of wildlife species - homes for many animals * provide perches for birds of prey, and sites for cavity nesters - that hawks and other predatory birds use to search for prey * serve as perches and nesting sites for a variety of birds. ### projection \| bulge \| snag: Large snag * are important as bat roosting sites. * create fish habitat by forming pools and riffles in the stream.<\|endoftext\|>### projection: Cleat * are beams running parallel with the cross beams and are used to support desk joists - fasteners - generally safe for young ankles, say podiatrists * are normally rubber, plastic, aluminum or leather - rubber,plastic.aluminum or leather - part of cleats - projections - shoes - special sneakers for soccer - sports equipment - strips - the mark of a soccer player, and they facilitate safety and efficiency of play * have some type of projections, either metal or rubber, on the outsole. * leave the ankle more susceptible to twists and turns. ### projection \| cleat: Calkin * cuts an individual muscle out of a beef hind quarter. * uses a meter to measure the lightness and redness of beef round and chuck. Cylindrical projection * are a subset of prismographic projections. * result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder. Flange * are projections - surface ground * can also be bent to fit a variety of curved surfaces - be up, down, different sizes, etc * often incorporate skin-protective wafers. ### projection \| map projection: Conformal projection * are map projections. * preserve the property of shape over small areas. Stereographic projection * is one way to make a flat map of the earth. * map with several important properties. * preserves circles and angles - lines ### projects: Mass transit * are projects. * can be a publicly or privately operated bus, rail, or ferry service.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Prokaryote * All prokaryotes are unicellular organisms - can reproduce in the absence of any sex act * Many prokaryotes are motile - symbiotic * Many prokaryotes have long, whiplike appendages called flagella which aid in motility - pili - play vital roles in global nutrient cycles * Most prokaryotes are bacteria and bacteria can do amazing things - but the group includes both the bacteria and the archaea - tiny single cells, but some can form larger, multi-celled structures - unicellular throughout their cell cycle - can reproduce at a phenomenal rate if conditions are favorable * Most prokaryotes have a cell wall lying outside the plasma membrane - wall, though there are a few exceptions - circular chromosome with a single replication origin - cell membranes - plasma membranes - live in habitats * Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission - rapidly * Some prokaryotes also carry smaller circles of DNA called plasmids - contain chlorophyll - diversify into using oxygen to metabolise organic molecules - do have internal compartments - have a much more complex structure than others * Some prokaryotes have cell structures - walls - extra layers * Some prokaryotes play crucial roles - produce methane - propel themselves by means of whip-like filaments called flagella - require water - thrive in environments that are inhospitable for most other living things. * Excluding viruses bacteria and archaea. The word 'prokaryote' describes a type of cell. They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nor cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found. Prokaryotes are unicellular. Brock biology of microorganisms' * a. have DNA regions. * also have simpler stages of growth and development - lack other membrane-bound internal structures * appear to be much simpler, are devoid of most organelles except for ribosomes. * appear to have existed before the eukaryotes - fewer fundamental barriers to horizontal gene transfer * are able to reproduce themselves with very high fidelity - almost always unicellular - amazingly diverse, but they are all single-cell organisms - at the foundation of life in both the ecological sense and the evolutionary sense - bacteria and cyanobacteria - cell that make up simpler organisms * are cells that have a nucleus - lack a nucleus and they are usually free living * are cells without a cell nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles - cellular organisms lacking true nuccleus and nuclear membrane - divided into two broad categories of life called domains - either bacteria or archaea, most of which are the smallest of all organisms - essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world - generally smaller than eukaryotes - important to humans and to the Earth because - indispensable links in the recycling of chemical elements in ecosystems - metabolically diverse organisms * are much simpler in structure than eukaryotes - their organization than are eukaryotes - one-celled and often live in clusters or colonies * are organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles * are organisms with cells that have no nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles - simple cell organelles, like bacteria - present everywhere - simpler, but larger than eukaryotes * are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes - eukaryotic cells - still capable of performing many of the same types of functions as eukaryotes - the more basic of the two kinds of cells * are the most common forms of life on earth - metabolically diverse organisms on Earth * are the simplest living organism - of simple organisms - simplist and most abundant organisms on earth * are the smallest cells - forms of life that can live independently - organisms but they have all of the characteristics of life - thought as one of the simplest forms of creatures on the earth today - unicellular organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus * are usually microscopic and bacteria is an example of a prokaryote - much smaller than eukaryotic cells - small in size, therefore, have a large surface area to volume ratio * are very simple cells - small cells that have no membrane around their nucleus nor any organelles - wherever there is life * can be autotrophs or heterotrophs - undergo BOTH aerobic and anaerobic respiration * contain much less DNA than eukaryotes and have circular chromosomes - only one type of RNA polymerase * have a cell membrane that contains phospholipids - wall made up of peptidoglycan - cellular organization fundamentally different from that of eukaryotes - large array of abilities - outside their plasma membrane, usually to give strength and rigidity to the cell - prokaryotic cytoskeleton , albeit more primitive than that of the eukaryotes * have a single, circular chromosome whereas eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes - simple circular double helical DNA molecule to store genetic information * have an area roughly similar to a nucleus known as the nucleoid - outer plasma membrane and some also have a cell wall - fewer organelles - many unique metabolic capabilities - more sex than was previously realized and they do form species * have no chromosomes - membrane-bound organelles, thus bacteria are prokaryotic organisms - nucleus, having a nuclear body instead * have no true nuclei or internal compartmentalization - only one type of cell division - fission - rigid cell walls formed from protein like chains and sugars - smaller, simpler genomes than eukaryotes - the potential to reproduce quickly in a favorable environment - various sizes and shapes * includes bacteria and blue green algae - corpi - cytoplasm - sections - vacuoles * incude both bacteria and archaea. * is an organism * just have a simple, circular DNA, with fewer proteins attached. * lack cellular organelles - internal membrane bound compartments - introns, whereas eukaryotes contain introns - mitochondria and chloroplasts - most of the structures found in eukaryotes, including any membrane-bound organelle - nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles - the ability to perform such modifications - nearly all environments on Earth * make endospores, extremely durable cells that protect it from cold heat and desiccation. * mean they have no nucleus in which they store genetic material. * move by means of long, hair like structures called flagella. * multiply by simple cell division, forming clones or exact copies of themselves. * never have cytoskeletons. * often live in rapidly changing environments. * open a single replication bubble, while eukaryotes have multiple bubbles. * play an important role in genetic engineering. * provide several analogous examples. * reproduce asexually and include the bacteria and blue-green algae - by a kind of cell division called binary fission - via binary fission, synthesizing DNA almost continuously - by division, and so all the descendents of a cell are identical - in a process called binary fission * reproduce through a cell division process called binary fission - binary fission, a type of reproduction * serve as vital links at several points in the cycle. * show a wide variety of metabolic processes. * simple cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. * tend to maintain their cell wall shape. * typically divide by meiosis. * typically have a single chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule * use binary fission or conjugation to reproduce asexually - transcriptional and translational-level control * utilise two-component regulatory systems in the detection of environmental signals.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### prokaryote: Most prokaryote * Most most prokaryotes have flagella. * Some most prokaryotes have cell structures Prokaryotic organism * Most prokaryotic organisms are single-celled, such as bacteria and algae. * are usually unicellular, but a few form simple colonies. * differ from eukaryotic organisms in complexity and structure. * lack a nucleus. * reproduce through binary fission. ### prolactin: Elevated prolactin * can cause irregular ovulation in some women - have a profound effect on fertility - interfere with pregnancy * is thought to be due to the high estrogen levels. Excess prolactin * can interfere with the regulation of menstruation. * has a negative effect on fertility. * reduces estrogen levels and inhibits ovulation. ### prolific seed producers: Uncontrolled plant * are prolific seed producers. * can become invasive in a small amount of time. Proline * is amino acid * often serve to delineate the amino terminal end of a helix. * tends to terminate -helices. ### promise: Parole * are liberations - promise * is promise<\|endoftext\|>### promising vaccine candidate: G protein * activate and inhibit elements in the learning pathway. * activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase. * are a subset of a superfamily of proteins that bind with guanine nucleotides. * consist of three subunits called alpha, beta and gamma * help cells communicate with each other. * mediate communication between receptor and effector inside the cell. * promising vaccine candidate. * signaling pathways are also crucially important during mammalian development. ### pronouns: Interrogative pronoun * are pronouns. * begin interrogative sentences. * can include the pronouns who, whom, which, what, and whose. * introduce interrogative sentences. ### propagation: Redshift * applies to radio waves, and other wavelengths, as well as to light - wavelengths, as well as visible light * common measurement of astronomical distances. * give astronomers an idea of how far away a galaxy or quasar is. * is propagation - the shift of spectral lines toward longer wavelength * measure of celestial distances - how fast galaxies are moving away from Earth * planetarium program which can put the user on any object in the solar system. Property insurance * covers damage to physical property and the ensuing loss of income - the policyholder's own property - loss or damage to the policyholder's own property * fixed amount for liability insurance. * includes many types of insurance that handle damage or loss of property. * is provided predominantly by British companies. * protects against such occurrences as robbery or fire. Proportional font * are fonts - more like professionally typeset text * use individual widths for each character - less space and, therefore, less paper to print * vary the spacing between characters according to the letter. ### proportional font: Old style * is style. * proportional font ### proprioception: Vestibular sense * is proprioception * provides information related to movement and head position.<\|endoftext\|>Prostitute * Many prostitutes are children. * have possibly the highest rape rate in the population. + Prostitution, Problems, Child prostitutes * One of the big problems is that of child prostitution. Many prostitutes are children. This means that people caught with these prostitutes may also face charges of having sex with a child. In most countries, prostitutes do need to be of a certain age, which is usually higher than the age of consent. Usually, having sex with a child is punished harshly - Ways and methods * Some prostitutes walk the streets looking for customers. Others work in bars and nightclubs. Others may work at a building called a brothel. * Not all escort agencies supply prostitutes. Many prostitutes just work for themselves. In the Red-light district, some of the prostitutes sit in windows to show that they are available for business + Rape, Statistics, US: Medical emergencies	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protectant: Blue color * are low elevation or deep areas and brown colors are high elevations or shallow areas. * comes from presence of methane and absence of ammonia. * indicate a decrease in ozone over the period - no change in temperature * is currently the most often used indicator of maturity - due to phycomin while green color is due to chlorophyll a - from methane gas * means a transparent atmosphere - that there is almost no active vegetation * represent lows caused by topography and demagnetized volcanic rock - negative anomalies, greens, yellows, orange, and reds positive anomalies<\|endoftext\|>Protectionism * builds on the governmental power to tax one man to help the business of another. * can also escalate as other countries retaliate by raising their own trade barriers. * dead-end street. * has no place in the global economy. * is also on the rise as a result of economic hardship and trade imbalance. * is an aspect of all cultures - attempt to raise standards of living by systematically raising prices - economic policy - indispensable where there is no domestic free trade - most men's idea of women's self-defense - self-defeating and antiquated * is the implementation of policies to erect barriers to free international trade - lingering specter of colonialism, a menace that still haunts the country - practice of using our trade policies to protect our interests and ideals - usually a smoldering issue in the United States * lose-lose policy. * means an automatic partial expropriation of the buyers' dollars - shackling some people in order to enrich other people * produces political corruption, economic stagnation, and international conflict. * raises a country's average standard of living. * restricts access to markets and cuts exports. * rests upon a moral glorification of an economy's least competitive producers. * swift road to poverty. * takes several forms, all of which violate consumer freedom of choice. * tends to lead to inefficiency and job losses in the long run. * violation of the government's legitimate jurisdiction. + Tariff: Taxation * A 'tariff' is a tax charged on the imports or exports of a country. Protectionism is one of the purposes. * Protectionism is no longer popular now. ### protectionism: Embargo * are trade barriers. * is protectionism ### protectionism \| embargo: Arms embargo * require sending outsiders into obscure countries to do dangerous work. * seek to reduce violent conflict by reducing access to weapons.<\|endoftext\|>### protectionism: Trade barrier * are an attempt by politicians to control the market - policies that restrict or stop the flow of trade among nations - protectionism - the largest problems facing American companies in overseas markets - ways that a country prevents another nation from gaining access to their markets * can effectively wall a country off from the rest of the world. * contribute to international tension. * cost the industrial world hundreds of billions a year. * erect monopolistic barriers to entering foreign markets.<\|endoftext\|>### protective covering: Scute * are actually large modified scales, that serve as a type of armor or protection - protective covering - similar to scales and serve the same function * help the snake move by catching on stones, branches and other irregularities on the ground. * tend to fall off when the turtle is growing. + Scute, Properties: Animal anatomy :: Vertebrates * Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protective: Maternal antibody * Maternal antibodies are a mixed blessing in the shelter environment - present in the yolk, albumin, and the fluids of the egg - block malaria - can also interfere with a child's immune response to an antigen - create opportunity * Maternal antibodies cross the placenta confounding antibody testing - to the fetus, and pass through breast milk after birth * Some maternal antibodies enter brains - fetal brains * can interfere with viral replication which produces an effective immune response. * is protective - transferred to the fetus in utero and to the newborn via colostrum * wanes over the first year of life.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Protein * ALL proteins are antigens. * All protein combination of building blocks called amino acids. * All proteins are chains of smaller molecules, called amino acids - composed of amino acids - enzymes - nothing more than groups of amino acids - polypeptides of a defined sequence of amino acids - various compositions of twenty specific naturally occurring amino acids - very complicated molecules * All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and some contain sulfur - nitrogen, and oxygen * All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and most contain sulphur - have the secondary structure called an alpha helix - possess three levels of structure * Are large, naturally occurring polypeptides. * Every protein has a few non-standard bonds - particular function - unique amino acid sequence - is comprised of a unique sequence of amino acids * Every protein is made up of a chain of building blocks called amino acids - smaller chemicals called amino acids - translated gene * Is A Cause Of Osteoporosis. * Many proteins act by interacting with other proteins. * Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism - catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism - enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions within organisms - involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction - modular - bind to specific sites in the genome to regulate genome expression and maintenance * Many proteins can bind to more than one ligand - undergo change their shape between two alternative stable and functional forms - contain only one type of subunit * Many proteins contain signal peptides at the beginning which are cleaved off afterwards - sequences that facilitate their sorting within the cell * Many proteins have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic surface - specific sub-cellular localization pattern - carbohydrates covalently attached to asparagine residues - sheets and helices - play active and vital roles in ensuring normal cell function - possess more than one polypeptide chain - regulate or control biological activity - serve as enzymes - use a carefully designed change of shape to regulate their action * More protein is stored in the leaves than the stem - means more calcium * Most protein comes from grain - is in muscles, and most fat is in fat cells - proteins act on kidneys * Most proteins affect activities - growth - muscle growth - quality - also have an ordered arrangement called the native state - appear in urine * Most proteins are also too large to pass through the filtering system of the kidney - decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract - globular, essentially spherical - located in mammals * Most proteins are produced by glands - live organisms - pituitary glands * Most proteins are too big to go through the kidneys, so usually no protein is found in urine - large to pass through the glomeruli into the urine * Most proteins become blood - food * Most proteins bind oxygen - to host cell receptors - boost resistance * Most proteins can have adverse effects - irreversible effects - stimulate effects - carry irons - circulate in blood - combine with carbohydrates * Most proteins come from fresh meat * Most proteins contain alpha-helical segments in least some regions - both alpha helixes and beta sheets - destroy viruses * Most proteins encourage development - hair growth - enter guts * Most proteins facilitate absorption - molecular reaction - vitamin absorption * Most proteins find in beans - certain food - connective tissue - legumes - pet food - true vascular tissue * Most proteins have a single destination - additive effects - amino acid domains - capacity - differences - dominant effects - enormous potential - factors - favorable effects - functions - half life - hydrophobic domains - muscle build effects - no trouble folding quickly and efficiently to their native state * Most proteins have similar functions - size - some of both - sulfur bonds - weight * Most proteins help activities - lean muscles * Most proteins induce effects - immune responses * Most proteins involve in development - gamete interaction * Most proteins pass through guts - membranes - perform same functions * Most proteins play central roles - critical roles * Most proteins play crucial functional roles - important roles - key roles - large roles - minor roles - multiple roles - positive roles - various roles * Most proteins promote chemical reaction * Most proteins provide calories - energy - muscle build nutrients * Most proteins reduce excretion - nitrogen excretion * Most proteins regulate activities - steps - release into blood - remain in the cytosol * Most proteins require a number of post-production modifications before they become functional * Most proteins require for cell survival - health - optimum health * Most proteins serve functions - various functions * Some protein substitutes for red meat are chicken and turkey - proteins absorb oxygen * Some proteins accelerate biochemical reaction - accumulate in cytoplasm * Some proteins act as allergen - carrier molecules that carry specific molecules across the membrane - sensors - like pheromone - activate responses * Some proteins affect absorption - damage - kidney damage - livers - magnesium absorption - trials * Some proteins also contain iron, phosphorus, and sulfur - have natural tendencies to prevent or fight disease - help package DNA molecules into chromosomes - incorporate phosphorous, iron, zinc, and copper - require sulfur - appear to function as a protection against cancer - are cottage cheese, hard boiled eggs, peanuts, monkey chow, and even dog food * Some proteins are enzymes that catalyze most biological reactions in a living organism - interact with small molecules and promote chemical reactions - filtered by glomeruluses - fixed at certain points in the membrane, others are movable - formed by actions - free to move - generated by fermentation - harder to cook than others - located in mice * Some proteins are more digestible than others - important to a cell's normal function than others - non-structural, eg * Some proteins are produced by bacterium spores - insect viruses - microbes - plants - thyroids - types - quite complicated assemblages of multiple common domains - simply more important than others - structural, in that they help to form tissue like the heart or bones - synthesized in livers - used by dogs more efficiently than others - very large molecules, containing hundreds of amino acids - become enzymes which speed up chemical reactions - belong to families * Some proteins bind to antigen - hormones - specific antigen - can have more than one polypeptide chains * Some proteins carry charge - negative charge - net neutral charge * Some proteins cause allergies - cell death - soy allergies - circulate in bloodstreams - clog small intestines * Some proteins come from beef - insects - pigs - the mother, stored in the egg - conduct electricity * Some proteins consist of a single polypeptide chain, such as myoglobin - collagen - myosin * Some proteins contain all the essential amino acids and are called complete proteins - cold shock domains - distinct domains - disulfide bonds - percent nitrogen - pigment - transcription activation domains * Some proteins contribute to destruction - infection - control specific tasks * Some proteins derive from animals - kidney beans - natural beef * Some proteins derive from red beans - soybeans - destroy bacteria - enhance capacity - enter vesicles - even light up without the addition of a dye - excrete in urine - extend through both sides of the bilayer * Some proteins find in blood plasma - cat saliva - cereal grain - extant vertebrates - fish - marine fish - raccoon saliva - tuna fish - fold and unfold via single-exponential kinetics - form structural units in the body, while other proteins are enzymes * Some proteins have a structural role, providing mechanical support - ability - alteration - carbohydrate segments attached which extend into the aqueous environment - concentration - globular heads - heal ability - low biological values - net negative charge - other organic molecules attached to their polypeptide chains - structural roles - vitamins - help to make cellulose more rigid in the cell walls - increase expression * Some proteins induce calcium excretion * Some proteins inhibit degradations - matrix degradations * Some proteins interfere with activities - phagocytosis * Some proteins involve in drug resistance - fusion - glycolysis - stress responses - synthesis * Some proteins kill certain insects * Some proteins lead to activations - cell disintegration * Some proteins make cells, other proteins tell the cells how to function - up skin - mediate the interpretation of cellular signals, like hormones * Some proteins move into intestines - obtain from milk * Some proteins participate in development - melanocyte development * Some proteins produce effects - heat - same effects - promote bone growth * Some proteins promote cell death - inflammation * Some proteins protect plants - rats * Some proteins regulate establishments * Some proteins require for activations - reductions - resemble intricate pretzels, while others are twisted and woven into braids - result in reductions - serve as important enzymes that regulate metabolic reactions * Some proteins show high sequence homology to known antioxidant enzymes from plants - significant similarity - span the membrane while others are found on the outside or the inside - stimulate immune responses - suppress tumor growth - trigger allergic reaction * Some proteins undergo adaptive modification - use the helix dipole to stabilize binding of charged ligands * There are many types of protein. * accumulate in the interstitial tissue. * act as chemical messengers, dictating every function of our cells - enzymes, as well as perform many other functions in the body - structural materials and as catalysts in life-giving chemical reactions - templates for the synthesis of new proteins - in complex networks and pathways to carry out all cell activities * actually tend to end up in a relatively limited number of families. * add body. * also accelerate cell growth - accumulate in the root during the fall period - act as hormone receptors - are important in the building of muscle - contain carbon, but they are made up of molecules of amino acids - facilitates vitamin absorption - function as hormones and chemical transmitters within nerves - generate and transmit nerve impulses - helps children and adolescents to grow * also helps maintain a strong immune function - the proper acid alkali balance - regulate body processes - is in dairy products, grains and legumes, including beans, peas and lentils - line the fenestrations and have a negative charge - make up silk - move laterally in the lipid bilayer - promote satiety and helps patients in adhering to the carbohydrate allowance - regulate the specificity, accuracy and efficiency of the splicing process - satiates and has the highest thermic effect * also serve as building materials for the growth and repair of body tissues - carriers for nutrients in the blood such as free fatty acids - slow down the breakdown of carbohydrate, thus decreasing insulin secretion - supplies some energy - supply energy when fed in excess of protein needs * appears to slow down the rate of gastric emptying. * are a part of just about everything in our bodies - second type of intracellular organic molecule - very important part of the cell membrane - abundant in all organisms and are indeed fundamental to life * are actually a chain of amino acids linked together - polypeptides, chains of more than two amino acids - the things which carry out biological function * are also a concern for a few vegetarians on the Olympic squad - significant source of dietary energy - chain molecules built up from twenty or so different types of building blocks - common sources of human allergies - important in maintaining the structure of cells and their organelles - little machines that do work inside the cell and inside the organelles * are also of great importance in food - interest to the pharmaceutical and infant formula markets - part of enzymes, such as antibodies that help protect from diseases and viruses - present in enzymes, hormones, plasma, and antibodies - amino acids linked together in chains * are among the most complex of the body chemicals - important building blocks of our body - amphoteric molecules and can be separated by electrophoresis - an essential nutrient for heterotrophs * are an essential part of all cells - living organisms - important part of the study of biology and genetics * are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes - on ribosomes - available from both plants and animals - based on polypeptides , which are unique sequences of amino acids - basic constituents in all living organisms - believed to increase performance in terms of athletics - biological macromolecules containing thousands of atoms - biological, nanoscale machines that perform tasks essential for life - biology's blue-collar workers - body builders and they contain amino acids - both structural components and workers in living things - broken down into amino acids by peptidases - built up of chains of amino acids that are freed and adsorbed in the intestine - chains of a. sugars b * are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds - together like beads on a necklace * are chains of amino acids that fold to form very unique structures - perform most of the functions of our bodies - acids, and new amino acids are added to the chain within the scalp - polymers that are composed of amino acids - chemicals that perform many different functions necessary for life - clearly more chemically varied - coils of several hundred amino acids - combinations of different amino acids in chains * are complex biochemicals that serve a variety of purposes in living organisms - chemicals that are the building blocks of the body - compounds that are made up of smaller compounds called amino acids * are complex molecules consisting of long chains of amino acids - essential to the lives and health of all organisms - which contain many chemically bonded amino acids * are complex organic compounds whose basic structure chain of amino acids - polymers composed of twenty different amino acids - systems - components in all body tissues and are used in growth and repair * are composed of chains of amino acids joined by pep- tidebonds - different combinations of amino acids assembled in chain-like molecules - one or more polypeptides - substances called amino acids - constituents of all living cells and are dietary essentials - crucial components of muscle - degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption - dynamic molecules whose motions are important for folding, function and stability - easily available in grains and animal tissues - elements which do the different jobs our bodies require * are essential components for cell growth, repair and reproduction - of all living cells and serve many different functions - elements of all living cells - enabling components of the biotechnology revolution * are essential for all life processes - all.life processes - building and maintaining muscle and keeping our brains healthy - larval growth and egg production in the adult moth - proper cellular metabolism and soft tissue synthesis - repairing body tissue, reproduction, and give resistance to infection * are essential for the constant repair and replacement of the body tissues - growth of bones * are essential in our bodies - the structure and life of protoplasm - nutrients for the human body * are essential to all cells * are essential to all living organism - build strength and body weight * are essential to the structure and enzymatic function of the cell - function of cells - structure, function, and regulation of the body - excellent molecules for fueling cellular respiration - extremely large molecules with large groupings of amino acids * are fairly large molecules, made up of strings of amino acids linked like a chain - stable and get digested anyway - for building and repair * are formed by linkages of individual amino acids - sub units called amino acids * are found in meat, milk, fish, eggs, soy, beans, legumes, and nuts - poultry, fish, cereal grains and beans - plants too - free to diffuse across the surface of cells * are fundamental components of all living cells - elements of life - food components, both functionally and nutritionally - to all biology * are generally large molecules containing hundreds of amino acids - much too large to be easily comprehended - genetically determined - harder to digest than carbohydrates - huge molecules with thousands of atoms with at least as many molecular interactions - huge, complex molecules whose function is heavily influenced by shape * are important because they define a cell's work and differentiate one cell from another - biological macromolecules present in all organisms - chemicals in cells - components of all cells - constituents of all cells and tissues * are important for building and repairing muscles - muscle and bone growth * are important in growth, and muscle development - the proper and efficient functioning of sight, hearing, and other senses - molecules that carry out nearly all biological functions * are in fact ready made nanomachines - many ways the 'workhorses' of the cell * are key components in enzymes, antibodies, and hormones - elements of gene networks - large and complex molecules made of smaller pieces called amino acids * are large molecules built up of small subunits called amino acids - made from the linking together of specific sequences of amino acids * are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur - determine a cell's structure and function * are large molecules which are built from a repertoire of twenty amino acids - can be difficult to synthesize * are large organic cmpds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain - molecules of amazing compositional and conformational diversity - polymers of amino acids - large, complex molecules made of long chains of amino acids * are large, complex molecules made up of long chains of subunits called amino acids - of smaller subunits called amino acids - of smaller units called amino acids - substances that are building blocks of living substances - complex, nitrogenous compounds built of chains of amino acids - like strings of beads wound into bundles - linear heteropolymers of fixed length * are long chain molecules of amino acids with a backbone of covalently bonded atoms - chained amino acid assigned in a specific order * are long chains of amino acids folded into three dimensional shapes - held together by peptide bonds - that fold into compact yet flexible shapes - smaller molecules called amino acids, linked together - strands of amino acids joined together * are long, complex polypeptides - folded chainlike molecules made up of building blocks called amino acids * are made at the ribosomes - by tiny machines in the cell called ribosomes - from 'amino acids' - in the cytoplasm on small organelles called - inside of ribosomes * are made of a chain of dehydrated amino acids - amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds * are made of amino acids, small units necessary for growth and tissue repair - they are the structure of the organism - subunits called amino acids, which are nitrogen containing compounds - on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm * are made out of amino acids - smaller polypeptides , which are formed of amino acids * are made up of amino acids which are the building blocks of life - small units called amino acids - smaller building blocks called amino acids * are molecules that fold and twist into many physical conformations - which serve biological functions - more complex, and make for more potent antigens, than carbohydrates - much more complicated than nucleic acids * are natural adhesives, developed over millions of years - targets for interventions in the treatment of disease - naturally dry and chewy when cooked by methods other than boiling or slow roasting - nature's smallest machines - nature-made nanomachines central to all areas of life * are necessary for growth and repair - maintaining tissues and for sustaining growth * are necessary for the growth and repair of the body's muscles, cells and tissues - healthy functioning of all cells - to maintain and repair the body condition - needed for tissue growth and repair - never deficient in an adequate caloric diet - next to be used up, followed by carbohydrates - nitrogenous substances that are the building blocks of life - nutrients in the form of amino acids and are requird for healthy cell building * are nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - the body uses for growth and the repair of cells - often large, complex molecules * are one of many naturally occuring polymers - the main building blocks in living things * are one of the major categories of both the structure and the chemistry of living things - constituents of plant and animal cells - targets of oxygen-free radicals and other reactive species * are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - that consists of the amino acids joined by peptide bonds - matter - molecules found in large quantities in most living systems - our chief dietary source of nitrogen - part of human diets - particularly important buffers in interstitial fluid - passed across the apical membrane into the lumen via exocytosis - polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds * are polymers composed of amino acids - containing a backbone or main chain of repeating units the peptides * are polymers of amino acid with unique structure and function - acids, while nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides - that are composed of a linear sequence of amino acids - polymers, that is, long strings of individual amino acids - polypeptides consisting of many amino acids * are polypeptides of amino acids required for building of body tissues - greatly divergent length * are present either as structural elements or enzymes in wall synthesis - in all protoplasm and are characterized by the element nitrogen * are present in every living cell and form an essential constituent of cells - on the planet - small quantities in nearly every type of food - on the surface of cancer cells which bind hormones - prevented from folding in the cytoplasm - prior-digested with trypsin to give peptides - responsible for carrying out all the cellular work * are responsible for every chemical reaction essential for life - essential to life - many activities at the cellular level - mediating the effects of retinoic acid on gene transcription * are responsible for the growth and repair of the body itself - selectivity of membrane transport - unwinding, copying, and rewinding DNA strands during replication - sensitive markers of early onset of disease, and of obvious importance to diagnosis - simple, straight, small molecules - sometimes coats of a virus * are strings that fold into complex shapes - with an alphabet of twenty amino acids - strong - like building blocks * are substances made from combinations of amino acids - synthesised according to a DNA code * are the 'machinery' of a cell - action superheroes of the body * are the basic building blocks of all cells - component of all animal and vegetable tissues - material of all living cells * are the basis for wool, silk and other animal-derived filaments - of how biology gets things done * are the biological building blocks for actions in an organism - molecules that give living cells their diverse forms and functions * are the body's building blocks - primary component and the basis of all enzyme reactions - building blocks for all body parts, including muscles, bones, hair, and nails * are the building blocks of human life, essential for normal growth * are the building blocks of living cells and control many vital biochemical processes - muscle tissue * are the building blocks of the body, and are needed for both growth and maintenance - cellular machinery * are the chemical building blocks of living materials - compounds of amino acids, which regulate much of the body's functioning - cogs and gears of bacteria - common material of tendons, muscles, enzymes, etc - complicated mixtures of amino acids that regulate many of the body's functions - core structure of living cells - essence of life - essential components of all organs and chemical activities in the body - expression of the genetic information carried in genes - functional molecules in our cells - gene products that carry out specific functions in a cell - hardest to digest - key to the complexities of human physiology - last class of nutrients - macromolecules that preform almost all of the cell's work * are the main building blocks of the human body - molecules for energy transduction and signal sensing in living systems * are the major building block out of which our body is made - components of body tissue that are needed for growth and repair - macromolecule component of tissues - operational polymers - mediators of all biological functions - missing link between the genetic code and the disease process - molecular machines that carry out genetic instructions * are the molecules that carry out all of the work of the cell - most cellular functions - perform all the functions of cells and living organisms * are the most abundant buffers in the body - polymeric components in living cells - diverseassemblage of biological compounds - important components of wheat grains, governing end-use quality - numerous of chain molecules - reactive molecules in food allergic disease - next level up from genes - nitrogen-containing key components of all living organisms - nutrients needed for tissue growth and repair - only substances digested in the stomach * are the primary functional units of every cell - mechanism for moving all but lipid soluble compounds across the membrane - product of genes and also the structural stuff of cells and tissues - second-most abundant substances in the body, next to water - targets of rational drug design * are the work force - horses of cells - worker molecules in every living thing * are the workhorses for the cell - of biological life * are the workhorses of the cell, but they are easily rendered useless - cells, the molecules that conduct the business of life - thus polymer chains of amino acids bonded by peptides - to genes as buildings are to blueprints - too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream - truly remarkable molecules * are ubiquitous and show diverse shapes, sizes, and functions - bio-polymers with a huge range of very different functions - used to repair the body * are very complex and versitile macromolecules - crucial in the prevention of marasmus and kwashiorkor in Children * are vital for lean muscle and bone growth - the development and survival of any living organism - molecules that control all sorts of processes in our body - wadded-up strands made from beads of amino acid - what get things done * are, most importantly here, crucial for the process of photosynthesis. * arranges itself to allow light rays to pass through and to focus the rays onto the retina. * arrays allow gene expression analysis on the scale of a few or single cells. * attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. * based calories are preferable to fat based calories. - drier and tougher * begin chemical digestion in the stomach - in the cells as one-dimensional strings - to bind almost randomly with other proteins * being studied include insulin, endothelin, and vascular endothelial growth factor. * bind to host cell receptors - specific regions of DNA to inhibit expression of one or more genes - the resin via electrostatic interactions * binding - some formaldehyde is bound to substances in the urine and surrounding tissues. * binding is independent of total drug concentrations - more important for basic drugs and pKa for acidic drugs - substantially affects pharmacokinetics and cell toxicity in many organs * bound to the DNA produce an even larger deflection. * branch out in all directions from a common center. * break into amino acids - smaller fragments, influenced by hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach * breaks down into to simpler compounds called amino acids - urea, a waste product in the urine * build and maintain tissue and are also important in resistance to disease - repair body tissue help fight off infections - body with moisture and conditioning - muscle and provide the necessary amino acids for metabolic functions - muscle, but consumed in large amounts is hard on the kidneys - tissues and carry out a number of critical functions in the body * builds and repairs body tissue and helps form germ- fighting antibodies * builds and repairs muscles, builds and repairs skin and other cells - ligaments, tendons and other body tissues - muscle mass - muscle, organ, and all body tissue - new cells * builds strong muscles and blood - tissue and cells in the body * builds, maintains and repairs body tissue. * can affect alertness, attention, concentration and ability to learn. * can also act as enzymes , which transform certain chemical compounds into other compounds - be a cause for concern especially among vegetarians who avoid milk and eggs - become modified or blocked during electrophoretic separation - bind to, or even be integrated into, cell membranes - serve as a source of energy - supply the body with energy during starvation or intense exercise - assemble in groups to build larger structures - attach a variety of chemical tags to histones * can be negatively or positively charged or neutral - tens of nanometers across - bind to other proteins as well as to small-molecule substrates - change their environments, but they have no mechanism for reproduction * can come from both animals and plants - eggs, meat, fish, poultry, nuts, legumes, and dairy products - differ in both the number and order of amino acids - exist in more than one conformation - either structural or functional roles in biological systems - modulate the properties of ligands to which they bind - pass through both mito - passively allow molecules to move through a channel, or simple hole, in the protein - promote excess prolactin secretion - repair a damaged coat by helping to rebuild the cuticle of the hair shaft - safely fluctuate from day to day - serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules - trigger the release of energizing brain chemicals that help fight a late-morning slump - out most of the chemical activity in cells * carry out the activities of cells, and making proteins is what genes mostly do - vast majority of functions in the body - virtually all of life s essential functions through chemical reactions * catalyze the activity of life. * cause latex allergies. * chemical entity. - the blood in inactive form * coagulates when it is heated. * coating the surface of each virus create a fuzzy, halo-like appearance. - other chemicals that cause the injured area to become inflamed * come from foods such as fish, chicken, beef, and milk - in many sizes and shapes, and their functions often depend on tiny structural details * comes from a variety of sources, including nuts, cheese and fish - both animal and plant material, and varies in digestibility - in different forms - mostly from meat * complex chemical structure of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen - combination of amino acids present in living matter * component of skin, eyes and the brain. * comprise a single or multiple lengthy chains of amino acid residues - the majority of the structural and functional substances that make up our bodies * consist of a non-branched chain of amino acids , hooked end to end - polypeptide backbone with attached side chains - string of amino acids * consist of amino acids in different proportions * consist of chains of amino acids , joined by peptide bonds - hundreds or thousands of amino acids joined with peptide bonds - subunits known as amino acids * consist of long chains of amino acids, of which there are only about twenty kinds - units known as amino-acids - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen - very long strings of individual units called amino acids * consists as a chain of amino acids linked together * constitute the enzymes and many of the structural components of cells. * consumed is utilized by the body based upon the source of the protein. * contain amino acids, sometimes referred to as the building blocks of protein - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus - nitrogen, which other foods lack - only L-isomers of amino acids - several classes of weak acid groups - sulfur but no phosphorus * containing tyrosin are turned yellow by nitric acid. * contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and usually sulfur. * contains sulfur, but very little phosphorus - which our livers turn into sulfuric acid * continues to be inserted until it reaches the hydrophobic stop signal sequence. * control all cellular processes in the human body - biochemical reactions and determine the physical structure of organisms - many biological processes in organisms ranging from bacteria to plants and humans - nearly every system in our bodies * critical component to our body's functioning. * critical nutrient in all beef cattle diets - the dairy ration * cross to the tubular fluid in inverse proportion to their size and negative charge. * database of protein sequences in fasta format -pfam pfam hmm library. * decide how the body is made up and develops. * depend on DNA for their formation. * determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells and therefore organisms. * differ in the number, sequence, and kinds of amino acids. * digests more slowly. * directory of HMMs with a file called HMMs in it indicating which HMMs there. * do different things depending on their shape - many other things, too * do most of the work in cells - of the cell in the form of enzymes * do the work and communication inside a living cell - of the body, building structures and catalyzing biochemical reactions * drives development of the testes. * durable nutrient, yet quite fragile at the same time. * electrostatically bind onto a matrix bearing the opposite charge. * embedded in the membrane carry crucial signals or materials from one side to the other. * encoded by the put operon allow cells to use proline as a sole carbon or nitrogen source - viral genomes play unique and critical roles in viral infections * encourages bacterial growth, acids slow it down. - the nucleus through nuclear pores * enzyme frequently perform general acid-base catalysis. * equal meat. * evolve, along with their functions, such as enzymatic activities. * exert their actions after binding to phosphorous. * exist in a world of intricate circularity - every cell and are essential to plant and animal life - adherence or prevent phagocytosis * feeds brain cells and protein isn t found in potato chips and cola. * float in the bilayer. * fold as quickly as a millionth of a second - based on the sequence and properties of the amino acids - in sequential stages, by translocation of their polypeptide into folding compartments - irregularities that hinder sequence analysis * fold recognition at the secondary structure level - by mapping predicted secondary structures - using sequence-derived predictions - too fast to warrant the conclusion that they sample all possible states * folding Even studies on folding pathways are possible for proteins - studies on lysozyme and membrane proteins are also underway * folds - towards understanding folding from inspection of native structures - consist of three-dimensional angles - in the worm genome * form an important part in foods like milk , eggs , meat , fish , beans , and nuts - many structural features such as hair, hooves, and tendons - structural connections between cells * forms a major part of our structure. * forms the building blocks of muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails and internal tissues - collagen woven framework, which gets mineralized into bone formation * function in many ways - some body regulating processes and are a source of energy * give rise to emergent properties - unique genes * gives the body structure, shape and definition. * gradually elevates and sustains blood sugar, essential physically but also mentally. * guide the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. * has a greater metabolic boost than fat or carbohydrates - four calories of energy per gram * has little direct effect on blood sugar levels * have a central role in cell biology - large variety of functions - role in all aspects of cell structure and functions - value as builders of body tissue - variety of functions in the living protoplasm - very complex structure - an extraordinary variety of functions - benefits - helices as well, shown as the tight yellow and brown spirals - important biological functions and fold into complicated three-dimensional structures * have many functions, however - negative charges per molecule - uses in cells, such as being used as a structural material to build cell parts - several levels of structural organization - structure at several levels - the ability to manipulate other atoms - their own code, which is more complex than the genetic code - to be approved by the nucleus to go through the nuclear membrane - unique amino acid sequences as specified by genes - cells perform their functions - make bone and muscle and fur, they also are responsible for turning food into energy - the cells properly organize to regenerate new tissue * helps balance insulin release through production of the hormone glucagon. * helps build and repair body tissue and is of paramount important to bodybuilding - new muscle fibers after a workout or exercise - antibodies and helps build and repair body tissues - muscle, bone, skin and blood - muscles and strong bones - moderate swings in glucose levels - muscles grow and repair and it provides energy and heat - promote acidic urine - rebuild and maintain muscle mass and it aids in healing and repair of body tissues - replace worn-out cells - slow down digestion - speed burn healing by rebuilding collagen, a building block of skin tissue - sustain a high metabolism, thus increasing muscle building and calorie burning * helps the baby grow - body repair tissues and fight infections - fetus grow - growth and healing of a body and gives energy * helps to prevent muscle loss - replace losses resulting from immobility - with growth and repair of a body * holds water inside the blood vessels. * hydrolysate formula. * include seafood. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain * increases ones fluid requirements and diminishes the tolerance to cold - the metabolism of the drug * indeed play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes. * influence kidneys. * inhibit cell growth * inhibits calcium absorption, as does smoking and heavy alcohol use. * intake in our diets today is highly variable. * interact with the matrix based on their molecular weight. * involved in vesicle budding and fusion are non-specific. * is absolutely essential for healthy brain tissue and even our hair, skin and nails - tissue as well as our hair, skin and nails - necessary for life and growth - absorbed as amino acids in the lower duodenum and the jejunum * is abundant in a wide range of foods, particularly in foods of animal origin - nearly all of the foods people eat - added through hunting * is also a building block for our muscles, bones, cartilage, skin, hair, and blood - necessary component of hormones, enzymes and hemoglobin - critical to the reproductive cycle - helpful in a balanced diet * is also important as an aid for the body in preventing infection - because it's the basic food for cells, and so for a beings growth * is also important for building enzymes and hormones that the body needs - growth and development during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy - growth, as well as lactation and improved digestion - in calcium balance - important, but most people get more than enough protein in an average diet - one of the most important element for the health of the body - present in dairy products - somewhat similar to rhodopsin of the eye - an essential building block of the body * is an essential component of our diets * is an essential nutrient and carries out many important functions in the body - in any healthy diet - nutrient, so potential applications cover a broad range - part of nutrition, and second only to water in the body s composition - expensive source of calories compared to carbohydrates - important bodybuilding food * is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin , and blood - that helps build muscle - element in a healthy diet * is an important nutrient and the most abundant solid material in meat - for garden birds throughout the year * is an important nutrient, especially when the body is in a disease state - essential for the growth and repair of body cells * is an important part of an athlete's diet - it helps heal injuries to muscles and bones - everyone s diet especially the sports person - wellness and nutrition - quality factor in wheat - available in all foods other than refined white sugar - both an energy source an a source of amino acids * is broken down by the liver and kidneys - in the gut and absorbed into the blood stream as ammonia - built up of amino acids - burned up as calories in exercise - calculated, assuming nitrogen as fixed percentage of total body protein * is composed of amino acid building blocks and is important in building and repairing muscle - acids and serve as the body's workhorses - acids, which, when digested, increase the blood's acidity - several fractions which vary in their solubility in the rumen - comprised of twenty-two amino acids that maintain and protect the body * is crucial for good health - to muscle recovery and burning off fat - currently the component of whey that produces the greatest value * is derived from animals and animal by-products - arthropods - designed to absorb fast - different from gelatine - difficult to digest - divided into that which is undegradable and degradable in the rumen - easy to find on a vegetarian diet - equally important as the builder of muscle and provider of necessary vitamins - especially important for muscle gains * is essential for building and maintaining body tissues - muscle formation, without it they break down * is essential for muscle growth and maintenance - post-workout repair - normal cellular growth, repair and maintenance * is essential in the diet of a healthy individual - whitetails' diet * is essential to build and maintain strong muscles - build, maintain and repair the body s tissue - building lean muscle tissue, a key factor in superior athletic performance - promote good health - the human body for growth and repair of tissue - when dieting or working out - estimated based upon the amount of bound nitrogen in the sample * is extremely important for a strong immune system and tissue repair - the growth and repair of muscle tissue * is found in a wide variety of foods - all green leafy vegetables and, in fact, in all living plants - animal and non-animal foods - beans, nuts, cheese, soya, tofu, eggs and seeds - beef, as well as the minerals iron, zinc, and phosphorus - food, and is most highly concentrated in animal sources than other sources - foods such as beef, poultry, pork, fish, cheese and eggs - lots of different foods - many foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and eggs * is found in meat, chicken, fish, eggs, some cheese, dried beans, tofu', grains and nuts - dairy products and beans - eggs, and beans * is found in meat, fish, liver, poultry, eggs, milk and soybeans - poultry, dairy, dried peas and beans - poultry, fish, dairy products, beans and some vegetables - most plant foods as well as in animal foods - poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, beans and some vegetables - practically every food - the urine along with white blood cells - mostly in meats and dairy products - frequently the key limiting nutrient * is given in amounts to help promote growth - to sheep the most when production is high - high in phosphorus and can be a cause of loss of calcium from the bone - highly antigenic * is important at every meal, especially for the iron that it usually provides - because it plays an essential role in protecting the body - economically for total ration formulation * is important for all animals - healthy hair - muscle growth and to repair body tissues - stamina * is important in a healthy diet - building, maintaining, and repairing body tissues - to the organs, muscles, nervous system, blood vessels and skeleton - unless renal disease is present * is in all animal foods and some plant foods, but in smaller amounts - foods except fruits and fats such as oil and margarines - known to satisfy hunger the best, followed by carbohydrate and fat - less effective than carbohydrates at being burned for energy * is made of small building units called amino acids - strings of amino acids like uneven pearls * is made up of a combination of basic units called amino acids - long chain of amino acids * is made up of amino acids of which lysine is the first limiting amino acid - that have the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen - which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen * is made up of amino acids, the building blocks of the entire body - which contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen - essential and non - essential amino acids - hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur - protein building blocks called amino acids - strings of amino acids all joined together - when long, linear chains of amino acids fold into precise shapes - meant to drive calf growth * is metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys into the urine - in the liver, then excreted to the kidneys for disposal in the urine * is necessary for development of all new cells - egg and brood development, while proteins are used for energy storage * is necessary for growth and development - maintenance of body structures - growth, so it s extremely important that protein intake doesn t fall short - many body systems, including the development of muscles - optimal growth - proper immune system function - reducing the risk of iron deficiency anemia and to improve healing - tissue building and repair - to supply essential amino acids used by the body to build muscle tissue - needed by young children to grow and develop * is needed for body repair of muscles, tissue, brain, heart and other body organs - building cells - cells to be able to carry out their required functions - energy during all exercise tasks including endurance * is needed for growth and maintenance of body tissues - repair of every cell in the body - to help the body repair itself * is needed for growth, maintenance and repair of all body tissues - muscle development, healthy immunity and wound healing - normal body maintenance and growth, reproduction, lactation and antler growth - repair and maintenance of blood and body tissues, including liver tissue - the structure, function, and regulation of the body - in the diet for muscle and tissue growth and repair * is needed to build muscle and, to a lesser extent, as a fuel source - muscle, cells, and organs in the body - muscles and tissue and provide energy - fight infection and to heal damaged liver cells - help the muscles recover * is needed to maintain healthy cells and to help build resistance to infection - the tissues in the body - rebuild muscle and other protein-based tissues * is obtained from animals - primarily by eating meat, but there are many other sources - obviously important for building muscle - often the major limiting nutrient in a sheep diet - one of six classes of essential nutrients * is one of the easiest nutrients to get - main building blocks of the body - major nutrient components of a well-balanced diet * is one of the most expensive nutrients to supplement in the diet - fundamental nutrients for humans to live - important considerations in planning meals during a pregnancy - powerful influences on appetite - widely discussed nutrients in the sports world - three major nutrients in food and an important part of a diabetes meal plan - produced by the microorganisms from the nitrogen in the feed - proportionally higher in young than older leaves - required as it helps to build and repair tissues of our body * is required for egg production - growing, body repair, and maintenance - milk production and reproductive tract reconditioning after calving * is required to build and maintain muscle - help with muscle repair post exercise - responsible for building and maintaining muscles - rich in amino acids, which are the building block of all muscles in the body - so important to help people feel satisfied after a meal - sometimes present in trace amounts in normal urine - stimulator to the endocrine system - stored in the grain, fruit and seeds of plants - the ''building block'' of body tissue * is the basic building block of the body - material of life * is the body's main source of nitrogen, and when it breaks down, nitrogen is excreted - most plentiful substance except for water and, possibly, fat * is the building block of animals and humans - blocks of DNA, the basic structure of the human body - cornerstone of human existence - counter balance to the carbohydrate problem - essential ingredient for cell growth and repair - foundation of a good diet and is made up of amino acids - fundamental structural material of every cell in the body - important factor in summer weight gain - key food fuel in eliminating body fat * is the key to both fat loss and lean muscle gain - strong, healthy muscles and is absolutely necessary for our everyday diet * is the main building material of the body - component of muscles, organs, and glands - supplement provided to beef cattle in Tennessee - thing in skin, organs, muscles, hair and fingernails * is the major building block for the body - organic component in all body parts * is the most abundant class of all biological molecules - expensive ingredient in food - important part of our meals, whether to gain or lose weight - serious loss in alfalfa due to potato leafhopper feeding - nutrient most responsible for cell growth and cell repair * is the nutrient that builds and repairs - gets most attention in the vegetarian diet - the body uses to build new tissue * is the only nutrient that can be used to build muscle - other major part of the endosperm - primary food component broken down in the stomach - raw material that the body uses to build lean muscle tissue - second of our two dietary sources of blood sugar - single most important ingredient in fish foods - source of amino aids and nitrogen in feeds - substance that makes up all living matter - toughest nutrient to digest - then unavailable to build and repair muscle tissue * is used as an energy source, only in the absence of carbohydrates - the building blocks of our body tissue * is used by the body for energy and the body needs more energy to fight off illness - to build, maintain, and repair body tissues - to build and repair lean muscle tissue * is usually the first limiting nutrient in dormant forage - most expensive part of the diet - utilized to produce breast milk and nourish the growing baby * is very important for growing children - wild turtle's to grow - in maintaining strong bones and muscles - vital to a duck's health * is vital to the development of tissues in the body among many things - growth and development of all body tissues * is what builds all the tissues in the body from hair to muscle - comprises the muscles * is, of course, the nutrient that new vegetarians worry about the most. * key essential element for muscle growth and recovery - nutrient in building muscle * kinase A activation of glucocorticoid-mediated signalling in the embryonic retina - regulatory subunits in colon cancer - a activity modulates natriuretic peptide-dependent cgmp accumulation in renal cells - dependent chloride currents in feline ventricular myocytes * kinases Many biological signals act through G proteins. * lacking one or more essential amino acids are incomplete proteins. * leak into the alveoli and inhibits the surfactant function - out in large amounts * leaks into the retina during diabetes. * longer lasting energy source. * lose their ability to function if their structure changes. * made by body to combine with foreign material thus activating the immune system. * major issue in bison diets as it is usually the most expensive nutrient after minerals. * make cells grow larger - many of the structures and all the enzymes in a cell or organism - the functional machinery of life * make up a large part of each cell in the human body - major portion of cell enzymes and mechanical structure - about half of the dry weight of the bodies of living organisms - much of our bodies * makes hair follicles stronger - up most of our part of the body * manufactured inside our cells each have a specific destination within or outside the cell. * migrate to their isoelectric points where they form tight bands. * misfolding cyclic amplification uses sonication to generate PrPres and infectivity in vitro. * move from there to the vacuole. * natural polymer formed from molecules called amino acids. * necessary component of muscle building and the natural repair system of the body. * need for continue growth - rapid development - viral reproduction * need from food * needs can vary, depending on the stage of liver disease. * needs increase for intense exercisers, along with their calorie needs - when the body is stressed by injury, infection, surgery, or illness * needs, as well as that of other nutrients, is related to energy intake. * normally are linear polypeptide chains - help the body repair tissue * nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance - that provides the framework for all living cells * occasionally take detours to off pathway species. * occupy a central position in the architecture and functioning of living matter. * occur in all animal and vegetable matter and are necessary for growth and repair. * occurs in meat and milk products and is important for muscle building. * often remain soluble - taste bitter to some children undergoing treatment * part of every body cell and is needed to repair body cells as they wear out. * participate in every process of a cell. * perform a huge variety of roles - wide variety of activities in the cell - numerous important functions in the body * performs the same functions in sedentary and physically active individuals. * play a big role in building the brain - central role in virtually every aspect of human metabolism - crucial role in virtually all the fundamental processes in the living cell - vital role in the formation of structures in living organisms * play an important role in biochemistry - many food systems - integral role in transport through the cell membrane - roles in almost all biological processes - diverse roles in living things * play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease - nearly every biological process * play key roles in biological systems * play vital roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease - the operation of the human body * plays a key role in candida - major role during lactation to affect quantity and quality of milk produced - very versatile role in the body * plays an essential role in health - important role in the regulation of bodily functions - varied and crucial roles in every cell of the body * poor source of immediate energy, and it contributes to dehydration. * precipitate out and some other chemical modifications take place. * produced in mammalian cells are more likely to be bioactive, but the yields are much lower - plant systems are safe and offer the advantages of large-scale production * produces diuresis and additional water needs to be consumed. - growth and repair body tissues - cell structure and are involved in cell signaling and cell communication functions - essential yeast nutrients and contribute to the body and head retention of beer - immune protection - remaining energy, only after meeting the requirements for dietary amino acids - ways to moderate the body's machinery * provides building blocks for new cells, including muscle and immune cells - stamina by building and maintaining strong muscles * provides the body with energy - growth element for body tissues - structure of all living things * pumps in the membrane are used for active transport. * putrefy and rot, carbohydrates ferment, and oils and fats turn rancid. * quickens thinking and reactions. * rapidly associate and dissociate with specific nuclear subcompartments. * react with other molecules in a specific way because of the manner in which they fold - the inverted sugars, adding flavor, texture, and color * recognize the shape and surface properties of other molecules. - every aspect of cellular function - when other genes start or stop encoding proteins, which produce specific traits * represent one of our three food energy sources, together with carbohydrates and fats. * require a defined three-dimensional structure to fulfill central tasks in living organisms - an acid treatment for their digestion * requires mammalian or eukaryotic post translational modifications. * seem to block a cell's access tothese genes. * seems to make the kidneys work harder, reducing dietary protein reduces their workload. * sequences, as simple strings of text, are generally more complex and distinguishable. * serve a myriad of functions. * serve as the primary building blocks of connective tissues such as ligaments and tendons - receptors, or true targets, for all drugs on the market today * serve many important functions in plants and animals, and viruses cause diseases - purposes in the body * skimming is important in the grow out tanks because it controls phosphate. * slows down digestion. * source of essential amino acids which are vital for normal growth. - reactions by working as a biological catalyst * stimulate activities. * store the same information more economically, using less material. * strands that attach to centromere region during M-phase of cell cycle. * supports normal growth and development. * synthesizes enzymes, hormones and antibodies. * take instructions from genes to do much of the work inside cells. * takes a long time to digest. * tend to fold into the lowest energy conformation - starve yeasts and carbohydrates ultimately break down into sugars * then provide the biochemical muscle that drives the biology of the cell. * toxin a small poisonous molecule, produced naturally from bacteria or plants. * toxins from snake venoms are currently under investigation. * typically fold into specific three-dimensional structures that determine their functions - have very specific functions, such as proteins that act as enzymes or hormones * undergo normal eukaryotic post-translational modifications * use only one type of bond. * very important macro-nutrient, one which is often neglected and misunderstood - stable energy source * volatile fuel - our bodies use it right away, and then, it's gone. * work well because they are often long, branching, stringy chains of molecules. * works the same on skin regardless of the source. + Biochemistry, Macromolecules, Proteins * Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are twenty different common types of amino acid. Broadly speaking, they have two kinds of function. Muscle, for example, is mainly made of protein. + Bioinformatics, The process: Biology :: Computer science * Proteins are the 'machinery' of a cell. They can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from 'amino acids'. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules. + Carbohydrate, Nutrition and foods: Biochemistry :: Nutrition * Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein builds tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat. + DNA, Protein synthesis: Cell biology :: Macromolecules * A piece of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein is called a gene. Each gene has the sequence for at least one polypeptide. Many complex proteins consist of more than one polypeptide, and the polypeptides are coded separately. Proteins form structures, and also form enzymes. The enzymes do most of the work in cells. Proteins are made out of smaller polypeptides, which are formed of amino acids. To make a protein to do a particular job, the correct amino acids have to be joined up in the correct order. * Proteins are made by tiny machines in the cell called ribosomes. Ribosomes are in the main body of the cell, but DNA is only in the nucleus of the cell. The codon is part of the DNA, but DNA never leaves the nucleus. + Gel electrophoresis, Applications, Protein separation: Chemistry :: Biochemistry * Proteins are large and complex molecules made of smaller pieces called amino acids. Proteins can be studied by gel electrophoresis in two ways. One way is to take a mixture of proteins and separate them in the gel. The other way is to breakdown a single protein into smaller pieces. The smaller pieces can then be separated in the gel. + Gene expression: Genetics :: Cell biology :: Molecular biology * The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteins make many of the structures and all the enzymes in a cell or organism. + Genetics, Genes and development, Gene expression: History of science + Meat * Meat is an important part of the diet of many people because it contains protein. Protein helps the growth and healing of a body and gives energy. People who cannot afford meat, or who do not like to eat it need to find other ways to get enough protein in their diet. Beans and certain nuts are also high in protein. People that choose not to eat meat are called vegetarians, and those who do not eat any animal product are known as vegans. + Nutrient, Substances that provide energy: Ecology * Proteins are organic compounds that consists of the amino acids joined by peptide bonds. In nutrition, proteins are broken down through digestion back into free amino acids. + Nutrition: Healthy lifestyle :: Physiques * Protein is needed for building cells. It is found in meat, beans, and eggs. Protein is made of amino acids. + Protein structure: Molecular biology :: Proteins * Proteins are important biological macromolecules present in all organisms. They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation. Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids. + Protein, Proteins for humans * Proteins do different things depending on their shape. They can be found in meat or muscle. They are used for growth and repair, as well as for strengthening the bones. They help to make tissue and cells. They are in animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and also in the human body. * Muscles contain a lot of protein. When protein is digested, it is broken down into its amino acids. These amino acids can then be used to build new protein. Proteins form an important part in foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, beans, and nuts. There are four things that determine what a protein will do. The first is the order of the amino acids. There are 20 amino acids, and they are all a bit different. The second is the little twists in the chain. The third is how the entire thing is folded up. + Stop codon * Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein. Stop codons indicate the end of this process, and therefore, the end of protein synthesis. + Sulfur, Uses: Chemical elements :: Nonmetals * Sulfur is commonly used in gunpowder, medicine, and matches. Matches release sulfur dioxide when they burn, giving them their smell. Sulfur is an essential component to living cells. Many proteins contain sulfur. It is also used as a pesticide on organic farms.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein fraction: Globulin * helps to combat infection on a normal level - protect the body from infectious diseases * is an insoluble in water protein that is transported in the serum - calculated as total protein minus albumin * is the other major protein in the serum - third most abundant protein in the human body * protein fraction. ### protein molecules: Motor protein * are protein molecules - specialized to perform mechanical work, e.g. in a muscle * can move up and down mts. * move along microtubule tracks. * play important roles in assembling cellular structures. * regulate force interactions between microtubules and microfilaments in the axon. * work hard and fast. Protein quality * depends on both digestibility and amino acid composition. * is based on the presence of essential amino acids in the feed ingredients - determined by protein digestibility and amino acid content - improved through reduction of ammonia-nitrogen loss - the proper amount and ratio of essential amino acids * refers to the amounts of dietary amino acids that make up protein. * relates to amino acids, lysine being the most important. Abnormal protein * are present in diseases such as multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia. * can accumulate in cells and add to the cellular dysfunction. * lead to everything from brain degeneration to bowel inflammation. * serve as eukaryotic stress signals and trigger the activation of heat shock genes. Actin * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Antibody * All antibodies are immune globulins - monospecific within a species - proteins known as gammaglobulins, or, more specifically, as immunoglobulins - belong to a special group of serum proteins, the immunoglobulins - bind to the streptavidin without interfering with the biotin-binding reaction * Antibodies act as flexible adapters mediating the adherence of infectious agents to phagocytes - in several ways - to protect the body from infections such as bacteria and viruses * Antibodies affect functions - lymphocyte functions - pregnancy - subsequent pregnancy * Antibodies also appear in mother's milk that protect the baby before it can protect itself - cause viruses to clump together, which helps macrophages to engulf the pathogens - help bring in a large number of phagocytes which remove the antigen - inhibit the enzyme activity synergistically - leave behind traces of the virus for which they function as antidote - ambush antigens circulating in the bloodstream - appear in animals * Antibodies are a group of proteins known as immunoglobulins - major category of biotechnology products being tested in human clinical trials - part of the immune system that the body produces to help fight off diseases - absolutely necessary for complement activation - against bacteria * Antibodies are also large molecules similar in size to that of an enzyme - very important tools used in medicine and science - an essential part of the immune system, the other being killer cells - antigen specific - blood proteins that the body makes in response to infection - capable of a. neutralizing toxins - cells that fight viruses in the body before the virus endangers a person s health - certain kinds of proteins that circulate in our blood * Antibodies are chemicals produced by a kind of white blood cell - that circulate in the blood and attack specific antigens * Antibodies are crucial elements in the immune defence of humans and other mammals - in combatting many extrancellular infections - custom designed to neutralize or disintegrate one specific type of antigen - disease-fighters which give the baby extra protection against germs * Antibodies are disease-fighting proteins that the immune system creates in response to an infection - substances that circulate in the bloodstream - effective in a number of ways - excellent diagnostic tools as they are monospecific for a protein - globular proteins - glycoproteins that are secreted by B-cells in response to specific antigens - goodies and bacteria are baddies - hard to purify * Antibodies are highly selective and attack only one type of virus - specific proteins in the immune systems of complex organisms - how the immune system reacts to substances that affect it adversely * Antibodies are immune cells that fight off infections in healthy people - system proteins that recognize a particular substance - important proteins produced by the body's immune system to fight disease - like heat-seeking missiles that zero in on a particular virus and kill it - markers that are produced by the body after the virus enters the blood stream - molecular structures that the body produces naturally to fight infection * Antibodies are molecules generated by the immune system to help fight infection - in the immune system that help the body fight infection - that attach themselves to cells infected by a specific pathogen - much smaller than bacteria in physical size - natural proteins found in blood and body secretions which protect against infection - often very selective, acting only on one particular substance or type of microbe - one type of substance the body produces to fight off infectious agents - our body's natural defense to invaders * Antibodies are part of the acquired or specific branch of the immune system - body's natural defences which fight infections and viruses - bodys defense system against viruses * Antibodies are part of the specific immune system - immunity * Antibodies are produced by organisms - the body against the protein - to fight off future invaders - protective substances that the body produces in defense against infectious diseases * Antibodies are protein molecules that the body uses to fight infection - substances that react against bacteria and other harmful material * Antibodies are proteins found in blood and lymph - in the blood that help protect the body from disease * Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight off foreign substances - produced by B cells that bind to antigens and promote antigen destruction * Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight a specific germ - that a person's immune system makes to fight germs * Antibodies are proteins that are measured in the blood - part of the body's natural defence against infection * Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B lymphocytes in the immune system - by a. macrophages - can attach to the surfaces of bacteria and viruses - circulate in the body and defend the body from harm - defend against bacteria and viruses found in body fluids - have the ability to bind antigens - move throughout the blood stream to fight foreign, harmful substances - play a key role in the body's immune system - react with specific germs * Antibodies are proteins that the body develops in response to a specific virus or disease - normally makes to fight infection - produces to fight off foreign invaders * Antibodies are proteins which are normally directed against foreign substances such as bacteria - produced by the immune system in response to some stimulus - attach to the invader so that the body can identify and kill it - help the goat kid fight diseases - proteins, which recognise molecular shapes or epitopes known as antigens - small proteins which target special markers on the surface of certain types of cells * Antibodies are special defensive proteins that normally fight off infections in healthy individuals - proteins, which inactivate antigens * Antibodies are specific for only one antigen - reagents to bind to plant calreticulin proteins - structurally unrelated to the humoral factors found in invertebrates * Antibodies are substances in the blood plasma that fight infections - that destroy bacteria, viruses or other harmful agents - produced in response to bacteria, viruses and allergens * Antibodies are substances that develop in the blood to help fight infection - form in the blood when germs enter the body - the body itself produces in response to an infection * Antibodies are the bodies way of fighting infection - body's protectors - circulating defense agents of the immune system - key element in the adaptive immune system - long distance smart bombs of the immune system - products of B cells - therefore key elements in all vertebrate immune systems * Antibodies are usually highly specific to certain proteins - specific, combining only with antigens Of a particular kind - very important to protect against rabies - what is found on a blood test - associated with infections, drugs, or neoplasia tend to have IgM more than IgG isotype * Antibodies attach foreign bodies to prevent infection - themselves to viruses - to mast cells * Antibodies attack foreign and infectious agents called antigens - specific germs that they have been in contact with before - the sperm and eggs and prevent fertilisation - begin to develop within a few days of infection * Antibodies belong to a family of large molecules known as immunoglobulins - the immunoglobulin family * Antibodies bind directly to intact antigens that are part of larger structures, such as viruses - primarily to the products of the envelope gene - that specific antigen and immobilize it, preventing it from causing infection - the fragments together and help precipitate the fragments out of solution * Antibodies bind to and often inactivate antigens - antigens and reduce the latter's ability to disrupt body functions - epitopes on the surface of proteins - organisms via their Fab region - sites - surface antigen and cells fluoresce when illuminated with ultraviolet light * Antibodies bind to the metal-chelator complex - protein, then call in macrophages and monocytes * Antibodies can also better tolerate more neutral pH levels - cause a false positive test for syphilis - neutralise bacteria - alter cell behavior through a number of mechanisms - attach specifically to very small parts of the complex - become very low in patients on azathiopnine for a long time * Antibodies can bind to and, in turn, destroy certain antigens - antigens forming insoluble substances that drop out of the solution - have different properties - help the body to develop immunity to a disease - kill bacteria, and some antiviral medications can slow down viral activity - limit the availability of transfusion at times when blood can be life-saving - pass from mother to child via the placenta - recognize the chiral center of free -amino acids - work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen - circulate in bloodstreams * Antibodies circulate in the blood to protect against infection - bloodstream and are present in almost all bodily fluids - coat viral cells, activating the complement deposition and eventually killing the virus - combat the microorganisms * Antibodies combine with and inactivate the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body - antigen to cause many other reactions as well * Antibodies come from plasma cells and are produced by B cells - in different classes, based on the constant region structure - consist of a light chain and a heavy chain - contain two pairs of protein chains - create opportunity - defend the body by destroying or weakening bacteria - designed to attack the virus also attack the receptors on the cell, killing the cells * Antibodies destroy harmful micro-organisms * Antibodies enhance ability - spinal nerve regrowth * Antibodies exist as one or more copies of a Y-shaped unit, composed of four polypeptide chains - to hair follicles and hair that has fallen out resembles a rejected organ - facilitate the antiviral effort in a number of ways - form against the red blood cells - formed within the body begin to attack the body's own tissues - function in serum in a concentration-dependent manner * Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure - broad research and clinical applications - many useful purposes, in addition to protection against disease - same real energy content and same internal apparent energy - the intrinsic capacity to destroy antigens - two antigen binding sites - help destroy the foreign substance * Antibodies help eliminate germ in many ways - infectious microorganisms in the body - fight infections, thus producing immunity to the infecting organism - protect the body against certain diseases - the body fight viruses , bacteria, and other foreign substances - hold promise in the treatment of cancer - immobilize and destroy their specific antigens - includes atoms * Antibodies includes chemical chain - indicate that the body is mounting an immune response to the virus * Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity - the protease-mediated processing of a malaria merozoite surface protein - lack a transmembrane domain - leap into action, sticking to the allergens and causing mast cells to release histamine - live long and prosper - lock onto the outer surface proteins of a virus and prevent it from entering host cells * Antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins by covering their active sites - specific pathogens and prevent spread of infection and reinfection * Antibodies often persist for months or years following successfully treated or untreated infection - long after the symptoms have disappeared - play a key role in many allergies * Antibodies prevent diseases * Antibodies protect babies - fetuses * Antibodies provide immunity - one of the mainstays of contemporary molecular and biological research - passive immunity - rally immune cells to attack a threat * Antibodies react with allergens, such as pollen or house dust - cellular proteins - pollen, causing histamine to be released in the blood - reacting near physiologic temperatures are more likely to be clinically important - recognise antigens on the pathogen - recognize specific antigens - represent the most diverse and structurally studied family of proteins - respond to antigens by latching on to, or binding with, the antigens - seek out and bind to certain specific proteins - stick out from cell surface * Antibodies then are specific binding sites, because they only bind one kind of antigen - bind to the bacteria - travel through the bloodstream and fight a particular disease * Antibodies usually appear in the blood about two weeks after the animal becomes infected - indicate a thyroid that is in the process of autoimmune failure * Every antibody has two identical binding sites for antigen determinants - produced by the immune system is programmed to respond to a specific allergen * Most antibodies affect functions * Most antibodies are gamma globulins * Most antibodies bind to proteins * Most antibodies destroy pathogen - have ability * Most antibodies prevent diseases * Most antibodies protect babies * Most antibodies provide immunity * Most antibodies react with cellular proteins * Some antibodies accumulate in bones - activate the complement system which then acts to burst the pathogen * Some antibodies are produced by animals - intestines * Some antibodies attack heart valves - villuses - bind to residues - cause health problems * Some antibodies combine with antigen - parasite antigen * Some antibodies derive from chimpanzees - snakes * Some antibodies destroy bacteria * Some antibodies enter brains - fetal brains - inhibit phagocytosis - lead to death - pass through, giving the foetus passive immunity * Some antibodies prevent allergic reaction - protect infants - recognize an epitope that spans secondary or tertiary protein structure - reduce accumulation * Some antibodies show apparent cleavages * aldolases with enzymic rates but broader scope. * binds human factor IX in immunoblotting procedures. * binds human plasminogen and human recombinant angiostatin in immunoblotting procedures - recombinant human angiostatin in immunoblotting procedures - soluble antigen * blocks specific antigen on the virus surface that is responsible for hemmaglutination. * clears senile plaques. * complexes with extracellular antigen, seen in malaria and schistosomiasis. * correlates of infection and symptomatology. * disappears following gluten withdrawal. * is soluble and diffuses through tissues to target extracellular micro-organisms. * libraries on filamentous bacteriophage. * prevents virus reactivation within the central nervous system. * reactivities specific for digoxin - tetanus toxoid * responses to DNA vaccinations of horses using the influenza virus hemagglutin gene - ganglio-series gangliosides in different strains of inbred mice - meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults without a spleen - most protein antigens requires the collaboration between B cells and T cells * works on formalin-fixed paraffin wax embedded tissue. + Susumu Tonegawa: 1939 births :: Living people :: Japanese scientists :: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners * Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies. * They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein \| antibody: Antitoxin * are available in many areas where dangerous scorpions live. * give immediate but short-term protection, acting just like antibodies. * is an antibody Antivenin * are available for most pit viper envenomations. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is antitoxin Autoantibody * Autoantibodies are anti-idiotype antibodies to antivral antibodies - immunoglobulins that recognize and respond to self antigens - present in connective tissue diseases - can also form - recognise antigens on our own cells and can cause autoimmunity - recognize self antigens and they can occasionally have very destructive activity - usually occur with no identifiable cause * is an antibody * known as rheumatoid factor is common in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Immune globulin - currently in short supply - quite expensive to produce * is recommended for persons of all ages who desire only short term protection - travelers under two years of age * offers temporary protection, while the vaccine provides a longer-lasting immunity.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| antibody: Immunoglobulin * are a component of the natural defense mechanism - antibodies - glycoproteins - key components for maintaining the body's immune system - part of oligoclonal bands * are proteins composed of a chain of amino acids called polypeptides - that are transferred from dam to calf through the colostrum - very complex proteins whose function is to provide various types of immunity * have numerous regions of beta sheets. * is an antibody * provide immunity to the foal against diseases.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| antibody: Monoclonal antibody * Monoclonal antibodies allow less perfectly matched donor marrow to be used. * Monoclonal antibodies are a biotechnology product since their production requires a living system - given by infusion - identical clones of one original cell - key reagents in research and diagnosis - laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells - more consistent than polyclonals - mouse antibodies which are piggy-backed by radioactivity - multiple identical antibodies with the same specific binding affinity - new tools to detect and localize specific biological molecules - of murine origin unless otherwise listed - one of the wonders of modern drug technology - still experimental in many instances - synthetic antibodies that latch onto specific substances called antigens - therefore, identical antibodies produced by a clone - very important in medicine - bind to one unique epitope * Monoclonal antibodies can also be of value - be important in neutralizing venom in snakebite victims - have an affinity for a single epitope which are produced by a clone of cells - hold the promise of exquisite specificity of target recognition - inhibit in vitro fibrillar aggregation of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide - localize in most all connective tissue matrices - rank second in the group classification - target malignant cells for diagnosis and treatment - use the antibodies animals and plants produce to detect disease * Some monoclonal antibodies go beyond improved detection. * differentiates chicken A system alloantigens. * epitope mapping identifies in vitro refolding and aggregation intermediates - of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins Natural antibody * Most natural antibodies provide protection. * Natural antibodies conform to the shape of foreign bodies and bind to the outer surface Protective antibody * Most protective antibodies circulate in blood. - develop in response to infection and persist for life - inhibit reovirus internalization and uncoating by intracellular proteases - result from the invasion of the body by viruses or other germs * Some protective antibodies prevent allergic reaction	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein \| antibody: Specific antibody * Some specific antibodies show apparent cleavages * Specific antibodies match specific antigens, fitting together much the way a key fits a lock.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| body part: Membrane protein * Many membrane proteins cross the membrane multiple times. * Some membrane proteins are enzymes. * Some membrane proteins involve in drug resistance * are also able to diffuse in the plane of the membrane - constituents - critical components in neuron function * are difficult to crystallize - purify especially in an active form - protein molecules - vital to many cellular and physiological processes * can form dimers or larger aggregates. * carry out a number of important cellular functions. * contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell. * contribute stability and many functions, such as transport. * determine most of the membrane's functions. * drift more slowly than lipids. * float among the phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane - like islands in a sea of lipid * have distinct directional orientation. * organize a symmetrical virus. * play key roles in the functioning of the living cell. * represent one of the great frontiers of structural biology today. * vary from highly hydrophilic to predominately hydrophobic. Casein protein * are especially important for cheesemaking. * have three major types, and all three appear in every mammal species on Earth. * major determinant in cheese yield. * make milk look milky.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Collagen * Some collagen has properties. * Some collagen promotes bone growth * accounts for more than half of the protein content of tissue. * comes from animal products, usually beef connective tissues. * consists of groups of white inelastic fibers with great tensile strength. * contributes to meat toughness. * crosslinks in metabolic bone disease. * decreases in the dermis which causes sagging. * fibers self-assemble in the extracellular space. * forms the base for all connective tissue in the body - of all connective tissues that hold our structures together * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain * is fibrous proteins * mRNA Around a Titanium. * occur in everything from sponges to vertebrates. * occurs in bundles. * play a fundamental role in cardiac hypertrophy and interact with proteoglycans. * provides structures. * results from the cleavage of the extension peptide domains. * shapes the structures of tendons, bones, cartilage and connective tissue. * simple protein * smoothes out wrinkles and stretch marks. * strengthens the blood vessels, the skin, the muscles and the bones. Complement protein * Some complement proteins lead to degradations. * activate other proteins in domino fashion. * are acute phase reactants and have short half-lives - small molecules that circulate in the blood * bind to microorganisms either directly or indirectly. * circulate in the blood in an inactive form. * help the body recognize and destroy foreign tissues. * invade the site. Complete protein * are foods that provide the balance of essential amino acids * contain all the amino acids necessary for human growth and maintenance. * contain ample amounts of all essential amino acids * contains all the essential amino acids needed for protein synthesis in the body. * has a complete spectrum of amino acids. * provide all of the essential amino acids. Crude protein * Most crude proteins reduce excretion - nitrogen excretion * is comprised of both true protein and nonprotein nitrogen - the basis for nutritional labeling on an international basis - very sensitive to the stage of grass maturity * measurement based on the nitrogen content of a feed ingredient.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Cytochrome * also convert some substances to more hazardous forms. * are cytochromes - enzymes that work to change the chemical structure of a drug - members of both the respiratory chain and photosynthesis - one of many proteins whose activity requires the specific binding of a ligand - protein molecules that harbor a chromophore, a color-absorbing molecule	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Cytokine * Many cytokines are under study, to determine their effect on the immune system. * Most cytokines induce production. * Most cytokines promote antibody production - stimulate differentiations * Some cytokines act on bone marrow - receptors - affect behaviour * Some cytokines are known to activate macrophages - produced by mothers * Some cytokines can have different effects * Some cytokines induce inflammatory responses - inhibit growth * Some cytokines promote differentiations - osteoclast differentiations - result in death - suppress inflammation, while others promote it * act on other cells by bonding to cytokine receptors on the surface of cells. * affect the nervous system both directly and indirectly. * also have an effect on other systems as well - help cells communicate with each other * are a family of signalling molecules with a pivotal role in cell-cell interactions - small proteins that mediate an organism's response to injury or infection - group of proteins which serve an important role in intercellular signaling - large and diverse group of molecules which mediate interactions between cells - major area of investigation - signalling mechanisms that cells use to communicate with each other - also highly antiviral and anti-tumorous * are another class of chemicals that regulate tumor growth - promising area of research into immune restoration - basic regulators of all neutrophil functions - basically small proteins on the cell surface involved in cell signalling - biochemical messengers that energize dermal action * are chemical messengers that activate the immune system - play a role in the immune system * are chemical substances that are secreted by lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages - trigger and regulate immune response - chemicals that the immune system uses to communicate between cells - compounds that resemble hormones, and normally foster communication between cells - crucial to an organism's self-defense - effective over a short range - hormone-like proteins that are produced locally in the udder in very low levels - important in the diagnosis of septicaemia * are important mediators of acute inflammatory lung injury - pulmonary inflammation - soluble mediators of immune function - in use as anti-cancer drugs - medicines which regulate or modify the growth of specific cells * are natural cellular substances, which signal cells to perform specific functions - proteins made by all cells, both normal and malignant - peptides - potentially toxic molecules and can even be lethal * are protein hormones that function as growth factors and regulators of cellular responses - molecules released by cells in response to activation or injury * are proteins produced by immune cells affect the behavior of other cells - one cell that influence the behavior of other cells - the immune system to facilitate communication between cells * are proteins that act as regulators in immune function, metabolism and sleep - to orchestrate signals between immune cells - are known to stimulate the immune system - carry messages between cells and regulate immunity and inflammation - produce inflammation to help the body fight infections * are small hormnone like polypeptides - molecules which carry local messages between cells - proteins that facilitate everything from wound healing to killing tumors * are soluble mediators, produced by leukocytes that regulate interactions between cells - proteins produced by nucleated cells throughout the body - substances produced by some immune system cells to communicate with other cells - the proteins that cells use to signal from one to another - very important in fighting infection or inflammation * attract to the scene large numbers of other phagocytes known as neutrophils. * bind with target cells bearing specific cytokine receptors. * can be both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive - make old skin , new again * cause cell death through an excess production of oxidizing agents and nitric oxide - the body s temperature to elevate by resetting the brain s thermostat * changes after a marathon race. * damage the blood-brain barrier causing efflux of fluid, humoral factors, and cells. * even influence the brain and the nervous system. * finally induce the production of the prostaglandins that result in delivery. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * induce deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks and apoptosis in human pancreatic islet cells * modulate the numerous immune functions. * normally play an important role in the immune system by causing inflammation. * operate by transmitting signals between cells in an organism. * play a fundamental role in adhesion molecule expression - an important role in allograft rejection - important roles as autocrine and paracrine regulators * rally white blood cells called macrophages to devour and destroy the parasites. * regulate endotoxin stimulation of endothelial cell arginine transport - immune responses * regulate the cellular phenotype of developing neural lineage species - intensity and duration of immune responses * regulates the expression of adhesion molecules. * signal through tyrosine phosphorylation of a family of related transcription factor - to other immune cells that there foreign antigen present * stimulate cellular release of specific compounds involved in the inflammatory response * work by signal transduction - through receptors and kinases to help provide regulation of many cellular processes + Lymphocyte, Types, T and B cells: Cell biology :: Immunology :: Blood cells * Some T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct the immune response. Cytokines signal to other immune cells that there is a foreign antigen present. Other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules which cause the death of infected cells. + Monocyte, Physiology: Immunology :: Blood cells * Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production. Cytokines are small molecules which carry local messages between cells. * Cytokines work by signal transduction. Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor. Then cascades of signals inside the cell changes cell functions. This may include the regulation of several genes, the production of other cytokines, or an increase in surface receptors for other molecules.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein \| cytokine: Different cytokine * carry different messages to cells of the immune system. * have different actions on the same cell - properties, some stimulate the immune response others depress it * regulate antigen uptake and presentation of a precursor dendritic cell line. Inflammatory cytokine * Some inflammatory cytokines promote differentiations - osteoclast differentiations * are know to induce astrogliosis. * can either promote or prevent monocyte apoptosis. * regulate proliferation of cultured human osteoblasts. Lymphokine * Some lymphokines signal macrophages and other phagocytes to destroy foreign invaders - spur the growth of more T cells * are cytokines - soluble products of lymphocytes which mediate a variety of processes * cause a local accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages. * promote cell growth, facilitate cell activation, destroy cancer cells, etc. * regulate immunoglobulin isotype expression in an antigen specific immune response. * represent a subset of cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokine * depress cardiac efficiency by a nitric oxide- dependent mechanism. * regulate host immune and somatic tissues. Damaged protein * accumulate and cross-link in the skin, causing wrinkles and loss of elasticity. * cause harm by sticking to healthy proteins and interfering with their function.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Dietary protein * Most dietary proteins have additive effects * Some dietary proteins affect absorption - damage - kidney damage - magnesium absorption * affects intestinal calcium absorption. * decreases glomerular filtration rate - urinary calcium excretion * enhance the mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells and fat loss. * increases urinary calcium. * is also the building block for muscle tissue - another interesting factor in bone health - found in most foods and is the primary source of amino acids for the body - related to calcium excretion - required for life - supplied from plant and animal sources * provides another detoxifying agent by binding with heavy metals. * supplies amino acids, the real nutrients.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Different protein * Many different proteins exist but all are composed of the same building units. * can bind to the same or closely related sequence. * carry different sequences of amino acids. * contain various amounts of essential amino acids. * found in different cells account for the differences. * have different combinations of the amino acids - degrees of alpha helix, beta sheet, and random coil - orders of amino acids * make our cells and bodies function differently. * result in different characteristics. * serve different functions. * use different receptors. Dishevelled protein * All Dishevelled proteins have three highly conserved domains. * lead to two signaling pathways. Egg protein * are present in miniscule amounts in vaccines which are prepared using chicken embryos. * is found in influenza and yellow fever vaccines, which are prepared using chicken eggs. * is the standard of quality protein to which all other proteins are compared - to which all other dietary proteins are compared * tighten and squeeze out water which browns because of sugar content.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Erythropoietin * glycoprotein - hormone synthesized by the kidney in response to hypoxia * hormone made in the kidney - produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production - released from the kidney and liver during periods of oxygen deficiency * hormone that is made in and excreted from the kidney - triggers the body to produce red blood cells * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is an essential hormone for red blood cell production - both a mitogen and a survival factor - generally well tolaerated - often effective in treating chemotherapy-induced anemia and is well tolerated - produced by tubular cells of the rat kidney * is produced in response to hypoxia by the interstitial fibroblasts of the kidney * is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels - stimulates the production of red blood cells - naturally in the body - the hormone that regulates red blood cell production * promotes the creation of red blood cells. * protein responsible for the production of red blood cells. * signals the bone marrow to make more oxygen-carrying red blood cells. * stimulates Pluripotential stem cells to differentiate into RBCs. * stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells * usually leads to an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit within two to six weeks. + Blood, Red blood cells: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system * This is a protein. It is made to carry a large amount of oxygen. Haemoglobin has iron in it. The iron and oxygen gives haemoglobin its red color. This is why blood is red. Erythropoietin promotes the creation of red blood cells. Blood type antigens are carried on the surface of red cells.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Excess protein * Most excess proteins enter guts. * can also cause overproduction of cecal pellets by overfeeding the cecal bacteria - lead to potential health risks, from kidney damage to osteoporosis - cause the urine to foam in water - contribute to ulcers and poor digestion - deprive the athlete of more efficient fuel and can lead to dehydration - leach calcium from the bones - put strain on the liver and kidneys - strain the kidneys, convert into fat, and promote calcium loss from the bones * is an expensive and inefficient source of energy - broken down by the body and stored as fat, and the byproducts are excreted - metabolized to fat for energy storage just like excess carbohydrate - moved out of the limb, and fluid follows the protein molecules - primary cause of osteoporosis * is stored as fat in the body - turned into fat or carbohydrate which is either used or stored * is used as energy and can be stored as body fat - or stored as fat - utilised as an energy source * leads to kidney overload and mineral deficiency diseases, such as osteoporosis. Excessive protein * Some excessive proteins cause damage * can have effects - stimulate effects - irritate the immune system and keep it in a state of over-reactivity Extra protein * boosts pace of muscle cells on the move. * can aggravate kidney failure and liver disease problems in older horses. * is eliminated from the body or stored as fat - needed to supply energy without adding any more insulin to the body	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Ferritin * are proteins. * cheap and readily available material that, in nature is used to store iron. * is found in most cells in the body and in the serum - low with combined iron deficiency and thalassemia - made of different ratios of two subunits and the subunits are functionally distinct - storage iron and in the brain can impair function * is the major iron storage protein - protein for iron storage and iron detoxification - storage protein under normal conditions - substance that recycles iron within the body - water soluble and a very small amount is dissolved in the plasma * protein that acts like a large holding vessel - carries iron in the bloodstream - combines with iron to store it in the liver ### protein \| ferritin: Serum ferritin * can be very useful in diagnosing iron deficiency anaemia in the elderly. * is also a good indicator of the amount of storage iron in the body. * marker of body iron stores and increases with age. * provides an estimate of iron reserves. * sensitive test for both iron deficiency and excess. Fibrous protein * are long and narrow, and generally water insoluble - well suited to their task of support and connection * assume elongated forms and tend to exist as ribbons or filaments. Fish protein * breakdown more rapidly than mammals. * complete protein that contains all the essential amino acids. * contains high levels of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and taurine. * is considered high quality for cats. Fluorescent protein * Most fluorescent proteins find in tissue. * visualize the cell cycle progression.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Gelatin * All gelatin is collagen, whether it is extracted from the shin, bone or connective tissue. * Most gelatin contains acid - has sugar * Some gelatin derives from seaweed - has proteins - helps food * are modified beef collagens. * behaves like collagen. * capsules in various colors, taken by mouth. * floats water droplets in a protein. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is polymers * sets more quickly when a dash of salt is added. * setting power has to do with the density of the liquid being set.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Globular protein * Every globular protein folds to a specific conformation. * are compact, vaguely spherical-shaped proteins - less regular with an overall roughly spherical shape - long strands of amino acids connected like beads on a string - round - soluble and are thus less obvious - water soluble and have spheroid, compact structures * consist of both polar and non-polar side chains. * have a spherical shape - compact rounded molecules and are usually water-soluble - extensive tertiary structure - many foldings and are, therefore, rounded * owe their importance to their unique tertiary structure. Gluten protein * are rather insoluble in water - readily soluble only in alcohol or acidic or basic solutions * can vary in quality. ### protein \| gluten: Gluten intolerance * can affect many other systems of the body and result in a wide range of symptoms. * is the cause of coeliac disease - thought to be a genetic disorder Wheat gluten * is another one which frequently causes some itching - available as a prepared product, which is usually frozen - particularly prone to stickiness in the gut - the concentrated form of the protein contained in wheat flour * protein-rich ingredient used in baking.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Glycoprotein * Most glycoproteins have an extracellular exposure, location, or function. * A 'glycoprotein' big molecule. Glycoproteins are important to recognise immune cells in mammals. * acts as an allergen. * are a class of proteins that often induce allergic reactions - common in all eucaryotic cells, in archaea and eubacteria - found inside every cell - globular proteins with a sugar chain attached - large molecules made up of sugars and amino acids - proteins which have attached carbohydrate groups - the main components of the ground substance - very common * contain chains of usually four different carbohydrates. * form important structural and functional components of plasma membranes.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| glycoprotein: Lectin * Many lectins have apparent blood group specificity. * Some lectins can influence the behavior of nematodes. * also are known to play important roles in the immune system. * are a family of molecules that recognise and bind to sugars - type of protein that can bind to cell membranes - able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it - also toxic to pests that browse on the plants - carbohydrate binding glycoproteins found in various pulses - gene products from plants that are toxic to animals, including mammals - made by both animals and plants - potentially active substances in many plant foods - present in most foods such as peas, beans, cereal grains, etc * are proteins found in many plant foods, including broad beans - highly resistant to digestion which can be assimilated into the body - that bind to carbohydrates - similar to antibodies in their ability to agglutinate red blood cells - ubiquitous to prostate cancer cells as well as other cancer cells * detect only a rather small range of sugars. * occur ubiquitously in nature. * typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. * vary in their rates of inactivation by cooking. Mucin * Some mucin is noted within the glandular lumens. * are a family of large, heavily glycosylated proteins - heavily glycosylated molecules found on some tumors, especially breast cancers - proteins found in most body fluids * attaches to bacteria and viruses that enter the baby's body. * can either promote or inhibit cell adhesion. * chromatograph in the void volume of most commercially available gels. * have tandem repeat sequences, which are O-glycosylated.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Growth factor * All growth factors are ligands that act locally to amplify or attenuate cellular responses. * Most growth factors are polypeptides, similar in many respects to hormones - cause growth - control growth * Most growth factors promote cell growth * Most growth factors regulate cell growth - only certain types of cells and tissues * Most growth factors stimulate bone growth * Some growth factors can tell breast cells to grow and divide - influence osteoblast replication - involve in sex determination - stimulate synthesis * act to overcome the suppression of axon growth. * are a major class of molecules involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair - also paracrine signal molecules - essential for the growth of mammalian cells - extracts from human skin, platelets, or collagen - important in regulating many types of cell division - only a part of a complex system regulating hematopoiesis - peptide hormones that regulate the growth of cells and tissues - well known for their different regulatory roles in the body * boost heart's blood flow. * can also stimulate cell division - speed and enhance healing of the wound * fail to protect oligodendrocytes against humoral injury in vitro. * have effects. * immobilized on artificial matrices show mitogenic effects. * make cells divide. * prevent glucose-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in glia. - survival by inhibiting cellular apoptotic processes - development - defined phases of the cell cycle * reverse the impaired sprouting of microvessels from aged mice. - cells to multiply and mature - the maturation and proliferation of all blood cells - tissue repair and recovery through cellular growth * trigger activations. Haemoglobin * All haemoglobin is normal, with normal red blood cells. * transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Hemoglobin * Most hemoglobins absorb oxygen. * Most hemoglobins bind oxygen - sufficient oxygen - carry oxygen - have mass - react with oxygen * Some hemoglobins carry blood - increase blood - lead to anemia - release oxygen * are chemicals - complex molecules - globular proteins - located in blood - organic chemicals - pigment - the molecules in red blood cells which carry oxygen * binds oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. * have irons * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * transports oxygen from the lungs to the capillaries of the tissue ### protein \| hemoglobin: Abnormal hemoglobin * Some abnormal hemoglobins lead to anemia. * can result in four types of alpha thalessemia and two types of beta thalessemia.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| hemoglobin: Fetal hemoglobin * arises from a gene different from that which produces hemoglobin. * enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta. * gives an essentially normal reading. * has a greater affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. * has a higher affinity for oxygen relative to adult hemoglobin * is in an immature form and is more readily oxidized than adult hemoglobin - replaced by the adult form as genes switch on and off after the baby is born - resistant and stains * protects the unborn child and newborns from the effects of sickle cell hemoglobin. Mutant hemoglobin * Some mutant hemoglobins cause serious illness. * provide unique opportunities to probe structure-function relations in a protein. Sickle hemoglobin * exists as isolated units in the red cells when they have oxygen bound. * makes red blood cells stiff and sticky. High protein * ascites in patients with uncomplicated hepatic cirrhosis. * can actually cause skin problems - increase the scale of aggression, moods, and jumpiness * has a negative impact on calcium balance. Homologous protein * have a common ancestor and typically a common function. * make up protein families and superfamilies , encoded by gene families.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Human protein * Some human proteins are very valuable drugs. * are in great demand for the treatment of a variety of diseases - more versatile, say scientists Incomplete protein * are deficient in one or more essential amino acids - found mostly in plant foods - proteins that are deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids * contains inadequate amounts of one or more essential amino acids. * lack certain amino acids that are essential to maintain life and support growth Integral protein * have domains that extend into the hydrocarbon core of the membrane. * lie across the membrane, extending from inside to outside.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Keratin * appears in the form of granules. * are filamentous proteins which are found in a number of tissues including the skin - tough and insoluble * chief ingredient in horns, hoofs, feathers, hair, nails in other mammals. * contains sulphur, which is released as the keratin ages, or begins to break down. * fibrous protein barrier that serves as protection from the environment. * fibrous protein that also forms the substance of hair, horns and hoofs - makes the cells stiff and horny * gives the skin considerable mechanical strength and flexibility. * hardens squamous epithelium. * helps prevent split ends and panthenol smoothes the hair cuticle. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is also present in hair, hoofs, beaks, claws, and even armadillo shells - extra thick on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands - polymers * large, complicated molecule that makes cells stronger. * protective epidermal protein. * protein found in hair, fingernails and feathers - in skin, hair, and nails - nutrient found in the cells of our skin and nails * protein that consists almost entirely of alpha helix - is also found in turtle shells, bird feathers and hair - which is found in skin, hair, and nails * protein, which is the main constituent of skin cells. * simple protein * strong protein that is specific to the skin, hair and nails. * substance similar to hair and fingernails but it lacks the outside cuticle. * tough protein that is also the main constituent of skin and hair. * tough, water-repellent protein - water-resistant protein found in skin, hair, and nails * very strong and light material. + Hair: * Long, brown hair 'Hair' is something that grows from the skin of mammals. Animal hair is usually called 'fur'. Sheep and goats have curly hair, which is usually called wool. Hair is made of keratin. Keratins are proteins. * Keratins are tough and insoluble. They form the hard but non-mineral structures in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. A similar biological toughness is found in chitin. Large protein * are gummy and are bound up with starch. * can gel stuck at the border to the separating gel. * give more background signal than smaller proteins. Lean protein * can also help slow down the process. * has the greatest single impact on zinc absorption. * is the key to balancing blood chemistry and building lean muscle. * support strong muscles, healthy bones and optimal immune function.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Lipoprotein * account for part of the nonspecific antiviral activity of human serum. * are a combination of lipids covered by proteins - varying amounts of fats and proteins - actually aggregrates - carriers for transporting cholesterol throughout the body - compounds of fats and proteins - important in cell membranes and in transporting lipids in the blood - large molecules that transport fat and cholesterol in the body - larger and less dense, if they consist of more fat than of protein - macromolecular complexes of lipids and proteins, called apolipoproteins - most important when steroidogenic cells are chronically stimulated - outer monolayers of proteins and polar lipids with an inner core of neutral lipids * are packages of fat, cholesterol, and protein - proteins, cholesterol and triglycerides assembled by the liver - particles that package cholesterol, allowing it to be transported in the blood * are proteins carrying lipids - that carry lipids in the bloodstream - structures that transport cholesterol * are the carriers of cholesterol and triglyceride - protein components that carry cholesterol through the circulation - vehicles that carry cholesterol through the blood stream * carry triglyceride fats and cholesterol in the blood. * come in different sizes - two types, and each affects our cardiovascular risk in different ways * move cholesterol and triglycerides throughout the bloodstream. * package water-insoluble lipids for transport through the bloodstream. * particles that transport cholesterol to the liver. * take their toll on the host. Low protein * Some low proteins are filtered by glomeruluses. * diets impair immunity to infectious diseases. Matrix protein * Most matrix proteins play roles. * Some matrix protein is shown travelling to the nucleus - travels to the nucleus and some collects beneath the cell membrane Metabolizable protein * accounts for rumen degradation of protein. * is the total quantity of protein absorbed by the intestine - true protein absorbed by the intestine Microbial protein * Most microbial proteins play minor roles * Some microbial proteins are generated by fermentation. * has an excellent amino acid pattern. * is an excellent source of protein with the correct amino acid profile - obtained through digestion of microorganisms<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Milk protein * Many milk proteins have genetic variants which have been identified by letters of the alphabet. * are also among the most common causes of food allergies - critical for milk foaming * become insoluble. * can cause a serious allergic reaction in susceptible persons. * can cause an allergic reaction in susceptible people - colic, a digestive upset that bothers one in five infants - serious reactions in persons allergic to milk products * common allergen, along with peanuts, citrus, wheat and corn. * consists of several kinds of proteins and non- protein nitrogen compounds. * entering the blood stream is perceived by the body as a foreign substance. * has economic value because higher protein leads to higher cheese yields - two basic components, whey and casein * have high levels of tryptophan. * is affected by the amount and composition of the dietary protein - an excellent form of protein and is the one that most doctors prefer for infants * tend to stay intact as milk is converted to dairy products of all types. Mitochondrial protein * Many mitochondrial proteins are part of a complex. * are the targets of oxidative damage due to dopamine. * vary depending on the tissue and the species. Movement protein * do many things in plant cells. * interact with plasmodesmata to increase their size exclusion limit.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Muscle protein * Most muscle proteins release into blood. * are a central focus and provide the background for studying related systems. * become more soluble after extended storage. * contains twenty different amino acids. * is particularly high in branch-chain amino acids. Myosin * are a large family of proteins that are found in most human cells - superfamily of ubiquitous actin-based motor proteins * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups Peripheral protein * are on the membrane surface. * attach loosely to the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Plant protein * Most plant proteins find in food - pet food * Some plant proteins find in cereal grain * Some plant proteins have low biological values * are easier to digest than animal proteins - lower in fat than animal proteins - only partly digestible by animals that are omnivores or insectivores - usually incomplete but they can be made complete by combining certain foods * is as easily absorbed and as useful to the body as animal protein - just as effectively used to build muscle protein as is animal protein - of inferior quality * puts less wear and tear on the kidneys than animal protein does.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Plasma protein * Many plasma proteins can interact with drugs. * Most plasma proteins have functions. * Some plasma proteins are synthesized in livers. * Some plasma proteins carry charge - negative charge * are essential for all living beings - made mostly by the liver * circulate in the body while other proteins are somewhat stationary. + Blood, Where does blood come from?: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system * Plasma proteins are made mostly by the liver. The water and electrolytes in plasma come from the food and water that you eat. ### protein \| plasma protein: Clotting factor * act very much like powdered gelatin. * are a protein in the plasma. * cause blood clots in a different way. Coagulation factor * are notoriously unstable - proteins that work together in the blood clotting process * deficiencies more often cause bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract or joints. Prion protein * are endogenous to humans and animals. * can adopt a certain three-dimensional shape that differs from that of a normal prion. * carry the disease between individuals and cause deterioration of the brain. * is necessary for normal synaptic function. Receptor protein * Some receptor proteins are intracellular. * are responsible for detecting, decoding and transducing signals into the cells. * can also produce antibodies. * extend through the cell membrane. Regulatory protein * Some regulatory proteins lead to degradations. * binding motifs are short, unpredictable and in complex linear associations. * can often fit into the major groove. Rice protein * contains all eight essential amino acids, and has no saturated fat or cholesterol. * is derived from brown rice using a natural enzyme - used in foods as a flavor and nutrition enhancer Secreted protein * Many secreted proteins are particularly important in bacterial pathogenesis. * Most secreted proteins are modified before secretion. * are a cornerstone of the biotechnology industry. * cleaved by furin include the hepatocyte and nerve growth factors and pro-albumin. * mediate the combinatorial action of homeotic genes. Secretory protein * Some secretory proteins are useful as drugs themselves. * are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Several protein * are required for the foot projections to wrap around the capillaries and function - strong allergens even in their unfolded state * produced by plants are already in clinical trials in the United States. * work together as a machine to replicate chromosomes. Simple protein * are all protein, with no non-protein comoponents. * yield only amino acids on hydrolysis.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein \| simple protein: Gelatine * is made from animal ligaments, tendons, bones etc. which have been boiled in water - animals used for food - obtained by hydrolysis of collagen by boiling skin, ligaments, tendons, etc * simple protein Globulin * are in seeds and animal blood - insoluble in water, soluble in dilute salt solutions, and are coagulated by heat - one of seven classes of simple proteins - simple proteins that provide immunity against disease - the blood proteins that carry antibodies * contain some proteins, or antibodies, related to the immune system. * measures the protein in antibodies produced by the immune system.<\|endoftext\|>### protein \| simple protein: Histone * act as a spool around which DNA can wind. * act as spools around which DNA winds , and play a role in gene regulation * are a. the noncoding sequences of DNA b. the coding sequences of DNA c. * are proteins present in all eukaryotic cells - rich in lysine and arginine residues and thus positively-charged - that bind to DNA and package it into compact structures to form chromosomes - used to package DNA in eukaryotes - rich in basic amino acids * are small proteins that are responsible for packaging DNA into chromosomes - which are basic because they have a high content of arginine or lysine - small, basic proteins that neutralize the charge - some of the most conserved molecules during the course of evolution * are the fundamental proteins involved in binding DNA into nucleosomes - only proteins known to be associated with chromatin - uniformly inhibitory to already-active euchromatin - unusual proteins with respect to their net electrostatic charge * associate with DNA to form nucleosomes. * binding proteins are basic nuclear proteins, which are involved in the nucleosome structure. * cause the DNA to be wrapped up into tightly bound structures called chromatin. * form the chromatin while non histones maintain chromatin structure. * is proteins. * mediates glomerular deposition of small size DNA anti-DNA complex. * possess and unusually high content of the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. * undergo changes which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins. * act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes. + Histone, Functions, Chromatin regulation * Histones undergo changes which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins. Combinations of modifications are thought to constitute a code, the so-called 'histone code' - Compacting DNA strands: Molecular biology :: Cell biology * Histones act as spools around which DNA winds. This packs in the large genomes of eukaryotes to fit inside cell nuclei. The compacted molecule is 40,000 times shorter than an unpacked molecule Protamine * enhances the proliferative activity of hepatocyte growth factor in rats * increases the permeability of cultured epithelial monolayers. * is contraindicated in any patient known to be hypersensitive to the drug - the protein added to the insulin to make it long-acting Small protein * Most small proteins fold in seconds. * are reabsorbed by pinocytosis, digested, and the amino acids diffuse into the blood - responsible for packing the DNA into units called nucleosomes Soluble protein * Some soluble proteins find in blood plasma * come out of solution to form clots. Soybean protein * is deficient in the sulfur-based amino acids methionine and cysteine. * provides all the essential amino acids in the amounts needed for human health. Specific protein * have precise lengths and sequences of amino acids. * transport many small molecules and ions.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protein: Storage protein * Some storage proteins promote inflammation. * contain a large proportion of particular amino acid residues - energy, which is released during metabolism processes in the organism * provide amino acids. Structural protein * Most structural proteins play multiple roles * are key building blocks of all cells. * form the structure of the cell and the organism. * help to give the cell support and shape. * serve to build all sorts of components inside the cell and around it. Total protein * contributes the most to the energetic content of both species. * is the amount provided from animal and vegetable food sources. Transport protein * are present in the plasma membrane - specific for the solutes they transport * change shape to move substances into and out of the cell. True protein * better measure of the food value of milk. * more accurate indicator of the actual amount of protein in milk. Visceral protein * are indicators of the patient's protein status. * provides protein in acute starvation, somatic protein in prolonged starvation. Wheat protein * Some wheat proteins cause reaction. * are found in many foods, and some are more obvious than others. * combines with liquid to form gluten, which provides the structure for baked products. * improves body and shine while imparting conditioned feel to the hair. * is substituted for read meat in several dishes and browned on a grill.<\|endoftext\|>### protein: Whey protein * broad description of a protein fraction derived from milk. * class of minor proteins found in milk. * common protein based fat replacer. * complex protein. * concentrate as a proteinase inhibitor in Pacific whiting surimi. * gives the muscles the extra fuel needed to repair, rebuild, grow and stay healthy. * has the highest biological value rating of any protein. * helps regulate insulin and provides energy for the whole day. * improves immune function and fights infections. * is absorbed very quickly and casein is absorbed slower - also the richest food source of the anabolic amino acid L-leucine - an excellent way to add protein without adding fat and carbohydrate - arguably one of the best protein sources available - broken down rapidly compared to egg protein, and casein is somewhere in-between - definitely the best type of protein for building muscle - easy to digest and absorb - found in a wide variety of processed foods and recognised food allergen - generally more expensive than soy based protein - known to be the most bio-available protein source for athletes - obtained during the processing of milk to cheese - simply an extremely high-quality protein that is derived from milk - the most efficient protein for the human body - used in small quantities in combination with meat as a binding agent * offers an attractive food source where microbes can flourish. * potent ally to the general immune system. * provides the full range of amino acids and other anabolic nutrients. * ranks highest in all measures of protein quaility.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### proteins: Intermediate filament * are a part of the cytoskeleton of all animals - another cytoskeletal component found in many animal species - bigger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules - composed of smaller strands in the shape of rods - made up of various proteins which varies depending on the cell type - more stable than actin filaments or microtubules - ropelike strands of fibrous proteins - the most skeletal in nature, giving the cytoplasm mechanical strength - tough fibers made of polypeptides * come in several types, but they are generally strong and ropelike. * connect Z-discs in adult chicken muscle. * dimerize to form a coiled coil, associating by non-covalent interactions. * extend from the plaque for some distance into the underlying cytoplasm. * give strenght to the microtubules and to the microfilaments. * is proteins. * provide important structural support and anchoring in the cytoskeleton. * rearrange or disappear during mitotic cell division, unlike microtubules. * resist tension and stabilize cell structure. Lipoprotein lipase * are proteins. * is found in vascular endothelium - produced, regulated and functional in rat brain - stimulated by glucagon through a second messenger mechanism Protest * are located in cities - objections - resistance * is an objection ### protest: Abortion protest * connote fanatical assaults on liberty. * is the area where the distinction between speech and conduct is most visible. Boycott * affect the earnings of corporations who engage in abusive practices. * allow people to vote with their dollars. * also affect the amount of imports. * are a positive step that ordinary people can take in their every day lives - means by which the consumer can have a financial affect on a company - protests * have a long history in the Methodist movement. Direct action * Some direct actions stimulate secretion. * are protests. * is the antidote for apathy.<\|endoftext\|>### protest \| direct action: Civil disobedience * becomes a sacred duty when the State becomes lawless corrupt. * can be a compelling way to speak truth to power. * creates disorder. * direct action * grand American tradition. * has a history of success mainly through the media attention it draws. * is an attack upon the system - important tool in the struggle for justice - fine when people are angry and motivated * is the act of human beings opposing unjust laws or actions by a government - inherent right of a citizen - protesting of a law by breaking it - to force a review of bad legislation * moral right against unjust laws. * powerful force for change. Nonviolence * avoids the use of violence. * can be a way of life, deeply rooted in a spiritual tradition. * is always relevant because it is the natural response of any civilized human being. * means prevention before the crisis. * seeks to win friendships and understanding. ### protest \| direct action \| nonviolence: Active nonviolence * holds that all human beings are meant to love and be loved. * is also a vigorous and prompt response to injustice. Passive resistance * is the determination to meet force with non-force. * misnomer for nonviolent resistance. Work stoppage * are strikes or lockouts. * interrupt services, reduce profits, threaten jobs and disrupt lives. Peaceful protest * are a great means of advertising an issue and advocating political change. * is an important right in any properly functioning democracy. Protestant group * say that anyone who was baptized can be a priest. + Universal priesthood (doctrine): Christian theology * In Christianity, different groups disagree about who can be a priest. Protestant groups say that anyone who was baptized can be a priest. Protestants say that anyone can directly talk to God, and no ordination is necessary to make someone a priest. For this reason, priests need special training.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protestants: Christian scientist * Christian Scientists believe that matter, sin, disease, and death are unreal - illusions - sin and illness can be overcome by spiritual powers * are protestants.<\|endoftext\|>### protestants: Pentecostal * Most Pentecostals teach the importance of divinely- called leadership. * Some Pentecostals believe in handling snakes, faith healing and exorcisms. * approach Scripture literally, so they see the world populated with demons. - righteousness oriented - still poor, but they somehow no longer live in a culture of poverty * believe that the end times are near. * constitute one of the largest minority religions in Romania. * create sacred space, raise energy, cast spells, channel, even use talismans. * emphasize righteousness over riches. * endeavor to maintain a dialectical relationship between experience and Scripture. * stand when praying.<\|endoftext\|>Protocol * allow the flow of information from one machine to another in the form of packets. * are a set of rules for communicating - way to insure the level of medical care, and to get control of costs - code of conduct - developed by scientists - essentially rules that computers agree to use when communicating - etiquette - formats and procedures for transfer of data - how computers talk to each other in different types of languages - like rules that govern the exchange of information - methods used by scientists to collect data - notes - pre-established means of communication * are rules and methods by which computers communicate over a network - for network communication - which determine how computers act when talking to one another - software codes that allow information to pass through the Internet - the formats in which the files are to be transferred * are the languages that are spoken over the network and Internet - used by computers to talk across the network - methods used to manage the network's communication traffic - procedures required for communication between computers * are the rules by which communication takes place in a system - governing communication between the blocks of an architecture - that underlie orderly communication - tools used to store and transfer data on the Internet - universalisms - used by researchers - vital elements in computer networks with different host systems * change over time. * describe procedures. * enable assessments - networks to communicate efficiently and effectively * ensure quality. * facilitate routine - sterilization routine * follow principles - same principles * have advantage. * improve cost. * include examinations - steps - treatments * involve use. * is an agreed upon language for computers. * is the international agreement to reduce ozone-destroying chemicals - method a file is transferred to a computer - way to have a meaningful conversation * kind of rules of order for communication between clients and servers. * procedure for adding order to the exchange of data. * refers to relations between individuals - the manner in which two programs choose to communicate * require modification. * support pathways. * use instruments - strategies + European Convention on Human Rights: Human rights :: Treaties and Conventions * Protocols are set of rules. All member countries must follow these rules. + TCP/IP model: Internet protocols * Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers. ### protocol: Cryptographic protocol * Some cryptographic protocols allow anonymity. * require unambiguous data representation. Internet protocol * Most internet protocols rely on a central server to connect the other parties to each other. * are sets of rules that allow for intermachine communication on the Internet. Medical protocol * are normative descriptions of patient care. * exist in a variety of forms.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### protocol: Network protocol * are as different as spoken languages around the world - communication protocols * can also affect the cost of telecommuting. Standard protocol * facilitate routine - sterilization routine * is used in treating specific situations. ### provide nonspecific defenses: Various protein * are provide nonspecific defenses. * play a number of vital tasks and are responsible for all of a cell's functions. ### providence: Foresight * are providence. * has more to do with common sense, than intelligence. * is providence * is the individual and social perception of the risk - word that pops to mind * matter of interpretation rather than information. * tool for modelling, simulation and prototyping of control systems. ### provinces: Canadian province * Most Canadian provinces experience very low temperatures in winter. * are provinces - states ### psychoactive drugs: Psychiatric medication * are a specialty in and of themselves. * can be helpful for many of the symptoms and problems identified. * have a demonstrated role in the treatment of patients with eating disorders - their place in treatment in terms of lessening painful symptoms * is psychoactive drugs.<\|endoftext\|>### psychological problem: Premature ejaculation * has no known cause. * is also common the first few times a man has sex with a new partner - an act of rapid, involuntary climax - caused by both physical and psychological factors * is common in young men and greater control can develop with age - greater control usually develops with age - considered the most common type of male sexual dysfunction - diseases - divided into primary and secondary forms - ejaculation - medical conditions - often due to physical changes in the body * is one of the most common sexual problems - sexual problems that is potentially easy to remedy - rapid ejaculation with a perception of lack of control - the inability to exercise voluntary control over the ejaculatory process * is the most common male sexual problem, studies suggest - frequently encountered sexual complaint of men and couples - prevalent male sexual dysfunction - unwelcome occurrence of the male orgasm before the woman is ready - very common * occurs before or soon after penetration - when a man climaxes soon after penetration * psychological problem. ### psychosis: Paranoia * grow out of childish adjustments to unpleasant reality. * is psychosis Vampirism * are actions - beliefs * is about hunger - an action - both a state of being and a life path - everywhere - seen as bad - it is something given by the gods of Erebus - thus also a modified myth of self-love, narcissism ### public good: Economic equality * leads to educational equality. * public good.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### public good: Social capital * brings the ability of people to work together for common purposes. * can affect both formal and informal financial systems - help to mitigate the insidious effects of socioeconomic disadvantage * consists of relationships of trust among people who solve problems together. * dampens the effects of uncertainty about future income. * depends on an ethic of personal responsibility. * develops where people have a collective problem to solve. * enhances the benefits of investment in physical and human capital. * facilitates exchanges of resources and skills across sectors. * has application across the discipline of agricultural economics. * helps firms protect themselves against such risks in a cost-efficient manner. * is also a strong predictor of personal heath - an essential ingredient of stronger communities and a healthy society - created when people associate together for a range of different purposes - far harder to accumulate than physical capital - important to health in that positive social support can aid recovery from illness - mutual trust - reduced first and foremost by the weakening of father-child connections * is the ability of community members to work together - benefit that accumulates when people get together and talk - formal and informal connections that link people in a community - free exchange of ideas and concepts between our people - productive capacity inherent in relationships between people - relationship between people that enable institutions to function - social structure which yields cooperative trade as an equilibrium - thus critical to prosperity - vital for solving social problems * public good. * refers to a community's social connectedness and civic engagement - important features of social life in a community - networks that provide social resources for their members - the norms and networks that enable collective action * resides in people. * lot like real capital. The more money a person or a society has, the easier it is to do things and the better off people are. The less money, the more difficult things become and the worse people feel. ### public health hazard: Violent entertainment * affects children in a negative way. * public health hazard. ### public health issue: Personal health * is affected by our choices - equivalent to planetary health * public health issue. * requires responsibility to oneself, one's family and society. ### public officials: City official * are public officials. * say in statements. Public property * Public properties are properties - public places * belongs to the people as the basis for the development of society. * is land that every citizen of our country has a right to visit and enjoy - public, and that can be stretched to include the human act of making love Public transport * A local is public transport * Locals are local organizations - use the teeth of piranha fish in tools and weapons ### public transport: Local adaptation * depends primarily on the balance between selection and migration. * general phenomenon found in most host-parasite relationships. * is important in evolutionary processes and speciation - the property of a group of populations in a given set of environments Local control * Vermont tradition that most people value highly. * concept that tends to generate extreme loyalty or, conversely, high anxiety. * governing board that is responsible for everybody. * is the traditional way to run a cable operation. Local currency * Local currencies perform a similar function to cash or cheques. * is the Bermudian dollar, which is an even trade for the American dollar - Fiji Islands dollar - baht * represents value in our region. * special type of money that s issued and used only in one community or area.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### public transport: Local jurisdiction * Many local jurisdictions have regulations for rainwater harvesting. * Some local jurisdictions have policies forbidding or discouraging the use of aquatic herbicides. Local library * Local libraries are places where public policy ultimately affects the library user. * Many local libraries have listings or files of individuals buried in cemeteries.<\|endoftext\|>### public transport: Passenger vehicle * Most passenger vehicles have engines. * account for twenty percent of the nation s smog-forming pollution. * is public transport + Hotspot (computers): Internet * A 'hotspot' is a place where computers with the ability for wireless connections can connect to the Internet. Wi-Fi hot spots can be found in some public areas, sometimes for free. Some local libraries, coffee shops, and restaurants offer hotspots. Some passenger vehicles have a traveling hotspot for their customers. Some communication companies also offer hotspots in many different places for their customers.<\|endoftext\|>Publication * are commercial enterprises - documents such as press releases and published reports - weekly agricultural newspapers serving the Midwest - work * discuss decisions - preservation * explain common guidelines * focus on issues. * give guidance. * have high impact - other suggestions - pictures * include descriptions. * includes artwork - cartoons - chapters - items - page numbers - paragraphs - sections - text - word order * introduce readers. * is work * need major revisions * offer details. * present overviews. * provide additional resources - examples - information * show results. ### publication: Anthology * Anthologies are albums - collections * Anthologies includes artwork - chapters - page numbers - play an important role in covering writers and regions of lesser interest * Anthologies provide historical information	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication: Book * Make a book from pictures cut out of magazines. * Many books deal with the connection between diet and health - explain the function of the brain starting other functions * Most books define whole numbers as the union of the counting numbers with zero - die in the year in which they are born - have green spots on the book spines * Some books allow young children to identify with stressed characters and learn how they cope - are collections of articles by several authors, edited by one or more people * Some books are written by men - physicians - claim abductions happen once every five years - contain sodium content of foods without labels, such as fast foods - express length in inches, others in millimeters, and some use both - live or die by their indexes - refer explicitly to children's experiences with mathematics in school - say that having pre-existing thyroid problems increases miscarriage risk - suggest placing more males than females together, unlike with other livebearers - use seasonal descriptions for plumages and molts * Use for printed books. * act as windows to other lands and other times. * add different perspective * also foster the attachment between parent and child. * are Books. * are a form of speech - passport to the world - series of fishing books written BY fishermen FOR fishermen - symbol of the eternal record of our lives - way to discover alternate realities - acts, objects, made things, things themselves - also a source of truth, and licensing refrains people from understanding the truth - an art form * are an important aspect of science writing - part of schools - anthologies - combinations of tangible and intangible elements - conceptual work - copies * are created by authors - currently the only form of popular media without a major advertising component - devices - different size - fantasies - fiction - fictional stories - grouped by genres, writers, and prices - heavy and have pointed corners so they can be quite painful when they fall * are important to a child's learning experience during the crucial early years - learning and to education - in danger today because of the electronic and communication revolutions - islands in the ocean of time - lighthouses erected in the great sea of time - linear because they are structured by the written word - literature * are located in antique stores - attics - backpacks - bedrooms - beds * are located in book bags - clubs - bookshelfs - briefcases - cabinets - catalogs - classrooms - closets - colleges - desktops - discount stores - drawers - floors - hotels - large cities - museum stores - rows - stacks - suitcases - synagogues - tables - universities - near libraries - made of paper - nonperiodical printed publications bound in hard or soft covers, or in loose-leaf format - objects , sharing certain properties with tables, bricks and ropes * are one of the most accessible, popular and intimate forms of communication - product categories most frequently bought online by consumers * are part of libraries - paths that upward lead - physical objects which can be handled and analyzed in terms of their parts - printed paper - probably the most common way of studying chess - products - renewable in person with or without books in hand, electronically, or by telephone - special places for telling stories, expressing feelings and sharing ideas - still a fundamental source of all information - storage devices * are the ambrosia of life - bees which carry the quickening pollen from one to another mind - carriers of civilization - ever burning lamps of accumulated wisdom - foundation on which other learning can be built * are the fountain of human knowledge and the tools to financial freedom * are the key to all knowledge - other minds, sure as bodies are the key to other souls - memory of the human race - oldest commercial form of the mass media - one medium which is larger than television and movies together and has no advertising - outcome of a process that goes beyond research as an act of imparting information - portals to the future - reigning masters of longevity - soul of actions * are the treasured wealth of the world and the fit inheritance of generations and nations - world, the fit inheritance of generations and nations - windows to our imagination and dreams * are used for answers - companionship - culture - daily reading - enlightenment - entertainment - help - highlightings - incomes - information processing - inspiration - instruction - personal improvement - press flowers - resources - solutions - squash bugs - store information - studyings - teachs - underlinings - very heavy and pack together tightly, making large boxes difficult to manage * are written by authors - experts - people and teachers are people - women * can be educational tools that form a foundation for understanding daily living - help children in many ways - influence young lives - provide the people, places, and things that inspire imagination - sometimes make it easier for parents and children to talk about it * catch attention. * cause a desire to reads - sleep * collecting is as old as books. * combine facts. * come from a variety of sources, both ancient and modern. * contain answers - detail instruction - materials - more information - much practical information - pages - photographs - samples - theorems - topics * cover aspects - features - principles * covers for hard bound books come in a variety of colors and styles, from linen to leather. * deal with aspects - important themes - subjects - theories * describe behavior - concepts - events - typical behavior * encourage readers. * exist because of the power of human ideas - to transport knowledge from one place to another * explain physical science * feature color photographs - glossaries * fill with stories. * focus on aspects - values * follow examples. * form an important part of human culture. * give advice * have a beginning, middle, and end - details - development - entire chapters - good insight - great values - imperfections - indexs - introductions - origins - pasts - references - sentences - separate chapters - weight, when they come from people who matter * help children gain knowledge, poetry and meaning - comprehensions - students * include advice * include general information - nutrition information - original stories - short stories * increase the horizon of knowledge. * inspire love, lust, and longing in the hearts of the bibliophile. - young readers * is the number of books where the word was used. * love to absorb the heat meant to warm human fingers and toes. * magazine for people who are passionate about books. * noun at the center of the noun phrase. * number or abbreviation without spaces. * offer contributions - curricula - guidelines - helpful suggestions - overviews - significant contributions - tips * often have meaning only when they are read in relation to other writings - provide a soothing, warm, comfort that allow for the relaxation a child needs to sleep * online listing of about a jillion books online. * outline strategies. * pass through hands. * present approaches - general approaches * preserve people s lives. * program of reading, crafts, music, games, and fun for kids of most ages. * provide advice - assistance - contexts - detail information - easy references - excellent introductions - explanations - further information * provide important insight - lists - relevant information - scientific explanations - stimulation - summaries - valuable references * publishing term for magazine. * reflect awareness. * represent the basic object of legal deposit. * save time and money. * sell copies. * serve purposes. * shape our minds. * share leisure time with television, movies, music, video games, and the Internet. * show about authors and their books - diagrams - evidence * sit on tables. * still contain more knowledge and wisdom than any other medium. * store information in the orderly structure of their words and sentences. * support ideas. * teach shapes, numbers and letters. * tend to be linear, where one starts at the beginning and proceeds to the end. * use animate text * written for young children have more pictures than do books for older children. + Book Off: Books :: Japanese companies :: 1990 establishments * It is operated by Book Off Corporation Limited. The first Book Off store opened in May, 1990. The first franchisee Book Off store opened in Nov, 1991. Book Off sells books including comic books, magazines, and novels, and also sells CDs, DVDs, and Game software. Books are grouped by genres, writers, and prices. The overseas Book Off stores sell second hand books from Japan and also from its own country. + Desktop publishing, Further reading: Typography :: Graphics :: History of printing * Many books specialise in the details of particular software. These three teach the basics of page layout design on desktop systems. + Help:Books/Frequently Asked Questions, Questions regarding printed books, Which shipping options are available?: Wikipedia book tool * Books are shipped using a standard shipping option to most countries in the world. Delivery time varies 2-10 work days depending on the destination - the PDF-Export, Why are articles displayed differently than in the browser? * Books have no scroll bars, a browser does. Content needs to be split up on several pages. To get an acceptable typesetting result some page elements need to be displayed differently. This may result in some unexpected layouts especially for tables and parts of wiki articles that use HTML instead of wiki-markup. * All books maintained by the community are in the list of community books. * I can't handle the full stop problem. O shorted some long sentences. Dates are unlinked. The refernces are also a problem for me. Ref 6 is done. Books are done. Sisterlinks are moved. I would be happy if a native speaker could help with the rest of the issues + Maharashtra, Culture, Provincial symbols of Maharashtra * The religious songs called bhajans by Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Namdev are very popular. Modern Marathi literature also has some great poets and authors like P. L. Deshpande, Kusumagraj, Prahlad Keshav Atre, and Vyankatesh Madgulkar. Many books are published every year in Marathi. + Mass media * Mass media' are media like radio, television, internet or other things that reach many people. Television is most used. We can see and hear news from around the world. Radio also brings music and news. Books supply older and more detailed material. The internet is also important. We can search for all the news and information. Libraries are also important. In libraries we can read books and listen to music. + Monopoly (game): Board games * Many books give advice on how to win the game. + Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Objectives and activities, Publishing, Books: International trade :: International economic organizations :: 16th arrondissement of Paris :: Organizations established in 1948 :: Organizations based in Paris :: Think tanks :: International organizations * The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. Most books are published in English and French. * A writer of a book is called an author. The person who draws pictures in the book is called the illustrator. Books can have multiple authors or illustrators. * Books can be borrowed from a library or bought from a bookstore. People can make their own books and fill them with family photos, drawings, or their own writing. Some books are empty inside, like a diary, address book, or photo album. * Some books are written just for children, or for entertainment, while other books are for studying something in school such as math or history. Many books have photographs or drawings.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book: Almanac * are annuals - reference work * book of various world events for the past hundred years. * includes artwork - cartoons - items - page numbers - paragraphs - sections - word order * is an application to view the various world events of the past hundred years - information server designed to answer requests received through electronic mail * offer advice.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Atlas * Most atlases have elevation contours. * Some atlases use alpha-numeric coordinates. * are aircrafts - available for the brain, the nervous system, the thoracic viscera, and the knee - bones * are books containing world, national, regional, state and city maps and text - of maps - that have maps and geographic information - collection of maps or charts bound in a volume - collections of distribution maps of plant species - columns - craters * are located in bookstores - countries - moons - maps bound together as books - non-circulating - planets - primarily collections of maps * are reference books - rockets - spacecrafts - stars * contain maps and other geographical information - plat maps of townships that show owners of individual parcels of land * document the development of geographic knowledge and provide information on colonization. - cartoons - chapters - dictionary entries * report land areas in square miles or square kilometers. * use symbols to define capital cities, rivers, and mountains. * usually cover natural hydrologic units, such as drainage basins. ### publication \| book \| atlas: Historical atlas * contain maps that show historical information. * show the world as it was at an earlier time. Big book * are very large versions of popular books. * have many pages to read, but they contain simple words. Booklet * contain pictures. * explain benefits. * include information. * includes artwork - page numbers * offer assistance. - overviews<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Catalog * are an index to library holdings - books * are lists of things - whole items in collections - located in mail - sites on the Web that are organized by category - useful for directories that are used often or that have a large number of images * contain entries. * illustrate decorative designs - tile designs - measurements - chapters - word order * locate books, journal titles, and other library materials. * provide important information * show products. * use type numbers or letters to save space.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Cookbook * Most cookbooks give appropriate cooking times and temperatures for different foods. * Some cookbooks have lists of approximate measurements for given weights of commonly used foods - provide nutrition. * A 'cookbook', or 'cookery book', is kind of book that tells people how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions. Most cookbooks also have tips on how to eat and present the food as well. They usually list the ingredients needed, time needed to cook, and the instructions. They may give other tips too - located in shelfs - manuals - reference books * contain friendly recipes * describe features. * offer recipes. + Eggs Benedict, Published references: Egg dishes :: Dishes named after people * Many cookbooks are modified when reprinted, some adding recipes. ### publication \| book \| cookbook: Vegetarian cookbook * Most vegetarian cookbooks depend upon milk and yogurt. * have many good recipes for meatless meals, e.g., chili, lasagna.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book: Dictionary * All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. * Any dictionary database of words and their meanings. * Dictionaries Also includes general-interest lexicons, thesauri, encyclopedias, etc - Find dictionaries, thesauri and other reference tools for writers - Get a translation of words into sign language - Includes thesauruses and specialized dictionaries - Leads to dozens of dictionaries of all kind-language, slang and technical - also indicate the idiomatic use of prepositions * Dictionaries are a familiar format, with their alphabetical lists of words and definitions - set of hash files optimized for fast lookup - alphabetical lists of words and their definitions - books which contain lists of words in alphabetical oder - businesses - but the depositories of words already legitimated by usage - human creations and, as such, are subject to human error * Dictionaries are located in classrooms - libraries - tables - many, and some are dedicated to individual philosophers - quite simple too, since they are just lists of term pairs - reference work - very important in learning any language and have their own standards of comparison - witnesses * Dictionaries can be general in scope or dedicated to a particular subject area - in print or digital form * Dictionaries contain an alphabetized list of unconnected items, usually words - information external to the individual, that supports their work - lists of words in alphabetical order - slightly different definitions of a democracy and a republic * Dictionaries define 'entitlement' as a just claim, a right, or a title - an animal as a creature that has intelligence, sensation, and movement - civility succinctly - educate as to persuade to feel, act, and believe in a desired way - ethics as doing what's good or moral - requiem as a hymn, composition, or service for the dead - waste as useless or worthless material - exist as both tool and object - grow with the increase in literary output * Dictionaries have a great impact on usage - single key, and that key provides the only way to access information - no concept of order among elements - help by defining subject specific terms - include definition * Dictionaries includes artwork - cartoons - entry words - list long-term as an adjective, and spell it with a hyphen * Dictionaries only give the meaning of a word as it is used at the time the dictionary is written - record the way in which words are used in different contexts * Dictionaries provide a simple mechanism for single-keyed databases - definitions of terms and concepts * Dictionaries provide information about the uses, meanings, and history of words - with respect to the function of words, i.e., noun, verb, etc - spelling, definitions, usage of words, and often pronunciation and etymology - specifies directories containing password check dictionaries - supply alphabetical lists of people and key terms used within specific disciplines - use a complex method of letters, symbols, and markings to represent the pronunciation * Many dictionaries contain biographical information about important figures - have different sorts of information to encyclopedias * Most dictionaries can help with pronunciation of place names - define a story as a narrative account of a real or imagined event or events * Some dictionaries go back more than a century - help scientists + Encyclopedia, Types of encyclopedias: Reference works * Many dictionaries have different sorts of information to encyclopedias. Examples are the Dictionary of National Biography, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book \| dictionary: Data dictionary * Data dictionaries define ranges of shared data values for enumerated elements - provide appropriate documentation for digital data * Most data dictionaries contain information about how data is stored and accessed. Medical dictionary * Many medical dictionaries use technical terminology. * Medical dictionaries are dictionaries - draw a distinction between collars and braces Modern dictionary * Modern dictionaries define fascism as a system of totalitarian government. * Most modern dictionaries define family relationships in a narrow sense.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Electronic book * Most electronic books are multimedia productions, with the emphasis on visual effects. * are a step into the future that children are eager to experience - also more fluid than traditional books - basically gadgets aimed at replacing printed pages with digital versions - different animals - in their earliest infancy - integrated products that combine features found in books and computers - kinder to trees - publications on diskette - still uncommon in the sciences, although their numbers are increasing - the future of publishing * can incorporate news and developments in a matter of weeks or days. * come in many file formats. * take up less space than conventional books.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book: Encyclopedia * Many encyclopedias also have articles on extinct or endangered species. * Most encyclopedias have information. * Some encyclopedias cover an area of study such as art, literature, music or science. * The word, encyclopedia, was put in the title of some encyclopedias. Companies were started for the purpose of publishing encyclopedias for the public use in libraries, which is different from when an encyclopedia was the curriculum of a private school. Like dictionaries, these publishers hired hundreds of experts to write articles and read and choose articles. Some internet encyclopedias allowed their paying customers to submit articles. Other internet encyclopedias accepted writing from non-paying users of the encyclopedia. Encyclopedias are a great source of knowledge. They are included with many different topics. * I'm sorry, but I still have to 'strongly oppose' this idea. We are an 'encyclopedia'. Encyclopedias are written in the third person because they are supposed to give neutral facts. Also, we are not a guide or provide instructions. To be honest, I'm quite afraid of how this would drastically damage our articles and our reputation. * are a good source to use to find basic information about a country. * are a great source for background information on a topic - simple form of hypertext - type of information resource that contains overviews of a variety of subjects - also good for looking up facts - excellent sources of basic information on a subject - in alphabetical order and come in book or electronic form - interactive documents - located in libraries - quite similar in terms of their coverage * are reference books - work - sources of histories and background information on various subject disciplines - summaries of knowledge * come in different forms. * contain brief articles on a broad range of topics. * cover different aspects of a subject. * differ in their strengths and usefulness. * feature great works of art. * includes artwork - cartoons - chapters - items - page numbers - paragraphs - sections - word order * offer general overviews and information for both broad and specific subject areas. * often contain biographical material about well-known people of all nationalities - information about well-known people * present an overview of a subject in such a way that a nonspecialist can understand it. * provide a general overview on a topic - an overview of knowledge on important subjects - general informative articles, often with bibliographies - guidance - material on almost any subject normally encountered - overview articles written by experts in their field - the theoretical underpinnings of a discipline * sometimes publish yearbooks which attempt to update the information. ### publication \| book \| encyclopedia: Legal encyclopedia * are multi-volume works that contain discussions of many different topics of law. * have large, detailed, multi-volume indices.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book \| encyclopedia: Medical encyclopedia * tend to contain factual, objective introductory information. + Technical writing: Prose :: Communication * Technical writing communicates visually as well as verbally. A communication should follow an overall logic. Practical encyclopedias usually inform and have how to do it sections. Medical encyclopedias are a good example. Medline Plus a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. A medical encyclopedia provides information to readers about health questions. Subject encyclopedia * are limited to particular subject areas or disciplines. * come in all shapes and sizes. * cover the range of knowledge within a single discipline. Subject encyclopedias * contain articles on topics in specific fields or academic disciplines. * cover specific subject areas and are designed for the educated reader.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book: Excellent book * deal with subjects. * present approaches - general approaches<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Folder * Use folders to store and organize incoming and outgoing items. * are a place where e-mail messages can be stored - simple way to organize SLCs * are collections of files - container objects - containers that help organize models, just like folders on a disk help organize files - covering - just files in the filesystem * are located in briefcases - cabinets - file cabinets - filing cabinets - schools - shelfs - places to store e-mail messages that are related to each other - simply files where messages are kept * are used for filing - storage * can contain documents or other folders, and can represent documents themselves - files, programs or other folders * can contain files, programs, and even other folders * contain files and other folders - pages and other folders * owned by a user are private folders. + Origami, Materials, Tools * Many paperfolders prefer to use a flat surface to fold models on, but others, like the Japanese, fold in the air. Traditional paperfolders believe that only the hands should be used when folding, but many modern folders use other tools when folding. Tweezers and paper clips can be used to make very small folds. Some folders use rulers or other flat tools to make sharper creases in the models. Folio * are books - oversized books , which are stored on the larger shelves nearer to or against the walls * refers to the large size of a book. Glossary * Glossaries are dictionaries or lists of specialized words - guides to diction - reference work - contain definition * Glossaries includes artwork - cartoons - chapters - page numbers - paragraphs - sections - word order Good book * are located in shelfs - work of art * cause a desire to reads. * are focused on a certain topic and cover it as well as possible. Guidebook * Most guidebooks tell where to travel. * are handbooks - lists of information and facts of history and geography * includes artwork - cartoons - sections History book * are full of examples of men who fathered hundreds of children - located in universities * describe the homes, business centers and public buildings they designed and built. * tend to be written about people who are white and important.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Knowledgeable book * tell what people have found out and invented. + Housecleaning, Cleaning tools: Home * They wash cleaning towels. They wash cleaning clothing. They dust the vacuum cleaner and when its paper bag is full they put in a new one. They then put the cleaners and tools back where they are kept. Cleaning tools are used in the best order to clean without wasting time. Knowledgeable books tell what people have found out and invented. Safety glasses and rubber gloves might be needed. People do general cleaning before reading about shabby things like a pen mark or coffee stain. Because people do not always look forward to the exercise of cleaning, tools that make cleaning easier help make them feel more like cleaning. Many people rent machines like carpet cleaners. Bredenberg, Jeff, pp. Manual * contain pictures. * explain usage. * give answers. * have information. * include information - chapters - word order * provide evidence - guidance - references ### publication \| book \| manual: Instruction manual * are manuals. * contain pictures. Nonfiction book * are factual books covering all subject areas, including biographies. * describe real things or real events. * help adults with subjects like reading, writing, and mathematics. Picture book * have pictures on every page. * introduce children to the wonders of the world through sight and sound. * rely on pictures and the text to tell a story. * tend to be longer than they are tall.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication \| book: Prophetic book * Most prophetic books contain a similar mixture of different types of material. * have relatively few female figures, with or without names.<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Reference book * Some reference books are collections of excerpts that are reprinted in one convenient place. * Some reference books are indexes that contain citations to original sources - to other books or journal articles - sources , like an encyclopedia * Use reference books to review material and answer inquiries. * are books. * are located in cabinets - libraries - tables - non-circulating books to be used in the Library - works consulted for specific authoritative information * provide information. Text book * aid in learning, but words are no match for personal experience. * are current United States publications. * are located in classes - schools * have chapters - separate chapters<\|endoftext\|>### publication \| book: Textbook * Many textbooks divide meningeal infections on the basis of the causative organism - use color as a method of highlighting important concepts * Some textbooks describe light being able to bend. * A 'textbook' book used for the study of a subject. People use a textbook to learn facts and methods about a certain subject. Textbooks sometimes have questions to test the knowledge and understanding of the learner. * are located in backpacks - lockers - resources for nursing care related to specific health problems and populations * are written by american university professors * contain information - subjects * define a crystal as an infinite number of atoms precisely lined up. * have explanations - lists * includes artwork - cartoons - items - page numbers - paragraphs - sections - word order * present examples. * provide details - further details * refer to principles. * review rules. * usually present the muscular system as if all the skeletal muscles have been discovered. ### publication \| book \| textbook: Medical textbook * are silent about the disposition of the foreskin in the Anatomical Position. * list many risk factors for heart disease. * state plainly that in the womb, the fetus is sterile and has no bacteria. * tend to teach doctors throughout their careers. Primer * All primers contain some type of acid. * act as signals to tell DNA polymerase where to copy. * are also chemical mixtures subject to variability - short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis * bind at both ends of target sequence. * contain lead styphanate, which is an explosive. * help to provide proper adhesion to the surface. - items - paragraphs * is molecules ### publication \| book \| textbook \| primer: Hornbook * are treatises in the subject matter. * is primer Travel book * Many travel books have charts and information, but there are also books specifically for weather. * Some travel books write that there is always wind and waves on the beach. * Travel Books Find travel books for anywhere on the globe. * are very popular because of their age and rarity. * change very frequently,as does the world. Vocabulary * Vocabularies can inherit from other vocabularies - come in many shapes and sizes - define the business information that flows between enterprises * includes artwork - cartoons - page numbers * is cognition - part of language Workbook * allow for reinforcement of reading skills. - to be used to reinforce learning, for supplementary instruction and for enrichment * still consume more time than actual reading. Electronic publication * Most electronic publications are simply paper products transposed onto electronic media. * are often cheaper to produce than printed ones. * is one of the outstanding developments of the computer age.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### publication: Periodical * are continuous publications such as journals, newspapers, or magazines - documents - generally the largest component of scientific bibliographic databases - journals , magazines , and newspapers - literary works published at regular intervals * are located in bookstores - magazines and journals * are magazines, newspapers, journals, and similar publications - scholarly journals, newspapers, and newsletters * are materials published at regular intervals - that are issued periodically such as magazines, journals or newspapers - more ephemeral than books - newspapers, magazines and journals - publications issued on an ongoing basis * are publications that are issued in frequent regular intervals - issued, well, periodically - published on a regular basis and at least once a year - serieses - titles which are published on a regular and continuing basis - usually the most current sources of research information in printed form * general term for all journals, magazines and newspapers. * play a unique role in the distribution of information and library research. * refers to materials published periodically, i.e. daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly. ### publication \| periodical: Digest * Some digests are separate sets of books. * are all the email messages from a defined period of time, combined into one email message - sometimes easier to manage * are the finding tools for case law - indexes to court cases * are the traditional means of finding cases once the above have been tried * cover successive time periods. * oil in the soil.<\|endoftext\|>Pulp * contains the nerve tissue and blood vessels which supply nutrients to the tooth. * includes sections. * is an intermediate step between trees in the forest and finished paper - cellulose - formed by the inner cells of the dental papilla - ill-smelling when decaying and surrounds an edible nut or seed - located in fruit - mass - part of tooths - plant tissue - processed cellulose, the principal structural material in plant cells - produced by chemical digesting wood chips with caustic soda and reduction in a disk refiner * is the fifth largest consumer of energy in industry - largest commodity export to Europe and the second largest to Asia - material paper is made from - stuff created in the manufacturing stages between wood chips and finished paper - used as a preserve to make a drink like a liqueur * soft fluffy material composed of the separated fibres of a plant material. * very popular Paraguayan soft drink.<\|endoftext\|>### pulp: Bagasse * is probably the secondary largest agripulp - produced during and after the cane harvest for about six months of the year * is sugar cane fiber pulp, left after the juice has been extracted from the sugar cane stalk - fibre waste material reclaimed from the sugar manufacturing process * is the cane fiber that remains after the sugar cane has been rolled - source of fuel mainly for boilers and turbo generator set for co-generation of power - used for co-generation of power and paper manufacturing * waste by-product left over after processing sugar cane. White pulp * coats the blood vessels. * contains mostly lymphocytes. * is the blue stained areas visible within it. Wood pulp * Most wood pulp is bleached using chlorine, which produces dioxins as a by-product. * is another popular fiber in paper manufacture - mixed with water and cooked into something that resembles oatmeal * is the material from which the majority of the world's current papers are made - raw material from which paper is made	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Pulse * also contain carbohydrate , some vitamins and minerals - have potential in extruded snack foods * are a good source of carbohydrate, protein, fibre and calcium, iron, thiamine and riboflavin - great source of nutrients for people - means of evaluating large vessels - principal source of protein in the diet - single wave bump Continuous waves are formed by a series of pulses * are an important source of protein in the Indian diet - in the diets of many people around the world - excellent sources of complex carbohydrates, folic acid, potassium and B vitamins - high protein foods and good natural sources of fiber, B vitamins and minerals - legumes - rich in niacin but devoid of vitamin C and poor in riboflavin - vital signs * contain insoluble and soluble fibre and help guard against constipation. * follow negative pulses * have effects - profound effects * is measured in beats per minute - the unit of measuring conversation through a telephone connection - thought to have a biological as well as musical basis - vegetable food * network inventory management system. * offer evidence. * unit of conversation duration through telephone connection. ### pulse: Electrical pulse * are sensitive to their environment. * control the rate of the heart's contractions. Pulse oximeter * measure the arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. * rely on the differential absorption of light to make their measurement. Pungency * Pungencies are wit. * declines in rich soils and after flowering so pick it in mid-summer. * term given to a feeling of hotness in the mouth when onions are eaten. * varies depending on age. ### punishable offence: Unauthorized use * is illegal, immoral, and can lead to other anti-social behaviours. * punishable offence.<\|endoftext\|>Puppet * Have children make puppets to go along with their favorite stories. * Some puppets have strings that make their arms and legs move. * are a powerful art form to enhance language arts and social studies - traditional toy and and remain popular among Mexican children - artifacts - dolls - figures - fun - like digital actors, with built-in actions and emotions - politicians * help children gain and expand verbal skills as they make up stories. * includes sections. * reflect people's attitudes to their social, political and cultural conditions. * tell Chinese tales The art of puppetry spans cultures. ### puppet: Shadow puppet * are translucent figures colored in with paints - usually two-dimensional * perform Islamic stories. Sock puppet * are controlled by putting a hand through a sock * can have very distant different usernames far from the orginial user and username. * ' are simple type of puppets made with an adult sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Sock puppets are controlled by putting a hand through a sock Pure compound * boil when they reach a temperature called their boiling point. * have a capacity to absorb heat , and in the process warm up. ### pure number: Atomic weight * are quan- tities of great practical and theoretical importance. * is an atom's mass relative to a hydrogen atom - another feature describing atoms and elements - the average mass number of isotopes for one element * pure number.<\|endoftext\|>### purely cosmetic procedures: Breast reduction * are purely cosmetic procedures. * is usually a problem of both skin, fat, and breast tissue. * major operation, usually requiring a brief stay in the hospital. * name for a series of operations that removes part of the woman's breasts. * reconstructive operation designed to make large breasts smaller and lighter. * reduces the size and improves the shape of large breasts. * removes skin and fat from the breast. * reshapes the breasts and decreases breast size.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### puritans: Young feminist * are puritans. * have all kinds of social, economic, racial, ethnic, sexual and religious identities. ### purity: Secondary virginity * begins with a repentant heart and the sacrament of reconciliation. * is purity.<\|endoftext\|>Quake * Most quakes cause waves. * Most quakes generate massive waves - tsunamis - have depth - strike the edges of plates, where they collide and grind against each other * Some quakes create tsunamis. * Some quakes destroy cities - pipes - water pipes * answer Many earthquakes happen in regions where plates meet together. * are video games. * continues the tradition of violent mayhem against the innocent denizens of the underworld. * devastate places. * happen when faults slip. * here occur along internal faults, or weaknesses in the Earth's crust. * is an engine that works off of polygons - one of the most time-destroying computer games ever invented - very dark and large in nature * natural phenomenon * occur on the Earth , and the people encounter Pitfalls there. * release energy. * result in injuries. * sacred thing to be shared between two people. * shareware game. * spectator sport. * strike suddenly, without warning. * trigger avalanches - landslide - small landslide + Quake (video game): Shooter video games :: 1996 video games * Quake is a shareware game. Quake has four episodes, each that has a group of levels. Episodes 1 and 4, 'Dimension of the Doomed' and 'The Elder World' has seven levels and a secret level. Episodes 2 and 3, 'Realm of Black Magic' and 'The Netherworld' has six levels and a secret level. Plus the starting level, which is to choose difficulty and episode, and the final level. And as well, six deathmatch arenas.<\|endoftext\|>Quality assurance * collection of procedures describing requirements and transactions. * is about doing the right things in the right way to get the right results - processes * is an idea who time has come - increasing activity in most chemical businesses - perceived as an integral cost or service * is the application of techniques to measure quality of the service - responsibility of the medical profession * management function consisting of auditing and reporting activities. * plant wide activity involving all departments and individual employees.<\|endoftext\|>Quality control * continuous process as honey samples are carefully tested and checked. * includes every stage of manufacturing including the purchase of raw material. * is an important function of quality management - integral part of the manufacturing process - on-going, integral part of the manufacturing process - important in duplicating library collections - internal control * is the important job of every employee - measurement of a service's conformance with requirements * refers to specific procedures used to achieve prescribed standards of performance. * represents the measurement of compliance to requirements. * superset of testing, although it often used synonymously with testing. * term that arose in industry. * topic on which DefenseLINK designers are actively working.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }

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