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### substance \| mineral: Aluminum oxide * are an ubiquitous part of modern technology. * can withstand temperatures far higher than jet engine exhausts. Apatite * Some apatites display a yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light. * Some apatites have luster - surface luster * are minerals. * feature maxima at Eu-Gd. * vary widely in color from colorless to yellow, green, brown, red and blue.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Associated mineral * are amblygonite, spodumene, beryl and quartz - anatase, titanite and brookite - anthophyllite, almandine, cummingtonite, andalusite and kyanite - azurite, tenorite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite and iron oxides - barite, calcite, orpiment, realgar, lorandite, raguinite, and pyrite - beryl, gadolinite, K-feldspar and chlorite - biotite, actinolite and stilpnomelane - chlorite, epidote, quartz and laumontite - copper, bornite and chalcopyrite - epidote, quartz, chlorite and actinolite - native copper, quartz and calcite * are plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene - quartz, epidote, clinozoisite, biotite and zircon - prochlorite, hornblnde and plagioclase - pyrite, chalcopyrite and large phantom calcite xls - quartz, sillimanite, hematite, and muscovite - talc, chlorite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and galena * produced as by-products include ilmenite, zircon, monazite and xenotime. Barite * Most barite produced is used as a weighting agent in drilling muds. * increase pressure. ### substance \| mineral \| beryl: Aquamarine * Most aquamarines come out of the ground with a greenish tint. * are light blue to dark blue or blue-green. * belong to the beryl family of stones. * bring love and affection and safe passage across any body of water. * is colour. Red beryl * is the rarest member of the beryl family. * rare, deep red variety found in only one place in the world. * variety of beryl a. Biotite * appears in shale, phyllite, and schist derived from shale protoliths. * are micas * is abundant at the north quarter post of SEc. * is ferromagnesian black mica, and muscovite is potassic white mica * mica as well as a ferromagnesian mineral. * type of mica, a family of sheet silicates. Borax * aids in cleaning. * are chemical compounds * contains boron, an important plant micronutrient. * helps deodorize garbage disposers by neutralizing acidic odors - get rid of odors, reduce staining, and make diapers more absorbent * irritate skin. * kill insects. Bornite * is one of the strongest healing stones on the mineral kingdom - opaque, moderately brittle, and orange-pink on freshly broken surfaces * occurs mostly massive , as well as in groups of tiny crystals. * very powerful mineral.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Calcite * Most calcites contain calcium - form major features * Note the rhombohedral cleavage. * Some calcites neutralize water. * also occur as fibric aggregates, as coarse to fine grained aggregates or stalactitic. * are calcium carbonate - pink at the base turning yellow towards termination - spars * begins to dissolve when carbonic acid from rainwater comes in contact with it. * calcium carbonate mineral, polymorphous with aragonite - compound * can be white, colorless, or pale shades of gray, yellow, and blue - coexist with talc only under extremely restricted conditions * exhibits several twinning types adding to the variety of observed forms. * fizzes in HCl - a weak acid solution - dilute hydrochloric acid - readily in hydrochloric acid - strongly when acid is applied * fluoresces orange under UV illumination - orange, willemite fluoresces green under UV illumination * form features * form of calcium carbonate - limestone quarried under sanitary conditions * has a perfect rhombohedral cleavage that is the result of the crystal structure - an important environmental impact - brown limonite surface staining - numerous uses as a neutralizer of acids * has the same chemical composition as aragonite, but has a different crystal structure - composition as aragonite, but a different crystal structure - two cleavage planes * helps form the shells and hard exteriors of oysters, sea stars, and sand dollars. * induces amplification of ones energy field. * is almost fully covalent, halite is ionic, but quartz is almost equally covalent and ionic. * is also a common mineral in hytdrothermal veins - the main component of Chalk, which is processed as drawing chalk * is an adherent mineral that attaches itself to the surface of the heat exchanger - important constituent of calcareous marls and calcareous sandstones - opaque white stone that is often times called alabaster - commonly present in the veins - harder than gypsum, however, because it has a higher number - hexagonal, and aragonite is orthorhombic - indispensable in the construction industry, forming the base of cement - one of the commonest minerals in the crust of the Earth * is one of the most abundant and widespread minerals in Kentucky - common and widespread minerals - such mineral - polymorphic to aragonite - quite a common mineral, yet desirable for collectors - so soft that it can be scratched by a penny - soft enough so it can be easily worked yet dense enough to take a nice polish * is the main ingredient in limestone, and in Portland cement - material that forms stalactites and stalagmites in caves - more stable and more common of the two * is the most abundant carbonate in freshwater environments - mineral locally - common and widely occurring species of the carbonate mineral class - one of the most common minerals on earth * is the primary mineral component in cave formations - in metamorphic marble * is the principal constituent of limestone and marble - mineral in limestone, chalk, and marble * is the principle component of limestone, marble, and seashells - mineral in limestones and marble - truly one of the best collection type minerals - uncommon, but occurs as rare twinned rhombohedrons or as pink cleavage fillings - used as an acid neutralizer in the chemical industry * is very common locally - near saturation in sea water and so is used as shells material by marine organisms - widespread in the mines and prospects of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district * major sedimentary rock forming mineral in marine environments. * makes up two well known rocks limestone and marble. * mineral but since it is secreted by animals to form shells it is inorganic - which bubbles when placed in an acid such as vinegar * naturally occurring birefringent crystal. * occurs at similar or lower concentrations. * often appears as twinned crystals - forms the matrix or substrate for aesthetic specimens * primary component of many marine organisms. * relatively soft mineral that breaks easily. * sometimes forms lily pads or cave rafts on standing pools of water - is associated and inclusions of cacoxenite are common * tends to be preserved under more corrosive conditions in tropical sediments - remain long after all of the aragonite has dissolved away * translucent stone. * very common mineral and the main mineral in limestone	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral \| calcite: Pure calcite * form of calcium carbonate. * is colorless and transparent, sometimes with rhombus- shaped crystals - white and almost colorless Carbonate mineral * are generally rare to frequent in abundance and, at times, are common - soft and are often colorful - the most important non-silicate mineral group for our study * occur in mudrocks with about the same abundance as feldspars. * react by bubbling when a drop of hydrochloric acid is put on their surface.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Chlorite * Some chlorites are explosives. * ' is an ion. It is an oxidizing agent. They can be known as salts of chlorous acid. Some chlorites are explosives. It can be made by dissolving chlorine dioxide in a base. It can also be made by reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide. Sodium chlorite is the most common chlorite. * are chemical compounds - generally green and crystallize in the monoclinic symmetry system - made by reacting chlorous acid with a base - minerals * occur in a wide variety of low and medium grade metamorphic rocks. * takes place of pyroxenes. + Chlorous acid: Acids :: Chlorine compounds * Its chemical formula is HClO2. It contains chlorite ions. It is not stable. It easily disproportionates to hypochlorous acid and chloric acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Chlorites are made by reacting chlorous acid with a base. They are more stable. It can be made by reacting barium chlorite with sulfuric acid. This makes insoluble barium sulfate and chlorous acid. Chrysoberyl * Most chrysoberyl is green or yellow-green, but some is brown. * are minerals. * is mainly green, yellow or brown. * very hard, and durable gemstone. Colloidal mineral * Some colloidal minerals have a long history as medicinals. * are bio-electrical minerals that come from food digested by prehistoric plants - different in many respects from the previously discussed minerals - minerals in an ionized form - molecules of minerals floating in a liquid - simply smaller rocks suspended in water - twice as absorbable as chelated minerals * have special properties since they have very big surface areas. Coltan * contains tantalum - a metal vital to the production of mobiles. * is also the fuel that keeps the Congo's endless civil war burning - made into a component for many digital products such as cell phones - used in high-tech products including cellphones, computer chips and nuclear reactors * mixture of columbite and tantalite, both in demand for various high-tech uses. Common mineral * Some common minerals are feldspar, quartz, calcite, mica, and hornblend - contain calcium - found in such water are calcium, iron and sodium * exhibit a wide range of compositions. * include quartz. Cordierite * appears in the sillimanite zone. * have low coefficients of thermal expansion and excellent resistance to heat shock. * is structurally similar to beryl, and common metamorphic mineral. Dark mineral * are usually biotite and amphibole. * occur as phenocrysts and in the lamprophyre groundmass. Different mineral * expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries. * have different colours - densities, and therefore weigh differently * melt at different temperatures. * turn different colors as they form and react with trace amounts of oxygen. * weather at different rates. Essential mineral * Some essential minerals stimulate excretion. * are a factor in cellular functions in particular, enzyme reactions - obtained from mineral licks * leak out and the fungus dies.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Feldspar * All feldspars contain alumina and silica - have two cleavage directions * act as a flux to melt the silica into a licquid glass. * also contain potassium which major nutrient for plant growth - occur in the silt-sized fraction of most mudstones, but in very small amounts * are aluminum-rich silicate minerals that are very common in rocks like granite - mostly orthoclase and microcline with very little plagioclase - normally light-colored, including pink, white, tan, gray or green - relatively scarce, whereas quartz, muscovite, chert, and rock fragments are abundant - the most abundant minerals in the earth s crust * are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust - of all minerals - commonly observed minerals in soils that are twinned - principal components of igneous rocks - usually colorless in thin section, have low relief and lack pleochroism * are, in general, the most abundant minerals that occur in igneous rocks. * change to clay, metals dissolve in water. * contain silica, alumina , and fluxes. * have particularly interesting effects with light. * range in color from clear white or gray to shades of blue, green, or pink. * show both a grain-shape fabric and biotite, a pervasive foliation. * turn out to be the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. * weather progressively to kaolinite and amphiboles to smectite - to yield a large part of the clay found in soils ### substance \| mineral \| feldspar: Potassium feldspar * are highly dissolved and are altering to kaolinite. * contain considerable potassium. Fluorite * Most fluorites have characteristics - optical characteristics * Some fluorite is colored violet in contact with arsenides - violet at the contacts with nickel arsenides * use goes back thousands of years. Fluorspar * continues to be extracted on a commercial basis. * fluoresces brightly. * is mined nowhere else in the United States. - composed of calcium and fluorine * source of hydrofluoric acid used in many industrial applications.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Garnet * All garnets have almost identical atomic structures - basically the same structure, but different chemical compositions * Most garnet is used as an industrial abrasive, but occasionally gem quality stones are found - garnets are red in color, but they display some variety * Some garnets also exhibit color change and stars. * Some garnets have central turbid areas - no identifiable species and are called just a garnet * actually sweep across all colours except blue. * also come in stunning shades of green, orange and gold. * are a basic for the businesswoman's wardrobe - also an important symbol of fidelity, faithfulness and protection - from brownish, purplish reds, blood-red, oranges and greens and colorless - glassy red , pink or reddish brown - isostructural , meaning that they share the same crystal structure - rare in igneous rocks - shown in magenta, staurolite is blue and plagioclase porphyroblasts are light yellow - silicate minerals which occur in all colors except blue - usually formed by metamorphism, however some have igneous origins * belong to the isometric crystal class, which produces very symmetrical, cube-based crystals. * can occur in every color except for blue. * differ extensively in chemical composition from each other. * endow the wearer the ability to make deep and lasting friendships. * form in the cubic system. * is precious stones * occur worldwide in a variety of rocks, particularly gneisses and schists. * occurs in rounded grains, has very high relief in plane light and is isotropic. * protect travelers, prevent fever, and promote good health. * sharpen self-perception and extend openness to others.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral \| garnet: Hessonite * contains very distinct honey-like inclusions. * is garnet - the variety name for a fine orange, cinnamon brown, or pinkish variety of grossularite * red variety of grossular and is also sometimes used as a gem.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Gypsum * Most gypsum is used in the building and agricultural industries. * Most gypsums have benefits - differences * Much gypsum is used as a retarder for Portland cement and as a bed for polishing plate glass. * Some gypsums have crush strength - mineral components - particle size * allows more efficient use of water by reducing run-off and evaporative losses. * are minerals. * increases salt levels. * is calcium sulfate * loosens the soil allowing penetration of air and water, making the soil friable. * occurs along some of the cleats - as few or common nests and crystals in most pedons * occurs as micro -xls * occurs in many different mineralogical forms depending on the degree of hydration - sedimentary rocks primarily * works best when incorporated into the soil, but it can be broadcast on the surface - worked into the soil, but it can be broadcast on the surface - in the same way as lime, but without raising the pH and making the soil more alkaline ### substance \| mineral \| gypsum: Natural gypsum * Some natural gypsums have components - mineral components * is beneficated by crushing and screening during mill processing to remove impurities. Hardness mineral * affect laundry gradually. * interfere with the cleaning action of soaps and detergents.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Hyacinth * Most hyacinths become weeds. * Some hyacinths have feathers. * are also special because they can be grown without any soil or gravel. * are among the easiest bulbs to flower in pots in the home - famous for their fragrance - only a little bit harder - people - playful, intelligent, and avid chewers - such vigorous growers they sometimes use up one or more nutrients in the pond - the largest of the parrot species and one of the most easily recognized - very intelligent birds and have even been known to use tools - zircons * fly at the first sign of light, then take siesta naps in the heat of the day. * have a wingspan reaching nearly four feet. * look quite handsome when planted singly, or in groups. * make their nests by enlarging holes they find in trees. * often destroy the first clutch. * require a diet higher in fat than most parrots. Important mineral * Some important minerals are carbonates, notably calcite. * are iron ore, copper, manganese, chromite, china clay, limestone and magnesite. * found in the state are copper ore, manganese, mica, coal and limestone. Inorganic mineral * Most inorganic minerals dissolve in water. * can be toxic. * come from rocks. Iron pyrite * are pyrites. * is the most common sulfide found in coal mines. - containing both iron and sulphur alongwith some micronutrients - found in coal and the exposure happens when the coal seam is extracted Major mineral * All major minerals are straight under central goverment. * are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, chloride, and sodium - potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine magnesium Malachite * are minerals. * begins with a dry base coat of light, minty green. * occurs in huge sizes and has been widely used for ornamental and architectural items - with zinc and lead minerals in the SW sec * releases congestion in the solar plexus, and aids creativity.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Metallic mineral * are hydrophobic, which means they resist interaction with water - very important to most Saharan countries * shine like metal, while non-metallic minerals vary greatly in their appearance. + Sahara, Environment: Deserts * Metallic minerals are very important to most Saharan countries. Algeria and Mauritania have several major deposits of iron ore. There are also bits of uranium, while Niger has the largest parts of them. A lot of phosphates are in Morocco and Western Sahara. Oil is mainly found in Algeria. The oil is very important to the economy of the entire country. Muscovite * Most Muscovites drink the water after boiling it. * are micas Natural mineral * Many natural minerals are silicates. * are the basis of most of the colours used today. Ochre * are colour. * is clay and silica colored with various kinds of iron oxides - pigment ### substance \| mineral \| ochre: Red ochre * is known to have been used in many places around the world for a variety of reasons. * kind of clay. Olivine * are minerals. * exhibit planar fractures and mosaicism. * frees the mind from sadness and evil passions. * is colorless and has high relief in plane light - less reactive * occurs apparently as secondary grains - predominantly in the darker materials in the southern hemisphere<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral \| olivine \| chrysolite: Peridot * also calms nervousness and banishes negative emotions. * facilitator of the birthing process, stimulating contractions. * gem that's been connected to superstition. * is also a very protective stone and can guard against psychic attacks - believed to open up mental and emotional blocks and stimulate honest communication - found in Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Myanmar, Norway, and the United States - one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color * is the gem form of the mineral olivine - name for a yellow-green mineral that occurs in volcanic rock - quality transparent variety of the mineral called olivine - stone assigned to the sun - substitute for green emerald - used to attract love as well as to calm raging anger - yellow green, olive green, or grennish brown in color * is, therefore, a gem of volcanic origin. * is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color. The darkness of the green depends on how much iron there is. The color varies from yellow-green to olive to brownish green. Olivine very common mineral, but gem-quality peridot is rather rare. Peridot is the birthstone for the month of August. * very bright medium yellowish-green to green, clean to the naked eye.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Opal * absorb and return the negativity of the wearer. * also have characteristic colors due to impurities within the stone. * are also fragile and can break with the slightest bump - quite soft and, if worn daily, are better protected in pendants and earrings - minerals - one of the few mineral gems considered to have no crystal structure, they are amorphous - precious stones - soft and like many other stones can become scratched and dull-looking over time - usually very fragile * are very powerful in ritual magic - soft stones * come in all colors. * contain water, which eventually evaporates, damaging the opal. * vary in optical density from opaque to semitransparent - widely in body color, with white the most common ### substance \| mineral \| opal: Black opal * All black opals come exclusively from Australia. * are a valuable type of precious opals with a dark ground color * is an opal - generally more sought after and more valuable than light opal	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Ore * Most ore contains irons * Some ore consists of hematites. * Some ore contains kaolinites - mineral kaolinites - tungsten - unadulterated metals - ores are simple chemical compounds, while others are chemically complex minerals * also contain earthy materials such as sand and clay. * are chemical compounds of metal atoms coupled with other materials - rocks with enough of a useful mineral to mined * commonly contain inclusions of anorthosite indicating they are younger. * occur in the lower ultramafic to mafic portion of greenstone belts.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral \| ore: Concentrate * Most concentrate toxins cause poison - shellfish poison - concentrates contain more than one mineralogical species * are foodstuff - mixture - prototypes - undiluted essential oils - usually low in energy, low in fiber, and highly digestible * come from ores that have been mined. * contain moderate to high concentrations of phosphorus. * have high digestible energy content per unit of weight or volume. * heat at the floor, where it warms people and objects. * is ore - unharmed by freezing ### substance \| mineral \| ore \| concentrate: Cranberry concentrate * has no known side effects and is safe to use during pregnancy and lactation. * provides the same natural acidity found in cranberry juice.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral \| ore: Hematite * Some hematite is dense, hard, and crystallized in long fibers - steel gray to black and can be very sparkly * Some hematites have charge density * are iron ore * continues to be one of the most important pigment minerals. * increases upwards in the residual weathering profile. * is iron ore * occurs as dusty inclusions in the quartz, but as micro-laminae in jasper layers - at a number of places throughout the county in scattered outcrops of iron formation - in platy, compact, granular, or earthy masses * reduces stress and strengthens love. * wards off bad moods and depressed feelings.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral \| ore: Iron ore * Most iron ore contains irons. * Some iron ore includes hematites - ores are also present, evidently due to the breaking up of the ferro-magnesian silicates * are of a low grade, and the uranium ore is found only in small quantities. * contains iron combined with oxygen * is abundant in Africa - abundant, and consists principally of pure red hematites of great value - also important and accounts for a large proportion of commodities exported - basically iron oxide - concentrated by using magnets to remove the ore from the accompanying minerals - dug out of the ground to be sold at throwaway prices - extracted from the ground - found in large quantities - heated in a blast furnace with coke and limestone * is mined and shipped to steel mills where it is processed into molten iron - in the southern area of the country - nothing more than rock that happens to contain a high concentration of iron - probably the most important mineral civilized man has ever dug from the earth - produced in large quantities in northern Sweden, eastern France, and Ukraine - railed, stockpiled and loaded onto huge ships for export all around the world * is the basic mineral resource for making steel - source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries - used to make reinforcing rods, steel beams, nails, and wire * widely extracted resource and causes two forms of wastes. + Blast furnace: Minerals :: Chemistry * The process of making iron is simple. Iron ore is basically iron oxide. Iron is made by removing the oxygen. This leaves crude iron called 'pig iron'. Carbon is used in the reduction process. Carbon can easily take the oxygen off the ore in very hot temperatures. Lead ore * are concentrations of the lead that is normally dispersed in the crust of the Earth. * is ore	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral \| ore: Magnetite * Some magnetite replaces feldspars along fractures. * also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization - occurs as lamellar aggregates in calcite and in breccias from the Buckwheat Open Cut * can have crystals. * common mineral. * defines a vertebrate magnetoreceptor. * fills small channel cut in gabbroic cumulates. * gives a black streak. * is abundant along vein walls as is pyrite and some jade - also of economic importance * is an important iron ore, along with hematite - ore of iron - source of iron ore and occurs in many igneous rocks - iron ore with structures that can carry a magnetic charge * is an iron oxide, similar to iron rust - something like iron rust - common in basalt and gabbro the main rocks formed along the mid-ocean ridge - excellent source of paramagnetic energy for organic gardening - found both in sedimentary and igneous rocks - made by some magnetotactic bacteria on Earth - naturally magnetic * is one of the magnetic minerals and pyrrhotite is the other - most common meteorwrongs - produced both biologically and inorganically on Earth - submetallic black with cubic crystal form and octahedral cleavage * is the catalyst for the industrial synthesis of ammonia - most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth - raw material used for the production of iron and steel - very easy to identify * major accessory mineral in veins - ore mineral of iron, and as mineral specimens * mineral and one of the main iron ores. * mineral that has a very high iron content - natural magnet * occurs as euhedral crystals - inclusions in pyroxene grains - microlites, and microphenocryst magnetite is exceptional and destabilized - locally, with partial to total alteration to hematite * preserves no strong crystallographic preferred orientation in any of the samples. * progressively disappears in favor of pyrrhotite with increasing temperature. * severe problem in new , hot water systems. * very common and widely distributed accessory mineral in rocks of all kinds. * well known ferrimagnetic material. Metal ore * Most metal ores require processing to produce one or more suitably pure products. * found in the earth, like gold and silver, are minerals. Siderite * is iron ore * occurs as oxidized masses and drusy xls. Sludge * Most sludge is landfilled or applied to land. * are caked-on grease and oily dirt that build up on the bottom of the separator. * consists of water and the solid matter removed from sewage during the treatment process. * contains oil, grease, sand, and much, much more. * is ore - precipitate - substances * pumps During the solids digestion process, methane gas is produced by microbial action. ### substance \| mineral \| ore \| sludge: Secondary sludge * are the extra microorganisms from the biological treatment processes. * is more liquid than primary sludge.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral \| ore \| sludge: Sewage sludge * All sewage sludges contain the heavy metals copper, zinc, nickel, and lead. * contains heavy metals, particularly cadmium. * has nice nutrients - valuable agronomic properties in agriculture * is an end product of the wastewater treatment process - organic slow release fertilizer - good for composting because it provides water, organic matter, and microorganisms - in fact an amalgamation of all the wastes of our society - produced in the huge quantities day after day, year after year - rich in nutrients and organic matter - solid, semi-solid, or liquid waste from a municipal wastewater treatment plant * is the biological residual produced during the treatment of sewage wastewater - residue left after treatment at a sewage works * means sludge from a facility treating wastewater from a sanitary sewer system. * provides a major pathway by which drugs enter the environment. * recycled product of municipal sewage treatment plants.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral \| ore: Sulfide ore * are more important commercially. * is crushed and the sulfides are separated by flotation. Uranium ore * is extracted by drilling and blasting the rock face - fortunately a limited resource and it belongs in the ground * occurs in narrow high grade veins which are concentrated in discrete zones. Organic mineral * are a source of potassium. * regulate the elimination and blood-building functions of the body. Orpiment * is derived from the latin auripigmentum , or golden pigment. * yellow mineral occurring in conjunction with an ore of arsenic. Other mineral * dissolve in water. * have physical properties * improve quality. * include zinc. Phlogopite * are micas - minerals * is iron poor and biotite is iron rich. * occurs only in one equigranular lherzolite and in a second composite xenolith. Principal mineral * are hard coal and brown coal - petroleum, natural gas, coal, iodine, helium, gypsum, clay, sand and gravel * produced in order of value are coal, crushed stone, natural gas, and petroleum. Pure mineral * Many pure minerals are colorless. * are rare - most rocks are a combination of many minerals.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Pyrite * Most pyrites contain irons. * Some pyrite contains small amounts of gold and is mined for that reason - pyrites contain siderites * are minerals - sulfides * comes in many different shapes, from sun discs to cubes. * enhances the protective and assertive male energies in both men and women. * gives a greenish or brownish-black streak - pale brassy color with a metallic luster * helps with digestion and helps to promote creativity and an open mind. * increases oxygen supply to the blood and strengthens the respiratory and circulatory systems. * is by far the most common sulphide mineral. * is harder, less dense, and more brittle than gold * occurs in three distinct styles - mostly in hydrothermal veins Radioactive mineral * Some radioactive minerals show no fluorescence. * exist in all areas of New Hampshire. Red clay * are typical of warm and usually tropical climates. * is clay - composed of crushed brick that is spread on top of a natural base - used by private and public agencies as a road base Rhodonite * is for projecting elegance. * karma stone that can help bring balance and strength into our lives. * very calming stone, and helps to promote balance. Rock salt * forces the ice surrounding the can of ice cream mix to melt. * is common salt - inedible and primarily used to make ice cream - located in stores - mainly sodium chloride * is mined from natural deposits of salt - underground deposits by drilling and blasting * transmits radiant heat from both cool and very hot bodies. Secondary mineral * Some secondary minerals consist of ore. * form roughly concentric zones around pyrite-rich areas at the surface. * serve as the basic building blocks of the small particles with the soil. Several mineral * lose their original color when exposed to light for extended periods. * react when placed within a magnetic field. * share the same cell for absorption. Silicate mineral * All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental building block. * Many silicate minerals are of economic importance. * Most silicate minerals contain a large number of silicate anions. * are the most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust - common family of minerals on earth * weather in the same sequence as they crystallize.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Spinel * are a cool class of magnetic materials - very important for geothermometry and rock magnetism * crystal of magnesium aluminum oxide. * is ranked just below corundum in hardness while magnetite and hematite are much softer. * man-made mineral formed by the reaction of the oxides of the aluminum and magnesium. * occurs in all colors, often in subdued hues or with a slightly grayish overcast - irregular grains that appear to fit in among the olivines * ranges in color from red to black to yellow, frequently resembling rubies. * twinning is possible forming flattened crystals. * very hard semi-precious stone composed of octahedral crystals. ### substance \| mineral \| spinel: Black spinel * is the premier black gemstone. * lacks the metallic lustre of hematite , another popular black gemstone. Spodumene * are minerals. * common mineral, but transparent gem forms occur in only a few select localities. * is found only in granite pegmatites - quite different from petalite Sulfide mineral * are an important sink for arsenic in some sulfidic water - both a source and sink for arsenic * have a restricted composition range and solid solution is rare. * tend to be metallic and deeply colored. ### substance \| mineral \| talcum: Soapstone * Some soapstone contains silica, which can cause silicosis when inhaled. * is talcum<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Tourmaline * Many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions. * Some tourmaline is used as gemstones. - precious stones * can be colorless to just about any color, hue, or tone known to man. * come in a rainbow of colors and every variety has specific healing applications. * comes in every color and is known for their hardness and durability - many colors - but primarily in pink and green * common accessory mineral at several copper mineralized breccia deposits. * crystalline mineral that occurs commonly in black. * exhibits the interesting electrical properties of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. * hard and durable gemstone which can withstand years of wear. * has permanent warnings posted due to high bacteria levels found in the water. * is also extremely dichroic, more so than any other stone or crystal - an accessory mineral of volcanic and sedimentary rocks - another versatile gemstone that occurs in a range of colors - common in the many small complex pegmatites exposed in sec - faceted, dome-shaped, carved or made into beads - one of the most chemically complex gem materials - pyroelectric and piezoelectric - the national gemstone of the United States * occurs as a widespread accessory mineral in chloritic gneiss exposed in sec. * occurs in every color of the rainbow and in combinations of two or three colors - many shades of pink, red, green, blue, yellow and brown - pink, red, blue, green, brown, and many colors in-between * shamanic stone, providing protection during ritual work. * shows colour zoning from lavender blue to yellow-brown.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral: Trace mineral * All trace minerals can be harmful in large amounts. * Many trace minerals act as coenzymes, the so-called catalysts in chemical reactions. * Most trace minerals enhance ability. * Some trace minerals can be very toxic in excess - help insulin - lead to diseases * act a bio-catalysts that enable other nutrients to work properly. * act as catalysts in enzyme production - to the body's enzymatic functions * are a catalyst to help break major minerals down into a form that can be utilized - an essential part of hormone structure, helping regulate hormonal activities - crucial to proper endocrine function - essential in countless metabolic functions - every bit as important in nutrition as vitamins - highly important to our well-being - important as well, like selenium and copper - necessary for proper repair and function of the body and nervous system - very vital elements of the human body * assist in almost every aspect of growth within a plants life cycle - with proper skeletal development * can affect a calf's immune response - literally mean the difference between buoyant good health and serious disease * occur in the body in minute amounts and are needed in smaller amounts in the diet. * play a part in many biochemical reactions in the human body. Various mineral * Most various minerals dissolve in water - have properties * contain magnesium compounds.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mineral: Zeolite * Many zeolites have the ability to catalyze chemical reactions. * Some zeolites have one or more RUMs for each wave vector. * also have other hidden powers. * are a well defined class of crystalline aluminosilicate mineral - actually natural products - also widely used as catalysts and sorbents - alumino silicates used widely in the petrochemical industry as catalysts - among the most powerful and versatile catalysts known - an example - available as powders or as formed products such as extrudates - crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates, of the alkali and alkaline earth metals - extremely useful economically - important catalysts in a number of industries, including the oil industry * are microporous crystalline oxides with a high surface to volume ratio - materials that find use in catalysis and adsorption - mineral-like substances composed mostly of aluminium, silicon and oxygen - minerals popular with collectors and important industrially - model microporous materials that approximate the hydrophobic mineral spaces in soils - natural volcanic minerals with an unique, complex crystalline structure - non-toxic aluminosilicates and pose no disposal problems - particularly good at imprisoning other molecules, such as benzene - polar in nature - porous silicate and aluminum atoms - rigid crystals with a honeycomb-like network of interconnected tunnels and cages - small crystals that play a big role in the chemical process industry - water softeners * can also be acid catalysts and can be used as supports for active metals or reagents. * commonly occur in cavities in basic igneous rocks, especially vesicular basalt. * display high capability to achieve selective reactions. * give abyssal red clay deposits their color, particularly in the Pacific. * have basically three different structural variations - several industrial applications, especially in waste water treatment * help to slow movement of radionuclides from the repository to the human environment. * interact strongly with both hard acids and bases. * make an excellent and safe storage medium for hydrogen. * occur naturally but are also produced industrially on a large scale. * provide an excellent host for nanostructure formation. * purify sludge effluents to potable standards. * thus remove the calcium from solution.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mineral \| zeolite: Natural zeolite * are volcanic minerals with unique characteristics. * can absorb oil spills - increase the rate of phytoremediation for certain metals, and isotopes * have a unique interconnecting lattice structure. * is mined from the earth. Synthetic zeolite * are the most important catalysts in petrochemical refineries - used as an additive in the production process of warm mix asphalt concrete * exhibit unique adsorption, ion-exchange and catalytic properties. * have various applications in industry. * hold some key advantages over their natural analogues.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Mixture * Most mixture breaks down compounds. * Some mixture is produced by fungi. * Some mixtures can produce harmful gases - combine arsenic removal with disinfection - consisting at least of two different isomer ions have negative formation energies * are combinations of substances that retain their individual identities - composed of variable proportions of molecules and atoms - groups of molecules that can be separated by physical means - heterogeneous forms of matter - made of two or more substances mixed together - physical combinations of at least two pure substances - physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components - two or more substances combined which keep most of their own properties * boil when they reach a temperature called their bubble point. * can be combinations of elements or compounds - occur in each of the states of matter * consists of different substances * contains carbon particles - considerable organic matter - water * dissolves in water. * has desirable properties - phases * ignite easily on heating, shock, or on contact with sulfuric acid. * lasts for years. * occur more commonly in nature than do pure substances. * requires water. * retains own properties * take the form of alloys , solutions, suspensions, and colloids.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture: Alloy * Many alloys contain zinc, including brass, an alloy of zinc and copper - harden with age and usually surpass the strength of steels * Most alloy contains chromium - irons - has corrosion resistance - is made of metal * Some alloy consists of copper - is made of copper * Some alloys are easier to anodize and dye than others - have superconductive abilities and others are used to make nuclear fuel pellets * are a very important kind of mixture in modern life - defined by a metallic bonding character - for improving crystal life when using higher stress coatings such as magnesium fluoride - heat treatable and most are weldable - made when two or more metals are mixed together * are metals composed of more than one metallic element - that consist of more than one element - with impurities - mixed metals that offer a wide array of specific material properties - mixtures, where at least one part of the mixture metal - prepared by mixing of metals on their molten state - the metals mixed with gold - used in a wide variety of applications - usually synthetic materials, developed by scientists for special purposes * can also contain small amounts of non-metallic elements. * contain atoms of different sizes, which distorts the regular arrangements of atoms. * containing aluminum or magnesium are structurally strong and lightweight - rhenium also have many other applications * electrodes with high hydrogen overvoltage for analytical use in voltammetry. * improve creep and fatigue properties, but reduce corrosion resistance. * is bicycle business shorthand for aluminium alloy - solid objects * mixture of metals in certain composition. * often have properties that are different to the metals they contain. * show quite different properties compare to their constituent metals. + Impurity, Useful impurity: Chemistry * Impure materials are useful sometimes. Alloys are metals with impurities. + Metal * Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not have to be the case. Mercury is liquid. Alloys are mixtures, where at least one part of the mixture is a metal. Examples of metals are aluminium, copper, iron, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc. Well-known alloys include bronze and steel. ### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Aluminum alloy * Some aluminum alloys exhibit hot short tendencies and are crack sensitive. * are generally difficult to weld on earth, requiring special procedures. * are the current metal of choice for interconnects - second largest group of alloys produced * is the primary material for the exterior skin on modern aircraft.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Brass * Most brass does conduct heat. * Most brass has conductivity - metallic luster * Some brass does conduct electricity. * are perhaps the least susceptible copper alloys to sulfide pitting - very thin pieces of brass and coppers are half that thickness * contains zinc and possibly small amounts of lead. * expands and contracts more than iron for the same changes in temperature. * frequently contain lead in order to improve machinability. - pitch * is albums - bronze - conductors - decoration - families * is located in metal objects - orchestras - memorials - plates - sections - wind instruments * tends to throw back the reflection of light making it harder to read. ### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| brass: Alpha brass * inhibited against dezincification can however suffer pitting under some circumstances. * is brass Baritone horn * Most baritone horns have the bell curved forward to help project the sound. * is brass Bugle * are beads - brass instruments - herbs * are located in boxs - brass bands - military bands - music stores - troops - musical instruments - used for music * is brass	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| brass: Clarion * are brass - companies - located in japans * simple tool for practicing the recognition of musical intervals. * software development tool. Flugelhorn * have a short, wide mouthpiece, valves and a flared bell. * is brass<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Bronze * are alloys of copper, tin and lead - an extremely minor form of rank - harder than brasses * combination of copper and tin. * crucial part of Chinese art history. * different metal than brass, which is mostly copper and zinc. * disintegrates very slowly in sea water. * has a distinctive beauty as a precious metal - much better tone than iron * is also an alloy of copper with or without tin, antimony, phosphorus, or other metals - an alloy made of copper which also contains tin and lead * is an alloy of copper and tin and brass on of copper and zinc - tin, while steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other additives - copper, tin, and a small amount of lead * is an alloy of tin and copper, and brass is an alloy of zinc and copper - alloy, or mixture of metals - extremely durable alloy, capable of withstanding the elements * is brittle and breaks easily - because it's an alloy - bronze - capable of holding shape and details without being broken - composed of two other metals, tin and copper, both of which are too soft to stop an arrow - copper, tin, and zinc - generally nonmagnetic, but if iron and nickel are added, it shows magnetic properties - hard , strong and corrosion resistant - harder and stronger than unalloyed copper - highly durable and can withstand even the most extreme weather conditions * is made by mixing three parts copper to one part tin - from copper and tin - mostly copper combined with another element - much harder and stronger than pure copper - primarily copper with other residual metals - rich of lead, antifriction, without gasket, anticorrosion, ductile, easy to turn - sculpture - stronger than copper or tin alone * is the most used metal among others - only medium strong enough to give the effect of lightness and flying - sculptural medium with the fewest limitations * is used for coins, medals, steam fittings, and gunmetal and was formerly employed for cannon - to add strength where necessary - very durable, although much more expensive than aluminum - work of art * lasts longer than copper. * medium by artists used to create masterpieces of sculpture and design. * mixture of copper and tin. * much better replacement for copper in tools, eating utensils, and weapons. * replaces wax to express durability. * similar alloy consisting primarily of copper and tin. * symbol for judgment and the serpent symbol of the curse - of judgement * tends to be a somewhat sensitive glaze - slightly more red in colour depending in the copper content + Alloy, Theory * The first alloy to be discovered was Bronze. Bronze is made from copper and tin. Then, bronze was being used for making tools and weapons. This period was known as Bronze Age. But, in time better alloys were discovered which replaced bronze for making tools and weapons. Nowadays, bronze is used for making ornaments, statues, and bells. Brass is another alloy made from copper and zinc. + Bronze, History: Alloys * Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. ### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| bronze: Celestial bronze * is designed to wound immortals and monsters without injuring mortals. + Annabeth Chase, Weapons/Magical Items: Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters * A celestial bronze knife, given to her by Luke when she was only 7, that she uses as a weapon. Celestial bronze is designed to wound immortals and monsters without injuring mortals. It is the metal favored by many demigods for their weapons.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Copper alloy * All copper alloys resist corrosion by fresh water and steam. * Most copper alloys are brasses and bronzes. Iron alloy * Most iron alloy contains chromium - alloys are contain a certain amount of carbon, and are classified as steels * provide great strength and durability, but are also subject to corrosion. Magnesium alloy * Most magnesium alloys contain aluminum and zinc. * are among the most promising materials in various high-tech applications - far lighter and can hold much more hydrogen * are the easiest of the structural metals to machine - most common materials utilized * possess good casting characteristics. Metal alloy * Many metal alloys have limited possibilities of composition. * are homogeneous elemental mixtures that can be thought of as solid solutions - minerals that are composed of combinations of different metals in one mineral - mixtures of various elements * come in aluminum, bronze, alloy steel, brass, cast iron and chromium.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Pewter * Some pewters contain lead. * are alloy * can be a variety of alloys. * is an alloy of lead and tin - metals which is shaped into a vast variety of shapes - tin which precious metal after platinum, gold and silver - that is made almost entirely from tin - easier to work with than many other metals - heated in a white metal furnace - made by melting tin in a cast iron pot and adding antimony, copper and sometimes bismuth - malleable and ductile, and is easily spun or formed into intricate designs and shapes * material made of tin and recognized as an work of art. * mixture of tin and lead, and looks like silver when it is polished. * relatively soft metal, and can be filed with a nail file. * silver -grey metal, an alloy of tin, copper and antimony. * soft alloy that is worked by casting, hammering, or turning - material, and thus very malleable into many shapes and designs * tin-base white metal containing antimony and lead.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Steel * All steel conducts electricity. * All steel is USA manufactured steel - constructed out of formed steel - produced in the United States today is made using recycled material * Can Recycling explains why and how steel cans are recycled. * More steel is recycled than paper, aluminum, glass and plastic combined - plastic, glass, and aluminum materials combined - sold today than all other metals combined * Most steel contains irons - recycle steel - does conduct electricity * Most steel has conductivity - physical characteristics - strength - thermal conductivity - ultimate strength - is consumed in the automobile and construction industries - steels have much more carbon * Some steel conducts electricity. * Some steel has heat capacity - conductivity values - properties - thickness - requires heat - steels are easily bent while others are so brittle they shatter * alloyed with chromium is harder and less brittle than iron and highly rust-resistant. * also holds an edge when it comes to recyclability - rusts to varying degrees except in cases where alloys are used * becomes more brittle in low temperatures. * belted tires are steel fibers in a rubber matrix. * can be extremely strong - flame sprayed with zinc or even aluminium - very hard, but at the same time brittle - make swords or plowshares - penetrate heat and heat can penetrate steel because they are of different density - resist greater hurricane and earthquake forces - rightfully boast that it is one of the most recycled of all industrial materials * case in point. * come in several forms. * comes in a variety of widths, thickness and configurations - any length shape, size and thickness * consist mainly of iron. * consists of irons. * containing vanadium is stronger, tougher, and more rust-resistant than steel without vanadium. * contains elements - less carbon than cast iron * cost effective and very tough hull material. * cyclical industrial commodity. * does have strength under tension, but is still stronger under compression - the best starting point in terms of sustainability of all materials * expands or contracts as the temperature changes - if there's a temperature shift - when heated * framed construction is for the most part, faster construction, than wood, stick buildings. * general term used for alloys of iron and other elements. * hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon. * has a long history - low cost , but rusts - much higher resistance than gold or aluminum - number of advantages over wood - relatively high resistance - very discouraging tendency built into the process of selective hardening - an environmental advantage over wood, since steel recycled material - definite advantage - high elasticity - one of the highest weight to strength ratios of all construction materials - patina and sealed with urethane to retard rusting - the same strength in tension as it has in compression, unlike concrete * homogeneous material that stays uniform throughout the shaft * is also a green framing material in sustainable home development, as is steel roofing - the material of choice for commercial or industrial truss construction * is an alloy of carbon and iron - with other metals * is an alloy of iron and carbon, with some special steels containing other elements - iron, chromium and nickel with carbon - important indicator of industrial production because most manufacturers use steel - increasing cost industry - as strong as titanium, but titanium is twice as strong as aluminum - basically an alloy of iron and carbon - building materials - capable of rust - certainly stronger than aluminum, but at the cost of added weight - cheap , strong and easily shaped - chosen for ruggedness and economy in building - currently the most recycled material in commerce - different from wrought iron, that has little or no carbon - digested with nitric acid in teflon beakers - durable and the most recycled material on earth - extremely susceptible to attack by chloride ions - forged in fire * is formed into various shapes for utilization in light and heavy duty trucks and automobiles - under, which eliminates twisting and deflection - harder and stronger than iron - heavy, aluminum light - insusceptible to termites * is iron with a higher carbon content and is much stronger - extra carbon in it - more carbon in it than regular iron - less brittle and stronger than iron - lighter than lead * is lightweight, cost effective, easy to use, recycled and recyclable - requiring less structural support than tile * is located in automobiles - beams - bridges - factories - forges - hospitals - mills - steel mills - tall buildings - made by mixing iron ore with limestone or dolostone * is made from heating iron ore, magnesium, and oxygen - iron and iron is found in many interesting minerals * is made from iron ore which is magnetic - is, of course, a stone * is made of iron and carbon - mainly iron, but has other metals in as well - marketed in a wide variety of sizes and shapes * is more common in irons and wedges - dense than wood, so a cubic inch of steel is heavier than a cubic inch of wood - dent-resistant than aluminum, but it can rust - durable than iron - most dependent on auto to survive * is mostly iron with a percent or so of carbon - iron, so steel is magnetic too * is much better material for transferring mechanical force than is plastic - stiffer than water, which is in turn much stiffer than air - stronger than cast iron, and give no risk of breaking like cast iron does - non-combustible - noncombustible, performs well in high wind and seismic areas, and resists corrosion * is one of the strongest materials available when in tension - known to man - on the planet - produced from iron with some carbon thrown in - sharpeners - sold to scrap metal dealers and steel mills to make a variety of new steel products - still the most commonly used metal in bike frame construction * is strong in tension, concrete is strong in compression - when it is stretched, or in tension - strong, light, long-lasting and completely recyclable * is stronger than any other material in compression - wood, weighs less and provides more clearance - stronger, lighter, and more stable than other building materials - the backbone of automobile construction * is the backbone of bridges, skyscrapers, railroads, automobiles, and appliances - the skeleton of skyscrapers, the framework for automobiles - bedrock of our manufacturing economy and essential to our national defense - engine that drives automotive recycling - environmental leader among automotive materials - essential raw material in our products - material with the worst potential for light weight construction * is the most common form of iron - material used in dry chlorine service - commonly galvanized metal * is the most recycled material in America - the world * is the most recycled material on earth - the planet, more than glass, aluminum and paper combined - rugged, highest impact-resistant substance * is the most useful metal known - of metals - predominate metal used for the cords - preferred packaging material for drums and pails - super-hard result of a hellish fusion of iron with carbon * is the world's largest industry with no central marketplace - most versatile material to recycle - trickier to work with than lead - unaffected by changes in the weather * is used in buildings - parts of Europe and Japan * is used to make both cars and refrigerators - paper clips, skyscrapers and everything in between - rails for railway lines - slotted floors for small animals such as young pigs, calves, and sheep - making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines - when strength and structural integrity are the primary focus of a piece - vital to our everyday life * makes good use of fuels that are byproducts from the coke-making and ironmaking processes. * manufactured product and therefore has many benefits over wood. * measuring tapes vary in length slightly depending on the temperature. * metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon - made by combining iron, other metals, and carbon - used to build buildings, railroads, and bridges * mixture of elements but mostly iron, so it is also magnetic * mixture, or alloy, of iron and carbon, combined during the smelting process. * much more modern material than wrought or cast iron. * normal, hard, polished substance. * offers lateral stability * plays an important long-lasting role in roofing as well. * purified alloy of iron with carbon which is manufactured in the liquid state. * range in size from eight to fourteen inches. * reacts very poorly to most chemicals, with theexception of black patina. * recycled and recyclable product. * rigid material while rubber deforms easily and more flexible material - with a high elasticity * rusts very slowly when it is kept wet. * solution of metals. * super material for sculpture. * surprisingly common material. * takes the pressure off of renewable resources and saves valuable landfill space. * tends to pattern more tightly than lead. * used in commercial products such as automobiles is galvanized to reduce corrosion. * variety of iron that has been changed by adding amounts of carbon and other elements. * versatile, constantly developing material that underpins all manufacturing activity. * very strong and versatile metal. + Alloy, Some Common Alloys + Iron, Uses, As a metal * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools. + Metallurgy, Metal parts: Technology * Another part of metallurgy is making parts from metals. These parts must be made so they will not break when they are used. Metallurgists work to make the metal good when they are used. Sometimes the metal must be strong. The metallurgist must follow directions when making the part to know what metal to use. Steel has a low cost, but rusts. Choosing a good metal is sometimes hard. * Steel is harder and stronger than iron. Alloys with more carbon than this are known as cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, that has little or no carbon. There are some newer steels in which carbon is replaced with other alloying materials. + Steel mill: Industries * A 'Steel mill' or 'steelworks' is an industrial plant where steel is manufactured. Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron. This is done in a blast furnace, and the result is pig iron. The part that is not used for pig iron is carried on as 'molten iron'. Impurities are removed, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Steel mills then turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling. + Steel, Iron and steel chemistry - Making steel: Construction :: Alloys * Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 1,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time. * Today steel is made in huge buildings called 'steel mills', and is most often made by machines. It is a very cheap metal today and is used to make many things. Steel is used to making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called 'scrap'. The scrap can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object + Wrought iron * Wrought iron' is a type of iron. It has a very little carbon in it. Most steels have much more carbon. It also has some slag in it. This gives it a fibrous look similar to how wood looks. It is tough, malleable, ductile, and can be welded easily. It was most common in the old days when cast iron was the only other type of iron. Now mild steel is used instead.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| steel: Alloy steel * are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel , chromium , vanadium , etc - such as nickel and chromium - generally more responsive to heat and mechanical treatments than carbon steels * contain iron, the nonmetal carbon and at least one other metal. * has superior tensile strength over carbon steel. * have a specified composition, containing certain percentages of other elements. ### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| steel \| alloy steel: Manganese steel * is alloy steel. * is extremely hard and is used for railroad switches and dredging equipment - for railway points and dredging equipment - tough and is used in rock crushers Tungsten steel * are tough, hard, and very resistant to wear. * is alloy steel Austenitic steel * Some austenitic steels tend to become slightly magnetic after cold working. * are the most widely used category of steel. * have excellent ductility at ambient and at low temperatures. * is steel.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| steel: Carbon steel * Most carbon steel has conductivity. * has a tendency to darken with use * holds a sharper edge than all except the most finely tempered stainless steel. * is by far the best material by weight to compression load ratios - harder but more brittle * offers lateral stability * requires more care as it rusts very easily and also wears away more quickly. + Iron, Uses, As a metal * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools. There are many other types of steel. Stainless steel does not rust. Other steels are very hard. Galvanized steel * is used wherever corrosion threat. * left untended can dissolve in a matter of months. Mild steel * Most mild steel has strength. * is plastically deformed and then the load is released - used when the vat itself is used as the anode + Iron, Uses, As a metal * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools. There are many other types of steel. Modern steel * are made with varying combinations of alloy metals to fulfill many purposes. * is produced using either the blast furnace or arc furnaces.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy \| steel: Stainless steel * All stainless steels have a high resistance to corrosion. * Many stainless steels contain nickel - stand up better in concentrated sulfuric acid than seawater * Most stainless steel has conductivity - physical characteristics - thermal conductivity * VERY tough metal. * accounts for nearly two-thirds of nickel consumption. * are most durable and easy to keep clean - probably the most widely used materials for corrosion resistant applications * can conduct electricity - rust if it is in direct contact with water * comes in many flavors - grades * comparatively advance metal developed in recent times. * contains chromium - iron, nickel and chromium - significant amounts of chromium * grows and twists through blades of grass. * hardworking surface that's as easy to maintain as it is beautiful. * has a rough surface just after filing * have good corrosion resistance but are expensive - very good resistance to chlorides - also a tricky material to cook with - an alloy of iron , low levels of carbon, and chromium * is an alloy of iron and chromium, or of iron, chromium, and nickel - which contains iron and other metals * is an alternate material used widely in the manufacture of table flatware - widely used in the manufacture of table flatware - better than the other metals - both more durable and easier to clean than plastic - considered a neutral in regards to salivation - corrosion-resistant, very hard, and resists deformation - extremely durable and resistant to stains, scratches, tarnish and corrosion - far easier to clean than silver and the shine lasts a life time - found in kitchens and dining rooms where food is prepared and served - lightweight and easy to care for but conducts heat poorly * is made by adding chrome to the mixture of alloys in the metal - from iron, carbon and chromium * is much harder than mild steel - stiffer than mild steel - stronger than aluminum, and can consequently withstand far more abuse - non-reactive, unlike aluminum which can discolor foods cooked in it - one such material, often used in the vacuum vessel and piping components - preferred in food handling or hospital applications - relatively neutral, but oak can produce profound flavours changes in wine - reliable in high temperatures, acidic and alkaline solutions and in solvents - solid steel - stronger than iron, lighter than iron, and resists rusting * is the best material for equipment - spokes - metal most often used to encase plutonium pits * is the most durable and long-lasting of all materials and it is expensive - popular of the alloy steels - widely used surface material in food processing - perfect metal for interior and exterior use - sturdiest and easiest to clean - tougher to bend than brass * is used for all product and corrugated contact surfaces - critical sealing components, as well as for the high pressure rotor set - high Temperature cooking, medical instruments and implants - pharmaceutical purposes - the extrusion die, as most PVCs are very corrosive - in Europe in the construction of medical ozone generators - usually the lining material recommended for radioisotope hoods * is, perhaps, the most desirable drinking water pipe material. * means added strength and corrosion resistance. * more resilient metal, but titanium alloy is stronger. * relies on a stable oxide film to provide corrosion resistance. * steel alloy containing chromium and nickel. * very valuable commodity and is therefore almost entirely recycled. + Chromium, Uses: Chemical elements :: Metals * Chromium is used in different metal products. Stainless steel is the most common use. + Nickel, Uses, As a metal: Chemical elements :: Metals :: Transition metals * Nickel is used in metal alloys. Stainless steel contains nickel. Nickel is also used in nichrome, a name for a nickel-chromium alloy. Nickel is used in coins such as nickels. It is used in magnets. Nickel is used in special expensive alloys called superalloys.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| alloy: Sterling silver * is alloy - an alloy of silver and copper - the standard for beautiful high-quality silver jewelry - too reactive a metal for body piercings * is used for jewellery, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount - jewelry and silverware, where appearance is important - widely for jewelry and elegant flatware Titanium alloy * are less dense and stronger compare to other metals - metals that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements - technologically important * are used in clocks - eyeglasses * can exhibit sensitivity to both oxygen and hydrogen environments. * fall into three classes, depending on the structures present. * have excellent resistance to hot chloride containing aqueous environments. * is used in compressors for aircraft engines. Tungsten alloy * competes with depleted uranium for use in kinetic energy penetrators. * dense metal that is more durable than nickel plated or brass.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture: Colloid * Some colloids have unusual properties that are useful for treating specific cases. * also figure in the transport of inorganic and organic pollutants in streams and rivers. * are a classic example of chemically controlled nanostructures - also an important feature of the natural environment - complex fluids that contain small particles of a solid or liquid - extremely small substances suspended in a liquid, solid or gaseous medium - fine sub-micron sized particles usually kept in suspension by Brownian motion - nontoxic - particles so small that they often appear to be dissolved in the water - solids, liquids or gases that hold a substance in suspension - submicron sized particles that pass through filters * are suspensions of finely divided solids or liquids floating in a gaseous or liquid medium - or liquids in gaseous or liquid fields - tiny particles of one substance dispersed in an other phase - systems of fine particles suspended in fluid * are the minutest particles of albumen - third category of minerals * are very small in size and therefore are easily absorbed by the cells of the body - size, and therefore easily absorbed by the cells of the body - particles that suspend in liquids such as water * can only act as seed crystals if they have a high electric potential. * have applications in such areas as pigments, magnetic recording media and ceramics. * is mixture * play an important part in organic functions, such as digestion and excretion - role in determining soil base status and fertility * readily pass back and forth from the sol to the gel states.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| colloid: Emulsion * Some emulsion consists of water. * are a type of solution in which surface tension plays a role - dispersions of very small drops of bitumen in water - heat processed fish by-products - liquid-liquid colloids, tiny liquid droplets suspended in another liquid - milky in appearance and solubilised oils, for example - are clear to the eye - stable mixtures of two immiscible liquids - ubiquitous throughout the food industry - usually thick in texture and satiny in appearance * can be in liquid form or in capillary film form. * contain millions of microscopic oil droplets suspended permanently in water. * gelatin made of millions of light-sensitive silver halide crystals. * is coating - perceived in different ways by different industries * light sensitive material which consists of a suspension of silver halides in gelatin. * photosensitive solution that reacts to UV light. * special photosensitive coating similar to photographic film. + Surface tension, Effects in everyday life, Surfactants: Basic physics ideas‏‎ :: Fluid mechanics * Emulsions are a type of solution in which surface tension plays a role. Tiny fragments of oil suspended in pure water will spontaneously assemble themselves into much larger masses.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| colloid \| emulsion: Fish emulsion * good and inexpensive fertilizer high in nitrogen and phosphorous. * good, inexpensive fertilizer high in nitrogen and phosphorous. * is high in nitrogen and source of several trace elements - notably low in calcium, while fishbone meal is quite high * makes a great fertilizer, about once a month during the summer months. * partially decomposed blend of finely pulverized fish. * works well for fertilizing broccoli plants.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| colloid: Gel * Most gels contain alcohol - simple sugars, as well as electrolytes and often caffeine * Most gels have antibacterial properties * Some gels absorb moisture. * Some gels are produced by aloes - toxic and corrosive and can even present waste disposal problems - cause headaches * Some gels consist of crude fiber * Some gels contain formaldehyde - heat - oil - fill retinas - have water - help burns - kill bacteria - reduce muscle damage * are also flexible and can be formed into sleeves for fluorescent tubes - oddly lifelike substances somewhere between a solid and a liquid - plastic strips that attach via bulldog style clips to the light's barndoors - water-based substances thickened without oil or fat * can give drugs a timely release - vary in size * come in a wide variety of colors and are made from different strengths of transparent plastic. * give hair shine and control. - applications * simply becomes liquid as it rises in temperature. * spotting occurs when a partially gelled coating is applied to the substrate. * tend to heave up during electrophoresis which gives the wells a scalloped appearance. * use for purposes - silica as an abrasive to help polish teeth * used in nucleic acid separation are matrices of agarose or polyacrylamide. * work well for oily skin or when working and sweating. ### substance \| mixture \| colloid \| gel: Clear gel * Some clear gels fill retinas. * is applied to the legs to help conduct sound waves. * midified food starch that thickens cool liquids. Soft gel * are the easiest method to take lecithin. * cause more oxygen to reach the content, which makes the oil more prone to rancidity. * keeps cold in freezer or refrigerator. Hydrogel * are gels - usually clear or translucent in color and vary in viscosity or thickness * find high volume use as industrial, consumer, and environmental absorbents. * protect and insulate the wound while providing a mosit healing environment. * swell extensively without changing their gelatinous structure. ### substance \| mixture \| colloid \| hydrogel: Amorphous hydrogel * Many amorphous hydrogels contain propylene glycol, an agent which can result in allergic reaction. * are soft formless gels that become less viscous as they absorb fluid. Silica gel * Some silica gels absorb moisture - have distribution * are examples. Soil colloid * are the smallest particles in soils. * can be in either a flocculated or dispersed state. * fit the definition of an acid when calcium is replaced by hydrogen. Sol * Most soles protect feet. * Some soles are part of feet - have eyes * can change into viscosity quickly if they are thixotropic. * come in a variety of thicknesses and materials. * inhabit shallow sandy waters, where they lie buried by day, emerging at night to feed. + Sol (colloid): Materials * Sols can change into viscosity quickly if they are thixotropic. Examples include quicksands and paint, both of which become more fluid under pressure.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture: Compost * Most compost absorbs water - consists of organic materials * Most compost contains nitrogen - organic nitrogen - organisms - has biomass * Some compost holds water - is produced by livestock - made from mixed solid waste contains plastic and glass - retains moisture - uses in mushroom production * acts like a sponge, helping soil retain moisture and nutrients. * adds nutrients - vital nutrients * aerates the soil and helps it stay moist. * alone can be too nutrient rich and porous. * amends both sandy and clay soils. * attracts and feeds earthworms - supports earthworms and other desirable soil microorganisms * balances the pH of soil. * bears little physical resemblance to the raw material from which it originated. * binds to the clay particles and helps open up the soil. * breaks up heavy soils, adds nutrient and water-holding capacity. * brings essential nutrients into the soil so that plants can bear richer fruit - most soils close to neutral * builds soil structure and fertility which conserves water. * can be added to either a sandy soil or clayey soil, it fixes both. * consists of materials - naturally decomposed organic materials * contains a small percentage of the essential plant nutrients required by vegetables - high organic content - nutrients that, when returned to the soil, are used by plants - small amounts of important plant nutrients and many micronutrients * contributes organic matter and gradually releases nutrients to the soil. * does have fertilizing properties. * encourages growth. * enhances the soil by adding nutrients and increasing water retention. * fosters the biological processes in the soil. * gives sandy soils body to hold moisture - soil increased ability to retain water, support all forms of life and resist erosion * has benefits * help fight soilborne pathogens that cause plant diseases. * helps bind primary particles to improve the structure of soil. * helps break down heavy clay soils or helps to bind sandy soils - heavy clay soils into a more usable texture and improves drainage - control soil erosion - increase the water and nutrient holding capacity of soils - keep nutrients in the soil near the plant's roots - sandy soils hold moisture better - sticky, clay soils drain better * helps to improve the ability of the soil to hold water - neutralize toxins * improves sandy soils and provides slowly released nutrients - moisture holding capacity * improves soil porosity and helps to control soil erosion - properties just as mulch does just more immediately and extensively - quality by adding organic matter, nutrients and beneficial microorganisms - structure, texture, and aeration, and increases water-holding capacity * improves vitamin and mineral content in food grown in compost-rich soils * increases a soil s ability to provide nutrients essential for plant growth - microbial activity, which creates a healthier environment for plant growth - organic matter in the soil and adds nutrients for plant growth - the water-holding capacity in sandy soils and helps aerate clay soils * is consumable products - dark with a crumbly texture and an earthy smell - easier to handle and store than raw waste * is located in forests - gardens * is nature's way of recycling - returning needed nutrients to the soil - nature-made dirt - plant material that is slightly decomposed - soil made out of things that used to be alive * leaves over winter. * loosens clay soils and helps sandy soils retain water - to improve drainage, and helps sandy soils retain water - up clay soil * makes clay soils airy so they drain - porous so they drain * needs air, moisture and food to work well. * offers good water retention qualities and some basic nutrients. * often are deficient in nitrogen when wood wastes are added to the mixture. * piles almost never attract pests if they contain only yard trimmings. * presents little or no odor. * produces less leachate than a landfill and is much safer, cleaner and easier to treat. * promotes growth of mycorrhizae - microbial development in the soil , enriching it with a broader range of chemicals * promotes microbiological activity in soils necessary for plant growth - so necessary for healthy plant growth * provides a balanced source of plant nutrients - biologically degraded form of organic matter high in humus - haven for earthworms and other organisms which help break down the soil - food for microorganisms in the soil * provides nutrients and organic matter to the soil - needed for mushrooms to grow - over a longer period of time - organic matter to soil, which nurtures it well * provides the best, most nutritious organic soil possible - plant with nutrients and sand allows the soil to drain more effectively * reduces erosion by improving soil structure - plant stress from drought and freezes - plent stress from drought and freezing - the use of natural gas used in the manufacture of ammonia-type fertilizers * reduces water demands of plants and trees * refers to the stable humus or soil-like product of decomposition. * serves primarily as an organic amendment and as a soil conditioner. * stimulates beneficial organisms. * suppresses weeds when used as a mulch. * tends to raise pH and increase biological activity in the soil. * vary in bulk density and particle size.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| compost: Homemade compost * is an excellent alternative to commercial organic fertilizers. * provides nutrients and humus for the soil. Organic compost * Most organic compost absorbs water. * is created by children combining cafeteria waste, dead leaves, and garden cuttings. Worm compost * is made in a container filled with moistened bedding and redworms. * makes nutrients available to plants. * tends to be very difficult to rehydrate after it has dried out. * very complete soil additive, even more so than ordinary compost.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture: Dilution * are solutions. * can reduce the concentration of pathogens and toxins below an effective level. * connotes a decrease in something. * grow with legume or another grass. * is more important than biodegradation in rivers - one method that can be used to help ruminal microorganisms adapt to high nitrate feeds - the measurement used to describe the amount of penetration in terms of the base metal - their solution to pollution - used in toxicity calculations * makes the unstable peroxides safer to produce, handle, and use. * occurs if the herbicide is distributed in a larger volume of soil. * occurs when a company issues more shares - number of companies use similar trademarks on similar goods * produces a lighter, more natural colour which can be repeated if it's too light. * reduces earnings per share by increasing the number of shares potentially outstanding. * refers to the mixing of good or clean air with polluted air. * usually refers to a concentration of a material in a liquid and sometimes in a gas. * vary with surface conditions, type of metering systems and equipment used. ### substance \| mixture \| dilution: Serial dilution * are one way to set up a broad range of concentrations. * means the crude source materials is diluted many, many times. ### substance \| mixture \| dilution \| thinning: Precommercial thinning * increases diameter growth of Appalachian hardwood stump sprouts. * reduces snowshoe hare abundance in the short term.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture: Electrolyte * Most electrolytes act as conductors - electrical conductors - carry particles - consist of acid - dissolve in water - prevent dehydration * Some electrolytes carry electricity - cause imbalances - conduct electricity - have properties * Some electrolytes produce electricity - gases * also conduct electricity and are essential to the proper functioning of our bodies - play an essential role in controlling the pH balance of body fluids * are a large category of substances dissolved in plasma - always most effective when given in connection with water intake - charged particles, usually ions in solution - chemical compounds - chemicals that help regulate certain body processes * are compounds dissolved within body fluids - or elements that the body needs in order to function - that separate into charged particles, called ions, when in a solution - crucial for the proper functioning of the body - different from water to water * are essential for maintaining a healthy body - the horse working in the heat - to the function of all living cells within the body * are important for endurance horses - in the maintenance of a healthy horse - in essence the salts that are lost through sweating - inanimate objects - inorganic substances that dissociate into ions in water - ionic substances which dissociate in solution to conduct charge * are minerals that permit the body's cells to exchange fluids properly - that, when dissolved in the body s fluid, become electrically charged - more forgiving than milk if that occurs * are necessary for normal function of muscles and nerves - to transport minerals in the body, and prevent dehydration - normal and there is no increase in the anion gap - nothing but sodium, potassium and chloride, mixed with a little bit of glucose - positively or negatively charged elements necessary for muscle function - substances in the body that carry a charge, such as ions * are substances that can split readily into ions in solution - form solutions that conduct electricity - the key to creating a battery's electrical current * become imbalanced, and if potassium goes high, it can damage the heart. * behave as normal molecules. * conduct electricity and are found in fluid, tissue, and blood. * deteriorate over time, a process that is enhanced at elevated temperatures. * determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body. * dissolve by dissociation. * dissolve in water or some other solvent and form ions * facilitate the optimal function of our cells. * have more to do with dehydration than overheating. * help facilitate electrical and ionic activity from nerves to muscles. * improve the flavor of vitamin C products, especially vitamin C drinks. * indicate the presence of both metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis * keep balance in the body's cells. * play a vital role in controlling shipping stress and aid in maintaining water intake - an important role in nutrition * seem stable and blood values are good. ### substance \| mixture \| electrolyte: Polyelectrolyte * are electrolytes - polymers that do the same thing - synthetic chemicals used to speed the removal of solids from sewage * exhibit a very interesting and rich phase behavior. * is an electrolyte	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| electrolyte: Salt water * Most salt water finds in oceans. * Most salt water has conductivity * Some salt water contains concentration - produces electricity - uses products * aquariums with local sea life. * can also corrode underwater equipment and cause freshwater organisms to move or die off - move inland in a uniform wedge * contains sodium and chloride ions. * destroys all pollution. * freezes at a higher temperature than freshwater - lower temperature than freshwater - lower temperatures, depending on how much salt is in the water * has a high density - so it sinks. * has a higher density than fresh water - lot higher concentration of salt than brackish water - lower resistivity than fresh water - seven times more salt that the body can safely ingest * helps to stimulate blood circulation, which facilitates healing. * is also much easier on human skin than chlorine - an electrolyte * is an excellent conductor of electricity - aqueous solutions - by far the least-reactive and most effective cleaning solution - corrosive - denser than fresh water - extremely harsh on monofilament, much more so than fresh water - filled with salt and other minerals - heated by the hot cooling water from the diesel generator sets * is heavier than fresh water and exerts a constant pressure on our aquifer - less dense than freshwater * is located in oceans * is more conductive than fresh water - dense than plain water - too expensive and difficult to process for human use - turned into fresh water through distillation - used in the mining process, in industry, and in power generation - washed away, leaving soil suitable for tree planting and reforestation - yet another place that microorganisms have been found * makes humans and frogs float very easily. * needs a lower temperature to freeze than pure water. * problem with everything. * promotes healing. * replaces fresh water habitats. * seeps into cracks and meets magma beneath earth's surface. * takes places. + Ice, Salt water: Chemical compounds :: Water * Salt water needs a lower temperature to freeze than pure water. The resulting ice contains much less salt than the salt water it came from. This salty ice is not as strong as frozen pure water. Strong electrolyte * are substances that are completely ionized in water - convert completely to ions when they dissolve * produce large numbers of ions, which results in high conductivity values. Weak electrolyte * Most weak electrolytes dissolve in water. * dissolve and only a small fraction of the formula units dissociate to form ions * vary in a non-linear manner. Heterogeneous mixture * Most heterogeneous mixture consists of different substances * Some heterogeneous mixture contains liquids - includes liquids * have different concentrations of compounds in different areas of the mixture - distinguishable phases, e.g. a mixture of iron filings and sulphur Homogeneous mixture * Most homogeneous mixture has phases. * appear uniform to the eye. * refer to compositions that are the same throughout. Pearlite * improves yield and tensile strengths. * is mixture - multicolored<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture: Suspension * Are preparations of finely divided, undissolved drugs dispersed in liquid vehicles. * Some suspensions contain acid. * absorb impact. * are heterogeneous mixtures - interruptions - mechanical systems * are part of cars - motor vehicles - support * involves movement of sand grains when sand is blown high into the air. * is mixture - produced when the solid is dispersed throughout the water * is the loss for a period of time of the privilege to practice law - termination of student status for a definite period of time ### substance \| mixture \| suspension: Slurry * Many slurries are dilatants. * flows under pressure directly to the individual plates from a central manifold. * is liquids	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| suspension: Vapor * Most vapor becomes clouds. * Most vapor comes from evaporation - exists in atmospheres - falls as rain - forms high clouds * Most vapor has absorption - foreign particles * Most vapor is produced by evaporate water - liquid water - loses heat - rises into air * Most vapor turns into liquid water - precipitation * Most vapors are heavier than air and collect near the floor * Some vapor absorbs long wave radiation - microwave radiation - always exists in the atmosphere - becomes liquids - carries heat * Some vapor combines with carbon dioxide - comes from oceans - contains carbon - creates sensation - falls to earth - freezes into tiny ice crystals which attract cooled water drops - has energy levels - leads to heat - loses pressure - passes through stomata * Some vapor releases energy - heat energy * Some vapor turns into crystal - water ice crystal * analytes with hetero-atom functionality can in some cases be detected at single ppbv levels. * are corrosive to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract - flammable * are heavier than air and can accumulate in low areas - probably narcotic in high concentrations - richer in lighter boiling fractions - very toxic * attack the central nervous system. * can cause acute as well as chronic poisoning - coughing, labored breathing and in severe cases, death - eye irritation - flash fire - headache, dizziness and fatigue - headaches and dizziness, convulsions and unconsciousness - headaches, dizziness and stupor * can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea and in severe cases, death - nausea, labored breathing and in severe cases, death - labored coughing, labored breathing and in severe cases, death - respiratory distress - strong respiratory irritation * can flow along surfaces to distant ignition source and flash back - low lying areas * can form explosive mixtures in air at elevated temperatures - with air - ignite, store away from heat and open flame - induce heart attacks * can irritate the eyes - nose, throat and lungs * can travel along the ground and can be ignited be a nearby flame or spark - to a source of ignition and flash back * cause eye irritation - irritation of nose * cause irritation to mucous membranes - the eyes with redness, pain, and blurred vision * causes few problems * changes into water. * condenses into raindrops - spherical raindrops * contributes to clouds. * creates health problems * displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces. * drives travel from an area of high relative humidity to low relative humidity. * enter the respiratory system directly with inhaled air. * enters atmospheres. * evaporate from liquids, such as pesticides, paints, adhesives, and lacquer thinner - into the air from liquids, such as solvents * evaporates from surfaces. * fill a space then cool. * floats in air. * form an explosive mixture with air between the upper and lower explosive limits - explosive vapors with air, keep away from open flame or heat * forms clouds - fumes on contact with moist air - effects - strong effects * have objectionable odor. * irritate the eyes with redness and pain * is gases - located in air * makes problems. * mixes with air. * quickly enter the body. * reach target tissues within minutes. * reduces transpiration. * released by activated heater can displace oxygen. * rises in masses as great as mountains, Then it seeks the green, blue and orange on earth * severely irritate the eyes - mucous membranes and respiratory tract * suspends in air. * then rise up to the brain, and take shapes that often image falsehood, but sometimes truth. ### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Ammonia vapor * combines with oxygen to produce water vapor and nitrogen. * turns pink litmus paper blue.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Concentrated vapor * can cause lightheadedness and drunkenness like symptoms. * cause discomfort in the mucous membranes and the eyes.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Mercury vapor * are also highly toxic. * are colorless, odorless and tasteless - odorless, tasteless, and toxic - extremely toxic, often causing severe pneumonia - odorless, colorless, and tasteless * are very dangerous and are virtually undetectable - harmful * aspirated into the lungs can cause severe pneumonia and death. * enters the atmosphere and falls in rainwater to the Earth. * is an older technology and is the least efficient - deadly if inhaled - extremely toxic and readily absorbed - odorless, colorless and very toxic - used in streetlights, fluorescent lamps and advertising signs * pose a more serious threat to children's health. * produces bright green and purple lines. Sodium vapor * is used in streetlights and produces a brilliant yellow light. * produces bright yellow lines.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Steam * Most steam comes from heat - contains concentration * Most steam creates partial vacuums - flows through pipes - generates electricity - has heat - is produced by heat - produces water - uses for regeneration - steams are small and flow intermittently * Some steam causes burns - locomotives utilize three sets of engines * are alive as camouflaged critters try to survive. * autoclaving is the preferred method for sterilizing surgical instruments - suitable treatment technique for small volumes of infectious wastes * blanching takes somewhat longer than water blanching but helps retain water-soluble vitamins. * builds up inside the food during cooking. * clams until shells just open up. - out of teapots * condenses on a surface. - latent heat * drives turbines and makes electricity. * engines in the automotive field. * enhances clean power * enters chambers. * forms clouds. * generated by the heat from nuclear fission drives the turbine to produce electricity - of nuclear fission is used to drive a turbine to produce electricity * greens to help retain nutrients. * has energy * helps to soften and relax the pubic hair and skin. * is gases - hot - molecules of water vibrating at an increased rate - odourless, invisible gas consisting of vaporized water - software - used for clean carpets * locomotives, like ships, have individual personalities. * mussels an d clams in a little water until their shells open. * opens pores and the herbal constituents assist in toning the skin. * plays an important part in the chemical plants for process heating and turbine drives. * produces a shiny glossy crust color and helps to prevent wild breaks in the loaves * reforming simple process involving the reaction of light hydrocarbon fuels with steam. * regenerates the solvent from the carbon bed. * removes the excess fluid in the body. * rises from pots. * rises from the ground, creating clouds that often obscure the view - river's surface, part of the never ending cycle - gently from deposits of human excrement and urine - leaving behind dissolved solids, salts, heavy metals and other substances * rising from a pot of boiling water or a hot bath cloud. * runs turbines that make electricity, but when the coal burns up, it's gone. * softens and plasticizes the cellulose in the woods structure. * still provides the most common means of converting heat into mechanical work. * turns a turbine which produces electricity - into water when cooled - turbine to make electricity * vegetables to lock in nutrients. * vents, hot springs, even geysers, come and go, sometimes unexpectedly. ### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor \| steam: Condense steam * Most condense steam creates vacuums. * creates partial vacuums	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Styrene vapor * can also adversely affect the human nervous system, causing adverse eye effects. * irritates the eyes, the nose, and the throat.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapor: Water vapor * All water vapor formed by the combustion reaction is condensed to the liquid state. * Most water vapor becomes clouds. * Most water vapor comes from Earth's oceans, lakes, and rivers - evaporation - enters our atmosphere by evaporation from surface water and wet soil - falls as rain - forms high clouds * Most water vapor has absorption - effects - strong effects - is produced by evaporation - loses heat - occurs in the troposphere - reduces transpiration * Most water vapor turns into liquid water - liquids - precipitation * Some water vapor absorbs long wave radiation - microwave radiation - becomes liquids - comes from oceans - creates dew - falls to earth * Some water vapor has energy levels - leads to heat - passes through stomata * Some water vapor releases energy - heat energy * Some water vapor turns into crystal - water ice crystal. * ' is water that is in the form of a vapor, or gas. It part of the water cycle. Steam is water vapor, but clouds are liquid water. Water vapor affects weather conditions. Water vapor is found in most of the air. In the cold, breathing out causes the water vapor breathed in to freeze. * is transparent. The small droplets that look white like mist are actually liquid * absorbs infrared radiation coming from planets, stars and galaxies * acts as a greenhouse gas, causing the Earth to heat up - like a greenhouse gas, absorbing outgoing longwave energy * added to the atmosphere by human activities has little effect on the greenhouse effect. - visible and thus clouds when the air is cooled as it rises * bends the light. * big cause of the greenhouse effect - hazard because it can condense inside the house into water, and mold can grow * by-product of respiration in plants and animals. * can be just as harmful - up to several percent * can change to become ice and water - or water - condense around the last two and form clouds - dissolve in air and can be transported around by convection - enter from the outdoors via the damp ground or leaky gutters - escape if there's too much in the wall, but then it can come back in * can form clouds which reflect incoming sunlight and thus have a cooling effect - ice crystals, as in the form of frost - penetrate all but a few materials * causes few problems * comes from evaporation from the earth's water and soils - lakes, rivers, oceans and wetlands * coming into contact with the ice is cold, and condenses, forming clouds. * condenses into raindrops - spherical raindrops - only on the surface * contributes to clouds. * cools as it expands and encounters cooler temperatures in the atmosphere - rises higher into the atmosphere and turns back into liquid water * dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. * does contribute to buoyancy, but less than heat does. * enters atmospheres. * enters the air through the evaporation of water - when it s exposed to water * evaporates from surfaces. * flows away from the liquid nitrogen. * form of water in the air. * forms clouds * freezes onto the ice crystals as layers. * gas in the air. * gas that occupies in the same space as other gases - the same space with other gases that together constitute air * gaseous form of liquid water. * gets into the air through evaporation. * gets together in a big cloud * greenhouse gas that can lead to global warming. * has a highly greater effect, so that overall, the changes increase global warming - much larger effect, so that overall the changes increase global warming - tendency to precipitate out of the atmosphere * is absorbed by the desiccant coating the honeycomb structure of the wheel. * is also a byproduct of the reaction if the surface contains carbon-hydrogen bonds - green house gas so - greenhouse gas that plays a critical role in the global climate system - potent greenhouse gas - present - the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere * is an important part of the natural greenhouse effect - invisible form of water in the air - both lighter and less dense than dry air - by far the dominant greenhouse gas - called vapor,even though it is odorless and highly transparent - carried by the wind all over the globe - considered one of the most imp-ortant variables in meteorology - evolved from the heat of reaction of the acid and ammonia * is extremely important in the atmosphere - to the weather and climate - formed over tropical regions and is transferred away from the tropics in storms - greenhouse gases - important to the transport and release of latent heat - itself a greenhouse gas - light, therefore, it rises into the atmosphere * is lighter or less dense than dry air - than the nitrogen and oxygen in the air, so rises in the atmosphere - lower but ozone levels are much higher than in the troposhere - made of water - no more than water molecules bouncing around in the air - odorless, colorless, tasteless * is one of the most important variables in the atmosphere affecting weather and climate - products of gas combustion - state of the water cycle within the hydrosphere - removed from the atmosphere during precipitation and returns by evapotranspiration - responsible for about two-thirds of the natural greenhouse effect - restricted by the varnish from passing through the relatively porous paint - simply water existing as a gas - so light that it weighs less than air - the gas form of water * is the gaseous form of water in the atmosphere - state of water and is invisible - invisible source of clouds and rain and is also a form of heat transfer - largest contributor to the greenhouse effect - main by product of the process * is the most abundant greenhouse gas and therefore significantly affects climate - gas, followed by carbon dioxide and other trace gases * is the most important greenhouse gas, and carbon dioxide comes second - powerful greenhouse gas * is the only byproduct of the process, making it pollution-free - emission - tail-pipe emission - real wild card in global warming - source of all clouds and precipitation - totally invisible - transported by wind and air currents through the atmosphere * is water in a gas form that is held in the air until it changes back to water - gaseous state * key component of the Earth's hydrologic cycle. * leaves the leaf pulling on the water in the xylem that has been absorbed by the roots. * makes up only a few percent of air - the majority percent of smoke * moves freely from the leaf through the open stomata. * occurs in varying amounts depending upon temperature and pressure - naturally and is harmless, and is needed for precipitation * passes through easily. * plays a great role in instability - key role in lightning production in the atmosphere * potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. * principle absorber of shortwave and longwave radiant energy. * provides the positive feedback that amplifies the warming. * reaches the atmosphere through the evaporation of ocean and lake water. * reflects radar to a lesser extent than do water's other two phases. * represents an environmentally significant component of the atmosphere. * responds only to temperature and humidity. * rises and forms clouds - from a microscopic hole in the plant leaf - in atmosphere * rises, cools and condenses to form clouds - cools, and falls as precipitation * shows the percentage of water vapor existing through the atmosphere. * significant component of the Earth's atmosphere and a greenhouse gas. * source of clouds and precipitation. * suspends in air. * travels up into the atmosphere where it cools into clouds. * varies in air with changing temperature - concentration in the atmosphere both spatially and temporally * very effective greenhouse gas. * weighs less than air , which is part of the reason clouds float high in the sky.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| mixture \| suspension: Vapour * Some vapour affects weather - penetrates wombs * acts as a respiratory, skin and eye irritant. * are highly flammable and creep at ground level - in equilibrium with the solids or liquids from which they originate - reactive with most organics * becomes water. * condenses into droplets. * contributes to precipitation. * enters atmospheres. * forms an explosive mixture with air - cumulonimbus clouds * goes through the bubble cap and bubbles through condensed petroleum. * is harmful on prolonged exposure or in high concentration - heavier. than air and anaesthetic - narcotic at high concentrations - physical change - seen as the cold liquid cools the beaker and surrounding air - severe irritant to the eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract * represent the most insidious of hazards. * rises into air.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| mixture \| suspension \| vapour: Water vapour * Most water vapour becomes water - enters atmospheres * absorbs the sun's radiation. * by-product of any combustion process. * comes from natural and human-induced respiration, transpiration, and evaporation * condenses into droplets. * contains an enormous amount of latent heat - dimer, trimer and a little tetramer * decisive element in formation of the polar stratospheric clouds. * decreases sharply, whilst ozone concentrations increase. * diffuses out through the stoma down a diffusion gradient. * enters the atmosphere and circulates with the air - by evaporation from surface bodies of water * forms clouds * is actually less dense than air - an important constituent of the atmosphere - essentially invisible as a gas - light and rises up towards the sky - located in clouds - the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect in South Africa * is the main greenhouse gas, so the warming trend is compounded - major radiative gas based on the amount in the atmosphere - most important green house gas * is the most important greenhouse gas of all * starts to condense when the atmosphere can hold no more water i.e. it is saturated. Molecular substance * Some molecular substances find in mangos. * are often soluble in organic solvents - which are themselves molecular - the only ones with low boiling points Molten material * can cause severe burns. * is cooled, causing a solid to form at one end of the sample.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Natural material * All natural materials can dry out and become dull looking, shrink, or crack in arid climates - contain salt in small quantities * Many natural materials are toxic to humans. * Most natural materials contain phases. * are graybodies whose temperatures depart somewhat from perfect blackbodies - sensitive to changes in heat and humidity * can be just as toxic as synthetics. * consist of many different chemicals, many of which are very similar. * found in the environment also induce plant resistance as well. * have many color variations. * reflects the environment. Natural resin * Some natural resin acts as electric insulators * are secretions from plants, mainly trees - yellow to brown in color * is an organic compound ### substance \| natural resin: Benjamin * are companies. * is natural resin	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| natural resin: Myrrh * also assists with meditation and contemplation. * comes from a tree in Somalia. * contains high amounts of tannins. * fragrant resin obtained from a tree. * grows as a shrub in desert regions, particularly in northeastern Africa and the Middle East. * helps to fight and ward off infection. * is also excellent for treating stress and stress-related conditions - an oil used for anointing - associated with female, right brain, yin, intuition - especially good for the treatment of infections in the mouth - harvested twice a year - helpful against laryngitis and other respiratory complaints - known to be a disinfectant having antibacterial properties - similar to shellac in that it dries hard * is the fragrant gum of certain plants which grew in Arabia and India - gift for one who is to die - spirit of sacrifice that can never be lacking in a Christian life * is used as a food flavouring - for embalming - in veterinary medicine for wounds - to heal and embalm death body * is useful for healing, peace, and meditation - in mouth and gum sores, fever blisters, sores from dentures and herpes sores * natural antiseptic. * powerful antiseptic, being a remedy second only to echinacea. * special oil of anointing for kings and for royal burials. * spice used for embalming. * stimulates the immune system. * tall spiny tree found in the Middle East, northeastern Africa, and India. Oleoresin * are soluble in oil. * is natural resin Natural substance * All natural substances contain radioactive material. * Many natural substances contain hydrogen cyanide in a combined form, called amydalin - offer some antibacterial benefits - treat platelet aggregation effectively * Most natural substances have effects - potential * Some natural substances are made of cellulose - produced by secretion - exist in states - kill silverfishs - protect plants * found in the body, IGFs protect and spur the growth of nerves. Nonpolar substance * Many nonpolar substances are gases at room temperature, but some are liquids or even solids. * are hydrophobic, coming from the root phobic, meaning avoiding. * dissolve in other nonpolar substances. Nuclear material * All nuclear materials remain highly toxic for thousands of years. * See fissile material. * continue to pile up worldwide, posing national security and environmental threats. * is contained in fuel rods. Obscene material * degrade people into objects for mental or physical misuse. * is material which deals with sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest - usually of an explicit sexual nature Obsidian * can hold the sharpest edge known. * has little water, , but takes it in if it sits in groundwater. + Obsidian, Origin and properties: Gemstones :: Igneous rocks * Obsidian does not last forever. Over time, the glass becomes fine-grained crystals. So, no obsidian is older than Cretaceous age. It breaks down faster when water is present. Obsidian has little water, , but takes it in if it sits in groundwater. ### substance \| obsidian: Snowflake obsidian * helps calm high frequency types. * is black with white 'flakes'. Oily substance * Most oily substances are produced by skin. * Some oily substances contain acid - fatty acid * covers the feathers and prevents soaking of the skin.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Organic material * All organic material is carbonised. * Many organic materials are suitable for composting - can react explosively, especially if a flammable mixture is produced - contain high levels of salts - provide excellent sources of nutrients * Most organic material is grist for the mandible - materials cause death * Most organic materials come from decay plants - contain nitrogen * Most organic materials have bulk density * Most organic materials have low levels - nitrogen levels * Most organic materials have lower bulk density * Most organic materials use in biosynthesis - metabolism * Some organic materials are compounds. * Some organic materials are produced by dead plants - prone to degrade rapidly, giving rise to putrid odors * Some organic materials come from erosion - soil erosion - conduct electricity * are attractive for flat panel displays for computers and portable devices - biodegradable - biotic - the main stabilizers of soil aggregates - useful in the summer to keep the fruit clean in non-trellised plantings * can be excellent sources of nutrients - react explosively with liquid oxygen - the breakdown of living things, such as trees and animals * comprises substantial fraction of the fine aerosol mass. * decompose more efficiently if adequate oxygen, moisture, and nitrogen are present. * degrade after exposure to water. * delay the sun's penetration thereby keeping the soil cooler. * does a number of good things for the soil. * enters the soil as leaf litter, dead grasses and roots, animal wastes, and so on. * expand and contract as ambient moisture levels rise and fall. * helps retain moisture and nutrients needed for plant growth. * holds water in the soil. * includes vitamin residue, food and bird droppings. * is anything that started out as a plant or animal - used to be alive, for example wood, bone and leather - decomposed by microorganisms like bacterial, fungi, algae and earthworms - destroyed in the lymph nodes by macrophages and antibodies - fed upon by aerobic bacteria which require oxygen - introduced by adding peat moss - known to be an excellent absorber of UV radiation - lost from soil through burning - made up of protein - matter that either is or once was a part of a living plant or animal - susceptible to decay but with appropriate conditions can become fossilised * make up approximately two-thirds of the waste stream. * makes up one-third of all household waste in Vancouver * means anything made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen - four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen * plays an important role in making the soil nutrients available to the roots. * provides food for organisms in the form of carbon and nitrogen. * release nitrogen for plant uptake over an extended period. * used as a mulch can improve soil structure and tilth. Organic substance * Most organic substances contain nitrogen. * Most organic substances have properties - unique properties * Some organic substances are secreted by worms - the natural chemical properties or components of the food - compose of carbohydrates * containing nitrogen are widespread throughout the world. * need for growth. Osseous tissue * forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system - variety of bones that make up the skeletal system * provides levers for muscles and allows for mineral storage. Other material * contain atoms - dust * have conductivity. * have lower conductivity - thermal conductivity - magnetic properties - structures * transfer charge - electric charge Other substance * contain amounts. * have effects - powerful effects - normal growth Oxidizing material * Some oxidizing materials are also incompatible with non-combustible materials. * can cause a reaction.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Packaging material * are located in post offices. * can leach into food and contribute to adverse reactions. * make up about one-third of the United States' total waste stream. * protect the foods and improve product quality during transportation and storage.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Paper * Cutting Paper Cutting P aper cutting is one of the most popular folk arts in Taiwan. * Describes the physical characteristics of a piece of paper. * Most paper absorbs heat. * Most paper comes from pulp forests grown specifically for paper production - wood pulp * Most paper consists of cellulose fiber - contains pigment * Most paper has fiber - surfaces - is composed of acidic materials that break down the paper fibers * Most paper is made from plant material - trash wood or from small trees produced on tree farms - of wood * Most papers are acidic because they are made from wood pulp - made from a pulp of organic fibers - contain acids that can weaken cellulose found in paper, cloth and fibers * Some paper has more recycled waste paper than others - reflects light - moisture and keeps veggies fresh and crisp * accounts for the largest share of solid waste in many industrial countries. * also is associated with permanence and authority. * are collections of related manuscripts generated by an individual or family - primarily legal documents or letters concerning legal matters - the lowest-cost reinforcing materials used in making laminates * based beddings are safer and absorbent - testing common form of usability testing * becomes increasingly acidic as it ages and interacts with environmental pollutants. * can absorb liquids such as water, so people can clean things with paper. * can also affect the amount of drying time - turn to dust in days or weeks - harbor dangerous bacteria - tear when dragged out from under heavy materials - vary in thickness depending on the type and grade - yellow, become brittle, and deteriorate if traces of bleach are left on the fibers * comes from trees, and the pulpwood tree industry is large - which are a renewable resource - wood, which comes from trees, which grow in the earth's soil * comes in different sizes - lots of colors and textures - various qualities and thickness - with it's own dust and even the largest toner particles are the size of dust * contains an ingredient called sizing. * contains blue fibers and mica flakes - pages - recycle materials - red pigment - the chemical lignin - yellow pigment * degradable substance. * describes assessments - effects * deteriorates with age, and is easily damaged. * discusses aspects. * does decay with time, and it is fragile. * expands as it absorbs moisture and shrinks as it dries out. * feedstock of civilization. * felt made of cellulose fibres from plants. * flat hand. * form of cellulose , which is one of many naturally occuring polymers. * gives details. * has advantages for storing photographic materials - aims - depth - holes - many different finishes and qualities, from shiny to matte, textured to smooth - sharp edges and can cause painful cuts - slightly fewer nutrients than sawdust, straw or corn stalks - tints * incorporates fibers from the same plant sources as fabric. * is almost half carbon. * is also anathema to the modern age - cheaper than plastic - rich in carbon - wound with plastic dielectrics in combination dielectric capacitors * is an agricultural product, made from trees grown specifically for paper production - anisotropic porous medium that involves chemical and physical heterogeneities - basically an interwoven fabric of fibers, sort of like a knit sweater - bulky to store, in boxes or in file cabinets - capable of burneds - coloureds - compilations - composed of numerous fibers * is created by authors - from plants, most commonly the wood of trees - designed to work at high temperatures - essentially a thin layer of overlapping fibers - formed by the chemical bonding of fibers - historical and acts as a means of following human history - immersed in water - inanimate objects - inventions - itself non-living thing, but it is also made from trees - limited resources * is located in cabinets - classrooms - computer printers - conferences - copy machines - desktops - drawers - floors - folders * is located in front doors - porchs - garages - garbage - grocery stores - libraries - meetings - notebooks - stock certificates - suitcases - synagogues - tables - made by gathering the plant of choice, and beating it into a pulp * is made from a mix of types of trees - renewable resource, trees - variety of plants and trees * is made from cellulose fiber - fibers derived from plant sources - cellulose, which is in plant fibers - pulp with lime carbonate as a filler - rags in Europe - straw, bark, wood, and other fibrous plant materials - wood fibres - in many different forms - into paper pulp and new paper products * is made of cellulose which is an vegetable material from cotton, wood or flax - pressed wood mulch and a variety of chemicals * is made up of a lot of fibers - extremely long molecules called cellulose - mediums - now the most common information medium in libraries * is one of the largest components of the waste stream going into landfills - most easily recycled materials in today's enlightened world * is one of the most important and useful materials man has ever created - products derived from wood pulp - organic matter - paper is paper, no matter where it comes from - printed with non-toxic inks - processed from trees, using large amounts of water, chemicals and non-renewable resources * is produced from trees - in large factories called 'paper mills' - recycled by first shredding it into small pieces and mixing it with water * is solid fuel - solids - supposed to be a retainer of heat * is the backing material for masking tape, sandpaper, and electrical cable wrap - dominant material in solid waste - easiest material that can be recycled - fuel law firms consume - item most sold as recycled goods * is the largest single use of trees that are harvested worldwide, and the use is growing - use of trees harvested in North America - material used in origami and paper was invented in China - medium least likely to support bacterial growth - support and source of light for a painting - term used for all types and grades of paper - thin, flexible and lightweight - treated with one of four or five different kinds of metal * is used for advertising - communication - drawing - education - notes - origamis - transmitting information - writing and printing - very susceptible to moisture - written with pencil or pen * kind of felt made of overlapping fibers. * light blue color. * line of writing, text, and cover papers in a variety of colors, weights and finishes. * made of hemp lasts many times longer than if made of wood - wood pulp is high in acid content * major renewable resource. * makes up the largest component of schools' waste streams. * mass of millions and millions of fibres. - that sounds better than it usually measures * matted or felted sheet of fibres formed on a screen from a water suspension. * means books, and books feed our thirst. * naturally expands and contracts with changes in temperature and humidity. * plays a very important role in everyday life. * presents characteristics - examples - ideas * process made from wood pulp and cellulose fiber. * provides overviews - results * remains the medium for the origin of documents with legal effect. * scarce commodity today. * soft creamy color. * stored in wet conditions can become a fire hazard via methane production by microbe activity. * tends to curl along, rather than across, the grain of the paper. * varies in color and texture - density, so the same thickness can have differing weights * very light fabric - small segment of the material found in our waste + Paper size * Paper comes in different sizes. There are names for the different sizes of paper. In different parts of the world, different sizes and names are used. * People write on paper, and books are made of paper. Paper can absorb liquids such as water, so people can clean things with paper. + Paper, History of paper, Machine-made paper: Writing tools * Today, some of the largest paper-producing countries are USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden and Russia. Paper is produced in large factories called 'paper mills'. They produce hundreds of thousands of tons of paper each year - Uses of paper * Paper is used for writing and printing. Books, magazines and newspapers are printed on paper + Rock, paper, scissors * Paper is represented by an open hand. + Wood * Wood' is the main substance in trees. Wood is used for construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art. It is also used for making fires and heating. Paper is made from wood fibres. * Wood can be turned into paper in large factories called 'paper mills'. The wood is first chopped into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels. The chemicals separate a substance called 'cellulose' off the wood. The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called 'paper machines'. Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper: Bond paper * comes in a range of thicknesses for a variety of different uses. * is distinguished by a watermark - the kind used in photocopying machines and by computer printers<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| paper: Card * Make cards from scrap paper and cereal boxes. * are cardboard - correspondence * are located in card games - casinos - decks - mailboxs - pockets - stores - tables - toy stores - positive identification - records - the hub of the consumer sector * are used for birthdays - business - credit - financial transactions - flickings - fortune telling - play - playing games - sharing knowledge - studyings * can also mean a flat board that holds parts for a computer. * have sketches. * is paper * make up stacks, like pages in a book. + Blackjack: Card games * It is a 'dealer versus players game'. Each player has their own game against the dealer. Cards are dealt in succession, and bets placed at each stage. Players win if their card numbers add up to more than the dealer's to a limit if 21. Hands which add up to more than 21 lose. Face cards count as 10. + The 39 Clues, Cards: Series of books * The '39 Clues' series also has collectable cards. There are hundreds of them. Each one represents a person or place related to the story. Some cards come with the books, but card packs with more cards can be bought. ### substance \| paper \| card: Business card * are an important means of exchanging information - both the wave of the future and the way of the past * are located in boxs - desks * play a very important role in trade. Chip card * act as means of security for identification, access, and payment transactions. * can help to reduce fraud. Ethernet card * Most Ethernet cards have a green or orange light that flashes to indicate network activity - ethernet cards have a little green light that light up when the network connection is active * are computer and operating system specific. * provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. * work in place of modems. Graphics card * are the components in a personal computer that generate the images seen on a monitor. * contain memory chips.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| paper \| card: Greeting card * are cards - located in cabinets - symbols of friendship and love + Easter, Customs and traditions * Most of these celebrations have nothing to do with the Christian meaning of the holiday. These celebrations are related more to the pagan festivals of ancient Germany. Children are given baskets filled with candy. Eggs are decorated and hidden for children to find. People wear new clothes and go to church. Greeting cards are exchanged. An Easter Egg Roll is held on the lawn of the White House. Small leafless trees or branches are carried indoors and decorated with colored eggs, paper trims, and lights. Some shopping malls offer children a chance to visit with an adult costumed as the Easter Bunny, in a manner similar to visiting with Santa Claus at Christmas. Forced tulips, hyacinths and lilies are given as gifts. Week-long vacations are taken following Easter Day, giving families the chance to visit with distant relatives. Magic card * are well known for driving away females. * represent the spells and mystic energy available to a wizard. Memory card * depend on the security of a card reader for their processing. * facilitate storage, backup, and exchange of programs - storage,backup, and exchange of programs * provide additional storage for handheld computers. Network card * Some network cards use an area of upper memory. * It is considered a piece of computer hardware. Today, most computers are equipped with network cards. Network cards enable a computer to exchange data with the network. Network cards usually implement the first two layers of the OSI model, that is the physical layer, and the data link layer. Today, most network cards use Ethernet.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper \| card: Play card * are motivated by the goal of fun - play games - wins * start with cheats - deals Playing card * tournaments playeds. * are activities - cards - part of decks * are used for bored people - bridges - enjoyment - entertainment - hobbies - mental stimulation - old people - pleasure - wasting time * cause amusement - anger - happiness - winnings ### substance \| paper \| card \| playing card: Singleton * are playing cards - sets - simpler than fuzzy sets - specialist intellectual property solicitors * often control access to resources such as database connections or sockets. Time card * are located in work. * track the number of hours each employee worked on a daily basis. Trade card * are basically an early form of the business card. * play a unique role in American social and cultural history. ### substance \| paper \| card \| trading card: Baseball card * are trading cards. * have a very broad history.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| paper \| card: Video card * All video cards contain memory that is used to process and store video data. * Most video cards have a slide that can adjust the light levels in a game or application. * Some video cards have a clockchip which programable clock device - limits on the number of colours that can be displayed at higher resolutions - multiple frame buffers than can be switched instantly - their own chipset and memory - scan only every other line when they scan over a screen * are actually a small computer designed specifically to perform the video function - located in computers<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| paper: Chad * are countries * are the bits of paper from the holes in punchout ballots - little bits of paper that are dislodged from punchcard ballots during voting - pieces of cardboard voters punch out of ballots using a stylus - small paper rectangles that voters punch out with styluses to indicate their votes - tiny bits of paper released when a ballot is punched * can be due to a variety of underlying disorders. * connects western and central Africa where polio is endemic. * is paper * ranks among the poorest countries. Cigarette paper * is tissue * major flax paper product. Coated paper * Many coated papers can be difficult to dry without adhering once they are wet - to dry without sticking together once they are wet * is used in applications such as magazine paper and corporate reports. Colored paper * can reflect the brilliance of plant fibers as well as flower petals and corn husks. * releases toxic heavy metals into the atmosphere. Electronic paper * is made from a thin layer of plastic. * uses small beads enmeshed in a flexible binder sheet. Filter paper * has holes. * is paper. Glossy paper * are all coated papers. * can be difficult to read for people with sight problems as it reflects too much light. * has a glare that can be difficult to see by people with impaired vision. Graph paper * can help keep columns straight. * comes in a variety of grid sizes. * helps line up math problems. Handmade paper * has a unique look and texture that sets it apart from machine-made paper. * is formed from the cellulose fibers of plants.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| paper: Litmus paper * changes color to reflect the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. * is an example of an acid-base indicator commonly used in the middle school laboratory - indicator that is often used to determine the pH of a solution - located in chemistry labs - paper treated with the dye * shows that acid is present by turning red. * turns blue when exposed to a base - it is dipped in a base and pink when it is dipped in acid * turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions - acids and blue in bases * uses a lichen-derived dye - indicator chemicals, which are combined with a special absorbent paper	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper: Manila * also serves as the financial and publishing center of the nation. * complete web writing and design environment. * content management tool that allows for the easy creation and maintenance of web sites. * is drowned in density - located on Luzon - one of Asia's premier cities and an international gateway city - the biggest city and the national capital * is the capital and largest city of the Philippines * is the country's capital and premier gateway to the Philippines - gateway to the country - largest city in the country - oldest, the most established, and the political capital * leads all other provinces in population density. * major seaport, a crossroads of trade in the Asia-Pacific region. * program meant to facilitate the creation of cyberspace communities. * separates form from content, so designers can design and writers can write. * web service. Modern paper * Most modern papers contain ingredients that form acids which can cause the breakdown of cellulose. * is made from extracting xylem fibers from wood - often machine made * use computers with keyboards that speak in clicks. Newsprint * Most newsprint is used to print daily and weekly newspapers. * are commodities - located in newspapers * is high in lignin, one of the main structural components of wood - made from wood pulp, which fades and crumbles very rapidly - very acidic because of the chemicals used in the paper's production * prime example of paper stock with a high acid content.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper: Page * Also known as a web page, a page single file on a web server - a page single file on a webserver * are attendants - leafs * are part of books - manuscript - software - the number of web pages viewed by website visitors * are used for reading * contain important information - incorrect information - moon phase information - other important information - pictures - versions * explain ideas. * have answers - facts - instruction - more information - photos - scientific information - short summaries - simple instruction - text * include descriptions - lists * includes page numbers. * is the number of HTML pages served. * provide additional information - basic information - detail information - general information - statements * refer to Thinking in Writing. * refers to the number of pages, and reflection of content. * service that allows users to create their own web pages. + Category:Articles with broken Wiktionary links * This category contains articles that have links to pages that don't exist on the Simple English Wiktionary. Pages are added automatically by using. * Some pages make many calls to the flag templates. * Page consists of nothing other than a definition. * Page looks good now - infobox errors * Pages below are sorted according to the type of error. More information about what is causing the error and how to fix it may be found on the documentation page of whichever infobox is transcluded in the article. * Pages are put into categories by placing one or more 'Category tags' on the page. Category tags are the wiki markup used by the Wikimedia software to put pages in categories. * When placing pages in categories, it is important that they be sorted correctly. This makes it easier to locate a page in the category. Sorting of pages in a category is done by use of a 'sort key'. A sort key is a term or phrase that is used to sort pages in categories. Pages are sorted alpha-numerically by their sort key. If no sort key is used, the page name of the page is used as the default sort key. Sort keys may be given to each category tag individually. * Some pages are protected. Wikipedians without an account, or whose accounts are less than four days old, or who have made fewer than ten edits to unprotected pages, cannot edit protected pages. They also cannot move or delete pages. * On a wiki, people can write pages together to add to the information. If one person writes something wrong, then the next person can correct it. The next person can also add something new to the page. Because of this, the page gets better whenever someone changes it. If someone writes information that is very obviously wrong, and the person actually wanted to vandalise, it would be changed by administrators, and the person will not be able to change the wiki anymore. Pages are watched closely + Category:Trade: Economics * Pages here have are related to 'trade'. + Category:Vague or ambiguous time * Pages here are tagged with the template. + Voynich manuscript: Manuscripts :: Unreadable writing systems * Many pages contain illustrations. Many authors have been thought to have written this manuscript, the author remains unknown. The text is written in an unknown language, in an unknown writing system. It looks like there are no errors in the text. There are no corrections to it. Much less attention has been given to the illustrations, which seem to show plants, anatomic or astronomic links. * Page has little content, no sources and no evidence of notability.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper \| page: Disambiguation page * are used to list links to articles that share the same name. * It could be a sign for example. Disambiguation pages are for avoiding confusion. It is pretty standard to use dab pages this way. I am not sure why there is such a fire to delete something that is potentially helpful. * That wouldn't work. Disambiguation pages are to distinguish between pages that exist here. If he isn't notable enough for a separate article, there would be nothing to distinguish. Besides, the Jeff Colby article isn't here, either, it's on enwiki. * are used to list links to articles that share the same name. When names are ambiguous, people typing them into the search box may be looking for different things. The disambiguation page helps everybody find the article they want to get to. Talk page * are cheap, there's no issue with blank ones to be totally honest. * are very useful for coordinating article improvements. * Discuss what is important'. Talk pages are for talking about how to make the page that the talk page is related to better. Do not use a talk page to talk about things that have nothing to do with the related page. That annoys other editors, and if you do it too often you could get blocked from editing Wikipedia. Focus on the topic, and you will be fine. White page * Use white pages to find persons, organizations or businesses. * are phone books - telephone books Parchment paper * heavy paper that is grease and moisture resistant. * is sold in craft and cake-decorating stores, gourmet shops and some supermarkets. * prevents sticking. * speedy and fat-free way to prevents products from sticking to the pan. Photographic paper * has a shorter dynamic range than film. * is coated with invisible silver halide crystals - photographic equipment Rag paper * contains fibers from cotton and linen. * is more long lasting than most wood pulp paper Recycle paper * Most recycle paper has fiber. * contains materials - recycle materials Recycling paper * can help save trees. * helps to the numbers of tress harvested every year. * is just one way to preserve trees and forests. * reduces the number of virgin trees cut down to produce new paper products. * reduces the pressure on our forests for wood pulp, so that less logging is needed - for wood pulps - rate of deforestation * saves energy. Rice paper * is edible paper that tastes like blaaaaah rice krispies - fine grained good quality paper that absorbs the water and ink nicely - made from a plant of the ginseng family * natural ingredient that's cheap to manufacture. Scientific paper * make uses of equations, tables, and graphs, whenever possible. * visible representation of scientific understanding. Shredded paper * can get into appliances and cause damage. * is used for padding in the shipping box. Stationery * Stationeries are located in desks - drawers - offices - post offices * is for sending the same message or headers to the same people * refers to writing paper and envelopes. Toilet paper * can be scratchy, and some types contain chemical irritants. * degrades slowly and is unsightly if dug up by animals. * first line of defense against transmission of disease between family members. * is designed and manufactured to disintegrate. * is located in bathrooms - cabinets - grocery stores - rest areas - restrooms - toilets - part of south parks - tissue - toiletry * is used for bathrooms - personal hygiene - wipes - just for drying Used paper * is broken down into pulp just like trees - to be placed in a trash can by the toilet - waste * valuable raw material used to make recycled paper and other products.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| paper: Wallpaper * Most wallpaper is paper or fabric coated with vinyl. * accept a lot of moisture during the pasting process. * are price-competitive compared to other wall decorating materials. * are, as they are aptly named - wallpapers for the desktop. * come in many styles, colors and fabrics. * has floral patterns - roles * is computer graphics - desktop themes - located in desktops Wax paper * Make a cut in the paper plates, from edge to center. * is moistureproof and almost transparent, often used to cover foods and line baking pans - used to keep the clay off the workbench Paramagnetic material * are magnetized with more difficulty. * have a small, positive susceptibility to magnetic fields.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Parent material * Is the main slab of continental rock from which the soil has originated from. * are sands, clays and loess. * contribute to soil variations within climatic and vegetative zones. * contributes both chemical and physical properties to an individual soil. * determines the properties of young soils. * has a major influence on the physical and chemical make-up of soils. * is the basic mineral and organic material from which the soil is formed - unconsolidated, weathered mineral or organic material from which soils form - unweathered material from which a soil is formed	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Particle * All particles are also waves - either fermions or bosons - in continuous, random motion - spheres and they are very close to each other and overlapped - decay either into a proton, electron or neutrino or a combination - exert a gravitational force of attraction upon each other - experience the force of gravity * All particles have a wave nature when in relative motion to any observer - antiparticles - wave properties - move in about the same orbit - possess a bit of inner life, even atoms are conscious * Every particle attracts any other particle with a gravitational force - consists of all other particles - has a corresponding anti-particle * Every particle has an anti-particle, with the same mass, but an opposite charge and spin - antiparticle which is identical except the charge is opposite * Every particle is connected to every other particle, every galaxy to every other galaxy - either neutral or has an electrical charge that never changes - small light source that emits some light * Many particles also have rare decay modes - come from the sun * More particles mean more entropy because they can rearrange themselves in more ways. * Most particles absorb energy. * Most particles are no bigger than a grain of sand - perinuclear, and some align along microtubules - smaller than a grain of sand and burn up in the Earth's atmosphere - too small to be seen, but they contribute to haze in both urban and rural areas - carry charge * Most particles carry electrical charge - electricity * Most particles carry negative charge - electric charge * Most particles carry positive charge - small electrical charge - cause inflammation * Most particles come from materials - surface materials - contain chemicals * Most particles dissolve in fluid - liquids - enter atmospheres * Most particles give energy - sufficient energy * Most particles have angles - biochemical properties - components - diameters - enough energy * Most particles have high energy - kinetic energy - internal structures - layer structures * Most particles have lower average kinetic energy * Most particles have negative charge - effects - potential energy - shapes - the size and composition of a large and dirty snowball * Most particles make up atoms - dark matter - ordinary matter - substances * Most particles move from regions - sides * Most particles pass into stomachs - through gills - penetrate lungs - range in size * Most particles reflect blue light - enough sunlight - respond to forces * Most particles suspend in air - water - transfer heat energy - transmit energy - travel down the length of the tail and out into interplanetary space - undergo deposition * Some particles absorb heat. * Some particles accumulate in lungs - nuclei - appear to be moving randomly for at least part of their trajectory * Some particles are carcinogenic - colour neutral but have only two quarks - large enough to be visible as smoke or soot * Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke - enough to be seen, such as soot or smoke - massless, while others have mass and the range of their masses is enormous - natural, like volcanic ash - produced by combustion - so small they can only be detected with an electron microscope - too small to be trapped by filters such as vacuum cleaner bags * Some particles become atmospheres - massive, some remain massless like the photon * Some particles can be a little larger, about the size of a small pebble - travel at the speed of light * Some particles cause diseases - illnesses * Some particles cause urinary irritation - tract irritation * Some particles come from rays - solar wind - conduct electricity * Some particles contain cancer-producing materials - crystalline silica - lactose - convert gases - create light - cross orbits * Some particles emit light - radiation * Some particles enter digestive glands - eyes - pharynxs - flow almost around the end of the field * Some particles have a natural origin , and other are produced by humans - density - frictional strength - gas phases - green tints * Some particles have high strength - surface areas - strong attraction - surfaces - hold water - irritate lungs - make it all the way to the bottom, where they contribute to bottom-set laminae * Some particles make up liquids - salt water - mix with dust grain * Some particles pass into intestines - organs - small intestines - tissue * Some particles pass through barriers - colons - layers - walls * Some particles produce beams - meteors - rush through funnel-like openings at the poles, called the polar cusps * Some particles suspend in fluid * Some particles undergo fermentation - microbial fermentation - zip around geospace at speeds close to the speed of light - enough energy to move fast enough to break away from each other * accelerate when they acted on by forces. * act independently but can exchange energy in collisions. * also provide attachment places for other pollutants, notably metals and bacteria. * are aggregates, several mm in size - always in motion but the type of motion is different in each state of matter - bodies - caught in the collar part of the choanocyte cells - characterized by mass, charge, and spin * are color coded according electric charge, baryon, strangeness and open charm contents - to qcd color - color-coded with local density at the position of the particle - either bosons or fermions - extremely dangerous to inhale - function words - in contact with each other but move about at random - inanimate objects - made up of quarks - particles only when they are in relationships - parts of speech - pieces of things, like a rock - singular, static, and separate from one another - smooth and spherical - swept into the gullet by cilia and are forced into food vacuoles * are the building blocks for all matter, from paper to primordial ooze - of a rigid body - there because they are, and since they are, they stick to each other - tiny bits of things such as dust, salt, and volcanic ash * are very small and are various sizes - tiny and sometimes impossible to see with the naked eye - waves, waves are particles * attributes Particle attributes influence the ratio of aeration to water-holding porosity. * can adhere to contact lenses and cause corneal damage. * can also interact with deforming mesh surfaces and objects with gelatin properties - settle and clog spawning gravel or suffocate fish eggs * can be any size and chemistry - anywhere in the spatial domain - atoms , ions or molecules - crystalline, glassy, or amorphous - either positive, negative, or neutral - of a wide range of sizes - on two places at the same time - points, faces, segments or objects - bond with each other to form larger solids - carry fundamental forces - cause damage to tissues when inhaled or ingested - enter the lungs with air, dust or smoke and irradiate healthy tissues - have an intrinsic spin angular momentum as well as an orbital angular momentum - interact with light by either absorbing or emitting photons * can only decay into lighter particles, never heavier ones - have a set amount of energy - provide surfaces on which water condenses - range in size from large flakes to abrasives of microscopic dimensions - reach Earth from flares that are located beyond the west limb - travel back in time * clump together following the addition of a specific antibody. * come from many different sources, including soil, sea salt and diesel fuel exhaust - in bytes * come into being and are observed only in relationship to something else - through interactions of energy sources with other energy sources - existence out of nothing - to rest in the gradient according to their densities * conduct heat. * consist of self-contained electromagnetism that detaches from the medium. * containing lead in the air can enter the lungs. * decay into smaller particles because the larger particles are unstable. * drop out of suspension, as do such things as twigs, leaves, etc. * escape from sun - produce 'solar wind' - out of the exosphere into deep space * experience forces. * fall at a rate proportional to the square of their diameter. * floating in the air are highly likely to come in contact with a critical site. * follow geodesics in the geometry. * form layers. * from enter ducts. * generally move in random walks in the space. * generated from wafers abrading the carrier can directly cause defects and yield loss. * go around the torus thousands of times between collisions. * have a definite mass and they occupy space - diameter roughly equal to the incident wavelength - charge, thus, ions interact with particles - definite mass and occupy space - different masses - distribution - mass, but mass is energy - no defined positions and velocities, just a combination of both - real and positive energy and mass in the third dimension - their own measuring sticks and clocks * however have a tendency to aggregate, creating larger particles which settle more rapidly. * interactions the their symmetries. * interrupt light energy from a laser diode. * irritate eyes. * likewise play a central role in pollution and climate. * lose energy and that energy is emitted as light. * move along actin filament bundles in nerve growth cones - around very fast and collide - at random angles in all directions, arbitrarily bouncing into various energy states - down into the mouth and through the esophagus - freely but quite slowly * move in direction of energy flow - random directions at high speed - straight lines, and change direction only when they collide with something - perpendicular to the direction of energy flow - randomly about within the fluid, due to thermal gradients - very fast and randomly - with the speed required for their energy * moving and doing work on other particles is energy and waves are how energy moves. * nucleate huge phase transition, forming clouds of water droplets. * originate from diverse sources, both natural and anthropogenic. * oscillates longitudinally due to the motion of the air around it. * pollute water. * remain in fix positions * result from all sorts of combustion. * roll along the surface in a process termed creep. * serve as places of attachment for harmful microorganisms and toxic materials. * settle faster in tropical water than they do in polar water. * stream from the sun at hundreds of kilometers per second. * tend to form in thin laminae - move from area of high concentration toward area of low concentration - settle and compact in still water - swirl around and flow in a disordered way * thrown out by the rapidly rotating core can heat the surrounding region, making it glow. * transfer energy * transmit forces among each other by exchanging force-carrying particles called bosons. * typically collide with satellites in about a hundred years. + Bose–Einstein condensate, Theory: Quantum mechanics :: Statistics * Particles can only have a set amount of energy. They either have the energy to bounce around in gases or just the energy to flow like a liquid or be fixed like a solid. If you take enough of the particle's energy away you get to the tiniest or the smallest amount of energy possible. This makes all of the particles exactly the same and instead of bouncing around randomly in all different directions, they all bounce up and down in exactly the same way, forming something called a 'giant matter wave'. + Particle physics, Fundamental Forces * Particles can carry fundamental forces. For example, the electromagnetic force is carried by photons. The four fundamental forces are responsible for almost everything in all of physics, including gravity, radioactive decay, and magnetism.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Aerosol particle * Most aerosol particles have roles - reflect sunlight * are like hair spray or other aerosol products. Airborne particle * Many airborne particles are small enough to get into the lungs. * Most airborne particles cause inflammation - irritate eyes * are solids suspended in the air. * can also cause soiling and damage to materials. * disperse rapidly. * leave dirt on the surface of the LEDs which decreases their brightness.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Alpha particle * are actually the nuclei of helium atoms - clusters of two neutrons and two protons each - easy to stop, gamma rays are hard to stop - extremely stable - hazardous when an alpha-emitting isotope is inside the body - heavier * are helium nuclei, containing two protons and two neutrons - highly energetic - ions - only able to travel short distances because of their size * are relatively large, and very heavy - slow and heavy - so heavy that even with low velocity their momentum is high - subatomic particles - the end product of the proton-proton fusion cycle - very massive in comparison with the other types of radioactive particles below - very, very dangerous * can also impact cellulose. * carry a positive charge and are highly energetic * come from the decay of an unstable atomic nucleus such as uranium. * consist of two protons and two neutrons and carry a positive charge. * have even shorter penetration ranges than beta particles - little penetrative power in the air and in human tissues - very little penetration power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper * lose their energy almost as soon as they collide with anything. * make the halos. * produce a tiny, but visible flash of light when they strike a fluorescent screen - short tracks, whereas beta particles leave long ones * radiate from the source in all directions and produce trails of liquid droplets. * release a small burst of energy, which are absorbed by nearby lung tissue. * travel about an inch and can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Atmospheric particle * Some atmospheric particles are from natural sources. * can actually diffuse into the metal - scatter and absorb sunlight which reduces visibility * have a diameter smaller than the incident wavelength.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Beta particle * Some beta particles can penetrate several centimetres of aluminum. * are a little more penetrating, and gamma rays even more so. * are electrons capable of travelling at speeds approaching the speed of light - emitted from nucleus of atoms at nearly the speed of light - that come from the nucleus - traveling at very high energies * are fast-moving electrons ejected from the nuclei of atoms - emitted by many radioactive elements - high speed electrons formed when neutrons decay - high-speed electrons - identical to electrons but they come from the nucleus - larger and more easily shielded - lighter and travel faster than alpha particles - more penatrating than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays * are more penetrating than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays - penetrating, but they do much less damage than alpha particles * are much less massive and move faster, but are still electrically charged - lighter than alpha particles, and travel much further - more penetrating and can pass through a millimeter of lead - ordinary electrons and can be positively or negatively charged - relatively nonpenetrating, but can produce a skin exposure - similar since they also have charge * are very energetic electrons - fast moving electrons * arise from the decay of a neutron. * can penetrate the skin a fraction of an inch. * contain more energy than alpha particles. * have a limited range in air that is dependent upon their energy - mass and charge equal to that of an electron - single negative charge and weigh only a small fraction of a neutron or proton - less penetrating power, travelling less than two centimeters in soft tissue - relatively small mass and are thus relatively fast - the same mass and charge as electrons - very little mass * penetrate more than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays. * represent a skin hazard if in close proximity. * travel a few feet and can be stopped by an inch of wood or heavy clothing - faster and penetrate further than alpha particles - up to a foot and are stopped by a thin sheet of metal<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Boson * Every boson has a supersymmetric fermion partner. * Many bosons can occupy a single quantum state. * actually induce other bosons to have the same states. * are elementary particles - fundamental particles like the photon * are particles of force and fermions are particles of matter - responsible for all physical forces except gravity - with integer spin in h-bar units - the particles that transmit the fundamental forces of nature between fermions * behave differently, and have no exclusion principle. * can occupy the same state. * have a mathematical property of an integer spin - an integral spin - the peculiar tendency of doing the same that other bosons are doing - wave functions which are symmetric under the interchange of identical particles + Bose-Einstein statistics: Statistics :: Physics :: Quantum mechanics * In statistical mechanics, 'Bose-Einstein statistics' means the statistics of a system where you can not tell the difference between any of the particles, and the particles are bosons. Bosons are fundamental particles like the photon. + Higgs boson: Elementary particles * Peter Higgs was the first person to think of it, and the particle was found in March 2013. It is part of the Standard Model in physics, which means it is found everywhere. It is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are particles responsible for all physical forces except gravity. Other bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon. Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| boson: Gluon * also have color charge. - massless quanta of the strong-interaction field - massless, like the photon - particles which bind quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other stuff * are the carrier of the strong force, and hold the quarks together - particles of strong interactions * are the force carrier, just like photons are the carrier of the electromagnetic force - particles which hold quarks, another subatomic particle, together - mediators for the forces that bind quarks into larger packages - particles which carry the strong nuclear force * carry the nuclear force that binds the quarks together. * carry the strong force between other quarks , so it is considered a force carrying particle - nuclear force that binds together the quarks in a neutron * have color charge themselves and so gluons interact with gluons - one color and one anti-color - two colors, one normal color and one anti-color * serve the function of carrying color when they interact with quarks. * carry the strong force between other quarks, so it is considered a force carrying particle. Photons do the same thing, but for the electromagnetic force. + Strong interaction, Fundamental/ Color Strong Force: Force :: Nuclear physics :: Basic physics ideas * Like the electromagnetic force, opposite colors attract, and the same colors repel. Some particles that have color charge are quarks and antiquarks. The type of quark is not related to that quark's color charge at all. This is in fact because the nature of the strong force between particles is that it becomes stronger the further away the particles are. The force carrier of the strong force is the gluon. Gluons also have color charge. Both quarks and gluons have properties that make them unique from other particles. Graviton * Most gravitons exist in a cloud around the object. * are no longer the fundamental mediators of the gravitational interaction - still a hypothesis of quantum mechanics * can behave as particles. * have a double ended arrow next to their fuel tankage.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| boson: Meson * All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond. * also are bosons. * are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark - combinations of two quarks - essentially a quark and an antiquark, bound transiently by the strong interaction field - hadrons , which simply means that they are made of quarks - quark-antiquark pairs - subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark * consist of a coloured quark plus and antiquark with the corresponding anticolour. * tend to be quark-antiquark pairs with very short lifetimes. + J/ψ particle + Meson, Mesons' spin: Quantum mechanics :: Subatomic particles * Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. Pion * are elementary particles - particles that consist primarily of a quark and an anti-quark - short-lived particles primarily responsible for the nuclear force * decay into muons and neutrinos, which both come out of the end of the pipe - to produce muons and muon-type neutrinos	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| boson: W boson * are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. + W and Z bosons, Naming: Elementary particles * W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. The naming of the Z boson is still uncertain, although it is believed to have been the last particle on a list that a lab that named it was looking for. Weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine weak force and electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force. Charged particle * Shows the motion of a charged particle in an electro-magnetic field. * are at the basis of all electricity. * can disrupt computer memories. * have a considerable influence on the surface properties of Galilean moons. * leave marks as they cross photographic plates. Chylomicron * are atoms - mostly triglycerides - the largest and least dense * enter lacteals and are carried away by lymph - the bloodstream and deliver their triglyceride to adipose tissue and muscle * function primarily to transport dietary triglycerides from the intestines. Coarse particle * Some coarse particles have frictional strength - high strength * can also make a substantial contribution in summer. * come from sources such as wind blown dust and unpaved roads. * consist largely of naturally occurring substances, particularly soil. Colloidal particle * are larger than molecules. * are too small to be seen by the naked eye - with ordinary optical microscopes * have an electric charge on their surface. Deuteron * are h - independent subatomic particles - major components of nuclei of atoms * attract each other due to gravity. * have combined mass of a proton and a neutron. Dust particle * reflect sunlight. * suspend in air. Elementary particle * All elementary particles are either fermions or bosons - matter particles or force-carrying particles * Every elementary particle is either a fermion or a boson. * Most elementary particles carry electricity. * Most elementary particles have mass * appear as quantized oscillations of very small strings. * are part of atoms * have charge - no color * possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin. Energetic particle * Most energetic particles move from regions. * Some energetic particles can have effects. * leave a trail of ions in their wake. * penetrate into the atmosphere and change the chemical constituents.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Fermion * are highly territorial individualists - particles with half-integer spin - spin odd half integer, bosons are integer spin - the type of particles that make up the atom, ie electrons, protons and neutrons * have half-integral spins - properties , such as charge and mass , which can be seen in everyday life - wave functions which are antisymmetric under the interchange of identical particles * incude electrons , protons , neutrons. * obey the exclusion principle. + Standard Model, Fermions: Basic physics ideas :: Relativity :: Matter :: Nuclear physics * Examples of groups of fermions are the proton and the neutron. Fermions have properties, such as charge and mass, which can be seen in everyday life. They also have other properties, such as spin, weak charge, hypercharge, and colour charge, whose effects do not usually appear in everyday life. These properties are given numbers called quantum numbers.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| fermion: Baryon * are fermions - from nus - hadrons with half-integral spin, whereas mesons have integral spin - in a family called Hadrons , which simply means that they are made of quarks - ordinary matter particles like protons and neutrons - part of a larger collection of subatomic compounds called Hadrons * consist of three quarks while mesons consist of a quark and an anti-quark - quarks, mesons of a quark-antiquark pair * contain three quarks while mesons contain only two quarks. * have half-integral spin, whereas mesons have integral spin. * increase compression in potential wells causing the peak heights to alternate - the mass of the fluid causing more infall and a net zero point displacement. * are part of a larger collection of subatomic compounds called Hadrons. Hadrons are simply particles made of quarks. The other type of Hadron is called a meson + Composite particle: Subatomic particles * Simple particles like protons are actually composites of multiple quarks. Protons are known as baryons, which means that they are made of exactly three quarks. Baryons are in a family called Hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. The only other subcategory of Hadrons is Mesons, which are made of one quark and one antiquark.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Fine particle * Most fine particles pass through gills - penetrate lungs * Most fine particles suspend in air - water * Some fine particles cause health problems - pass into organs * are more biologically hazardous than larger particles - of concern because they are risk to both human health and the environment - tiny drops of liquid, dust, metal or other materials that float in the air * can also penetrate indoors - be a by product of fossil fuel combustion, such as diesel and bus engines - soil manmade materials, speed their deterioration, and impair visibility * come from motor vehicles, wood fires and industry. * contain mostly man-made carbon, lead, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. * kill thousands of people each year. * pass easily into the deepest regions of the lungs, the alveoli, or alveolar sacs * pollute water. * react quickly, large particles react more slowly. * result in better uniformity than large particles. Fluid particle * can interact with other principal particles. * move anticyclonically around elliptical orbits - in a series of eddies or whirls * rotate around the horizontal and vertical axis of the central particle. Fundamental particle * are loops of matter existent in Space. * are the basic building blocks of matter, carry mass and charge - smallest particles in nature * held together by ionic bond is called formula unit. ### substance \| particle \| fundamental particle: Antineutrino * fundamental particle * have very little mass and no charge. Antiparticle * annihilate with particles to produce pure energy, all mass disappears. * are elementary particles. * behave very much the same as ordinary particles. * exist for all particles. * have negative lepton or baryon number, as appropriate. * look and behave the same as ordinary subatomic particles. Cosmic string * are filaments, with regions in the symmetric phases, perhaps trapped in their core. * fundamental particle * is elementary particles.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| fundamental particle: Hadron * All hadrons are color-neutral objects - contain quarks - heavy particles and, unlike leptons, consist of consituent particles known as quarks * are particles that make up the nucleus at the heart of an atom - respond to the strong force and have internal structure * are particles which interact via the strong force - the class of particles containing quarks, that is, the baryons and mesons * deposit their energy in the hadron calorimeter. * interact in the iron and produce showers that are detected by scintillators. * is the name given to subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. + Baryon: Subatomic particles * Baryons are part of a larger collection of subatomic compounds called Hadrons. Hadrons are simply particles made of quarks. The other type of Hadron is called a meson.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| fundamental particle: Positron * Most positrons annihilate with two gamma quanta sent out in opposite directions. * annihilate with electrons, their antiparticles. * are also stable particles - emitted during certain kinds of radioactive decay - the antiparticle of electrons * can come from a number of sources. * fundamental particle * have distinct north magnetic polarity and electrons have distinct south magnetic polarity - the same mass as electrons but the opposite charge * occurring in cosmic-ray showers exist only briefly. * produce x-rays by annihilation. Gas particle * have energy - enough energy * have high energy - kinetic energy	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Grain * All grains are low in fat and contain no cholesterol - break down fairly quickly into sugars - have nutritional deficiencies - produce tillers, although the tillers on corn are called suckers * Many grains are a cheap source of protein and tend to be hard for ornamental fish to digest. * Most grain absorbs light. * Most grain comes from flower plants - seeds - contains nutrients * Most grain finds in dry food - grows in countries * Most grain has circular pores - density - energy density * Most grain has lower density - proteins * Most grain has small circular pores - surfaces - weight - helps carbohydrates - is produced by plants * Most grain provides important nutrients - other nutrients * Most grains are acid-forming, except millet and buckwheat, which are slightly alkaline - isotropic with parting surfaces - members of the grass family that are grown for their large edible seeds - poor sources of trace minerals * Most grains contain addictive opioids - albite twins - found in pet food tend to be simple carbohydrates - possess a small dislocation density - show multiple grain-scale faulting, most commonly on one or both cleavage planes * Some grain causes autoimmune reaction. * Some grain comes from grain products - whole grain products * Some grain contains grain - immature male gametophytes - phosphorus * Some grain has different shapes * Some grain helps essential nutrients - is produced by flowers - mixes with water - produces leaves - grains are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine - ultraviolet light * act mostly as filler to increase dietary fiber, but many pet foods contain too many grains. * also contain a sugar-like chemical known as phytic acid. * also contain phenolic acids and phytate, which are known antioxidants - loses moisture as it cools - provide vitamins, minerals and fiber * apparently grow by coagulation while in clouds. * are a great source of protein - major source of fiber in our diet - small measure of weight - staple of the Haitian diet, and rice is eaten at almost every meal - adequate, or nearly so, in phosphorus but deficient in calcium for cattle - all approximately equal in size * are also a good source of energy - source of vinegar, rice and malt vinegars being the most popular - high in energy, so they can meet the energy needs of any class of horse - naturally low in fat - prominent in Jewish cuisine, and are found in many classic dishes - the main food source for domesticated animals, such as cows and chickens - among the foods that can - an essential source for fiber * are an important ingredient in wraps, contributing bulk and nutrition - part of our diet - deficient in calcium but nearly adequate in phosphorus - divided into either whole grains or refined grains - efficient at transforming sunlight, fertilizer, water, and air into macronutrients - energy dense and help provide a balanced diet - essential to a healthy lifestyle and form the foundation of the food pyramid - even poorer sources of folate than hays * are generally ellipsoidal in shape with a pore at one end - inshape with a ore at one end - high in phosphorus, and hays are high in calcium - higher in phosphorus while hays are higher in calcium * are high in carbohydrates and fiber, and very low in fat - easily digestible carbohydrates, while hay and pasture are high in fibre - energy but low in fiber - feed nutrients, low in fiber, and a good source of phos- phorus - glutamic acid - phosphorus, low in calcium * are higher in copper content than stems or leaves of most plants - phosphorus than calcium, while hays are the other way around - homogeneous regions within a material in which the atoms are well aligned - large, translucent kernels * are lower in copper than forages - selenium than are forages - mucous forming and provide an ideal environment for parasites to thrive in - naturally very high in all B vitamins - now a staple part of the Western diet and a major agricultural industry - often elongate, with crenulate or granulate boundaries and sub-parallel extinction - one of the biggest sources of allergies in dogs - packed with carbohydrates, which provide fuel for bursts of intense activity - powerhouses of energy * are seeds of grasses - that reproduce if planted - soft and stick together when cooked - somewhere in the middle in terms of digestibility - sown and harvested - subject to gravity and, eventually, to shaking * are the best source of natural selenium - crystalline regions of a solid - leading agricultural products followed by raw cotton - least expensive part of pet food and can fill the animal quickly - photo-reactive crystals in the film itself - primary staples of the diet and are thus the most important field crops - seed heads of grass plants - seed-bearing fruits of grasses * are the seeds or fruits of cereal grasses - various food plants including cereal grasses - too small to identify except as indicated by dark or light color - used worldwide for measuring gunpowder and smokeless powder charges * are very low-nutrient foods - popular with many bird species - wholesome nutritious foods said to prevent chronic disease * begin digesting in the mouth with saliva while chewing. * break down into sugar and can feed candida, yeast and bad bacteria. * can be a significant source of copper - drift at non-equilibrium drift velocities - fit into every meal, even snacks - lose a lot of weight through a heavy infestation - tend to tear when planing * causes the same problem in animals as they do in humans. * clearly dominate agricultural land uses. - in contact * consists of fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of algae with hard shells made of silica. * contain carbohydrates that people can eat - important complex carboydrates - less potassium compared to the vegetative parts of plants - more tocotrienols than other food products * containing aflatoxin is toxic to animals. * contains kernels * damaged by Indian meal moth is often moist to the touch and gives off a very pungent odor. * describes the alignment of the xylem cells-straight, tipped, spiral, curled, etc. * drying represents a major portion of the energy requirement for corn production. * eating birds and insect attacks are also worrisome in several countries. * feeds cattle. * feel friction and send forces sideways to share the weight between bottom and walls. * flaking common form of feed processing. * give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. * grass-like plant that is also used in cereal that most people eat every day. * grow outward from the surface and thus converge on each other in embayments between ridges. * grows best on loose, well-tilled soil * harboring flour beetles are inedible and can contain carcasses, molted skin or feces. * has benefits - components - functions - hulls - numerous benefits - origins - values * have many nutrients that are sensitive to heat and oxidation - very little potassium except in the bran * includes kernels - sections * including sorghum, millet, teff, and wheat grow well in the temperate climate. * increases the amount of the hormone testosterone available in the blood. * infected with scab can carry certain mycotoxins. * is also a useful proxy for other foods - naturally variable, one of the beauties of wood - and includes corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, milo, soybeans and sunflower - cereals - composed mostly of starches and sugars - foodstuff - formed by the direction in which the grass is growing, the way the blade tips point - just one of the materials that pose a serious engulfment hazard - leathers - lines or patterns in wood usually caused by seasonal variations in growth - man made - grass seeds, enhanced in size through selective breeding - measured by the cup and roughage by a particle flake of hay - of more value than blood - on of the most common items that they eat * is part of drams - scruples - planted in soil - in structures called heads or spikes - when it reaches maturity * is simply the direction grass grows - harvested seed of a plant - smallness - spiritual food * is stored in large clay vessels to protect it from mice and the moisture of the rainy season - on platforms in heaps, in woven baskets or in bags - taken from starving citizens as a form of tax to help feed soldiers in the south - texture * is the currency by which water is traded in large quantities around the world - developed silver salt * is the seed from grasses - of plants like oats, wheat, and rice - part of cereal crops such as corn, barley, wheat, and oats - portion of the plants - units of measure * is used as a supplement when required, especially for pregnant and lactating females - for human and animal consumption - to produce the highest grade vodka * laced with strychnine alkaloid is the most common method of poisoning gophers. * living organism and releases moisture as it respires. * make up a major portion of a pig's diet. * make up the bulk of a pigeon's diet - majority of dog food company food sources * makes fill meals * mites as their name implies are particularly troublesome because they attack stored grain. * mixed in with crushed corncobs can attract rodents. * pertains to the wood-cell fibers' orientation. * play an important part in our lives - role in the diet of every country * produce a high proportion of propionate which yields glucose for higher milk production. * produced by diseased plants is typically brown and shriveled. * produces foods such as flat breads and couscous made of grains of wheat. * provide complex carbohydrates and fiber, which helps to regulate bowel habits - carbohydrates, also called starches, which supply energy - energy, fiber and are good sources of B vitamins and iron - fiber, carbohydrates, thiamin and iron - necessary nutrients and fiber for digestive health * provides b vitamins - calories and protein - excellent products * refers to the agriculture - orientation of the fibers in the paper * runs the length of the fabric on both woven and knit fabrics. * shows clear differences * start hitting each other and sticking together, so they rapidly grow in size. * tend to be acid forming foods. * vary in the amount of starch, e.g. corn has more starch per pound than oats - their rate of breakdown in the rumen + Food pyramid * Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition. + Vodka, Things that are made into vodka: Alcoholic spirits * Grains contain carbohydrates that people can eat. In poorer countries, grains are a large part of the food supply. In richer countries, they are still important as food, but not as important as in poorer countries. Growing grain uses a lot of water. About 1,000 tons of water is needed to grow one ton of grain.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| grain: Angular grain * are usually the result of mechanical weathering like frost wedging. * show often cataclasis and fissures.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| grain: Buckwheat * are especially diverse and abundant in the desert regions. * attracts hoverflies. * builds organic matter and adds phosphorus to the soil. * comes from South Dakota. * consists of the seeds of a plant native to Central Asia. * grows best in a cool, moist climate, such as is found in parts of the Northeast - when conditions are moist and cool - in most soils, including infertile and acidic ones - well on field pea or dry bean stubble or summer fallow * is grain - herbs - part of buckwheat - plants * produces a dark, strong-flavoured honey, which is usually sold for a premium. * releases chemicals that prevent weeds from germinating. * responds to good summer rainfall, but is intolerant of waterlogging. * supplies several kinds of food. Coarse grain * can often substitute for each other in feed use. * refer to all other cereals except wheat and rice. Colored grain * Many colored grains are biotite and muscovite. * are muscovite and biotite. Coral grain * are grains of the skeletal structure of reef-building coral that has become defunct. * dominate sands where coral health is poor. Couscous grain * is ideal for children, because couscous is made with a cereal, wheat. * tend to bind together in the cooking process, so fluff the grains with a fork.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| grain: Granule * accumulate in an area devoid of vegetation. * are a pleasant-tasting, concentrated way to supplement - coarse formulations of dusts made for broadcast treatments - dry, granulated materials that come ready to use - indistinct - pesticides formulated on large particles of various materials * are present in the tissue - within the cytoplasm - regions of the sun where hot solar material comes to the solar surface - rich in plant nutrients - suitable in lawns and other areas subject to moisture or frequent watering * are the most abundant membrane bound organelle - effective with the use of a liquid insecticide - tiny balls or pellets on which the medication is impregnated - usually more expensive than powder * can fall through to the soil surface, without being intercepted by dead vegetation. * come off shingles. * contain an array of antimicrobial protein - histamine * disappear when decalcification processes are applied. * dissolves rapidly and completely in spa water. * lost by erosion and freeze-thaw cycles increase the area of exposed bituminous surfaces. * often appearing on the surface are soredia. * work best on a smooth flat surface with low stubble residue.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| grain \| granule: Chondrule * are abundant throughout - characteristic of the major class of stone meteorites known as chondrites - granules - highly diverse in composition - light gray-tan in color - millimeter-sized rounded igneous rocks within chondritic meteorites - part of chondrites - particles formed by no earthly process - spherical glassy objects and are the main components of ordinary chondrites * contain moderate to small abundances of olivine. * have unusual textures compared to most other chondrites. * lack circular gas bubbles. Larger grain * are more likely to absorb light photons than a smaller grain. * can only roll along the ground. Long grain * describes fibers running parallel to the longest side of a sheet. * is three times as long as it is wide, for instance. Millet * Much millet is grown in China, India, Manchuria, the USSR, and Africa. * are a major food staple in much of Asia, Eastern Europe, and the western part of Africa - seeds * grow well in arid and semi-arid environments, requiring less water than any other grain. * is grain	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| grain \| millet: Finger millet * has the highest calcium content among all the foodgrains. * smaller grass, adapted to more humid growing conditions.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| grain: Plastid * Most plastids contain green color matter * Some plastids contain chlorophyll. * Some plastids contain green chlorophyll - pigment chlorophyll - trap solar energy * are a class of organelles that includes chloroplasts - another distinct feature of plant cells - chambers found in plant cells - core components of photosynthesis in plants and algae - found only in plants and protists - granules - membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm - multicopy organelles, and their genomes are present in multiple copies per plastid - one of the many different types of organelles in the cell * are the most characteristic organelles of plants - photosynthetic organelles of plants and algae - place where photosynthesis occurs - site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell - thought to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria * form small colorless bodies called proplastids. * have an additional internal membrane system, the thylakoid system - distinct and specialized metabolisms and structures * have their own circular DNA that replicates and is similar to present day procaryotes - system for signalling of genetic information and gene expression - thylakoid membranes in groups of three * manufacture food through photosynthesis. * typically possess a girdle lamella and a periplastidal endoplasmic reticulum. + Plastid, Genetics and evolution: Botany :: Organelles * Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| grain \| plastid: Chloroplast * Most chloroplasts absorb blue light - capture energy * Most chloroplasts contain chemicals * Most chloroplasts contain green chlorophyll - pigment chlorophyll - convert energy - find in plants - form spirals * Most chloroplasts have chlorophyll - layer membranes - help food * Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum - chlorophyll pigment - different pigment - enzymes - green pigment - photosynthetic pigment - provide food - show developing starch grains. * ' are small organelles inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch. Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments to assist in photon capture for photosynthesis - sunlight to be used in photosynthesis * also contain DNA. * are a double membrane organelles - also former bacteria - capable of harnessing energy from the sun's rays of light - cellular organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and algae - chromoplasts which contain chlorophyll - considered organelles in plant cells - found exclusively in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis * are found in all types of plants and algae - the cytoplasm in plant cells * are found mainly in mesophyll cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf - the cells of mesophyll, the tissue in the interior of the leaf * are green because of the pigment chlorophyll - colored plastids for they contain greater amounts of chlorophyll pigments - due to the chlorophyll which they contain - important because they are where photosynthesis takes place - large organelles found in plants cells which are responsible for photosynthesis - larger than mitochondria, and are surrounded by three specialized membranes - located in the cells of green plant parts such as leaves and stems - made of three types of membrane - mostly oval in longitudinal view and rounded in cross-section view - necessary for carrying out photosynthesis - never present * are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell - several types of specialized plant-cell structures called plastids * are organelles found in plant cells and green algae that conduct photosynthesis - cells, which are above the ground - in plants and some algae - specialized for photosynthesis - plastids, organelles that can contain pigments * are present in plant cells only - mostly in leaves, but are also present in green stems and unripe fruit - primarily in cells of mesophyll , green tissue in the leaf's interior - red autofluorescent - responsible for making food within cells - special parts of most green plant cells * are specialized cellular parts that are analogous to organs in the body - organelles found in all higher plant cells * are structures of the highest physiological importance - that enable the plant to make sugars through photosynthesis * are the factories where photosynthesis takes place - green organelles in the cytoplasm that make food in plant cells - most familiar plastids * are the site of complex lipid metabolism - photosynthesis and they are in plant cells * are the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells - plants only - photosynthesis, which is where solar energy is converted into sugar - small compartments in leaf cells that generate energy from sunlight * are the structures in which photosynthesis happens - which manufacture chlorophyll - tiny, spherical bodies containing chlorophyll - thus the central site of the photosynthetic process in plants * are tiny and green, and they contain chlorophyll - structures containing the green pigment chlorophyll - typically lens-shaped and bounded by a double membrane * are unique to plant cells - the photosynthetic protista and plants - very small structures that are found in many plant cells - what give plants their green color * are where photosynthesis occurs within the leaf * can serve as cellular sensors. * capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell * conduct photosynthesis and are found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms. * contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which traps light energy from the sun - substance called chlorophyll * contain chlorophyll a and b - and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis - pigments and occur in all green parts of the plant * contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis - the green pigment that captures sunlight for the plant - chlorophylls a and b and accessory pigments carotenoids and xanthophylls - light-capturing pigments and enzymes that transform light energy into sugar * contain the green pigment chlorophyll and play a role in photosynthesis - which is needed for photosynthesis - chlorophyll, which absorbs light - molecule chlorophyll , which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis - their own DNA that is separate from the nucleus * exist in green plant cells. * float in the juices of each cell and are inherited from the female parent. * form clumps that resemble polka dots in both gametophyte and sporophyte tissue * have an inner membrane system consisting of thylakoids - specific structures involved in photosynthesis * have their own DNA and self-replicating under the influence of nuclear genes - genome , which is much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria * is where photosynthesis takes place. - leaves green * move in relation to light. * normally capture light to produce food through photosynthesis. * occupy a substantial proportion of the cytoplasmic volume outside the vacuole. * occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. * occur in most cell types but only in organs above ground - cells of the green plant undergoing photosynthesis * perform light energy capture to drive photosynthetic electron transport. * possess a double membrane. * produce nutritious elements with the help of sunshine. * specialize in producing and briefly storing food. * thus use light energy to make sugar by coordinating the two stages of photosynthesis. * trap light energy and convert it into sugar. * use chlorophyll which green pigment that absorbs red and blue light - energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen - photosynthesis to turn sunlight into food - the energy from the Sun to make food * variable, but usually discoid. + Chloroplast, Evolution: Botany :: Biochemistry :: Organelles * Chloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. They are thought to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905 after an observation by Schimper in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria. Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. * Mitochondria also had a similar origin, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. In green plants, chloroplasts are surrounded by two lipid-bilayer membranes. They are thought to correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts have their own genome, which is much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria. The DNA which remains shows clear similarities with the cyanobacterial genome. Many of the missing genes are encoded in the nuclear genome of the host.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| grain \| plastid: Chromoplast * are found commonly in flowers and fruits. * are red, orange or yellow coloured plastids - yellow or orange in hue due to the cartenoid pigments they contain * contain carotene and xanthophyll pigments - grana - red or yellow xanthophyll pigments in large amounts Sand grain * are about the largest particles transported by the wind - angular in shape and tend to fit together rather closely in the natural state - predominantly quartz and feldspar with garnet, biotite, and illmenite accessories - relatively large and angular in shape - very stable * contain clues about their origin and history. * move up the dune's gentle upwind slope by saltation and creep.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle \| grain: Small grain * are among the most frost tolerant of crops - easier to wet up than large grains * are most susceptible to frost from the late boot through flowering - when they are growing rapidly - multi-purpose crops that occupy an important place in production systems - quick to establish and respond well to nitrogen fertilization - very low in lysine and wheat contains virtually no tryptophane * can provide significant amounts of biomass vegetation. * coat larger grains. * exhibit twisted flag leaves, sterile florets or multiple florets. * fill in the spaces between the larger ones, making water flow difficult. * produce two to three tons dry matter per acre with yield varying by year and variety. * prominent part of the agriculture in the upper Minnesota River basin. Snow grain * are minute, white and opaque grains of ice - small, opaque grains of ice, the solid equivalent of drizzle * get angular and don t bond well to one another. Spherical grain * Most spherical grain has circular pores * Most spherical grain has small circular pores Various grain * contain gluten proteins. * produce food for the wildlife.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle \| grain: Whole grain * All whole grains are rich in fiber - as are many fruits and vegetables. * Most whole grain has density - energy density - lower energy density * Most whole grain provides important nutrients - other nutrients * Some whole grain contains grain. * add necessary bulk to the digestive tract to aid in elimination of wastes. * appear to play an important role in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. * are a healthier way of eating, but the carbohydrate calories are equivalent - major contributor to the diet - seed that has a thick coat called the husk - supplement to pasture that, when fed with hay, promotes healthy digestion * are also a concentrated source of the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium - very high in fiber, which helps prevent constipation as well as some cancers - an example of insoluble fiber - another category in which people fall short - at the center of the spectrum, and are considered the best food to eat - excellent sources of nutrients and are helpful in reducing stress * are foods of high nutritional value - that contain the entire kernel or grain, or all the kernel that is edible - great in stews and soups * are high in fiber, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals - essential nutrients, and flavor - higher in both fiber and nutritional value than refined grains - more nutritious than refined grains * are naturally high in vitamins and fiber, mixing well with a wide variety of foods - low in fat unless prepared with added fats - particularly high in insoluble fiber - rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals - seeds of grass - sources of plentiful fiber, B and E vitamins, magnesium, copper and zinc * baked goods contain B-vitamins and minerals. * contain all parts of the plant kernel, including the fiber-rich bran and the germ - three parts of the grain - the bran, endosperm, and germ - high concentrations of B complex vitamins - many other natural plant compounds called phytochemicals * contain more fiber, minerals, vitamins, phenols, phytic acid, and phytoestrogens - natural fats than their refined and stripped counterparts - nutrients and fiber that are important for heart health - selenium, as well as fiber, vitamins, and other minerals * contain the entire seed of the plant, which includes the bran, germ and endosperm * has benefits * has lower density - numerous benefits * have a high dietary fiber content, but oat bran provides more than rolled oats - host of other health-promoting nutrients - whole lot of other nutrients - many other heart-healthy qualities, too * includes breads, pastas, rice, corn and all other grains. * means that the entire grain kernel is in the food. * prevent the absorption of calcium. * provide fiber as well as nutrition. * provide fiber, potassium and trace nutrients - vitamins, minerals and protein - many vitamins, minerals and fiber * provide more fiber and nutrients, such as magnesium, than refined varieties - fiber, vitamins and minerals than white bread and refined cereals - soluble and insoluble fiber, protein, B-vitamins and minerals * provides fiber * reduce chance of heart disease in post-menopausal women. * tend to be higher in fat content than refined grains and become rancid sooner. Wood grain * is grain - what most products made of alternative materials are striving to emulate * produces different surface textures and patterns in the flooring. * run parallel for maximum resilience. Heavier particle * go to the bottom and lighter particles rise to the surface. * move more slowly than light ones at a given temperature. Identical particle * Consider two identical particles. * move apart form high concentration to low.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Large particle * Most large particles have layer structures * Some large particles pass through colons. * are usually heavier than small ones, and take more energy to move around. * can lead to reduced lung function, restricted breathing and an obstructed airway. * dominate the mass loss from the nucleus. * perform the major task of loosening the thick, heavy contaminants. * settle quickly. * take up more space. Larger particle * are easier to remove by sedimentation - less likely to make it deep in the lungs * have so much mass that no Brownian motion is observed. * lag more and respond less to high frequency fluctuations. * require more energy to be moved. * tend to deposit mostly as dry deposition. Light particle * Most light particles come from sources. * fall through the lens onto the retina. Liquid particle * are called 'droplets'. * fall in the form of rain, while frozen particles fall as snow. + Particle size (general): Chemistry * Larger objects are usually called stone, rock, a piece of something, etc. The term 'particle' indicates small size, usually less than centimeter. Particle might be either solid, or liquid, or even gas. Liquid particles are called 'droplets'. Gaseous particles are 'bubbles'. All of them can be characterised in terms of size. Micelle * allow absorption of lipids by intestinal epithelium. * are aggregates of solute molecules in solutions - little fatty globules precipitated around the drug to protect it - only present when lipases and bile salts are produced - self-assembling structures of amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solution - small and remain suspended in water * carry negative charges the bind cations. * diffuse to the epithelial cell surface and come into contact with the brush border. Minute particle * carry charge - electrical charge - small electrical charge * suspend in air. Neutral particle * Most neutral particles have electric charge. * have charge	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Prion * accumulate in the brain where they trigger symptoms. * also are heat resistant. * are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins - newly recognized group of disease- causing agents - also impervious to cooking and radiation - birds - conformational misfoldings of a normal protein - different than bacteria or viruses - diseases - extremely resistant to both heat and chemicals - hard to stop - harmless molecules unless they get twisted out of their normal shape - highly virulent and resist standard sterilization procedures - indeed responsible for transmissible and inherited disorders of protein conformation * are infectious agents that consist of a single type of protein molecule - forms of proteins - protein particles * are infectious proteins that can replicate unlike viruses that contain nucleic acids - convert the proteins of their hosts for their own purpose - without genes of their own - much smaller than viruses * are nearly impossible to destroy - indestructible * are normal proteins in the body - of neurological tissues in mammals - organic matter * are protein crystals that grow in grain fungi - molecules which have two metastable states - proteinaceous infectious particles that lack nucleic acid * are proteins that all humans possess in their normal form - are mis-folded - cause infectious diseases - occur in the brains of all mammals so far studied - resistant to conventional sterilization techniques - responsible for causing kuru and other similar diseases - rogue proteins that wreak havoc in the brains of infected animals and people * are sensitive to organic solvents, but can survive boiling and many disinfectants - protein denaturing agents, such as phenol and urea - smaller than viruses, and there is currently no cure for prion-related diseases - stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state - structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells - the infectious agents in the disease - truly very unusual infectious agents * are very heat resistant - resistant ot fixatives and even heat - sensitive to proteases * can also misfold on their own accord and give rise to disease - change for the worse over time - even remain infectious on correctly sterilized surgical instruments * cause proteins normally found in the brain to twist into an abnormal shape - scrapie and other spongiform encephalopathies of animals and humans * consist entirely and exclusively of PrP protein. * contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease. * diseases an evidence-based protocol for infection control. * exist in yeast, without harming it - normally as innocuous cellular proteins * have an extraordinarily unique physical properties. * induces normal PrP to misfold, forming another prion. * is resistant to freezing, drying and heating at normal cooking temperature. * keep their shape even if boiled, steamed, hammered, and autoclaved for hours. * lack a detectable genome. * normal protein found in the brain. * protein-only infectious particle which is devoid of nucleic acids. * reproduce in the tissues of the immune system, including the tonsils. * stands for pro teinaceous in fectious particles. * withstand normal steam sterilization and use of disinfectants. * work by changing the shape of proteins in the living things it causes disease in. + Anfinsen's dogma: Molecular biology :: Proteins * Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma. * Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, kuru, and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, also known as Mad Cow Disease. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in the living things it causes disease in. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. The word is pronounced 'pree-on'. * Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells. Unlike diseases that are caused by a mutation of the gene resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with the normal proteins resulting in a structural change from the normal to state to the prion state. + Infection: Infectious diseases :: Microbiology :: Parasitism * Some diseases are caused by 'infection'. Infection is when another organism gets into a person's body and causes harm. These four kinds of infectious agents cause most infectious disease. There are other kinds though. Prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins. We are not even sure that prions are alive. But they act just like other infectious diseases.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| particle: Radioactive particle * are capable of decay - in the air and in our food and water - minute bits of radioactive materials * can destroy an organism's central nervous system and cause death within days. Sand particle * have diameters. * suspend in water. Scintilla * are particles. * long word for describing a tiny thing. Sediment particle * Most sediment particles have negative effects - pass through gills * have effects<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Small particle * Most small particles irritate eyes - make up matter * Most small particles suspend in air * Some small particles are produced by combustion - enter pharynxs - have surfaces - irritate lungs - suspend in fluid * Some small particles undergo fermentation - microbial fermentation * act as obstacles to the paths of radiant radiation. * are difficult to measure, especially in bulk - subject to Brownian motion caused by bombardment by solvent molecules - the air pollutants most closely associated with adverse public health effects * called platelets are important for blood clotting. * can act as sand-paper, tearing at the bark - clump together to form rough edged, irregular masses - penetrate deeply into the lung where they can cause respiratory problems * decompose more quickly than large ones. * have more surface area for microbial activity and are easier to mix. * irritate asthmatic airways * lose their heat quickly at night, while rocks stay warmer longer. * resonate with high-frequency light. * slip between the larger particles, filling the pore spaces.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| particle: Smaller particle * are deposited more deeply in the respiratory tract - more likely to be inhaled, and less likely to be expelled by the body * can reach deeper in the lungs and from there be absorbed into the bloodstream - stay in the atmosphere for days or even weeks * fall more slowly in the atmosphere, and decrease the amount of rainfall. * have better chance of reaching the lungs - more surface area and accelerate the rate of composting - much more surface area that can be attacked by microbes * known as suspended sediment are responsible for increased turbidity. * stay airborne much longer than larger particles. * travel deeper into the lungs of individuals. Tiny particle * Most tiny particles carry energy. * Most tiny particles make up atoms - substances - reflect sunlight * Some tiny particles cause diseases - illnesses - irritate lungs - pass into tissue - produce meteors * are a major contributor to space weathering processes. * can lodge in the lung. Viral particle * accumulate in neurons and disrupt their physiological process. * are detectable in plasma throughout the early stages of primary infection - very efficient gene delivery systems * enter a plant cell and are unencapsidated. * spread throughout the body a. Virtual particle * are standard quantum physics, and are described in textbooks on the subject. * pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Particulate * affect health by transporting toxic substances into the respiratory tract. * also deposit as sooty residues on buildings and automobiles. * are also the main source of haze, which reduces visibility - by far the most serious pollutant - fine dust particles - minute separate particles - mixtures of solid and liquid droplets of material that vary in size and origin * are small particles that can contribute to smog - pieces of material in the air that are similir in size to very fine ash * are solid or liquid materials small enough to suspend in air - particles or liquids in the atmosphere - the tiny particles of carbon in black smoke * can affect breathing, damage paints, and reduce visibility - also aid mould growth - originate inside or outside hydraulic systems - settle on surfaces - substantially reduce visibility, which can increase accidents * come from diesel, from thousands of cars running on diesel engines. * have a great impact on visibility. * penetrate deep into lungs. * pose a major hazard for human health. * receive an electrical charge. * settle in the lungs and worsen asthma and bronchitis. ### substance \| particulate: Airborne particulate * are a result of smoke, soot, and fly ash from factories or power plants. * can settle on exposed food, eating surfaces or utensils. * come mostly from the exhaust of cars, trucks, and power plants. * enter the human body via the mouth and nose and settle in the. Fine particulate * are an even greater health concern than larger particulate matter - small enough to be breathed into the deepest reaches of our lungs * are tiny particles of soot and dust that lodge deeply in the lungs - pieces of soot and dust that lodge deeply in the lungs * result primarily from combustion processes. Photorefractive material * are capable of storing infomation holographically. * combine photoconductivity and the electro-optic effect. Piezoelectric material * Many piezoelectric materials suffer from hysteresis and creep effects. * expand and contract with the application of an electric voltage.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Pigment * All pigments are contained in organized plastids. * Many pigments are minerals. * Many pigments contain cadmium compounds, often to make yellow or red colours - toxic heavy metals * Most pigment absorbs blue light - color - green light - primary color - red light - visible light - adds color * Most pigment consists of layers - multiple layers - contains compounds * Most pigment gives color - red color * Most pigment has functions - intensity - properties - includes chlorophyll - is used by artists - makes up dye * Most pigment reflects light - pigments absorb only some wavelengths and transmit the rest * Some pigment absorbs energy - heat - rays - solar energy - captures energy - causes the iris to appear blue * Some pigment consists of compounds - metallic compounds * Some pigment contains atoms - gypsums * Some pigment finds in chloroplasts - hemoglobins - gives chloroplasts * Some pigment has absorption - irritant effects - maximum absorption - includes hemoglobins - is produced by plants - passes through cellulose cell walls - responds to light - uses in photosynthesis * Some pigments are naturally sensitive to ultraviolet light, acids or bases - thermochromic * absorb light energy and give up electrons. * are also an important factor in attracting insects to flowers to encourage pollination - available as liquids, or as powders * are chemical compounds that reflect specific wavelengths of visible light - which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light - or organic substances that possess different sensitivities to light * are chemicals that add color to nail polish - produce color - colorful compounds - different molecules which absorb wavelengths of light - insoluble and impart colour by reflecting and imparting visible light - insoluble, and so has bigger particles than dyes, which are soluble - light-fast and made specifically for hand papermaking - much more resistant to fading than are dyes - natural colorants that absorb some or all wavelengths of light - often more intense in colonies incubated in complete darkness - particles of coloured material - permanent colors - resent in chIcroplast - responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair - simply the colouring matter for paints, waxes and varnishes - so small that they tend to have great surface attraction for each other * are substances that absorb light - give color to plants through their reactions with light * are the colorant of choice for many papermakers - most papermakers - only truly lightfast colorants as they are chemically inactive and very stable - usually metal compounds - very small, relatively insoluble particles in the micron size * based inks are fade resistant, colorfast, and often waterproof. * can also decompose spontaneously, particularly when concentrated onto filters - black or liver in color * capture light energy in much the same way as an antenna captures a radio or tv signal. * come in a wide variety of colors and forms. - various organic and inorganic materials which impart color * constant association, situated within the sensory cells or in special supporting cells. * containing manganese make quick drying oil colors. * cover up or hide what's underneath and provide color. * exist naturally in the tissues of all plants and animals. * has adaptive values - different color - ranges * is colour - formed within nigral cells as a by-product of dopamine metabolism - organic compounds - produced in the petal cells of the plant as the result of a chemical reaction * is the color or pattern of colors inherent in the material - primary ingredient that protects the wood from ultra-violet rays * naturally vary in weight. * now extends the whole length of the embryo. * occur in plant and animal bodies. * offer great potential in modifying the application properties of a coating. * perform a variety of functions. * provide characteristics such as color, opacity, and gloss. * shows blotches. * transmit light. * uses in food products - particular products * vary in their physical properties. + Concrete, Additives: Building materials * Superplasticizers' are chemicals which improve workability, which means the ability to shape the concrete before it has set. Pigments can change the dull grey colour. Air entrainment' is blowing little bubbles in the concrete before it sets. This helps the concrete survive the freezing and thawing of a cold climate. Blast furnace slag can be mixed with concrete. It turns the colour into almost pure white and makes the concrete stronger.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| pigment: Accessory pigment * Most accessory pigment absorbs light. * Some accessory pigment absorbs energy. Anthocyanin pigment * accumulate in the leaves. * are responsible for the red skin of ripe apples and the purple of ripe grapes. Bile pigment * Some bile pigment comes from breakdowns. * are the breakdown products of heme - route by which the breakdown products of red cells are excreted * form during the breakdown of hemoglobin. * give feces their characteristic color. Bilirubin * All bilirubin is, really, is red blood cells that died and decomposed. * is pigment Chlorophyl * are magnesium-centred porphyrins. * is pigment Chlorophyll * has magnesium at it's center. * is essential for photosynthesis - plant photosynthesis - to the synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood ### substance \| pigment \| chlorophyll: Liquid chlorophyll * Most liquid chlorophyll have molecular structures - same molecular structures * counteracts toxins, the result is that the body heal faster. * helps to keep the bowels functioning properly. Color pigment * Many color pigments cause skin sensitivity and irritation. * are either organic or inorganic. Different pigment * absorb different wavelengths of light - to maximise the efficiency or absorption * can give different textures which in turn affect the appearence of their colour. * respond to different wavelengths of visible light. Dry pigment * can be toxic if breathed. * have little or no affinity for the surface onto which they are applied. Haem * are components of haemoglobin , the red pigment in blood - haemoglobin, the red pigment in blood. * haemoglobin, the red pigment in blood. They are also components of a number of other haemoproteins Inorganic pigment * are to be used for coloring to minimize fading. * create earth-tone colors and are suitable for use both inside and out.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| pigment: Melanin * More melanin means more coloration. * Most melanin protects skin - tissue * Some melanin absorbs radiation - rays - melanins even emit a flash of light as they switch, implyng possible electroluminesence * absorbs UV radiation and helps to protect the body against ultraviolet radiation - protects skin from cancer - energy, all types of energy - more light so less is absorbed by the body - some of the laser light - ultraviolet radiation, like a sunblock - various types of radiation as well as being capable of binding boron * acts as a protective biological shield against ultraviolet radiation. * also acts as a sunscreen and protects the skin from ultraviolet light - enables the individual to hold a vision in their mind's eye and manifest it - has a powerful natural way to protect against sunlight damage to our bodies - helps protect the skin from the sun's damaging rays - plays a role in color change by darkening the skin - protects the skin from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun - provides essential protection from ultraviolet rays * appears to be a secondary defense against oxidative damage caused by blue light. * are a family of dark-pigmented substances found in a wide range of organisms - produced by epidermal cells called melanocytes - sensitive to light, pressure, oxygen and peroxides * black pigment, and fungi that produce melaning are visible black or brown. * brown colored protein that helps determine the color of our skin. * can also be toxic - bind bacterial toxins and many other substances including drugs - inactivate many enzymes * chemical in our bodies that colors our skin, eyes, and hair - or pigment which determines the color of the skin - that gives people skin color, and everybody's eyes have some * constitute an insoluble and infusible material difficult to purify. * controls all mental and physical body activities. * dark pigment found in the skin, hair and eyes of humans and other animals. * dark-colored substance that absorbs UV before it can cause damage to the skin. * darkens the skin and protects it from strong sunlight - via a photochemical reaction * derivative of the essential amino acid phenylalanine. * determines skin and hair color - the color of one's skin and hair * does help in the protection from sunlight induced erythema and premature skin aging. * exhibits two separate current-voltage characteristics, the on and off state. * form of colourant that lies in the bottom layers of the skin. * free radical scavenger. * gives color to the iris - skin, hair, and iris of the eyes * has several physiological roles in maintaining health, such as the synthesis of vitamin D. * have very diverse roles and functions in various organisms. * helps protect the skin by absorbing ultraviolet rays from the sun - to block out damaging rays up to a point * helps to protect against the damaging rays of the sun and to determine skin coloring - the skin from the harmful rays of the sun * is actually an energy sponge to absorb the damage from further UV damage - also a mechanism for absorbing heat from the sun * is an effective sunscreen in the ultraviolet region - organic pigment that produces most of the colour seen in mammals - another type of pigment - biological polyacetylene, in much the same way latex of Brazil is polyisoprene * is brown and lipochrome yellowish-brown - deranged only when it becomes toxic - derivative of the amino acid tyrosine - envisaged as an energy transducer with the properties of an amorphous semiconductor - especially useful as a chelating agent to lower or eliminate aluminum agents * is formed from the oxidation of tyrosine by tyrosinase - here to protect against ultraviolet radiation - important in mammalian pigmentation - in cells of skin called melanocytes - like a superconductor, or like a battery in a car * is made from the amino acid tyrosine, which is also needed to build proteins - in small granules, called melanosomes, within the melanocyte - up of specialized pigment cells called melanocytes - manufactured to protect skin from the ultraviolet rays in sunlight - organic compounds - our natural pigment that determines skin color and provides some sun protection - passed from melanocytes to skin cells by cytocrine secretion - photoprotective - present in tissues as granules * is produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis - melanocytes that are found within the layers of the hair follicle - the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine , followed by polymerization * is produced in the eye - pineal gland - red or blackish brown * is responsible for pigmentation in the eyes, hair and skin - the colour of our skin - supposed to regulate all physiological and psychological processes in humans * is the dark pigment found in the hair, skin, and the eye - human body's natural defense against the sun's damaging rays - main pigment found in mammals - most important pigment of coat color in all mammals * is the pigment found the skin and the amount varies with race - in the skin and protects the skin from sunlight - responsible for coloration * is the pigment that causes dark skin - colors the skin - determines the colour of skin, hair, and eyes - gives color to human hair, eyes, and skin - same substance that give skin and hair their color - skin pigment that gives the skin a tan color - skin's natural protection against the UV rays contained in sunlight - strongest chemical in the human body - sun umbrella of our skin, melanin is the skin's natural defense against UV rays - very important in producing skin color and in absorbing free radicals * is what causes pigmentation of skin - darkens the skin, producing a suntan - the Original man has through genetics * macromolecule synthesised by melanocytes. * natural sunscreen. * occurs naturally within the body based on skin type. * pigment created by our bodies - formed in organelles called melanosomes * pigment produced by cells in the lower layers of the epidermis - in the skin cells that causes skin coloration - responsible for skin color and eye color - that provides a measure of natural protection from UV radiation * plays a big part in the colour of almost all animals, even humans - role in hair color * produced in the melanocytes is delivered to the basal skin cells. * protects deeper skin layers from the sun s harmful effects - skin from UV damage * protects the DNA in the nucleus from UV radiation damage - skin by shielding it from the sun * protects the skin from a. desiccation - ultra-violet radiation in sunlight - tissues from the effects of excessive UV radiation - underlie tissue - underlying tissues from UV light * protein that is dark. * provides many benefits to human beings - protection to the lens of the eye against uv light * quinonoid of some what uncertain structure. * ranges in color from yellow to red to brown to black. * remains dark brown while iron based hemosiderin turns blue. * stable free radical. * sticky molecule. * substance in the skin cells that controls hair and skin color - produced by the skin that makes it darken * trait postulated to have evolved for UV-screening in microorganisms. * type of skin pigment that gives our body color. * yellow pigment.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| pigment: Natural pigment * Most natural pigment uses in food products. * can come from just about anything. * make exquisite, mellow colors. * seem to provide some protection against sun-induced skin damage. + Pigment: Color :: Materials :: Chemical synthesis * A 'pigment' is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts. Pigments can also be created by people. Photosynthetic pigment * Most photosynthetic pigment absorbs light - includes chlorophyll * Some photosynthetic pigment gives chloroplasts. * absorb in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. * use primarily the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Phycocyanin * enhances the immune system. * is known as a natural blue-colored pigment and consists of proteins and pigments Pink pigment * Some pink pigment is produced by plants. * fade considerably in adults at end of breeding season. Plant pigment * are basically simple lipids containing many isoprenoid units. * exist in a wide variety of forms, some with highly complex and large structures. * have different functions. * play a very important role in the autumnal coloration of leaves.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| pigment: Porphyrin * absorb visible light strongly. * are an important component of enzymes, such as the hemoglobin that renders our blood red - at the core of many biologically important chemical reactions - cyclic tetrapyrroles of tremendous importance in biology and chemistry - dyes which react with light to close abnormal blood vessels - fascinating compounds with biological significance - important in making the red blood cells and carrying oxygen throughout the body - one of the precursors of heme - organic ring compounds like haeme , the pigment in red blood cells - pigments found in both animal and plant life - red and green pigments that are produced by cells in the feather follicle - stable, ring-shaped molecules with a strictly planar structure - the conjugate acids of ligands that bind metals to form complexes * fluoresce under UV light, a trait that readily differentiates it from blood. * have intense absorption maxima in the visible region. * is pigment * then accumulate to high levels, making the weeds fatally hypersensitive to light - build up in the body + Abelsonite: Minerals Pure pigment * Most pure pigment absorbs blue light - red light - reflects light * allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly saturated color. Red pigment * All red pigments lift off more than other pigments. * Most red pigment absorbs green light * Some red pigment absorbs heat - has effects * reflects quality of diet. Respiratory pigment * Some respiratory pigment includes hemoglobins. * increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Rhodopsin * absorbs and reacts to light entering the eye and begins the visual process. * works best in dim light. White pigment * All white pigments have positive and negative characteristics. * absorbs none of the colored rays, and black absorbs all of the colors of the spectrum. * show almost no drying shift in watercolors. Yellow pigment * Most yellow pigment absorbs blue light * Some yellow pigment has effects - irritant effects * is absent in the agouti band of some hairs. * range from yellow to brown. * tends to fade. Piperine * are alkaloids - chemical compounds * chemical found in black peppers. * component of black pepper which causes sneezing. * has a long history of use in some types of traditional medicine. * is extracted from black pepper using dichloromethane. * offers the extra benefit of assisting the body in nutrient absorption. * potent inhibitor of drug metabolism.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Plant hormone * Most plant hormones play roles. * Most plant hormones regulate growth - plant growth * Most plant hormones stimulate growth - root growth * Some plant hormones affect aspects - inhibit growth - isolate from fungi * Some plant hormones promote cell division * Some plant hormones stimulate cell division * affect gene expression and transcription levels, cellular division, and growth - seed germination and dormancy by acting on different parts of the seed * are hormones - important regulators of embryogenesis and seed dormancy - specialized chemical substances produced by plants - without exception small molecules * can both stimulate and inhibit growth. * have no harmful effects on the environment. * mediate many environmental and developmental responses. * play a minor role in proper embryo formation - an integral role in controlling the growth and development of plants * regulate growth in plants<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Plant material * All plant materials contain nitrogen and carbon. * Many plant materials have an earthy or musk smell - require some degree of comminution before treatment with a solvent * Most plant materials come into contact - contain chemicals - provide adequate amounts of chloride * Some plant materials attract pollinators - come from water - enter stomachs - have values - suspend in water * are materials - organic matter * contains both digestible and indigestible fibre - cellulose which is indigestible to many non-herbivorous animals * forms a small part of the diet - the primary part of the shiner's diet * helps enrich the soil by speeding the decay of organic matter. * improve the microclimate at and near the soil surface. * includes aquatic angiosperms and green algae. * is collected in early spring when plants are dormant - difficult to digest and low in protein - eaten, especially grass seeds, but also green shoots, leaves and other seeds - only part of a generalized diet of insects, small vertebrates, and fruit - stemmy and fibrous * makes up most of their diet. * store their carbohydrates as complex carbohydrates.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Plasma * Is the liquid portion of the blood. * Many plasmas are optically thick. * Most plasma carries oxygen. * Most plasma contains particles - proteins - flows through capillaries * Most plasma has energy - properties - refractive indexes * Most plasma passes through long tubes * Some plasma carries current - electrical current - elements - consists of particles * Some plasma contains antibodies - dust - viruses * Some plasma has definite shapes - low resistance - refraction * Some plasma passes into tissue - through kidneys * Some plasmas are invisible - so hot that they can burn virtually any material * acts in some ways just like a gas. * androgens in women with acne vulgaris. * begins to dominate Earth's environment in the ionosphere. * behaves a lot like a gas, but it has different properties. * carries most of the carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions - nutrients to the tissues and delivers waste to the kidneys for excretion - other clotting factors and helps treat coagulation disorders - our digested food to the cells in our body to be utilised as energy - oxygen to and from cells * carries the blood cells on their journey through the body - throughout the body and contains proteins, vitamins, and minerals * cathodes as electron emission sources for microwave devices. * consists mainly of water, in which numerous natural chemical compounds are dissolved. * consists of a collection of free moving electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons - highly charged particles with extremely high kinetic energy - hot ionized atoms and is influenced by magnetic fields - predominantly of water and salts * constitutes greater than one-half of the blood volume and is largely made up of water. * contains a variety of important substances, some of which also help to prevent bleeding - inorganic and organic substances dissolved in water - almost equal numbers of free electrons and positive ions - fibrinogen * contains ions and electrons that can move around freely - electrons, both of which can move around freely * contains many clotting proteins - specialized proteins such as serum albumin, the globulins, and fibrinogen - nutrients, wastes, salts, proteins, etc * contains the clotting factors - substance called plasminogen - various substances dissolved in the fluid * dissolves carbon dioxide * distributes the substances it contains as it circulates throughout the body. * enters kidneys. * estrogens in periparturient beef cows. * exists in and around the stars, including the sun, and throughout interstellar space - inside stars and in interstellar gases - only under drastic conditions * glows blue from the energy received from the sun. * helps burn victims, patients with severe liver disease and clotting deficiencies - trauma victims, and even hemophiliacs * includes primarily water plus buffering proteins and salt. * is blood plasma - by far the most common form of matter known - display technology - humour - in short supply in many countries - liquids - located in blood - more common in stars, because making plasma requires high temperatures - suspensions * occurs commonly in nature. * works like active matrix, except that a layer of gas sits between two glass pieces.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| plasma: Blood plasma * Most blood plasma contains substances. * Some blood plasma contains antibodies. * contains antibodies against the opposite antigen - several substances, which are involved in blood clotting * forms the matrix of blood. * is filtered across a very leaky capillary bed called a glomerulus - forced out of the glomerular blood capillaries into the renal capsule - like water - natural things - organic matter - the yellow liquid in which blood cells float * straw coloured fluid containing proteins and inorganic materials. + Blood, Plasma: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| plasma: Human plasma * Some human plasma contains viruses. * component used in the manufacture of the oral polio vaccine.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| plasma: Seminal plasma * induces a local inflammatory response in the reproductive tract of gilts. * is rich in fructose, the major source of energy for sperm. * protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman 's body. + Semen, The way it looks and its nature, What it is made up of: Male reproductive system * Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman'a vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is acidic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is alkaline. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Platelet * Are fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow. * Some platelets isolate from gingkoes. * a. are very tiny cells. * adhere to collagen - the damaged area and become cohesive to other platelets - torn blood vessels to create a plug, slowing the loss of blood * aggregate and blood clots in the vessels, reducing blood flow to the graft - normally in response to various agonists * allow the blood to clot, for example, after injury from a cut or scrape. * also aid in blood clotting, and are needed by cancer patients - assure that blood vessels stay leakproof in daily life - contribute to the immune response - help to promote other blood clotting mechanisms - play a critical role in the healing process and promote blood clotting - secrete chemicals that stimulate immune system function * apparently mistake the bacterial substance for collagen. * appear as highly refractile particles under the high power lens - yellow stars - degranulated - indistinguishable at low magnification from debris on blood smears * are a blood product that serve as the body's first line of defense against bleeding - component in the blood that are essential to normal blood clotting - key factor in the body's ability to form blood clots - specialized type of blood cell that clump together to prevent bleeding * are a type of blood cell important to blood clotting - cell found in the blood - very important component of blood - active in blood clotting and they are rich in inflammatory mediators - actually fragments of large cells that are present only inbone marrow - almost never high enough to cause health problems - an important part of the clotting factor in blood - blood cells necessary for clotting * are blood cells that help control bleeding - form blood clots and stop bleeding - perform a wide variety of functions - strengthen blood vessel walls and help seal cuts * are blood components responsible for a person's blood clotting - cell fragments in the bloodstream that enable blood to clot * are cell fragments involved in blood - with blood clotting - responsible for blood clotting * are cell fragments that bud off megakaryocytes in bone marrow - function in blood clotting - cells found in blood that help form clots to stop bleeding * are cells in the blood that are essential to blood clotting - help stop bleeding - produced by the bone marrow and are responsible for blood clotting - central to the process of wound healing - clot-forming blood cells which prevent excessive bleeding - colorless cells, produced in the bone marrow, that aid in the clotting of blood - critical to blood coagulation and the formation of clots to stop bleeding - discoid cells of the blood * are essential for clotting - the formation of a blood clot - fragments of blood cells that help the blood clot, or form a scab * are fragments of cells that are less than half the size of red blood cells - live in the bone marrow * are fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, another bone marrow cell - giant bone-marrow cells called megakaryocytes - important for proper blood clotting - involved in hemostasis through the making of blood clots - like little corks - little cell-like blood components which help the blood to clot - microscopic cell fragments whose main function is to help blood clot - minute colourless cells - much smaller in size than the other blood cells * are necessary for blood clotting * are one component involved in clotting blood - of the components of blood that help blood to clot * are particles in the blood the assist in clotting - involved in the blood clotting process * are particles that circulate in the blood and play a role in clotting * are produced in bone marrow by a process known as thrombopoiesis - the bone marrow and are involved in the process of making a blood clot - really 'thrombocytes' - repsosnsible for blood clotting * are responsible for causing damage to the cells that line the inside of the blood vessels * are responsible for helping the blood to clot and prevent bleeding - to clot in order to prevent bleeding * are small Blood cells that help control bleeding - cells circulating in the blood * are small cells in the blood responsible for blood clotting - that help clot the blood * are small cells that are found in the peripheral blood - float around in our blood stream - which are needed for blood to clot normally - disc shaped cells that are formed in the bone marrow - disk-shaped blood cells that clump together to form blood clots - elements of the blood that can clump together and initiate blood clot formation - fragments of cells, with no nucleus - specialized blood cells that help prevent and stop bleeding - sticky cells that help control bleeding * are the agents in the blood that cause clotting - blood component that is one of the steps necessary for clotting - blood's main clotting agent - cells in blood that cause it to clot * are the clotting agents in the bloodstream - factors in blood that are the number one trigger of heart attacks * are the component of blood that cause clotting - controls bleeding - components of blood that stop bleeding - constituent in blood that helps it clot - disc shaped cells that stop bleeding - first line of defense against vascular injury - major blood-clotting elements of the body - primary source of amyloid b peptide in human blood * are the smallest cells in the blood and are essential to blood coagulation - human blood cell and are essential for wound healing - normal cellular element seen in blood smears - special cells that clump together and control bleeding after an injury - tiny cells that seal minor cuts and wounds and form blood clots - there to help the blood clot - tiny blood cells formed in the bone marrow * are tiny blood cells that are essential for blood to clot normally - function to help prevent and stop bleeding - bodies that are much smaller than red blood cells - cells that help blood to clot - disk-shaped bodies that help stop bleeding when blood vessels are damaged - particles in the blood that form a mesh in an early stage of blood clotting - unique in that they have a short life span of just five days * are very delicate, enable cuts to heal and only last for five days - large when they are first made - small fragments of cells * are what allow blood to clot after surgery or some type of trauma - is responsible for the clotting - make blood clot - yellow, disc shaped cells that help the blood to clot * arrive at the site of a rupture of a blood vessel and initially plug the leak. * attach to the atheroma. * become activated and adhere to endothelium and leukocytes. * can elevate as acute phase reactants. * cause clotting when cuts or other open wounds occur. * circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting - play a vital role in the control of bleeding - as resting cells in the shape of discs * clump around the area of injury as a normal part of the clotting and healing process - wound forming a clot, which blocks blood flow to the heart * coagulate blood and prevent excessive bleeding. * collect in an attempt to stop bleeding. * contain clotting factors that plug up blood vessel walls when they are torn - many chemicals that assist clotting - secretory granules * control bleeding and induce clotting. * control bleeding by attaching to an injured surface and forming a clot - helping repair injured blood vessels - in patients with leukemia and other illnesses * form a 'mesh' net to form clots in the Blood to help stop bleeding - platelet plug to stop bleeding - wreath around a segmented neutrophil - from the breaking apart of the cytoplasm of the fully mature megakaryocytes * function in the clotting of blood. * have a limited life span before they are replaced by new platelets. * have a short life-span of just five days - only five days - ofjust five days - the shortest shelf-life and can be stored for only about five days * help blood clot and prevent bleeding - clot blood when there break in a blood vessel, such as a cut in the skin - control bleeding by covering blood vessels opened by injury or surgery * help in the clotting of blood - formation of blood clots - speed clotting time, and platelets help fight shock * help stop bleeding by plugging leaks in blood vessels * immediately form a plug at the site of injury. * initiate a chain of reactions that lead to blood clotting. * is granule of granule. * lack dense granules and platelet function is abnormal. * live a few weeks and are constantly being produced by the bone marrow. * make the blood clot. * play a big part in stopping bleeding. * play a crucial part in the blood clotting process by forming a platelet plug - role in helping blood to clot - major role in blood clotting as described in the next section * play a role in blood clot formation - coagulation and wound healing - the patient from bleeding to death * probably play little if any role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. * promote blood clotting and repair gaps in the walls of blood vessels. * promote clotting in blood - of the blood, and prevent excessive bleeding * release chemicals that are needed for blood clotting - clotting factors, which begin a series of reactions to produce fibrin - substances that help blood clot * rush to the point of injury to stop the bleeding. * send out filopodia that entangle each other. * stick together to stop bleeding. * then activate substances in plasma which form a clot and allow the wound to heal. * undergo changes in configuration and release reactions. * work with other substances to form clots where blood vessels are but. + Blood, Platelets: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system * Platelets help make blood clot. A clot is when the liquid blood becomes solid. The body makes blood clot when the skin is cut. This stops blood from going out of the skin too much. * Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really 'thrombocytes'. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs. Blood tissues are also known as vascular tissue. * A 'platelet' is a cell fragment that circulates in the blood. Platelets are involved in hemostasis through the making of blood clots. + Clot, The details * Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the vessel. When blood is exposed to proteins such as tissue factor it starts changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein fibrinogen, which is a clotting factor. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury. Proteins in the blood plasma, called 'coagulation factors' or 'clotting factors', respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands. These strengthen the platelet plug.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| platelet: Human platelet * display high-affinity receptors for thrombopoietin. * play an important role in thrombosis and heamostasis. Low platelet * are a sign of portal hypertension and possible cirrhosis - usually due to antibodies and less commonly the result of drug side-effects * can cause internal bleeding or other problems. Sticky platelet * can cause blood clots that ultimately result in heart attacks - lead to clotting and heart attacks * contribute to narrowing arteries, which can lead to heart disease. Poisonous substance * Most poisonous substances produce during growth. * Some poisonous substances are produced by live organisms - released by microbes - secreted by fungi - cause burns - damage various tissue - require excretion * Some poisonous substances result in irritation - lung irritation Polymer material * Some polymer materials have high conductivity - comparable to that of copper. * are extremely important to a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Polymeric material * are ideal for creating molded mirror substrates of complex shapes. * can absorb energy due to their many molecular motions. * have a vast potential for exciting new applications in the foreseeable future. Porous material * absorb sound, but allow it to pass through at only slightly reduced intensity. * can trap molds. Powdery substance * cause breathe problems * cause serious breathe problems Propellant * Some propellants contain combustion modifiers, such as lead oxide. * are a large portion of the weight of the rocket - liquid fuel and gaseous oxygen - butane and propane - substances * is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. * used in aerosol cans contribute to pollution. * wer slush hydrogen and liquid oxygen. ### substance \| propellant: Liquid propellant * develop the most efficient thrusts for rocket power. * have separate storage tanks - one for the fuel and one for the oxidizer. Solid propellant * are stable and easily storable. * burn at a surface. * have the fuel and oxidiser embedded in a rubbery matrix. ### substance \| protoplasm: Blood platelet * help blood clot. * play a crucial role in both hemostatis and thrombosis. * possess the power of ameboid movement. Germ plasm * common feature within animal embryos. * is localized to one side of the division plane during early cell divisions.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Pumice * also cools so fast that within a few hours it looks like glass. * can form from any types of magma, including basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. * comes in many shades from cream through to orange. * consists mainly of glass materials rather than mineral crystals - of fragments of vesicular magma formed during explosions * cools off very quickly and also is associated with gaseous eruptions. * extrusive igneous rock that light yellowish gray. * flow stratigraphic subunits, distal limits of youngest pyroclastic flows and lahars. * form of volcanic glass that's filled with holes. * forms from a frothy, silica-rich magma. * gaseous froth, formed by the expansion of gas in lava. * has a tendency to break down during use becoming finer as it is used - many air pockets in it which helps it float in water - such a low density it can often float on water * highly vesicular variety of rhyolite. * is an example of a pyroclast - coarse tephra, ash is fine-grained tephra - crushed from volcanic rock - derived from cooled lava and is used as polishing and grinding stones - foamy volcanic glass, so light that it floats on water * is formed from lava that is full of gas - when the pressure on the magma is reduced as it rises to the surface - found in bath tubs * is ground up and used today in soaps, abrasive cleansers, and also in polishes - just like obsidian except it is tiny shards of glass - one kind of rock formed by volcanic eruptions that are very explosive - rocks - so light that it actually floats on water * is the ash from volcanoes - hardened residue of volcanic froth, or very liquid rock highly charged with gases - principal ingredient in tuff - seeds and skins of crushed and pressed grapes - thus very light weight * is used chiefly as an abrasive and is included in many scouring preparations - commercially for cleaning and polishing wood, metal, and other surfaces - for polishing hard things - in heaps of things like toothpaste, cement, and cosmetic products - usually felsic * lava rock that is hardened foam. * light gray porous lava that is found around certain volcanic vents. * light, porous volcanic rock that forms during explosive eruptions. * light-colored vesicular igneous rock. * rock composed of little more than the sides of tiny bubbles. * very light colored, frothy volcanic rock that is formed from lava that is full of gas<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Pure substance * Most pure substances are compounds. * Most pure substances consist of chemical elements - different elements - single elements * Most pure substances have chemical properties * Some pure substances exist in states. * are either elements or compounds, two or more elements combined in unique ways - inanimate objects * boil at a particular temperature and pressure. * can be either chemical compounds or elements. * change state at a particular temperature. * have a melting point - specific gravity and the usual standard of that gravity is water - clear properties such as being a solid, liquid or gas at a certain temperature * include elements. * is the origin of all else. Pyrogen * act in the brain to reset the body's thermostat to a higher temperature than normal. * are substances. * can come from external substances such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins. * make their way to the hypothalamus, which is in charge of regulating body temperature. * stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body's internal temperature, resulting in a fever. Pyrophoric material * can ignite spontaneously with no external source of ignition. * ignite spontaneously in air.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Radioactive material * All radioactive material has the potential for use as a weapon. * All radioactive materials have a half-life - what is called a half life * Any radioactive material has the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment. * Some radioactive materials are alpha emitters, and others are beta emitters. * Some radioactive materials enter digestive tracts - generate heat - produce gamma rays * are both natural and man-made - composed of atoms that are unstable - unusual * can be dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years - occur naturally in surface water * can occur naturally or can come from oil and gas production and mining - penetrate intact skin, especially when organic solvents are present - present hazards to human health and to the environment * collection of unstable atomic nuclei. * highly regulated substance. * is transported through Delaware by water, air and road. * is used in defence, in nuclear weapons and submarine propulsion - industry, medicine, and academic institutions * keep the center of the earth hot. * means any solid, liquid, or gas which emits radiation spontaneously. * needs long-term storage as encased in glass. * occurring naturally on earth in soils and rocks emit radiation. * occurs naturally at low levels in soils and rocks. * released into the environment can affect humans in two ways. * required for irradiators is transported in lead-shielded steel casks. * serve as geologic clocks. * takes many years to lose concentration. + Radioisotope heater unit: Physics * A 'radioisotope heater unit' is a device that provides heat from the breakdown of radioactive material. Radioactive material is added to a container within the heater. Because the material is unstable, it breaks down, releasing energy as heat.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Radioactive radioactive waste * Radioactive waste becomes concentrated and easier to handle - can be solid, liquid, or gaseous waste that contains radionuclides - contains no plutonium whatsoever - has to be held safe for the rest of eternity - involves the concept of a half-life and exponential decay functions * Radioactive waste is an abstract concept to most people - deposited in four concrete tanks within a fenced area - fundamentally an environmental problem - generated in the production of many essential products - green and constantly bubbles - long-lasting - to be collected and stored in clearly labeled impermeable containers - what is left over from the operation of a nuclear reactor * Radioactive wastes are a growing problem throughout the world - dangerous to the health - the principal environmental concern for nuclear power * Some radioactive waste is produced by nuclear plants - nuclear power plants - produces during extractions - wastes have long half-life Raw feedstock * A feedstock raw material * Feedstocks are ethane, propane, naphtha, gas oil - raw materials - the materials used to produce compost - can include potato skins and corn - comprise a substantial share of the industrial energy consumption	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Raw material * All raw materials come from the Earth's crust , the oceans and the atmosphere. * Most raw materials contain nitrogen - have shapes * Raw Materials Build healthy soil using natural fertilizers, such as chicken manure, and cover crops. * Some raw materials contain a balance of energy and bulking agent properties - sugar * Some raw materials use in fermentation * They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them. Raw materials are made into other things * are industrial equipment - inventories needed for the production of goods or services - materials used up in production - of vital importance for the development of the textile industry - resources - the only items that bring in income, keeping the ruling classes alive - starches * has worth in every type of manufacturing. * require for photosynthesis. * used in brewing are barley, hops, sugar, yeast and water. * using for making litmus include wood cellulose, lichens and adhering compounds. Recycle material * Some recycle materials use in production. * enter waste. Recycled material * are an essential feedstock for Minnesota manufacturers - usually a mix of many different grades of the same basic material * can save money by reducing purchase and transportation costs. * have a harder time meeting a strict standard of purity than virgin materials. * is used in all steel production. Reflective material * can work like insulation by reflecting heat away. * works only if there light source. Refractory material * are in use in almost all heavy industry - used to line high-temperature ovens * are used to line the inside of high-temperature ovens - of ovens used to maintain very high temperatures<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Refrigerant * Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. * Some refrigerants exhibit high pressures. * can be a liquid or a vapor, depending on their temperature and pressure. * flows at a rate that exactly matches compressor capacity - helically in a single plane where the axis of the spiral is horizontal + Freon: Chemicals * The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone. Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. * A 'refrigerant' is a chemical that is found in an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and in other refrigeration equipment. Refrigerants can be a liquid or a vapor, depending on their temperature and pressure. Most refrigerants in their liquid state will evaporate very fast if at atmospheric pressure, but this depends on the particular refrigerant and its particular boiling point. Refrigerants in their vapor state are compressed by a compressor, then cooled by a condenser, where it condenses back into a liquid. The refrigerant is very hot as it leaves the compressor. At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it. By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. ### substance \| refrigerant: Cryogen * are refrigerant. * is refrigerant Related substance * act as antibiotics. * can compete for the same carrier or pore. Rigid material * Most rigid materials have similar structures * are difficult to bend.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| rind: Peel * Most peels contain pigment. * Some peels are part of ananases - apples - avocados - baobabs - berries - blackberries - blueberries - cantaloupe - cherries - citruses - cucumbers - currants - figs - gooseberries - grapefruit - kiwi - mandarins - mangos - melons - muskmelons - papaya - peach - pears - pineapples - plums - pomegranates - raisins - strawberries - tuna - watermelon * Some peels contain potassium - have sugar * are a particularly effective way to reverse premature aging - for everybody that is concerned about aging - part of edible fruit * can cause persistent redness of the skin - sometimes cause persistent redness of the skin * improve skin texture, dry up active acne, help to reduce razor bumps and fine lines. * minimize fine lines and wrinkles and create even skin tone. * oranges and remove all white membranes - with a vegetable peeler * pears with a vegetables peeler, keeping stems intact. * remove the outer layer of skin allowing the collagen and dermis layers to rejuvenate. * surface off roofs. * utilize a variety of acids ranging in strength and depth of penetration.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| rind \| peel: Chemical peel * are a normally safe and popular way to treat facial wrinkling and fine scarring - very important part of the skin rejuvenation process - at one time simple but complex - cosmetic procedures performed at the request of the patient - less expensive than laser resurfacing * employ an acid solution to damage the top layer of skin. * exfoliate, or unclog pores, in the skin. * strip off the top layers of skin and new younger-looking skin grows back. * vary according to their specific ingredients and their strength - depending on the type of solution used Peel testing * can determine the frictional force present from the adhesive bond. * produces information used in determining the adhesive's durability. Superficial peel * are useful for treating blotchy skin, and require no anesthesia or sedation. * treat early aging skin and wrinkles which occur with facial expressions. Rock wool * has a texture similar to fiberglass' but dark gray. * is another man-made mineral fiber that can be used for insulation - made from natural minerals like basalt or diabase * medium produced by spinning volcanic basalt rock in blast furnaces. Sandpaper * come in various types. * ' piece of paper with an abrasive glued to it. Sandpapers come in various types. Some are very rough, while others are very smooth. They are used to clean wood and metal and make them smooth. Some sandpaper is made to go on a machine that rubs very fast, while other sandpaper is used by hand. * contains numerous sharp edges that cut away at wood or metal. * is an abrasive material - devices * leaves a scratch pattern in wood. Sandstone * has much larger particles than does shale. * is Nevada s state rock - composed of sand grains which are cemented together - located below sand in sand beaches - made of sand, siltstone is made of silt, mudstone is made of mud and so on - weak when wet, so avoid climbing in damp areas or right after a rain * provides a good reservoir rock for oil which has been trapped by faulting and folding. ### substance \| sandstone: Bluestone * are limestone - sandstones * is adjacent to Bluestone Lake, the state's third largest body of water. Brownstone * are everywhere - homes * are located in rings - subdivisions - real estates - residential buildings - sandstones * is about relationships. * variety of sandstone.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| sandstone: Greensand * also improves soil moisture retention. * are sandstones. * contains marine potash plus silica, iron oxide, magnesia, lime, and phosphoric acid - vitamins and minerals, including potash, phosphate and many trace minerals * is marketed as a soil conditioner - mined in New Jersey from a geologic marine layer - relatively low in potassium, which is readily dissolved - the pulverized rock of a sandy clay material called iron potassium silicate * natural ion exchange material which is capable of softening water. Grit * Some grit contains calcium. * acts as an internal grinder, milling foods down in the bird's stomach. * are high in iron and have no fat and no cholesterol - raw or partially cooked soybeans that have been cracked into eight or ten pieces - small broken grains of corn * helps grind up coarse vegetable matter. * is cereals - courage - located in carpets * taken up with foodstuffs probably serves as an abrasive to aid in mastication. ### substance \| sandstone \| grit: Insoluble grit * assists the bird in digestion of seed. * remains in the gizzard and is thought to aid in the mechanical breakdown of food.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Sealant * Some sealants are preferable for indoor use due to their lower emission rates - contain stain to tint the color of the deck * are a clear or white material, which is applied on the biting surfaces of the teeth. * are a plastic a plastic coating that protects teeth against decay - material used to prevent cavities from forming - resin material that are applied to mostly molar teeth in the back of our mouths - safe, effective and economical way to prevent cavities - valuable aid in the prevention of dental disease * are also rough on plants - significantly less costly than fillings - an economical preventive measure to keep teeth healthy for years - clear plastic fluids that are painted onto the tooth - cosmetically pleasing because they are clear or white in color - important tools against tooth decay - less costly than fillings or other dental procedures * are most effective in reducing cavities in children with newly formed permanent teeth - when applied to new molars before cavities have time to develop - painless and cost-effective, and can be applied in just a few minutes per tooth * are thin plastic coatings brushed on the chewing surfaces of teeth - plastic-like coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the molars - thin, plastic coatings painted on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth * block liquids from seeping into the granite. * can also stop small areas of decay from becoming larger. * can be clear, white or slightly tinted - very effective in preventing more costly dental procedures in the future - white, clear, or opaque in colour and feel smooth when touched - normally last up to five years and hold up very well under normal chewing - offer major protection against cavities * cover the pits and grooves and create a barrier to the bacteria that cause decay. * form a barrier that keeps food and bacteria out of tiny grooves in the tooth. * help prevent decay from forming on the chewing surface of teeth - minor leaks, foaming, and lubricate water pump seals - to maintain sound, intact teeth * offer an effective way to block tooth decay in certain areas. * prevent cavities on the biting surfaces of molars, where most cavities occur. * provide an added layer of protection against cavities for children and adults - strong, flexible seals in maintenance, maring and industrial applications * vary somewhat in their longevity. * work by filling in the crevasses on the chewing surfaces of the teeth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| sealant: Dental sealant * act as a barrier, protecting the teeth against decay-causing bacteria. * are a vital component of caries prevention - simple to apply, requiring no anesthetic * can only provide their best protection when they are fully intact - provide a further layer of protection against cavities * consist of a plastic material that is applied to the tooth enamel. * protect children's teeth and help prevent cavities. * provide specific protection against that kind of cavity. Sealer * also offer resistance to rain, sun, freezing temperatures, petroleum, and deicing salts. * form hard, slick surfaces that have the potential for bond failure once the paste dries. * is officials. * often use sharpened steel hooks to drag the creatures on board their vessels.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| sealer: Caulk * also bond better and are likely to stay put longer when applied during warmer weather. * can be difficult to keep in vertical joints and on a variety of substrates - deteriorate over time allowing water to leak into walls and floors * comes in many colors to match the existing surface color. * cracks around windows and doors to keep the heat out and the cool in - prevent water from seeping inside - windows, doors, and fascia boards - that ants are using to enter the home - with a caulking material prior to applying water repellent * is sealer * is the material that comes in a tube and is forced out with a caulking gun - putty that seals between the window frame and the house - used around outside window and door frames, and to fill outside wall and foundation cracks * is used to fill hairline cracks - waterproof, insulate and seal<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Semen * comes from different sources. * comes from several different sources * contains bicarbonate, ascorbic and citric acids, water, enzymes, fructose and sugar - materials * has characteristics. * includes acrosomes - cell membranes - cytoplasm - flagella - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - sperm - vacuoles * is humour * moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis. * travelss through urethras. + Penis, Ejaculation: Anatomy of the male reproductive system * When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman, he places his erect penis within her vagina and moves it in and out. The vagina is warm and soft, and it places pressure on the man's penis. This makes the man have an orgasm and ejaculate. During orgasm, muscles push semen from the penis and into the vagina. Semen moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Shale * Most shale contains salt. * Some shale contains coal - crystal - minerals - sulfide minerals - shales are very soft and fall apart in water, others can be quite hard * are often rich in oil and burn readily - one of the more important common constituents of rocks in log analysis * break easily along their layering, especially along weathered surfaces. * can adsorb the series radionuclides. * can exist as grains or nodules in the formation matrix - in the form of laminae between which are layers of sand * contain the lion's share of earth history that is recorded in sedimentary rocks. * contains clay and is in small, thin layers * have permeabilities of the order of a few millidarcies. * is clay that has been converted into rock masses - important because it contains the products of former life on earth, and their hydrocarbons - soft and porous * represent deeper marine environments and sandstone represents shoreline environment. * weather very easily to form mud and clay.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| shale: Black shale * Some black shale contains minerals * are deposited in anoxic or low oxygen environments, such as in stagnant water columns. * contain organic material that sometimes breaks down to form natural gas or oil. + Shale, Formation of shale: Sedimentary rocks * Black shales are deposited in anoxic or low oxygen environments, such as in stagnant water columns. They are common in some Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata, Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as molybdenum, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. R. Zangerl and E.S. Richardson 1963. Fieldiana Memoirs' '4', Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. 352J.D. Vine and E.B. Tourtelot 1970. Geochemistry of black shale deposits - a summary report. Oil shale * contains a waxy substance known as kerogen, which yields oil when heated. * is shale - the rock from which shale oil is extract ed * rock that contains significant amounts of organic material in the form of kerogen. * sedimentary rock. * type of sedimentary rock that is rich in kerogen.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Slate * Most slate has smooth surfaces. * can also have white lines across the paws and throat - be of almost any color * foliated metamorphic rock that is formed through the metamorphism of shale. * formed from sediment that fell into deep water rich in organic matter is black. * has a natural roughness unless it is rubbed down to produce a really smooth surface - texture * includes sections. * is actual stone that splits naturally into thin uniform thicknesses - an example of a metamorphic rock - fine-grained, relative to granite, and also much more uniform in composition - formed by the metamorphsis of usually shale * is formed from clay-rich mud in response to tectonic stress - shale that has been super-heated and compressed - when sedimentary rocks are metamorphosed by great pressure - ground up into a fine powder and mixed with a tough liquid polymer resin - harder and more durable than shale, but breaks easily into thin layers - lists - located in roofs - low-grade metamorphic shale - metamorphic a. sandstone - mined in the mountains - quarried in the United States in Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia - softer than a knife blade - the online magazine of news, politics, and culture - used as roofing but also as building material * is used for flooring and as crushed product - roofing and quartzite for flagging - in blackboards, talc in talcum power, and soapstone for carving - websites * kind of stone that can be separated into flat sheets. * metamorphic mudstone or shale. * metamorphic rock formed from shale under great pressure - found in southwestern Vermont * metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock mudstone - useful building material * natural dense solid rock - hand crafted product that can have slight variations in texture and thickness - product that was formed millions of years ago - stone that is nonporous and heat-resistant * rock formation with one very unique and distinctive characteristic. * semi-metamorphic rock. * vary in color, most commonly seen in black, gray, red, purple, or green. * very fine-grained rock composed mainly of quartz and mica. * weather-resistant, durable stone that is used for patios and sidewalks. + Geology, Types of rock, Metamorphic rock * Metamorphic rock is rock that has been changed. Sometimes an igneous, or a sedimentary rock can be heated, or squashed under the ground, so that it changes. Metamorphic rock is often harder than the rock that it was before it changed. One well-known metamorphic rock is marble which is valued for its different colours, and because it can be carved and polished. Slate is a metamorphic rock that is a useful building material. + Hunsrück: Rhineland-Palatinate	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Solid material * Most solid materials have shapes. * Some solid materials contain calcium. * are eliminated through the anus - formed from densely packed atoms, which interact intensely - liquefied by means of regurgitated saliva * can support denser materials on their surfaces. * is especially sensitive to shock. * settles to the bottom and is degraded by Anaerobic microbial communities. Solid substance * All solid substances are said to have solid state. * Some solid substances have chemical compositions * Some solid substances have definite chemical compositions * penetrate the skin slowly unless they happen to be mixed with a suitable solvent.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Solvent * All solvents are poisonous if ingested. * Keep solvents in safety approved containers. * Many solvents affect the central nervous system and are skin and eye irritants. * Many solvents are also flammable and present significant fire hazards in use and storage - hazardous and regulated - hygroscope - they pick up moisture - likely to be hazardous wastes - petroleum-based - poisonous and flammable, and they pose hazards to groundwater and surface water - protonic, including water, liquid ammonia, and glacial acetic acid * Many solvents can catch fire , even in cold weather - cause cancer - penetrate the skin directly - contain chlorinated compounds which can deplete the earth's protective ozone layer - leave a residue * Most solvents are flammable and some emit toxic gas when heated - highly volatile - poisonous if they are swallowed or the vapors are inhaled in large amounts - readily available household products - currently used are highly flammable and contain VOCs which contribute to smog - have a characteristic odor - including naphtha, kerosene, and gasoline contain both benzene and possibly lead - used today are blends of different solvents of the same family * Some solvents are also highly flammable - carcinogenic * Some solvents can be extremely hazardous and even fatal if used without proper precautions - interact with materials of both hard and soft lenses - contain chlorine and their loss to the atmosphere contributes to ozone depletion - penetrate the skin and enter the blood circulation - produce vapours which are heavier than air - work better if applied with a cloth. * These are called 'organic solvents'. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds - they have to be inert. Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water. Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and many have a characteristic smell. The concentration of a solution is the amount of compound that is dissolved in a certain volume of solvent. The 'solubility' is the maximal amount of compound that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature * act on the nervous system, causing dizyness, lack of motor co-ordination, and sleepiness. * also tend to penetrate the skin, carrying other chemicals along. * are a blend of VOCs - among the chemicals oxidized - candidates for re-distillation - indispensable in many manufacturing operations, such as cleaning and painting - just liquids that can dissolve many other substances - likely to attack the plastics used to house most instruments - liquid substances that are used to dissolve solids * are liquids such as glues, paints, and polishes - that can dissolve or break things down - used to mix the other ingredients in a nail polish to yield a uniform product - more efficient than water for dissolving grease - necessary as media for chemical reactions, chemical separations and cleaning - of two kinds, polar and non-polar - one way to thin a epoxy to lower cost - organic compounds which can evaporate and affect local air quality - sources of hydrocarbons - substances, usually liquid, that dissolve other substances * are the chemicals abused as inhalants - most common group of laboratory chemicals - toxic, and cause stratospheric ozone depletion and smog formation * associated with paint can generate volatile organic compounds. * break up complexes while increasing the binding to the anion exchange - hydrophobic interactions, allowing water free access to the hydrogen bonds * can also attack other organ systems besides the nervous system - break down the natural protective oils and fats of the skin - modify nuclephilicities, as mentioned above * can be dangerous to people - gases, liquids, or solids - toxic to fish and birds and can contaminate our groundwater - contaminate drinking water - deteriorate or dissolve adhesive - enter the body and bloodstream through the mouth and digestive system - have a major effect on the hyperfine splitting observed for a spin adduct - help to stabilize carbocation - only hold so much solute * contain aromatic hydrocarbons such as mineral spirits and toluene. * differ from alcohol in their speed of onset which can occur within seconds. * dissolve solutes. * dissolve the bond between wood and paint - contaminant present on the surface * dissolves glue. * dissolving agent used in antiquing and to clean brushes used with oil-based colors. * do however affect the positions of the shifts for the actual solute. * enter the body by inhalation, by swallowing and through the skin. * evaporate causing the paint to dry. * found in varnishes include turpentine, varnalene, and xylol. * frequently alter polymer physical properties. * get into body fat in the skin, nerves, and brain. * give off fumes that can be inhaled to get 'high' - the appearance of a burnished surface, but it remains workable * have three classes of solubility. * irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract. * is denatured alcohol - the liquid part of a solution, e.g., the water in salt water * maintain the coating in a liquid state and influence application. * make up the major portion of most coatings. * often play a crucial role in the rate and outcome of liquid-phase chemical reactions - an important role in determining the rates and products of reactions * remove the protective oils from the skin and cause drying, redness, and irritation. * substance that dissolves the solute. * used in equipment maintenance can be both toxic and flammable - lacquers include acetone and ethyl alcohol - include butanol and xylene * vaporize with lower pressure leaving any solids behind. * vary in toxicity and persistence in the environment.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| solvent: Chlorinated solvent * Most chlorinated solvents are hazardous due to their toxicity - have higher resale value * are also the mainstay of the dry cleaning industry - difficult to clean up - the primary contaminants of concern - unlikely to accumulate in the environment * can damage the insulation or the seals. * reduce the toxic dose, suggesting a synergistic effect. Common solvent * Some common solvents are trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride. * are xylene, fuel oil, petroleum distillates, and alcohol. Industrial solvent * Many industrial solvents are carbon based, like our bodies. * Most industrial solvents are volatile. * are chemicals used in production processes.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| solvent: Organic solvent * Many organic solvents are also highly flammable - themselves of interest as substrates * Most organic solvents affect the central nervous system, primarily the brain - are both toxic and flammable - can penetrate through the protective layer of the skin * affect the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. * alter the stratum corneum structure and barrier function. * are at least as powerful as radioactivity and can cause cancers - expensive, hazardous to use, and costly to dispose of * are the easiest inhalants to obtain and the most dangerous to abuse - most dangerous of all inhalants * belong to many classes of chemicals. * can also harm the environment because they are generally toxic and water soluble - cause surface damage as can heat and bright light - present fire hazards as well as inhalation hazards * identify ligand binding sites on protein surfaces. * vary widely in their properties and toxicity. Solvent abuse * is of special concern because of the young age of many abusers. * kills eight times more people every year than the dreadful drug ecstasy. Stoddard solvent * colorless, flammable liquid that smells and tastes like kerosene. * mixture of numerous hydrocarbons derived by refining crude oil. Strong solvent * Many strong solvents are immiscible with aqueous containing mobile phases. * are corrosive to skin.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| solvent: Typical solvent * are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. + Grignard reaction, Making a Grignard reagent: Organometallic chemistry :: Chemical reactions * Grignard reagents are formed by the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal. The reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound. Typical solvents are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Oxygen and protic solvents such as water or alcohols are not compatible with Grignard reagents. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfer. Sorbent * Most sorbents also remove odors, although with lower efficiency than activated charcoal. * Some sorbents are chemically specific. * also provide fuel for municipal power plants and for industrial furnaces. * are materials - special sponges that are used to soak up the oil * becomes saturated and sinks in oil.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Sponge * All sponges are aquatic and the majority of species are marine - have a similar body plan which basically resembles a sac filled with holes - possess a remarkable ability to regenerate lost parts * Choanoflagellates Protoaan ancestral sponge. * Many sponges are asymmetrical, but some exhibit radial symmetry - rare and many are found in deep waters making sampling difficult - have endosymbiont relationships with green algae * Most sponges absorb water. * Most sponges are Hermaphroditic which means that they are able to produce both sperm and eggs - both male and female - found in seawater, only a few in fresh water * Most sponges are hermaphrodites, animals in which individuals have both male and female gonads - each individual bearing both eggs and sperm - possessing both eggs and sperm - that is, they produce both male and female sex cells * Most sponges are hermaphroditic, meaning that a single organism has both eggs and sperm - which means each adult can act as either female or male - marine but a few live in freshwater - monoecious - sessile * Most sponges come in shapes - various shapes * Most sponges contain debris - minerals - sea minerals - silica - feed by collecting bacteria from the water that streams through their porous bodies - have capacity - live their lives attached to a reef - reproduce sexually - stay in one place, attached to a solid surface * Some sponges are carnivorous and use their spicules to capture small crustaceans - distinctive in shape or colour, but can vary in shape sometimes dramatically - hermaphrodite, but others are unisex - benefit from the presence of small symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae - come armed with glasslike skeletal spikes, microscopic and as beautiful as snowflakes * Some sponges contain chemicals - toxic chemicals * Some sponges grow quite large - very rapidly and have short lives though * Some sponges have contact - distinct smell - endoskeletons made of calcium carbonate or silicon - fertilization - hard, mineralized skeletons called spicules - oviparous fertilization where sperm and eggs meet in open water - ranges - slime - spicules that are made of flexible protein called spongin - symbiotic algae and can bleach like corals - teeth - keep their shape by forming spicules, tiny rods that brace up the sponge's cells - offer protection - play an important role in helping nudibranchs defend themselves - produce buds * absorb water by capillary action, as do many kinds of natural fibers used for clothing * also breathe and excrete waste in the same way. * also have great powers of regeneration from injury or predation - pharmaceutical value * also produce borings, commonly riddling shells with numerous small holes - often riddling shells with numerous tiny holes * also reproduce asexually by the formation of buds or gemmules - sexually by producing gametes - work well, and can also be found at a pet store * appear to represent an early stage of multicellularity in the animal clade. * aquire nutrients by a process in which they use their aquiferous system to filter water. * are a haven for breeding bacteria and the fastest way to pass on germs - primitive form of multi-cellular animal - very ancient group that is remotely related to the metazoa - able to get microorganisms such as algae and bacteria for food through openings - absorbent materials - aerobic * are also able to repair damages to their bodies - reproduce asexually through budding - keystone species - know to regenerate lost body parts - of some importance - among the many splashes of color on coral reefs * are among the simplest of animals - the macroscopic animals found in a marine aquarium - structurally simplest multicellular animals, lacking true tissues and organs - an ancient and highly successful group of animals - ancient but unprogressive animals - animals which live at the bottom of our oceans and other bodies of water - aquatic, largely marine, animals with a great diversity in size, shape, and color - as important as corals for reef structure - asymetrical and have many special types of cells - bacteria factories - bottom-dwelling creatures that grow connected to a solid object - characterized by the possession of a feeding system unique among animals * are considered the oldest living animal phylum - unicellular organisms - creatures that live in oceans and seas * are different from other animals in that they can only use intracellular digestion - since they present only intracellular digestion - distinct, having the most simple body structure of all multi-cellular animals - diverse in color and shape and can be very beautiful - divided into classes based on the type of spicules in their skeleton - either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical - essential for the functioning of the coral reef's ecosystem - exclusively aquatic - extremely simple, sessile animals - filter feeders - found in a range of habitats including coastal zones as well as the deep-sea bottoms - generally sessile as adults and spend their lives attached to a fixed substratum - globular, cylindrical, conical, or irregular in shape - great for lifting color from a wash - hermaphrodites, which means that they have male and female reproductive parts * are hermaphroditic , that is, they have both sexes in one body - but usually cross-fertilize - homes for many small animals including worms, insect larvae, and mites - important in nutrient cycles in coral reef systems - in the phylum - invertebrates - kind of like the exception to the rules of invertebrates - known by scientists as porifera - loosely organ- ized animals - made of four simple and independent cells * are marine animals, live singly and attach to a substrate - creatures that can be found in almost all habitats including polar regions - metazoans, multicellular animals - mostly marine animals of widely varying size and shape * are multicellular and display cellular differentiation - usually have irregular habits of growth - organisms with a certain level of cell differentiation - often soft bodied, many are fragile and colors are generally unstable - particulate feeders - plant-like creatures growing in colonies on the ocean floor - pre-cut in all different shapes for different crafts - preyed on by many animals - primarily marine animals found from tide pools to the ocean deeps - sessile , they live in one place, where they are fixed to the ground * are sessile and feed by filtering water that flows through their bodies - typically feed by drawing in water through pores - animals that live in fresh or salt water * are sessile, they live in one place, where they are 'fixed' to the ground - stay in place * are simple animals - on the surface - some of the most primitive animals still around today - strong animals with dense skeletons that are well adapted to their environments - subdivided into three classes - suspension feeders - terrestrial invertebrates - the most primitive multicellular animals * are the most simple form of animal found as fossils in Kentucky - of the muticellular animals * are the simplest animals known - animals, yet even they have a transport system * are the simplest form of animals * are the simplest of the multicell eukaryotes - untapped biochemical lab of the sea - their own phylum - treasures for bathing and cleaning * are used commercially all over the world daily in many different societies and cultures - for cleaning * are very diverse in apperance, size and complexity - easy to remove * belong to Phylum a. Cnidaria. * can absorb a lot of water - actually move in all of the ways listed above, except for burrowing into the sand * can also reconstitiute themselves if their cells are separated into a suspension - reproduce sexually, by division and fragmentation, in the same way as many plants * can be cuyt in squares or cut with scissors into more complicated shapes - round, flat, or branched - digest large particles and tiny organisms for sustenance - filter a volume of water equal to their own body every five to twenty seconds - live in any type of aquatic environment, no matter the temperature of the water - produce sexually as well as asexually * can reproduce both sexually and asexually - sexually or asexually - take the shape of small tubes, large sheets or even resemble elephant ears * capture food using nematocysts. * collect nutrients from the water through their choanocyte cells. * come in a range of textures and types - all size, shapes, and colors - just about every color imaginable * continually pump water through their bodies. * crack in too much air, remain yellowy dead until water fills each cavity. * demonstrate the cellular level of organization. * die to remove moisture and removes scrap clay, using knife - when the water becomes too cold in the fall or winter * differ from all other marine invertebrates in that they have no true tissues or organs - other animals in that all digestion is by the intracellular mechanism * eat very fine detritus particles and organisms such as bacteria and plankton. * encrust the rocks and leeches are common. * even use the choanocyte when it's time to reproduce. * exhibit high power of regeneration. * fall into three main groups according to how their bodies are organized. * feed by creating a current of water that flows through a series of tiny pores and canals - filtering microscopic organisms from the water * feed, breath, reproduce, and excrete by means of pumping water through their body. * grow attached to rocks and other objects at the sea- bottom. * grow in all different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures - on rocks, but more commonly on submerged sticks and branches * growing on reefs can provide virus-fighting agents. * have a cellular grade of organization - felty appearance, while compound tunicates usually have a shiny surface * have an asymmetric body with no true tissues, no organs - osculum, an opening in the upper body - bodies in the form of tubular vases or globes open in the upper extremity - different amoeboid cells in the mesohyl - few enemies - holes throughout their bodies in addition - irregular symmetry or no symmetry * have many mobile cell types - pores, holes and channels in their bodies - medicinal potential - multiple cell types that are geared toward executing various metabolic functions - no muscles, nerves and gut that the other animals possess * have no nervous system and no specialised sensory cells - tissue, but they do have specialized cells - spicules, which are secreted by the amoeboid cells * have three cell types - main tissue layers - to compete with other sessile biota - very high regenerative powers * hold water. * inhabit corals for the purpose of protection from predators - every environment, from marine-tropical to polar * is absorbent * lack a gut - nervous system and have no true musculature - any kind of specialized organs but instead have well-developed connective tissue - complex digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and nervous systems - organs and tissue, and all the cells exhibit considerable independence - tissue and organs and are typically asymmetrical - tissues and organs and are typically asymmetrical assemblages of cells - true organs * live in all types of regions all over the region - on the bottom of oceans, rivers, and streams * move huge volumes of water through their bodies every day. * play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration - an important role in the structure and function of Caribbean coral reef communities * possess extensive regeneration abilities for repair and asexual reproduction - hard spicules of inorganic material or softer protein fibers * primarily reproduce asexually. * provide habitat for wide variety of animals - shelter for other marine animals including brittle stars, fish, shrimp and worms * pump a surprising amount of water in a day - large quantities of water through their bodies - remarkable amounts of water * quickly become dirty bacteria breeding grounds and are a thing of the past. * range in grade depending on the complexity of the internal water canals within the sponge. * remain sessile as adults, however as gametes, are vagrant. * reproduce asexually by budding, fragmentation, and producing gemmules - by sexual as well as asexual methods * reproduce sexually and asexually - by releasing sperm into the water - through regeneration * serve a variety of vital functions in reef ecosystems. * show all variations of form, size, and color - modular growth * sit on the bottom of the sea actively pumping seawater through their bodies. * soak in water. * spend most of their time filtering and cleaning sea water. * sprout out of the coral, forming large, plate-like structures or tall, elegant baskets. * survive by filtering water and capturing small food particles. * take on a variety of shapes, sizes and colors - up an entire phylum for several reasons - release sperm into the water * use chemical defense against environmental stress factors like predation - currents in clever ways - the flagella to move when they are larvae - their pores to feed and reproduce * usually stay in one place all their lives. * vary in shape, color and size + Sponge (tool), Other qualities of natural sponges, Antibiotic compounds: Cleaning tools * Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts. + Sponge, Life functions, Movement * Sponges are sessile, they live in one place, where they are 'fixed' to the ground. They do this like amoebae - Reproduction (making new sponges), Sexual reproduction * Most sponges reproduce sexually. They can make sperm cells that are released into the water. These are either captured by another sponge, and are then transported to the egg cells of the parent. This is known as 'viviparous'. Both cells are joined to form larvae, which can swim off to find a good place to settle - What makes them different: * Sponges have no nervous system. Their middle jelly-like layers have many different types of cells. Some types of cell in their outer layers may move into the middle layer and change their functions	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| sponge: Calcareous sponge * Many calcareous sponges have a syconoid plan of construction. * Most calcareous sponges exhibit slight or no contractility. * Some calcareous sponges have spicules. * have spicules made of calcium carbonate - of calcium carbonates, the material of marble and limestone Marine sponge * Some marine sponges are of commer- cial importance - produce buds * are the most ancient group of multicellular animalsliving on Earth. * come from fisheries in the Mediterranean and West Indies. * release external buds after a discrete period of development. Sea sponge * Most sea sponges contain minerals - sea minerals * Some sea sponges have ranges. * are animals in the Phylum Porifera. * is the more specific name in common use, rather than jargon or informal use. Tube sponge * Tube Sponges have male and female organs and reproduce sexually. * are common in both shallow and deeper portions of coral reef ecosystems - well known for very varied coloration<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Stalk * Any stalk rot can result in wilting and death of the plants. * Most stalks absorb enough water * Most stalks have grooves - growth - leaves - seed production - structures - texture - make plants * Most stalks produce alternate leaves - flowers - green leaves - seeds - shape flowers - reach height - serve functions * Most stalks support large leaves - solitary flowers * Some stalk rot pathogens attack the plant early in the season while others attack late. * Some stalks contain juice - pollen - spores - soak in water * also appear to function to obtain nutrients from the water. * are gaits - highest in nitrate content, followed in order by leaves and grain in decreasing amounts - hunts - pursuits - small in diameter or have a large surface area per unit of weight * can also occur due to natural maturity of the plants - grow up to ten feet tall - hold a stunning amount of water * contain hentriacontane, taraxerone, taraxerol, b -sitosterol, and betulin. * have crunchy texture * is the filament, anther is the sac of pollen. * provide delicious food - enough food * rot causes stalks to become weakened, so they fall over from wind, rain or snow - developing from a crown infection - fungi usually enter through the roots or through insect injuries - organisms can then invade weakened and dying plant tissues - same functions * support flowers ### substance \| stalk: Dead stalk * are very sharp and can easily skin knuckles when harvesting new spears. * can remain poisonous for two or three seasons. Leaf stalk * Most leaf stalks serve functions * form clasps where they join the stem. - same functions Slender stalk * Most slender stalks reach height. * Some slender stalks contain juice. Sticky substance * Most sticky substances attract insects. * Most sticky substances attract other insects - such insects - contain amounts * Some sticky substances aid in uptake - water uptake Structural material * Some structural materials serve multiple functions. * are sensitive to the rate at which loads are applied. * comprise sand, gravel, clay, cement, and stone of various kinds. Stuff * conducts electricity. * has effects - side effects - weird side effects * is films - information - kernels * is located in attics - boxs - cabinets - cupboards - houses - shoes - stores - stuff - tables - nonsense - personal properties - quality ### substance \| stuff: Thingumajig * are slovenly in looks, dress, habits and manners. * is stuff	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Substance abuse * acts as a kind of hinge on the revolving door of the criminal-justice system. * affects all classes, both adults and, tragically, children - erectile function as well * affects everyone - our families, communities, social and economic resources - who is close to the abuser - everyone, in every community, in very different ways - small businesses as well as large - the body of a teen and an adult differently - women of color regardless of their socioeconomic status * appears to impair the individual's ability to learn. * becomes substance dependence. * can also induce suicide. * can be a cause of workplace violence - symptom of depression, but also a cause - cause acne - complicate diagnosis and treatment - have an effect from earliest infancy to old age - keep people locked in the homeless condition - make an already-severe mental illness much more difficult to treat - occur at any age, and it chronic disorder unless treated - reduce the effectiveness of treatment for schizophrenia - vary greatly in terms of how much it affects a person's life * causes a number of other sociological problems. * chronic and progressive disease, generally marked by repeated relapses - relapsing disorder * common co-occurring problem for adults with mental disorders - factor in abusive relationships - problem among patients of all ages, races, sexes and social strata * complex issue for women. * continues to be a growing problem in the professional world - one of the greatest challenges to our society - deter teenagers from reaching their potential * contributes dangerously to heart disease, lung dysfunction, and mental illness - to seven out of ten instances of child abuse and neglect * crosses all boundaries of income, sex, religion, color, and education. * cuts across all ethnic, religious and socioeconomic boundaries. * disables users, causes birth defects, and threatens the safety of the community. * disease that touches many families. * escalates dramatically, followed by family violence and sexual abuse. * family affair * form of addictive behavior. * has a detrimental impact on society - high cost to the individual and to society - one of the biggest gender gaps of all medical problems * includes anything from drug use, such as cocaine and heroin, to alcohol abuse - drugs, medicines and alcohols - possession, use, purchase or sale of drugs or alcohol on company premises * increases the risk of displacement for people with unstable housing. * is about lack of control. * is also a significant risk factor for suicide in young people - very significant factor in the lives of most offenders - quite common before the first psychotic break - an equal opportunity killer, snaring addicts in every social and economic class * is an ongoing problem faced by generation after generation - threat to the safety and wellbeing of the citizens of Colorado - unfortunate part of our every day life - another reason why raves are popular - associated with a number of health risks - at the top of the list of offenses for which American Indian youths are arrested - both a cause and result of homelessness for the mentally ill * is clearly a barrier to self sufficiency for some welfare recipients - primary contributor to child maltreatment - considered a health risk - embedded in the fabric of college life - endemic in the homosexual communities the world over - highest for Indian people versus other ethnic groups - human activities - known to be a major contributor to poor health - misuse - often an intergenerational problem within families - one of THE most important areas of social work practice * is one of the most difficult disorders to assess and treat - nation s most serious health problems - primary health issues and social problems confronting our nation - pervasive in every town, every county in our state - potentially harmful to health - prevalent in far too many homes - public safety problem, a public health problem, and a public expenditure problem - responsible for imposing multibillion dollar costs on society - rooted in the normal neurobiology of reinforcement * is the number one dual diagnosis with bipolar disorder - use of sutbstances leading to significant psychological impairment - usually acute or chronic - very common - viewed as a chronic disability in which recovery lifetime process * knows no boundaries crossing all cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic lines. * leads to high levels of incarceration among indigenous people. * major co-occurring problem for adults with mental disorders - factor in workplace accidents * massive public health problem. * occurs in all kinds of places, too. * possible barrier between the average homeless person and work. * potentially negative factor affecting workplace productivity and safety. * presents educational problems for the user and the teaching-learning process - special challenges to medical treatment * problem separate from domestic violence and requires specialized treatment. * puts a strain on relationships. * reaches the rich as well as the poor. * remains a significant mental health problem and disorder - an important mental health problem in rural communities * robs a person of the chance to lead as healthy and productive a life as possible. * serious matter because abusers are unpredictable. * sets the user apart from the daily lives of ordinary people. * significant problem among adults in the communities. * spiritual problem with a spiritual solution. * undermines the capacity to concentrate as well as to retain information.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Substance p * decreases fluid absorption in the renal proximal tubule. * inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion via a neural mechanism.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Substrate * Most substrate contains matter. * Some substrate has conductivity - low conductivity - retains humidity * Some substrates are acetaminophen, amitriptyline and propranolol - provide oxygen to the eggs, while others take it away * are important because they establish an environment for fish eggs. * bind to the surface of the enzyme called an active site. * cans have effects - significant effects * consists of fine particles * contain an aromatic ring with a pyruvate side chain. * contains components * helps humidity. * plays a very important role it helps create humidity. * refer to different feeding and swimming environments. * requires for growth - microbial growth Such material * have conductivity - high conductivity - properties * possess properties.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Synthetic material * Most synthetic materials have properties. * Some synthetic materials can withstand high temperatures or are resistant to chemical reaction - tend to be unstable and deteriorate quickly * are resistant in general. * can never have the same patina, texture, or light-reflective qualities. * contain contaminates from the reaction process. * have no counterpart in nature * hold moisture, which encourages bacteria to grow. * offer some cushioning when they stop a fall, reducing the chance for an injury. Thickener * also play an important part in the water balance of the plant. * are adjuvants that increase the viscosity of solutions. Toner * are even exfoliating products and work by removing dirt and cells via a cotton ball or pad. * depend on the tiny polymer beads that they transfer to paper to form images. * is located in copiers - lotion - solutions Toxic material * Some toxic materials move through the soil untreated or unchanged. * are harmful to both the natural environment and to humans. * can enter the body by many routes - through cuts or sores * vary in the way they affect plants.<\|endoftext\|>### substance: Toxic substance * Many toxic substances cause SVTs, usually sinus tachycardia - ventricular tachycardia - have medical utility * Most toxic substances have effects. * Some toxic substances accumulate in blood - tissue - are dangerous even in very small amounts * Some toxic substances are produced by fungi - various fungi - released by bacteria - bind to sediment and are transported to coastal waters through sedimentation - can enter a food web and be transferred through it * Some toxic substances cause cancer, genetic mutations and fetal harm - diarrhea - diseases * Some toxic substances kill animals - other animals - prey - produce effects * are chemicals which cause human and wildlife health problems - produced by normal metabolic activities * can affect human health or various plant or animal species - alter the normal activity of the nervous system * can cause cancer, birth defects, and other illnesses - illness and even death if swallowed or absorbed through the skin - leach from disposal sites and affect areas far removed from the source - leak from landfill sites and pollute underground water supplies * enter the basin through both point and nonpoint sources - nation's water system via a number of pathways * tend to produce symptoms in two time frames. Toxicant * Many toxicants enter the environment in industrial effluents or through insecticides and herbicides. * applied below ground include zinc phosphide and strychnine. * are generally the easiest way to get rid of gophers - perhaps the best way to control voles * can cycle back and fourth among the water, sediment, and tissues of living organisms - only be effective if placed in active burrows * containing zinc phosphide are highly poisonous to all wildlife.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Transparent material * Some transparent materials absorb heat - solar heat * bend light. * helps to understand the weld solidification.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Triglyceride * All triglycerides share the same structure. * Most triglyceride has bonds - capacity - double bonds - high capacity * Some triglyceride has length - viscosity. * A 'triglyceride' type of ester that comes from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are a type of lipid found in the blood. They help enable the movement of adipose fat and glucose from the liver. Triglycerides are the main molecules that make up vegetable oil and animal fats * also circulate in the blood. * appear in two forms, saturated and unsaturated. * are a blood fat that are also a factor in coronary risk - common blood fat - component of cholesterol - crucial source of energy for the immune system - fatty substance in the bloodstream * are a form of fat carried in the bloodstream - or lipid * are a form of fat that circulate in the blood - is carried through the bloodstream - marker for multiple risk factors for heart disease - storage form of energy * are a type of fat found in the blood - in the bloodstream that the body uses for energy - a. carbohydrates * are also important in managing total cholesterol - lipids that are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease - present in the blood * are another blood fat measured by a lipid profile - class of fat found in the bloodstream - fat like substance in the body - kind of fat found in the blood - name for fat circulating in the blood - risk that is stronger in women than in men * are another type of cholesterol found in the blood stream - basically blood fats - blood consituents that are thought to play a role in coronary artery disease * are blood fats and form part of the lipoprotein complex - that are the usual storage form of lipids in the body - different from cholesterol , which is often measured at the same time - esters fo glycerol with fatty acids * are fat in the blood, like cholesterol - molecules packed along with cholesterol in the lipoprotein transport spheres * are fats that came from the diet or are manufactured by the body - circulate in the bloodstream along with cholesterol and other lipids - float around in the blood stream - fats, whereas cholesterol sterol - glycerol joined to three fatty acids by condensation - hydrophobic * are important in helping to transfer energy from food into body cells - neutral fats found in tissue and blood - incorporated into chylomicrons - named according to the length of the glycerol chains they contain - our main dietary fat and they are based on the length of the chains - particularly prominent as animal storage molecules - synthesized in our liver and by our fat cells - the building blocks of fat * are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food and in the body - most fat exists in food as well as in the body - most fats exist in food as well as in the body * are the main constituents of stored fat - form of fat in the diet and the storage form of fat in the body - ingredient in vegetable oils and animal fats - storage form of energy in the body - major form in which fat occurs in nature * are the most common form of fat in the body - fat stored in the body and circulating in the blood - primary fats contained in our bodies - too hydrophobic Packaged into particles known as lipoproteins - usually odorless and tasteless - very diet dependent * built of saturated fatty acids are fats and have a high melting point. * can be in the saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated form. * combine a fatty acid and glycerol. * consist of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. * contain three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule. * greatly predominate over cholesteryl ester in the core. * have a cholesterol coating. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * increase with colestipol therapy. * indicate fat content of the blood - the blood's fat content * is an organic compound * make up the chief amount of storage fats. * provide a significant proportion of energy at all intensities of physical activity - energy for the body	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| triglyceride: Elevated triglyceride * are a contributing, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease - demonstrated risk factor for heart disease * can be a consequence of other diseases, such as untreated diabetes. High triglyceride * can also increase the risk for developing heart disease. * contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Uncured material * can be toxic. * produces a surrounding zone of growth inhibition and cell death on direct contact. Undigested material * is called residual body and is excreted out of the cell - formed into a solid mass in the colon by reabsorption of water into the body * passes from the small intestine as liquid and fiber - into the intestine Various material * Most various materials affect conduction. * Some various materials conduct electricity - contain copper Various substance * Most various substances promote good health * Some various substances act as stimulants - consist of hydrocarbons * Some various substances find in body fluid * can enhance the penetration and potency of topical corticosteroids. * exhibit similar characteristics in how they react with other substances. Viscoelastic material * All viscoelastic materials including polymers show a time and temperature dependency. * display both viscosity and elasticity when undergoing deformation. * reveal an increasing deformation in time under constant load. Volatile * also lower the melting point. * are an essential part of the process of metamorphism - natural compounds that contribute to the aroma and flavour of fruit Volatile substance * More volatile substances have lower boiling temperatures. * Most volatile substances contain compounds. * Some volatile substances are produced by oat residues - oat roots Volcanic material * collapses to the west producing pyroclastic flows and ash clouds. * make great soil.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Waste * All waste contaminated with hazardous materials is considered a hazardous waste - represents loss of resources and loss of money - wastes are pollutants and they create pollution in one way or the other * Keep work areas clean. * Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities. * More waste is introduced when companies dupe the government. * Most waste becomes urine - can turn into earth * Most waste causes marine pollution * Most waste comes from emissions - food intake - gas emissions * Most waste comes from harmful emissions * Most waste contains materials - nutrients - organic pollutants - products - radioactive materials - eventually ends up in the oceans - has carbon * Most waste includes chemicals * Most waste is produced by digestion - organisms - other organisms - leaves intestines * Most waste passes into intestines - large intestines * Most waste produces during digestion - metabolism - wastes are hazardous, or close enough to be declared hazardous * Some waste absorbs water - causes diseases - comes from gases * Some waste consists of liquids * Some waste contains chlorine - important minerals - nitrogen - creates hazardous situations * Some waste has environmental impact - high radiation levels - includes gases * Some waste is excreted by glands - kidneys - skin - sweat glands * Some waste is produced by animals - embryos - humans * Some waste is produced by nuclear plants - power plants - passes through intestines * Some wastes are hazardous because they have one of the characteristics described below - diffuse through the gills - enter the ocean from ships - have health criteria which govern their disposal - require dehydration before they can be used as feed * affect productivity through the pollution of groundwater resources. * are enclosed in a vesicle. * are excreted and oxygen diffuses in through the tube feet of echinoderms - through nephridia - resources out of place - secreted through the gills and digestive glands * can also directly enter our drinking water by seeping into the groundwater supply - be explosive or highly flammable - clog storm sewers and over-burden septic systems - include contaminated equipment and protective clothing - problems - serious problems * comes from byproduct * consists of substances. * containing paints with lead, chromium, cadmium, or mercury are hazardous. * enters colons. * generated by photoprocessors are primarily aqueous effluents. - microbiology laboratory waste - urea * is activities - acts - located in trash * leave a paramecium through the anal pore - the body through the anus * pollutes water. * start to accumulate in the blood, with harmful, sometimes life-threatening effects. + Common misconceptions, Technology, Transportation: Society :: Lists :: Knowledge * Toilet waste is never intentionally dumped overboard from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks which are emptied on the ground by special toilet waste vehicles. A vacuum is used to allow the toilet to be flushed with less water and because plumbing cannot rely on gravity alone in an aircraft in motion. The infamous blue ice is caused by accidental leakages from the waste tank. Waste material * Some waste materials contain water - produce during respiration * provide sources. ### substance \| waste: Agricultural waste * contain pathogens and other disease-causing organisms. * renewable resource of great variety and potential.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Animal waste * are a significant source of nutrients - another source of persistent pollution in some areas - of several sorts * can also act as a fertilizer and create damage by increasing nutrients - be a contributor to storm water pollution * contain higher levels of another bacteria, fecal streptococci. * contains a high concentration of nutrients as well as pathogens and bacteria - pathogens that pose a threat to human health - several potential water pollutants * contaminates many of our waters with pathogens and nutrients. * degrade in an oxygen-rich environment that favors biochemical decomposition. * has a serious negative impact on the environment. * improve most soils, but the effects differ according to the kind of soil. * includes livestock and poultry manure, wasted feed, bedding and feedlot runoff. * is also a challenge to carbon management - high in nitrogen - different than municipal waste or industrial waste and has to be treated as such - everywhere - one of the greatest contributors to water quality problems in Indiana - to be sent to waste heat-processing plants * leading source of phosphorus pollution from agriculture. * major non-point source of nitrogren pollution in waterways - source of polluted run-off that can contaminate rivers and groundwater * permeates our water supply in several ways. * poses a human health risk due to pathogens it carries, such as cryptosporidium - to pathogens, such as cryptosporidium * provides significantly more phosphorus than nitrogen relative to plant requirement. * ravages the environment. * runs off lawns and curbs and contributes to bacterial pollution of surface waters - contributes to pollution in the rivers and the harbour * source of bacteria and nutrients. * valuable fertilizer and soil conditioner. Boondoggle * are work that usually has insignificant value compared to the expense. * is waste Chemical waste * belongs to the individual who generated it. * is disposed of in several different ways - properly Digestive waste * enters the cloaca before it exits the body. * is eliminated from the food vacuoles of collar cells by exocytosis - through the anus * leaves the earthworm through the anus Domestic waste * Most domestic waste ends up in legal or illegal landfills. * consist essentially of organic materials, which are composted in the gardens. Dung * Most dungs provide nutrients. * Some dungs consist of sand. * Some dungs contain cellulose - seeds<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Effluent * can also contain inorganic wastes such as brine salts and metals. * contains finely divided suspended matter and soluble matter. * distributed into the soil eventually ends up in the groundwater. * dumped in watercourses transform the major European rivers into veritable sewers. * flow through the bed and remain below the surface of the media. * flows straight into surface or groundwater. * generally contain high levels of water, sulfur dioxide, and fine particulate matter. - wastewater treated to drinking-water standards * thus endanger the health and welfare of hundreds of thousands of people. ### substance \| waste \| effluent: Industrial effluent * are also a major source of arsenic to the environment. * is another major source of pollution. Treated effluent * having a low color content also have a low copper concentration. * is used for irrigation of plantings and flowers in the very arid location. Excrement * Describes the outputs of the breathing and eating functions after processing. * is present on the underside of leaves - used for territorial marking, and flung with the tail * major source of harmful micro-organisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Excretory product * Some excretory products contain waste. * include chemicals. * is waste * pass into the pelvis, thence to the ureter.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste \| excretory product: Fecal matter * Some fecal matter causes infection - contains cysts - provides nutrients * can get on bedclothes or on someone's hand. * contains undigested food, bacteria, and cells from the walls of the digestive tract. * is accumulated outside the tube system in dark strings of pellets - an excretory product - excrements - mixture - solid objects - the solid portion of a bird's dropping Guano * Many guano producing sea birds desert their nests, migrate, or die. * is an excretory product - organic fertiliser Food waste * Most food waste passes into intestines - large intestines * are organic materials which can be digested by the bacteria in the tank. * can attract rodents and other vectors - make up a sizable portion of a university's waste stream * contaminant for recycled paper. * dissolve down into the course material. * is kept to a minimum - transformed into soil-like humus in three to seven days<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Garbage * Most garbage attracts mammals. * Most garbage is buried in landfills - the ground and left until it decomposes * Some garbage attracts predators. * attracts animals such as dogs, bears and raccoons - raccoons and strays - rats, feral cats and other problem predators - small mammals that, in turn, attract cougars * can attract animals and disease-bearing insects, if possible store in a rigid container - vermin, insects, and other pests, and is also unsightly - create an impossible place for marine creatures to live - fires can easily spread to the eaves of structures and cause major damage - lids with clasps sometimes foil the animals * comes from both production and consumption. * dumped near flowing water can contaminate public water supplies. * has a way of ending up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. * includes all animal and vegetable waste and easily combustible materials. * is also an inexpensive energy resource - anything else perceived as unwanted - big problems * is capable of composteds - containers * is collected from households - in plastic bags, cans or cubic yard dumpsters - disposed of by burial or incineration - everywhere - garbage, whether it comes on a page or in a game cartridge * is located in cans - floors - garbage cans - television - trash trucks - organic waste left over from meals - pop music kissed by chaos where hooks, grooves and noise collide - produced and burned - receptacles - spread in layers, compacted and covered each day * is the food waste left over from cooking - heap memory containing non-live cells - result of poorly designed manufacturing systems - waste produced daily in our homes - to be stored in plastic bags within metal or plastic cans with tight fitting lids - ugly, dangerous, attracts vermin like rats and cockroaches, which carry diseases * is used for disposals - recycling * kills marine life around the world every year. * means decayable waste from a public or private establishment or restaurant. * often is their principal food source. * produces methane gas as it decomposes. * result of our way of life. * waste of our environment. + Waste: * It is often also called 'trash', 'garbage', 'rubbish', or 'junk'. There are a number of different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. Garbage is the waste produced daily in our homes. It includes different waste like food, chemical substances, paper, broken furniture, used containers, and other things.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste \| garbage: Debris * Some debris enters atmospheres - is scattered in the outlying regions, chunks of rock and ice, forming comets * blown by tornado winds can pound buildings to pieces. * burning is the major cause of wild fire in Western Oregon. * causes irritation - moisture to build up which corrodes the metal and rots wood - skin irritation * comes in all shapes and sizes, and can be lethal as well as unsightly. * consists of components. * flows can at times ooze along and at other times move as fast as the fastest river rapids - commonly begin as a slide of a shallow mass of soil and weathered rock - consist of highly concentrated, high density material - imply a fluidized mass is moving down slope - move more slowly - often form when part of the volcano collapses, breaking up and flowing downhill - or mudflows Commonly occur in volcanic areas, where they are called lahars - usually occur in steep gullies, move very rapidly, and can travel for many miles * includes waste. * is located in bridges - orbits * provides habitats - moist habitats ### substance \| waste \| garbage \| debris: Debris flow * are coarser and less cohesive than mudflows - smaller and less rapid than rock avalanches but can be very destructive * can destroy vegetation and structures in their path, including bridges and buildings. * occur most commonly in stream valleys and resemble a texture similar to fresh concrete. Floatable debris * can harm wildlife when it is ingested or when organisms become entangled in it. * is also a nuisance and hazard for boaters. Lint * build up fire hazard as well. * build-up can cause a fire. * impedes the flow of air and lengthens drying time. * is debris - fabric - fiber * is located in pockets - purses - rugs ### substance \| waste \| garbage \| debris \| lint: Pocket lint * is lint in the bottom of pockets. + Lint (material), Types, Pocket lint: Fibers :: Materials * Pocket lint is lint in the bottom of pockets. Pocket lint is usually made up of, but not limited to detached fabric, dust and paper scraps. In some contexts, pocket lint may also refer to random items in one's pocket.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste \| garbage \| debris: Marine debris * Much marine debris is known to come from ships. * are also a concern for New Zealand fur seals. * can also pose navigational hazards for vessels - come from many sources - harm fish species and other aquatic organisms that use the reef - hurt or kill animals - seriously affect wildlife, the environment, people, and our economy * comes from many different sources and enters the ocean in many ways. * enters an estuary by washing in from storm sewers and with the tide. * global problem that requires global solutions. * has detrimental environmental and economical effects on the fishing industry. * is also unsightly and can endanger barefoot beach goers - any substance that enters unnaturally in to the marine environment - composed mostly of plastic - examined by the presence or absence of debris on the bottom - garbage that accumulates in the ocean - one pollution problem that individuals can solve by direct, individual action - the trash that eventually enters the ocean * is trash floating on the ocean or washed up on beaches - ocean, washed up on beaches, or litter left on the beach * is, at the least, unsightly to humans, but can also endanger barefoot beachgoers. * poses a threat to wildlife as well as an aesthetic blight. * threat to sea turtles. * worldwide problem. Organic debris * accumulates on pond bottoms as a result of any catfish production. * builds up in drains. * can also be an important component of the diet - decay and add sediment to the water Space debris * includes a wide range of objects size-wise. * is located in moons - old junk that space travelers put in space and have no use for * varies in size.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste \| garbage: Detritus * Much detritus is used as a source of nutrition for animals. * Some detrituses become fertilizer - provide nutrients * is rubbish * stimulates algae growth and pollutes the aquarium water at the same time. Junk * have from two to three masts or sails. * includes trash, waste, discarded things, and salvage materials. * is boats. * is located in attics - beds - boxs - cellars - desks - drawers - garages - mail - purses - television ### substance \| waste \| garbage \| junk: Junk mail * is located in desks - mail boxs * menace to all people with e-mail accounts. * third class Space junk * is located in orbits - skies - space * poses a continuous hazard to both operational satellites and manned space missions. Plastic garbage * is known to kill as many as a million sea creatures a year. * kill one milion of sea birds a year. Rubble * builds on the surface, giving the appearance of solid land. * forms a very important part of coral reef ecosystems. * is rubbish * provides shelter and habitat for numerous families of fish and invertebrates. Green waste * are branches, shrubs, and lawn. * consists of most organic yard materials. * is almost all organic landscape waste materials - mulched vegetation and adds oxygen to the mixture, an essential for the worms - waste that can be recycled * large part of the problem, since many invasive plants can propagate asexually. * makes up more than half of the biodegradable waste.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Hazardous waste * Some hazardous waste creates emergency situations. * Some hazardous waste creates hazardous emergency situations - is recycled into usable products * are a subset of solid wastes - dangerous chemicals - difficult to detect - unusable or unwanted hazardous materials * can also be corrosive. * can be a liquid, solid or sludge that by-product of a manufacturing process - either liquid, solid or gas - liquids, solids, or sludges * can cause cancer and nerve damage and pollute drinking water supplies - injury or illness to the public, utility employees and wildlife - kill the bacteria that degrades the waste - leak into water supplies or cause air pollution, or both * comes from a wide variety of sources, and from both present and past activities - in many forms * costs about twenty times more to dispose of than solid waste. * generated from nuclear power plants pollutes our land, air, and water. * includes materials such as paints, poisons, and corrosives. * is another area where government policies discourage recycling - any hazardous substance that is unwanted or no longer serves a purpose - categorized into two types - expensive to manage and poses threats to the environment - minimized when organic solvents are disposed of in a waste collection carboy - packaged in drums and stored awaiting treatment and disposal - sited above ground or in specially constructed dikes or trenches - the business of the commercial hazardous waste management industry - unusable hazardous material that results from the activities of human society * made up of liquids containing oil and water are very common. * pose a danger to humans or other living organisms - risk to humans, animals and the environment - real threats to people and the environment * require special disposal. * result when the mixing vessels, let-down tanks, and lines are cleaned. * ubiquitous problem, affecting both developed and developing countries. Ignitable waste * are solids, liquids or compressed gases that burn readily. * can catch fire spontaneously or burn easily - create fires under certain conditions	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Industrial waste * Most industrial waste contains organic pollutants * Some industrial waste consists of liquids - contains chlorine * can poison the organisms used in sewer plants to remove organic wastes. * consists of both organic and inorganic substances. * includes the former special waste and some additional wastes. * is also a significant polluter - giving rise to contamination with heavy metals - another form of pollution soiling the beaches - everywhere in North Korea - separated from residential waste * pollute the environment by releasing potentially hazardous compounds. * refer to wastewater from manufacturing plants. Infectious waste * Most infectious waste contains materials - radioactive materials * can be a threat to human health and the environment. * subset of medical waste capable of causing an infectious disease.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Liquid waste * Most liquid waste contains materials - products - radioactive materials * enters the cloaca for expulsion through the urinary bladder. * includes liquid scintillation vials and bulk liquids. * is aerated by a large blower as it flows through the tanks - dumped into the sewer systems - emptied into space - gathered in a system of tubules in a flatworm's body - piped into lagoons - removed from the body through the kidneys - turned into a odorless gel instantly on contact * passes through the blood and the urinary system. * poses a negligible risk when disposed of by land spread. * rises to the top of the lagoons, emitting ammonia and methane into the air. Livestock waste * account for about a quarter of the agricultural sources. * are a potential source of groundwater contamination. * contains ammonia and high levels of organic matter - many microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa * contiminate stream waters with fecal bacteria and disease causing organisms. * good soil amendment and fertilizer. * pollutes wetlands with too much organic material. Medical waste * includes biohazardous waste capable of causing disease only in humans. * is also very likely to undergo more than one process - incinerated or autoclaved - located in beachs * is the major environmental issue facing hospitals today - third-leading cause of emissions from combustion sources - waste generated by the medical and veterinary professions Metabolic waste * Most metabolic waste includes water. * Some metabolic waste is produced by animals - embryos * consists of substances. * diffuse out directly at the body surface.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Mixed waste * are hazardous wastes that are also radioactive - low-level radioactive wastes that also contain dangerous chemicals - radioactive wastes that are also considered hazardous * combine chemical and radioactive wastes. * contain radioactive and hazardous components. * contains radioactive and chemically hazardous components. * is actually a combination of hazardous and radioactive trash - another category that is both time consuming and costly for disposal - both radioactive and chemically hazardous - hazardous waste that is also radioactive - radioactive waste with a hazardous component or vice versa * is waste that contains a hazardous waste component and a radioactive material component - both radioactive components and other hazardous components - includes both radioactive and hazardous components - is both hazardous and radioactive Muck * have no combat system and are generally considered social hangouts. * is dejection	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Nitrogenous waste * Most nitrogenous wastes are released as urea - come from protein breakdown and include ammonia, urea, and uric acid * are excreted by the kidney as uric acid, rather than urea or ammonia - in the form of solid uric acid crystals - products of metabolism of amino acids, nucleotides and creatine phosphate - removed by diffusion - residues produced by the degradation of proteins - urea and ammonia * is excreted in different forms by different species - solid crystal form as uric acid instead of as urine - uric acid thus conserving water * leave the body in the urine - cells by diffusion * tend to form toxic ammonia, which raises the pH of body fluids.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Nuclear waste * Most nuclear waste is low-level nuclear waste. * are initially high in temperature and radioactive. * contaminates the areas of nuclear testing. * emits dangerous radiation and is difficult to dispose of. * is almost impossible to dispose of - an unfunded problem to future generations - concentrated - contained and isolated from the environment at Canada's nuclear plants - diluted and piped into the sea - garbage - highly unstable and reactive - one of the most dangerous substances created by humans - radioactive substances - store underground, such as the Yucca Mountain underground storage - stored on site at reprocessing facilities - the unacceptable face of nuclear electricity - two aspirin pills per person per year * releases invisible rays or tiny particles called nuclear radiation. * remains dangerous for at least several hundred thousand years. + Water turbine, Environmental impact: Tools :: Electricity :: Hydropower * They are one of the cleanest producers of power, replacing the burning of fossil fuels and eliminating nuclear waste. Burning fossil fuels produces smoke and ash, and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. Nuclear waste emits dangerous radiation and is difficult to dispose of. They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for decades. They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply. Organic waste * Most organic waste is biodegradable. * are converted by fungi and bacteria into something called detritus - decomposed, and the result material useful as a natural fertilizer * is anything that was once living - dumped in a landfill site - hydrolised and rendered unrecognizable - the by-product of gland secretions and the natural regeneration of skin cells * left by one crop feeds the soil, helping the next one grow better.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Pollutant * All pollutants Prevent any lowering of water quality. * Many pollutants accumulate in their body tissue while they feed. * Many pollutants are carcinogens - chiral - dangerous at concentrations as low as parts per billion - toxic or harmful to marine life - bind to particles of sand and silt - give off an odor and cause our homes to smell less than clean * Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body - lower levels indoors than outdoors - released in incinerator stack gases accumulate in and on soils and vegetation - tend to concentrate and are more easily identifiable in sediment * More pollutants create clouds with more number of smaller droplets - mean more absorption and scattering of light, resulting in more haze * Most pollutants are gases - can have effects * Most pollutants cause conditions - health problems - human illnesses * Most pollutants cause respiratory health problems * Most pollutants contain dioxide - sulfur dioxide - decrease over time, but a genetically altered organism can become dominant - enter streams - find in pesticide - found in Great Lakes waters originate on land from human activity * Most pollutants have biodiversity - impact - indirect impact - negative effects * Most pollutants kill aquatic plants * Some pollutants affect only small regional areas, while others can travel the globe. * Some pollutants can cause both short and long term health problems - serious health problems - damage genes in sperms and eggs - have a wide range of effects across different groups * Some pollutants can interact to form secondary pollutants, called 'smog' * Some pollutants cause cancer, birth defects, nerve damage and lung damage - inflammation - come primarily from industrial and municipal wastewater discharges - dissolve in rainwater * Some pollutants enter atmospheres * Some pollutants find in surround water * Some pollutants have development - multiple air quality standards - negative effects on the body - lose toxicity when filtered by the forest - ultimately fall out of the atmosphere as aerosol particles or acid rain * accelerate oxidation, and nutritional antioxidants and enzymes slow it down. * accumulate in the ecosystem, impacting the food chain, water quality, and sediment - watersheds as a result of various practices and natural events * affect all of the abiotic factors on which plants survive - cycles in nature which are necessary for our survival * also come from business, industry, and farm fields - flow off streets and parking lots, lawns and golf courses - irritate mucous membranes in the nose, throat and eyes - kill marine species indirectly by degrading their habitat - present a potential hazard to loons * are classified as primary or secondary - common today in runoff and floods - filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration - important determinants of human health - the key elements or components of pollution * become trapped under the layer of warm air. * build in the waterways. * can affect brain development, survey finds - the quality and production of sperm * can also affect ecosystems on a smaller scale - be a major problem for kids * can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits - downand effect groundwater deposits - be gases, such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides - come from various sources, including building materials and furnishings - dissolve in to the water, stay suspended or lie on the ground - enter and leave Lake Michigan in many ways * can enter the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait, between Alaska and Russia - water cycle from the air when it rains - exist in water in different states * can harm health, the environment and property - the natural biological and chemical processes in aquatic ecosystems - include hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides - irritate the respiratory tract and make the person less able to perform aerobically - reduce the cognitive abilities of children as well as adults - seep into rivers and groundwater - speed up or initiate normal precipitation processes - take two to three days to trigger an asthma attack - travel farthest when they are in solution in a river that is fast flowing * carried by water are a major threat to cave life - in the rainwater react chemically with the mortar between the stones - the lowering of an animals resistance to disease - water pollution problems - tiny particles * continue to pour into it from agricultural runoffs and industrial discharges. * created in Florida show up in Canada's high arctic and in Antarctica. * damage trees. * diminish oceanic sound, the biota above and below. * disturb the natural balance of the environment. * enter rivers and streams as run-off during and after a rain * enter the atmosphere from either man-made activities or through natural Earth processes - environment and are broken down by naturally occurring organisms and events * fate and transport processes. - their way to the catch basins in runoff that picks up oils and sand from streets * have a harmful result on quality of drinking water, recreation, and aesthetic value * include carbon monoxide - chemicals - sediments - solid waste - toxic substances * increase as they move up the food chain. * is waste * migrate in coastal currents, air flow patterns, rivers, and underground aquifers. * monitored include ozone, carbon monoxide and particulate matter - sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide * often attach to soil and flow with runoff that drains to lakes and ponds - have the greatest impact on poor people * pose particular problems * range from elevated temperature to dioxins and bioaccumulative chemicals. * rapidly become diluted and blown away by upper level winds before contacting many trees. * represents an important problem in soil and biosludge. * rise on air currents to the ceiling exhaust. * ruin the beauty of healthy, and clean water habitats. * swirl near shore. * taint our air, soil and water - even our mother's milk. * tend to lower the level of dissolved oxygen. * travel through a watershed to that common body of water. * wait to smite salmon at sea. + Global dimming, Causes and effects: Climate change :: Environmental issues * Air pollutants absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space. The pollutants can also become the core for cloud droplets. Water droplets in clouds fuse around the pollutants. More pollutants create clouds with more number of smaller droplets. The smaller droplets make clouds to reflect more light. This causes more sunlight to be reflected back into space and less light reaches the Earth's surface. * Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body and in severe cases may lead to death.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste \| pollutant: Airborne pollutant * accumulate in Arctic waters and become concentrated in the food chain. * are either particle matter or gases. * can also land on the roof and end up in the runoff - cause irritation of eyes, nose and throat - compromise the health of a building s inhabitants Chemical pollutant * Many chemical pollutants mimic human hormones. * Some chemical pollutants are structurally similar to hormones and thus can mimic hormone signals - enter water Common pollutant * Some common pollutants eat away stone, damaging buildings, monuments and statues. * can enter our houses through air leaks in the structure. * undermine masculinity. Conventional pollutant * are solid particles and matter found in our water. * cause a wide variety of environmental problems. Different pollutant * come from urban and agricultural areas. * harm the brain differently. Environmental pollutant * are a factor in the declining numbers of common snapping turtles - also a major risk * cause a potential hazard for survival in free-living animal populations.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste \| pollutant: Halon * are another group of chemicals which are just as important - powerful ozone depleter used in fire extinguishers - fluorocarbons that contain bromine * are man-made brominated hydrocarbons that act as very effective fire extinguishants - one of the most ozone-damaging substances in use today - organic compounds that are similar to CFCs * incorporate bromine instead of chlorine. * is an organic compound * release bromine atoms which are even more potent ozone destroyers. * stop the chemical reaction necessary for a fire to continue. Indoor pollutant * exist in all homes. * pose significant risks. Organic pollutant * Most organic pollutants find in pesticide. * Some organic pollutants find in surround water Other air pollutant * contain dioxide - sulfur dioxide * have impact - indirect impact Other pollutant * enter streams. * have effects - negative effects Persistent pollutant * Most persistent pollutants find in pesticide. * Some persistent pollutants build up in the fatty tissue of plants, animals, and humans. * can spread throughout the environment through the use of technology. Primary pollutant * are pollutants that are put directly into the air by humans or natural sources. * associated with point sources include nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic wastes. + Air pollution, Types of air pollution * Air pollutions are usually described as either 'primary pollutants' or 'secondary pollutants'. Primary pollutants are pollutants that are put directly into the air by humans or natural sources.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste \| pollutant: Secondary pollutant * Many secondary pollutants are made when a primary pollutant reacts with sunlight. * are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical changes in the atmosphere. * form from chemically altered primary pollutants, as in the case of ozone. + Air pollution, Types of air pollution * Secondary pollutants are pollutants that are made from chemical reactions when pollutants mix with other primary pollutants or natural substances like water vapor. Many secondary pollutants are made when a primary pollutant reacts with sunlight. Ozone and smog are secondary pollutants. Ozone is a gas that is helpful and takes in harmful rays from the sun. When it is near the ground, though, ozone is a dangerous pollutant that influences the health of all organisms. Soil pollutant * are harmful because they can be leached from the soil and deposited in water. * include chemicals - solid waste Toxic pollutant * Most toxic pollutants cause effects. * come from two main sources, agriculture and industry. * permeate the greenhouse. Reactive waste * are unstable under normal conditions. * can react with air, water or other substances to cause rapid heating or explosions.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Rubbish * Some rubbish can take a long time to break down and can kill wildlife. * attracts animals - bears - vermin and bacteria<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Sewage * Is waste water released by homes, industries, hospitals, offices and other users. * Most sewage contain organic materials and waste which are oxygen demanding. * Most sewage contains matter - nitrate - organic matter * Most sewage includes liquid waste * Some sewage comes from rain. * Some sewage contains materials - stimulates secondary production * affects rivers and lakes, and polluted water affects the health and enjoyment of people. * also brings in bacteria and pathogens, making the water unsafe to drink or swim - carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of disease - contains pathogens capable of spreading disease * biosolids cumulative effects on extractable-soil and grain elemental concentrations. * breaks down into ammonium. * can act as a fertilizer leading to eutrophication and prolific algal growth and red tides - have a similar enriching effect - increase the turbidity and amount of suspended sediments - release water that is either warmer or cooler than the receiving water body * carries bacteria that makes people sick - excessive nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to stream water * contains a mixture of substances - germs that can cause diseases - harmful bacteria - lots of organic substances which are a source of food for bacteria and fungi * contains many substances that are harmful to people and animals and the environment - viruses, bacteria, and other parasites that cause disease - nitrates and phosphates - fertilizer for plants like algae * contaminates water. * delicacy for bacteria. - wastes of domestic origin, from toilets, showers, kitchen sinks and laundry * is both smelly and unsanitary - carried by pipes and culverts * is collected by pipe, deposited and treated in a sewage lagoon - in buckets and emptied each day into lagoons, barrels or cesspools - discharged into the sea by many communities around the world - important route of dissemination of eggs - left untreated throughout the world, even in industrialized countries - located in oceans - mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful - suspensions * is the main source of ammonia added by humans to rivers - human-influenced nitrate addition to streams * is the waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers - from residential and commercial buildings - treated, and fresh water is gained by desalination of sea water * major health hazard to humans because it spreads disease. * overflows into the streams and backs up into basements. * serious threat to water sources. * travels through three different sets of pipes. + Sewage treatment: Waste management * Fats and solids are removed in the most important stage. Sewage stays in a 'first' tank until solids fall to the bottom. Fat also floats to the top. Fat and solids stay when the water leaves. * Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful. It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans. ### substance \| waste \| sewage: Domestic sewage * Most domestic sewage is dumped untreated into surface water, posing obvious health dangers. * carries all kinds of wastewater from homes and city buildings. * contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. * is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes - discharged directly into rivers and in some cases the sea - the source of both septage and biosolids * refers to waste water that is discarded from households.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste \| sewage: Raw sewage * backs up into homes and schools regularly. * can carry a variety of human bacteria and viruses - spread diseases such as hepatitis, typhoid, giardia and cryptosporidium in people * causes pollution that harms human and aquatic health. * contains bacteria that can cause illness if contaminated fruit or vegetables are eaten. * drains into waterways. * dumps into the streams and then into the rivers and then into the lakes. * floats in the available water. * flows through open canals, carrying disease to surrounding farmlands. * is all the liquid and solid wastes that go down toilets and drains - harmful to the environment - rich in ammonia and organic nitrogen * poses a problem only during and after heavy rains, when storm drains overflow. * seeps freely down the mountain side into streams, which flows into rivers etc - mountainside into streams, which flows into rivers etc + Ocean pollution, Sources of ocean pollution, Sludge dumping: Water pollution * By 1990, the United States alone had already given out 38 trillion liters of into the waters along its coasts. Raw sewage is all the liquid and solid wastes that go down toilets and drains. After collecting in sewer drains, raw sewage goes through a 'treatment plant', where it is cleaned, and the solid waste is removed. Once the liquid is treated, it goes to nearby waterways. The remaining solid waste is called 'sludge'. This toxin and bacteria-filled sludge is often dumped into the ocean. The people who dump it in think it will sink to the ocean floor. Untreated sewage * can also be harmful to fish and other aquatic animals - kill fish by taking oxygen from the water when the sewage decays * carries large numbers of disease-causing microbes. * entering an oligotrophic lake can cause eutrophication of the lake.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Solid waste * Many solid wastes are useful in bioconversion processes. * Most solid waste contains materials - radioactive materials - is produced by digestion * are expelled at the anal pore - to be stored in bottles, jars or plastic-lined sealed boxes * can be a solid, liquid, or contained gas - either hazardous or nonhazardous * comes from undigested food. * does include recyclable material. * includes garbage, refuse, dead animals, junk vehicles and much more. * includes, rubbish, garbage, compostables, and recyclables. * is called feces. * is disposed in a variety of ways - of in engineered sanitary landfill - gathered into piles, in preparation for transportation off-site - generated on an ongoing basis during research and decontamination activities - one of the environmental concerns that is receiving the most attention by the public - passed out of the rectum - reduced by reusing and recycling materials - sterilized, by heating in an autoclave - stored in landfills - the environmental term for garbage, trash, scrap, junk, and sewage * leave the body through the anus. * leaves through anus. * passes from the digestive system out of the body. * problem that involves everyone. * refers to waste such as gloves, towels, and other items contaminated with radiation. Special waste * can cause significant health and environmental impacts when managed inadequately. * includes such things as fly ash, sewage sludge, asbestos, and biomedical waste. * vary from paint strippers to cleaning solvents and acids.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Toxic waste * Many toxic wastes can harm humans, animals, or plants. * Some toxic wastes cause ecological imbalances. * are usually liquid chemicals. They are made as by-products of making other things, usually by manufacturing but sometimes they are chemicals used for farming. * are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed - or adsorbed * comes from industrial pollution. * is located in containers - something generally thought of as being somewhere else * is the most harmful form of pollution to marine creatures and humans alike - nest for bacteria and viral infections * poisons our rivers and seas. Transuranic waste * Most transuranic waste is contaminated rags, protective clothing, laboratory equipment, and tools. * Some transuranic waste is stored on asphalt pads in drums. * are plutonium-contaminated debris, junk, tools and clothes. * contains plutonium and other elements heavier than uranium - radioactive substances * is long-lived, but only moderately radioactive.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste: Trash * Burning Always burn trash in a burning barrel. * More trash is created when people form multiple households than when they used to live together. * Most trash is landfilled or incinerated. * Some trash falls out of peoples ' cars when they are coming or going. * also burns cleaner than coal as it contains no sulphur, a major contributor to acid rain. * attracts rats and mongooses, alien predators that eat native birds and their eggs. * comes in all colors and shapes. * controlled substance * covers the street, and air pollution darkens buildings, clothes, and lungs. * is garbage * is located in alleys - bags - beds - bins - bridges - bus stops - containers - dumps - garages - ground - hospitals - kitchens - parking lots - pockets - sanitary landfills - schools - state parks - subways - objects - plastic - speed - trash on the ground * is used for disposals - recycles * pollutes the land and water. * refers to contamination by bacteria or foreign matter. * takes up valuable space and causes problems with handling, storage and quality. + Burning Man, Criticisms: Festivals in North America :: Art :: Nevada * Even though everybody at Burning Man is expected to clean up all of their waste, there is still a lot of trash on the ground after the event is over. There is a fence surrounding the festival to keep some of the trash from blowing away, but much of it goes over the fence. Some trash falls out of peoples' cars when they are coming or going. The amount of trash has gotten worse every year. ### substance \| waste \| trash: Excessive trash * can cause uneven germination and weed problems. * is considered to be trash which exceeds one forty yard open bin container per hall. Soiled material * are trash. * can spontaneously combust under certain conditions. Universal waste * are items typically generated by households and small businesses. * form of hazardous waste.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Urine * All urine is an organic material. * More urine leads to larger bladders. * Most urine comes from metabolism - protein metabolism * Most urine contains ammonium - byproduct - concentration - harmful substances - hormones - materials - enters ureters * Most urine has beneficial properties - definite odor * Most urine has strong odor - smell - unusual odor - irritates skin - is produced by kidneys * Most urine passes into urethras - through urethras * Some urine attracts mates. * Some urine causes allergies - irritation * Some urine contains acid - amino acid - amounts - bicarbonate - glucose - nutrients - pheromone - potassium - products - proteins - salt - sediments - waste products * Some urine enters collect ducts * Some urine has blood - effects - heal effects - positive effects * Some urine has powerful effects - surface tension * Some urine includes pigment - yellow pigment - produces in kidneys * Some urine reflects light - ultraviolet light - remains in the bladder after urination * Some urine shows considerable diurnal variation * Some urine supports growth - plant growth * consists of excess water - urea - chemicals - desirable properties - roles * is an excretory product - created by kidneys - liquid solutions - liquids - located in toilets - wets * placed in containers often have a stronger scent than the natural odor. * tends to sink to bottom and permeate material. ### substance \| waste \| urine: Acidic urine * accelerates elimination. * dissolves struvite stones. * is associated with faster elimination of the drug. Animal urine * are extremely complex organic chemical compounds. * can cause serious damage to a tall fescue lawn. * is the most important vehicle of infection for man. Cat urine * glows in the dark. * glows under a black light - black-light Clear urine * means an athlete is drinking an adequate amount of fluids - enough fluid * sign of being well hydrated. * signifies potential over-hydration. Dark urine * Occurs in certain cases. * is too concentrated, reflecting an overall lack of water flowing through the body. * sure indication of poor hydration - hyrdation Dog urine * can often be a frustrating lawn care problem. * kills grass while feces present health and safety risks. Normal urine * Most normal urine consists of water. * Some normal urine contains amounts - has surface tension * contains benign transitional epithelial cells that line the urinary tract - healthy, harmless and nourishing components * has a wide range of color that is determined by urine concentration. * is of a clear amber color - straw-colored and slightly acid - yellow to amber in color, depending on the concentration of pigment Rodent urine * glows under ultraviolet light. * is usually the main source of allergen. Stagnant urine * can help bacteria grow - set the stage for infection * promotes bacterial growth. Urine flow * begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase. * is also very low, and waste products build up in the blood.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| waste \| urine: Urine testing * better long-term monitor of amylase levels. * can help rule out an infection or kidney problem. * is also a good way to determine the results of body metabolism - done in healthy people with diabetes to screen for diabetic nephropathy - performed with a plastic stick that has many squares of different chemicals - simply drug abuse abuse * is the only way to check for the presence of ketones, a sign of serious illness - standard for company drug tests * shows blood and protein in the urine. * violates privacy rights. Yellow urine * Most yellow urine contains water. * darkens to a red-brown after exposure to light. * indicates a bacterial or yeast infection or kidney disease. * sign of dehydration.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| waste: Wastewater * Most wastewater consists of domestic sewage * Some wastewater enters coastal oceans * acts as a fertilizer in aquaculture to feed the plankton that the fish thrive on. * adds to the surface sheet flow. * affects surface water quality and habitats and requires energy to treat. * can also contain dirt and pollutants from vehicles and equipment washing. * combination of household wastes from the kitchen, toilet, shower and laundry. * comes from our homes, local factories, businesses, and industries. * complex mixture of mineral and organic matter. * containing ammonia is circulated on the outside of the fibers. * contains disease-causing pathogens - high amounts of salts that can easily kill plants - nitrogen and phosphates that, being fertilizers, encourage the growth of algae - several undesirable pollutants * flows and design of sewers - by gravity until there is no longer enough slope in the pipe to maintain flow * flows through a series of biological cells kept in individual tanks - an extensive network of underground pipes into wastewater treatment plants - the filter bed where suspended solids are entrapped - to treatment plants from homes, businesses, and industries * has extremely large numbers of water borne bacteria and pathogens. * includes basic household waste coming from sinks, toilets, or washing machines - wastewater treatment, sewage lines, and sewer rehabilitation * is aerated to improve treatment by biooxidation - also nutrient rich - basically more water than any other substance - batch or continuously fed into an evaporator - collected by an extensive underground sewer system - comprised mostly of human waste, which contains bacteria and viruses - generated by homes, industry, schools, and businesses - held in a lagoon or tank until most solids in it settle out - largely the communities water supply after it has been fouled by various uses - pumped into aerated concentric channels - recycled to be used to recover waste from swine buildings - sewage and storm water - simply the used water that goes down indoor drains - sprayed over rocks or other solid support material covered with microorganisms - stored when river-flow is at maximum * is the flow of used water from a community - spent water of the community * is treated and recycled - with pure oxygen and disinfected with ozone * problem in many communities. * tends to be warm, acidic and laden with metals and other inorganic compounds. ### substance \| waste \| wastewater: Domestic wastewater * is generated from residential, commercial, institutional and public buildings - treated and used for underground irrigation of landscaping - water from our sinks, toilets and washing machines * refers to liquid wastes from kitchen and bathrooms. Municipal wastewater * All municipal wastewater contains some level of mercury. * consists primarily of domestic waste from households. * general term applied to any liquid treated in a municipal treatment plant. * is composed of a variety of substances - discharged into rivers and lakes without treatment - the waste stream from a municipality Treated wastewater * is discharged into surface water systems such as lakes, rivers and oceans - seen as an integral part of the water resources of the country - usually very high in nitrogen and phosphorus, the major plant nutrients * point source of the nutrient phosphorus. Waxy substance * Most waxy substances build up in arteries. * clog arteries. Weld material * Most weld materials are alloys or mixtures of several constituents. * penetrates the mold surface without heat, distortion, shrinkage, or metal stress.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance: Wood * All wood expands and contracts with seasonal changes in moisture content - has pores * All wood is classified into two main types, hardwood and softwood - used from reforested trees - shrinks and swells with changes in moisture content * All woods absorb moisture when the air is humid, and lose moisture when it's dry - change color over time * Any wood is prey to a number of organisms. * Most wood absorbs odor - comes from trees - contains substances - destroying beetles behave in similar fashion - deteriorates over time - has cell structures * Most wood has dense cell structures - density - lower density - texture * Most wood uses for lumber - rough lumber - woods have gobs of heavy, plastic-like cement, called lignin, holding the cells together * Much wood is used as plywoods and veneers. * Some wood attracts cockroaches - woodpeckers - becomes dioxide - conducts electricity * Some wood contains mud * Some wood has compounds - structural properties - is classified as insulators - leads to diseases * Some wood nematodes cause death - kill trees - produces toxins - shavings cause asthma - trellises support plants * Some woods are apparendy toxic to termites - durable because of compounds called extractives - toxic, such as cocobolo dust - can be sensitive to moisture - move a great deal with changes in humidity, others less so - or gives off moisture depending on the ambient moisture in the air - water and urine, making good sanitation difficult * adapts very quickly to ambient conditions - well to gradual seasonal changes * aging develops a dry, nutty character and a golden color - times are also subject to other factors * also can conduct electricity when it is wet. * also is an important industrial fuel - used in major elements such as framing, siding, and shingles - works well to build patterns * appears to shimmer when moved. * architectures in response to particular climates. * attacked by termites has channels or passages coated with an earth-like material. * better insulator than metal. * biomass fuel. * boring isopods feed upon and damage prop roots. * building material. * buried in such marshes is almost immune to rot. * burning appliances are a subject of expanding use and concern due to rising energy costs - emits certain chemical compounds known as dioxins - fireplaces and stoves also produce large amounts of carbon monoxide - stoves contribute to the warm atmosphere * burns efficiently in fireplaces, providing a feeling of warmth and love - in three stages * can also be light, making a large room seem smaller and cozy - create a visual focal point by dominating a small area - be wet, full of nails, or old and weathered - become slippery when wet - best handle temperature and relative humidity changes if they occur gradually - burn, rot, splinter, stain, and break - have a very long life when continuously immersed in water - lose so much moisture that it becomes brittle - overcome earth by depleting the minerals and nutrients which make it fertile - rot out and is slippery when wet - serve as physical evidence for structure - suffer damage when exposed to the action of sunlight and water - trap cold air and prevent it from draining to lower-lying areas * carries bugs. * changes dimensions as it gains or loses moisture below that point. * combines with oxygen in the atmosphere, undergoing combustion. * comes from plants so everything made from wood has used water - the mainland and North America - trees, which are, of course, plants * comes in a bewildering variety of species, each with unique properties - many different kinds * completely competitive material also for building bridges. * complex mixture of cellulose, organic chemicals and water. * composite material made from lignin and cellulose. * consists largely of cellulose, a macromolecule which highly improbable assembly of atoms - mostly of primary xylem * consists of cellulose fibers bound in lignin , a complex polymer - mixed woods that are unsplit and at random lengths - two distinct fuels * contains a heat stable antibiotic useful as a food preservative - acids, and acids are bad for fabric - natural antibiotic agents that retard bacterial growth - only a negligible amount of sulphur, an element that leads to acid rain - sugars that bacteria and fungi feed on * continuous product. * controls Earth. * damaged by carpenter ants contains galleries that are very clean and smooth. * destroying fungi require a food source, oxygen and favorable temperature in order to survive - insects do a tremendous amount of damage to wood structures * destroys Earth. * deteriorates rapidly. * diminishes Earth. * dries rapidly when the heat is first turned on. * ducks frequent woods along streams or flooded timber. * durable, light-weight, easily worked, waterproof material and fiber source. * dynamic medium. * edges, thickets, meadows, and roadsides. * expands and contracts across the grain significantly more than lengthwise with the grain - depending on the humidity in the air - with changes in temperature and humidity - when it's wet * experiences decay - fungal decay * feels warm, or normal, while metal usually feels cold. * fine building material in terms of strength and weight. * finishing products also contain many hazardous components. * finite resource. * floats because the internal pressure of the water is higher than that of the wood. * floats in water, helium floats in air, oil floats on water, a penny floats on mercury * form of biomass and burning wood is an example of biomass energy. * formed at the base of limbs or in forks is usually difficult to break apart - in spring is thin walled and primarily made for sufficient water supply * forms the circulatory and support system in trees. * good insulator, as well as fibreglass, or vinyl when reinforced with wood. * grinder with a share of the lead. * grown in sunlight is better than wood grown in shade. * has a different feeling than leather - low ash content * has a natural beauty - tendency to warp, twist, split, etc - an excellent strength to weight ratio and stiffness to weight ratio comparable to metals - color, too - fairly poor water resistance * has grain and color variations due to the growth pattern of each tree - from the growth patterns of each tree - poor durability and is prone to mold and stain - purposes - some superior properties including antiseptic, mechanically yielding, and natural - the lowest embodied energy out of all of the most common construction materials - three dimensions, width, length, thickness - variable degrees of natural resistance to decay - warmth, depth, and often people speak of wood stocks as if they are alive * have grain and color variations due to the growth patterns of each tree. * helps burning, but in the meantime it loses energy. * highly heterogeneous material containing interfaces and long cylindrical pores. * hygroscopic material. * involves the aspects of germination, extension, softness and harmony. * is active, capable of growth and combustion, which is yang. * is also a porous material, being comprised of long slender cells - renewable source of fuel - an insolator - easy to work, resistant to destructive fungi and insect pests - highly susceptible to damage from post-depositional processes - more flexible in terms of the size and shape of the target - one of the few building materials that is renewable - susceptible to damage and swelling from moisture - the centerpiece of building and craftsmanship * is an anisotropic material with respect to shrinkage characteristics - economically competitive, ecologically sound and sustainable building material - example of a plant conductive tissue, vascular tissue - extremely polyvalent material - inhomogenous, nonisotropic material composed of high molecular weight natural polymers - organic substance composed of cells * is another form of cellulose - possibility as well as polymers and other heat-resistant plastics - applied to wood for a deeper three dimensional appearance - basically a differently assembled form of cellulose - biodegradable - by far the raw material used in the greatest quantity in the U.S. today * is capable of burns - composteds - sandeds * is composed of cellulose fibers and lignin which is the glue that holds it together - many concentric circles of xylem - primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin - comprised of the cells of the xylem - currently in chronically short supply in all urban centres and even in rural areas * is cut for export, for furniture, plywood and veneers - firewood, charcoal, and building poles - heating - damp and rotting - but only in the corners where water probably collects somewhat - dead trees * is diffuse, porous with indistinct grain pattern - dimensionally stable when the moisture content is above the fiber saturation point - dried to a specific moisture content - dry, appears to be a soft wood, and has some worm holes on the surface - durable and resilient, and can be engineered for high strength to weight ratios * is easier to blend than most flooring materials - split when it is green - easy to cut and easy to shape - edibles - energy from the sun, stored by the tree as it grows - extremely rare and important to the ecosystem - followed by fire - generally less expensive than alternative sources of energy - gildeds - golf clubs * is hard and durable underground, used for wooden plows and for pegs - light and can be fashioned into almost any shape - smooth and is used for golf club heads * is hard, grows fast and repels termites - heavy and dense, and valued for carving * is heavy and moderately durable but in contact with ground it decays in about two years - rots from the inside out - heavy, strong, hard, and durable - important as building material, as fuel, and as a raw material for paper and chemicals - in short supply on the plateau where most yak live * is largely cellulose and lignin , while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose - while cotton and paper are almost pure cellulose - less energy intensive than all three competing materials - light weight, less durable and small in size due to short and crooked trunk - light, soft and weak * is located in boats - carpets - countries - desks - hardware stores - parks - synagogues * is made of much cellulose and some lignin * is made up of lots of cellulose which is very long chains of polymers - small cellulose fibers, bound together by a glue-like substance called lignin - major product in our everyday life * is more of an insulator than a conductor in general - sensitive to moisture than to heat, while the inverse is generally true for plastics - than just a material - vulnerable to scratches, but is less likely to crack or chip - most vulnerable to decay at the ground-line * is natural, it raw material found in great quantities all around the world - organic, renewable, nontoxic, recyclable and bio-degradable * is nature's own composite - universal construction material - non-toxic - odorless and tasteless - of the highest quality in the world, and, like other materials, it's plentiful and cheap - often without tyloses * is one of Earth's most important resources - Switzerland's only raw materials - mankind's oldest building materials - nature's best insulators * is one of the few materials that can construct itself - most durable and versatile building materials in the world * is one of the most important North American raw materials - natural resources in the United States - widely-used building materials and the main source of paper in the world - only sustainable in terms of centuries - opaque to visible light - pale yellow without distinction between heartwood and sapwood * is particularly subject to crushing perpendicularly to the grain - susceptible to the effects of light and heat * is perishable -organic - and liable to ambrosia beetle and powder-post beetle attack * is plant materials - tissue which was once alive - plentiful in Chile, and thus most of the furniture manufacture is of wood - plentiful, so today, houses are made of logs - plywood, mahogany, limewood and walnut - predictable in fire - preferable to metal or plastic, because it insulates better - present in the stems of trees and shrubs where it ensures support and conducts water - preserved in the till deposits - prized for lumber and furniture - radio stations - recyclable, biodegradable and durable - sometimes lasting for centuries - renewable, recyclable and biodegradable - said to be the mother of fire and the son of water - shipped to biomass plants and burned to generate electricity - shock-resistant and very durable, generally outlasting synthetic materials - soft and lightweight with soft whitish roots - solar energy transformed by photosynthesis into building material - sold by standard units of measurement * is solid fuel - objects - strengthened by water, creates fire and subdues earth yet is overcome by metal - strong, lightweight, versatile, abundant, and renewable - susceptible to spontaneous combustion - ten times stronger in the axial direction than in the radial or tangential directions - termed a primary product, created by plants using solar energy - the accumulation of secondary xylem * is the best insulator of all structural building materials - material to use for bird houses - when any acid, such as vinegar, is used in the ingredients to be stirred - choice for a sustainable future - element conquered by the self-metal - ideal energy-efficient building material - largest source of biomass energy - major source of heat for cooking * is the material of choice for many structures - used par excellence to create African masks * is the most common material for enclosed showers - source of fuel, although many different materials are used - used in home heating - commonly used biomass fuel for heat and power * is the most environmentally beneficial raw material the United States - materials the United States has - friendly resource on earth * is the most important natural resource of Finland - renewable natural resource - reliable and available of fuels - universal of worked materials - widely used of all plant fuels - number one consumption of energy because it is so readily available * is the only building material derived from a renewable resource - construction material that is truly a renewable resource * is the only natural and renewable resource in the flooring industry - readily renewable natural resource and it is increasing in reserves every year * is the only renewable building material - natural material - preferred fuel for cooking in much of the world * is the primary material which is used - source of fuel for much of the world - structural component in most cold frames - principal source of fuel now - principle material, but ivory, bones, tusks, bamboo, and various metals are also used * is the traditional fuel - source for activated carbon, which is sometimes called activated charcoal - their food source - typical of the water-containing materials - unique among all building materials * is used as a fuel for cooking and heating in stoves, fireplaces and barbecue grills - extensively in other countries for electricity and heat production * is used for boats - buildings, furniture, paper, cardboard, musical instruments and sports equipment - butcher blocks, pulpwood, particleboard, and fiberboard - campfires - canoes, mortars, and pestles - coffins, cooking at funerals and several other custom rituals - construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art - cooking usually outside - deers - furniture, millwork, flooring, butcher blocks, and musical instruments - hikings - home heating and as an industrial fuel in Washington State - making whiskey barrels and ships - picture frames - posts, beams, musical instruments and for firewood - railroad ties, because the wood is rot resistant - skis - wood products - rather than metal because it is both durable and cheaper to maintain than metal - throughout the home - to carve various items for household use as well as for ceremonial uses * is used to construct carts, farm implements, boats, dugout canoes and in shipbuilding - subwoofer enclosures - frame the entire building where the roof design dictates the form * is used to make everything from furniture to toys to paper - furniture, build houses, and make paper - power cars as well as the heating in our homes, which provides heat, or raise steam * is very good for making pallets because it can hold a lot of weight - hard to clean, but it can be periodically replaced in countries where it is plentiful - hardy, but the fruit buds are damaged by hard freezes - sensitive to changes in relative humidity - strong and used for tool handles, skis and wagon wheels * is vulnerable to attack by decay fungi and termites, liable to blue stain - fungi, stain, and termites - water-absorbent, so it dries faster, which means shorter bacterial survival - whitish or light yellow brown with no distinction between sapwood and heartwood - without question the coolest material for building a canoe - yellow in color, coarse-grained, dense, and heavy * is, in itself, a composite of tubular voids surrounded by harder lignin cellulose. * just happens to contain a lot of plant cells. * likely target for insects, splitting, distorting, bruising or breaking. * living substance and can dry out, especially in centrally heated homes. * makes essential objects, objects for all time - use of a lignin matrix and cellulose fibers to form a polymer composite - that's never the same * matures to a brownish color with age. * more environmentally sensitive building material than steel - sustainable energy source than fossil fuels * moves over time, with changes in temperature and humidity. * music major with a principal emphasis in piano and secondary emphasis in voice. * natural composite material, nature's equivalent of fiberglass and carbon fiber composites - of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin - filter of vibrations - food source for certain types of fungus and spora - material with good insulating properties - product that is renewable, reusable and recyclable - product, is aesthetically pleasing, flexible in design, and structurally sound - resource, renewable and recyclable * natural, organic material that can easily be recycled - material, and it reacts, often quite frustratingly, to being wetted * naturally dries out as a result of the sap drying out from the fibers. * non-living thing. * noun' which is the material a tree is mostly composed of. * overwhelms the movement of Earth. * painting Wood painting The wood of tree is one of the oldest materials used by the man. * performs functions. * plentiful and economical building material that comes from a renewable source. * plentiful, economical, and renewable resource. * poor conductor due to high resistance - material for animal houses because it is susceptible to chewing and rot * produces even more carbon dioxide per kilo than coal. * provides resiliency in sea ice and acoustic quiet. * relatively easy material to work with - good insulator because of the air spaces it contains * remains strongest when kept in the original shape in which it grew - the country's main source of energy * renewable and most versatile construction material - natural resource and is completely recyclable * renewable resource and is likely to be in growing demand as world population increases - because more trees can be grown to make more wood * renewable resource that has a very positive impact on the carbon footprint - is energy efficient and reusable - resource, but has historically been abused - source of energy that can supplement conventional fossil fuels for home heating * renewable, available source of energy. * replaceable source of fibre. * requires much less energy to be processed into a usable form than does steel or plastic. * resembles North American black cottonwood in both density and mechanical properties. * rot can weaken wood, but it's easy to tell if wood is rotten. * scarce resource that provides wildlife habitat and contributes to nutrient cycling. * shavings react with the rabbit's urine to create a toxin which can build up in their liver. * shrinks quickly and pewter disintegrates - very little along the length of the grain * solves the problem of plastic cutting boards breeding bacteria without creating waste. * stands for tree or something to do with wood. * steelform uses ash and oak woods from Slovenia. * stems have several parts. * stoves and kerosene lamps provide light and heat * stoves, of course, require wood fuel - pipe, fuel storage barrels or tanks * survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze. * swells when it becomes wet, shrinks when it dries - with moisture, shrinks as it loses moisture * tends to dry out and crack. * tends to have even more complex molecules to start with - low a low natural frequency - shrink and change moisture content after being sawed * typically have a gooey cement, called lignin, holding the cells together. * undergoes combustion. * uses in construction - powder X-ray methods to study phase transformations and high T behaviour of materials * very common material for building - porous material that absorbs odors from the air * wetted by dog urine is reported to be especially attractive to wharf borer beetles. * yields electrical energy + Composite material * Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin. Wood and cellulose chemistry'. The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings. + Ed Wood: 1924 births :: 1978 deaths :: Deaths from myocardial infarction :: American screenwriters :: American movie actors :: American movie editors :: American writers :: Actors from New York :: Writers from New York :: Movie directors from New York :: Movie producers from New York * Wood is considered one of the worst movie directors of all time. + Finland, Nature and weather: European Union member states :: Nordic countries * Most of Finland is covered by pine forest. The swan is the national bird of Finland. The swan was a holy animal long ago. Wood is the most important natural resource of Finland. It is estimated that up to one-third of all wood resources of the European Union are in Finland. + Polysaccharide, Cellulose: Carbohydrates :: Organic compounds :: Polymers * The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units. Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite. * Wood' is the main substance in trees. Wood is used for construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art. It is also used for making fires and heating. Paper is made from wood fibres. * Wood is very hard to cut, but it is also very strong. A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees. After a tree falls, the wood in it can be cut into long, straight pieces called lumber. Lumber can then be used to make posts, or put together with nails, screws, or even glue to make wooden frames for other shapes. * Wood comes in many different kinds. Oak and maple are widely-used types of wood. + Wood carving: Sculpture :: Woodworking * The making of sculpture in wood has a long history. Wood survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze. It is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. Therefore, we do not know much about wood in the art history of older cultures. A shorter history of Greek art'. Cambridge University Press, p. 9. * Wood is light, so it is suitable for masks and other objects meant to be carried. It can take very fine detail, and is also much easier to work than stone.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| wood: Alder * Most alders are pioneer species. * Some alders have height growth - indeterminate growth - leaves - their roots immersed in the stream even when it is at low levels * are generally well known as ruderal trees of moist, stream-side habitats - pioneer on wet sites following landslides, logging, or fire - very important in the forest * contribute to soil quality and erosion control and provide wildlife food and habitat. * form interesting cone-like fruits that persist through winter - part of the birch family, along with hazels and hornbeams * grow well in moist soil near ponds and other wet ground. * have the capacity to fix nitrogen. * is wood * lose their leaves. * prefer moist sites. * produce catkins of yellowish-green flowers. * provide shelter for a host of birds. ### substance \| wood \| alder: Andean alder * general purpose wood, somewhat like radiata pine. * is the southernmost species of the genus Alnus. Aloes wood * grows and is harvested from the wild in Southeast Asia - in the wild in Southeast Asia * is prized as one of the finest aromatic woods burned for incense purposes.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood: Bamboo * All bamboos have wood-like stems. * Many bamboo have edible shoots - bamboos are rapid spreaders and can become invasive * Most bamboo are native to warm and moist tropical and warm temperate climates - has strength * Most bamboos are evergreen in temperate climates - happiest in a moderately acidic loamy soil - of giant size - have woody stems - prefer a slightly acidic soil - produce a panicle inflorescence with a varying number of spikelets - remain evergreen throughout the winter * Some bamboo grows in arid regions * Some bamboos are sympodial, spreading only very slowly - can grow inches in a single day - have a distinctive colored sulcas. * There are about 91 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe * are also good as pot or tub plants, indoors or outdoors - among the most useful of all plants - common in some areas - evergreen and put on new leaves each year - giant members of the grass family forming dense clumps of many stems - of notable economic and cultural significance in Asian region - successful and efficient like the rest of the grasses * are the only members of the grass family that grow mainly in forests - woody tribe within the grass family - their main source of food - vigorous, rugged plants * convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into wood very efficiently. * generally insist on well-drained soil. * have much to offer as ornamental specimens - woody, jointed stems called culms * is plants - solids * occur mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. * tend to spread by underground rootstocks. ### substance \| wood \| bamboo: Giant cane * difficult species to control. * is bamboo Specie of bamboo * Many species of bamboo produce edible shoots. * Some species of bamboo seem to have a few plants in flower somewhere most of the time. Water bamboo * is propagated by tillers. * very popular vegetable in China. Beech wood * are without doubt a very rich habitat for fungi. * is applied to make various types of plywood, firewood, and others - used to make flooring, furniture, veneer plywood, and railroad ties	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| wood: Birch * All birches have a fine, uniform texture. * Most birch has leaves. * Most birches have very scaly bark - prefer moist, sandy and loamy soil * are large, hardy and seemingly indestructible - one of the most popular domestic trees in Finland - stiff, but supple trees with many branches - susceptible to the bronze birch borer and the birch leaf miner * grow best in cool, moist, shaded locations. * have a very shallow root system that can destroy driveways and sidewalks - wide and shallow root system * injured are the gray birch, white birch, yellow birch, and European birch. * prefer moist, rich, fairly rocky ground, though they grow in a variety of soils. * require a slightly acidic soil. * show their beauty amid rows of evergreens. * situated in moist areas are long-lived. * tolerate leafminers best when they are planted in shady, cool, moist areas. * usually have slender, graceful habits. Cedarwood * are wood. * is an astringent for oily and congested skin conditions, acne and dandruff * powerful antiseptic, used particularly for bronchial and urinary tract infections. Cocuswood * good hard tonewood, with a light colour. * is wood<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood: Cypress * are conifers - plants - seed-bearing plants or gymnosperms - stations * domes typically exist as isolated depressions in very gently sloping landscapes. * eliminates fluid retention. * grows mainly in the southern portion of the United States. * helps to balance oily skin and is helpful in treating acne. * increases the relative humidity inside the cage, because it retains moisture. * is almost impervious to rot and insects, making it a superior building material - essential oil made from the leaves and cones of an evergreen cypress tree - even more specific, one group of pines - found in wet regions and swamps * is in decline and being replaced by hardwoods able to germinate beneath the closed canopy - the group of woods offering the highest resistance to the elements - peerless for treating all conditions involving excess fluids * is resistant to insects and rot - moisture, strong, and has an attractive grain - susceptible to fire - very durable and resistant to alkalis, acids and other chemicals * spurge infestation in Ontario - is of Mediterranean-western Europe origin and is more genetically uniform * stops bleeding, both externally and internally, including excessive menstrual flow. * strengthens weak connective tissue. * surround stagnant ponds. * wetlands for water management, recycling and conservation. ### substance \| wood \| cypress: Pond cypress * are cypresses. * is smaller than the bald cypress and has a slightly different appearance - the dominant tree but grows stunted and scattered throughout the freshwater marshes Tecate cypress * native, evergreen tree with a bushy growth form. * occurs on coarse, rocky, clay or sand soils.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood: Dead wood * Some dead wood leads to diseases. * accumulating around buildings and homes often serves as a source of infestation. * can be hard to find when snow is heavy - the life of a garden * is both home and food to an enormous number of tiny living things. * is brown, has no live buds and has a brown or grey pith - buds, and has a brown or gray pith - collected to build a fire for warmth and as fuel for cooking - home for many species of insects, spiders and reptiles * offers a prime entry point for pathogens like bacteria and fungi. * provides nesting sites for both predacious ants and birds. Dense wood * can act as barrier to the movement of the cold air. * take longest to dry. Different wood * have different abilities to cause irritation as splinters - densities, grains, and mechanical properties * react differently to dampness or flooding.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### substance \| wood: Eucalyptus * Some eucalyptuses contain poison. * Some eucalyptuses have effects - moisture - side effects - kill animals * are plants - software * blends well with thyme, rosemary and lavender. * blossom with ants having a feed. * is wood * thrash in the darkness.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood: Fir * FiR small, independent Italian company that only makes bicycle rims. * Most firs have distribution - needles - shape leaves * Some firs are quite picky about where they are grown, and in what type of soil. * always leave a distinctive round scar or depression on the stem. * are less resistant than pines to many insects and diseases as well as wildfire - the short-needled greens - short, flat single needles - single needles that densely cover the twigs * provide shade as well as wildlife habitat and food. * refer to forest richness - the big forests * refers to the forestry. ### substance \| wood \| fir: Balsam fir * are extremely abundant in the under story as seedlings and are shade tolerant. * gets spruce budworm which can lead to wildfire. * have horizontal branches perfect for ornamentation. * true fir Grand fir * are also susceptible to the destructive ramifications of the budworm. * is moderately resistant to frequent surface fire. * true fir<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood \| fir: Subalpine fir * is found primarily in the subalpine zone of the Rocky Mountains up to timberline - monoecious - the only tree regenerating under the canopy - very shade tolerant and easily establishes under a closed canopy * major component of the high-elevation forests of the Rocky Mountains. * middle to upper elevation mountain conifer. * native, coniferous, evergreen tree. * occurs on wetter north-facing valley sites and at higher elevations in the mountains. * stand alone or in tight groves at the line.<\|endoftext\|>### substance \| wood \| fir: White fir * Most white firs have needles. * are the most shade tolerant with incense-cedar next. * has one of the largest ranges of any of the commercial western firs. - soft, blue-green foliage and an open branching pattern * is attractive to many species of wildlife - easy to work and stays in place when properly dried - important to many species of wildlife - monoecious, and cones are found in the upper branched only - susceptible to several pathogens - tolerant of a considerable amount of shade Green wood * is soft and easily worked. * tends to rupture when bent.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }

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