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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I've seen this a few times and always just been guessing the meaning. I have\nthis dialogue were 勝てはしない is said. Is ...てはしない used for emphasis? Saying that\nwinning can't be done?\n\nI'm just curious why I never read about this grammar in my books or anywhere\nelse. Is it like saying it is impossible? Like 勝ち得ない or something. I'd like\nyour help. Dialogue under with my attempted translation.\n\n深海王を狩るつもりならやめておけ If your intention is about to hunt the deep sea king leave it\nfor me\n\n深海王? The deep sea king?\n\nヒーローごときが束になっても勝てはしない Even if heroes bunch together we can't win",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T13:49:57.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42372",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7713",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "~てはしない form grammar",
"view_count": 173
} | []
| 42372 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42378",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Recently, I found a [joke about CPU Cores/Threads\nhere](https://twitter.com/P5QPRO/status/818421589930745859). I catch attention\non the word \"あたまおかしい\" which in this context is probably:\n\n> It is **crazily/insanely** fast.\n\nRight? But I have seen many use of \"Okashii\" alone that means \"weird\". So many\nquestions regarding this phase follow:\n\n 1. Can \"あたまおかしい\" in the above article, in any way, can it be translated to **too fast that head is dizzy/weird**? Instead of \"mentally\" craziness.\n\n 2. Are \"頭おかしい\" and \"頭がおかしい\" have the same meaning and usage?\n\n 3. I wonder if this phase can describe dizziness in your head. Like, you say this to your friend when your head feels weird or dizzy? \"ああ、頭がおかしくなる。\"\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T15:14:44.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42373",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-09T17:22:30.020",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19345",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"slang",
"internet-slang"
],
"title": "Using of あたまおかしい in various situation and translation",
"view_count": 1050
} | [
{
"body": "> can it be translated to too fast that head is dizzy/weird? Instead of\n> \"mentally\" craziness.\n\nNo, あたまおかしい means _crazy/insane/mad_ , not _dizzy_. Its basic meaning is of\ncourse negative, but recently あたまおかしい has gained a positive sense, as seen in\nthis picture. You can say あたまおかしい is mostly positive when this word is used\nfor comedians, \"crazy\" YouTube video, etc.\n\nおかしい just means _weird/strange/peculiar_ as well as _funny_. If it were not\nfor あたま in this picture, it would not make much sense.\n\n> Are \"頭おかしい\" and \"頭がおかしい\" have the same meaning and usage?\n\nAs net slang, あたまおかしい is used almost like a single i-adjective. あたまがおかしい might\nmean the same thing depending on the context, but I rarely see it. Since\nあたまがおかしい is not an established slang term, I think it tends to be used in the\noriginal (i.e., negative) sense.\n\nあたまおかしい is still net slang, especially when this means something positive. A\nsafer replacement would be\n[ヤバい](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%84%E3%81%B0%E3%81%84), which is a widely\nknown slang term that can also be both positive and negative.\n\nPeople often add `(ほめ言葉)` to clarify it has a positive connotation. e.g,\n\"narutoさん頭おかしい（ほめ言葉）\"\n\n> I wonder if this phase can describe dizziness in your head. Like, you say\n> this to your friend when your head feels weird or dizzy? \"ああ、頭がおかしくなる。\"\n\nYou should say\n頭が[くらくら](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89)する or\n頭がぐらぐらする to express dizziness. 頭がおかしくなる usually means \"I'm going mad\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T17:21:12.377",
"id": "42378",
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},
{
"body": "Just to add, the translation of your pic wouldn't be \"Insanely/Crazily fast\",\nbut literally just \"Insane/Crazy\". I think it's worth making the distinction\nthat this (slang) usage of \"insane/crazy\" does not coincide with the usage in\nthe English (slang) language.\n\nIn English, when someone says, \"That's crazy/insane!\" (of course, depending on\nthe context and tone) it would mean pretty much the same as \"That's awesome!\".\n\nWhen used in this context, 頭(が)おかしい would have the tone of \"ridiculous\"\nor\"whoever is going this far has to be stupid/out of his mind\". So as you can\nsee, it is not really praising the target, though in turn it does in a\nroundabout way. Think of it as needing one extra step to become praise.\n\n> That's crazy! → That's cool! (direct praise) \n> 頭おかしい！ → He's out of his mind for doing that! → It's so ridiculous, it's\n> cool! (indirect praise)\n\nAlso note that this type of praise is only really used in extreme situations,\nlike the example you gave.\n\n> A: \"My friend painted this really good picture.\" \n> ○B: \"That's crazy!\" \n> ×B: 頭おかしいわ（褒め言葉）\n\nNotice that even with the connotation note, it's not extraordinary enough and\nmost likely other people would reply with \"What's so crazy about it?\". Compare\nthat to the English usage, which is generally acceptable.\n\n> A: \"My friend painted this really good picture using only his mouth to hold\n> the brush!\" \n> ○B: \"That's crazy!\" \n> ○B: 頭おかしいわ（褒め言葉）\n\nBasically, it's best to use in situations you feel would be overkill.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-09T18:55:17.763",
"id": "42384",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42373 | 42378 | 42378 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42377",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I cannot get what な means in the following sentence.\n\n> 彼女はそれがいくら **な** のかわかります。\n\nCouldn't it be written 彼女はそれがいくらのか分かります?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T16:12:04.487",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42375",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-09T18:31:31.590",
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"copula"
],
"title": "What is な role here?",
"view_count": 59
} | [
{
"body": "Because いくら is not a verb, the の of のか cannot directly follow it; な acts to\nlink the two.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T16:53:02.220",
"id": "42377",
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| 42375 | 42377 | 42377 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42379",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I noticed this when I was listening to Momoiro Clover Z's 「行くぜっ！怪盗少女」, which\nhad this line: 「土日｛どにち｝はよろしくね 週末ヒロインです」. I understand that 土日 means 土曜日 + 日曜日\n= weekend, i.e. 週末. Thus, can 土日 and 週末 be used interchangeably, or are there\ndifferent nuances in 土日 and 週末?\n\nThere is also the term 休日, which I understand as referring to \"days off\", i.e.\nweekends plus public holidays 祝日. However, can 休日 be used interchangeably with\n週末/土日 as well? (Because I think I might have seen this usage in Japan, but I\nmay be wrong.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T16:31:24.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42376",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-09T17:49:46.963",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-09T16:37:09.803",
"last_editor_user_id": "19346",
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "The usage of 土日, 週末 and 休日",
"view_count": 704
} | [
{
"body": "土日 and 週末 are very similar, but 週末 vaguely refers to weekend, while 土日 is\nexplicitly Saturday and Sunday. Friday nights are usually considered as part\nof 週末, but not part of 土日. While 週末ヒロイン sounds like a nice coined phrase,\n土日ヒロイン sounds a bit too strict and funny to me. Travel magazines often have\narticles titled ～で週末を楽しむ, but usually not ～で土日を楽しむ.\n\n休日 refers to days off. You don't necessarily have to have days off on\nSaturdays and Sundays, so 休日 is different from 土日/週末.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T17:49:46.963",
"id": "42379",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42376",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 42376 | 42379 | 42379 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42383",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> \"Evaluation of practical experience (=internship) and it's contribution\"\n\nI would use something like this:\n\n> 「実習【じっしゅう】評価【ひょうか】及び【および】その貢献【こうけん】」\n\nI could be relatively satisfied (but just partly) with 実習【じっしゅう】 as for\n\"practical experience\" and 評価【ひょうか】 as for \"evaluation\", but I feel\nuncomfortable by using 貢献【こうけん】 as for \"contribution\". I haven't used 貢献【こうけん】\nbefore and haven't used yet any other alternative meaning for the word\n\"contribution\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T18:12:41.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42380",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-07T22:20:45.667",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-07T22:20:45.667",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "\"Evaluation of practical experience (=internship) and it's contribution\"",
"view_count": 64
} | [
{
"body": "Contribution can be translated either as 貢献(度) and 寄与【きよ】(度).\n\n * 貢献: beneficial contribution from people (by money, labor, source code, etc)\n * [寄与](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E5%AF%84%E4%B8%8E): contribution of various inanimate factors (e.g., price, demand, temperature, ...). (can be positive or negative)\n * ～度: value, degree\n\nIf you are asking how much the \"practical experience\" has affected something,\n寄与度 is probably the best choice.\n\nI don't know the context, but \"practical experience\" can be translated\n[differently](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=practical%20experience&ref=sa).\nPlease make sure 実習 is the right translation in the context in question.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T18:52:41.927",
"id": "42383",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42380",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42380 | 42383 | 42383 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42430",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A comment in one of my previous questions ([Why is a verb in the past (た形)\ncontradicted with\n～ていない?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/42242/why-is-a-verb-in-\nthe-past-%e3%81%9f%e5%bd%a2-contradicted-\nwith-%ef%bd%9e%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84)) contained the following\nsentence (fragment?):\n\n> 言われてみると不思議...。\n\nI'm not entirely certain what this means but going from context, I'd guess\nmaybe something along the lines of \"It'd be odd if you tried to say it (like\nthat)...\"\n\nI'm having difficulty understanding the changing voice (active/passive) in the\nverb 言われてみる. **Is this expression active or passive (or both for that\nmatter)?**\n\nIn addition, how would the meanings of the following differ (if the second and\nthird are valid of course):\n\n> 1. 言われてみる\n> 2. 言ってみられる\n> 3. 言われてみられる\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T18:44:09.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42382",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"verbs",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Passive Verb + みる",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "> 「言{い}われてみると不思議{ふしぎ}...。」\n>\n> I'd guess maybe something along the lines of \" _ **It'd be odd if you tried\n> to say it (like that)...**_ \"\n\nNot really, it is not the speaker who said something here because 「言われる」 is\npassive voice. **Another person told you something and you realize that it is\nindeed odd (even though you have never given the matter much thought\nbefore.)**\n\n> I'm having difficulty understanding the changing voice (active/passive) in\n> the verb 言われてみる. Is this expression active or passive (or both for that\n> matter)?\n\nGrammatically, the 「言われて」 part is passive and the 「みる」 part is active. More\nstrictly speaking, however, 「みる」 here is only a subsidiary verb; therefore, it\nis only active in name, so to speak. The real verb here is 「言われる」, which is\n100% passive. Thus the expression 「言われてみる」 is basically passive voice. At\nleast, as I said above, it is not the speaker who said something.\n\n> \"Now that you mention it ...\"\n\nwould be the usual translation.\n\nFinally, regarding the three expressions you listed at the end, 「言ってみられる」 and\n「言われてみられる」 (#2 and #3) do not make sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T23:42:49.160",
"id": "42430",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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| 42382 | 42430 | 42430 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42402",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was translating a text from my textbook and I can't understand the meaning\nof なら in these two phrases.\n\n> 1. メンバーを１人紹介するなら？\n> 2. 逆にお兄さんに紹介するなら？\n>\n\nCan someone translate this for me, so I can understand it?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T19:52:29.110",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42385",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-11T01:12:27.673",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-09T19:57:05.323",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19349",
"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "What does なら mean in メンバーを１人紹介するなら？",
"view_count": 296
} | [
{
"body": "In general **なら** means \"if\", but can sometimes be loosely translated to mean\n\"in the case that\" when it is at the end of a sentence.\n\n`メンバーを１人紹介するなら？`\n\n_(What do you do/Who will you introduce) **in the case** that you are\nintroducing a member?_\n\n`逆にお兄さんに紹介するなら？`\n\n_(What do you do/Who will you introduce) **in the case** that you are instead\nintroducing him/her to your older brother?_\n\nNote that in both of these sentences you could also just say \"If you're\nintroducing one member?\" \"If you're introducing them to your brother?\"\n\nI don't really know the context of the sentences but なら in this case means \"If\nyou are going to do\" what proceeds before it\n\nなら in general can mean \"if\" but it differs from ば and たら in that it isn't\npurely conditional\n\n`日本に行くなら横浜がいい`\n\n_\"If you're going to Japan you should go to Yokohama / Yokohama is good\"_\n\nMore literally put, \"If it is that you are going to Japan / In the case that\nyou're going to Japan, Yokohama is good\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T03:49:02.567",
"id": "42402",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T01:12:27.673",
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"parent_id": "42385",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "In this case, なら means \"if\" or \"in the case that\". Here your sentences mean:\n\n> メンバーを１人紹介するなら（誰を紹介しますか）？ \n> If you were going to introduce one member (...who would you introduce)?\n>\n> 逆にお兄さんに紹介するなら（誰を紹介しますか）？ \n> Conversely, if you were going introduce to your brother (...who would you\n> introduce)?\n\nLike a lot of Japanese sentences, it is incomplete and there is an implied\nmeaning that you are expected to read. Usually, the sentence structure V + なら？\nindicates a repeat of the the verb along with a who/what/which.\n\n> この中からゲームを一つ選ぶなら？ \n> If you were going to pick from one of these games (which one would it be)?\n>\n> 来週、一日だけ休めるなら？ \n> If you could only rest one day next week (what day would it be)?\n\nNote that the structure only works with choices. I'm not a grammar expert, so\nI can't say I'm 100% right about the way it goes, but at least the\ntranslations should help. Also, from experience, this sentence structure isn't\ncommon in conversation; you would be expected to complete the sentence. It's\nmore of a questionnaire question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T19:40:16.083",
"id": "42425",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 2
}
]
| 42385 | 42402 | 42402 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42395",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've come across this phrase\n\n> 今の一撃を素直に食らっておけば、楽に死ねたのにね\n\nand I think it translates to something like: \"if you had taken that attack\nobediently, you would have died in peace\", but I can't really understand that\n死ねた: is it potential? a past of some sort? I can't really tell. And, moreover,\nisn't ておけば the ておく form + conditional (the if clause), so it's probably wrong\nmy translation in the past. Or is it some kind of future in the past? in the\ncontext she did just dodge an attack. I'm quite confused.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T20:14:21.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42386",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-10T02:13:00.067",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-09T21:03:03.643",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"potential-form",
"past"
],
"title": "what form 死ねたのに is?",
"view_count": 157
} | [
{
"body": "> 「今{いま}の一撃{いちげき}を素直{すなお}に食{く}らっておけば、楽{らく}に死{し}ねたのにね。」\n\nThis sentence is in a **_conversational/informal_** form of the English \"If ~~\nhad ~~, ~~ would/could have ~~\". That is why the tenses might look loose to\nsomeone who has studied with textbooks.\n\nThis person has **_not_** died yet.\n\n「死ねた」 here means 「死ねたはずだった」、「死ねたであろう」 = \" ** _would/could have died_** \"\n\n> \"Had he received that one blow with no protection, he would have been able\n> to die without pain.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T02:13:00.067",
"id": "42395",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-10T02:13:00.067",
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"parent_id": "42386",
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"score": 4
}
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| 42386 | 42395 | 42395 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know they are both used for comparisons, i.e. \"as X...\", \"for a X....\", but\nI don't understand the difference between them.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-09T22:24:16.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42387",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T18:27:09.567",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19109",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"particle-に",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What is the difference between にしては and としては?",
"view_count": 2150
} | [
{
"body": "Xにしては is closer to \"for\" and としては is closer to \"as\"\n\n```\n\n 25歳としてもこれは難しい... \n \n```\n\n_Even as a 25 year old, this is hard_\n\n```\n\n 25歳にしてもこれは難しい... \n \n```\n\n_Even for 25 year olds, this is hard_\n\nThere is a different level of closeness to the expression, where にしては is more\ngeneral. In the above example, it would mean \"For those who are 25\" as opposed\nto としては which refers to the state of being 25 more than the group of 25 year\nolds.\n\nIt is also worth noting that として always follows a noun whereas にして can follow\na verb or verb clause.\n\n```\n\n 初めてケーキを作ったにしては、上手にできましたね。\n \n```\n\n_For somebody who is making a cake for the fist time, she did it very well_\n\nThe difference might be easier illuminated if we were to try to translate the\nfollowing:\n\n\"As someone who likes jazz, I'm glad I came to this party.\"\n\n```\n\n ジャズ好きとしては、このパーティに来てよかった\n \n```\n\n\"For people who like jazz, this is a good party.\"\n\n```\n\n ジャズ好きにしては、このパーティがいい\n \n```",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T04:00:04.233",
"id": "42403",
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"body": "> A にしては B.\n\nSuppose the situation that the fact A generally leads the negative fact B, but\nnot the expected negative fact B but the affirmative fact B is true. Then we\nsay \"Aにしては、Bだ。\"\n\n> exampl-1: \"来日後３か月にしては、彼女の日本語は上手（じょうず）だ。\" \n> exampl-2: \"来日後１０年にしては、彼の日本語は上手ではない。\"\n>\n> exampl-1: \"来日して（まだ）３か月なのだから、日本語は上手ではないだろう。しかし、それにしては、彼女の日本語は上手だ。\" = \"She has\n> come to Japan only for three months, so I expect she is still not good at\n> speaking Japnese, but contrary to my expectation, she is already a good\n> Japanese speaker.\" \n> exampl-2: \"来日して（もう）１０年なのだから、日本語は上手だろう。しかし、それにしては、彼の日本語は上手ではない。\" = \"He has\n> come to Japan for ten years long, so I expect he is fairly good at speaking\n> Japanese, but contrary to my expectation, he is poor at speaking Japanese.\"\n\n\"にしては\" of the above examples means \"although.\"\n\n* * *\n\n> A としては B.\n>\n> exampl-3: \"来日して３か月の外国人としては、彼女の日本語は上手だ。\" \n> exampl-4: \"来日して１０年の外国人としては、彼の日本語は上手ではない。\"\n\nThe above examples are natural and have the same meaning of exapmple-1 and\nexample-2 respectively.\n\nThe word \"としては\" requires a person, an attribute of person (means person\nitself) or an obstacle, and has more meaning than \"にしては.\"\n\n> \"子供が学校でいじめられている。親としては黙っていられない。\" = \"My child is bullied by his class mates.\n> As his parent, I won't remain silent.\"\n>\n> \"２５歳としては、大人げない態度だ。\"= \"２５歳の人間としては、大人げない態度だ。\" = \"His attitude is poor for the\n> twenty five years adult.\"\n>\n> \"誕生日にライフルを贈る親がいる。プレゼントとしては不適切だ。\" = \"Some parents give their child a rifle as\n> a birthday gift. It's extremly inappropriate as a brthday gift.\"\n\n* * *\n\n> \"A にしては Ｂ” \n> Ａ is a situation, and generally A leads negative (affirmative) situation B,\n> but on the contray to such expectation, affirmative (negative) situation B\n> is true.\n>\n> \"Ａ としては Ｂ\" \n> A is a noun, , and generally A has a negative (affirmative) property B, but\n> on the contray to such expectation, A has an affirmative (negative) property\n> B.",
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"body": "I think にしては is close to \"considering\" and としては is close to \"as\".\n\nFor example, 彼は英語の先生にしては、優秀だ (He is talented considering he is a English\nteacher.) implies he has an ability other than English, but 彼は英語の先生としては、優秀だ\n(He is talented as a English teacher.) implies the ability of teaching\nEnglish.",
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| 42387 | null | 42422 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42393",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A [news\narticle](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10010830131000/k10010830131000.html)\nis describing the phenomenon of lucky-dip bags in Tokyo libraries:\n\n> どんな本が入っているかは **わからないようになっています** 。いつもは読まない種類の本や読んだことがない作家を知ってもらおうと **考えて**\n> 、去年から始めました。 \n> **It's reached the point where** you don't know what kind of books will be\n> in them. It's expected that you will come to know authors you've never read\n> and book types that you don't normally read, and it started last year.\n\nThe usual translation of \"reached the point that\" for ようになる does not seem to\nwork here. Why would we ever have known what was in a lucky-dip bag? So, what\nis the function of ようになる in this sentence.\n\nAlso, is \"expect\" a valid translation of 考える in this context? I struggled with\nthat part.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-09T22:59:16.267",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Confusing use of ようになる",
"view_count": 266
} | [
{
"body": "> 「～～ようになっている」＝ \"to be (purposely) designed so that ~~\", \"to be designed in\n> such a way that ~~\", etc.\n\nThe TL \"reached the point that\" does not apply here.\n\nThus,\n\n> 「どんな本が入っているかはわからないようになっています。」 means:\n>\n> \"It is (intentionally) designed in such a way that you will not know what\n> books are in (the bag).\"\n\nFinally,\n\n> Also, is \"expect\" a valid translation of 考える in this context?\n\nYes, it is. Here, it means \" _ **to anticipate**_ \", \" _ **to hope**_ \", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T01:42:17.750",
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| 42388 | 42393 | 42393 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42400",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> また別のときにチェスをしましょう。\n\nThe translation was \"Let's play chess another time.\" But what does また change\nin the sentence? I saw some translations for また, however I couldn't get it.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T00:05:45.970",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does また mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1103
} | [
{
"body": "\"Let's play chess _again_ another time\" Where また seems to imply that a game of\nchess was played.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T02:15:39.463",
"id": "42397",
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{
"body": "First, \"別の時に\", \"別の機会に\", \"今度\", \"次（の時に）\", all of these phrases mean \"next time,\nanother time.\"\n\nI guess you are focusing on the use of \"また\", right?\n\n> When you finish playing chess, you can say \n> \"また今度チェスをしましょう。\"\n\n* * *\n\n> When you meet a person who is famous as the best chess player, and you also\n> have strong confidence in playing chess. You want to play chess with him or\n> her, but you have no time to play chess, then you can say, \n> \"今度チェスをしましょう\" = \"Let's play chess another time.\"\n\nOff course, it's confusing to say \"また今度チェスをしましょう\" = \"Let's again play chess\nanother time.\"\n\nI'm not sure what you are following, but I hope the above my advise could be\nhelpfull for you. If I misunderstood your question, put your question here\nagain.\n\nまた今度ね！",
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| 42389 | 42400 | 42400 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42391",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know the translation of the sentence, but I don't understand some\nstructures. Is もし from a verb? And what does いくら mean here?\n\n> 車を運転する時は **いくら注意してもしすぎる** ことはない。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T01:02:02.197",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"syntax"
],
"title": "I could not understand this sentence entirely",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "You are parsing it wrong.\n\n> 車を運転する時はいくら注意してもしすぎることはない。\n\nIn parts,\n\n`車を運転する時は` means \"when you drive a car\" and explains in what circumstances the\nlatter part of the sentence applies.\n\nいくら注意してもしすぎることはない\n\nいくら = how much to / to what degree\n\n注意 has two meanings. Either to warn someone or to be mindful of something.\n\nして = て-form of する\n\nも - this makes it a pattern いくら **Vて** も - \"no matter how much\". In this case,\nroughly \"how careful you are\"\n\nしすぎる = し is the stem of する and すぎる is to do something too much. ~ことはない = there\nis no such thing as ~.\n\nSo for the whole:\n\nWhen driving a car, there is no such thing as being too careful.\n\nor\n\nWhen you're driving a car, you can never be too careful.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T01:32:27.457",
"id": "42391",
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| 42390 | 42391 | 42391 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42405",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Looking up ある程度 on Weblio [yields a lot of\nphrases](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6)\nlike\n\n`Xである程度` --> to the extent that something is X\n\nis this to be understood as **`Xである 程度`** or **`X で ある程度`** ？\n\nI don't know if this is a set phrase or not, but what is the function of the で\nin this? Is it で、as in です's て-form, or is it connected to である？\n\nIf I wanted to say a phrase like\n\n> **The degree to which something is expensive is dependent on the market\n> price**\n\nwould I say\n\n> **高価である程度は相場に基づいている？**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T01:39:36.907",
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"id": "42392",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Nである程度 ― the degree to which one is N",
"view_count": 419
} | [
{
"body": "First \"ある程度\" means \"on some leve or to some extent.\"\n\n> \"ある程度のお金を使う\" = \"spend a certain amount of money\"\n\n\"ある程度\" of \"である程度\" has different meaning from \"(just)ある程度.\"\n\nThe followings are examples from Weblio,\n\n> 頑固である程度 \"the degree of obstinacy\" \n> 質素である程度 \"the degree of simplicity\"\n\n## \"〇〇である程度\" = \"〇〇である。その程度(level or degree)\"\n\n> \"私の父は頑固である（＝私の父は頑固だ）。\"、\"どの程度頑固ですか？\"、”頑固である程度を説明するのは難しいが、強いて言えば「牛のように頑固だ」” \n> \"My father is stubbom.\" \"How stuboom is he?\" \"It's hard for me to explain\n> how stuboom he is, but to stretch a point, he is as stubbom as an ox.\"\n\nEeven through the phrase \"である程度\" is familiar for me, but when I try to make\nexamples using \"である程度,\" I found it's difficult.\n\nThen, the following example is natural.\n\n> \"私の父は頑固である（＝私の父は頑固だ）。\"、\"どの程度頑固ですか？\"、”どのくらい（程度）頑固か（を）説明するのは難しい。”\n\nAnyway, you can understand \"である程度\" as one phrase.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T04:07:11.203",
"id": "42404",
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{
"body": "ある程度 is a common set phrase that means \"to a certain extent/amount/degree\",\nbut it's not used in this sense in those ～である程度 examples on Weblio. They are\n`[Xである→]程度`.\n\nIn general `(na-adjective) + である程度` can be translated as `the degree of\n～ness`, but I think `(na-adjective) + である程度` is not common. I feel it's a bit\nroundabout. For example, we usually say 危険さの程度, 危険の程度 or even 危険度, instead of\n危険である程度. I don't know why Weblio has this many examples of ～である程度 even though\nthey are far from idiomatic.\n\nLikewise 高価である程度は相場に基づいている sounds weird to me, and I can't help seeing the set\nphrase ある程度 in this sentence (i.e, \"It's expensive, and is more or less based\non the market price\"). Why not simply say 値段の高さは相場に基づいている or even\n価格は相場に基づいている?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T04:24:32.127",
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| 42392 | 42405 | 42405 |
{
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"body": "The dictionary says that the antonym for 失意 is 得意. But at the same time, the\nantonym for 得意 is 不得意.\n\nAny idea?",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T01:45:02.183",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"antonyms"
],
"title": "What is the antonym for 失意?",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "The primary meaning of 失意 is _disappointment_ or _disappointed_.\n\n[Dictionary\nsays](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/157848/meaning/m0u/%E5%BE%97%E6%84%8F/)\n得意 has several meanings, and there are several antonyms for 得意 for each\nmeaning:\n\n 1. satisfied, content ⇔ **失意** , **がっかり** disappointed\n 2. proud, prideful ⇔ **不名誉** , **面目ない** embarrassed, ashamed\n 3. good at (e.g., tennis, math) ⇔ **不得意** , **苦手** bad at\n\nThat said, the primary meaning of 得意 is now \"be good at\" in modern Japanese.\nThe second meaning is usually expressed with\n[得意気](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BE%97%E6%84%8F%E3%81%92) (e.g. 得意気な顔), and the\nfirst meaning is almost dead IMO. So I don't feel 得意 is a good antonym for 失意.\n(Judging from examples\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/157848/example/m0u/%E5%BE%97%E6%84%8F/),\n得意 seems to have been used in the first sense until relatively recently\n(approx 100 years ago)).\n\nPerhaps more straightforward antonym for 失意 would be 満足 (satisfaction), 期待\n(expectation), 希望 (hope), or such.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T02:32:22.753",
"id": "42399",
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| 42394 | 42399 | 42399 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43198",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When [unit tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing) run\nsuccessfully, in English I would say:\n\n> Unit tests are passing.\n\nBut how to say that in Japanese?\n\nMy Japanese colleagues always say something that sounds a bit like\n\"ユニットテストXX(tawli)ます\". For years I have believed it was \"ユニットテストが通ります\" but I am\npretty sure I am wrong since Google only has [two\nhits](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%22)\nfor that sentence.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T02:13:00.417",
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"id": "42396",
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"last_editor_user_id": "107",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "How to say \"unit tests are passing\"",
"view_count": 485
} | [
{
"body": "The verb choice, 通る, is perfectly fine. 通過する is another option (sounds more\nformal). 合格 is less common but acceptable. ユニットテストが及第点 sounds funny to me\nbecause it's too long and [units tests usually have to be 100%\ngreen](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%93%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88).\n\nSince テスト in this context is essentially a program, there are several verb\nusages that may not be familiar to non-developers. For example テストが走る (runs),\nテストが動く (runs), テストが失敗する (fails), テストがこける (fails), テストが転ぶ (fails), テストが死ぬ\n(crashes). And テストが通る (passes) is one of them.\n\nThe problem is about conjugation. ユニットテストが **通ります** is rarely used because 通る\nis a punctual ([instant state-\nchange](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)) verb and the subject\nis an inanimate object. What we usually hear are:\n\n * ユニットテストは通ると思います。 I think unit tests will pass.\n * ユニットテストが通りました。 Unit tests have passed (just now).\n * ユニットテストは通るところです。 Unit tests are about to pass.\n * ユニットテストは通っています。 Unit tests have (already) passed.\n\nDo you really hear ユニットテストが通ります at the office often? It may be said by a\nperson who has been watching the progress meter of the test runner. If he has\nto repeatedly report the completion of the tests to someone else, he might say\nユニットテストが通ります. (\"(Everyone,) Unit tests passing (in a few seconds)!\").\n\n**EDIT:** To clarify, if you want to say a certain build/test has passed and\nthus the status is green (), テスト/ビルドが通っ **ている** is the\nright choice, not 通る.",
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"body": "Although I think naruto's answer is valid and sufficient, here's some\nadditional research I did. Below, I'm simply stating that 「ユニットテスト」+「通る」 are\nfrequently used together, disregarding the difference between\n「通る」「通ります」「通っている」 etc.. Sorry to be late.\n\n## 1. 「テストが通る」 is commonly used for \"tests are passing\" in coding contexts.\n\nI consider myself to be a casual hobbyist programmer (whose mother tongue is\nJapanese) and I can confirm that 「テストが通る」 is a valid and the most preferred\ncollocation for tests passing. What form to use is detailed in nauto's answer,\nand I only want to add 「これでテストが通ります」 after fixing problems -- The tests are\npassing _with this [patch]_ /This patch makes the test pass. When tests fail,\nit's テストが「落ちる」, 「こける」, 「失敗する」 or sometimes 「死ぬ」.\n\nIn fact, [google search for\n\"テストが通る\"](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8B%22)\nhas 47300 results as of today and the top 20 results, 100 probably, are all in\ncoding context. After [restricting the domain to\ngithub.com](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8B%22+site%3Agithub.com&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8)\nit still has 314 results.\n\n## 2. 「通る」 is among the three verbs most frequently used with 「ユニットテスト」 in\ntwitter.\n\nWe can assume the same for unit tests --- there's no reason to choose a\ndifferent verb for unit tests specifically! However, as you have mentioned,\nexamples of \"ユニットテストが通る\" seems to be a bit more difficult to find in google.\nGoogle says it has 1470 results of\n[\"ユニットテストが通る\"](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8B%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8)\nbut actually won't show me more than 22 results; only 7 hits for\n[\"ユニットテストが通\"](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E9%80%9A%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8).\n\nI searched for \"ユニットテスト\" in twitter, where many Japanese tech people are\nactive, and counted which verb is used together. With 65 most recent hits, the\nresult was as follows:\n\n 1. 書く (ユニットテストを書く・書ける・書いた, etc.) _write_ : 13 times \n 2. ない (ユニットテストがない) _there's no/we don't have_ : 9 times\n 3. 通る (ユニットテストが通る・通らない・通った, etc.) _are passing_ : 8 times\n 4. できる _[we] can run_ : 4 times\n 5. 必要 _[we] need_ : 3 times\n 6. and 24 others with less than 2 hits each, totalling 29\n\nI think we can now feel safe :)\n\n* * *\n\nSo why \"ユニットテストが通る\" is so much less common in google? My speculation is that\nwe usually want to know if all tests are passing, and if not, which test\nexactly is failing. We usually don't care if specific kind of tests are\npassing (\"Are this kind of tests passing?\" isn't something we usually ask).\nThis means that the _\"unit\"_ part is actually redundant in many cases. I\nsuspect that ユニット part hence tends to be just omitted in Japanese, perhaps\nbecause ユニットテスト (yunitto tesuto, key-stroke wise) feels lengthy.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-05T02:36:12.110",
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| 42396 | 43198 | 42401 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Hi I want to write a congrats message to my Japanese friend and I want to tell\nhim this:\n\n```\n\n Happy birthday\n \n I wish you so many more wonderful experiences \n \n and have a lot of fun this day\n \n```\n\nObviously the first line will be:\n\n```\n\n お誕生日おめでとう\n \n```\n\nAnd the second line will be:\n\n```\n\n もっと素晴らしいことがあるといいです\n \n```\n\nAnd the third line something like this:\n\n```\n\n そして楽しい日を過ごしてね\n \n```\n\nSo I think that the first and third lines are relatively correct, but I really\nhave my doubts on the second line. What do you think? Is there another way to\nsay the same thing?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T04:51:01.083",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Some congratulations phrases for birthday?",
"view_count": 435
} | [
{
"body": "I think もっと(たくさん)素晴らしいことがあるといいです isn't unnatural and it is literally\ntranslated as \"もっとたくさん素晴らしい経験(体験)をしてね.\"\n\nThe other option I came up is\"もっとたくさん素晴らしい出来事があるといいね.\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T16:13:23.567",
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{
"body": "This may just be my personal style of speaking, but for the second line I'd\nsay\n\n> 今年素晴らしい経験がたくさんありますように\n\nor\n\n> 今年が素晴らしい体験いっぱいの一年になりますように\n\nAlso, for the third line I'd say 「楽しい一日」 instead of just 「楽しい日」, but that's\nsomething minor.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T16:53:00.090",
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{
"body": "```\n\n もっと素晴らしいことがあるといいです\n \n```\n\nIt does not sound odd, but your translation is incorrect... In English, it is:\n\n> I hope more wonderful things happen (to you).\n\nI would translate:\n\n> * もっと素晴らしい経験(体験)がありますように (prayer)\n> * もっと素晴らしい経験(体験)ができるといいね\n>",
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| 42406 | null | 42423 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42412",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm wondering if you guys have any in-depth answers/links regarding:\n\n-multiple adjectives modifying one noun (I'll go into the specifics below, I don't mean just the て form conjugations)\n\n-order of adjectives and/or の when used in sequence\n\nAdjective order:\n\n 1. In English, we say “big black bear” but not “black big bear.” Is there a similar preferred order for adjectives used together to modify the same noun? If certain orders are preferred, does it have anything to do with whether the adjective is a「な」or「い」form? (ex. 静かなかわいい子 vs. かわいい静かな子) Or does it have to be 可愛 **く** 静かな子？\n\n 2. What other sentence structures/conjugations can be used to link adjectives in a relative clause to modify the same noun? (Not structures like: 彼はダサくてきもい。)\n\nWhen の comes into the equation:\n\n 1. When a lot of のs are chained together, which modifies which? (ex. In「理想の店員の態度」, does it break down into 理想の **店員の態度** where “ideal” modifies “store clerk’s attitude” to mean the ideal attitude of a store clerk or into **理想の店員** の態度 where “ideal store clerk” modifies “attitude” to mean the attitude of an ideal store clerk?) I know in this example it doesn’t make much of a difference, but in some cases it would, like 最初の日本の専門家 (Disregard the fact there are better ways of saying the same thing). Does that mean “the first **specialists in/of Japan** ” _or_ “the specialists of **early Japan**?” Basically, is it open to interpretation or is there generally an order of which のs are considered first? such as AのBのCのD being _Aの_ [Bの( **CのD** )]\n\n 2. What about when using の and an adjective to modify the same noun? (ex. 天来の美しい歌、美しい天来の歌)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T05:04:34.627",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42407",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-11T08:00:56.690",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19355",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "Order of multiple nouns and adjectives modifying the same noun",
"view_count": 888
} | [
{
"body": "We can say both 静かなかわいい子 and かわいい静かな子. かわいい and 静かな are attributive form and\nthey modify 子(a noun). You can also say かわいく静かな子 and 静かでかわいい子 and the former\nadjective is 連用形(conjunctive form) and modify the adjective after it. They are\nall the same meaning.\n\n理想の店員の態度 can mean two ways as you said but I feel it indicates \"the ideal\nattitude of a store clerk.\" than the another. If you want to make sure the\nmeaning of \"the attitude of an ideal store clerk\", it would be\n\"理想の店員がする(行う)態度.\n\n最初の日本の専門家 usually means “the first specialists in/of Japan” because 最初の日本\nrarely means \"early Japan\" but 初期の日本 means it. In addition, even if you change\nthe order of 日本の and 最初の, the meaning is the same, but you can't change the\norder of 日本の and 家の in 日本の家の専門家 because 家の日本 don't make sense. That is to say,\nwhen you change the order, there are the cases that the meaning didn't change\nlike 初期の日本, there are the cases that it doesn't make sense like 日本の家 and there\nare the cases that the meaning changes like 英語の先生.\n\nFor example, the order of the noun can't be changed in 私の家の庭の木の下の穴(the hole\nunder the tree in the garden of my house) because the each noun modifies a\nimmediate noun after it.\n\nWe can say both 天来の美しい歌 and 美しい天来の歌 as the same meaning but 天来 isn't common.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T10:24:33.237",
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| 42407 | 42412 | 42412 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42414",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 忘れてて良いのに\n\nI understand this as: \"You should forget about it\"\n\nBut what does のに do?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T07:04:26.913",
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"id": "42408",
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"owner_user_id": "11827",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does のに mean at the end of this sentence?",
"view_count": 3329
} | [
{
"body": "I can suppose the following situation.\n\nA helped B out of his (her) hard situation.\n\nB is one of the best A's friends, and A wants to be kind without being\npatronizing.\n\nHowever, every time when B meets A, B shows his (her) thanks.\n\nThen A says \"忘れていいのに\"\n\nThe full sentence could be \"まだあなたは感謝を忘れないんですね。私は忘れていいと思っているのに（どうぞ忘れてください）。\" =\n\"You still owe a huge debt to it、but I sincerely want have you forget it.\"\n\n\"忘れていいのに・・・\" implys such nuans.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T07:58:05.580",
"id": "42410",
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{
"body": "のに is a conjunction that corresponds to \"even though ～\" or \"despite ～\".\n\n`(clause A)のに(clause B)` = `although A, B`.\n\nUnlike けど, it often (but not always) is followed by something\nregrettable/disappointing. [Examples on\nJGram](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=noni).\n\nThe latter clause is often omitted, and it implies the reality is something\nregrettable and contrary to the Clause A.\n\n`～のに。` = `although ～, (something contrary)`, `A, but...`, `I wish ～`.\n\nSo 忘れてて良いのに means \"You could have left it (although, in reality, you recalled\nand mentioned it)\".\n\nExamples:\n\n> * こんなに美味しいのに。 It's really delicious (and I wonder why you don't want to\n> eat it)!\n> * そんなに賢いのに。 You are such a smart boy (and I don't understand why you did\n> such a silly thing)!\n> * もっと頑張れば良かったのに。 You should have worked harder.\n> * 空を飛べたらいいのに。 I wish I could fly.\n>\n\nSee also:\n\n * [How and when to use のに(=noni) - Maggie Sensei](http://maggiesensei.com/2012/06/20/how-and-when-to-use-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%ABnoni-request-lesson/)\n * [Meaning and level of 死ねばいいのに](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/181/5010)",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T12:37:06.893",
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| 42408 | 42414 | 42414 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42417",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am writing about the language and I wish to say, that the language can be\nlearnt best, when you can visit it's country, so you could master it by:\n\n> \"getting through different situations\" or \"experiencing through different\n> situations\"\n\nI came up with 「 **様々な【さまざまな】状況【じょうきょう】を通して【とおして】経験【けいけん】すること** 」, but I think\nthere are much more natural ways of expressing this idea. Also, I am not sure,\nif the word 状況【じょうきょう】as for \"situation\" fits well here...\n\nThank you in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T13:09:19.033",
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"id": "42415",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-16T20:47:13.700",
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"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say \"Getting/experiencing through different situations\"?",
"view_count": 2080
} | [
{
"body": "> 「場数{ばかず}を踏{ふ}む」\n\nis the first expression that came to mind.\n\n「様々な状況を通して経験する」 is grammatical and it makes perfect sense, but it is wordy and\nit sounds as if it were directly translated.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T13:16:33.423",
"id": "42416",
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},
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"body": "Your attempt is good, but it can be improved a bit more.\n\nAs 「[経験]{けいけん}する」 is a transitive verb, it's a little bit strange it doesn't\nhave an object.\n\nYou can say 「[経験]{けいけん}を[積]{つ}む」 to mean \"gain experience\" without mentioning\nwhat kind of experience they have. The resulting sentence 「\n**[様々]{さまざま}な[状況]{じょうきょう}を[通]{とお}して[経験]{けいけん}を[積]{つ}むこと** 」 seems no problem\nto me.\n\nAnother option is to say 「[様々]{さまざま}な[状況]{じょうきょう}を[経験]{けいけん}すること」 which\nliterally means \"to experience different situations.\"\n\n* * *\n\nLastly, your word choice of 「[状況]{じょうきょう}」 is very good. Also, 「[場面]{ばめん}」 is\nacceptable here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T13:17:43.700",
"id": "42417",
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| 42415 | 42417 | 42416 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I have written the below sentence to say that \"due to feedback on A, fixes are\nrequired in B also, so we will do the required modifications'.\n\n> Aのフィードバックを確認致しました上、それに応じてBにも修正する箇所が発生しましたので、当該修正に対応させて頂きます。\n\nIs `確認致しました上` incorrect here? I am trying to say \"Upon checking X, we found\nthat Y needs to be fixed as well'",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T13:26:08.560",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-10T13:56:41.810",
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"owner_user_id": "19360",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the correct usage for 確認致しました上?",
"view_count": 89
} | [
{
"body": "「V + 上」 has two major meanings. One is temporal order: \"then\" or \"after\". The\nother is \"in addition\". Two events connected with 「上」 is rather independent of\neach other.\n\nSo your sentence would mean \"I checked the feedback on A. In addition, I found\n...\"\n\nMaybe this is not what you want. You should say 「確認致しました **所** 」.\n\n「Vした + 所」 is basically translated as \"when\". Its nuance is \"I did V and what I\ngot/found is ...\", which matches this situation.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 42418 | null | 42421 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42420",
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"body": "I have problem understanding the following sentence from the lower right\npanel:\n\n> そう思{おも}ってあわてて殺虫剤{さっちゅうざい} **たいたら** 私{わたし}がいられなくなって\n\n殺虫剤 is pesticide, but I don't know how to parse たいたら. My bad guess is that\nit's a conjugation of たく but I can't go further. There is no たく that seems to\nmake sense in this context.\n\nAnother question is 私がいられなくなって --- I'm not quite sure how to translate this.\n\"I can't be here\"?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5oJ9K.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-10T14:09:40.753",
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"last_edit_date": "2019-12-04T14:13:29.667",
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"owner_user_id": "4295",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"manga"
],
"title": "What is 殺虫剤たいたら?",
"view_count": 418
} | [
{
"body": "The verb here is 「焚{た}く」 meaning \"to burn\" as in \"to burn incense\". The kind\nof insecticide we are talking about actually diffuses a ton of smoke.\n\nWatch this short video and you will know exactly why you could not stay in\nyour house for at least a few hours after setting off some types of\n殺虫剤{さっちゅうざい}.\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nDXTyB6MW8>\n\nLuckily, the video title contains our verb in question -- 「バルサンを焚{た}いてみました。」.\nバルサン is the name of the insecticide.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T14:15:51.793",
"id": "42420",
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},
{
"body": "\"[焚]{た}く\" means to burn, make a fire, like kindle firewood and coal. \"[炊]{た}く\"\nmeans to boil, like boil water in the boiler, or cook, like cook rice.\n\nActually you cannot burn insecticides such as being sold by the name of\nBarusan - a rat mite-cite. But when you add water to Barusan up to the\ndesignated line inside the container, it erupts white gas like a smoke screen\nas if something burning.\n\n“いられなくなって” means “I cannot stay there.” If you set up Barusan in your living\nroom or bedroom and once it starts to smolder, you got to rush out of the\nroom, otherwise you’ll be choked.\n\nPlease note that \"[焚]{た}く\"and \"炊{た}く\" are different words, though phonetically\nsound the same.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-13T04:56:52.793",
"id": "42489",
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"parent_id": "42419",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 42419 | 42420 | 42420 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42427",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I couldn't understand 入って **なかった** , what verb is it after 入って?\n\n> で、帰ったときに携帯はかばんに **入ってなかった** だろう？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T22:36:32.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42426",
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"verbs"
],
"title": "What does 入ってなかった mean?",
"view_count": 996
} | [
{
"body": "「入{はい}ってなかった」＝「入って **い** なかった」\n\nIn informal speech, that 「い」 is very often omitted.\n\nThat is 「入る + いる + ない」 in the past tense **_state_** , not **_action_**.\n\n> \"And then, when you returned home, your cellphone was not in your bag,\n> right?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T22:58:21.520",
"id": "42427",
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},
{
"body": "入ってなかった is the negative past form of 入ってある. The -てある form is used to indicate\nthat \"something has been done to something and the resultant state remains\"\n(from Makino Dictionary of Japanese Grammar). The translation of your sentence\nwould be:\n\n> So, when you came back the phone was missing from your bag, right? (implying\n> that someone took it)\n\nHere's an example to understand the difference between -てある and -ている:\n\n窓が開いている -> The window is open. (no agent or reason implied)\n\n窓が開けてある -> The window is open (because someone opened it).\n\nCheck [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5505/17797) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14760/17797) question to learn\nmore about -てある and -ている.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-10T23:01:35.440",
"id": "42428",
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"owner_user_id": "17797",
"parent_id": "42426",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 42426 | 42427 | 42427 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42433",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For my understanding, the consequential clause would be a complete sentence\nuntil I faced the following conditional sentence.\n\n> 使用できる時間が極端に短くなったら、 **バッテリーパックの寿命です** 。\n\nCan a consequential clause after a 「たら」-clause be a noun clause? Or is this an\nexception?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T02:35:13.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42431",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T02:40:28.700",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Question about consequential clause after conditional clause using 「たら」",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "たら is basically just a \"if\".\n\n> If A then B.\n\nB can be pretty much anything depending on the context.\n\n> If you go -> I go too.(verb) \n> If it grows -> it's a plant!(noun)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T02:51:20.750",
"id": "42432",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-11T02:51:20.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "バッテリーパックの寿命です fully qualifies as a main clause of this sentence. Its subject,\nwhich is omitted, is それ, vaguely referring to the situation previously\nmentioned. Subjects are omitted all the time in Japanese sentences, and there\nis nothing special in this case. Technically, the last half of this sentence\nis not a noun clause, because it has no nominalizer and ends with です, a copula\n(aka linking _verb_ ).\n\n寿命 in this context is _end-of-life_ rather than _lifespan_. 寿命だ／寿命です does not\nmean \"It's a lifespan\" here, but it means \"is reaching / has reached the end\nof one's life,\" \"is near one's end,\" \"is dying a natural death,\" \"is on one's\nlast legs,\" etc.\n\nIn other words, 寿命 is sometimes used as a [no-\nadjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/2771/5010), usually in\ncombination with もう.\n\n> * その時計はもう寿命だ。 \n> The watch has reached the end of its life (and thus not repairable).\n> * また止まったの？ それは時計の寿命だよ。 \n> It stopped again? That means the watch has reached the end of its life.\n> * 彼はもう寿命です。\n> * もう寿命のスマートフォン a smartphone near the end of its life / on its last legs\n>\n\nSee: [「バッテリが寿命です。」は英語で](http://okwave.jp/qa/q1533929.html)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T02:52:04.087",
"id": "42433",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42431 | 42433 | 42433 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42439",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am writing the following sentence:\n\nサン・パウロに日本人がいっぱいいるから。。。よかったですね！\n\nAnd I'd like to know if 幾人も could be a more respectful/more natural\nreplacement for 一杯, and whether I should be using kanji.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T08:10:35.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42434",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-11T16:19:26.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19369",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"politeness",
"counters",
"idioms"
],
"title": "幾人も or 一杯? Kanji or hiragana?",
"view_count": 158
} | [
{
"body": "幾人も isn't a more respectful/more natural replacement for 一杯 and it is a very\nliterary word, so we rarely say it in conversation.\n\nYou can put いっぱい into たくさん, かなり, 大勢. いっぱい written in hiragana is more common\nthan the one written in kanji.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T09:07:51.977",
"id": "42435",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-11T16:19:26.683",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T16:19:26.683",
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> 「サン・パウロ **に** 日本人がいっぱいいるから。。。よかったですね！」\n\nThis sentence is OK. The only thing I would change to make it more natural\nwould be the 「に」. Using 「には」 would make it far more natural.\n\n> And I'd like to know if 幾人{いくにん}も could be a more respectful/more natural\n> replacement for 一杯{いっぱい}, and whether I should be using kanji.\n\nUsing 「幾人も」 in this context would be a bad idea. Why? Because it only means\n\"many\" mostly when the number is a dozen or two **_at the most_**. São Paulo\nhas about a million Japanese and Japanese Brazilians, correct? That is\ndefinitely **_way_** too many to call 幾人も.\n\nI would not worry about writing 「いっぱい」 using kanji. Your sentence is already\nvery informal with the use of 「から」 and 「よかったですね！」. 「から」 is more informal than\nmany J-learners seem to think.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T13:20:21.473",
"id": "42439",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42434",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42434 | 42439 | 42439 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42437",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that _sonkeigo_ for someone's home is お宅, but since the word オタク has a\nquite negative connotation, I am worried that お宅 might not be appropriate,\nespecially in spoken language (because there is no way to differentiate お宅 vs\nオタク). Hence, is there any alternative to お宅, or do I have to use this word\nreally carefully?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T12:13:08.923",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42436",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-24T12:54:03.880",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-12T06:59:47.573",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"connotation"
],
"title": "Referring to someone's home in sonkeigo",
"view_count": 194
} | [
{
"body": "> I am worried that お宅 might not be appropriate, especially in spoken language\n> (because there is no way to differentiate お宅{たく} vs オタク).\n\nThat is not true at all because people can always tell which one you meant\nfrom the context of the conversation.\n\nI could not think of a single example where there could be that kind of\nconfusion because the difference in meaning is just huge between the two\nwords.\n\nBesides 「お宅{たく}」, you can use 「ご自宅{じたく}」 or 「お住{す}まい」. All are good words to\nknow.\n\nThere exist bigger words such as 「尊宅{そんたく}」, 「尊家{そんか}」, etc., but those are\nrarely, if ever, used.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T12:26:23.503",
"id": "42437",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-24T12:54:03.880",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-24T12:54:03.880",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42436",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 42436 | 42437 | 42437 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42445",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "すみません。母語サイトに帰って来てしまいました。\n\n自分のビジネスサイトをSEO強化させる為にSEOプラグインで有名な[Yoast\nSEO](https://ja.wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-\nseo/)を使い始めたら元がアメリカ製のプラグインなので日本語化が不十分でいつの間にか英→日翻訳を助けるようになりました。（日本語化率現在56％）。その中で英語でlocationという言葉[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8y5nN.jpg)にぶち当たってしまったのですが適当な言葉は何でしょう。教えて下さい(m_m)。（個人的にはドメインかと推測しています。）\n\n* * *\n\nI started using a SEO plug-in, called Yoast SEO, which is a tool to enhance\nthe internal structure inside your or business homepage. Because the plug-in\nis ( was ) developed by Americans, however very popular, though the language\nfitness to Japanese is yet 56%, I started helping translation. However, I am\nnot sure how I should translated the word \"location\", which you can see at the\npicture, could anyone have any idea what this could mean. ( I personally\nguessing this could be a \"domain\" ). Thank you and I know I am at the risk of\nthis being busted.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T14:51:27.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42440",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-12T11:20:15.983",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-12T11:20:15.983",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "SEOプラグインにおけるlocationは何を意味するのでしょうか？ What does \"location\" mean within a SEO plugin",
"view_count": 279
} | [
{
"body": "Yoast SEO の一部として [Local SEO](https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/local-seo/)\nという機能があり、それの翻訳をしているようですね。これは、ビジネスの行われている地域（国・都市）に基づいて検索効率が高まるよう、色々してくれるというもののようです。Googleで「クリーニング店」とか「バッティングセンター」とか「ヨガ教室」とかで検索すると、近くにある実店舗の一覧が地図付きで出てきますよね、その機能に関するSEOをやってくれるプラグインです。煎じ詰めると[この仕組み](https://www.suzukikenichi.com/blog/google-\nrecommends-using-schema-org-for-location-pages/)が関係しています。\n\nということで、locationは、ネット上のURLとかドメインのことではなく、地理的な「場所」「位置」のことだと思います。\n\n[ヘルプ](https://kb.yoast.com/kb/configuration-guide-for-local-\nseo/)を見る限り、locationとは「ビジネス名（店舗名）」とか「住所」とか「電話番号」とかを含む登録項目のようであり、複数のlocationを管理できるようです。つまりlocationとは、具体的には個々の支店とか営業所とか事務所とかのことを指しています。複数の支店を登録させているような文脈で、「位置を追加して住所を登録する」とか「場所の削除」とか言われると逆に分かりづらい気がします。ですので個人的には思い切って「\n**ロケーション** 」で統一してしまうのがわかりやすいのでは、と思います。漢字がいいなら「 **場所情報** 」でもいいかもしれません。\n\n一般的に、ソフト自体の機能に習熟しないままに逐語訳させられると、どんなに語学力がある人でもミスをしてしまいます。まずはそのプラグインのヘルプを読み込み、実際に使い込んで、「location」がどんな場面で使われているのか理解してから訳すべきだと思います。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T17:12:42.153",
"id": "42445",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T17:58:00.000",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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}
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| 42440 | 42445 | 42445 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42442",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> ufotableが書き上げた脚本を、奈須きのこが原作者としてリライトしたのが本稿である。\n\nMy question is according to this sentence what happens to the written text of\nthe film.\n\nI found another sentence from the author himself in [his\nblog](http://www.typemoon.org/bbb/diary/log/201506.html)\n\n> #25の制作は「ほぼオリジナルなので、まずは原作サイドで書くべし」と始まりました。そしてできあがったきのこによる脚本モドキを前に頭を抱える制作陣。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T15:00:24.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42441",
"last_activity_date": "2022-08-10T00:48:27.527",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "ufotableが書き上げた脚本を、奈須きのこが原作者としてリライトしたのが本稿である。",
"view_count": 224
} | [
{
"body": ">\n> 「ufotableが書{か}き上{あ}げた脚本{きゃくほん}を、奈須{なす}きのこが原作者{げんさくしゃ}としてリライトしたのが本稿{ほんこう}である。」\n\nTwo different works are mentioned here:\n\n1) ufotableが書き上げた脚本 (\"the script written by Ufotable\")\n\n2) 奈須きのこが原作者としてリライトした **の** (\"(what/the thing) Kinoko Nasu has rewritten as\nthe (original) author\") 「の」 is a nominalizer.\n\nAnd please note that the subject of the sentence is 2) and that **_2) is based\noff of 1)_**.\n\n> \"This is the manuscript where Kinoko Nasu, as its author, has rewritten\n> based off of the script written by Ufotable.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T15:47:41.543",
"id": "42442",
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]
| 42441 | 42442 | 42442 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42444",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have seen kanji characters on maps referencing Germany, China, Italy, the\nUnited States of America, and various other countries, but many are written in\nkatakana. Is there a reason for this?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T15:52:04.307",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42443",
"last_activity_date": "2022-10-04T18:01:57.120",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T16:26:11.087",
"last_editor_user_id": "18435",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"katakana",
"orthography"
],
"title": "Why are some country names written in kanji and yet others are written in katakana?",
"view_count": 3509
} | [
{
"body": "About 150 years ago or so, Japanese people mainly used kanji names for foreign\ncountries. This is mainly because it was common to do so also in Chinese, by\nwhich the Japanese culture was heavily influenced at that time. In those days,\nJapanese people liked to create new kanji compounds for any new foreign\nconcepts. 電話 (telephone), 哲学 (philosophy) and so on are new words coined by\nJapanese people of this era.\n\nHowever, since we have katakana that can directly approximate the sounds of\nany foreign words, Japanese people gradually stopped assigning new kanji for\neach foreign word. As you may know, katakana is the primary method of\nexpressing foreign words in Japanese today.\n\nFor certain large and old countries, we still keep using the _initials_ of\nkanji country names for convenience (eg, 米 = USA, 仏 = France, 露 = Russia). But\nthey are rarely spelled out (亜米利加, 仏蘭西, 露西亜) today, and new additions are\nunlikely to happen any more. Note that official names of these countries are\nin katakana (アメリカ, フランス, ロシア), and you should always use the katakana versions\nwherever space-saving is not important.\n\nOnly five countries/regions are officially written with kanji in modern\nJapanese. 日本 (Japan) itself, 中国/中華人民共和国 (China), 韓国/大韓民国 (Korea),\n北朝鮮/朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (DPRK) and 台湾/中華民国 (Taiwan).\n\nSee also:\n\n * [What is the rule in assigning kanji to a new word?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39482/5010)\n * [How would \"nihonium\" be written in Japanese Kanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41515/5010)\n\nAs you can see in the link, the story is very different in China, where people\nare still coining a lot of new kanji words.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T16:35:36.580",
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},
{
"body": "The Japanese people weren't as enthusiastic about _gairaigo_ when many early\ntranslations were made, so the names were spelled with kanji (just like how\ncountry names are translated in Chinese). These kanji, of course, are _ateji_\n(当て字). Thus, the Netherlands (one of the first western countries to build\nconnections with Japan) was 和蘭｛オランダ｝ (from \"Holland\", which is the most\naffluent province of the Netherlands and where Amsterdam is located) or just\n蘭｛ラン｝ (as in 蘭学｛らんがく｝). The US was 亜米利加｛アメリカ｝ and thus 米国｛べいこく｝, France was\n仏蘭西｛フランス｝ and thus 仏国｛ふつこく｝, the UK was 英吉利｛イギリス｝ and thus 英国｛えいこく｝, Germany\nwas 独逸｛ドイツ｝ (from Dutch _duits_ or German _deutsch_ , which are cognates) and\nthus just 独｛どく｝, and Russia was 露西亜｛ロシア｝ and thus 露国｛ろこく｝.\n\nWriting _ateji_ for _gairaigo_ (which used to be considered formal) gradually\nbecame a rare practice. Thus, the US is just アメリカ and France is just フランス now.\nHowever, the kanji abbreviations are still used, so the US is still 米 and\nFrance is still 仏. But abbreviations are abbreviations and thus can't be used\nformally. For example, the US-Japan Defense Treaty is usually called 日米安保条約,\nbut the full name is 日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の相互協力及び安全保障条約. Nevertheless, English is\nstill 英語｛えいご｝. 獨協 in Dokkyo University (獨協大学)'s name used to stand for\n独逸｛ドイツ｝学｛がく｝協会｛きょうかい｝\"Society for German Studies\", although no longer anymore.\n\nOfficially, only the names of countries in the East Asia culture sphere are\nstill written in kanji (except for Vietnam, which has fully abolished Chinese\ncharacters). China is 中国, South Korea is 韓国, and North Korea is (北)朝鮮 (北 is to\navoid confusion with pre-war Korea). The Chinese and Koreans also write the\nname of their countries this way when they write hanzi/hanja.\n\nVietnam was also 越南｛えつなん｝, but now it's just ベトナム due to the disuse of Chinese\ncharacters in Vietnam. Similarly, Seoul was called Hanseong (漢城｛かんじょう｝) prior\nto Japanese colonization and the name was written in Japanese with kanji.\nAfter WWII, the Korean government officially changed the city's name to Seoul\n(without corresponding hanja/Korean Chinese characters), and it's simply\nwritten as katakana ソウル now.\n\nFinally, what I could say about the map: if the map has names like 米国 or 仏国,\nthey might just be short-hands. 中国 is always written with kanji. However, if\nItaly is called 伊太利 instead of イタリア, the map is probably aged.\n\nA final note: never reference China as シナ or 支那, as it is extremely offensive.\nOnly the ultra-nationalistic far-right use it nowadays.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T14:05:00.093",
"id": "42473",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 42443 | 42444 | 42444 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42447",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm watching to Totoro and there is a line **おばけやしきみたい**. The translation\nsays, \"It's like a haunted house.\" I understand that おばけ や could be roughly\n\"relating to monsters\" and the dictionary thinks that しきみたい might be a\nconjugation of shiku (to spread out, lay). I can't find a conjugation that\nwould produce しきみたい.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T18:17:17.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42446",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11125",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "What does しきみたい in おばけやしきみたい mean?",
"view_count": 95
} | [
{
"body": "> (おばけやしき)(みたい)\n\nYou're splitting it in the wrong place. おばけやしき means \"haunted house\". みたい is a\nsuffix that means \"-like\".\n\nYou can break down おばけやしき further into おばけ = ghost and やしき = residence.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T18:20:17.783",
"id": "42447",
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}
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| 42446 | 42447 | 42447 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example, in my grammar textbook, the sentence:\n\n> 昨日は **3時から5時まで** 友達とテニスをした\n\nIs translated as \"Yesterday, I played tennis with my friend from 3 till 5.\"\nWhich implies that the speaker was playing from 3 **up to, but not beyond** 5\n(so for 2 hours).\n\nIn the notes section however, it says that まで includes the time that it is\npreceded by:\n\n> 来週の月曜日まで休みます\n\nmeans \"I will be absent until next Tuesday\", i.e., in this case まで includes\nMonday (月曜日).\n\nWhich is correct?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-11T18:27:21.430",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19109",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "When まで is preceded with a time, does it include that time?",
"view_count": 267
} | [
{
"body": "まで includes the time which a speaker refers to, so 来週の月曜日まで休みます means \"I will\nbe absent until next Monday\" and it includes next Monday.\n\nAs to 3時から5時まで, if you can think it means \"include 5:00\", it isn't\nconflicting, is it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T19:13:58.243",
"id": "42451",
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},
{
"body": "Speaking based on my experience or ordinary life, I **personally** think even\nif the time is, for example, 5:03, it would, could, may be O.K. Instead or if\nyou use \"頃｛ころ｝まで\", then it expands a little bit, **I think** , around up to\n5:15.\n\nIn **[This\nquestion,](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1319181978)**\nin Japanese, the \"answerer\" says, even 5 milliseconds are **not** allowed.\nThis question is very good since I have never give my thought to but at the\nsame time give me a nice headache :)...",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-11T20:50:18.883",
"id": "42453",
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| 42448 | null | 42451 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42459",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "today I came across a sentence with a structure I find difficult to\nunderstand:\n\n> 精神的｛せいしんてき｝な拷問｛ごうもん｝で最も残酷｛ざんこく｝な拷問というのがあります。\n\nThere are two things I find hard to interpret: the particle で in this context,\nand the form of the ending, ～のがあります - which frankly I have no idea what it\nmeans here. I came up with two possible interpretations:\n\n * It is psychological torture, and it is the cruelest form of torture;\n * In psychological torture, we find the most cruel form of torture.\n\nIf anyone can tell me how to correctly read the sentence, I will be very\nhappy! Thanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T18:36:16.923",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42449",
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"owner_user_id": "14037",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "Interpreting the particles in this sentence",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "It basically translates to: \"There is one psychological torture that is the\nmost cruel of all.\", and the text supposedly goes on explaining about that\nform of torture.\n\nI can't correctly analyze the grammar for you, but I can give you an idea of\nhow you should read the sentence:\n\n> 精神的せいしんてきな拷問ごうもんで\n\nThis で is the \"interrupted\" form of です that you use when you want to \"go on\nwith the description\" instead of ending the phrase there.\n\nEx.\n\n> （この指輪は）綺麗でピカピカしています\n\nWith the difference that the subject is given afterwards, instead of\nbeforehand:\n\nEx.\n\n> 綺麗でピカピカする指輪があります\n\nというのがあります is a very common pattern that means \"There is such a thing as \". It\nis a little stronger than the simply \"があります\" as it gives the impression that\nwe are talking about something that is not \"ordinary\" but is very\nspecific/rare.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T21:52:40.430",
"id": "42458",
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{
"body": "This one would kill me if I were a Japanese-learner, too.\n\n> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」\n\n＝\n\n> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 、最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」\n\n≒\n\n> 「精神的な拷問 **であり** 、かつ、最も残酷な拷問と言われている **の** があります。」\n\nFirst and foremost, that 「で」 is **_not_** a particle. It is the 連用形{れんようけい}\n(\"continuative form\") of the declaration subsidiary verb 「だ」.\n\nFalsely thinking that it is a particle should and will make the sentence look\ngrammatically awkward. Frankly, the sentence will not make much sense that\nway, which, I suppose, is what happened to you this time.\n\nNext, 「～～というのがある」.\n\nThis might also be slightly more complex in meaning than it appears if one is\nunfamiliar with the phrase. The nominalizer 「の」, of course, refers to 「拷問」,\nresulting in practically saying 「拷問」 **_three times_** in such a short\nsentence.\n\nThe phrase, in this context, is used to introduce a thing that is commonly\ncalled or considered 「～～」.\n\nA literal kind of TL:\n\n> \"It is a psychological torture **_and_** it is known as the cruelest kind.\"\n\nI used \"and\" because the 「で」 is in the 連用形.\n\nA freer TL:\n\n> \"There is a psychological torture that is commonly called the cruelest\n> kind.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T22:46:58.953",
"id": "42459",
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"parent_id": "42449",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 42449 | 42459 | 42459 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42461",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Foreigner's names are written in katakana, but I noticed that the middle\ninitial is always written in romaji. I see this on business cards and in\nnewspaper articles, when a middle initial is used.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T19:00:26.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42450",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-12T00:46:14.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Why is a foreign person's middle initial written in romaji instead of katakana?",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "Simply, using Latin alphabet can clearly tell us it's the initial. Also it's\nshorter.\n\n * マイケル・ジェイ・フォックス → Is this ジェイ something like \"Jay\"? \n * マイケル・J・フォックス → It's meant to be the initial!\n\nEveryone knows how to read Latin alphabet, so there is very little drawback.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T00:46:14.223",
"id": "42461",
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"score": 9
}
]
| 42450 | 42461 | 42461 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42470",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Recently I received an email from someone in the editing department of a\nliterary magazine. Specifically, they ended their email with:\n\n```\n\n [Magazine name] 編集部\n \n```\n\nFor when I write them a response, how should I address them? How about this?\n\n```\n\n 編集部の方、\n \n```",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T20:08:45.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42452",
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"owner_user_id": "11825",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "How to address someone in an email who referred to themselves as part of a department",
"view_count": 738
} | [
{
"body": "[Magazine name] 編集部 御中 would be my suggestion for a formal correspondence.\n御中{おんちゅう} is for when you are uncertain of the individual's name.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T00:06:12.833",
"id": "42460",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-12T00:06:12.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6823",
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},
{
"body": "Another **very** common way to do this is to write:\n\n> (Company/Publisher Name)\n>\n> (Magazine Name) 編集部御中{へんしゅうぶおんちゅう}\n>\n> ご担当者様{たんとうしゃさま}\n\nIt would look better with that last line than without.\n\nNOTE: You _**cannot**_ use 「～～部の方」 in addressing mail -- snail or electronic.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T10:35:36.103",
"id": "42470",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-12T13:53:21.773",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42452",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42452 | 42470 | 42470 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42456",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I got very confused with the meaning of this sentence because of で. What does\nit mean here?\n\n> オーストラリアは大陸で、それから国です。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T20:53:57.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42454",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-16T20:46:44.863",
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"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"particles",
"copula"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of で in this sentence",
"view_count": 2925
} | [
{
"body": "This 〜で is just connecting two です statements. Your sentence is basically just\ncontracting this\n\n> オーストラリアは大陸です。そして、それから国です。 → Australia is a continent. It is also a country.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T21:06:03.113",
"id": "42456",
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{
"body": "It would be the conjunctive form of the auxiliary verb \"だ\" omitting the\nconnecting verb \"有る\" ( some suggest ある instead ), I think.\n\nNow let's take at the [conjucating table of the auxiliary\n”だ”.](https://www.kokugobunpou.com/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E-13-%E3%81%A0/)\n\nAs you can see at [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uy8bP.jpg),\nだ in the conjunctive form is で and the suggested potential verb following\nafter is 有り( あり ( which is also too the conjunctive form of the verb \"有る\", or\nある meaning \"thus being, there being\" etc etc, perhaps. ））\n\nSo, the very formal \"original sentence\" would be\n\n> オーストリアは大陸で有り（ます）,( or あります ), それから国です。\n\nBut since phonetically speaking uttering \"有り” is overloaded, I think it has\nbecome your\n\n> オーストラリアは大陸で、それから国です。\n\n* * *\n\nSince I was asked why I use 有り、not 在り, I would like to [bring out an\nsite](http://sptt-latin-subjunctive.blogspot.jp/2013/05/blog-post.html), which\noffers us a deep insight the difference between them.\n\nFrom the site,\n\nRegarding 有る、\n\n>\n> ２）＜そなわっていることが認められる（状態を保つ）＞は属性、所属、組成、性質、特徴、関係（所有を含む）に関連してくるが、高所から見れば１）の＜そなわっていること（もの）＞に特化された用法だ。つまりは、＜有る＞は＜モノ、コトにそなわっているの属性、組成、性質、特徴、関係（所有を含む）の存在を感じること＞をあらわす動詞ということになる。\n>\n> 試験がある\n>\n> 会議がある\n>\n> 事故があった\n>\n> などの＜ある＞＜あった＞の説明ができる。\n\nThe translation is\n\n> 有る has the relationship with the meanings of its properties, belongings,\n> compositions, characteristics, features, relationships ( including its\n> possession ). In overall, the 有る makes its characterization in the former 1)\n> \"properties\". 有る has the meaning of \"feeling the existence\" of properties,\n> belongings, compositions, characteristics, features, relationships.\n>\n> There was an examination.\n>\n> There was a meeting.\n>\n> There was an accident.\n>\n> We can hereby use 有る of the above cases which means, \"there be\".\n\nWhereas, the above site explains about 在る ( comparatively shortly )\n\n>\n> ＜在る＞は基本的に存在、所在でいいだろう。存在を示す＜在る＞は基本的な言葉だ。存在が先か認識が先かは哲学の問題だ。＜我思う、故に我あり＞。所在は場所を示す語で、＜XXに在る＞だ。\n\nThe translation is\n\n> 在る would basically means its existence, \"being there\". 在る to mean its\n> existence comes first. Should the existence come or the cognition come is\n> the problem of its philosophy. --> \"I think therefore I am\". 所在｛しょざい｝ means\n> its location such as \"It is at XX.\"\n\nThe site summarizes as following.\n\n> いずれにしても大和言葉＜あり＞は大きな動詞で、これに相当する動詞は英語（おそらく西洋語）にも中国語にもない。\n\nThe translation is\n\n> Either way, Japanese Yamato Kotoba ＜あり＞ as a verb is so broad that the\n> equivalent verb would not exist in any languages such as English even in\n> Chinese.\n\n**My conclusion**\n\nSince Australia has the \"property of being a landmass\", I think here 有り would\nbe OK.\n\n* * *\n\nEdited : even though [大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%89%E3%82%8B-428392)\nlines up Kanjis, according to Shokolade san ( former chocolate san? ), from\nthe comment line, \"generally\" ある is typed in Hiragana.\n\nThank you.\n\nHave a good day.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-11T21:09:20.693",
"id": "42457",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "Use で to connect nouns and なadjectives. Basically it's like \"and\".\n\nFor example:\n\n彼女｛かのじょ｝は綺麗｛きれい｝でとても優しい｛やさしい｝です。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T21:39:51.630",
"id": "42478",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19386",
"parent_id": "42454",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42454 | 42456 | 42456 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42475",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> \"I don't want to go all the way to New York only for her to end up being\n> with someone else\"\n\nI've been trying to translate this sentence from a book as practice and I am\nat a loss on how to translate the grammatical nuances\n\n`\"I don't want to go all the way to New York\"` may somewhat correspond to\n`わざわざニューヨークへ行ってしまうとはやりくない`\n\nI'm not sure how to phrase `\"end up\"` in `\"end up being with someone else\"`\nbesides `てしまう`. Also in this case I've been eyeing the phrase `交際中` as \"being\nwith someone else\" but I don't really have a native speaker's perspective on\nthis.\n\nI also can't figure out how to link the two phrases because of the linking\nword \"only\" in English. An equivalent literal translation might be something\nlike `\"If I go all the way to New York and she is already in a relationship,\nthat won't be good,\"` in which case `わざわざニューヨークへ行ってしまったら彼女はもう交際中だとまずいなー` would\nbe my attempt.\n\nHow would you guys translate the nuances of this sentence?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T03:59:21.817",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "\"I don't want to go all the way to New York only for her to end up being with someone else\"",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "My best attempt is:\n\n>\n> わざわざニューヨークまで[行]{い}って[結局]{けっきょく}[彼女]{かのじょ}は[他]{ほか}の[人]{ひと}と[付]{つ}き[合]{あ}ってましたなんてのは[御免]{ごめん}だ。\n\nNote that it is a kind of casual wording, which I think perhaps is what you\nwant.\n\n* * *\n\nI used 「御免だ」 to express \"I don't want to\". I think 「御免だ」 is stronger than\n「嫌だ」. The words 「のは」 and 「御免だ」 often come together in casual speaking, so\n「～のは御免だ」 sounds a bit more natural than 「～のは嫌だ」.\n\nYour word choice of 「わざわざ」 for \"go all the way to\" is good. Also I said\n「ニューヨーク **まで** 」 instead of 「ニューヨーク **へ** 」. Using 「まで」 emphasizes the whole\npath from here to New York, which matches the English phrase \"all the way.\"\n\nI put the nuance of \"only\" and \"end up\" into 「結局」. More literal meaning of\n「結局」 is something related to \"result\". So the nuance of 「結局」 here is \"all what\nI found is the fact that...\".\n\nThe point of 「彼女は他の人と付き合ってました」 is the word 「ました」. Actually this part forms a\nstandalone sentence. So 「なんての」 after that is taking a whole phrase. 「の」 is a\nnominalizer. The effect of 「ました」 instead of simply 「た」 is to make the sub-\nsentence sound more objective. Here, actually the nuance of 「と分かる」 (\"I find\nthat...\") is hidden after 「ました」. But I think it is more natural when it is\nomitted.\n\n* * *\n\nSo the literal meaning of the sentence above is like:\n\n> I don't want to end up only finding her being with someone else after\n> travelling all the way to New York.",
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| 42462 | 42475 | 42475 |
{
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"body": "> でも人通りが多すぎてちょっとうるさくない **なかあ** 。近所付き合いが大変じゃないといいんだけど。\n\nThe sentences are regarding to the situation of renting an apartment. \nFor my own guessing, the first sentence probably means\n\n> There are too many people passing by so it's very noisy\n\nThen in this case why does the it use the negative expression うるさくない then\nfollowed by a weird ending word of **なかあ**?\n\nCould anyone one help to explain the use of **なかあ** and the meaning of the\nwhole sentence?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T05:05:03.797",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Confused by the meaning of ~なかな at the end of a sentence",
"view_count": 433
} | [
{
"body": "In Standard Japanese, the \"sentence\":\n\n> 「でも人通{ひとどお}りが多{おお}すぎてちょっとうるさくない **なかあ** 。」\n\nmakes no sense for the ending I have never seen/heard.\n\nEven if that ending were \"correct\" or \"normal\" in a region somewhere, you\nwould still not be required to be familiar with it for a standardized Japanese\nproficiency test.\n\nIf the ending were 「 **かなあ** 」 instead of 「なかあ」, however, the sentence\n(including the ending) would make perfect sense. It would mean:\n\n> \"But I wonder if it might not be a bit too noisy from the heavy (pedestrian)\n> traffic around here.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T08:16:58.050",
"id": "42468",
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| 42464 | null | 42468 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42467",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been wanting to read 神様の御用人 but I can't figure out what 御用人 means. Some\ntranslations translate it to \"friend\" but I think there's a deeper meaning to\nit?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T05:36:49.627",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "What does 御用人 mean?",
"view_count": 818
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think the meaning is that deep. 御 is just an honorific, and 用人 is a\nsort of an old word meaning retainer, servant or manager. In the context of\nthe story I think it refers to the main character having that as a job or\nsomething, probably meaning God's servant, so I don't think 'friend' is that\nclose of a translation.\n\nEDIT: Avery's answer is correct, not mine",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T05:44:14.357",
"id": "42466",
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},
{
"body": "御用人 is 御用+人, 御用 meaning \"at the service of\" and 人 meaning person. It means\nthat some character(s) are dedicated servants of some god(s).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T07:36:35.890",
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| 42465 | 42467 | 42466 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42472",
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"body": "I don't wanna develop bad habits so I am asking at the beginning. Is my\nhiragana handwriting understandable? It was not meant to be some ornament\nartistic style but just the casual handwriting written at the same speed as\nwhen I am writing Latin alphabet. So here it is\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bGHX3.png)",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T13:03:12.580",
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"owner_user_id": "19384",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Is my Hiragana understandable?",
"view_count": 4897
} | [
{
"body": "All of your hiraganas are understandable.\n\nHowever, the shape of 「を」 and 「い」 seem a little strange to me.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T13:11:54.760",
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"body": "> * Is my hiragana handwriting understandable?\n> * the casual handwriting written at the same speed as when I am writing\n> Latin alphabet.\n>\n\nThey are very well understandable on condition written at the considerable\nspeed.\n\nTo write them better, please refer to the examples shown in broccoli forest's\ncomment. \nThe only one important point to refer to is whether the left and right gravity\nbalance of each letter is struck or not. broccoli forest's samples are good at\nleast at this point.\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\nAs I said in my original answer, all the characters presented by the\nquestioner can be understandable, and moreover I thought that each hiragana\nwas written relatively well for what was written at the same speed as when you\nwrite Latin alphabet.\n\nKnowing them, I'll tell you knacks how they look better with using\nillustrations.\n\nBefore telling some knacks, I'd like to talk about the attitude when writing\nJapanese letters/characters. First of all, Japanese characters, including\nhiragana, are not written at such a speed as to write Latin alphabet. It is a\nbasic importance for you to write each letter carefully. Next, when writing\nJapanese letters please try to write them look beautiful. I'm always trying to\ndo it myself.\n\n### Knacks\n\n 1. Strike a balance \nWrite letters well-balanced, especially an even balance between the right and\nthe left of each letter is important. When you look at \"や\", you can see that\nit is leaning to the right greatly, that is also said in another answer. I can\nsay there is an uneven-balance in the letter. This kind of badly-balanced\nletter makes you uneasy when you look at it. I rotated it 22 degrees counter-\nclockwise and put it at the corresponding place in an illustration (1) to\nstrike a balance. I think it looks better than that in (0). Illustration (1)\nis made up of this kind of proper rotation for each letter.\n\n 2. Put them in a line \nA given work is drawn on a grid paper, but many characters are not written in\nline. The beauty of each character is also important, but neatness as a whole\nis also indispensable. I think that this is not limited to writing Japanese. I\nmade illustration (2) by modifying the illustration (1) so that all letters\nare placed in a line both vertically and horizontally. Don't you think that\nillustration (2) look beautiful considerably?\n\n 3. Write them with the same size \nJapanese letters are generally designed with the same size. Looking at the\nillustration (2), the size of each letter varies greatly. Illustrated (3) was\nmade by enlarging/reducing each letter so that longer side of length and width\nfits into a square of a certain size.\n\n 4. Write them in square \nThere is a technical term called \"aspect ratio\", that is the ratio of width to\nheight. Because Japanese is used for both vertical and horizontal writing,\neach letter that makes up it is generally designed with square or aspect ratio\n= 1. In this respect I think Japanese letters are a lot different from\nalphabets. As I saw the illustration (3), the aspect ratio of each letter\nvaried considerably, so I expanded the width of so-called thin letters, while\nexpanding the height of fat letters, and created illustration (4).\n\n 5. Practice makes perfect with knowing the fact \nI did various things mechanically manipulated to the original work shown in\nillustration (0) and came up to illustration (4). It has improved a lot but it\nis still insufficient for some letters. That is because the placement and/or\nshape of the parts/elements making up each letter is quite different from the\nideal ones. They are hiragana shown in print fonts in illustration (5). \nPractice well by watching examples. \nAs an example, \"HGP / HGS 教科書体 _textbook style_ \" quoted in illustration (5)\nand equipped as standard on PC is good.\n\nFor \"ひ\" and \"む\", special explanation is necessary. Both are related to each\nkanji as the basis of hiragana. \nI'm going to explain under the condition that you know each hiragana has its\noriginal kanji from that it is made. If not, visit\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/47136/is-there-any-rhyme-\nor-reason-to-hiragana/47138#47138), where I also made my answer.\n\n\"ひ\" in the original work in (0) is very similar to the letter shown in (5), so\nthis is not a problem of itself, but I think that you can write it more\nbeautifully if you know the kanji of its basis. \nIf you look closely at the sample of \"ひ\" in (5), the first stroke is straight\nto the right and the last stroke is written to the lower right oblique\ndirection. \"ひ\" was made from \"比\" of kanji. It is not from \"北\". Of course it is\nnot from the shape of a \"T-shirt\". The point is that \"ひ\" is not symmetrical.\nAlso, the first start position of \"ひ\" and the vertex of the curvature to the\nleft following it are in the same vertical straight line. All of these things\ndepend on the fact that \"ひ\" was made from \"比\".\n\nAbout \"む\", I will explain the position of the small loop at the left side.\nLooking at various examples, there are ones where the loop is located in the\nmiddle of the left side like that in \"む\" written by the questioner. However, I\nlike it placed being in the lower left corner like that in \"む\" in illustration\n(5). The reason is that \"む\" is made from \"武\". The small loop is actually made\nfrom the \"止\" part of \"武\". Therefore I think that it should be in the lower\nleft corner.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nOqBJ.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KmcIE.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Q3Scq.jpg)",
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"creation_date": "2017-09-12T15:37:47.323",
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| 42471 | 42472 | 53223 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42476",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For writing a text book, I am looking for some ambiguous sentences with\ncompound particles.\n\nAs an illustration, consider my attempt as follows. Recall that when の and に\nare combined, it results in a new particle のに, so there is a possibility to\nmake ambiguous sentences with のに.\n\n * の can be used to nominalize clauses. For example: **お酒を飲まないの**\n * Nに can also be needed for some expressions. For example: **アニメに** 興味がある\n\nNow I have to find sentences with pattern XのにY such that they can be read in\ntwo ways:\n\n * Xのに、Y --> Even though X, Y\n * XのにY \n\n> タバコは吸わないのに興味がある。\n\nIt can be interpreted in 2 ways:\n\n * タバコを吸わないのに、興味がある。Even though I don't smoke, I am interested in smoking.\n * タバコを吸わないのに興味がある。I am interested in not smoking. (the speaker must be a smoker.)\n\n# Questions\n\nCould you give me other better examples?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T15:19:22.500",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Looking for some examples of ambiguous sentences with compound particles",
"view_count": 253
} | [
{
"body": "I came up with the following:\n\n> 健気 **にも** 生きる人達。 \n> 健気に + も + 生きる / 健気 + にも + 生きる\n>\n> それ **では** 何も起こりません。 \n> それでは / それ + で + は \n> _(the former might seem uncommon but a GM of TRPG would say that)_\n>\n> それ **でも** 勝てる。 \n> それ + で + も / それでも\n\nOr I'm not sure whether this famous example is what you want though:\n\n> ここ **では** きものを脱いでください。 \n> ここ + で + はきもの / ここ + で + は + きもの",
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| 42474 | 42476 | 42476 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is this sentence explaining time difference structured correctly?\n\n> アイダホの時間は日本の時間から１６時間前もってあります。\n\nIt's supposed to say that the time in Idaho is 16 hours before the time in\nJapan. If it's incorrect, try to help me figure it out without telling me\nexactly how to say it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-12T17:21:40.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42477",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-26T19:25:11.703",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-26T19:25:11.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese",
"time"
],
"title": "アイダホの時間は日本の時間から１６時間前もってあります",
"view_count": 196
} | [
{
"body": "I'm afraid to say it's incorrect. 前もって means _beforehand_ or _in advance_.\nThis is used when someone does something in preparation for something.\n\nTry using 進んでいる or 遅れている instead.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-12T23:15:04.260",
"id": "42479",
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| 42477 | null | 42479 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42482",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From the answer in another question of this board, 東京に行くには何で行きますか translates\nas \"About you going to Tokyo, how are you going?\" . Why is the second \"ni\"\nneeded in this sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T00:18:50.713",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42481",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "why it's needed a second に in the sentence 東京に行くには何で行きますか?",
"view_count": 109
} | [
{
"body": "The second に is for marking a purpose. The English equivalent is \"(in order)\nto\" as in \"Click _to_ see it.\" The more literal translation would be \" **To**\ngo to Tokyo, by what do you go?\" This に is frequently used with 行く (`go to +\n(verb)`).\n\nJapanese Particle _Ni_ -- Indicating Purpose \n<http://www.punipunijapan.com/japanese-particle-ni-purpose/>\n\nExamples:\n\n> * 本場の寿司を食べに日本に行った。 I went to Japan **to** eat real sushi.\n> * 見に来て！ Come and see it!\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 42481 | 42482 | 42482 |
{
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"body": "I don't understand \"安い方\" here (especially \"方\")\n\nI think it means something like \"Even if the flat is somewhat far it's good\nthat it's cheap\" but it would be \"アパートは多少遠くても、安いがいい。\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-13T02:00:20.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42483",
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"owner_user_id": "19390",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "アパートは多少遠くても、安い方がいい。",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, 方 is used to compare 2 options. \nThe 2 options are assumed to be \"expensive\" and \"cheap\". \nSo it basically emphasize that cheap is the better option.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-13T02:11:55.550",
"id": "42484",
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"body": "方 is used when something is compared with another thing. In such contexts it's\nread as ほう. 方 is not always required to make a comparison in Japanese, but if\nyou are a beginner, you should start from basic sentences using ほう.\n\n * [Japanese Grammar: Making Comparisons in Japanese](http://www.punipunijapan.com/yori-hou-ga/)\n * [Japanese/Grammar/Comparisons](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Grammar/Comparisons)\n * [Use of 方 in sentence (かた or ほう?) + translation](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42334/5010)\n\n安いがいい is ungrammatical because an adjective cannot be the subject of a\nsentence unless it's turned into a noun in some way. (For example, you can say\n\"Being beautiful is good\", but not \"Beautiful is good.\") Luckily, 方 works as a\nnoun, and `adjective + 方` simply means \"～er one(s)\".\n\n> アパートは多少遠くても、安い方がいい。 \n> (lit.) As for apartments, cheaper ones are better even if they're a bit\n> far. \n> I prefer cheaper apartments even if they're a bit far (from my office,\n> etc).",
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| 42483 | 42484 | 42485 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42487",
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"body": "What is the difference between 馴染む and 慣れる? Dictionaries say that both\nrepresent \"to grow accustomed to\". In what case 馴染む cannot be replaced by 慣れる\nor 慣れる cannot be replaced by 馴染む?",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 馴染む and 慣れる?",
"view_count": 619
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{
"body": "A dictionary states that 慣れる has three meanings. The first meaning is \"get\nused to\". I think it means \"the thing becomes an usual thing for someone\". The\nsecond is \"familiarize with\", \"master\". The third is \"something like a tool is\ncomfortable and easy to use for someone because he has used it for long\".\n\nA dictionary states that 馴染む has two meanings. The first meaning is \"get used\nto\" and it implies \"familiar with the thing\". The second is \"fit in\", \"match\nup\".\n\nFor example, the difference between 都会の生活に慣れる and 都会の生活に馴染む is whether someone\nis familiar with it or not according to a dictionary.\n\nI think 慣れた万年筆 and 馴染んだ万年筆 have almost the same meaning.\n\n慣れる doesn't have the meaning of \"match up\" as the second meaning of 馴染む, so\nyou can say この絵は、この部屋に馴染んでいる but you can't say この絵は、この部屋に慣れている。\n\n馴染む doesn't have the second meaning of 慣れる, so you can say 旅慣れる but you can't\nsay 旅馴染む.",
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"body": "Very simple.\n\n * _馴染む_ - getting used to something, and making friends with something. To familiarize with (something).\n * _慣れる_ - accepting something as a normal thing. In English, \"To get used to (something)\".\n\nFor example:\n\n> * 都会に慣れる／馴染む\n> * To get used to the city, to familiarize with the city\n>\n\nRelated:\n\n * <http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/163960/meaning/m0u/>\n * [http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/165524/meaning/m0u/慣れる/](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/165524/meaning/m0u/%E6%85%A3%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B/)",
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"body": "「馴染｛なじ｝む」と「慣｛な｝れる」の違｛ちが｝いは、感覚的｛かんかくてき｝にいうと「染（そまる）」の有無｛うむ｝にあるように思｛おも｝います。\n\n何度｛なんど｝も使｛つか｝っているうちに物理的｛ぶつりてき｝、精神的｛せいしんてき｝、感覚的｛かんかくてき｝とを問｛と｝わず、角｛かど｝が取｛と｝れ、お互｛たが｝いの隙間｛すきま｝が埋｛う｝まり、ピッタリになるニュアンスは「馴（なれる、なれ）」や「慣（なれる、なれ）」にあります。しかし、このピッタリ感｛かん｝はあくまでも表面的｛ひょうめんてき｝な感｛かん｝じです。\n\n一方、「染｛そ｝まる」は、染色｛せんしょく｝と表現｛ひょうげん｝されるように、表面｛ひょうめん｝のコーティングではなく、繊維｛せんい｝の中｛なか｝まで色｛いろ｝が入｛はい｝っていきます。色｛いろ｝が浸透｛しんとう｝するといってもいいでしょう。 \n表面｛ひょうめん｝を越｛こ｝えた一体感｛いったいかん｝が「染｛そ｝める」「染｛そ｝まる」にはあります。また、「染｛そ｝まる」あるい「染｛そ｝める」には「塗｛ぬ｝る」ための溶剤｛ようざい｝ではなく、水分｛すいぶん｝が必要｛ひつよう｝であり、結果｛けっか｝として「しっとり感｛かん｝」があります。\n\n仲｛なか｝のいい男女間｛だんじょかん｝の愛情｛あいじょう｝の深｛ふか｝さをいう表現｛ひょうげん｝で、女性｛じょせい｝が自分｛じぶん｝を称｛しょう｝して「あなた色｛いろ｝に染｛そ｝まる」という言葉｛ことば｝があります。これは長｛なが｝く付｛つ｝き合｛あ｝っているうちに、女性｛じょせい｝が男性｛だんせい｝の癖｛くせ｝、しぐさ、好｛この｝みなどを熟知｛じゅくち｝し、男性｛だんせい｝の好｛この｝むように自然｛しぜん｝に振舞｛ふるま｝える、あるいは癖｛くせ｝や好｛この｝みがうつってしまう様子｛ようす｝を言｛い｝います。\n\n例｛たと｝えが悪｛わる｝くてすみませんが、「馴染｛なじ｝む」には「慣｛なれ｝れる」にない「浸透感｛しんとうかん｝/奥行感｛おくゆきかん｝」と「しっとり感｛かん｝」がある点｛てん｝で、ニュアンスとしてはかなり違｛ちが｝うという結論｛けつろん｝です。",
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| 42486 | 42487 | 42487 |
{
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"body": "I want to understand the usage for ’V＋見込みです’。I want to say something is\nexpected to get delayed, so which is better 「～が遅れる見込みです」or 「～が遅れてしまう見込みです」.I\nhave added しまうfor an expression of disappointment, is it incorrect in this\ncontext?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Usage of 「V+見込みです」",
"view_count": 404
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{
"body": "～が遅れる見込みです is more natural than ～が遅れてしまう見込みです but ～が遅れる見込みです doesn't imply\nspeaker's disappointment.\n\nI feel ～が遅れてしまう見込みです is a bit unnatural. I feel 見込み means objective\nexpectation, so to add someone's emotion to it may not be appropriate.\n\nIf you want to add your disappointment to it, ～が遅れてしまうみたいです(ようです) would be\nnatural.",
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"body": "> 「Verb in て-Form + **しまう** + 見込{みこ}みです」\n\nWhile I would not consider this expression incorrect per se, I know for\ncertain that it would be far less common than:\n\n> 「Verb in Dictionary Form + 見込{みこ}みです」 used in conjunction with a phrase\n> expressing disappointment.\n\nYou could say, for instance:\n\n「残念{ざんねん}ですが、電車{でんしゃ}が遅{おく}れる見込みです。」 or\n\n「電車が遅れる見込みだと聞{き}いて残念です。」\n\nIf you **_must_** , however, use 「しまう」 for some reason and still want to sound\nperfectly natural, you could use it by changing 「見込みです」 to 「可能性{かのうせい}があります」.\nI know this might not be what you wanted to know, but for future reference, I\nadded it.\n\n> 「電車が遅れて **しまう** 可能性があります。」",
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| 42488 | null | 42496 |
{
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"body": "Onyomis are pronunciations that originate from Chinese. In Chinese, the\npronunciation of a character contains exactly one consonant. However, a lot of\nonyomis have 2 consonants. For example [特別]{とくべつ}. I am wondering why the く\nand つ sounds are there. Did Chinese really sound like that 1000 years ago? Or\nis this the Japanese being \"creative\"? Or can we not be sure?",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T07:08:40.697",
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"tags": [
"etymology",
"onyomi"
],
"title": "Why do onyomis have so many extra syllables?",
"view_count": 864
} | [
{
"body": "# Short simple explanation\n\nMiddle and Old Chinese had lots of final consonants. Modern Mandarin lost many\nof these, but Cantonese still has many final consonants.\n\nJapanese phonology does not allow for final consonants other than ん (often\nrendered in _rōmaji_ as _n_ , but more specifically this changes depending on\nits phonetic environment, and it might sound like [[n]], or more like [[m]] or\n[[ŋ]] or even just a nasalization of the preceding vowel).\n\nConsequently, when Japanese speakers were in contact with the various dialects\nof Middle Chinese and imported Chinese words into the Japanese language, the\nfinal consonants of the borrowed words changed in various ways to fit the\nsound system of Japanese. This usually involved the addition of a neutral\nvowel (//i// or //u//) to turn the final consonant into a second syllable,\nthereby avoiding any syllables that ended in a consonant.\n\n* * *\n\n# Longer detailed explanation\n\nFirst, some vocabulary.\n\n * 呉音{ごおん}, _lit. \"Wu sound\"_ \nThe older reading of a _kanji_.\n\n * 漢音{かんおん}, _lit. \"Han sound\"_ \nA more-recent borrowing (still old, but newer than the 呉音{ごおん}).\n\n * 慣用音{かんようおん}, _lit. \"customary-use sound\"_ \nRepresenting a phonetic development within Japanese, sometimes influenced by\nlater stages of Chinese, and sometimes an independent change within Japan.\n\n * _[mora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_\\(linguistics\\))_ \nLike a syllable, the main difference being that か{ka}ん{n} is one syllable, but\ntwo morae. (Essentially, one _kana_ = one mora.)\n\n * _[vowel harmony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony)_ \nExhibited in some form in ancient Japanese, where those vowels added to avoid\nfinal consonants were only ever the \"neutral\" vowels //i// or //u//.\n\nLet's look at your example characters from 特別{とくべつ}.\n\n### 特\n\nThis _kanji_ has a reconstructed Middle Chinese reading of //dək̚//. From\nthis, we get the two 音読{おんよ}み:\n\n 1. The 呉音{ごおん} of _doku_ is essentially a match for the Middle Chinese. \n * The middle //ə// schwa vowel becomes //o// in the Japanese\n * The final //k// gains a neutral //u// vowel in the Japanese (since Japanese disallows final consonants).\n 2. The 漢音{かんおん} of _toku_ , with the hard initial //t//, is a likely match with later Chinese pronunciation. \n * Mandarin, Hakka, and Min Nan all start with a hard //t//, suggesting a phonetic development in Chinese that occurred after the initial 呉音{ごおん} borrowing. \n * The vowels in Japanese came about the same way as for the 呉音{ごおん}.\n\n### 別\n\nThis has a reconstructed Middle Chinese reading of //bˠiɛt̚//. This was\nrealized in Japanese as three different 音読み{おんよみ}:\n\n 1. The 呉音{ごおん} is _hechi_. This looks weird in a couple of ways: \n * It starts with an //h// sound, which is hard to match with the initial //b// in the Middle Chinese. Here, we need to keep in mind that modern-Japanese //h// and //f// sounds were originally //p// sounds in the ancient language. Ancient Japanese had a soft nasalized //b// sound, realized almost like //ᵐb// with a preceding //m//. However, the Chinese //b// was probably a harder sound and would have probably been imported as a //p// by Japanese speakers (similar to how modern Chinese initial //b// sounds more like a //p// to some English speakers). This //p// in Old Japanese is widely accepted in the linguistic community as having shifted from //p// to //f// to either //h// or //w// (such as in the particle は{wa}), and then in some cases it then disappeared to leave just the vowel (such as the final お in 頬{ほお}, which was read as //popo// in the ancient language).\n * Two-mora 音読み{おんよみ} in normal use (almost?) never end in ち. After some digging and asking, I've been told that many (perhaps all) of these readings are reconstructed, and are not historically attested. The reconstruction is basically adding //i// as the neutral vowel after the final //t// consonant.\n * The middle vowel in the Middle Chinese is a [diphthong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong): basically, two vowel sounds that glide together. The Japanese has just //e//. Here, we look back at how vowels developed in ancient Japanese. [This section in Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese#Proto-Japanese) describes a shift from //ia// to //e//. This likely also occurred for imported Chinese terms that originally had an //iɛ// diphthong. Within the Chinese language family itself, the //iɛ// diphthong in Middle Chinese developed into an //e// monophthong (single-vowel sound) in three Chinese dialects, Min Dong, Hakka, and Wu, mirroring the Japanese shift to //e//.\n 2. The 漢音{かんおん} is _hetsu_. \n * The initial //h// developed the same as for the 呉音{ごおん} above.\n * Likewise for the //e// vowel.\n * The final つ in the Japanese came from adding a neutral vowel to the final //t// in the Middle Chinese, only using the //u// instead of //i//. This pattern seems to be more common for borrowings of terms with Chinese final //t//.\n 3. The 慣用音{かんようおん} is _betsu_. \n * The initial //b// might represent influence from later Chinese, pushing the Japanese initial //p// to become voiced //b// instead of [lenited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition) (softened) //f// and then //h//.\n\n## Summary\n\nThere are regular rules for converting from the Middle Chinese readings to the\nmodern Japanese 音読み{おんよみ}, and these rules often result in the Japanese\nreadings having multiple morae (syllables), even though the Chinese readings\nwere (and are) monosyllabic.\n\nMost of these rules are either the phonetic rules of Old Japanese itself (such\nas no final consonants at all, not even ん), or the rules of historical\nphonetic change in the shift from Old Japanese through to the modern language\n(such as //p// turning into //f// turning into //h// or //w//).\n\nThe basic approach is to 1) find the reconstructed Middle Chinese reading,\nsince the _on'yomi_ almost all derive from this earlier stage of the Chinese\nlanguages; 2) transform that into the likeliest Old Japanese reading (as\nillustrated above -- this includes things like adding neutral vowels after\nfinal consonants, flattening diphthongs into monophthongs, and devoicing\ninitial consonants where appropriate); then 3) applying the rules of Japanese\nhistorical phonetic change to that Old Japanese reading to derive the modern\nreading.",
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| 42490 | 42508 | 42508 |
{
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"body": "I thought that \"suki\" was a verb which meant \"to like\". It is hard to me to\nmake sense why it seems to be always used with \"desu\".\n\nNow in a webpage I read that suki is an adjective, which means something like\n\"liked\" like some sort of passive voice I guess? That's why it uses the verb\ndesu almost always I supposed. But I also see in another webpage that suki is\na verb with all its conjugations.\n\nThe question is, is it suki an adjective, a verb, or both, and if it's also a\nverb, when it's used like a verb with its respective conjugations and without\ndesu? (Assuming it can be used without desu.)",
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"tags": [
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"title": "is suki an adjective and a verb?",
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{
"body": "好き _suki_ is a difficult word.\n\nWhat is clear is that it derives from the verb 好く _suku_ , which is still in\nuse (most often in the passive voice: 好かれる \"to be liked\").\n\nHowever, like the 連用形 _ren'yōkei_ \" _masu_ -stem\" of so many other verbs, it\ntook on a life of its own, primarily as what is quite naturally analyzed as\n形容動詞 _keiyōdōshi_ \" _na_ -adjective\".\n\nHence we have\n\n> 1. 〇〇が好きです \n> 〇〇 _ga suki desu_ \n> cf. 〇〇がきれいです\n>\n> 2. 好き **な** 〇〇 \n> _suki **na**_ 〇〇 \n> cf. きれい **な** 〇〇\n>\n>\n\nA literal translation might be \"X is _likeable/nice_ \", which equates to \"I\nlike X\".\n\n* * *\n\nNote that 嫌い _kirai_ (from 嫌う _kirau_ , also often seen in the passive 嫌われる)\nworks almost exactly the same.",
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"body": "好き is indeed tricky and I was also tricked when I was learning to use this\nword. 好き is a _na_ -adjective 形容動詞. To be abstract, it means the \"quality of\nbeing liked\", which is different from \"likable\" (好かれる or 好ましい). If this\nconfuses you, there are two rules of thumb:\n\n * 好きだ/好きです is the closest equivalent to the English verb \"like\". e.g. モーニング娘。のことが **好き** です means \"(I) like Morning Musume\", NOT \"Morning Musume is likable\".\n * **好き** な〇〇 means \"the liked 〇〇\". e.g. 好きな人 means \"the person (someone) likes\".\n\nOnce you understand these two rules, use 好き as you would any _na_ -adjective.\ne.g., \"liked\" is 好きだった/好きでした, and \"don't like\" is 好きじゃない.\n\n(and I do like Morning Musume)",
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| 42493 | 42497 | 42497 |
{
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"body": "I'm writing something to an old dorm manager I had - I want to ask if he's\nstill taking in students from a particular school (as dorm residents). In\nEnglish, I'd ask \"Are you still taking in X school's students?\" How would I\ntranslate the \"taking in\" part of the sentence in Japanese?",
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"tags": [
"words",
"verbs"
],
"title": "How to say \"to take in\" when in reference to people?",
"view_count": 85
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{
"body": "Most commonly, we would use:\n\n> 「受{う}け入{い}れる」、「引{ひ}き受ける」、「部屋{へや}を貸{か}す」, etc.\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「まだ（or 現在{げんざい}も）[school name] の学生{がくせい} + **を** + 受け入れておられますか。」\n>\n> 「今{いま}でも、[school name] の学生 + **に** + 部屋を貸されていますか。」\n\n, etc.\n\nI put those in fairly polite forms to be on the safe side. I did not use the\nsuper-polite forms, thinking that you would have difficulty saying the other\nthings correctly on the same super-polite level.",
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| 42494 | 42495 | 42495 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42503",
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"body": "> わたしのむすめは **もうもじ** をよむことができます。\n\nWhat is the meaning of もう and もじ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-13T12:42:40.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42498",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"word-choice",
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of もう and もじ?",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "**もう** can mean different things depending on context like already/yet/anymore\nand **もじ** (文字) means a character.\n\n私{わたし}の娘｛むすめ｝はもう文字｛もじ｝を読｛よ｝むことが出来｛でき｝ます。\n\nAssuming the preceding kanji, I would translate the sentence to \"My daughter\ncan **already** read **characters** \".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T17:13:39.767",
"id": "42503",
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| 42498 | 42503 | 42503 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42501",
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"body": ">\n> #25の制作は「ほぼオリジナルなので、まずは原作サイドで書くべし」と始まりました。そしてできあがったきのこによる脚本モドキを前に頭を抱える制作陣。([source](http://www.typemoon.org/bbb/diary/log/201506.html))\n\nMy translation:\n\n> I began by thinking that #25's script was \"mostly original, so I should\n> write this as a side story to the original [the VN] story.\" And so I,\n> Kinoko, was at my wits end trying to write something approximating a\n> screenplay.\n\nI'm particularly interested in the reference to the script and how it's\nsupposed to be almost original. Any reference to that script (and where it\ncomes from) I might have neglected is most welcome.\n\nEdit: My translation wasn't very literal. Another approach would be something\nlike:\n\n> The production of episode 25 began with \"since it's mostly original content,\n> it should first be written by the original author\". And then the production\n> team clutching their heads at the completed so-called script by Kinoko.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T14:22:07.780",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
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"title": "#25の制作は「ほぼオリジナルなので、まずは原作サイドで書くべし」と始まりました。そしてできあがったきのこによる脚本モドキを前に頭を抱える制作陣",
"view_count": 154
} | [
{
"body": "According to Wikipedia:\n\n> [Fate/stay night\n> テレビアニメ第2作](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night#.E3.83.86.E3.83.AC.E3.83.93.E3.82.A2.E3.83.8B.E3.83.A1.E7.AC.AC2.E4.BD.9C) \n>\n> シリーズ構成、脚本はufotableスタッフが担当。奈須は全ての脚本会議に出席、ufotableが制作した脚本に奈須が加筆・修正を加える形で脚本制作監修を行った。 \n> (※奈須 = きのこ)\n\nSo きのこ was both the original author and scenario supervisor of this anime\nseries. With this background, the sentence in question is interpreted as\nfollows:\n\n\"I started creating Ep. 25, thinking I should firstly write as if I were just\nan original author (i.e., only from the original author's perspective).\"\n\nIt means he intentionally and temporarily forgot about his job as the scenario\nsupervisor of the anime. While he wrote the story of #25, he did not care much\nabout how it would look like as an anime episode. As a result, what he made\nlooked like a long ordinary novel, and it was not directly usable as the\nscreenplay. That's why other staff were at a loss and had to trim much of what\nhe wrote.\n\nNote that this ～サイド does not mean a side story, but something like \"～'s\nstandpoint/perspective\". 原作 is an original author. ～モドキ is \"pseudo ～\",\n\"wannabe ～\", \"mock ～\", \"-oid\", etc.",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T15:29:38.593",
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| 42499 | 42501 | 42501 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am currently translating a novel called もしドラ by 岩崎夏海, upon checking through\nagain, I've come across this baseball related term 野手の要 that initially I\nthought meant 'the fielder, Yoshi':\n\n**野手の要** 、キャッチャーの柏木次郎はこう言った：\n\n??, the catcher, Kashiwagi Jiro, said this:\n\nI can see now that this is a specific baseball term, but after researching at\nlength, I can't find a satisfactory translation.\n\nMany thanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T18:07:54.240",
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"tags": [
"translation"
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"title": "もしドラ translation, baseball terminology 野手の要",
"view_count": 65
} | [
{
"body": "「要{かなめ}」 means the \"key player\" or the \"most important player\" in this\ncontext.\n\nThis word is used very often in team sports. Please remember how it is read as\nwell as its meaning.\n\nIn baseball, 「野手{やしゅ}」 refers to all players except for the pitchers. The\npitchers are called 「投手{とうしゅ}」.\n\n「野手の要」, therefore, means \"the most important among the non-pitching staff\"\neven though it is a mouthful. In a context where one would clearly know that\nit is the non-pitching staff that are being talked about, you could just use \"\n** _the most important player_** \" instead.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 42504 | null | 42505 |
{
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"body": "I'm looking for a general way in Japanese to express the following:\n\n> X is Y years old.\n\nI know for human age we use 〜歳 and I have seen other expressions for buildings\nand trees (don't remember them off hand).\n\nAt least speaking about inanimate objects, is there a generic way to express\nage? Here is my guess (probably awkward):\n\n> This car is 20 years old. \n> この車は２０年も古い",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T19:51:35.850",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "General expression for the age of something",
"view_count": 1131
} | [
{
"body": "It is not nearly as simple as in English or many other languages.\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「X + は + Y + 年前{ねんまえ}のものである。」\n>\n> 「X + は + Y + 年前からある。」\n>\n> 「X + は + Y + 年前 **に** できた。」 ←「できた」 here can be replaced by a verb in the\n> passsive voice form such as 「作{つく}られた」,「建{た}てられた」, etc.\n\nFor buildings and trees, however, we have common set expressions.\n\nBuildings: 「このビルは築{ちく}Y年である。」\n\nTrees: 「あの木は樹齢{じゅれい}Y年です。」\n\nFor food and liquor items where aging is an important part of their values, we\noften use the expression 「 **Y年もの** 」. Unless used sarcastically, that\nexpression generally carries a positive connotation with it. We say:\n\n「３０年もののワイン」、「これは４年もののミソです。」, etc.\n\nFinally, we would _**never**_ say:\n\n> 「この車は２０年 **も** 古い。」 to mean \"This car is 20 years old.\"\n\nThe only times when we use 「 **も** 古い」 is when we say \"A is Y years older than\nB.\" and emphasize that Y is a _**large**_ number - \"A is much older than B\".\nThe 「も」 is for emphasis and it is often used in combination with 「より」. You can\nsay:\n\n> 「このBMWは、あのトヨタ **より** １５年 **も** 古い。」",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T01:39:03.383",
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| 42506 | 42511 | 42511 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42510",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does the first 思う, right after なったら, mean here?\n\n> 私は大人になったら **思う** 存分ライブに行きたいと思う。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T20:31:54.567",
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"id": "42507",
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "What is 思う doing in this sentence?",
"view_count": 113
} | [
{
"body": "It's part of the phrase\n[思う存分](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E6%80%9D%E3%81%86%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86),\nwhich means \"to one's heart's content'.\n\nThe 思う refers the amount/share of something (分) that you _think_ you want to\ndo/have such that you are satisfied.\n\nAlternatively, you could just leave it out and put a に before ライブ.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T23:23:39.730",
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| 42507 | 42510 | 42510 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I have been agonizing and researching this line from もしドラ by 岩崎夏海 for a while\nnow and I'm throwing in the towel.\n\nThe context describes a girl's thoughts as she is made to recount an\nunpleasant memory by a friend. The sentence is:\n\nそれと同時に、苦い思いも込みあげてきた。それは複雑な感情だった。一つには、夕紀が語ろうとしたことへの苦い思い出。もう一つは、\n**夕紀に気を遣わせたことへの申し訳なさだった** 。\n\nMy translation so far is:\n\nIn the same instance she felt blackness and bitterness well up inside her. It\nwas a complex feeling, as while what Yuki was about to recount would stir dark\nemotions inside her, **it was no excuse for making her friend worry**.\n\nI know 気を使う is defined as 'to attend to, to pay attention to' etc, but I have\ntried to stretch it here to mean 'worry' to go with the causative.\n\nLiterally, I imagine it's:\n\nThe other point was, the apology to having made (taken) Yuki's attention.\n\nBasically, I'm utterly confused and not at all confident about this one line,\nso any help would be much appreciated, thank you!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-13T21:13:05.307",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation of 気を遣わせたことへの申し訳なさ",
"view_count": 152
} | [
{
"body": "> 「もう一{ひと}つは、夕紀{ゆき}に気{き}を遣{つか}わせたことへの申{もう}し訳{わけ}なさだった。」\n\nWas translated by you to:\n\n> \"it was no excuse for making her friend worry.\"\n\nMy first immediate reaction was: \"Where did you get ' **no excuse** ' from at\nall?\"\n\n「申し訳な **さ** 」 is only the noun form of the adjective 「申し訳な **い** 」. That\nい-to-さ change is extremely common. 長い ⇒ 長さ、高い ⇒ 高さ, etc.\n\n「申し訳なさ」 means \" ** _a feeling of regret_** \", \" ** _an apologetic feeling_**\n\", etc. I am guessing that you thought it meant \" ** _no excuse_** \", no?\n\nMy own TL (Why am I translating every phrase a stranger somewhere wonders\nabout?):\n\n> \"Another thing was a/her feeling of regret that she caused Yuki to worry.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T02:09:40.377",
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| 42509 | null | 42512 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42538",
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"body": "My best guess is \"His dream is to become a movie director,\" but I'm not sure\nwhat \"になるという\" means when put together like that. I know that \"になる\" means\nsomething like \"becomes,\" and \"という\" means something like as/named/called, but\nI'm not sure how to parse it.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T05:28:50.673",
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"owner_user_id": "820",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Parsing 彼には映画監督になるという夢があります",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "The basic sentence is this:\n\n> 彼には 夢が あります \n> 'He has a dream.' (polite)\n\nThis is a possessive argument structure1. In this argument structure, the\npossessor is marked by に, and the possessed is marked by が. Since in your\nexample this clause is the main clause, the possessor is naturally expressed\nas a topic, so the underlying に becomes には, and we end up with the ～には～がある\npattern.\n\nYour example also has a noun-modifying clause (specifically, an appositive\nclause):\n\n> 映画監督になる **という** 夢 \n> 'a dream, to become a film director'\n\nThe noun-modifying clause is 映画監督になる (lit. 'become a film director'), and it\nis linked to the noun 夢 by the complementizer という. In this use, という is used\ngrammatically to show the relationship between the noun-modifying clause and\nthe noun 夢; it is not used literally to mean 'say', and that is why in this\nuse it is usually not written in kanji as と言う.\n\nThe noun phrase 映画監督になるという夢 as a whole is marked as the second argument of\nあります with the particle が in your example:\n\n> 彼には 【映画監督になる **という** 夢】が あります \n> 'His dream is to become a director.'\n\nIn this English translation, the possession is expressed with a possessive\npronoun rather than a clausal possessive construction, and _to become a\ndirector_ is related to _dream_ with a subject-predicate relationship rather\nthan an appositive relationship. It expresses the basic idea, but the grammar\nis very different!\n\nIf we wanted to make a slightly more direct translation, we could say\nsomething like:\n\n> 'He has a dream, to become a director.'\n\nBut the other translation is probably a more natural way to express the same\nidea in English.\n\n* * *\n\n1 _Japanese: Revised Edition_ , Shoichi Iwasaki, Chapter 6 'Argument\nStructures', p.107. \n2 _Japanese: Revised Edition_ , Shoichi Iwasaki, Chapter 9 'Noun phrase\nstructures', p.202, p.210.",
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| 42513 | 42538 | 42538 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42515",
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"body": "Can some help me by explaining what the difference between these two is?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T07:17:00.973",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"counters"
],
"title": "ichi-gatsu vs hitotsuki",
"view_count": 1819
} | [
{
"body": "[一月]{いちがつ} is \"January\". \n[一月]{ひとつき} (or [一か月]{いっかげつ}) is \"one month\".\n\n* * *\n\nCompare:\n\n[一月]{いちがつ}、[二月]{にがつ}、[三月]{さんがつ}... = January, February, March... \n[一月]{ひとつき}、[二月]{ふたつき}、[三月]{みつき}... (or\n[一か月]{いっかげつ}、[二か月]{にかげつ}、[三か月]{さんかげつ}...) = one month, two months, three\nmonths...",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T07:33:24.537",
"id": "42515",
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{
"body": "There is a big difference between 一月【いちがつ】 and 一月【ひとつき】.\n\n一月【いちがつ】 means January, but 一月【ひとつき】 means month (one month).\n\nFor example:\n\n> * 一月は寒い。 - It's cold in January. (Not one month)\n> * 一月に一回髪を切る - I have my hair cut **once a month**.\n> * It can mean \"I have my hair cut **in January**.\n>\n\nHow to distinguish them - It's bit hard. **_Guess from the context_**.\n\nIn order to distinguish them easily, you can write _ひと月_. (It is sometimes\nused)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T07:40:49.180",
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| 42514 | 42515 | 42515 |
{
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"body": "おでこ vs ひたい - is there any difference?\n\nBoth show as having the same meaning so I am wondering which to use.",
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"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T07:57:13.537",
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"id": "42518",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "おでこ vs ひたい - is there any difference?",
"view_count": 749
} | [
{
"body": "The only difference is in the formality.\n\n「おでこ」 is informal, colloquial and conversational.\n\n「額{ひたい}」, by comparison, is slightly more formal than 「おでこ」.\n\nBoth mean \" ** _forehead_** \" and in most people's daily lives, 「おでこ」 is\nprobably used more often than 「額」. In my life, at least, I say and hear 「おでこ」\nconsiderably more often.\n\nWhich one to use would totally depend on the occasion and the speaker. If you\nhave a specific situation in mind, please let us know.\n\nAdditional Info: You do not have to know this, but 「でこ」 in 「おでこ」 originally\nmeans \" ** _protrusion_** \" and 「お」 is the honorific 「お」.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T08:04:25.397",
"id": "42519",
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{
"body": "They have a little difference nuances.\n[Wikipedia(Japanese)](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8D) says :\n\n> くだけた言い方でおでこ（でこ）[[1]](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8D#cite_note-1)\n\nAnyway, ひたい(額) is formal. おでこ is informal.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T10:06:50.490",
"id": "42523",
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}
]
| 42518 | null | 42519 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42521",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I looked up the meaning of たまる and the meaning is accumulate. But sometimes I\nsee たまる in the end of a sentence (e.g. あんな人のせいで 計画を潰してたまるもんか）\n\nIt seems like accumulate does not quite make sense in this sentence. Can\nanyone tell me what does that mean in this sentence.\n\nIf you can provide some more examples sentence it would be great.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T08:35:50.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42520",
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"owner_user_id": "18940",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "What does たまる mean when it is connected to て?",
"view_count": 4466
} | [
{
"body": "It's a different verb:\n[堪る{たまる}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A0%AA%E3%82%8B-562944), used here in a\nset phrase たまるものか meaning roughly \"is it at all possible?\" or \"there's no way\nit is so\" - being more of a rhetorical question.\n\n> そんなことがあってたまるか\n>\n> That can't be! No way!\n\nThe verb is also used in meaning \"to bear\", \"to withstand\" also to indicate\nsomething irresistible, like:\n\n> ケーキが食べたくてたまらない\n>\n> I can't resist cakes.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T08:43:52.393",
"id": "42521",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "It actually has little to do with \"to accumulate\". \"To accumulate\" is 「溜{た}まる」\nor 「貯{た}まる」.\n\nThe verb in question is 「堪{たま}る」 (\"to keep up with\") and it is usually used in\n**_negative forms_** such as 「堪らない」.\n\n「たまるもんか」 is negative in meaning, too. It means \" ** _That can't be!_** \", \" **\n_I'm not about to ~~!_** \", etc. It is an expression of firm rejection.\n\n> 「あんな人のせいで 計画{けいかく}を潰{つぶ}してたまるもんか。」\n\n, therefore, means:\n\n> \"I'm not about to ruin my plans for such a man!\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T08:52:29.797",
"id": "42522",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-14T09:15:34.750",
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"parent_id": "42520",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 42520 | 42521 | 42522 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42525",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 無茶苦茶ではあるが、そう言いたくなってしまう **ところが、丸尾君には** ある。 \n> It is indeed absurd _but/and_ Maruo has reached the point where he wants to\n> say so.\n\nI can't understand the structure of this sentence. Nor am I sure I've\ntranslated it correctly. It's the part in bold that's confusing me (I think).\nIn particular the function of に. To me this reads as \"the point where ... is\nat Maruo\" rather than \"Maruo is at the point where...\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T10:40:42.460",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42524",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-14T11:22:05.703",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-14T11:22:05.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"verb phrase-ところが、person-にはある\"",
"view_count": 124
} | [
{
"body": "That に is a place marker (=\"in/at\"). ところ has [many abstract\nmeanings](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/158611/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D/),\nand in this case it can be understood as \"trait\" or \"characteristic\". The\nsubject of そう言う is the speaker (=\"I\").\n\nSee: [Meaning of ところ in\nアメリカのいいところ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23738/5010)\n\n> そう言いたくなってしまうところが、丸尾君にはある。 \n> (lit.) In Maruo-kun, there is a trait [because of] which I want to say so. \n> ≒ Maruo is the kind of person who makes me feel like saying such an\n> (absurd) thing.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-14T11:15:09.573",
"id": "42525",
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]
| 42524 | 42525 | 42525 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42530",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Both terms refer to a company. I want to know if there are differences on when\none term would be preferred over the other.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T12:24:29.373",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42526",
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"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"suffixes",
"nouns"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 会社 and 社 when referring to a company?",
"view_count": 1225
} | [
{
"body": "No, they are not interchangeable at all.\n\n * 会社{かいしゃ} This is a word, meaning \"company\", large or small\n\n * 社{しゃ} This is a single character, which as so often happens corresponds to about half of a word. One of its meanings is \"company\" as a prefix or suffix in a compound: e.g. 社内{しゃない} means \"company-internal\", or 他社{たしゃ} means \"other-company\".\n\nYou will find other compounds in a dictionary, plus the original meaning of\n社｛やしろ｝.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T15:54:31.563",
"id": "42529",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "会社【かいしゃ】 _kaisha_ is an independent **word** meaning \"company\" or\n\"corporation\". In compounds it describes a _type of_ company (and is always\npronounced **が** いしゃ _gaisha_ )\n\n> * 航空会社【くうこうがいしゃ】 _kūkō gaisha_ airline company\n> * 証券会社【しょうけんがいしゃ】 _shōken gaisha_ brokerage firm\n> * 株式会社【かぶしきがいしゃ】 _kabushiki gaisha_ stock company\n>\n\n* * *\n\n社 _may_ be used independently as an abbreviation of 会社, but 会社 is far more\nstandard as an independent word.\n\nIn compounds, 社 can be thought of an abbreviation of 会社, e.g.\n\n> * 社長【しゃちょう】 _shachō_ (company) director\n> * 社屋【しゃおく】 _shaoku_ company office building\n>\n\nMost often, however, ～社 is used as a **suffix** , e.g.\n\n * similarly to がいしゃ above\n\n> * 出版社【しゅっぱんしゃ】 _shuppansha_ publishing company\n> * 新聞社【しんぶんしゃ】 _shinbunsha_ newspaper company\n\n * after the name of a _particular_ company\n\n> 講談社 Kōdansha\n\n * as a counter word for companies (or 神社 \"shrines\"), giving (apart from the usual 20社 \"20 companies\") words like\n\n> * 数社【すうしゃ】 \"several companies\"\n> * 本社【ほんしゃ】 \"this company\" or \"head office\"\n> * 当社【とうしゃ】 \"this company\"\n>\n> cf. 数日、本日、当日",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T15:54:38.283",
"id": "42530",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 42526 | 42530 | 42530 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42532",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the sense of \"don't be arrogant\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T14:05:12.870",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42528",
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"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "19406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"idioms",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Japanese idiom for don't let it get to your head?",
"view_count": 937
} | [
{
"body": "You can say:\n\n * うぬぼれるな\n * 調子に乗るな\n * 思い上がるな\n * いい気になるな\n\nIf you need an _idiom_ , you can also say 天狗になるな (lit. \"Don't become a _tengu_\n\").\n\nAccording to [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengu):\n\n> The tengu of this period were often conceived of as the ghosts of the\n> arrogant, and as a result the creatures have become strongly associated with\n> vanity and pride. Today the Japanese expression _tengu ni naru_ (\"becoming a\n> tengu\") is still used to describe a conceited person.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T19:10:36.983",
"id": "42532",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 4
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| 42528 | 42532 | 42532 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42533",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Just a quick question here, but somehow hard to find: How could I say \"as in\"\nin japanese ?\n\nFor example :\n\n> I learned the kanji 「評」as in 「評論」today.\n\nHere is my attempt, sorry for the lousy japanase :\n\n> 今日、評論のように評の漢字を覚えました。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T18:51:25.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42531",
"last_activity_date": "2018-12-21T23:54:05.167",
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"owner_user_id": "18641",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"phrases"
],
"title": "\"As in\" in japanese",
"view_count": 1478
} | [
{
"body": "You can simply use の:\n\n> * 今日は「評論」の「評」の漢字を覚えました。\n> * ブラボーのB、デルタのD\n> *\n> 「服を着る」の「着る」じゃなくて、「髪の毛を切る」[方](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/42485/5010)の「切る」です。\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T19:14:53.977",
"id": "42533",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42531",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 19
},
{
"body": "You can safely say:\n\n私は「評判」の評、「評価」の評、「評論」* の評のように、評の字を覚えました, or\n私は「評判]、「評価、「評論」に用いられる（ように）、評の字を覚えました\n\nas 評 is not exclusively used for the word, 評論.\n\nNote: * in order of popularity.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T07:51:50.303",
"id": "42549",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-15T08:47:46.700",
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"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "42531",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42531 | 42533 | 42533 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42537",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How can I parse this sentence:\n\n> 外観よりも実際にためになることのほうがいい。\n\nSo that it means:\n\n> In comparison to appearance, reality is better\n\nEdit: The complete paragraph is:\n\n> 「花より団子」 お花見に行って、桜の花を見るより、そこで食べるおいしいだんごのほうがいい、外観よりも実際にためになることのほうがいい。\n\nWhere「花より団子」is a proverb being defined",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T21:09:43.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42534",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-14T23:12:29.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "17515",
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"parsing"
],
"title": "How to parse にためになる",
"view_count": 199
} | [
{
"body": "> 外観よりも(実際に)ためになることのほうがいい\n\nThis is how I would parse it:\n\n> 外観よりも in comparison to appearance \n> 実際に in reality/for practical purposes \n> ためになることのほうが act of being useful side \n> いい is good\n\nOr in other words:\n\n> In reality, being useful is better than apperance. \n> In practice, It's better to be useful than to look good.\n\nWhich is not quite the same as your TL.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T22:48:57.347",
"id": "42536",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-15T08:54:07.797",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-15T08:54:07.797",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "> 「外観{がいかん}よりも実際{じっさい}にためになることのほうがいい。」\n\nFrom your question title \"How to parse にためになる\", it is clear that you are\nalready parsing the middle part of the phrase incorrectly.\n\nIt is 「実際に + ためになる」. ⇒ (\"beneficial in a practical sense\")\n\nIt is not 「実際 + にためになる」. ⇒ Makes little sense.\n\nThe phrase in question is making a comparison between two things:\n\n1) 「外観」⇒ \"the appearnace\" ⇒ **_flower viewing_**\n\n2) 「実際にためになること」⇒ \"the beneficial thing in a practical sense\" ⇒ **_eating\ndango_**\n\nand **it is saying that 2) is better than 1)**.\n\nThus, this sums up the meaning of the well-known saying 「花{はな}より団子{だんご}」.\n\n「ためになる」 should be remembered as it is used **_very_** often. It basically\nmeans \"good-fo-ya\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T00:18:22.160",
"id": "42537",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-15T00:23:37.350",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 42534 | 42537 | 42537 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "* 私は勉強するようにしています。 /\n * 私は勉強しようとする。\n\nWhat is the difference between ように and Verb-volitional + うとする",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-14T21:51:08.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42535",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is the difference between these two expressions?",
"view_count": 73
} | []
| 42535 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42556",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My understanding of ありませんと is that it is an abbreviated form of\nありませんと(だめ/いけない/ならない), but the formal ません throws me off. I was under the\nimpression that the formal part should be always the last one, so it should be\nないと(だめです/いけません/なりません). Is it possible that abbreviation moves the formality\nbefore と? Are the following interpretations possible?\n\n> ... must be\n>\n> ... must have something",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T02:43:29.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42539",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-15T13:26:10.067",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "ありませんと - possible interpretations",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "It would help to know the context, and I'm not confident with this answer, but\nhere goes. You may know that ～ないと, ～なくては（なくちゃ）, and ～なければ（なきゃ）are often used\nas shorthand for ～ないとだめ et cetera. In ありませんと, ～ませんと basically acts as\nshorthand for ～ないとだめです - being explicitly polite while still cutting off the\nending.\n\nAlso, you really should know this, but the negative of ある is simply ない, not\nあらない or anything.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T13:26:10.067",
"id": "42556",
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
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}
]
| 42539 | 42556 | 42556 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42541",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the Waeijiro databese I found the sentence ほおっておいて. It is translated as\n\"Let it be\", but I don't understand its grammar. I get that おいて comes from 置く,\nbut where does ほおって come from? Is it an adverb or a verb? I tried to look for\nほおる/ほおう/ほおつ but I couldn't find anything.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T04:26:55.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42540",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-15T05:05:18.130",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"verbs",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Grammar explanation of ほおっておいて",
"view_count": 235
} | [
{
"body": "「ほ **お** って」 is just the **_very_** common colloquial pronunciation of 「ほ\n**う** って」＝「放って」. Thus, one might call it the \"pronunciation-based spelling\".\n\nSo, try looking up 「放{ほう}る」 in a better dictionary.\n\nPeople say 「ほおっておいて」 to mean \" ** _Leave me alone!_** \" all the time. The\nshorter form 「ほっといて」 will be even heard more often.\n\nNote: I said \"a better dictionary\" because I answered the same question some\nyears ago elsewhere, and the questioner told me that his/her small bilingual\ndictionary only gave the definition \"to throw\". A bigger dictionary should\nalso give \"to neglect\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T04:31:31.500",
"id": "42541",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42540 | 42541 | 42541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is politeness the right term to describe **連用形+ます** inflection? Should it be\nalways referred as **formal** instead of **polite** , and **informal** instead\nof **plain**?\n\nPoliteness is the listener's interpretation of the opponent's communication\nstyle. Words in Japanese inflect to project different levels of formality, how\ncan they be polite or impolite by themselves? A speaker can use very formal\nlanguage and at the same time be very impolite to the listener, e.g. employing\nsarcasm or certain body language.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"tags": [
"terminology"
],
"title": "Politeness vs. Formality",
"view_count": 456
} | [
{
"body": "Your question: A speaker can use very formal language and at the same time be\nvery impolite to the listener, e.g. employing sarcasm or certain body\nlanguage.\n\nYes off course! I believe it doesn't depend on the language.\n\nSuch situaiton we call \"慇懃無礼 (a feigned politeness)\" in Japanese.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T03:59:54.837",
"id": "42596",
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"body": "Japanese has this term: 社交{しゃこう}辞令{じれい}\n\nIn English, that may be defined as \"diplomatic way of putting things\" ([社交辞令\non Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%BE%9E%E4%BB%A4)) or\n\"diplomatic wording\" (direct translation by looking up each word in\ndictionaries).\n\n**How to discover**\n\nThe term `社交辞令` is not easy to discover when looking into bilingual\ndictionaries, regardless of searching from either languages.\n\n * English-Japanese dictionaries: The term will _not_ be found when looking up using any of these keywords: diplomatic, polite, formal.\n\n * Japanese-English dictionaries: The term may _not_ be found when looking up using either word `しゃこう 社交` or `じれい 辞令`.\n\n * Online Japanese dictionary: Many words found in result and `社交辞令` is included i.e. [search result for \"diplomatic\" on Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/diplomatic).\n\nThe term `社交辞令` is less likely used in conversation for some reason that I may\naware (but decided not to mention here). I have only heard this term several\ntimes on Japanese TV documentaries or variety show that features interviewer\nmeeting Japanese people on street.\n\n**Alternate translations**\n\nIn English, the word 'diplomatic' mainly refers to diplomatic relation between\ncountries but this can be extended to relation between people.\n\n> ADJECTIVE [...] Having or showing an ability to deal with people in a\n> sensitive and tactful way. -- [Oxford\n> Dictionaries](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/diplomatic)\n\nNote that online dictionary might include other words, such as \"polite\" or\n\"lip service\" as translation for the term `社交辞令`. However, being diplomatic\ndoes not necessary mean polite, impolite or rude or anything in particular.\n\nAbove all, I'm almost certain that this term is most appropriate to describe\nthe generic politeness and formality that doesn't necessary mean polite or\notherwise impolite by itself.",
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| 42543 | null | 43876 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42546",
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"body": "I am trying to obtain a full understanding of the below line of dialog:\n\n> 「とっ、ともかく、明日までにはきちんと用意しておくので、百瀬さんは軽い気持ちで来てください。あ、決してナメてかかれというわけではなく……」\n\nThe only tricky part to me is ”ナメてかかれ”, for which I think is based on \"嘗めてかかる\"\nwhich seems to mean \"look down on someone\"\n([ref](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E5%98%97%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B))\n\nHowever, I don't know why かかれ is used instead of かかる here.\n\nCan anyone explain the reason or nuance involved?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T06:10:40.907",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"conversational"
],
"title": "かかれ as used in the expression「ナメてかかれ」",
"view_count": 249
} | [
{
"body": ">\n> 「とっ、ともかく、明日{あす}までにはきちんと用意{ようい}しておくので、百瀬{ももせ}さんは軽{かる}い気持{きも}ちで来{き}てください。あ、決{けっ}してナメてかかれというわけではなく……」\n\nThe clue to your question regarding the conjugation choice of 「かかれ」 over 「かかる」\nis already in the quote. The key word here is \" ** _parallelism_** \".\n\nThe speaker makes a request as to how Momose-san should go/come to the event.\nThe speaker first says 「軽い気持ちで **来てください** 」(\" ** _Just come over\ncasually_**.\"), which is clearly in a request/imperative form. Then, s/he adds\nto say 「決して **ナメてかかれ** というわけではなく・・」 (\"I don't mean to say ' ** _Look down on\nit/them!_** ' or anything but...\"), the first part of which （ナメてかかれ） is also\nin an imperative form.\n\nThat is parallelism, where the second (and third, etc.) words/phrases\nnaturally follow the footsteps of the first as far as grammar.\n\nThat is two requests, or rather one request expressed in two different ways --\nwith the first one decribed more generally and the second , more specifically.\n**Please note** that in this case, the second part is not a _real_ request as\nit says \"I won't say (second request)\" but the author still maintained the\ngrammar form parallel to that of the first request.\n\nWhat would happen if one chose to say 「ナメてかか **る** というわけではなく」 instead? Nothing\ndramatic, really. It just would **_not_** flow as smoothly as with 「かか **れ** 」\nbecause it would lack parallelism. The native ears in any language just do not\nmiss those little things.",
"comment_count": 2,
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{
"body": "The point is 「という」 after 「ナメてかかれ」.\n\nThis 「と」 is a particle of quotation, which takes a whole sentence before it.\nSo 「ナメてかかれ」 can be looked at as a separate (sub-)sentence.\n\nIn this point of view, you might notice that **「かかれ」 is an imperative form of\n「かかる」**. \nThus, 「決してナメてかかれというわけではなく」 means \"I never mean you should take it lightly\".\n\n* * *\n\nAs a side note, I translated 「ナメてかかる」 (== 「嘗めてかかる」, as you guessed) as \"take\nit lightly\" because the target of 「ナメてかかる」 is not limited to a person. \nThough I'm not sure what the context is, the verb 「かかる」 here is fairly likely\nto mean something like \"deal with\" or \"handle\". \n「なめる」 adds a somewhat negative nuance of thinking lightly of something.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-15T11:38:23.277",
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| 42544 | 42546 | 42546 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am reading a movie scenario magazine and came across this character:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZXO73.jpg)\n\nHere is an example with some context:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/G0wmn.jpg)\n\nI can't tell if it is a Japanese character or a typographical mark or\nsomething else. What could it be?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "3169",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Trying to ID a printed character that looks like a script M",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "「〽」 is called 「庵点{いおりてん}」.\n\nIt is a typographic mark that has traditionally been used to indicate that\nwhat follows it is (a part of) a poem, song, etc.\n\nIt is also said to be the origin of the modern Japanese quotation marks 「」.\n\n「庵{いおり}」, by itself, means a \"little hut with a thatched roof\" in case someone\nthought 「〽」 indeed looked like a roof.\n\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B5%E7%82%B9>\n\nThere is no English page for this Wiki article.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T07:13:22.570",
"id": "42547",
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}
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| 42545 | 42547 | 42547 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am trying to learn the numbers and I see there are two different\ntranslations for the number 3 (and other numbers). When should I use one and\nwhen should I use the other? Is there a name for the type of number that \"san\"\nis and the type of number that \"mittsu\" is?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T09:08:49.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42550",
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"owner_user_id": "19416",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"counters",
"numbers"
],
"title": "mittsu vs san - what's the difference and what are these two forms called?",
"view_count": 9386
} | [
{
"body": "There are mainly two types of numbers used in Japanese:\n\n * native Japanese numbers (和語数詞 _wago sūshi_ )\n\n> 1 ひと _hito_ , 2 ふた _futa_ , 3 み _mi_ , 4 よ _yo_ , 5 いつ _itsu_ , 6 む _mu_ , 7\n> なな _nana_ , 8 や _ya_ , 9 ここの _kokono_ , 10 と _to_ , ...\n\n * Chinese-derived numbers (漢語数詞 _kango sūshi_ )\n\n> 1 いち _ichi_ , 2 に _ni_ , 3 さん _san_ , 4 し _shi_ , 5 ご _go_ , 6 ろく _roku_ , 7\n> しち _shichi_ , 8 はち _hachi_ , 9 きゅう _kyū_ , 10 じゅう _jū_ , ...\n\n(Some counters may also take English-derived numbers (英語数詞 _eigo sūshi_ ) ワン\n_wan_ \"one\", ツー _tsū_ \"two\", スリー _surī_ \"three\" in low numbers.)\n\n**Caveat**. Depending on the counter word coming after it, these numbers may\nslightly change.\n\n* * *\n\n### _mittsu_\n\nThe native みっつ _mittsu_ is of the form [number] + [counter word], where the\nnumber is the native Japanese み _mi_ that goes with the counter word ～つ (a\ngeneric counter for objects) and\n\n> み + ～つ → み **っ** つ. (See the above caveat.)\n\n### _san_\n\nさん _san_ is of the form [number], where the number belongs to the Chinese-\nderived counting system. It cannot be used to count anything (items, people,\n...) by itself.\n\nHowever, for counting by itself (e.g. during exercise, hide-and-seek, etc.)\nthe Chinese-derived numbers are used (sometimes しち is replaced by なな).\n\nDuring counting, these are often _pronounced_ rhythmically\n\n> イチ【HL】、 ニー【HL】、 サン【HL】、 シー【HL】、 ゴー【HL】、 ロク【HL】、 シチ【HL】、 ハチ【HL】、 キュウ【HHL】、\n> ジュウ【HHL】\n\neven though they are always _written_ as above.",
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| 42550 | null | 42552 |
{
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"body": "If my understanding is correct, the pattern verb+こと is used to \"noun-ify\" a\nverb, similar to the to-infinitive in English. For example, to translate \"My\ndream is **to become** a programmer\", I would say 私の夢はプログラマーに **なること** です.\n\nHowever, I see expressions like 勉強すること \"to study\" and デビューすること \"to debut\", but\naren't 勉強 and デビュー already nouns? Thus, is 勉強すること basically the same as 勉強?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "19346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs"
],
"title": "The usage of noun+すること",
"view_count": 1469
} | [
{
"body": "You're right. For example,「勉強する」 (as a verb) essentially has the same meaning\nas 「勉強」をする (as a noun), and they are pretty much used interchangeably. If you\nwant to get technical, the first one is 'to study' while the second is 'to do\nstudying'. The same applies to your question. Both adding「すること」and not adding\nit are valid. That is because some verbs already pass as nouns.\n\n「勉強すること」more accurately means the 'action of studying', and 「勉強」by itself is\nlike simply 'studying'. They both work, but perhaps just using the noun on its\nown is less awkward, as long as you know it's already a noun.",
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| 42554 | 42557 | 42557 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42564",
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"body": "I cannot find a translation of the word (or phrase) ついクセ in the following\nsentence.\n\n> 引越してきてからも ついクセで 東京のぶんの天気予報まで見てしまいます\n\nMy best guess would be that つい comes from 付く and クセ is 癖 so that the word\ncould mean \"acquired bad habit\".\n\nAlso, I am not entirely sure what the も and the まで are doing in this sentence.\n\nMy attempt at a translation would be the following:\n\n> After I moved here, I got into the bad habit of looking at the weather\n> forecast for the region around Tokyo.\n\nIs this somewhat close?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-15T16:16:31.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42559",
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"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "18296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of ついクセ in this sentence?",
"view_count": 470
} | [
{
"body": "つい and クセ are two words.\n\n * つい is an adverb, meaning \"against one's better judgement\" or \"unintentional\" (although these are very wordy in comparison with the original Japanese)\n\n * クセ is indeed 癖 \"(bad) habit\" and クセで means \"out of habit\"\n\nThe two adverbs are independent. (You could delete either one, or both, from\nthe sentence and still have a grammatical sentence.)\n\n> 引越してきてからも ついクセで 東京のぶんの天気予報まで見てしまいます \n> After moving here, out of habit I still end up watching even the weather\n> forecast for Tokyo.\n\n * も works like \"even\" here, since he is watching Tokyo's weather forecast even though he lives somewhere else. It corresponds\n\n * まで is used for emphasis (\"up to and including\")\n\nThe translation still reads like a bumpy ride, but I tried to stick to a\nliteral translation as much as possible.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-15T18:44:50.857",
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| 42559 | 42564 | 42564 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42570",
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"body": "I found an example from an online dictionary as follows.\n\n> 彼は私の手伝いをするのを露骨にいやがった。\n>\n> He showed a great reluctance to help me.\n\nBecause の in the relative clause「私の手伝いをする」 can be replaced by が, so\n\n> 私が手伝いをするの\n\ncan mean \"the help I do\".\n\n# Question\n\nCan 私の手伝いをするの mean \"the help I do\"?\n\nIn other words, can the original sentence\n\n> 彼は私の手伝いをするのを露骨にいやがった。\n\nbe translated as follows?\n\n> He showed a great reluctance to receive my help.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-15T16:45:02.050",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"relative-clauses",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Can 私の手伝いをするの mean \"the help I do\"?",
"view_count": 400
} | [
{
"body": "No, it can't. You can't replace が with の in your first example without\nchanging the meaning of the sentence.\n\nThat is to say, 私の手伝いをするの means \"to help me\" and 私が手伝いをするの means \" the help I\ndo\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-15T17:02:35.360",
"id": "42562",
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{
"body": "> \"Can 私の手伝{てつだ}いをする **の** \" mean \"the help I do\"?\n\nNo, it cannot regardless of the context.\n\n「私（の/が）する手伝い」 can.\n\n> \"Because の in the relative clause「私の手伝いをする」 can be replaced by が...\"\n\nBut 「私の手伝いをする **の** 」 is **_not_** a relative clause in the first place; It is\nonly a nominalized verb phrase. Therefore, whatever works in relative clauses\nis irrelevant here.\n\nLet us take a look at a real relative clause here. How about:\n\n> 「私 **が** 手伝っているお店｛みせ｝」 (\"the store I help out at\")\n\nSince it is a 100% genuine relative clause, that 「が」 can correctly be replaced\nby「の」.\n\n> In other words, can the original sentence\n>\n> 「彼は私 **の** 手伝いをするのを露骨{ろこつ}にいやがった。」\n>\n> be translated as follows?\n>\n> \"He showed a great reluctance to receive my help.\"\n\nNo, that would be an incorrect translation. The correct Japanese sentence that\nwould mean that would be:\n\n> 「彼は私 **が** 手伝うのを露骨にいやがった。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-15T23:24:09.097",
"id": "42565",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-15T23:30:19.783",
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{
"body": "One exception of so-called \" _ga_ - _no_ conversion\" is that you cannot use の\nin place of が if there is を. Such ～の will be taken not as the subject but as a\nmodifier of the object marked with を. According to [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12829/5010),\n\n> But you can't replace が with の if there's a direct object marked with を:\n>\n\n>> ジョンが本を買った店 \n> *ジョンの本を買った店 (ungrammatical) \n> The store where John bought the book\n\nAs mentioned in the comment in the link, ジョンの本を買った店 will be taken as \"the\nstore where someone bought John's book\".\n\n私の手伝い can mean not only \"my help\" but also \"help for me\" depending on the\ncontext.\n\nTherefore:\n\n 1. 彼は私 **の** 手伝い **を** するのを露骨にいやがった。 → He did not want to help me. \n 2. 彼は私 **が** 手伝い **を** するのを露骨にいやがった。 → He did not want me to help him.\n 3. 彼は私 **の** 手伝うのを露骨にいやがった。 → He did not want me to help him.\n 4. 彼は私 **が** 手伝うのを露骨にいやがった。 → He did not want me to help him.\n\n1 ≠ 2 = 3 = 4.",
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]
| 42561 | 42570 | 42565 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42568",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm having trouble understanding which one to use when, as they appear to have\noverlapping definitions (EDICT both have the translation \"delivery\").\n\nFor instance, which one do you use to describe an estate agent delivering an\napartment key from the owner to a renter?",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 引き渡し and 受け渡し?",
"view_count": 154
} | [
{
"body": "They are often interchangeable, but there are differences, too. 受け渡す tends to\nrefer to a relatively casual action. 引き渡す often refers to a\nlegally/politically important action. You may think 受け渡す is closer to \"to\nhand\" or \"to communicate\", and 引き渡す is closer to \"to transfer (ownership,\nright, etc)\" or \"to delegate.\"\n\nIf you are objectively explaining how web servers and browsers work, 情報の受け渡し\nis probably preferred. If you are buying a secret piece of important\ninformation from a agent for a million yen, 情報の引き渡し would be preferred.\n\n * 引き渡す is preferred: ビルの所有権を他の会社に, 亡命した政治家の身柄を政府に, 鉄道の営業権を民間会社に\n * 受け渡す is preferred: ファイルを電子メールを使って, 宅配業者が荷物を受取人に, コンビニで店員がお釣りを客に\n\nIn your example, both 引き渡し and 受け渡し sound okay to me. Both the estate agent\nand the resident can say either 鍵の受け渡しは明日でお願いします or 鍵の引き渡しは明日でお願いします.",
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| 42566 | 42568 | 42568 |
{
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"body": "I see there are two words for building in Japanese, ビル and 建物【たてもの】. Can\nsomeone tell me the difference and when I should use one or the other?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T04:03:43.283",
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"score": 11,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
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"title": "ビル (biru) or 建物 (tatemono) as a translation for 'building' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 9070
} | [
{
"body": "「[建物]{たてもの}」 (tatemono) is a neutral Japanese word for building. I found a\ndefinition of \"building\" at [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building\n\"Wikipedia\"):\n\n> a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one\n> place, such as a house or factory.\n\nThis applies to the Japanese word 「建物」.\n\nOn the other hand, the word 「ビル」 (biru), which obviously originates from the\nEnglish word \"building,\" has a different meaning than English \"building.\" I\nthink most Japanese people agree that 「ビル」 refers to a certain kind of\nbuilding, which are tall and have many floors, as in the image below (taken\nfrom [Google Image\nSearch](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2gtS458XRAhUDmJQKHTeMADAQ_AUIBigB\n\"Google Image Search\")).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gITvO.jpg)\n\n* * *\n\nSo, if you are to imply that you are talking about this kind of buildings, use\n「ビル」 (biru). Use 「建物」 (tatemono) in any other case.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T04:21:24.373",
"id": "42572",
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{
"body": "ビル is also used when writting building's name in addresses. For example it's\nXYZビル if you live in アパート named XYZ. One does not use XYZ建物. On the other\nhand, it's 建物を建てる (to build a building) and rarely ビルを建てる。",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-18T04:47:56.617",
"id": "42635",
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"body": "According to the dictionary:\n\nビル: A medium or high building made of materials like reinforced concrete. \nたてもの: any construction made for people to live or to store things or for\npeople to work.\n\nビルディング(building)《「ビルヂング」とも》鉄筋コンクリートなどでつくった、中・高層の建物。ビル。 \n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/188706/meaning/m0u/>\n\nたてもの【建物】人が住んだり、物を入れたり、仕事をしたりするために建てたもの。建築物。 \n[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/137725/meaning/m0u/建物/](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/137725/meaning/m0u/%E5%BB%BA%E7%89%A9/)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-09-22T15:05:06.450",
"id": "61670",
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| 42569 | null | 42572 |
{
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"body": "I'd like to find the difference between the two. Can anyone tell me when to\nuse which?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T04:15:07.110",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42571",
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"owner_user_id": "18386",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "o-genki desu de or odaijini?",
"view_count": 334
} | []
| 42571 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am looking at translations of \"your son\". I see two different ones.\n\nI would appreciate if someone could help and tell me the difference.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T10:01:16.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42573",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Is there a difference between botchan and musuko-san?",
"view_count": 638
} | [
{
"body": "_Botchan_ is almost an archaic word nowadays. It also has a connotation that\n\"he was born with a silver spoon\" especially when it's used as _O-botchan_.\n\nAlways use _musuko-san_ , and you won't get into any troubles (except,\nobviously, for confusing a baby girl with a baby boy... _O-ko-san_ is a polite\nand gender-neutral word for a \"kid.\")",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T07:53:51.080",
"id": "42607",
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| 42573 | null | 42607 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42577",
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"body": "使ってみましょう and 使いましょう\n\nDo they mean the same thing?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T12:35:43.497",
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"id": "42574",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "Is there any difference between 使ってみましょう and 使いましょう？",
"view_count": 363
} | [
{
"body": "使ってみましょう is a trial. The meaning: \"Try to use\" 使いましょう just mean \"Use\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T12:53:49.663",
"id": "42575",
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"body": "使ってみましょう - let's try to use it / let's use it and see what happens\n(contextual)\n\n使いましょう - let's use it",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T12:56:09.853",
"id": "42576",
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"body": "They are the しょう forms of two different verbs.\n\n使ってみましょう is the polite variant of 使ってみよう. The root verb is 使ってみる (使ってみます),\nwhich means \"to try using\"\n\n使いましょう is the polite variant of 使おう which is the volitional form of 使う (使います)\nwhich means \"to use\"\n\nThe places where you use these two are different.\n\nFor instance, 冷蔵庫を使いましょう = let's use the refrigerator -- we know it works and\nwe are going to use it.\n\nwhereas 冷蔵庫を使ってみましょう = let's try to use the refrigerator -- we are going to\ntest out the fridge somewhere we have not been for a while (like a cabin) and\nhope that it works for what we want.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T13:02:26.500",
"id": "42577",
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"score": 4
}
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| 42574 | 42577 | 42577 |
{
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"body": "I'm a super beginner, but I like to listen to Japanese music and I often hear\nsome \"L\" sounds. Given the fact that there is no \"L\" column on hiragana\ntables, I assume that is some other sound, perhaps \"R\", being pronounced as\n\"L\" (even though I hear the R's normally).\n\nCan someone please explain me that?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T14:00:44.000",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42578",
"last_activity_date": "2023-06-05T02:39:38.907",
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"owner_user_id": "14165",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"music"
],
"title": "Why do I hear a lot of \"L\" sounds in Japanese music?",
"view_count": 3500
} | [
{
"body": "I think it is because we don't have an exact version of the R present in\nJapanese, which is somewhere between L and R. When I was learning English I\ncouldn't tell the difference between beach and b**ch, which proved to be quite\ncomedic, however, the point is sounds are unique for each language. Our brain\nwill interpret them as the closest thing we know, especially since the\ndifferences are often minimal. I also feel like I sometimes hear a clean L in\nJapanese. It could be due to different accents where the Japanese R is a bit\ncloser to our L. Don't quote me on this though.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T18:57:23.637",
"id": "42582",
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{
"body": "It's because the Japanese r is pronounced as a tap or a liquid. Liquids are\nsmoother sounds like the English r or l, and you can hold them longer, which\nmay be the reason some Japanese artists choose to use the l sound more.\nBasically, it's a stylistic difference.\n\nI know I just answered on a six-year old post.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2023-06-05T02:39:38.907",
"id": "99845",
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| 42578 | null | 42582 |
{
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"body": "In my experience, the above listed reading materials are all read from left\ncover to right cover, page one is the last page from a western perspective. I\nhave been unable to find a reason for this publishing style.\n\nIn contrast, my Japanese dictionaries all have the first page on the left-hand\nside and the last on the right-hand side. In the west, _everything_ is read\nfrom left cover to right cover, whilst in Japan there is variation.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T16:42:25.133",
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"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -3,
"tags": [
"culture",
"typesetting",
"publishing"
],
"title": "Why are most Japanese newspapers, magazines and books read from back to front?",
"view_count": 2987
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese can be written in two directions.\n\n 1. in columns\n\n * each column is written from top to bottom\n * columns are arranged from right to left\n 2. in rows [as in English]\n\n * each row is written from left to right\n * rows are arranged from top to bottom\n\nThe first is used for most newspapers, books (incl. manga), etc. Individual\npages are thus bound on the right and thus, from a Western perspective appear\nto be read from the \"back\".\n\n(By the way, I also have a 漢和字典 that is typeset in columns, thus bound on the\nright, and thus read \"back to front\".)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T19:26:04.727",
"id": "42584",
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| 42580 | 42584 | 42584 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42591",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> A: 毎日漢字を十覚える **こと** にしている。\n>\n> B: 毎日漢字を十覚える **よう** にしている。\n\nBoth literally mean\n\n> I make a rule to remember 10 kanji characters everyday.\n\nSo what is the difference?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T18:06:36.000",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42581",
"last_activity_date": "2020-05-29T17:58:57.723",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "ことにする versus ようにする",
"view_count": 2810
} | [
{
"body": "> A:「 毎日漢字を十覚える **こと** にしている。」\n>\n> B: 「毎日漢字を十覚える **よう** にしている。」\n\nI am going to say that the difference between the two is fairly subtle. In\nreal life, some people would actually use them interchangeably.\n\nStrictly speaking (at the risk of sounding slightly nitpicky), however, using\n「 **こと** にしている」 would often make it sound like the speaker is more serious and\nmore firmly determined about learning 10 kanji a day than when using 「 **よう**\nにしている」.\n\nIt would be like saying \" _ **I make it a rule**_ \" vs. \" _ **I have been\ntrying**_ \". 「ように」 could sound slightly less strict about the goal, but again\nnot by much.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T00:27:05.767",
"id": "42591",
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| 42581 | 42591 | 42591 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42605",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 1. 東京で家を買いました\n>\n> 2. 東京に家を買いました\n>\n>\n\nWhy can に be used in 2 and when can に be used instead of で?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T19:42:53.167",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42585",
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"owner_user_id": "19357",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "When can に be used instead of で and vice-versa?",
"view_count": 215
} | [
{
"body": "> OK: \"東京で、シンガポールにある家を買いました\" \n> NG: \"東京に、シンガポールにある家を買いました\"\n\nIf you focus not on where the house exists, but on where you bought the house,\nyou can say \"（場所）で家を買いました.\"\n\nIf you focus on where the house exists, you can say \"東京にある家.\"\n\nThus the use \"に\" here is the abbreviation of \"にある.\"\n\nStrictly speaking, \"東京で家を買いました\" just means \"東京で、家を買う取引をしました,\" the person made\nthe deal in Tokyo and he doesn't refer where the house is, but almost all the\npeople understand that the person made the deal of purchasing a house with the\nbroker in Tokyo and the house exits in Tokyo.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:26:36.760",
"id": "42601",
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{
"body": "> 東京 **で** 家を買いました。 -- \"I bought a house **[when I was] in** Tokyo.\"\n\nで marks the place where an action takes place. The action of buying a house\noccurred in Tokyo.\n\n> 東京 **に** 家を買いました。 -- \"I bought a house **[which is located] in** Tokyo.\"\n\nに marks the direction toward which the result of an action occurs. Now you\nhave a house in Tokyo.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother example:\n\n> 秋葉原 **で** テレビを買いました。 -- \"I bought a TV in Akihabara.\"\n\nYou use で here, since the action of buying a TV took place in Akihabara.\n\n> 寝室 **に** テレビを買いました。 -- \"I bought a TV in/for my bedroom.\"\n\nYou use に here. The TV has been (or will be) placed in your bedroom.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:52:56.883",
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"body": "I think this is a good question. ( in a way I have never paid special\nattention to before. ) I would like to answer quoting [specialists'\nanalysis.](http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/mkeiko/wordpress/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2014/01/ni_and_de1993.pdf). It is so long so that I am afraid\nI would like to refrain from covering the entire pages but only the core\npages.\n\nHere, 3 specialists ( including the writer ) are introduced.\n\nFrom the \"377\" page,\n\n>\n> 王欣や、増岡、田岡の説をまとめると話し手が場所に重点をおくと「に」が用いられ、動作の種類に重点をおくと「で」が用いられるとの事である。しかし、この説明はあまりすっきりしない感がある。以下にあげる➂の筆者のような説明のほうが理解しやすいのではないだろうか？\n>\n> Summarizing the opinions by 王欣、増岡、田岡、when **speaker put the weight on the\n> very \"location** に is used, while when the speaker put the weight on the\n> verb types, で is used. However, in my opinion, I am not so satisfied with\n> their explanation. Would my view ➂ instead by me be more easy for readers to\n> understand?\n\nTherefore we go consequently her view ➂. I am sorry in my PC there is no\nsoftware that can control the PDF.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zZ5DK.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Snx03.jpg)\n\n*They are analyzing in connection with Chinese here.\n\n> Zai（in Chinese 在) +the place adjunct prior to the verb denotes overall\n> location the whole sentence expresses within its incidents, action. The\n> corresponding Japanese, in this case, can be expressed by で. Also, should\n> the place adjunct be recognized as either subjective-objective location, に\n> can be used.\n>\n> a. When the place adjunct be interpreted as the location where the Subject (\n> the speaker ) is, either に or で can be used.\n\n*I would like to abbreviate Chinese explanation since I am not well in Chinese.\n\n> b. Should the place adjunct be interpreted as the location of the **object**\n> , then に fits nicely to denote its object's location, whereas で is used in\n> this case, it will denote the location where the **subject** will act.\n\n**Summary**\n\n**In overall, the difference is very subtle, however, I would be at least to\nsay 「で」 has the --broader capacity-- than 「に」 when denoting the location.**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T02:56:01.120",
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| 42585 | 42605 | 42605 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42595",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 立つ and 起つ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T20:16:39.937",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 立つ and 起つ?",
"view_count": 152
} | [
{
"body": "起つ one of the rare readings found mainly in novels and other aesthetic\nwritings. Specifically, 起つ is occasionally used to mean _to rise up_ (in\nrevolt), _to stand up_ (e.g., for a captive princess), etc. Some people may\nuse it to refer to something else according to their preference and creative\nsense.\n\nIn serious news articles and such, we use 立ち上がる, 決起する or 蜂起する for this\nmeaning. The usage of 起つ is not something we learn at school, and you don't\nneed to use 起つ unless you're interested in creative writings.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 42586 | 42595 | 42595 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42594",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know from my dictionary that 病気がち means \"proneness to being ill\". 病気 just\nmeans illness, so where does the がち come from?\n\nMy research so far: I think がち might be the ます-stem of the verb 勝つ. The\ndictionary supports this hypothesis as it lists 勝ち as a suffix meaning \"apt to\ndo; tend to do (used to describe a negative tendency)\". It also lists 涙勝ち as\nan \"archaism\" for \"prone to crying\" which further supports my hypothesis.\n\nI have the following questions:\n\n 1. Is 勝つ really the origin of がち in 病気がち?\n 2. Why is a very **positive** verb such as 勝つ used to describe \"being prone to something\" in a **negative** way?\n 3. Are there any other examples of 勝つ being used in a negative way?\n 4. Are there any similar commonly used words ending in 勝ち?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T20:31:48.267",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "What is the origin of がち in 病気がち?",
"view_count": 250
} | [
{
"body": "> 1. Is 勝つ really the origin of がち in 病気がち?\n>\n\nYes I think so. But in modern Japanese this suffix is usually written in\nhiragana.\n\n> 2. Why is a very positive verb such as 勝つ used to describe \"being prone to\n> something\" in a negative way?\n>\n\nIn modern Japanese it mainly means _to win_ , but 勝つ also means _to outweigh_\nor _to outperform_. Such ～がち suffix survives mainly in some fixed phrases. I\nthink ～がち is not necessarily negative, as seen in the examples below.\n\n> 3. Are there any other examples of 勝つ being used in a negative way?\n> 4. Are there any similar commonly used words ending in 勝ち?\n>\n\nHere are some common phrases that are safely usable in modern Japanese.\n\n * [～しがち](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%97%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A1%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B): (na-adj) _tend to do ～_ (perhaps this is the most common example)\n * ありがち: (na-adj) _common_ , _frequently seen_ (it does not have negative connotations)\n * 荷が勝つ: (idiom) _～ is too much load_ (for someone)\n * 伏し目がち: (na-adj) _with eyes downcast_\n * 赤みがかった(色)/青みがかった(色): _reddish/blueish (color)_\n\nTheoretically, I think がち can be used with any action verbs, and you can find\nsome examples in [this\nlist](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/42286/example/m0u/%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A1/)\n(note that these are from relatively old novels). But がち sounds fairly\nliterary today if used outside of fixed phrases.",
"comment_count": 8,
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| 42587 | 42594 | 42594 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42593",
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"body": "I have read about the types of 方忌み during the Heian period, but now I am\nwondering about the origin of the word 方忌み.\n\nI know what 方忌み is.\n\n> \"directional taboo\" which is the belief that certain directions and points\n> on the compass should be avoided in certain situations.\n\nI also know that 方忌み may have possibly existed before the Heian period.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-16T20:43:51.450",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Etymology of 方忌み",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "* 方【かた】 means _direction_. In modern Japanese, its [Sino-Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary) equivalent 方角【ほうがく】 is more commonly used.\n * 忌み【いみ】 is the continuous form (連用形, aka masu-stem) of 忌む【いむ】, which is a verb meaning _to hate and evade_ , _to avoid cursed/bad things_. The inflection is used to [turn this verb into noun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010) (i.e., _evade_ → _evasion_ )\n\nSo it's straightforwardly \"directional evasion\".\n\nOr do you want the origins of 方 and 忌み themselves? Unfortunately they are very\nold words ([Yamato kotoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_kotoba)) and I\ncould not find their origin.\n\nLastly, please keep in mind that\n[方忌み](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%81%95%E3%81%88) is a very\nrare word. I believe most Japanese native speakers have not seen this word,\nand even a middle-sized archaic-Japanese dictionary does not have this word.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T01:35:43.743",
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"body": "As an addendum to naruto's post, Shogakukan's 国語{こくご}大{だい}辞典{じてん} notes that\nthis term comes from the esoteric\n_[Onmyōdō](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D)_ religion, a kind\nof syncretion of the beliefs and practices of native Japanese Shintō combined\nwith Taoist ideas from China and also Buddhism. This religion was prohibited\nas superstition in the Meiji period, so terminology specific to _Onmyōdō_ has\nfallen out of common use -- hence naruto's comment that this 方{かた}忌{い}み word\nis rare.\n\nPart of _Onmyōdō_ practice has to do with the directions in which things face,\nbe it north, south, etc. One key paragraph from the Wikipedia article, in\nrelation to 方忌み:\n\n> During the Heian period the nobility organized their lives around practices\n> recommended by _onmyōji_. The practice of \"lucky and unlucky directions\"\n> provides an example. Depending on the season, time of day, and other\n> circumstances, a particular direction might be bad luck for an individual.\n> If one's house was located in that direction, such an individual was advised\n> not to go back directly to his house but had to \"change direction\" (方違え,\n> _katatagae_ ), by going in a different direction and lodging there. Such a\n> person would not dare to go in the forbidden direction, but stayed where\n> they were, even if that resulted in absence from the court, or passing up\n> invitations from influential people.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T17:48:23.060",
"id": "42616",
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| 42588 | 42593 | 42593 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "そんなワケねーだろ、このめでてぇ日に\n\nThe person who said this line is known for using katakana instead of Hiragana\nor Kanji. I've found some other conflicting definitions for ウケ but none seem\nto fit the context of the above sentence. On a side note I assume めでてぇ is a\ncasual form of omedetou?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-16T22:09:46.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42589",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T13:47:24.030",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-17T20:30:40.240",
"last_editor_user_id": "9971",
"owner_user_id": "19433",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of ワケ in this sentence?",
"view_count": 2248
} | [
{
"body": "> \"そんなウケねだろ\" \n> =\"そんな + ウケ + ね + だろ\" \n> =\"そんな（のは） + ウケ + ねぇ（not） + だろ\" \n> =\"そんな（のは）(such story) + ウケ(appeal) + ねぇ（not） + だろ(perhaps)\"\n\nThis \"ね\" in this context is the abbliviabion of \"ねぇ\"=\"ねえ\"=\"ない\"\n\n\"ウケね\" or \"ウケねぇ\" is a spoken rude language.\n\nThe following use of \"ね\" is entirely different from the use of the above\nexample.\n\n\"今朝は寒いね\" It's extermly cold this morning.\n\n\"ね\" here is used for other's consent.\n\n> \"今朝は寒いね\" \n> \"本当！今朝は冷えるね\"\n\nThe reason why \"ウケ\" is in Katakana may be the speaker avoid the sequense of\nHiragana like \"そんなうけねだろ\" to make the word \"うけ（る）\" clear in the written\nsentence for the reader. \"そんなうけねだろう\" is also acceptable.\n\nGenerally the word \"そんな\" could be \"そんなには(それほどには) less than expected\" or \"そんなのは\n(being foreign to something).\" The latter is the case in the context of your\nexample sentence, \"being foreign to this happy day.\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:02:05.913",
"id": "42599",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-17T06:02:05.913",
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{
"body": "The \"dictionary\" form of:\n\n> 「そんなワケ **ねー** だろ、この **めでてぇ** 日{ひ}に。」\n\nwould be:\n\n> 「そんなわけ **ない** だろう、この **めでたい** 日に。」\n\nThe original phrase is in the **_Kanto tough guy speech_**. Occuring twice in\nthat short phrase is the \"famous\" あい-to-えぇ/えー switch. 「ない」 became 「ねー」 and\n「めでたい」 became 「めでてぇ」. This phenomenon has been discussed many times here on\nSE, so I will just leave it at that.\n\n「ワケ/わけ/訳{わけ}」 here is somewhat difficult to translate all by itself, but if I\nhad to, I would go with \"reason\" or \"ground\".\n\nI would, instead, suggest that you remember 「そんなわけ（は/が）ない」 as a set phrase\nmeaning \" ** _said no one ever_** \" if I could go somewhat slangish. To use a\nmore traditional TL, it would be \" ** _there is no way (that is\ntrue/possible)_** \"\n\nThis phrase is used very heavily among native speakers. You will often hear\nthe more slangy form 「 **な** わけねーだろ」 as 「そんな」 is often contracted to just 「な」\nin very informal speech.\n\n> On a side note I assume めでてぇ is a casual form of omedetou?\n\nNo, it is not. As I stated above, it is the same as 「めでたい」.\n\nSo, the phrase in question means:\n\n> \"There's no way that's possible on a happy day like this!\"\n\nProvide more context if this does not sound right.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 42589 | null | 42716 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I would like the following quote translated for me. It comes from my sister\nwho is going through a tough time right now. Unfortunately, we grew up apart.\nI grew up in Oklahoma and she grew up in Tokyo. I am coming here because I do\nnot know where else to turn for help.\n\nQuote:\n\n```\n\n 苦しくなっちゃったから、さようならを言おう\n \n```",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T00:17:47.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42590",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-17T04:17:42.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"slang",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Facebook Quote Translation Informal Language",
"view_count": 103
} | [
{
"body": "> As [the situation] has become so tough, let me say farewell [to somebody].",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T04:17:42.947",
"id": "42597",
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| 42590 | null | 42597 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42598",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I cannot understand what の, right after で, is doing here. Could I rewrite this\nsentence without it?\n\n> 日本で **の** 留学のために、もっと日本語を勉強しなければならない。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T01:21:14.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42592",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-17T05:05:00.713",
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "What does の mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1062
} | [
{
"body": "You can rewite it as\n\ngood: 日本留学のために、もっと日本語を勉強しなければならない。\n\ngpood: 日本に留学するために、もっと日本語を勉強しなければならない。\n\naccseptable: 日本で留学するために、もっと日本語を勉強しなければならない。\n\nunnatural: 日本で留学のために、もっと日本語を勉強しなければならない。\n\nThe word \"で\" requires \"場所(place)\" before it and \"動作(action)\" after it.\n\nThus, \"日本(place) で留学する(action).\"\n\nSo \"で\" is usually used the following situation.\n\n> \"私が結婚するって、どこで知ったの？\" Where did you know that I'm going to get married? \n> \"学校で聞いた。\" I heard it at the school.\n>\n> \"車が故障しちゃった。\" My car had gone down. \"どこで修理するの？\" Where are you gong to repair\n> it? \"国道沿いの修理工場で修理します。\" I'll repair it at the repair plant on the national\n> route.\n\nThe verb phrase of an action after \"で\" is natural. On the other hand, the noun\nphrase of an action after \"での\" is natural.\n\n> \"（場所）で勉強する\" \n> \"（場所）での勉強\"\n\nPrecisely, \"留学（する）\" means that I go to somewhere and study something there.\n\nThen not just \"で\" but \"へ\" is natural. \"日本へ留学する\" or \"日本に留学する\"\n\n\"日本で勉強する\" is natural but \"日本で留学する\" is a little bit unnatural, because \"留学\"\nrequires two contries, one is country of departure and the other is\ndestination. \"勉強\" requires just the plase where you do something.\n\n> So \"留学\" and \"勉強\" are properly used \n> \"インドネシアから日本へ（に）留学して、日本で勉強する。\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T05:05:00.713",
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| 42592 | 42598 | 42598 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42604",
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"body": "I know that がち means \"tend to..\", while 気味 means \"to have the feeling, to be a\nlittle..\". Like 病気がち, tend to get sick, and 風邪気味, have / feeling like having a\nslight cold. But how about this: この時計は遅れ気味だ. Does it means the clock is a\nlittle late? Because if the clock tends to be late, it should be この時計は遅れがち,\nright? Thank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:33:04.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42603",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-17T06:53:07.213",
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"owner_user_id": "19409",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 遅れ気味 and 遅れがち?",
"view_count": 558
} | [
{
"body": "Both sentences are correct, but have different meanings.\n\nこの時計は遅れ気味だ simply means the clock is currently a little slow. You can just\nadjust it to the correct time, and the problem is solved. But depending on the\ncontext, I feel it may mean the same thing as 遅れがちだ described below.\n\nこの時計は遅れがちだ only means the clock tends to be slow, i.e., even after adjusting\nit. Perhaps you need to replace a battery, or you want to buy a new clock.\n\nApparently you already know why.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:41:10.333",
"id": "42604",
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{
"body": "\"この時計は遅れ気味だ\" just means the static situation that this clock is slighty slow.\nSo once you correct it, probably it'll work properly.\n\n\"この時計は遅れがちだ\" means the clock tends to be slow, because of the internal problem\nof the clock. So if you correct it, it'll slow again.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T06:53:07.213",
"id": "42606",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19219",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 42603 | 42604 | 42604 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Recently I've come across this sentence in a book:\n\n貴様……面倒すぎて若干自棄になっておらぬか……?\n\nIf I've translated this correctly, then I believe it means something like:\n\nYou……are too troubled (but) have not become somewhat distressed……?\n\n貴様 Is derogatory but the person speaking it is actually talking respectfully\nto her superiors so in this context it should mean the archaic 'you'. The おらぬ\nis also interesting I believe it's a humble version of いる with the ぬ being\nequivalent to ない.\n\nAssuming all the above is correct, I've translated the sentence as if there's\na 'but' there, however as you can see there is no word like けど in that\nsentence, so my question is, is it.possible the 'but' is being implied? Or\nhave I mistranslated the sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Can a contrast be implied without using けど for example?",
"view_count": 246
} | [
{
"body": "> 「貴様{きさま}……面倒{めんどう}すぎて若干{じゃっかん}自棄{やけ}になっておらぬか……?」\n\n(I myself would tend to read 「自棄」 as 「やけ」 here, but the author might want to\nread it as 「じき」.)\n\nI am afraid that you are reading the sentence incorrectly. The specific part\nthat you are understanding incorrectly is indeed 「おらぬか」 at the end.\n\n「おらぬか」 surely means the same as 「いないか」 as you correctly stated. What you\nfailed to understand, however, is that 「おらぬか」 here is **_not_** used\nnegatively despite its negative structure using 「ぬ」. **_In reality, it is only\nmaking the sentence a rhetorical question_** It is affirmative.\n\nIn other words, 「～～おらぬか」 means 「 **～～おる, right?** 」. Excuse my strange way of\nexplaining this, but you will get the point.\n\nFor the reason above, there is no equivalent of \"but\" implied or left unsaid\nhere.\n\n**\"too much trouble\"** ⇒⇒ resulting in ⇒⇒ **\"becoming desperate\", \"going mad\",\netc.**\n\nThis is a resultative conjunction; therefore, no \"but\" needed. The 「 **て** 」\nin 「面倒すぎ **て** 」 already expresses the resultative conjunction here.\n\nLikewise, if I said to you 「かっこいいシャツ着{き}てる **じゃないか** 。」, it would mean 100% of\nthe time \" ** _Good-looking shirt you're wearing!_** \" Quite a few Japanese-\nlearners, however, take it to mean the complete opposite thing. If there is\none group of people in this world that ruin my compliments on a regular basis,\nthey are Japanese-learners.\n\n> \"You...too much trouble and getting kinda reckless/desperate, eh?\"",
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| 42609 | null | 42610 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42614",
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"body": "I am a bit confused regarding the translations of the word 操 in my 漢字 book\n(Kanji et Kana of Hadamitzky, Durmous and Mochizuki), as they give : chastity,\npurity, innocence, constancy, fidelity and honour! So I wanted to know which\nones were closer to the actual usage of this word, as most of these\ntranslations have already well-known equivalents.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "操{みさお} : too many translations to be true",
"view_count": 168
} | [
{
"body": "If you need to be strict in meaning, let's use those well-known equivalents\n:-)\n\nHonestly speaking, I find it hard to explain how it is actually used, because\nit's rarely used. Everyone has heard this word, typically sung in\n[enka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enka) and Japanese folk songs (for\nexample see [なみだの操](https://youtu.be/SXqiXYnuv84)). But the concept of 操 is\nalmost never used in today's education, discussions, essays, and so on.\n\nIf I understand correctly, 操 is basically an old-fashioned word which is close\nto 貞操 (chastity). It does not necessarily mean being a 処女 (virgin), and 操 can\nprobably be used with a married woman. I tend to associate 操 with a stereotype\nof strong-minded, determined woman who is faithful to her husband or master.\n\nWhen I was writing this, Joan of Arc came up to my mind...although she's not\neven a Japanese!",
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| 42611 | 42614 | 42614 |
{
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"body": "Are 日々｛ひび｝ and 毎日｛まいにち｝ basically the same? I feel that 毎日 is a bit more\nformal but I don't see their difference other than this.",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "日々 vs 毎日 - usage",
"view_count": 3082
} | [
{
"body": "日々 can be used as [days]. As in Aさんの日々 which can mean [Mr.A's days (a period\nof life)]. 日々 tends to be used more in literature and title than in normal\nconversation.",
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"body": "These words are close in meaning, but I think there is a difference.\n\nIf you say 「毎日」, it is strictly every day, and is mentioning _each individual\nday_.\n\nCompared to that, 「日々」 sounds less strict and more continuous to me. So 「日々」\nrefers to _the whole period longer than a day_. It may refer to a few days, a\nfew years or even whole life. Or it can be left not clarified.\n\nFor example:\n\n> **毎日** [勉強]{べんきょう}する。 \n> _The event of studying occurs every day_.\n>\n> **日々** 勉強する。 \n> _Continue studying day by day._\n\n* * *\n\n> [戦]{たたか}いの **毎日** を送る。 \n> _Spend every day fighting._\n>\n> 戦いの **日々** を送る。 \n> _Spend one's days fighting._\n\n* * *\n\nAs for formality, I don't feel any difference in their formality, though it\nseems that 「日々」 occurs far less often than 「毎日」 in colloquial words.",
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"body": "When you have a **kun** -reading and **on** -reading word pair that apparently\nshare a basic meaning, you can be pretty sure that there will also be a\ndifference of some sort between the two. The 日々{ひび}－毎日{まいにち} pair is no\nexception.\n\nThe types of differences differ from one word pair to the next, but I will not\nget into that this time because that would require a couple of pages of\nwriting.\n\n「毎日」 sounds sort of **_generic, practical and vernacular_**. It is the \"safer\"\nword choice of the two in that it is **_not_** a nuanced word at all. You can\nuse 「毎日」 everyday (pun intended) and no one would think anything of it. Any\nthree-year-old native speaker will use it freely, actively and correctly.\n\n「日々」 is a far more **_nuanced_** word than 「毎日」. You will not find a three-\nyear old who could form a good sentence using 「日々」.\n\n「日々」 carries a more **_literary_** nuance of accumulating skills, knowledge,\nexperience, etc. over time. It is altogether a heavier- and more poetic-\nsounding word than 「毎日」, which, in all honesty, sounds quite plain in\ncomparison.\n\nIn conclusion, there certainly is a sizable amount of interchangeability\nbetween the two words on one level, but one could generally say that the more\nrefined the speaker, the less often the two words would be used\ninterchangeably.",
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| 42612 | 42641 | 42641 |
{
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"body": "I was taught that generally numbers in Japanese should be read as:\n\n```\n\n 123 => ひゃく にじゅう さん\n \n```\n\nHowever, I was wonder if there is any case where the numbers are read one-by-\none, like:\n\n```\n\n 123 => いち に さん\n \n```\n\nI was thinking maybe for license plate numbers and room numbers, but I am not\nsure which method would be appropriate. If both are used, is there a\nconnotation to using one pronunciation over the other?",
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"tags": [
"readings",
"numbers"
],
"title": "Reading numbers in Japanese numeral-by-numeral instead of as a number",
"view_count": 294
} | [
{
"body": "Room numbers for sure, another example I thought up of is phone numbers. Phone\nnumbers are primarily spoken in just digits. PIN codes and the like are also\nspoken in just digits, sometimes people will use a word to help remember the\ndigits. e.g. 8931 (は・く・さ・い)",
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"body": "The first case is generally used for numbers representing quantity or amount\nlike:\n\n```\n\n price, age, weight, distance, time\n \n```\n\nThe second case is generally used for numbers representing identifier like:\n\n```\n\n phone numbers, license plate, room numbers\n \n```\n\nThe difference between two cases is importance of number of digits, I think\nso.\n\nRarely, the second case is used for informing any numbers that is **very**\nimportant. For example, military affairs.",
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| 42617 | 42620 | 42620 |
{
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"body": "Which is the correct translation for the following?\n\n> 彼【かれ】はあえて「・・・」と言【い】わなかった。\n>\n> A: He dared not to say \"...\"\n\nor\n\n> B: He did not dare to say \"...\"\n\nIf only one is possible, how to say the following with あえて?\n\n 1. We had to study hard for the final exam but he dared not to do so.\n\n 2. We jumped from the roof one by one but he did not dare to do so.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is あえて言わなかった ambiguous? \"not dare to say\" or \"dare not to say\"?",
"view_count": 512
} | [
{
"body": "Those two should be distinguished also in Japanese.\n\n> 1. 彼はあえて「…」と(は)言わなかった。\n> 2. 彼はあえて「…」と言おうと(は)しなかった。\n>\n\nThe first sentence means something like \"He intentionally avoided saying ～\".\nThis implies that saying it was usually expected, but he did not say it for a\nreason. The second sentence is \"He did not dare to say ～\". This implies he\nfelt it was actually risky to say it, and he avoided it as a natural\nconsequence.\n\n> We had to study hard for the final exam but he dared not to do so.\n\n最終試験に向けて一生懸命勉強しないといけないのに、彼は敢えて勉強しなかった。 (Not studying was a risky thing for\nhim, but he did not study, knowing the risk. Maybe he is a bad child.)\n\n[X] 最終試験に向けて一生懸命勉強しないといけないのに、彼は敢えて勉強しようとはしなかった。 (He felt studying itself is\nuseless/risky for him, and that's why he did not study. Maybe he knew he would\nfail anyway, maybe he was really sick, or maybe he had another important\ndream.)\n\n> We jumped from the roof one by one but he did not dare to do so.\n\n我々は屋根から一人ずつ飛び降りた/飛び移ったが、彼は敢えてそうしようとはしなかった。 (Jumping from the roof itself was a\nrisky thing at least for him. He was afraid.)\n\n[X] 我々は屋根から一人ずつ飛び降りた/飛び移ったが、彼は敢えてそうしなかった。 (He was a ninja and knew he could\nsafely do it, but he did not do so for his own reason. Maybe he thought\njumping from the roof was not a good idea to accomplish his mission.)",
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| 42618 | 42632 | 42632 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42623",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "適・滴・嫡・摘・敵・鏑\n\nSince all the listed above kanji are pronounced テキ and have the same common\nelement, it is safe to assume that this element is pronounced テキ. The\ncomposition of this element is 立・古・冂. Unfortunately I cannot find this element\nneither among Japanese no traditional Chinese characters. What does element テキ\nmean in the above 形声? Is it a changed form of some other 漢字?",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"readings"
],
"title": "テキ in 形声: 適・滴・嫡・摘・敵・鏑",
"view_count": 394
} | [
{
"body": "This element is 啇, U+5547 in Unicode, and it is used primarily for its sound\nテキ in these kanji. It is hardly used as a character on its own in Japanese,\nbut you should be able to find it listed in larger 漢和辞典.\n\nIn 新漢語林, for example, this character is listed under the radical 口 plus 8\nstrokes (11 total) with the following meanings:\n\n> ① **もと** 。ねもと。 \n> ②したたる。⇒滴。\n\nThe former meaning is presumably what semantic sense, if any, can be found in\ncharacters containing 啇 as an element.\n\nIn Henshall's book _A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters_ , he says this\ncharacter means 'base; starting point' (p.236) as part of other characters.\n[Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%87) lists its meanings in\nEnglish as 'stem; root'.\n\nHenshall suggests that 啇 is a variant form of 啻, but he says the origin of\nthis character is unclear. It seems that the top part is 帝 'emperor/altar',\nand the bottom part is 口, which may represent a block at the bottom of the\naltar; or 口 may represent 'mouth/say', the compound giving 'emperor's words',\nwhich were seen as the basis or starting point of all actions, hence 'starting\npoint'. These are just theories, and I'm not sure which if either is correct.\n\nNote that in addition to the 漢音 reading テキ, this character also has the 呉音\nreading チャク, which you can see mainly in the derived character 嫡, as in the\nword 嫡子 (read ちゃくし).",
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{
"body": "Yes,「啇」is a changed form of「啻」.「啻」([Zhengzhang\nOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_\\(1981%E2%80%931995\\)):\n**/*hljeɡs/** ) is made from a\nphonetic「帝」([OC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese): **/*teːɡs/** )\nand a「口」(function undetermined). In Japanese _on'yomi_ , this would be\nequivalent to saying that「啇{てき}」contains a phonetic「帝{てい}」.\n\n> The relation between「啇」and「啻」should be fairly straightforward to see, if you\n> pull the vertical portions of the 5th and 6th strokes of「啻」all the way\n> downwards (and account for some minor stroke changes).\n>\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uyLYv.png)\n>\n> For reference, the glyph evolution sequence:\n>\n> `[西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) \n> [金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/B2hGP.png) \n> 師酉簋 \n> [集成4288](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=4288&jgwfl=)``西周 \n> 金 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0mzEa.png) \n> 訇簋 \n> [集成4321](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=4321&jgwfl=)`` \n> [篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JT0Et.png) \n> [說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) \n> ``今 \n> [楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8btgM.png) \n> \n> ``今 \n> 楷 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TKHrG.png) \n> \n> `\n>\n> Earlier publications recorded the stand-alone character as「啻」, while the\n> component form appears as「啇」, heavily influenced by the shape of the\n> [_Shuowen_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) [small\n> seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) form (#3 in the above\n> sequence). Later publications either isolated the「啇」component from composite\n> characters (such as「適」・「滴」・... in the question) and gave it its own entry\n> (including its own sound and meaning), or recorded「啇」as a variant form\n> of「啻」, so now we have both「啻」and「啇」in Unicode.\n\nThe original meaning of「啻」isn't clear (if it had one at all), and it was used\nto represent a wide variety of similar-sounding Old Chinese words, notably\nduring the [fragmented era of Eastern\nZhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zhou),\nincluding「適」,「敵」,「禘」,「帝」,「幘」.\n\n* * *\n\n**References:**\n\n * 黃德寬《古文字譜系疏證》\n * 何琳儀《戰國古文字典：戰國文字聲系》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)\n * [國學大師](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/)\n * [中國社會科學院考古研究{{kr:所}}《殷周金文集成》](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/)",
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"body": "So far, I've met it only in [右](http://jisho.org/search/migi) and\n[一本気](http://jisho.org/search/ippongi). In the former ぎ sounds like \"ni\". In\nthe letter, it sounds like \"ni\" probably, but I seem to hear \"g\" sound in it\nas well, if I'm not imagining it.\n\nIs there indeed \"g\" sounds there? If so, I'd appreciate it if you try and\nexplain how to pronounce it.",
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"score": -1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "How to pronounce ぎ?",
"view_count": 976
} | [
{
"body": "I might not fully understand the question (you kind of made it a bit\nconfusing:), but き with dakuten (these two small dashes on the right side of\nき) will always make ぎ(gi). I have japanese lessons with native speakers and\nthere was never anything else than ぎ(gi).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-17T22:07:39.813",
"id": "42625",
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}
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| 42624 | null | 42625 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42628",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm having trouble with the order of \"途中の商店\" in\n\"ふと途中の商店街にあるパソコンスクールが目にとまりました\". \nShouldn't it be \"商店の途中\"? and that にある confuses me even more. How can I\ninterpret this sentence?\n\nThe entire sentence is:\n\n> 「どうしよう。。」悩みながらとりあえず、近所のスーパーに買い物に向かうと、ふと途中の商店街にあるパソコンスクールが目にとまりました。\n\nAnd the translation is:\n\n> “What should I do?” I was thinking to myself worryingly, as I set out to do\n> some shopping at a nearby supermarket when I came across a computer school\n> in the shopping arcade on my way there.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-17T23:36:13.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42626",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T00:38:07.400",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "What's the word order of the nouns in this sentence?",
"view_count": 184
} | [
{
"body": ">\n> 「どうしよう。。」悩{なや}みながらとりあえず、近所{きんじょ}のスーパーに買{か}い物{もの}に向{む}かうと、ふと途中{とちゅう}の商店街{しょうてんがい}にある\n> パソコンスクールが目{め}にとまりました。\n\nFirst, in this passage-like sentence, there is nothing incorrect, unnatural or\nillogical; It is just plain good.\n\n> I'm having trouble with the order of \"途中の商店\"\n\nBut it is 「途中の商店 **街** 」, and not 「途中の商店」.\n\nThe 商店街 (\"shopping street or area\") is located somewhere between where the\nspeaker was and his/her destination, which is a supermarket.\n\nAnd the computer school is located in that 商店街. 「にある」 just describes the\nlocation of the school. Are you following so far?\n\n「ふと」 modifies 「目にとまりました」 and nothing else. ←← This is the only part that was\nnot translated literally in the translation you provided. In the original, the\nsubject of the verb phrase 「目にとまりました」 is 「パソコンスクール」 (\" ** _the school caught\nmy attention_** \"). In the translation, however, \" ** _I came across ~~_** \"\nwas used instead and that is good translation. That happens all the time in\ntranslation between two linguistically unrelated languages like Japanese and\nEnglish.\n\n「途中の商店街にあるパソコンスクール」 is a relative clause. Perfectly natural, grammatical, etc.\n「途中の商店街にある」 modifies 「パソコンスクール」. You must get used to this word order in\nJapanese. In English, \"the computer school\" would come first as in \"the\ncomputer school (that is) located in the shopping area on my way to ~~\"\n\nThus, the translation you provided is of high quality though it is not 100%\nliteral TL. You can trust it fully in learning the meaning of the sentence, if\nnot the exact structure of the original.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-18T00:45:37.843",
"id": "42628",
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},
{
"body": "About にある, に is related to 商店街, so it is 商店街に+ある.\n\nある is 連体形 (attributive or predicative inflection base in modern Japanese).\nWhenever you see a verb in 連体形 in the middle of a sentence chances are that it\nis used attributively (as a modifier of the subject or an object).\n\nA general formula for translating:\n\nJapanese: **verb in 連体形** + **主語** (subject)/ **目的語** (object)\n\nEnglish (both orders are possible):\n\n**subject/object** + **past participle of the verb**\n\nor\n\n**past participle of the verb** + **subject/object**\n\nIn your example the verb is ある and in the context could be translated as _to\nlocate_. In translation the past participle _located_ is omitted for stylistic\nreason but is implied: \"a computer school _(located)_ in the shopping arcade\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T02:10:50.780",
"id": "42659",
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}
]
| 42626 | 42628 | 42628 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42629",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm pretty sure it's natural to say \"百{ひゃく}円です\" as a casual abbreviation of\n\"一百{いっぴゃく}円です\" in a conversation. Same with \"千{せん}円\" vs. \"一千{いっせん}円\". This is\nsimilar in English conversation where it is ok to say \"a/uh hundred yen\"\ninstead of \"one-hundred yen\".\n\nBut what about \"万円です\" and \"億円です\"? Do both of those also sound natural, or\nshould you only say \"一万{いちまん}円です\" and \"一億{いちおく}円です\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T00:23:02.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42627",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"numbers"
],
"title": "In conversation can you just say \"万円です\" or must you say \"一万円です\"?",
"view_count": 665
} | [
{
"body": "You must say 「一万円{いちまんえん}です」 and 「一億円{いちおくえん}です」 using the number 「一/1」. It is\njust a custom we have and adhere to and those customs die hard in any culture.\n\nSaying those two phrases without using 「一/1」 will make one sound **_very_**\nunnatural. If I heard 「まんえん」 by itself without any context, I would definitely\nthink of the word 「蔓延{まんえん}」 (\"spread\", \"prevail\", etc.). I would not think of\n\"10,000 yen\" at all.\n\nIn business, however, we often say 「一千円{いっせんえん}」 to mean \"1,000 yen\", so that\nshould probably be remembered. Note that 「一」 is pronounced 「いっ」, and not 「いち」\nhere.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T01:20:53.010",
"id": "42629",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-18T01:20:53.010",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42627",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
},
{
"body": "No, 百円 is **not** the abbreviation of 一百円. The basic rules students learn at\nschool are:\n\n * **Always** append 一【いち】 before 万, 億, 兆 and other larger four-digit grouping units\n * **Do not** append 一【いち】 before 十, 百 and 千\n\n[See Wikipedia for\nexamples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_numerals#Powers_of_10).\n(Particularly, note that 1000 is always せん, not いっせん, according to elementary\ntextbooks)\n\nIf you want to practice, use [this paper](http://happylilac.net/keisan-\nkazu41.html) for fourth graders.\n\n* * *\n\nIf you are an advanced learner, you may have actually heard いちじゅう (10),\nいっぴゃくまん (1,000,000) and so on. But they are basically jargon used by bankers,\nbrokers, military members and so on. They even say ふたじゅうふた instead of にじゅうに to\navoid any confusion. It's like saying \"alpha\" instead of saying \"A\".\n\nAs an exception, for some reason, いっせん is already popular in daily\nconversations among ordinary adults. You can forget the textbook rule here and\nsay いっせん whenever you feel like saying it explicitly. But never use いっぴゃく and\nいちじゅう; they are usable only in special contexts, but simply wrong otherwise.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T02:39:04.493",
"id": "42630",
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"score": 9
}
]
| 42627 | 42629 | 42629 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42804",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the etymology of 仮名? It is known as Japanese syllabary character, but\nhow are the meanings of each kanji in this kanji compound related to the sense\nof \"kana\"?",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T04:30:57.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42633",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-23T18:29:36.530",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T22:54:02.390",
"last_editor_user_id": "3371",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "仮名 - Japanese syllabary or a character of such, but what is behind this 熟語 spelling?",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "When you try to write a name of a person called \"Waka-takeru\" with kanji, you\nhave two ways to do it. One is using kanjis that mean \"waka\" and \"takeru\"\nrespectively i.e. 幼武 or 若建. This usage is called 真名{まな}. The other is using\nkanjis that phonetically stand for wa, ka, ta, ke, ru respectively i.e. 獲加多支鹵,\nwhich is called 仮名, meaning not authentic description.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T15:24:42.463",
"id": "42642",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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},
{
"body": "## Etymology\n\nAddressing the specific etymology of 仮名{かな}, this comes from earlier reading\nかんな, itself a shift from earlier かりな, of the same kanji spelling. 仮{かり} here\nis cognate with 借{か}りる \"to borrow\", and 名{な} can mean \"name\", and by\nextension, \"label\" or \"designation\", or even (in specific contexts)\n\"character\". The sense arose from the idea of Chinese **characters** that were\n**borrowed** for their phonetic value, as opposed to 真名{まな} (literally \"real\nnames / labels / characters\"), which described the use of Chinese\n**characters** that were used for their **real** meanings.\n\n## History\n\nThe literal senses of _kana_ vs. _mana_ as in \"borrowed\" vs. \"real\" were used\nto distinguish how Chinese characters were used when Japanese was written\nentirely in Chinese characters, in works such as the\n[_Kojiki_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki), [_Nihon\nShoki_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki), or the\n[_Man'yōshū_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB). This kind\nof writing is difficult to write and difficult to read, as it isn't always\nclear if a given kanji is being used phonetically for its sound, or\nsemantically for its meaning.\n\nBy way of example, have a look at some of [the text of the _Man'yōshū_\nhere](http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/AnoMany.html). This layout\ngives the text as written in full kanji (the lines marked 原文{げんぶん}, \"original\ntext, source text\"), mixed kanji/kana similar to modern Japanese writing (the\nlines marked 訓読{くんどく}, literally \"meaning reading\" in reference to how the\ntext would sound when read intelligibly in Japanese, as opposed to reading it\nas all _on'yomi_ or essentially borrowed Chinese), and in pure kana (the lines\nmarked 仮名{かな}).\n\nThis early poetry anthology was an important enough text in the history of\nJapanese writing that it lent its name to this writing system: another name\nfor these kanji used phonetically was\n[万葉仮名{まんようがな}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana), \"borrowed\ncharacters as used in the _Man'yōshū_ \". Over time, the modern kana (the\ncharacters that have no meaning and only represent sound values) developed out\nof the cursive forms of the man'yōgana that were used for those sounds.\n[Murasaki Shikibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu) is notable\nfor writing in kana, such as her book [_The Tale of\nGenji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji), indicating that the\nphonetic symbols had developed and been adopted for common use by the early\n1000s.\n\nThere were multiple man'yōgana used to represent each of the syllables of\nJapanese. There were 29 different characters that could be used to spell し,\nfor instance. As man'yōgana writing developed, these different kanji were\ncursive-ized and abbreviated into kana forms. [Kana standardization didn't\nhappen until 1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana#History), with further\nreforms in 1946. Prior to these changes, each sound could have umpteen\ndifferent kana. The kana that were removed from regular use by these spelling\nreforms are now called\n[変体仮名{へんたいがな}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentaigana). You might still\nencounter these from time to time, mainly just in business signs or\ndeliberately old-fashioned writing.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T18:29:36.530",
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| 42633 | 42804 | 42804 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "I went to Japan and want to ask the food vendors whether I can eat in front of\nhis shop. \nBasically, I want to say \"Can I eat here? or Is it ok to eat here?\" \nI know that\n\n> ここ = Here \n> 食べる = Eat \n> 大丈夫 = All Right / Okay\n\nbut I am not sure how to put them together?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T08:42:46.230",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42636",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Can I eat here?/ Is it ok to eat here? in Japanese",
"view_count": 5990
} | [
{
"body": "You are almost there. Using your words, you could connect them as such.\n\n> ここ **で** 食べ **ても** 大丈夫 **ですか** ？\n\nUsing も after after the -te form of a verb is useful for asking questions and\nhas a meaning similar to \"even if\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T08:46:14.940",
"id": "42637",
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"owner_user_id": "18142",
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{
"body": "It can be also\n\n> ここで食べてもいいですか？\n\nor more casually\n\n> ここで食べてもいい？",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T10:33:48.233",
"id": "42639",
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{
"body": "Using all: ここで食べても大丈夫でしょうか？ ここで食事しても大丈夫ですか？\n\n * 食べて - te-form.\n * te-form and も - Even if ... , ...\n * I used ここ **で** , because there is no an adverb that means \"here\".\n * Its translation: Is it ok to eat here? (Is it ok even if I eat here?) \n\n* * *\n\nIn the following, I don't use them together.\n\n * ここで食べてもよろしいですか？\n * ここで食べてもいいでしょうか？\n * ここで食べていい？ (Friendly)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T14:01:47.270",
"id": "42640",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-18T14:01:47.270",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "With respect to the context of your question, if you would like to attach\nimportance to _where_ you are eating - in front of the shop / or in the\nvicinity, you might want to modify your question to emphasize that it is the\n_position_ (この場所, kono basho) you are querying about (and not necessarily the\nact of eating, which you implicitly assume to be acceptable).\n\n> この場所で食べても大丈夫ですか？\n\nOtherwise, if you're worried about _eating_ any of the other answers are\nacceptable.\n\nI would say:\n\n> ここで食べていい？\n\nas you're eating at a food stall and it's an informal setting.\n\nNothing stopping you from being polite if you wish to be so.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T15:55:29.723",
"id": "42644",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-18T15:55:29.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19464",
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},
{
"body": "I'll add this as another answer. So far, all the other answers are addressing\nhow to ask \"Is it **_OK_** to eat here?\" However, as you know, Japanese people\nare often indirect, so you might in fact say/hear this from the negative point\nof view.\n\n> ここで食べては **だめ/いけないん** ですか？ → Is it \"bad\" to eat here? (Should I not eat\n> here?)\n\nTaking it one step further, you might even assume it's not OK to eat here, and\nstate that fact as a semi-suggestive question to confirm your assumption.\n\n> ここで食べては **だめ/いけないん** です **ね** ？ → I shouldn't eat here, right? (It's \"bad\"\n> to eat here, right?)\n\n* * *\n\nIf you take the direct route by asking \"is it OK?\", you may come across as\npushy or confrontational if they don't want you eating there. Even if it is OK\nto eat there, you may still leave a bit of a bad taste in their mouth by\nasking directly.\n\nOn the other hand, asking indirectly gives the impression that you'll politely\nand willingly comply with their request if they don't want you eating there.\n\n> * You: ここで食べてはだめですね？ → I shouldn't eat here, right?\n> * 店長: あぁ、はい。すみませんが。。。 → Um, yes. I'm sorry... (please don't eat there).\n>\n\nAnd if it is OK to eat there, asking this way will make you seem more humble,\nand they will likely gladly tell you to go ahead.\n\n> * You: ここで食べてはだめですね？\n> * 店長: いえいえいえ、全然大丈夫です。どうぞ！\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T18:04:00.220",
"id": "42647",
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"parent_id": "42636",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42636 | null | 42639 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42646",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found this sentence from Death Note with it's translation:\n\n> \"これなら私はあなたを殺せないし、あなたからしか警察はノートを奪えない。\" \n> \"Now I can’t kill you and the police can only recover the Death Note from\n> you.\"\n\nWhy is 奪えない translated as \"can recover\" and not \"can't recover\" since it's in\nthe negative form? Does it have something to do with これなら?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T17:20:34.310",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42645",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-30T09:09:39.270",
"last_edit_date": "2018-07-30T09:09:39.270",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-しか"
],
"title": "Is this a wrong translation of the negative?",
"view_count": 182
} | [
{
"body": "The translation is not wrong.\n\nThe key of your question is **「しか」** and \" **only** \".\n\nThe usage of 「しか」 combined with negatives (here, 「ない」 in 「奪えない」) translates\ninto \"only\". Here, as 「奪えない」 is 「奪える」 plus 「ない」, 「あなたからしか警察はノートを奪えない」 is\nequivalent to something like 「警察はノートを奪える only あなたから」.\n\nSo its translation would be \"police can recover the Death Note _only_ from\nyou,\" which is equivalent to the original translation.\n\n* * *\n\n「これなら」 is translated to \"Now\" in your sentence and has nothing to do with your\nquestion. The literal interpretation of 「これなら」 is \"if this\"; or \"if _the\nsituation is like_ this\". In this context the situation is already determined\nto \" _this_ \", so the interpretation is more like \" _Now that_ the situation\nis like _this_ \", which is condensed into \"Now\" in your sentence.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T17:30:14.577",
"id": "42646",
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"last_editor_user_id": "17890",
"owner_user_id": "17890",
"parent_id": "42645",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 42645 | 42646 | 42646 |
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