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{
"accepted_answer_id": "42652",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have heard these words used when dining in a person's home, but I am not\nsure if it's appropriate to use them in a restaurant.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T18:30:23.167",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42649",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-19T12:11:34.363",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-18T19:02:03.840",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"usage",
"expressions",
"culture",
"food",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Are 頂きます and ご馳走さま used when eating in public?",
"view_count": 195
} | [
{
"body": "頂きます is a way of honouring the food you are about to eat, as well as\neverything that made it possible for you to eat this food (the nature that\nprovided it, the person preparing it, etc.). It is _never_ inappropriate to\nsay 頂きます before eating or drinking something, no matter the place or occasion.\n\nご馳走様でした is only slightly different. Its origins lie in thanking whoever\nprepared the food (e.g. see [About ご[馳走]{ちそう}: two “runs” would give you “a\nfeast”?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/172/1628) and [Etymology of\nごちそうさまでした](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9622/1628)). Of course, this\nmakes it extremely appropriate for the restaurant situation and you will hear\nit from people thanking the chef, kitchen staff or waiters for the meal.\nStill, I would say that many people treat it in fact as a counterpart to 頂きます,\nwith the same sentiment of thanking not only the cook, but everything that\nmade it possible for you to have this meal, making it also _never_\ninappropriate to say ご馳走様でした, even if you prepared the food yourself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T19:00:46.590",
"id": "42652",
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{
"body": "As a manner of cultural context, it's always _appropriate_ to use these two\ngreetings in public, but it's not exactly standard. The only Japanese people\nI've met who use them in restaurants have specific personalities and are very\neager to appease whoever they talk to.\n\nI sometimes hear ご馳走さん used by single men, especially in ramen shops. I do not\nhear ご馳走さま at all. いただきます is generally used by children. Usually I hear\nnothing from couples or groups. In family-run countryside shops, more\nfriendliness may be appropriate than in urban fast food chains.\n\nPersonally, regardless of who I am dealing with, I say nothing when I receive\nthe meal, and どうも after I pay my bill, as part of my quest to make どうも the\nstandard word for all urban interaction.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T12:11:34.363",
"id": "42667",
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]
| 42649 | 42652 | 42652 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42658",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I could not find anything about it. What does it mean?\n\n> 崇君は漫画ばっかり読んで **てさ** 。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T18:32:16.943",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42650",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T04:37:53.657",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T14:56:59.530",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"て-form",
"contractions",
"sentence-final-particles"
],
"title": "Meaning of てさ after て form",
"view_count": 3381
} | [
{
"body": "The さ on the end is one of those mood particles that gets added on the end of\nsentences, like よ or ね or わ. The て is an abbreviated いて, the conjunctive or\n_-te_ form of いる, so 読んでいて is the verb part of the sentence here.\n\nTry proceeding from this point and see if it makes any more sense to you. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T19:26:25.620",
"id": "42654",
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},
{
"body": "> 「読{よ}んで + **て** + さ」＝「読んで + **いて** + さ」\n\n「いて」 (てｰform of the progressive 「いる」) is very often contracted to 「て」 in\ninformal speech.\n\nWe say 「読んでて」、「見てて」、「食べてて」、「してて」, etc. You just cannot speak natural informal\nJapanese without using this いて-to-て contraction dozens of times a day.\n\nNext, the sentence-ending particle 「さ」.\n\n「さ」 is used to make a light and casual (and sometimes careless) kind of\ndeclaration. This sentence-ender does not have a clear meaning of its own. It\nis the kind of sentence-ender that some people use quite heavily out of a\nhabit while others rarely do. Without exaggeration, some actually use it at\nthe end of every phrase (or even word) like:\n\n> 「あのさ、オレさ、昨日{きのう}さ、東京{とうきょう}でさ、トラブっちゃってさ、・・・」\n\nIn the real Japanese-speaking world, there is such thing as \"one's go-to\nsentence-ender\". Some go to 「よ」, some to 「ね」, some to 「さ」, etc. What type are\nyou?\n\nHere is an extremely famous children's song for you. Lyrics by a さ-type\nperson.\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8T3CkQWaKI>",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T23:54:01.603",
"id": "42658",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 42650 | 42658 | 42658 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42653",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am new to Japanese Language stack exchange and a beginner at learning\nJapanese too.\n\nI have recently gotten a Japanese penpal who is lovely. I want to send her a\nmessage but I am having trouble getting across my meaning with these\nsentences:\n\nすみません、ひらがなです。\n\nWhat I am trying to do here is apologise for mostly writing to her in\nhiragana. But it looks like I'm just apologising for the existence of\nhiragana, or something... How can I explain that I'm sorry about using my\nhiragana in my penpal messages?\n\nThis is the next sentence:\n\n私の漢字はだめ。\n\nI'm trying to say my skills at kanji are not good, but again I don't think I'm\ngetting the right meaning across here. How would I say this?\n\nI would really appreciate it if you could include romaji in your answer.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T19:00:43.757",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42651",
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"owner_user_id": "19466",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"phrases"
],
"title": "How do I apologise for my bad kanji/for using hiragana?",
"view_count": 1298
} | [
{
"body": "Add the です on the end and your sentence makes sense and is appropriate:\n私の漢字はだめです。 If you want to say \"sorry for writing in hiragana only\", you're\nclose: ひらがなでかきますから、すみません。 (Literally, \"because I'm writing in hiragana, sorry\n[about that]\".)\n\nPutting the two together makes things clearest, I think:\n私の漢字はだめです。ひらがなでかきますから、すみません。 Have fun writing and learning!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-18T19:22:25.943",
"id": "42653",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 42651 | 42653 | 42653 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42661",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "いつ、どう、どれ、どこ、だれ、なに、etc. are all question words.\n\nHowever, いつでも、どうでも、どれでも、どこでも、だれでも、なんでも、etc, all mean 'Any ___'.\n\nWhat's making this happen? Is it just a special exception that evolved over\ntime, or is there some reason for this considerable shift in meaning?\n\nI ask as while I'm still not 100% when it comes to the particles で、も、and でも, I\nstill don't get what's going on here.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T02:53:54.127",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42660",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-19T06:53:29.923",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T04:22:06.827",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-でも"
],
"title": "Why does 「でも」make question words mean 'any'?",
"view_count": 405
} | [
{
"body": "I'm sure that someone can give a more specific etymological answer but も as a\nparticle is appended to the て form of です, sort of like 何をしても, so it _isn't_\ntwo particles で and も. You're dealing with ~ても in this case.\n\nBasically 何でも means \"no matter what,\" which has the same functional meaning as\n\"anything\" in a lot sentences\n\n> 中華なら何でもいい\n>\n> (if it's Chinese food, no matter what it is, I'll eat it / **anything** is\n> fine)\n\nいつでも、no matter when <--> anytime\n\nどうでも, no matter how <--> anyhow\n\nYou get the picture.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T05:11:11.237",
"id": "42661",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"parent_id": "42660",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 42660 | 42661 | 42661 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42673",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I came across this sentence when reading \"Kokoro\" by Natsume Souseki:\n\n> ...友達は中国のある資産家の息子で金に不自由のない男であったけれども、 **学校が学校なのと年が年なので** 、生活の程度は私とそう変りもしなかった。\n\nAnd a translation says:\n\n> ...My friend was from a wealthy family in the Central Provinces, and had no\n> financial worries. **But being a young student** , his standard of living\n> was much the same as my own.\n\nwhich shows that the pattern \"A **が** A\" expresses something along the lines\nof \" _regarding_ A\", \" _considering_ A\". Am I wrong?\n\nI wonder if there are any rules or restrictions in this use, as well as any\npossible indications and nuances. Any help would be much appreciated. Thank\nyour in advance!\n\nThe full book: <http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/files/773_14560.html>\n\n(I'm not native English speaker and this is my first question here (geez, I'm\nnervous!) so, I'm sorry if there're any mistakes or confusions in my\nquestion.)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T07:10:36.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42663",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-18T14:04:14.933",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T17:18:57.237",
"last_editor_user_id": "18891",
"owner_user_id": "18891",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 19,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does 「学校が学校」, 「年が年」and such mean exactly?",
"view_count": 851
} | [
{
"body": "This question is 40-50% linguistic and 50-60% non-linguistic. Without a proper\nunderstanding of both, it would be impossible to really appreciate this\nsentence on any meaningful level.\n\nFirst, let us look at the linguistic side of the question just because that is\nwhat this place is mostly about.\n\n> 「Noun + が + Same Noun + （である/だ, etc.）」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"[Noun] being what it is\", \"[Noun] being the kind of [Noun] that it is\",\n> etc.\n\nNote that this 「が」 cannot ever be replaced by 「は」 because it is a fixed\nexpression.\n\nThis is a way of emphasizing the unique quality or characteristic of the\nobject in question **_without explicitly mentioning that quality or\ncharacteristic_** . This is why I call this question \"at least 50% non-\nlinguistic\". In this case, you have to know as prior knowledge how expensive\nthis 「学校」 is. I will come back to this later.\n\n> 「学校が学校なのと年が年なので」\n\ntherefore, means:\n\n> \"because of the/our school being what it is and his/our age being what it\n> is\"\n\n**_So, it is implicitly saying that the school was very expensive and his\nfriend was very young_**.\n\nThe school in question is said to be 東京帝国大学{とうきょうていこくだいがく}, which is now\ncalled 東京大学. The period setting is at the end of Meiji Era. Even though it was\na public school, the yearly tuitions at that school were as high as a working\nman's salary for several months. This is why the living standard of the\nnarrator's friend was not very high even though he was from a rather wealthy\nfamily.\n\n> \"which shows that \"A が A\" means something along the lines of \"regarding A\".\n> Am I wrong?\"\n\nSorry but I have no idea how you got that idea. \"regarding A\" is a little too\nweak as a translation.\n\n> I wonder if there are any rules or restrictions in using this pattern, as\n> well as any possible indications and nuances.\n\nTo use 「A が A」 correctly, one must assume that the listener/reader has a\ngeneral idea of what quality about A one is referring to. Otherwise, it just\nwill not work well as that quality will not be explicitly mentioned (unless\nasked about later).\n\nExample:\n\nA:「やっぱりアキラ君{くん}、背{せ}が高{たか}いよね～！」\n\nB:「そう、お父{とう}さんがお父さんだもん。」← That Akira is tall because his father is tall is\nimplied. B knows that A also knows that Akira's father is tall.\n\nAnother:\n\nA:「林{はやし}さん、ボーナス２００万円{まんえん}だって！」\n\nB:「すごいわよね。勤{つと}めてる会社{かいしゃ}が会社だものね。」 ← That Hayashi's company pays well is\nimplied. B knows already that A also knows well about that characteristic\nregarding Hayashi's company.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T15:48:35.690",
"id": "42673",
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},
{
"body": "May be somewhat unrelated, but I ran into the expression 「うちはうち、そとはそと」 not too\nlong ago. Not sure if it is a natural expression, but this has a similar\npattern, even though the 助詞 is different. This also might have a parallel to\nthe English expression \"X is/are X,\" such as \"rules are rules,\" which has a\nsimilar kind of assumption of the listener's knowledge.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-30T03:49:40.410",
"id": "48905",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-30T03:49:40.410",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "21802",
"parent_id": "42663",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42663 | 42673 | 42673 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42670",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "皆さん、こんばんは！\n\nJust a quick question. Is かぐや姫's name pronounced \"Kaguya\" or \"Kag'ya\"? aka. Is\nthe う dropped or not?\n\nJust curious as I haven't found a definitive answer for this yet.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T07:25:13.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42664",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-19T13:46:59.047",
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"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "Is かぐや姫 pronounced \"Ka-gu-ya\" or \"Kag'-ya\"?",
"view_count": 203
} | [
{
"body": "My Japanese teacher taught me a trick which now I use as a rule of thumb\n(there may be exceptions but it works most of the time). Just say it both ways\nand look at the phonics of the following consonant.\n\n_Kag-ya_ , or _Ka-gya_ (when dropping the vowel, is more like かっぎゃ/カッギャ)\n\nhas a very different pronunciation to\n\n_ka-gu-ya_\n\nSpecifically, _-ya_ leads from a _e_ (the shape you mouth makes when it starts\nto say _e_ ). Therefore it shouldn't (cannot) be dropped.\n\nIn my experience, one never has to drop the vowel in proper nouns (e.g. names)\nunless it's a nuance of the name. Japanese names, in particular, tend to\nfavour enunciation of each syllable.\n\nOne last thing to remember is that, in a particular dialect, contraction may\nhappen but more often than not, there is nothing wrong with enunciating each\nsyllable.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T13:46:59.047",
"id": "42670",
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| 42664 | 42670 | 42670 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42666",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am trying to determine how to say the following sentence:\n\n```\n\n \"You would go out drinking after work if you were in Japan\"\n \n```\n\nThe best I can think of is this, but it is rather matter-of-fact\n\n```\n\n 日本でいれば 仕事のあとでビールを飲める\n \n```\n\nI'm not even sure if that is right! Any thoughts?\n\nFor context, my (Japanese) friend does not want to go drinking after work\n(because he has a family). I want to say that if he was in Japan, he would (as\nit is expected).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T09:25:04.050",
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"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to say \"you would [do that] if...\"",
"view_count": 959
} | [
{
"body": "You are close.\n\n> 仕事のあとでビールを飲める\n\nMeans : you can drink after work.\n\nWhat you want is :\n\n> ビールを飲みに行くべきです。\n\nWhich would mean : You **have** to go drink a beer after work.\n\nYou might want to consider using the word お酒 instead of beer, or just drop it\nand say \"go drink\". べき will put the emphasis on the fact that he has to go if\nhe is in Japan.\n\nA more smooth way to express that sentence could be :\n\n> 日本にいると、仕事が終わってから、同僚と一緒にお酒を飲みに行かないといけないですよ。\n\nYou might want to add 時々 to show that it's not everyday though.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T09:44:50.270",
"id": "42666",
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| 42665 | 42666 | 42666 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42669",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "One currently-airing anime series has the title 「小林さんちのメイドラゴン」, with the\nofficial English translation of \"Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid.\" It's not hard\nto see how the English comes fairly directly from the Japanese (though losing\nthe mild wordplay in「メイドラゴン」), but I'm not sure what the ち is doing. It seems\nlike removing it would have no effect on the English translation of the\nphrase.\n\nMy best guess is that this ち is related to [家]{うち}, perhaps indicating that\nthe dragon maid in question belongs to the Kobayashi household, rather than\nthe person. Is this correct?\n\nThis question is not a duplicate of [this question about\nん家](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36788/what-\ndoes-%E7%9F%B3%E4%BA%95%E3%82%93%E5%AE%B6-abbreviation-mean), which explains\nthe 〜んち construction, but does not directly mention ~さんちの and how it may be\nequivalent or distinct.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T12:51:41.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42668",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-19T14:39:00.053",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19482",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"anime"
],
"title": "What does this usage of 'ち' represent?",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "Indeed, this ち is 家【ち】. See [What does \"石井ん家\" (abbreviation)\nmean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36788/1628)\n\nSaying ◯◯さんち is like \"the Joneses\" and gives the phrase a familiar tone. It is\na very common and familiar phrase and certainly shouldn't be taken as a strict\nway of saying \"it's not 小林さん's dragon, but rather belongs to the whole\n_household_ \". It does indeed include this information, suggesting the dragon\nis part of the household's daily life, but in a light-hearted manner.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T13:25:45.870",
"id": "42669",
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}
]
| 42668 | 42669 | 42669 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42705",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "部屋{へや}へ移動{いどう}します。= Move to the room.\n\n部屋から移動します。= Move from the room.\n\nBut if I use に, does the sentence「部屋に移動します。」mean to \"move to the room\" or\n\"move from the room\"? Or can the meaning be either depending on context, as\nwith a lot of other cases using に? I'm not sure whether the verb 移動する itself\nalready implies the direction of the movement. Since it also means \"removal\",\nI thought it must always mean \"move from\" but I'm not sure.\n\nIf it can be either, is there any difference in meaning/nuance between using に\nor へ to mean \"to\" and に or から to mean \"from\", particularly in relation to the\nverb 移動する?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T15:26:12.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42671",
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"owner_user_id": "17571",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"nuances",
"particles"
],
"title": "The particle に when used with 移動する",
"view_count": 198
} | [
{
"body": "に and へ are interchangeable at least in your example. See the following\nquestions for details.\n\n * [Is へ and に interchangeable in these cases?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26015/5010)\n * [Can't に always replace へ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2166/5010)\n * [へようこそ and にようこそ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18268/5010)\n\nTo be clear, 部屋に移動します is the same as 部屋へ移動します (move _to_ the room).\n\n移動 on its own just means \"move\", not \"remove\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-20T02:35:11.697",
"id": "42705",
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| 42671 | 42705 | 42705 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "\n\nWhat's the meaning of the writing in the picture? Thank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T15:29:25.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "19484",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of the characters in the picture?",
"view_count": 237
} | [
{
"body": "厄除 is pronounced \"yakuyoke\" and means to ward off evil.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T17:36:36.220",
"id": "42676",
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| 42672 | null | 42676 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The word 「取り【とり】組み【くみ】」is generally translated as \"efforts\", but when I want\nto translate some certain sentence, this English word does't fit well, I\nthink.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 社員満足度【しゃいんまんぞくど】を向上【こうじょう】するための **取り【とり】組み【くみ】** = **_Efforts_** to improve\n> employee satisfaction\n\nor\n\n> 安全対策【あんぜんたいさく】の **取り【とり】組み【くみ】** とその強化【きょうか】 = **_Efforts_** for safety\n> measures and it's reinforcement\n\nIn which situations is the word 「取り【とり】組み【くみ】」usually used and how we should\nbetter translate it?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T16:28:23.400",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Meaning ans translation of 「取り組み」",
"view_count": 103
} | [
{
"body": "I have found various words such as initiatives which could fit depending on\nthe entire context. If not, how about **Commitment**?\n\nE.g Commitment to improving employee satisfaction",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:44:47.090",
"id": "42698",
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| 42674 | null | 42698 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42701",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am not sure I understand the role of the ～に繋げる【つなげる】 in the following\nsentence. I feel, that the direct translation as \"being connected\" is not that\ngood one... So I tried a frivolous translation:\n\n> 売上【うりあげ】・利益【りえき】の拡大【かくだい】を目指し【めざし】、将来【しょうらい】のための積極的な【せっきょくてきな】投資【とうし】\n> **に繋げる【つなげる】**\n>\n> Invest actively for the future, by aiming the expansion of sales and\n> profits.\n\nHow far am I from the reality and which role does ～に繋げる【つなげる】 play in this\nsentence?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-19T17:06:50.177",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Usage of 「～に繋げる」",
"view_count": 94
} | [
{
"body": "I think you are quite close to the intended meaning.\n\n繋げる, while literally meaning\n\n> To connect/tie things together, to anchor\n\ncan also have the nuance of\n\n> to continue to something, or to shift (attention/focus/whatever) to\n> something.\n\nSo the sentence could be translated as\n\n> Aiming for sales and profit maximization, focus on actively investing for\n> the future.\n\nReminds me of the phrase 次に繋げる \"to lead to the next step\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-20T01:16:01.803",
"id": "42701",
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| 42675 | 42701 | 42701 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42729",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was writing a small essay about comfort dogs given to veterans. I had my\nfriend review it for mistakes and they made this correction:\n\n> お国の意図はその犬が兵士をなぐさめることだった。\n\nThey said that it is more understandable with the こと at the end. Could someone\nexplain why please?\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T17:54:41.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42677",
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"owner_user_id": "11827",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is こと used at the end of this sentence?",
"view_count": 1324
} | [
{
"body": "I believe こと is used here to create a noun phrase. Turning なぐさめる from a verb\ninto a noun. This only applies with the dictionary form of Japanese verbs. The\nmeaning between this and:\n\n> お国の意図はその犬が兵士をなぐさめます。\n\nare almost identical, but as your friend said, its easier to understand.\n\nHope this helps! _8)_",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T18:07:27.360",
"id": "42678",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The final こと nominalizes the\n\n> その犬が兵士をなぐさめる\n\npart of the sentence.\n\nお国の意図は「名詞」でした。\n\nbut without the こと it is as if you are saying the intent is doing the action.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T07:05:41.820",
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]
| 42677 | 42729 | 42729 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "The passage in question is this:\n\n> 友達はかねてから国元にいる親たちに勧まない結婚を強いられていた。\n\nNow, I recognize that kanji from 勧める, so I'm inclined to think this passage\nmeans \"For some time, my friend had been pressured by his parents back home\nfor his unadvised marriage\" or something like that, but Denshi Jisho doesn't\ncome back with any results for すすまる, and I've not encountered it elsewhere, so\nI'm mostly inferring this from the kanji and context.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T20:03:42.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42679",
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"owner_user_id": "7927",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "夏目漱石：「心」 \"勧まない\"",
"view_count": 325
} | [
{
"body": "Not the best source, but someone [asked the same question on another\nwebsite](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/248982) and was told it meant an\narranged marriage that they weren't interested in/were half-hearted about.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T22:00:48.803",
"id": "42686",
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},
{
"body": "> 「勧{すす}まない」＝「進{すす}まない」\n\nThis book is from a century ago: therefore, some of the kanji choices just\nlook \"different\" from what one might expect by today's standards.\n\nAccording to\n[大辞林](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%80%B2%E3%82%80-541845#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88),\none of the definitions listed for 「進む」 reads:\n\n> ⑧ ある事をしようという気力{きりょく}・意欲{いよく}が出てくる。積極的{せっきょくてき}になる。\n>\n> = \"to be willing to do something actively\"\n\nSo, 「勧まない/進まない」 means the opposite of that. Thus,\n\n> 「勧まない結婚」 means \"a marriage that one is unwilling to go through with\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:19:19.873",
"id": "42692",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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{
"body": "In this context I think it almost certainly means\n[気が進まない](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%B0%97%E3%81%8C%E9%80%B2%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84).\n気が進まない結婚 would mean \"unwanted/unwelcome marriage.\"\n\nAt least in modern Japanese, すすまない on its own rarely means _reluctant_\nregardless of which kanji is used. You should always use the set phrase\n気が進まない.\n\nThere is also [進んで](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%80%B2%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7) (\n_willingly_ ), but this is almost like a lexicalized adverb to me. We almost\nnever say 進まないで to mean _unwillingly/reluctantly_.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-20T02:19:26.603",
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| 42679 | null | 42692 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42700",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The following sentence uses 感じられ which I understand to be the continuative\npassive form of the verb 感じる - \"to feel\". Why is this form used here?\n\n> たった１分がものすごく長く **感じられ** \n> 時間は \n> はっきりとした悪意をもって \n> 僕の上をゆっくりと流れていった。\n\nMy guess is that this is an example of \"indirect passive\" or \"suffering\npassive\", but I am at a loss as to how it exactly works here.\n\nAm I right to assume that the (implied) subject in the first part (up to 感じられ)\nof this sentence is the speaker and he \"does the feeling\"? If so, why would it\nbe passive?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-19T20:22:50.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42680",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T23:32:29.473",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Why is the passive form used in this sentence?",
"view_count": 839
} | [
{
"body": "> Am I right to assume that the (implied) subject in the first part (up to\n> 感じられ) of this sentence is the speaker and he \"does the feeling\"? If so, why\n> would it be passive?\n\nNot quite. If you take a look at the first clause\n\n> **たった１分が** ものすごく長く感じられ\n\nたった一分 is the subject here. The passive form is used here to say that the\nminute _was felt_ (by the speaker) as a long period of time. It's similar to\nsaying ピザが食べられた in that the person doing the acting is only implied. As for\nwhy the author chose to use the passive form here, to me it sounds slightly\nmore natural than saying something like そのたった一分をものすごく長く感じた and as if there's\nmore of an emphasis being placed on \"たった一分.\" Additionally, it sets up for the\nnext clause where time is still the subject and is clearly acting as an agent\nagainst the speaker.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T21:44:41.117",
"id": "42684",
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},
{
"body": "The られる in 感じられ(る) here is not passive (受け身) but spontaneous (自発).\n\nThe auxiliary (助動詞) 「れる/られる」 has four meanings: 「受け身」(passive),\n「尊敬」(honorific), 「可能」(potential), and 「自発」(spontaneous).\n\nSome examples of spontaneous れる/られる:\n\n> * [故郷]{こきょう}に[残]{のこ}した両親のことが[思]{おも}い[出]{だ}さ **れる**\n> ([デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/235119/meaning/m0u/))\n> * 人の[気配]{けはい}が感じ **られる** (明鏡国語辞典「られる」❷自発)\n> * [行]{ゆ}く[先]{さき}が[案]{あん}じ **られる** (明鏡国語辞典「られる」❷自発)\n> * あの人のことがしのば **れる** (明鏡国語辞典「れる」❷自発)\n>\n\nThe spontaneous れる/られる is usually used with a verb related to one's thoughts\nor feelings, e.g. 思う、感じる、考える、悔やむ、惜しむ、見る、聞く etc. For more on 自発, you could\nrefer to [『自発（文法）-\nWikipedia』](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BA_\\(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95\\)).\n\nYou are right that the られ in your example is in the continuative form (連用形).",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-20T00:12:28.250",
"id": "42700",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 42680 | 42700 | 42700 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42683",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am beginning to learn japanese all over again (its been over 10 years) and I\nhave started taking classes.\n\nMy teacher spoke of 3 suffix to describe people, language and item from a\ncertain region\n\n> Nihon-go = japanese languange\n>\n> Nihon-jin = japanese person\n\nThe third was how to describe an item, but he said he would explain what the\nsuffix was later.\n\nMy curiosity has gotten the best of me, can someone tell me what the suffix is\nfor describing an item from japan?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T20:46:10.643",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42681",
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"owner_user_id": "19446",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "How to refer to something from a certain country?",
"view_count": 1258
} | [
{
"body": "It depends on the context. If you generally want to say that something is from\nanother country you can say countryのwhatever-the-thing-is. From there we can\ngo into even greater specificity and say where something was manufactured\n(country製{せい}のthing), produced (country産{さん})のthing), or any number of other\ndetails, but it's really a case by case basis. There are also many words that\ndenote the style or origin of things (和風{わふう} comes to mind), but these aren't\nquite as general and probably require that you have a sense of nuance when\nusing them.\n\ntl;dr countryのthing is the simplest way to say what you're talking about, but\nthere do exist suffixes that will add a higher degree of nuance.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-19T21:33:23.690",
"id": "42683",
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]
| 42681 | 42683 | 42683 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42695",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am reading an article by Siratori Kazuhisa, and I am struggling to find an\nequivalent for 「もっともな気がする」 in English. The context is as follows:\n\n> なんとなく **もっともな気がするが** 、大学の英語の試験は英語で 道を尋ねられた時にまごつかないようにするためのうすっぺらの実用英\n> 語のテストではないのである\n\n最も－most; extremely (adverb)\n\nもっともな（尤も） - something being understandable/reasonable\n\n気がする - to have a hunch/feeling\n\nWould it be correct in the above text to translate as follows: \"I feel it\nreasonable but...\"?\n\nAny help understanding the meaning and intention is very much appreciated.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T21:59:11.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42685",
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"last_editor_user_id": "19488",
"owner_user_id": "19488",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does 「もっともな気がする」 mean?",
"view_count": 187
} | [
{
"body": "See if seeing it in some other usages makes it easier to put together:\n\nケンは僕らのなかでも早く走りました。\n\nThen add the なんとなく\n\n酔っ払っていても、なんとなく帰ってきた。\n\nGood luck.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:25:27.377",
"id": "42693",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-19T23:25:27.377",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19367",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Ideally, you should have provided the preceding sentence(s) in asking this\nquestion because that is what 「もっともな気がする」 would refer to.\n\n「もっともな気がする」 means that what was stated before it seems reasonable,\njustifiable, etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:29:23.803",
"id": "42695",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 42685 | 42695 | 42695 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42688",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What I'm reading says that **どうだい、きに いったかい** translates to \"Well, do you like\nit?\" The parts individually are translated as\n\n> どうだい - How about\n>\n> きに - I can't figure out what **きに** means at all. Unless he is talking about\n> trees.\n>\n> いったかい - you said?\n\nWhich kind of makes sense that he wants her to tell him what she thinks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T22:17:15.000",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42687",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"parts-of-speech"
],
"title": "I'm having trouble understanding the sentance どうだい、きに いったかい",
"view_count": 337
} | [
{
"body": "I think the issue is you are compartmentalizing the words in the sentence\nincorrectly.\n\nきに does not mean anything in itself. The phrase you're looking for is \"気に入る\"\n(ki ni iru) which means \"to like\" or \"to be pleased with\".\n\n~かい - this marks a yes/no question.\n\n気に入ったかい？ = do you like it? (ki ni itta kai?)\n\nどうだい、きに いったかい? = Well, do you like it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T22:23:04.710",
"id": "42688",
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{
"body": "きに いったかい is a conjugated form of 気に入る (ki ni iru) which means to be fond of\nsomething, or in your case to like, or be pleased with. I'm guessing いったかい is\na shortened version of いったくない。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T22:23:22.517",
"id": "42689",
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]
| 42687 | 42688 | 42688 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42725",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Depending on the kanji face the left element 言 in multi-element kanjis like 語\nis sometimes depicted with 丶 instead of top 一 . It makes me think that the\nsame transformation occurs for : 云 changes to in multi-element kanjis. Is this\ntrue or not?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:39:44.207",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42697",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"chinese",
"radicals"
],
"title": "Is 云 related to in any way?",
"view_count": 493
} | [
{
"body": "As a fuller answer, no, 云 does not change to in multi-element kanji, and these\nare not related characters.\n\n[The character 云](http://www.unicode.org/cgi-\nbin/GetUnihanData.pl?useutf8=true&codepoint=4E91) is a regular kanji / hanzi,\noriginally a pictogram for \"cloud\" that was later repurposed to spell the\nhomophonic word meaning \"to say\". ([Details on\nWiktionary.](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91#Glyph_origin))The 云\ncharacter is used as a component of the larger characters 雲 and 曇, and the 云\ncharacter gets somewhat compressed, but the strokes remain essentially the\nsame in shape and number.\n\n[The character ](http://www.unicode.org/cgi-\nbin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=%F0%A0%AB%93) looks quite similar to 云,\ndepending on the font, but this is a very different character. appears to be\nan alternative or ancestor form of the ㄊ character in [the Zhuyin script, also\nknown as bopomofo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo), used as an\nalphabet to phonetically spell out Mandarin. ㄊ is essentially the letter T in\nbopomofo, and it was derived from an old alternative form of the modern\ncharacter 突, read as _tū_ in Mandarin. (Details on Wiktionary [for\nㄊ](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%8A) and [for\n突](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81).) [The chart\nhere](http://www.mandarintools.com/pychart.html) shows how to spell various\nMandarin sounds using various transcription systems. The sixth column, labeled\n\"Zhuyin Fuhao\", contains the bopomofo spellings. The table is in alphabetical\norder. Scroll down to the section starting with `t` and you will see the ㄊ\ncharacter used to spell all of the initial `t` sounds.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T22:20:51.260",
"id": "42725",
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{
"body": "The character is actually the character 子 (child) turned upside down. See the\ncompounds 育 (rising up) or 棄 (abandoning). The character 云 is a derivation of\nthe component 厶 (which can be interpreted as energy). In that sense 云 is more\nspecifically energy above, in the sky. So no, and 云 do not have to do anything\nwith each other.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T18:03:18.390",
"id": "42846",
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{
"body": "「云」and「」are not related.\n\n* * *\n\n# 「云{うん}」\n\n# `Ａ１ \n[商](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) \n[甲](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bLNLy.png) \n[乙](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)12 \n[合集21021](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=21021&jgwfl=)``Ａ２ \n商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3tFVG.png) \n[前](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)6.43.4 \n[合集17072](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=17072&jgwfl=)``Ａ３ \n[春秋](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) \n[金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/soGUA.png) \n姑發劍 \n[集成11718](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=11718)``Ａ４ \n[楚](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_\\(state\\)) \n[簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dtLTH.png) \n[郭・緇](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/ChuwenziReference)・35 \n``Ａ５ \n \n[古文](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xa8JQ.png) \n[說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) \n``Ａ６ \n今 \n[楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AFjra.png) \n \n`\n\nThe specific construction of「云」is not universally agreed upon, but there is\ngenerally consensus that it contains a phonetic component that originally\nlooked something like\n\n# `Ｂ \n商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/336vv.png) \n[京津](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)4726 \n[合集21324](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=21324&jgwfl=)`\n\nIf「云」contains a picture of a _cloud_ , then it is said the phonetic\ncomponent「Ｂ」was the original shape of the cloud (cf. resemblance to「Ａ３」) and\nthus doubles as a semantic component. According to this theory, additional\nmarkings were added on to「Ｂ」to form「云」, and in「Ａ１」, these markings look like a\nsemantic component「上」.\n\n> 「上」was originally in the shape of「二」; the vertical stroke was added later,\n> possibly to differentiate the character from the extremely similar shape of\n> the number「二」.\n\n「Ｂ」is a phonetic component in several characters, e.g.:\n\n * 「旬{じゅん}」- originally was extremely similar or identical to「Ｂ」; if「Ｂ」was the original shape of「云」, this explains why markings were added to「云」to differentiate it from「旬」.\n\n# `Ｃ１ \n商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CZRHI.png) \n[佚](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)29 \n[合集16790](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=16790&jgwfl=)``Ｃ２ \n[西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) \n金 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DT7yJ.png) \n新邑鼎 \n[集成2682](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=2682&jgwfl=)``Ｃ３ \n楚 \n簡 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ogGq3.png) \n[{{kr:包}}2](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/ChuwenziReference)・183 \n``Ｃ４ \n[秦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) \n簡 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bvZvf.png) \n[睡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts)・[日乙](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/QinwenziReference)46 \n``Ｃ５ \n今 \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/65rw6.png) \n \n`\n\nSemantic「日」was added later (「Ｃ２」onwards), and「Ｂ」was corrupted\ninto「勹」(「Ｃ３」onwards).\n\n * 「軍{くん}」- from semantic「車」( _war chariot_ ).\n\n# `Ｄ１ \n[戰國](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) \n金 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SoG2B.png) \n燕右軍矛 \n[集成11484](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=11484&jgwfl=)``Ｄ２ \n秦 \n簡 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4UDxp.png) \n[睡・雜](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/QinwenziReference)8 \n``Ｄ３ \n今 \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nIRCv.png) \n \n`\n\n「Ｂ」was later corrupted into「冖」(「Ｄ２」onwards).\n\n* * *\n\n# 「」 ([\n_Zhengzhang_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_\\(1981%E2%80%931995\\))\n[_OC_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese):[「毓」]{/*luɡ/}·[「」]{/*duːd/}·[「㐬」]{/*ru/})\n\n> Note: **/l/** , **/d/** , and **/r/** are related, being all [alveolar\n> consonants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant).\n\n「毓」depicts a _woman_ (「每」, which was originally「女」or「母」with an extra marking\nnear the top) _giving birth_ to a _child_ 「」(upside-down「子」) along with the\nrelease of amniotic fluid (now looking similar to「川」).\n\n# `Ｅ１ \n商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oca5g.png) \n[甲](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)722 \n[合集27320](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=27320&jgwfl=)``Ｅ２ \n西周 \n金 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hqEjx.png) \n班簋 \n[集成4341](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=4341&jgwfl=)``Ｅ３ \n \n[篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6undx.png) \n說文[或體](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character) \n``Ｅ４ \n今 \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UTv3l.png) \n \n`\n\n> 「毓」is now replaced by「育」, which is a later construction. 「育{いく}」is composed\n> from semantic「毓」>「」and phonetic「肉{にく}」.\n\n * 「」is simplified from「毓」by removing everything except the top-right component.\n\n * 「[]{/*luɡ/}」originally represented the same word as「毓」. For example, see [《甲骨文合集》27042](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=27042&jgwfl=), where「多」is interpreted as「毓多」meaning _to birth many children_.\n\n# `Ｆ \n商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rqucm.png) \n \n合集27042`\n\n * 「[毓]{/*luɡ/}」>「[]{/*duːd/}」was a semantic extension utilising the simplified「毓」as a phonetic loan for「[突]{/*duːd/}」( _sudden/unexpected_ , cf.「[突然]{とつぜん}」), as recorded by [Xu Shen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Shen), the author of [_Shuowen Jiezi_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi).\n\n> # `Ｇ１ \n> \n> 篆 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fVowO.png) \n> 說文解字 \n> ``Ｇ２ \n> 今 \n> 楷 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fTScR.png) \n> \n> `\n>\n> _Upside down child_ 「倒子」was \"creatively reinterpreted\" as\n> _[unfilial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety) child_「不孝子」. Quote\n> from _Shuowen_ :\n>\n\n>> **「，不順忽出也。从到子。《易》曰：『突如其來如［，焚如死如棄如。］』不孝子突出，不容於內也。」**\n\n>>\n\n>> 「」 _, antagonistic, sudden, and unexpected. From upside-down_ 「子」 _. Quote\nfrom[I Ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching): \"Unexpected/antagonistic\n[actions] invites [burning, death, abandonment as punishment]\". Unfilial\nchildren act unexpectedly with hostility and disobedience, and are not\ntolerated by their own kin._\n\n * 「」also represents an _upside-down child_ in several other characters, e.g.「棄」.\n\n> 「棄」was originally a depiction of a _baby_ 「子」being put into a _basket_ 「」to\n> be abandoned ( _two hands_ 「廾」).\n>\n> # `Ｈ１ \n> 商 \n> 甲 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KyZVy.png) \n>\n> [後](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)2.21.14 \n> [合集8451](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=8451&jgwfl=)``Ｈ２ \n> 秦 \n> 簡 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zVQA4.png) \n>\n> [睡・法](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/QinwenziReference)167 \n> ``Ｈ３ \n> 今 \n> 楷 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E0lDi.png) \n> \n> `\n>\n> In「棄」,「子」was turned upside-down into「」and「」was corrupted into「丗」(or\n> similar;「Ｈ２」onwards), while「廾」was corrupted into「木」(「Ｈ３」).\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> Note:「」as an individual character is now written as「其」, and the original\n> word for _basket_ is now written as「箕」.\n\n * 「㐬」is the right hand side of「毓」, and did not originally exist as an individual character.\n\n * The right hand side of「[毓]{/*luɡ/}」was later reinterpreted as a phonetic component「[㐬]{/*ru/}」.\n * 「㐬」may also be viewed as a semantic component meaning _flow (e.g. of water) > to pass through_ in some characters, extended from the picture of the _upside-down baby_ and amniotic fluid flowing out of the mother. The most prominent character with this component is「[流]{/*ru/}」； cf.「[流産]{りゅうざん}」( _miscarriage_ ).\n\n# `Ｊ１ \n戰國 \n金 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PG8Ze.png) \n⿰妾子壺 \n[集成9734](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=9734&jgwfl=)``Ｊ２ \n楚 \n簡 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t5DYQ.png) \n[上・性](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/ChuwenziReference)・19 \n``Ｊ３ \n秦 \n簡 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7Cr95.png) \n[睡・封](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/QinwenziReference)29 \n``Ｊ４ \n今 \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/z4nBv.png) \n \n`\n\n* * *\n\n# References:\n\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)\n * [國學大師](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/)",
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| 42697 | 42725 | 64824 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42706",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does どうも do when added to ありがとう and ありがとうございます?\n\nWhat is nuance behind the どうもありがとう and どうもありがとうございます that's created?\n\nIs it just more polite/humble? Or is there some more at play?\n\nAlso, slightly off topic, but could the polite prefix お be used with these? Is\nおどうもありがとうございます valid?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-19T23:47:44.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42699",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-19T23:56:36.830",
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"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What does どうも do when added to ありがとう or ありがとうございます?",
"view_count": 2146
} | [
{
"body": "Adding どうも makes the sentence stronger, like adding \"(Thank you) very much\".\n\nWhile ありがとうございます is undoubtedly more polite than ありがとう (like \"thank you\" is\nundoubtedly more polite than \"thanks\"), adding どうも may not make the sentence\nmore polite, strictly speaking. Saying ありがとうございます without どうも is polite enough\nwhen you talk with your superior. That said, when you talk with your superior,\nit's of course a good idea to emphasize your appreciation by adding どうも.\n\nDo not add the prefix お. おどうもありがとうございます sounds really funny.\n\nSee Also: [Can somebody explain the various words and combinations thereof\nused for thanking?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/438/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T03:19:28.773",
"id": "42706",
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}
]
| 42699 | 42706 | 42706 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42703",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does \"わけでもない\" mean in this sentence:\n\n>\n> 聞いただけでは忘れてしまうことがあるので、最近はつねにメモをとるようにしています。でも、いつも紙とペンを持っているわけでもないので根本的なところから変えようとしっかり睡眠をとったり\n\nIs it わけ (referencing to the circumstance of not having pen and paper) + でもない?\nOr is it just わけではない with も instead of は.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T01:53:36.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42702",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T02:04:35.387",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"parsing"
],
"title": "How can I parse わけでもない?",
"view_count": 4575
} | [
{
"body": "わけ is attached to the phrase いつも紙とペンを持っている, in other words `that/the case that\ni will always have a pen and paper`\n\nでもない is modifying わけ, in that `it is not really that わけ`\n\nputting the two together, `it's not the case that i will always have a pen and\npaper`\n\nin terms of the difference between も and は in this sentence for でもない・ではない,\nfrom [Meaning of\n「という訳でもないのだが」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21747/meaning-\nof-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E8%A8%B3%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8C)\n:\n\n> \"～という訳ではない\" is a common set phrase which corresponds to \"That is not to say\n> ～\" or \"That doesn't mean ～\", referring to what was already stated. Using\n> でもない instead of ではない adds \"not in particular\" or \"not really\" feelings to\n> the sentence.\n\nI think this somewhat applies here. The basic grammar is ではない but でもない sounds\nmore natural because でも instead of では has a nuance of \"even\" because of the\n\"also\" aspect of も.\n\nSo to give a more colloquial translation, \"It's not like I'll always have a\npen and paper\" as opposed to \"I will not always have a pen and paper\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T02:04:35.387",
"id": "42703",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10300",
"parent_id": "42702",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42702 | 42703 | 42703 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42708",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Some people in the east asia (such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, etc) are\ncalled 中国系 because their ancestors came from China centuries ago. And the\nnative ones are not called 中国系. Is the word 中国系 misused (or even offensive) in\nthis case?\n\nHow about Japanese (and Korean)? According to the history I read, Japanese\n(and Korean) people come from China as well, so can we say\n「ほとんどの日本人と韓国人も中国系である。」?\n\nDisclaimer: Without any intent to offend, the point of this question is\nactually what the word 中国系 means.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T06:12:48.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42707",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T08:04:34.687",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T08:04:28.640",
"last_editor_user_id": "11192",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Can we say 「ほとんどの日本人と韓国人も中国系である。」?",
"view_count": 180
} | [
{
"body": "At least to laypeople, the word 中国系 only means someone who are directly\nrelated to People's Republic of China in the last few decades. ~~I have never\nregarded ordinary Malaysians and Singaporeans as 中国系~~ ( _edit_ : this was\nmisleading considering the fact that Singapore is ethnically quite\nheterogeneous). The same is true for Koreans and Japanese, and calling them\n中国系 can be offending. アジア系 vaguely includes Asian people in general.\n\nIn pure archaeological/biological contexts, 中国系 might mean something\ndifferent, but perhaps such a topic does not belong to this site.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** Let me elaborate... Unsurprisingly, saying 日本人と韓国人は中国系だ basically\nmeans \" _All_ Japanese and Korean people are 中国系\", and that's a bit puzzling\nsentence. I would assume you are talking about the origin of Japanese people\n(who actually came from Asian Continent more than 10,000 ago during the ice\nage) in an archaeological context. But when you refer to this fact, it's\nbetter to say 中国が起源だ, 日本人の起源は中国大陸だ or something like that to avoid confusion.\nI'm not really sure how the word 中国系 is usable by experts in such a context.\n\n10,000 years is very long, and most Japanese people regard themselves simply\nas \"native\" 日本人 or 日本民族, not as 中国系. Japan has very often been described as\n単一民族国家 which consists of \"native\" Japanese race (i.e., ignoring Ainu, which\nare small in number). Therefore, at least in non-archaeological contexts,\n日本人は中国系だ sounds puzzling, or it can be even offending (perhaps like saying\n\"Canadians are Americans\" out of nowhere). If you say 日本人の〇%は中国系だ or\n日本人の一部は中国系だ, that would mean something totally different and reasonable. Such\na sentence safely refers to a group of people who have moved from China to\nJapan relatively recently after the Meiji period and have Japanese\nnationality.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T06:29:06.787",
"id": "42708",
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}
]
| 42707 | 42708 | 42708 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From [an article on ghosts](http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/03/07/yuka-\nkudo_n_9398868.html):\n\n> 「私【わたし】は死【し】んだのですか？」と言【い】った直後【ちょくご】に姿【すがた】を消【け】した女性【じょせい】",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T07:55:19.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42709",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-28T01:34:59.177",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T08:33:02.753",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "17763",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is there a noun at the end of this sentence?",
"view_count": 724
} | [
{
"body": "Simple. That's because it's a **_[relative-\nclauses](/questions/tagged/relative-clauses \"show questions tagged 'relative-\nclauses'\")_**. It means:\n\n> A woman who disappeared immediately after saying \"Am I dead?\"\n\n**Relative-clauses** - For example, a sentence like those:\n\n> `<A noun>` (that, who, which...) `<A verb>`\n\n> `<A noun>` (that, who, which...) `<A noun>`+`<A verb>`\n\nIn Japanese, its syntax is:\n\n> `<a verb>` `<a noun>`\n\nFor more infomation, see:\n\n * [Relative clauses distinguishing whom/with which/that](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14541/14627)\n * [日本語における relative clause (関係詞節?) とは？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41503/14627)\n\n * [Relative clause - Wikipedia in English](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause)\n\n * [関係節](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E7%AF%80) (Japanese version)\n * [Tag wiki](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/tags/relative-clauses/info) - (But there is no explanation! only excerpt)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T09:24:11.590",
"id": "42710",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 42709 | null | 42710 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I understand that they both roughly mean while/during, but I don't understand\nthe difference in nuance between the two.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T09:51:04.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42711",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19109",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between うちに and 間に?",
"view_count": 300
} | []
| 42711 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42713",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am looking up the word for teacher and I see _kyōshi_ and also _sensei_.\n\nCan someone tell me the difference between these two translations?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T11:27:12.943",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42712",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T11:31:09.147",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "17660",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between kyōshi and sensei?",
"view_count": 10140
} | [
{
"body": "教師 (kyoushi) is an objective word for a teacher, while 先生 (sensei) is\nhonorific. Formally, you would use 教師 to speak about teachers in general, or\nto describe yourself, and 先生 to honour specific teachers; in informal\ncommunication, however, people often use 先生 as the general term.\n\nAnother matter: certain people such as doctors and lawyers are also called 先生,\nbut they're obviously not 教師.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T11:32:22.580",
"id": "42713",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T11:32:22.580",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "42712",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 42712 | 42713 | 42713 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42717",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I write words that are purely in katakana, I always forgot whether to add\na ッ or a ー. For example, When writing スクリーンショット, I might write スクリンショト or\nスクリーンショト or even スクリンショト. My question is, does these things matter? Do people\nunderstand what a スクリンショト is?\n\nI am aware that it might become another entirely different word, like ビール vs\nビル but surely that can be inferred from context, right?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T13:11:23.677",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42714",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T14:10:14.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Can I write katakana words in alternative ways?",
"view_count": 226
} | [
{
"body": "Wrongly written words in katakana look quite strange, weird and odd. Though\none may be able to understand these words after staring at them for a second,\nthey are not at all alternative ways of writing, but just wrong ones.\n\nThe reason is that their pronunciations are definitely different. If you omit\n「ッ」 or 「ー」 in words, the pronunciations change even though 「ッ」 and 「ー」 may\nlook supplementary. So they are unlikely to be regarded identical.\n\nThe exception is trailing 「ー」. For example 「サーバー」 and 「サーバ」 for \"server.\" In\nthis case both are accepted (so some standards define which ones to use).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T14:10:14.017",
"id": "42717",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T14:10:14.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17890",
"parent_id": "42714",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 42714 | 42717 | 42717 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42726",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Sorry if the title of the question is not so clear but I understand there are\nsome different ways of using words.\n\nFor example casual, polite, and honorific\n\nAre these the only different ways or are there some other ways that an expert\nspeaker would know / use?\n\nWhat makes me confused is that I see\n\n```\n\n -san is honorific but then \n -sama is a more respectful version of -san \n -kun is used to address someone younger or children\n -chan when addressing very young children\n \n```\n\nSo if that is the case is there a special class for -sama\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T13:20:58.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42715",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T22:25:45.607",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T13:53:43.117",
"last_editor_user_id": "17660",
"owner_user_id": "17660",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "How many different ways are there of saying words?",
"view_count": 280
} | [
{
"body": "Technically all those are \"honorifics\" (the meaning of honorific doesn't\nnecessarily imply that the other person is of higher status). -sama is\nespeciallly respectful towards people such as guests and customers. -san is\nprobably the most common as it's used towards coworkers, friends, etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T19:08:03.980",
"id": "42721",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T19:08:03.980",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12013",
"parent_id": "42715",
"post_type": "answer",
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},
{
"body": "> For example casual, polite, and honorific\n\nIt seems that what you're asking about are formality levels in Japanese. As\nsome other have noted, they can be broadly classified as \"casual,\" \"polite,\"\n\"humble,\" and \"honorific,\" but even within these classifications one can make\ntheir speech more/less formal depending on the context (e.g. the level\nformality one would use when speaking to the emperor is much higher than when\none is speaking to the president of their company).\n\n> Are these the only different ways or are there some other ways that an\n> expert speaker would know / use?\n\nAn \"expert\" speaker (whatever we'd like that to mean) mixes and matches\nvarious speech levels based on the context in which they are in and their\nrelationship(s) with the people to whom they're speaking. For example, at a\ncompany dinner you'd speak differently to coworkers with whom you work\neveryday than with someone from another department than with your boss than\nwith another section head, than with the head of your company. In such a\nsituation it would not be unlikely that you'd make use of all four categories\nof formality (perhaps not casual, but again that depends on your relationships\nwith people). Japanese has a salient saying for this, 「空気｛くうき｝を読{よ｝む」which\nbroadly means to \"read the situation in order to decide how to conduct\noneself.\" If your goal is to become an \"expert,\" then it's important to learn\nnot only the different formality levels, but also to be able to distinguish\nwhen it's prudent to use which.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T22:25:45.607",
"id": "42726",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T22:25:45.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18701",
"parent_id": "42715",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42715 | 42726 | 42721 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42724",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In a story I am reading, a woman (who I assume is in her 20-30s) uses the\nexpression:\n\n> なきにしもあらず\n\nA simple dictionary lookup shows this means something like:\n\n> ないわけではない \n> 少しはある\n\nWhile this fits the context, I am surprised why a younger person would be\nusing this expression, which seems to have an old/literary connotation.\n\nWould any modern young person actually use this expression? If so, would it\nsound like they are trying to sound \"cool\" or \"intellectual\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T15:34:22.093",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42718",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T08:21:13.097",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-22T08:21:13.097",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "Nuance and conversational use of なきにしもあらず",
"view_count": 565
} | [
{
"body": "You can expect to hear 「なきにしもあらず」 from any junior high schooler and sometimes\neven from 5th and 6th graders, seriously. It means exactly what you stated\nabove -- \" ** _That is totally possible_**.\"\n\n**Common set phrases** sometimes come in a literary and/or older form like\nthis one. Using those once in a while when necessary is never the same thing\nas trying to sound cool or intellectual. You just have no choice but to use\nthem, really. You would only end up sounding funny if you \"translated\" those\nphrases into a more \"modern\" form.\n\nIt is not like uttering a long sentence in classical Japanese, which would\nrarely, if ever, happen in the real world.\n\nOther common older/literary expressions include:\n\n・「あるまじき + Noun」 (\"unworthy\", \"unbecoming\", etc.)\n\n・「言わずもがな」 (\"obvious\", \"should be left unsaid\", etc.)\n\n・「AありきのB」 (\"B based on A\")\n\n・「いと～～なり」 (\"[Something is] very ~~\")",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T21:23:54.560",
"id": "42724",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T21:53:33.157",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T21:53:33.157",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42718",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
]
| 42718 | 42724 | 42724 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the meaning of \"変えようと\" in this sentence:\n\n> 根本的なところから変えようとしっかり睡眠をとったり、食生活を見直したりといろいろ取り組んでいますが、その中で皆さんにおすすめしたいのは「音読」です。\n\nIs the と particle implying something like when \"思う\" is omited in \"と思う\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T17:00:38.937",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42719",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T18:32:50.343",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T18:31:59.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "17515",
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is there omission after the とparticle in the text?",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "Almost true. 「変えようと」 is considered to be the same as 「変えようと **して** 」 or 「変えようと\n**思って** 」 in meaning. Here, the te-form is used, for proper conjunction with\nthe next part of the sentence.\n\nThis pattern often occurs with the form 「～ **(よ)うと** 」 (positive intention) or\n「～ **まいと** 」 (negative intention).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T18:32:50.343",
"id": "42720",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T18:32:50.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17890",
"parent_id": "42719",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42719 | null | 42720 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42723",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「お誕生日には何をされたんですか」While the answer to this like likely very simple, why is される\nbeing used in this case rather than する? What is it implying grammatically? The\nPotential Form? Is it an indication of added politeness? It's clearly not\nPassive as an を is being used. What prompts this use of される?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T20:40:31.357",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42722",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T22:23:28.400",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13569",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "「お誕生日には何をされたんですか」Why される?",
"view_count": 195
} | [
{
"body": "「される」 is the honorific form of 「する」. The speaker/writer is showing some\nrespect to the listener/reader here.\n\nAnother form of 「される」 is 「なさる」.\n\nThe sentence in question, under normal circumstances, should be in the active\nvoice -- \" ** _What did you do on/for your birthday?_** \".\n\nIf you want to discuss \" ** _pure_** \" grammar, however, the sentence can be\ntaken to be in the passive voice -- \" ** _What was done to you (by someone) on\nyour birthday?_** \". 「を」 is still needed for the passive voice.\n\nWhich one it was meant to be, only the listener/reader knows (but easily).\nThat is why Japanese is an incredibly contextual language.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-20T21:00:51.277",
"id": "42723",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-20T22:23:28.400",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-20T22:23:28.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42722",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 42722 | 42723 | 42723 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42730",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm curious as to the difference in usage between 長い間 and 長期間. I'd written\n最近長い間の旅行をしています, which someone graciously corrected to 最近長期間の旅行をしています. How\nshould I be looking to use these two options generally?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-21T06:59:51.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42728",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-21T07:36:59.923",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-21T07:10:00.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "13569",
"owner_user_id": "13569",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between 長い間 and 長期間",
"view_count": 294
} | [
{
"body": "That someone knows Japanese, then.\n\n「長{なが}い間{あいだ}」 is usually used **_adverbially_** by native speakers. So, 「長い間\n**の** 旅行{りょこう}」 sounds slightly, if not so much, unnatural as 「長い間の」 is used\n**_adjectivally_** here, modifying the noun 「旅行」.\n\n「長い間の旅行をする」 may in fact even be grammatical, but it sounds fairly wordy and\nawkward by the native speakers' standards. Careful speakers would not say\nthat.\n\n「長期間{ちょうきかん}の旅行をする」, on the contrary, sounds just completely natural with no\nstress whatsoever.\n\nWhen both phrases are used adverbially, the difference would be that 「長期間」\nwould often sound more formal than 「長い間」. This can be said about the vast\nmajority of the on-reading and kun-reading word pairs. On-reading words just\nsound more formal, academic, technical, etc. in general.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-21T07:18:51.987",
"id": "42730",
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| 42728 | 42730 | 42730 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42738",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What are the differences in use between 普段{ふだん} and 通常{つうじょう}?\n\nI'd written\n\n> カラオケもですね？通常どんな曲{きょく}を歌{うた}いますか？\n\nwhich was then corrected to\n\n> カラオケもですね？普段どんな曲を歌いますか？\n\nWhat is the general distinction?",
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"score": 14,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Difference between 普段 and 通常",
"view_count": 1603
} | [
{
"body": "普段 means \"usually\" in a daily life context. 通常 means \"normal\", as in the\nabsence of a non-normal situation, especially in a formal context.\n\nThey can roughly mean the same thing, e.g. if you say 普段はこの道を通ります or\n通常はこの道を通ります, it both means you usually/normally take this route. However, for\nexample you can say 大統領のパレードは通常この道を通ります but not 大統領のパレードは普段この道を通ります because\npresidential parades aren't daily occurrence.\n\nConversely you can say 普段は鼻毛を切らない but saying 通常は鼻毛を切らない is odd because it\nsounds oddly formal and implies there are some extraordinary circumstances\nwhere the nose hairs are cut because of it. The former 普段は鼻毛を切らない simply means\nyou usually don't cut your nose hairs.",
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| 42731 | 42738 | 42738 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42735",
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"body": "I came across this in a manga and can't figure out the meaning. I bet it's\nmainly used in casual conversation since the protagonist uses it during a\nconversation with his mother. But other than that, I don't get it at all.\n\nIt's used in this sentence:\n\n> 知らんがー 落ちたモンは 落ちたんじゃけぇ\n\nHis mother is basically saying something like: _\"You sounded so confident! Why\ndidn't you get the job? Why?\"_ and he replies with that sentence.\n\nI know 落ちる is \"to fall\" but I've never seen this kind of sentence either. I\ndidn't find any information about it here or anywhere else either. Can someone\nplease explain? Thanks!\n\nedit: The manga is ReLife and the last え is small in the original sentence.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T12:33:56.157",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"dialects"
],
"title": "What is じゃけぇ supposed to mean?",
"view_count": 1531
} | [
{
"body": "> 知らんがー 落ちたモンは 落ちたんじゃけえ\n\nIt can be:\n\n> 知らないけど落ちたものは落ちたんだから\n\nじゃけえ is a dialect of Hiroshima. \nThe meaning is the same as だから. So じゃけえ means **because** ).\n\n落ちた - In this case, this doesn't mean \"to fall\". This means failed getting the\njob.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T13:06:25.127",
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"body": "The only 「じゃけぇ」 that I am familiar with is that used in Hiroshima dialect\nmeaning 「だから」 and it is **_very often_** used at the ends of sentences.\n\nWhen used at the end of a sentence, it just means \" ** _alright?_** \" in the\nsense of \"you hear?\". This is the exact same with 「じゃけぇ」 in Hiroshima dialect\nand 「だから」 in Standard Japanese.\n\nWhether or not 「じゃけぇ」 is used in other areas, I have no knowledge. I am from\nnowhere near Hiroshima myself.\n\n「落{お}ちる」 here means \" ** _to fail (in a job application screening)_** \".\n\n> \"Dunno.. I failed; I just failed, alright?\"\n\nA sign saying roughly \"Gotta root for the Carp because I'm from Hiroshima!\".\nThe Hiroshima Carp are a professional baseball team.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zlrYe.jpg) \n(source: [ameba.jp](http://stat.ameba.jp/user_images/20160901/11/kimura-\nmaquereau/76/9c/j/o0480015213737493384.jpg?caw=800))",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T13:19:25.547",
"id": "42735",
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{
"body": "As I was grown up in Hiroshima, I'm native to Hiroshima dialect which is known\nfor its rough and provoking wording.\n\nLet me add explanations about practical use of じゃけぇ/じゃけん(both are totally\nsame) among Hiroshimans on Mr. electeur's answer.\n\nじゃけぇ is composed of two particles:\n\nassertive particle じゃ+ conjunction けぇ.\n\nIts composition is same as だから.\n\nHowever in Hiroshima dialect, we use じゃけぇ/じゃけん in many situations.\n\n 1. Conjunction \n\ne.g. 'カープが負けとん **じゃけん** もっと応援せんにゃいけんのう。'\n\nStJ 'カープが負けているの **だから** もっと応援しないといけないね。'\n\nEng 'We better root more **cuz** Carp is behind'\n\nIn this usage, じゃけぇ is same as だから. I have to note that じゃけぇ and だから is used\nwhen speaker want to stress the conditional clause. So じゃorだ is not necessary\nif the speaker doesn't care much about Carp's being behind.\n\n 2. Assertive particle\n\ne.g. 'わしゃカープファン **じゃけぇ** 。'\n\nStJ '私はカープファン **です** 。'\n\nEng ' **I am** a Carp fan.' or 'I'm crazy about Carp.'\n\nNote: Carp fans are famous/notorious for its crazy enthusiasm towards the\nteam.\n\n 3. Interjection\n\ne.g. 'じゃけぇ！何しよん？'\n\nStJ 'もう！何をしているのか？'\n\nEng 'Hey!(Oi!) what the f are you doing?'\n\nDepending on speakers' tone, this じゃけぇ is often regarded as an offensive\ninterjection.\n\nAbove 3 usages of じゃけぇ are often heard in Hiroshima dialect.\n\nLet's move on to the sentence in the question.\n\n'知らんがー 落ちたモンは 落ちたんじゃけぇ'\n\nAs for the state verb '知らんがー', in the actual plot, he is asked why he failed.\nThus '知らんがー' must connote anger or bad temper. Translation would be ' I don't\nf care!' in the context.\n\nAs for '落ちたモンは 落ちたんじゃけぇ' part, I assume this じゃけぇ is simply an assertive\nparticle like above example 2.\n\n落ちる means fail. Thats correct.\n\nSo I would like to translate the sentence.\n\n'I don't f care! Fail is a fail.'",
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| 42733 | 42735 | 42735 |
{
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"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Since なにも seems to only mean nothing with a negative verb if you want to use a\nphrase for example \"The dog barked at nothing\" in Japanese how would you\nexpress it? Is it 犬がなにもに吠えなかった because that seems wrong to me.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-21T13:25:40.450",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say \"to nothing\" with a positive verb in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1517
} | [
{
"body": "**Edit** : I took \"The dog barked at nothing\" as \"The dog barked at a place\nwhere there is nothing.\" Sorry if I have misunderstood.\n\n* * *\n\nI think there is no word in Japanese that exactly matches that \"nothing.\" So\nyou have to describe the situation more concretely. For example:\n\n> 犬が **何もない所に向かって** 吠えた。 \n> The dog barked at nothing.\n\nHere, 「Aに向かって吠える」 is a typical translation of \"bark at A\". And 「何もない所」 is \"the\nspace where nothing exists.\"\n\n* * *\n\nMaybe, the word 「[虚空]{こくう}」 (== empty space) is closer:\n\n> 犬が **虚空** に向かって吠えた。\n\nBut this word sounds literary; not used in daily conversations.\n\nOr 「[無]{む}」 may express the idea of nothing being existing (cf. 無を取得) but it\nsounds too paradoxical and less natural.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T13:59:17.250",
"id": "42737",
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"body": "As luck would have it, there is a special word can be used to express barking\nat nothing: \"mudaboe\" 無駄吠え。E.g. 犬は無駄吠えした。(It can also be used to express\nexcessive barking in general.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T16:26:53.913",
"id": "42739",
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"body": "I'm not a \"pro\" by any means, but I feel like omitting the object \"nothing\"\nshould make justice to it. First, why would you want to say that \"dog barked\nat nothing\" when it's easier to simply say that \"dog barked\". Trying to find a\nreason for saying that \"dog barked at nothing\" in Japanese, but I'm unable to.\n\n犬が吠えた。\n\nHope that you'll find the right answer.",
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| 42736 | null | 42739 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42742",
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"body": "I just watched a video where Thomandy (a youtuber who plays games) plays two\nMario Maker levels, and one of them is called:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/F9NSE.png)\n\nMy transcription of this level by Daiki is:\n\n> 挑戦者現れろ！！！ 爆絶級\n\nAssuming I didn't miscopy, the first part should be:\n\n> 挑戦者現れろ！！！ | Chousensha arawarero!!! | Let the challengers appear!!!\n\nThe second part is my problem. The last character should be -kyū, meaning\n\"class\", but the rest seem to form a word which is nowhere to be found in my\nreferences, and indeed Google won't transliterate it. From JEDict, my guess\nwould be:\n\n> 爆絶級 | bakuzetsu-kyū | bomb-sever class\n\nHowever, besides being uncertain about transliteration (just look at how many\nreadings [the Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%88%86#Japanese)\nlists for the first character!), this translation makes little to no sense to\nme. So:\n\n> What does 爆絶級 mean? And how do I read it?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T16:39:36.720",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"pronunciation",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Unfindable word 爆絶級 in Japanese Mario Maker level name",
"view_count": 224
} | [
{
"body": "「爆絶級」 seems to be a coined word to express a degree of difficulty. It is\nfairly likely to read 「[爆]{ばく}[絶]{ぜつ}[級]{きゅう}」, which is obtained by simply\nconcatenating on-yomis.\n\nFirstly, 「級」 is for \"class,\" as you guessed.\n\nSecondly, 「爆」 is for explosion rather than bomb, in my opinion. Explosion is\nemployed to express its fierceness. Though there is no strict rules, 「爆」\nimpresses us as the level is fairly high.\n\nLastly, 「絶」 is likely to come from the word 「[超絶]{ちょうぜつ}」 (\"transcendence\").\nIf 「超絶」 is used for expressing difficulty, it would be \"absolutely high.\" The\nkanji 「絶」 itself has a nuance of \"absolutely\" or \"definitely\" (as in 「絶対」),\n\"separate\" (as in 「隔絶」) or \"the highest\" (as in 「絶景」) The basic idea of 「超」 is\n\"super\" and it has the nuance of \"great\" or \"very high,\" so 「超絶」 is a\ncombination of two kanjis both expressing \"very high.\"\n\nHere 「爆絶」 is created by replacing 「超」 with 「爆」. I'm not sure (and there's no\nanswer) which of 「超絶」 and 「爆絶」 is higher, but both should be really high.\n\n* * *\n\n**Edit** : as for the reading of 「[爆]{ばく}[絶]{ぜつ}[級]{きゅう}」, on-yomis other than\n「ばく」 for 「爆」 are really rare (indeed, I can't recall them). In Wiktionary, all\nof them are marked \"non-Jōyō reading\" or \"historical.\" The same applies to 「絶」\nand 「級」. 「ぜつ」 and 「きゅう」 respectively are only on-yomis commonly used.",
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| 42740 | 42742 | 42742 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42743",
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"body": "I was wondering how I would use kudasai. Could I use it for asking for items\n(私はこれがほしいですください）or for a polite, almost English 'Can you let me sit here\nplease'?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T16:59:35.803",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "How is ください used?",
"view_count": 113
} | [
{
"body": "ください cannot be used as a direct replacement for the English word 'please'.\n\nIt is the imperative form of くださる which is the honorofic version of くれる\nmeaning 'to give'.\n\nIt can be used directly with nouns e.g.:\n\n> これをください \n> Please give me this\n\nIt can also attach to the te-form of verbs with the meaning \"please do verb\nfor me\" e.g.:\n\n> コーヒーを買ってください \n> Please buy me a coffee",
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| 42741 | 42743 | 42743 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42778",
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"body": "I am a very beginner in Japanese and not very good in English, so I hope my\nquestions will be clear enough.\n\nI'm learning some kanji and I've been through a reflection when comparing some\nkanji between them, with French and with English. I need your help to\nunderstand how it works - it's about something like \"what is a word\" in\nJapanese. Yeah I know I'm not very intelligible but I'm still thinking about\nit, so it's not even clear for me.\n\nI'll drop my reflection here and hope you will help me making all this\nunderstandable.\n\nI'll start with French-English comparisons.\n\nIn English there is the word **hound** which is a dog for hunting. In French,\nwe don't have a word for that. We have a locution: **chien de chasse** which\nmeans **hunting dog**. That means in an English-French dictionary, you will\nfind \"hound = chien de chasse\", but in a French-English dictionary you won't\nfind \"chien de chasse = hound\". You will find \"chien\" then somewhere in the\ndescription you will find \"- de chasse = hound, hunting dog ; - d'aveugle =\nguide dog ; d'arrêt = pointer ; etc.\". Keep that in mind.\n\nAnother thing: in French we have the word **gendarme** which is sort of a\npoliceman. It comes from **gens d'armes** which means something like \"people\nwith weapons\". But nowadays it's a single word, you could say \"un gendarme\nsans arme\" (a policeman without any weapon) without anyone being like \"it's\nnonsens, don't call him _gendarme_ if he has no _arme_!\", because the origin\nof the word does not matter. Keep that in mind too.\n\nOK so now let's talk about Japanese.\n\n**Niwatori** is for **chicken**. It was made, before Japanese had writing,\nfrom **niwa** (garden) and **tori** (bird), because basically a chicken is a\nbird we keep in a garden. Questions start here:\n\n * is **niwatori** a word like **gendarme** , which was made from two words but nowadays it doesn't matter, or is it a locution like **hunting dog** and **chien de chasse**?\n * if it's a locution, why is it not **niwa no tori**? I thought it wasn't possible in Japanese to create locutions like in English.\n * can you make words like **yamatori** , **kawatori** , **niwaneko** or whatever you want to do?\n * can you say **niwa no niwatori**?\n\nI heard someone saying **hana no hanabira** :\n\n * isn't **hanabira** already a **flower petal** or is it only a **petal** so you can say **hana no hanabira** and you could say **yume no hanabira** (I'm such a poet)? Or would you say **yumebira**?\n\nAfter that, I saw the word **yagi** , which is a **goat**. This word is made\nwith two kanji: **yama** and **hitsuji**. So the same questions apply to\n**yagi** , but do the same answers do?\n\n * does it really mean **goat** or does it mean **mountain sheep** which _can be understood_ as **goat** (slight difference)?\n * is it really a _word_ , can we call it a _word_ , or is it more like a locution?\n\nCan we create new words with many kanji or do we have to use **no** if we want\nto express new things like \"a sheep from a mountain is a goat\"? Example: I\nwant to say a cat from a forest is a tiger, can I say **morineko** or is it\n**mori no neko**?\n\nThanks, I know it's hard to understand, plus with Japanese it's never the same\nbetween \"saying\" and \"writing\" (it's like you write **chien de chasse** but\nread it **hound** so you write three words but pronounce one, wow, does the\nquestion \"is it a word?\" still have any sens?).",
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"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Discussion about kanji being words",
"view_count": 827
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{
"body": "Let me start from [鶏]{にわとり} ( **niwatori** ).\n\n\" **niwatori** \" is like **gendarme** , so we do not imagine gardens when we\nsay \" **niwatori** \". We rarely regard this word as **niwa** plus **tori**.\n\nAll of your examples, **yamatori** , **kawatori** , and **niwaneko** , sound\nunnatural, as such words don't exist. A similar example is ヤマネコ ( **yamaneko**\n), which comes from **yama** (mountain) + **neko** (cat). This is a single\nword for a name of a species. However, as we are far less familiar with\n**yamaneko** than **niwatori** , when we hear \" **yamaneko** \", we still\nimagine something like \"cats from mountain\" while understanding that this is a\nsingle word.\n\nAnother example is [家猫]{いえねこ} ( **ieneko** ), which is **ie** (house) +\n**neko** (cat) and refers to domesticated cats. In this case, we recognize\nthat it is **ie** plus **neko** but use this as a single word.\n\nSo, saying \" **niwa no niwatori** \" is fine. Furthermore, there is a famous\nphrase for discussing ambiguousness involving **niwa** and **niwatori** :\n\n> 庭には二羽鶏がいる。 \n> niwa ni wa niwa niwatori ga iru. \n> _There are two chickens in the garden._\n\n* * *\n\nNextly, [花]{はな}びら \" **hanabira** \" is definitely **flower petal**. So we don't\nsay **hana no hanabira** when we discuss general flower petals. But saying \"\n**ano hana no hanabira** (petals of that flower) etc. is fine.\n\nNote that, though its etymology may be **hana** + **bira** , it is an\nunsplitable word. \" **bira** \" would never be \"petal\" and you can't say \"\n**yumebira** \". A phrase \" **yume no hanabira** \" might be possible but it\ndoesn't make sense at least to me.\n\n* * *\n\nThe last example [山羊]{やぎ} \" **yagi** \" needs a bit different discussion, as it\ninvolves kanjis. The key is that \" **yagi** \" is not [漢語]{かんご} ( **kango** , a\nword made up with kanjis) but a pure Japanese word (though it may have\noriginated from other ancient languages). That is, the sound of \" **yagi** \"\ncame first and its kanji was determined much later. So the meaning of kanjis\n(here, mountain and goat) is not so much related to the meaning of the word.\nWe just understand **yagi** as goats, but not mountain sheep.\n\nAnother example is [海豚]{いるか} ( **iruka** = **dolphins** ). Its kanji is\n**sea** + **pig**. Obviously, we should not believe that dolphins are sea\npigs. Especially in animal names (which are rarely 漢語), the relation between\nmeanings and kanjis are no more than this extent.\n\nIf you say **morineko** , every native speaker of Japanese should notice that\nit is a result of word creation. They then would wonder how **morineko** is\ndifferent from **mori no neko**.\n\n* * *\n\nOn the other hand, 漢語s are often understood as combination of kanjis. For\nexample, [国旗]{こっき} ( **national flag** ) is composed of 国 ( **nation** ) and 旗\n( **flag** ). In the region of 漢語s, word creation might sometimes make sense\nand be accepted as a result of valid wording.\n\n* * *\n\nAs a conclusion, you should consider most non-漢語s as single words but not\ncomposed words. In the above examples, **yamaneko** and **ieneko** can\nactually be considered as a composed word, but now they are treated as single\nwords. Indeed, **yamainu** is still possible but **ieinu** doesn't make much\nsense. This kind of composed words may have taken long time to be accepted as\nsingle words, so you have to work very much absolutely hard advertising, for\nexample **morineko** , to make it accepted as a valid word.",
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| 42744 | 42778 | 42778 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42749",
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"body": "> 一人【ひとり】だけ来ました【きました】\n\nis translated as\n\n> only one person came\n\non page 6-14 of \"Learn to Read in Japanese\" by Lake and Ura.\n\nCould this also be read as \"he/she came alone?\" or is there a phrase that is\nmore suited to that purpose?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T21:47:57.503",
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"tags": [
"usage",
"idioms"
],
"title": "一人だけ来ました potential interpretations",
"view_count": 92
} | [
{
"body": "> 「一人{ひとり} **だけ** 来{き}ました」\n\ncan only mean:\n\n> \"Only one person came.\"\n\nIt cannot mean \"He/She came alone.\" To mean that, we say:\n\n> 「その人{ひと}は一人 **で** 来ました。」 or\n>\n> 「その人は一人 **だけで** 来ました。」\n\n(I used 「その人」 because it is not common at all to use third-person pronouns in\nJapanese.)\n\nTo emphasize the \"alone\" part, we also often say:\n\n> 「～～は **たった** 一人 **で** 来ました。」",
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| 42747 | 42749 | 42749 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42753",
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"body": "I know when I am describing a situation I should use:\n\n> 彼はドアをあけてくれました。\n\nor\n\n> 私は彼にドアをあけて貰いました。\n\nBut what about in a question? I saw this phrase in a Japanese TV show, when\nthe speaker wants another person to leave the room first:\n\n> 先に行ってくれますか？\n\nIn this situation, can I say 先に行って貰いますか？\n\nPlease explain the difference.",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "When you ask someone to do a favour, what is the difference between くれますか and もらいますか?",
"view_count": 176
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{
"body": "> 先に行ってくれますか？ -- Will you go first?\n\nYou can rephrase it as:\n\n先に行ってもら **え** ますか？ -- _lit._ Can I have you go first?\n\n(もらえる is the potential form of もらう)",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T02:21:25.233",
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| 42748 | 42753 | 42753 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42751",
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"body": "Why is no marker used after 中 in this case:\n\n> 厳しい寒さの **中** 、水中で綱を引き豊漁を祈願する伝統の神事が、福井県美浜町で行われました。\n\nAs far as I understand, the expression 寒さの中 means 'in the coldness', (where\nhere 中 is read なか, or is it not?). It just seems a bit awkward to me to be\nwritten like this, i.e. with a comma right after it and no marker. What am I\nmissing?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-21T23:22:07.020",
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"tags": [
"particles"
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"title": "Why is there no marker used after 寒さの中?",
"view_count": 83
} | [
{
"body": ">\n> 「厳{きび}しい寒{さむ}さの中{なか}、水中{すいちゅう}で綱{あみ}を引{ひ}き豊漁{ほうりょう}を祈願{きがん}する伝統{でんとう}の神事{しんじ}が、福井県美浜町{ふくいけんみはまちょう}で行{おこな}われました。」\n\nThis sentence is perfect in every way.\n\nIf you inserted 「で」 after 「寒さの中」, the sentence would still be grammatical but\nit would sound a little more conversational when it clearly is not meant to\nbe. 「で」 would be **_redundant_** in this context -- more so than you might\nthink.\n\nWhen talking about an event taking place in a meteorological condition, a\ngeneral ambience or a psychological state in a non-conversational setting,\nusing 「で」 would often make the sentence sound less than great.\n\nThe reason for using a comma after 「寒さの中」 should mainly be for clarity. It\nprevents us from having to see a funny-looking 「 **中水中** 」 in the 中 of the\nsentence. No 親父{おやじ}ギャグ intended.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 42750 | 42751 | 42751 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42757",
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"body": "I heard this term なびっくる live on <http://www.fm-totsuka.com/> I checked\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/> and <http://ejje.weblio.jp/> but could not find\nany entry for なびっくる,\n<https://translate.google.com/#ja/en/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B>\nhas it as \"surprised\". Is なびっくる a variant of びっくり?",
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"tags": [
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "Is なびっくる a variant of びっくり",
"view_count": 75
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{
"body": "No なびっくる is not a variant of びっくり. Perhaps you've misheard something. Since\nyou've heard it on the radio, is there a possibility that you've heard an ad\nof ナビクル (There's an [ad\nlibrary](https://www.navikuru.jp/satei/navikuru_satei/radio/))?",
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| 42752 | 42757 | 42757 |
{
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"body": "> Please give me your advice\n\nin Japanese. Is あなたのアドバイスを教えてください。 appropriate?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-22T05:06:12.483",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How do we say ''Please give me your advice'' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 7769
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{
"body": "The word あなた should never be used when addressing a single person, it lacks\nany kind of respect. Omit the subject completely if you don't know the\nperson's name.\n\nFor the form in itself, I think:\n\n> アドバイスを教えていただけませんか。\n\nis the most polite way of asking someone for advice. Other versions also\nexist:\n\n> アドバイスを教えてもらえませんか。 \n> アドバイスを教えてくれませんか。\n\nThey all roughly have the same meaning, but the level of formality is slightly\ndifferent. The first sentence is used for strangers and bosses, the second for\nteachers (that you are acquainted with) and service staff for example, and the\nthird would be common to use for your homestay family.\n\nいただけませんか asks if it is (not) possible to (humbly) receive something from the\nother person.\n\nもらえませんか means the same, just a little more casual, but still formal.\n\nくれませんか means to ask if it is (not) possible for the other person to generously\ngive something (in this case: advice).\n\nedit: アドバイスを教えてください。 also exists and is also very formal, might be more\nappropriate when talking to service staff.\n\nHope that helps!",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T06:26:22.830",
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"body": "In this case the most natural expression would be the one below. Wording will\nchange according to the person you are speaking to.\n\nIf you are speaking to a friend, then you don't need to use honorific or\nhumble speech.\n\n> 「[相談]{そうだん}にのってもらえる？」 \n> Could you give me advice?\n\nIf you are speaking to your teacher, you need to use honorific and humble\nspeech.\n\n> 「[相談]{そうだん}にのっていただけますか？」 \n> Could I please ask for your advice?\n\nNotice that もらえる has changed into いただけます.\n\nWhen addressing the teacher, you could also say it like this:\n\n> 「相談にのってください。」\n\nThis would express more zeal. While previously you were just asking if the\nteacher has the time or will to give you advice, now you are desperate to have\nit. \"Please, give me your advice!\"\n\nP.S. \nYou cannot 教える an アドバイス. \nYou can もらう an アドバイス.\n\nIncorrect: 「アドバイス教えられる？」 \nCorrect: 「アドバイスもらえる？」\n\nStill, アドバイス is a word which came from English and this phrase you can easily\nsense this influence, i.e. there is a manner of foreign-ness to it.",
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"body": "I think you could simply say:\n\n> アドバイスをお[願]{ねが}いします。\n\nor even more simply:\n\n> アドバイスをください。 _lit._ Please give (me) (your) advice.\n\n* * *\n\nAlternatively you could say:\n\n> アドバイスを｛もらえますか / もらえませんか｝。-- Can I have your advice?\n\nwhich would sound a bit less direct.\n\nTo sound politer, you could say:\n\n> アドバイスを｛いただけますか / いただけませんか｝。-- Could I have your advice? \n> アドバイスをいただきたいのですが。-- I would like to have your advice. \n> etc...\n\nusing the humble form いただく.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T14:56:43.307",
"id": "42773",
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"body": "I'll use those words:\n\n```\n\n |English |Japanese |\n −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−\n |advice |助言,アドバイス|\n |give |ください |\n \n```\n\nYou could say:\n\n> * アドバイスをください\n> * [助言]{じょげん}をください\n>\n\nThey can be question. This is polite.\n\n> Could you please give me your advice? アドバイスをいただけませんか？ \n> [助言]{じょげん}をいただけませんか？\n\n> あなたのアドバイスを[教]{おし}えてください。\n\nI think that is OK, but that is not used commonly.",
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| 42755 | null | 42773 |
{
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"body": "I'm pretty sure this question is basic and may be a duplicate to any existing\nones.\n\n> 授業があるんじゃない?\n>\n> 授業がない?\n\n 1. Isn't there a class?\n 2. There is no class?\n\nSeems similar to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T05:21:44.440",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Negative questions : Normal Vs Explanation seeking",
"view_count": 113
} | [
{
"body": "授業があるんじゃない？ This would be said by your roomate who knows for sure that you\nhave a class that given day, to you, who are still in your pajamas despite the\nclass starting soon. (This ん is tricky. If you simply asked 授業があるの？then such\nnuance would not be included, and it would be a simple question: \"Do we have a\nclass today?\"). Therefore the above could be translated as, \"You do have a\nclass today, right?\".\n\n授業がない？ This is just a simple question. You came to the classroom late, yet the\nteacher has not arrived yet. You ask one of the classmates, \"(So) there is no\nclass?\".",
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| 42756 | 42760 | 42760 |
{
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"body": "In regards to this sentence why is it ある and not いる for 親 and 責任?\n\n> 親である限りは、子供に対する責任があると思う。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T05:53:19.410",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "ある vs. いる in regards to 親 and 責任",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "Um... For 親, it is not the verb ある but rather the verb である which means \"to be\"\nlike です or だ.\n\nThe difference is that である can be used to modify nouns while the 2 latter\ncan't.\n\n責任 (responsibility) here is an inanimate object (non living) so we use ある not\nいる. Only living things can have いる to identify its existence.\n\nThe whole sentence means: I think the limit of being a parents is having the\nresponsibility to direct their child to the future. (Maybe, correct me if I'm\nwrong)",
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"body": "To describe existence as a normal verb, you have to use いる for animate objects\nand ある for others.\n\n * 人が **いる** 。 There is a person. / A person is.\n * 本が **ある** 。 There is a book. / A book is.\n\nYou always have to use である when it describes some state (i.e., as a copula /\nlinking verb).\n\n * 彼は教師 **である** 。 He is a teacher.\n * その本は傑作 **である** 。 That book is a masterpiece.\n\nいる is also used as a subsidiary verb to describe a progressive action and\ncontinuation of state. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010).\n\n* * *\n\nIn, 親である, ある is the right choice because that part is about \"who you are\", not\nabout \"whether a parent exists\".\n\n責任がある refers to the existence of responsibility. ある was chosen because 責任 is\nnot a living thing.",
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"body": "I am playing a game with a mix of English players and Japanese players. It has\na helpful translate feature built in but not everything is in there. For\ninstance being able to tell a player to use an item.\n\nAs an example the item is \"魔土器:解呪\" I want to be able to politely say , \"Please\nuse Pomander Of Purity\" but in Japanese (items often have different names in\ndifferent language).\n\nSo in the case of my example would I say something like, \"つかいます 魔土器:解呪\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T06:18:47.450",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How do I ask a person to use something?",
"view_count": 883
} | [
{
"body": "The basic premise is that your sentence ordering is wrong.\n\nIn japanese all sentences/clauses must end with a verb. So you're suppose to\nsay :\n\n> name of items + を/は + verb(使います/用います)\n\nBut since you are using the command form. You can't use the normal dictionary\nform or the polite form, because it would mean the future tense.\n\n> name of itemsを使います\n\nMeans \"I/you will use the item\".\n\nYou would use つかってください(please use) or just つかって(without please) for more\ndirect and less polite commands. So you would say :\n\n> name of items + は/を + つかって / つかってください / つかってくれ\n\nIt is advisable to use the kanji 使う so identifying the meaning can be done\nquicker. You can also omit the は/を since it is clear from the context.\n\nYou can however split the sentence into 2. If the word \"use\" pops out in your\nmind first.\n\n> つかって。\"name of items\".\n\nUse it! The \"name of items\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T06:48:41.523",
"id": "42766",
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{
"body": "> I want to be able to politely say, \"Please use Pomander Of Purity\"\n\nI think the most natural and common way of saying it would be...\n\n> [魔土器]{まどき}の「[解呪]{かいじゅ}」 **を[使]{つか}ってください** 。\n\n* * *\n\nBreakdown: \nを -- case particle as an object marker \n使って -- te-form of verb 使う (\"use\") \nください -- honorific imperative form of subsidiary verb くれる (\"do ~~ for me\")\n\nYou use 「て-form + ください」(\"Please do ~~\") for politely asking/requesting someone\nto do something.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T04:50:47.397",
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| 42763 | null | 42790 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "**Question 1**\n\nI was curious about the phrase \"What am I doing here?\" in Japanese. I know\nthat if you want to ask someone \"what is he/she doing here?\", it should be\nlike\n\n> ここで何をしているんの？\n\nHowever, how can you make it refer to yourself? Will adding 私は at the\nbeginning be enough?\n\nFurthermore, in this context what is the different between\n\n> 何 **を** しているんの？\n\nand\n\n> 何 **が** しているんの？\n\n* * *\n\n**Question 2**\n\nI was watching some drama and I heard the character say something, which\nimplies that he would like to excuse himself (based on the English subs). I\ncouldn't clearly hear what he said, but it is something similar to\n\n> つりします\n\nWhat is the phrase that he said exactly?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T11:34:33.340",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "\"What am I doing here?\"/ Excuse yourself",
"view_count": 1173
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{
"body": "You, very plainly, would not say 何がしているの, only 何をしているの. Furthermore,\ncolloquially it can become 何をしてんの, but never 何をしてるんの. I doubt you would really\nuse the phrase to refer to yourself.\n\nWhat you heard as つりします was probably 失礼{しつれい}します.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T12:00:01.537",
"id": "42770",
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"body": "I agree with @Nothing_at_all that the phrase you probably hear is 失礼します.\n\nIn my opinion, the phrase \"What is he doing here?\" Can also imply that you\ndislike the presence of that person. This has the same nuance as \"why is he\nhere?\"\n\n> なんでここにいるの?!\n\nYou can add は to specify the subject. This includes yourself.\n\n> ここで何をしているの?\n\nYou can add は/が to specify the subject. This includes yourself.\n\nI suggest you don't try to use slangs yet as learning how the grammar is\nconstructed is more vital.\n\n> 何がしているの?\n\nIs a weird sentence because it means \"what is doing (it)?\" が indicates the\nsubject. It's more normal to use 誰 as 何 indicates inanimate object.\n\n> 誰がしているの?\n\nWho is the one doing (it)?\n\n何が used in questions...\n\n> 何が違うの? (What is different/wrong?)\n>\n> 何があったの? (What happened?)\n>\n> 何がしたいの? (What is wantable to do? -> what do you want to do?)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-22T13:04:52.687",
"id": "42771",
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"body": "in my opinion, \"what am i doing here\" could not be translated word by word\nhere since the English expression means \"I'm confuzed, I don't know this\nplace\" in Japanese this expression should be \"ここは？\" or \"一体、ここはどこ？ここで何をしているの？\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T13:39:41.497",
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| 42769 | null | 42770 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42774",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I came across this kanji\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/EfVh8.jpg)\n\nIt is said to read ぼんのう、meaning worldly desires and comprising 108 strokes. I\nam curious if it does exist because after some searching I couldn't find any\nmore information about this.\n\nAlmost every single image I found about this kanji is apparently the same\noriginal image with some editing. Every source I found says basically the same\nthing, its meaning, reading, and stroke count.\n\nSearching for kanjis with highest numbers of strokes, the most knowledgeable\nones seem to be this [interesting\ncompilation](http://nihonshock.com/2009/10/crazy-kanji-highest-stroke-count/)\nand a Wikipedia page talking about the kanji\n[taito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito_\\(kanji\\)), which is written with\n84 strokes and thus _the most graphically difficult character_. No one is\nreally talking about this kanji in question.\n\nCan anyone point me to any other resource related to this kanji?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T14:31:49.533",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "A kanji with 108 strokes",
"view_count": 15164
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{
"body": "Your only question appears to be \"does it exist?\", and the answer to that is\nobviously yes, because someone has created it. Other than that, it is not\nlisted in any dictionaries and has no historical usage. It appears to have\nbeen created recently (the earliest I could find was\n[this](http://twitpic.com/9mld1k), from 2012) based on the idea that there are\n108 'worldly desires' and the kanji presumably incorporates some of them.\n\nTheoretically anyone can create a legitimate kanji, as there is no standard or\nlanguage authority that would prevent it. The only problem is getting it into\ndictionaries, which is a a difficult prospect these days as it would probably\nhave to be incorporated into unicode.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T14:57:59.757",
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{
"body": "This is a work of art [by the Twitter user\n@shoshokaki](http://twitpic.com/9mld1k). The 108 strokes represents\ncompleteness in Buddhism.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T14:58:00.367",
"id": "42775",
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{
"body": "It's not a kanji, either in Japan or in Taiwan.\n\nSuch kanji-looking shape(works) is a painting in east cultures. It's composed\nof a phrase or a sentence, so as its pronunciation (long). The trick or fun is\nthat some parts of kanji are shared by adjacent kanjis.\n\nYou can find more works like [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/c1yyc.png),\nstanding for \"招 財 進 寶\", which is the most popular sign for New Year. (The two\nparts, 貝 and 才, are used twice.)\n\nAnd more: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DydYB.png)\n\nThere is a book making a good collection of such works: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VvrNH.png)",
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| 42772 | 42774 | 42775 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42779",
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"body": "How can the well-known Tintin become タンタン rather than ティンティン in Japanese? Is\nit because ティンティン sounds like ちんちん?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4Docc.jpg)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T17:03:18.290",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "How can the well-known Tintin become タンタン in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1175
} | [
{
"body": "The タンタン rendering has a lot to do with the source French pronunciation,\n[[tɛ̃tɛ̃]]. The [[ɛ]] vowel in the [International Phonetic\nAlphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) is\nthe [open-mid front unrounded vowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-\nmid_front_unrounded_vowel), halfway between [[a]] and [[e]]. The tilde ~ on\ntop indicates nasalization, like a half-pronounced [[n]] after a vowel. To a\nJapanese ear (and, heck, even to my American English ear), [[tɛ̃tɛ̃]] sounds\nnot too far from タンタン.\n\nAvoiding the pronunciation [ちんちん]{chin chin} (slang for _\"penis\"_ ) is a nice\nside bonus.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 42777 | 42779 | 42779 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42783",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could someone help with the gramatical construction of this phrase?\n\n> いや、これで見つからないと俺としましては逆に大変なことになるのです\n\nWhat I don't get is the としまして part \nCould someone help?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T18:51:17.287",
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"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "What does いや、これで見つからないと俺としましては逆に大変なことになるのですmean?",
"view_count": 208
} | [
{
"body": "In meaning,\n\n> 「俺｛おれ｝と **しまして** は」＝「俺と **して** は」\n\nThe former is politer than the latter for using 「します」 rather than just 「する」,\nwhich the latter uses.\n\nStrictly speaking, that makes the sentence in question sound a little bit off-\nbalanced because 「俺」 is not very polite to begin with.\n\nIn fiction, however, one would expect to encounter expressions like this more\noften than in real life. In real life, you would hear 「俺としては」 considerably\nmore often than 「俺としましては」.\n\nBoth mean \" **as for me** \", \" **as far as I am concerned** \", etc.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T21:42:48.143",
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| 42780 | 42783 | 42783 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42787",
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"body": "I am learning Japanese via Glossika. I have now come across a construction\nwhich I do not really understand and cannot find an explanation online.\n\nThe sentences in question are always of the form\n\n> て-form of a verb + になります。\n\nE.g.\n\n> 日本語 を 勉強し 始めて に なります。\n\n(slightly altered to not use the concrete sentence from Glossika)\n\nHere are orignal examples (as well as a similar one I found online)\n\n> 1. あなた は 先生 に なって どのぐらい に なります か?\n>\n> 2. 英語 を 勉強し 始めて 半年 に なります\n>\n> 3. 日本 に きて どのくらい に なりますか?\n>\n>\n\nCan someone explain the usage of になる in this case. I know that this means 'to\nbecome' but so far I have only seen it used either with nouns or adjectives.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-22T21:10:38.050",
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"owner_user_id": "19523",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form"
],
"title": "Specific use of になる together with て-form",
"view_count": 230
} | [
{
"body": "In the expression:\n\n> 「Verb in て-form + (length of time) + に + なる/なります」,\n\n「～～になる」 does **_not_** mean \"to become ~~\".\n\nInstead, it means \" ** _(length of time) has passed_** \".\n\nWhen using this expression in asking questions regarding how much time someone\nhas been doing something, you just replace the (length of time) by 「どれくらい」 or\n「どのくらい」 and attach a 「か」 at the very end of the question.\n\nThis should explain the structures and meanings of all of the example\nsentences you have listed above.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T22:28:39.227",
"id": "42786",
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{
"body": "There are two key concepts to understanding this sentence: the て form, and なる.\n\n**Function of -て**\n\nFirstly, the -て form of the verb is used to string events together, usually in\nsequential order:\n\n> 朝ご飯を食べて、シャワーを浴びた。 \n> I ate breakfast, and then took a shower.\n\nWhen the second phrase expresses a passage of time, it describes how long it\nhas (or had) been since the first phrase happened:\n\n> 学校が始まって一か月がたった。 \n> It's been a month since school started.\n\nThus, we can understand the first part of your example as:\n\n> 英語を勉強し始めて \n> (I) started learning English... (and then something else happened).\n\nTo a native English speaker, this kind of construction for telling time looks\nstrange (yet logical), but it is very common in Japanese.\n\n* * *\n\n**なる**\n\nAs for なる, it still is used with a noun here. なる is _only_ used with\nadjectives and nouns. In fact, to use it with a verb, you have to turn the\nverb into a noun with よう or こと so that you _can_ attach に. For example:\n\n> ピアノをひけるようになった。 \n> I became able to play the piano well\n\nSo in the second part of your (full) example, なる is used with the noun 半年, to\nindicate the passage of time:\n\n> 半年になります \n> It becomes a half year/half a year passes\n\n* * *\n\n**The original sentence**\n\nSo, putting these concepts together, we can decipher your sentence:\n\n> 英語を勉強し始めて半年になります \n> I started studying English, and then it became half a year. (lit) \n> I've been studying English for half a year.",
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| 42781 | 42787 | 42786 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42784",
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"body": "I came across the following sentence:\n\n> ご家族とよく相談して書いてくる **ように** 。\n\nFor context: A teacher is talking to a class of students concerning a report\nthey have to write.\n\nI know that ように is often used at the end of a sentence to express a wish\n(especially in combination with どうか). However, I don't think the teacher is\nexpressing a wish here. Could this ように be part of the expression ようにする (\"to\nmake sure that\", \"to try to\") with the する missing? If so, is this a common\npattern in colloquial speech?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T21:39:11.230",
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"owner_user_id": "18296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"abbreviations"
],
"title": "Can ようにする be used without する in colloquial speech?",
"view_count": 352
} | [
{
"body": "> 「ご家族{かぞく}とよく相談{そうだん}して書{か}いてくる **ように** 。」\n\nYou are reading the end part correctly. Something like 「してください」 or「しなさい」 is\nleft unsaid as it is clear.\n\nWhen a request (or a lighter kind of imperative) ends with 「ように」, it always\ncomes from a person of a higher status to a person of a lower status.\n\nIf a request is made the other way around, the speaker (who is lower in\nstatus) **_must_** add a polite verb phrase to 「ように」 such as\n「お願｛ねが｝いします」、「してください」、「なさってください」, etc.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T21:54:53.147",
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"body": "よう is 様 meaning of which is appearance/looks.\n\n * adjective+よう ＝ 広いよう\n * noun+よう ＝ 山のよう\n * verb+よう ＝ 叫ぶよう\n\nよう itself also has variation derived from conjugation.\n\n * adjective form ような ＝ ような国\n * adverb form ように ＝ ように働く\n * ending form ようだ ＝ ようだ／ようです\n\nBasically, よう describes situation in such appearance as expressed before hand\nor, let's say, a kind of picture imagined.\n\n * 広いよう seems/looks like wide\n * 山のよう seems/looks like mountain (exemplification)\n * 叫ぶよう seems/looks like to shout\n * この家はちょっと狭いようだ。\n * スーパーマンのようになれたらいいな。\n * 彼がそんなことをするようには思えない。\n\nFrom this original meaning, several additional meanings were developed.\n\n 1. way, method\n 2. reason, circumstances, grounds\n 3. purpose, aim, target\n 4. guess, supposition\n 5. softer imperative, request, solicitation\n 6. wish, hope\n\nWhen sentence ends with ように, it is a deviation because grammatically correct\nway is ようだ format. It means that ending with ように has following part which is\nunsaid.\n\nHowever, there is one exceptional case of 6. wish, hope, which is called as\nprayer sentence format. Usually ように is attached to ます-sentences like below.\n\n * 病気が早く治りますように。\n * 試験に合格しますように。\n * 素敵な恋が得られますように。\n\nMost of cases that ends by ように are 5. softer imperative or request.\n\n * ように＋しなさい／してください／してみなさい／してごらん（なさい）\n * ご家族とよく相談して書いてくるように。is this case.\n\nFor remaining cases, omission on ending part is rarely done.\n\n 1. 左手で支えるようにして右手を動かすのがポイントです。\n 2. 尖った角にはクッションを貼って、子供が怪我しないようにしました。\n 3. 毎朝野菜ジュースを飲んで、風邪をひかないようにすることが大事です。\n 4. あの人はすぐに風邪をひくようです。\n\nI made this lengthy explanation for comprehensive understanding about ように.",
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| 42782 | 42784 | 42784 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42788",
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"body": "I recently came upon a number of adjectives ending in 「〜やか」that can be paired\nup with other adjectives:\n\n> * 「緩い」 and 「緩 **やか** 」\n> * 「涼しい」 and 「涼 **やか** 」\n> * 「軽い」 and 「軽 **やか** 」\n>\n\nWhat is the meaning of this 「〜やか」and where does it come from? According to the\ndictionary, the paired adjectives have the same meaning. Is there a difference\nin tone between the adjectives?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-22T22:26:29.760",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "Adjectives ending in 「〜やか」",
"view_count": 543
} | [
{
"body": "First, -い versions are i-adjectives but -やか versions are na-adjectives.\nSecond, I feel -やか versions have slightly different primary meanings.\n\n * 緩い【ゆるい】: loose, easy \n\n> 緩く引っ張る: to pull weakly\n\n * 緩やか【ゆるやか】: gradual, slow \n\n> 緩やかに引っ張る: to pull slowly\n\n * 軽い【かるい】: light (weight), light (mood), casual, easy, shallow (mind) \n\n> 軽く走る: to run for a short time, to run casually\n\n * 軽やか【かろやか】: light (footstep), cheerful \n\n> 軽やかに走る: to run cheerfully, to run with light steps\n\nI chose these examples to illustrate the difference, but there are times when\nthey are interchangeable. 涼やか【すずやか】 is rare and I'm not sure how it's used.\n\nI think やか is just another suffix used to make an adjective, and I doubt it\nhas its own noteworthy meaning. It's no longer productive (i.e., new words\nusing -やか are unlikely to be coined any more). As Earthliŋ mentioned, many\n(most?) -やか adjectives do not have their -い counterparts at least in modern\nJapanese (e.g., はなやか, みやびやか, ひそやか, しとやか).\n\nWhen you encounter both -い and -やか versions, I think you should just remember\nthem as different words. Just as you should distinguish _numeric_ and\n_numerous_ , or _temporary_ and _temporal_ , as two different words with\ndifferent meanings.",
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| 42785 | 42788 | 42788 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42791",
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"body": "I see this one in N3 JLPT sample paper\n\n```\n\n ぜひ輸出を検討したく思いますので、\n 最新のバッグのカタログと価格表を今月中に送っていただけないでしょうか\n \n```\n\nUsually I would say 検討したいと思います, but why would this one use 検討したく思います?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T04:36:59.993",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "how and when to use ～たく思います",
"view_count": 652
} | [
{
"body": "Usually we Japanese native speaker say 「検討したいと思います」.\n\n「検討したく思います」has the same meaning, but I personally feel 「ぜひ・・・検討したく思います in this\nexample context」 a little bit old-fashioned and unatural, because 「検討したく」＝a\ncondescending expression of「ぜひ・・・検討したい」. If you would like to show your\ncondescending attitute, just「検討したいと思います」 is enough.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T04:59:15.507",
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"body": "「～～したく思います」 sounds more literary, more formal, and probably politer than\n「～～したいと思います」. 「～～したく...」 is more used in the written style. For example:\n\n> * お礼を申し上げ **たいと** 思い、ご連絡させていただきました。 \n> ⇒ お礼を申し上げ **たく** 思い、ご連絡させていただきました。(more formal)\n>\n> * お話をお聞かせいただき **たいと** 思います。 \n> ⇒ お話をお聞かせいただき **たく** 思います。/ 存じます。(more formal)\n>\n>",
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| 42789 | 42791 | 42791 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42794",
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"body": "I've just started learning Japanese, and I'm very confused by how 困る is used.\nFor example, we had a sample dialogue that went (in response to some bad\nnews):\n\n> A:「全然良くないですねえ。」\n>\n> B:「ええ、困りましたねえ。」\n\nI'm confused because since the news has just been delivered to B, why wouldn't\nthe imperfective 困ります be used instead? My reasoning is that B \"has a problem\"\nnow, but there was no problem earlier. Even if there was a hidden problem\nearlier, it's still there now (i.e. not over/completed yet).\n\nI asked the instructor, who said something about the problem itself occurred\nin the past, so either one could work; I'm not quite convinced because I\nthought ~ました referred to completed occurrences only.\n\nIs there a clearer explanation for why they used the perfective aspect? Or is\nmy understanding of 困る incorrect?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T06:59:44.850",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"conjugations",
"aspect"
],
"title": "How to choose the aspect of 困る?",
"view_count": 237
} | [
{
"body": "You are correct. ました is for completed occurrences. Something bad **happened**\nand therefore you are **troubled**.\n\nIf something bad is **happening** , you will use **ます**.\n\nExamples\n\n> 車が壊れた->困りましたね。 \n> 自分で料理できない->困ります。\n\nTo some extent, both can be used for most cases depending on how you formulate\nit. It's just like in English when you want to say \"I am troubled by this\nnews\", \"This news is troubling\", \"This event will cause me troubles\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T07:32:25.167",
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| 42793 | 42794 | 42794 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42799",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have seen the next sentences and each one use a different particle\n\n> 数年以内に： Within a few years\n>\n> 5秒以内で：Within five seconds\n\nWhy does one of them use the particle に and the other one で? Could we use the\nformer with で and the latter with に too? If so, does it have to do with the\nvery used or something? I would be very grateful if you could give me some\nexamples too.\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-23T10:36:16.520",
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"owner_user_id": "14270",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Particle question with 「以内」：「に」 or 「で」",
"view_count": 1221
} | [
{
"body": "The two expressions \"数年以内に\" and \"数年以内で\" are almost interchangeable each other.\nHowever there are slight difference between the two.\n\n> ex-1-1:数年以内に120円/ドルになるでしょう。（注：数年＝5年から6年程度）\n\n=数年以内には120円/ドルになるでしょう。\n\n=1年後か、2年後か、3年度か、4年後か、5年後か、6年後か、はっきりとは分かりませんが、数年以内には120円/ドルになるでしょう。\n\n> ex-1-2:数年以内で120円/ドルになるでしょう。\n\nもし「数年で120年/ドルになるでしょう」と言えば、「5年あるいは6年で、120円/ドルになるでしょう」となる。 \nこのように「で」には、時期をある程度確定的に示す意図が感じられます。\n\nそこで、「数年以内で」は「数年以内に」よりも、若干ですが、時期をより強く示す意図が感じられます。\n\n> ex-1-3:[OK]数年程度で120円/ドルになるでしょう。\n\nとは言えますが、\n\n> ex-1-4:[NG]数年程度に120円/ドルになるでしょう。\n\nとは言えません。\n\n> ex-2-1:Aボタンを押した後、5秒以内にBボタンを押してください。そうしないと爆発します。 \n> ex-2-2:Aボタンを押した後、5秒以内でBボタンを押してください。そうしないと爆発します。 \n> ex-2-3:Aボタンを押した後、5秒程度でBボタンを押してください。そうしないと爆発します。\n\nex-2-1でもex-2-2でも、両方とも使えますが、厳密に「5秒以内」でなければならないのであれば、ex-2-1「5秒以内に」がより適切な表現です。\n\n「5秒以内に」は、「5秒以内のうちに」であり、「早いほうがより良い」と言うニュアンスが感じられます。\n\n「5秒以内で」は、「5秒以内のどこかの時点で」であり、強いて言えば「ともかく5秒を越えなければ良い」と言うニュアンスが感じられます。\n\n「5秒程度で」となると、6秒でも良いことになります。\n\n英語のニュアンスは良く知りませんが、「Aボタンを押した後、5秒以内にBボタンを押してください。そうしないと爆発します」を英訳する際に、「5秒以内に」は\"within\nfive seconds\"でしょうか？あるいは\"in five seconds\"でしょうか？あるいは\"by five seconds\"でしょうか？",
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"body": "I think the point would be the difference of the role between に and で.\n\nWhen it indicates length, で is used like 一か月で犬小屋を作った(I made a dog house in a\nmonth).\n\nWhen you indicate a point of time, に is used like 明日の朝に会いましょう(Let's meet\ntomorrow morning).\n\nSo When it indicates determinate time like within a month, I feel に indicates\na point within time but で indicates a range within time. For example,\n一か月以内に海に行きたい is more natural than 一か月以内で海に行きたい because the time he wants to go\nto the sea is a point of time.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T17:01:04.373",
"id": "42802",
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"body": "One difference that I can think of is:\n\n> * 「（時間）+ 以内 **に** +（動詞）」 -- do something within [period of time] from now\n> * 「（時間）+ 以内 **で** +（動詞）」 -- take less than [period of time] to do\n> something\n>\n\nFor example:\n\n「救急車はそこに３０分以内 **で** 到着します。」 \n-- It takes less than 30 minutes for an ambulance to arrive there. \n「救急車はそこに３０分以内 **に** 到着します。」 \n-- The ambulance will arrive there within 30 minutes (from now).\n\n「５分以内 **で** (not に) スピーチをしてください。」 \n-- Please give a speech of up to 5 minutes in length.\n\n「１時間以内 **に** (not で) １億円を用意しろ、さもなくば娘の命はない。」 \n-- Come up with 100 million yen within 1 hour (from now), or you'll never see\nyour daughter again.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T08:50:01.537",
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| 42795 | 42799 | 42799 |
{
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"body": "I am trying to understand the different levels of politeness with words. Can\nsomeone help me with these.\n\nGiven casual, polite, formal and honorific. How would \"thank you\" be said.\n\nI assume dōmo - casual but I am not sure how to say this with the other levels\nof politeness.\n\nThanks",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T11:39:41.887",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "dōmo vs arigatō gozaimasu vs dōmo arigatō",
"view_count": 1152
} | [
{
"body": "Now, I ain't a expert, but as I understand it:\n\n「ありがとう」 For your friends/family and your 後輩.\n\n「ありがとうございます」 For your friends/family and (most importantly) your 先輩.\n\n「どうも」 A bit unique as it can mean ありがとう on it's own and is apparently even\nusable in 敬語 and formal settings which is nice. That said どうも doesn't just\nmean thank you, but also means hello and goodbye according to context.\n\n「どうもありがとう」 Apparently the equivalent to ありがとうございます, However I'm not 100% on\nthe nuance behind it, and it's likely ether a bit more or less polite then\nありがとうございます.\n\n「どうもありがとうございます」 The most polite of them all, used with your 先輩 of course.\n\nHope this helps mate, if you got more questions then just ask mate. :D",
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"body": "> dōmo (どうも)\n\nThis is close to \"thanks\" nuance. It is used when talking friends. If used to\nyour boss, that is rude.\n\n> dōmo arigatō (どうもありがとう)\n\nThis is almost same as dōmo, but this is commonly used.\n\n> arigatō gozaimasu (ありがとうございます)\n\nIt is very polite. So you could use this to boss.",
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| 42796 | null | 42814 |
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"body": "When saying goodbye, can someone tell me when each of these would be used and\nwhat the differences between them are?",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T12:09:40.147",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between \"shitsurei shimasu\", \"shitsurei\", \"sore de wa\", and \"sayōnara\"?",
"view_count": 2860
} | [
{
"body": "the common expression for saying \"goodbye\" is sayonara. but by saying\n\"sayonara\" that could mean you should not meet the person for a long time.\n\nhowever,shitsurei shimasu is an expression that can be translated as \"I\nbothered you\" when you quit a dialog, as if you stole time to your\ninterlocutor. very used at work !\n\nbetween \"shitsurei shimasu\" and \"shitsurei\" the difference is only the polite\nform.\n\nadding \"shimasu\" you are polite. \"shitsurei shimasu\" is the more popular form\nyou may hear.\n\nnotice that \"shitsurei shimasu\" is also used as a greeting when you enter a\nmeeting that has already start. open the door and say \"shitsurei shimasu\"\nmeans also \"sorry I bother you\" and is taken as a greeting.\n\n\"soredewa\" means that you will quit the dialog soon. In English we should\ntranslate this by \"well, ... \" I think.\n\nI hope that's comprehensible.",
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"body": "「さようなら」 is certainly the most general word for saying \"goodbye\". However, it\ndoes sound a bit like \"farewell\"...\n\nAbout 「失礼{しつれい}します」 now. 「失礼{しつれい}」 means \"impoliteness\", so literally,\n「失礼{しつれい}します」 means \"I'm being impolite\", \"I'm doing something impolite\".\nContextually, it means \"I'm leaving\", usually said while bending.\n\n「します」 is the polite form of 「する」, which means \"to do\". It can be dropped, so\nthe expression becomes 「失礼{しつれい}」. I cannot see a situation where this can be\nsaid all alone, except when leaving friends. This is not impolite, but pretty\nfamiliar.\n\n「それでは」 now, is a bit different, in that it does not mean \"goodbye\" by itself.\nIt's more or less the same as 「では」, and it basically means \"so\", as in, for\ninstance:\n\n> それでは、行{い}きましょうか。\n>\n> So, shall we go?\n\nWhen used as a way to say goodbye, it is a shortcut for 「それでは、また会{あ}いましょう」,\n\"So, let's meet again\". In casual (not necessarily with close friends)\nconversations, 「会{あ}いましょう」 is often dropped, and a 「ね」 can be appended. Most\nof the time, the 「では」 is contracted in 「じゃ」. So here are a few examples of\nwhat the original 「それでは、また会{あ}いましょう」 can become in casual conversations:\n\n * じゃー\n * じゃねー\n * またね\n * それじゃー",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T16:15:14.910",
"id": "42838",
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| 42797 | null | 42838 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42801",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I researched on Jisho.org and both terms are listed for Prime Minister.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-23T16:28:10.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42800",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is it しゅしょうor そうりだいじん when referring to the Prime Minister of Japan?",
"view_count": 1686
} | [
{
"body": "Both mean Prime Minister, though the usage can be slightly nuanced. The tl;dr\nversion is that you can use either, but そうりだいじん is a more formal title and\nしゅしょう is a colloquial nickname people have come to use when referring to the\noffice.\n\nThe kanji might help a bit in explaining this. The more specific title of the\nPrime Minister is 内閣総理大臣{ないかくそうりだいじん} which can be broken down into a couple\nkey words: 内閣{ないかく}, which means the \"interior cabinet\" of the government;\n総理{そうり}, which means \"leader\" or \"overseer\"; and 大臣{だいじん}, which means \"\ncabinet minister.\" Putting this all together we something along the lines of\n\"Lead Minister of the Interior Cabinet,\" or, as we like to say in English,\n\"Prime Minister.\" 総理大臣{そうりだいじん} is thus actually an abbreviation of the Prime\nMinister's official title.\n\nI'm not as sure about the specific nuance of 首相{しゅしょう}, but the [dictionaries\nI've looked at](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/105471/meaning/m0u/) tend to\nlist it simply as a colloquial nickname for the Office. Listed as synonyms are\n内閣総理大臣, 総理大臣, 総理, and 宰相{さいしょう}, so from what I've seen there isn't a case in\nwhich it'd be more \"correct' to use 首相 over 総理大臣.\n\n_That said_ , [one discussion I found on the\nterms](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/41012.html) noted that people of the Prime\nMinister's party tend to refer to them as 総理大臣 and members of the opposition\nparties often choose to use 首相, indicating that 総理大臣 comes off as more\nrespectful, likely due to it sounding more official. I'm not sure if this\ndistinction is prevalent in terms of the everyday usage of the words by\nregular people, but it may be a salient thing to remember if you're ever\nwriting about the Prime Minister. One additional note is that it seems more\ncommon to use 首相 when talking about the Prime Ministers of other countries,\nthough I would doubt that this convention is due to a lack of regard for other\ncountries.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 42800 | 42801 | 42801 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42816",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 彼には 子供が 六人 います - He has six children.\n\nI'm used to thinking of に as \"at\", or at least in a sense of goal or direction\n(ex.: 買い物に行く), but here it doesn't seem to work in that sense and I don't\nunderstand its role in the sentence. What does the に do here and how would you\ntranslate it?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-23T17:33:04.777",
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"owner_user_id": "13634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Cases where \"に\" cannot mean \"at\"",
"view_count": 359
} | [
{
"body": "> 「彼には 子供が 六人 います。」 - \"He has six children.\"\n\nHave you REALLY compared the two sentences? While \"He has six children.\" is a\nvalid translation of the Japanese sentence, it is nowhere near a literal\ntranslation.\n\n\"He has six children.\" The subject is ' **He** '.\n\n「彼には子供 **が** 六人います。」 The subject is 「 **子供** 」. Therefore, it is directly\nfollowed by the subject marker 「が」.\n\nLast time I mentioned this **_fact_** in another thread, some people here\nseemed to think I was crazy, but I will say it again with confidence. \"He has\nsix children.\" is just a \"translation\" and it is even a good one in the sense\nthat it makes perfect sense in English, the target language of this\ntranslation. It is, however, **_not_** what the original says as far as\nsentence structure goes.\n\nThis 「に」 is actually fairly close in meaning to \"at\" the location marker. The\noriginal sentence literally means \"As for **at/around** him, six children\nexist.\" Wouldn't that make good sense in and of itself? I am not asking if it\nsounds natural in English. We can always fix a translation to make it sound\nnatural. All I am trying to do is to prove that 「に」 in the original is\nessentially the same as the English \"at\" in this context.\n\nWhether or not the word \"at\" could naturally appear in the English translation\nthat everyone would agree on is of a secondary nature.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T03:54:31.460",
"id": "42816",
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{
"body": "The situaion of the typical usege of 「には」 could be the following. (I'm not\ngood at writing English, but I believe you can understand the situation.)\n\n> 「最近の日本人の夫婦には子供はひとりかそれ以下です」 \n> Nowadays, Japanese couple has one or less children.\n>\n> 「でも、彼には子供が六人います」 \n> But in his familiy, he has six children.\n\n「彼には＝彼の場合には(as far as he is concerned)」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T04:20:27.573",
"id": "42818",
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| 42803 | 42816 | 42816 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42812",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am struggling with the writing in the picture below:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4TSiy.jpg)\n\nHow does 端っこ fit in this sentence? \"I would have even been happy with\npublishing/participating just on the edge\"? That sounds weird.\n\nAnd 近ポジ I understand as \"close-range\" (or something similar) - but that\ndoesn't really make much sense here, does it?\n\nand finally: what's the character before 2 button? From the context I would\nhave expected this character: 第 - is it a short-form?\n\n**Context:** The only other thing written on that page is \"Congratulations on\n10 years of serialisation\" - it's from an anthology of manga shorts\ncelebrating a certain manga series. The \"2 button\" is referencing another work\nby the same mangaka.\n\nThe more Japanese I read, the less I feel I know. _sigh_\n\nAs always, help is very much appreciated. :)\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T21:33:03.637",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42806",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-23T23:55:58.017",
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"owner_user_id": "19260",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"readings",
"handwriting",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Meaning of 端っこ & 近ポジ & what's that character? (picture inside)",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "「端{はし}っこ」 means \"edge\", \"end\", etc.\n\n「っこ/こ」 is what I call a \"cutifying suffix\" that makes the preceding word look\nand sound cute. It does **_not_** change the meaning of the word.\n\nThough we do not have a whole lot of context or background story here, I would\nimagine that the sentence means something like:\n\n> \"I would be happy if you could use (my/this illustration) on the edge of a\n> page somewhere in your work.\"\n\nOnly you would know if that sounds alright in the larger context.\n\nMoving on to 「近{きん}ポジ」..\n\n「近ポジ」＝「近ポジション」 as you said, but again, I could only guess the meaning of the\nphrase it appears in for a lack of context. Japanese is an even more\ncontextual language than people would like to believe. My best guess would be\nsomething like:\n\n> \"It would be even better if you used (the illustration) closer to the center\n> (of the page) (rather than on the 端っこ).\"\n\nI am someone who does not read manga or play games, so I could be totally off\nhere. Again, only the one who has the whole context (= you) would know if that\ninterpretation sounded right.\n\nFinally,\n\n> 「[㐧]{だい}」＝「第{だい}」\n\nThe former is the nonstandard form of the latter. It is quite often used in\ninformal hand-writing by native speakers as it is a time-saver.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T23:50:26.263",
"id": "42811",
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},
{
"body": "This 端っこ refers to a corner of the book, implying inconspicuous and\nunimportant position. Basically she's being humble and saying her work does\nnot have to be placed in an important position on the book.\n\nAs for 近ポジ, I think it probably means 近いポジション (near position) or 近のポジション\n(position of 近) where 近 is a certain character in the manga. I'm not sure what\nit actually means, but possible interpretations are:\n\n * I love the close relationship of these two characters (on the right)\n * I love the standpoint/situation where 近 is placed in the manga\n * I was happy because I had a close relationship with the original author\n\nAnd yes, the character before 2ボタン is a common variation of 第 based on the\ncursive script of this character. It's described\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97#.E8.8D.89.E6.9B.B8.E4.BD.93.E3.81.8C.E3.82.82.E3.81.A8.E3.81.AB.E3.81.AA.E3.82.8B.E3.82.82.E3.81.AE).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T00:08:40.907",
"id": "42812",
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| 42806 | 42812 | 42811 |
{
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"body": "I have seen that in some type of questions you can ask it with \"da\" instead of\n\"ka\", but what about afirmations? I study japanese and if you want to say\nwhatever presentation, for example \"my name is Gin\", it would be \"Watashi wa\nGin desu\", or just simply \"Gin desu\". But, can you say, as the short form \"Gin\nda\"? I have seen in many animes they talk like this, or asking if he is Gin:\n\"Gin da?\" (Like \"Gin ka\")\n\nSo, is it correct to use an afirmation with da?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T21:49:59.227",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "The ending with \"da\"",
"view_count": 6944
} | [
{
"body": "Saying \"Gin da.\" is grammatical and better than just saying \"Gin.\", but it\nsounds fairly blunt and unfriendly. In real life, basically no one will self-\nintroduce like that. In anime, some prideful people and military personnel may\nspeak in such a way.\n\nIn real conversations, _da_ can be used in isolation to make a strong,\naccusatory or emergency statements where politeness does not matter. For\nexample, \"Jishin da!\" (\"Earthquake!\"), \"Omae wa baka da!\" (\"You're an\nidiot!\"). Otherwise, usually _da_ is omitted or used in combination with some\nsentence-end particles like \"da-yo\", \"da-ne\", etc.\n\nAsking \"Gin da?\" is possible, but it's something like \"Gin, you say?\" It's a\nblunt guy's way of repeating someone's statement with surprise. One can even\nsay \"Mita da?\" (\"You say you saw it!?\") I don't think it's very common even in\nanime, and it's very rare in modern conversations among ordinary Japanese\npeople. Basically a question that ends with _da_ is uncommon.",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T23:41:55.493",
"id": "42810",
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| 42807 | null | 42810 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42809",
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"body": "When you return home, the normal exchange is:\n\n(oneself): \"タダイマ\" \n(family member at your residence): \"オカエリ\"\n\nMy interpretation is that \"タダイマ\" means \" _hey, I've just got home._ \". And,\n\"オカエリ\" means \" _welcome home!_ \".\n\nSo, it would just sound weird to say \"タダイマ\" if someone beats you to the punch\nand says \"オカエリ\" to you?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T23:01:03.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42808",
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"owner_user_id": "15778",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Does it sound unnatural to say \"タダイマ\" after someone says \"オカエリ\" to you?",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "No, it wouldn't sound weird at all. It's perfectly fine and natural to say\nただいま after someone says おかえり to you.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-23T23:13:52.733",
"id": "42809",
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| 42808 | 42809 | 42809 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am reading a movie scenario magazine and came across the kanji 瞶 that I\ncannot understand.\n\nThe scenes involved are basically relationship moments between the two main\ncharacters.\n\nTwo examples with some context:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ozRqE.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/23gg9.jpg)\n\nWWWJDIC does not match this kanji, though in Edict (via JWPce or Rikaichan) it\nsays: \nキ see everything\n\nChecking various other references were a dead end.\n\nI realize this is probably non-standard literary usage, but please help me\nunderstand why it may have been used and any deeper meaning. \nAre there better examples of the usage of this kanji?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T03:19:07.943",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42813",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T03:59:13.033",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3169",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "What is the meaning/usage of 瞶?",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "<http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%92%E7%9E%B6%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6>\n\n「瞶る＝みつめる」です。\n\nまた、「凝っと＝じっと」だと思われますが、こちらも普通の辞書には見当たりません。\n\n私は61歳の普通の日本人ですが、この二つの漢字は初めて見ました。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T03:59:13.033",
"id": "42817",
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| 42813 | null | 42817 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Is there a grammar pattern to attach a adjective to a noun in this way?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T03:48:07.457",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42815",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T09:04:25.083",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say something is 'easy to learn'?",
"view_count": 2350
} | [
{
"body": "The following could be the typical situation.\n\n「僕は、スキーをしたことがないよ」I've never enjoyed skiing.\n\n「やってごらんよ。簡単だよ」Try it, it's easy to learn.\n\nThus we Japanese often ommit the noun phrase. The complete sentense should be\n「習うのは簡単だよ.」\n\nJust the word \"hard\" has the way to connect it with a noun phrase.\n\n> \"hard to accept\" = 「受け入れるのは難しい」 = 「受け入れ難い{がたい}」 \n> \"hard to access\" = 「近づくのは難しい」 = 「近づき難い」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T04:49:54.787",
"id": "42819",
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{
"body": "There are some cases where it is possible.\n\nFor example, using やすい and づらい after the stem of a verb.\n\n> 見づらい -> hard to see \n> 読みやすい -> easy to read \n> 覚えやすい -> easy to learn/remember \n> 書きづらい -> hard to write\n\nにくい can be used in the same way as づらい and has mostly the same meaning but is\nslightly more objective. (Thanks to @Blavius for reminding me)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T04:57:02.400",
"id": "42820",
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"score": 6
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{
"body": "It's sometimes possible. In order to say `easy to ...`, we use **`...やすい`**.\n(Learn is 学ぶ in Japanese) So I would say:\n\n> * (何か)は/が **学びやすい** 。\n> * (Something) is easy to learn.\n>",
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"creation_date": "2017-01-24T08:10:58.390",
"id": "42822",
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"score": -1
},
{
"body": "As explained by [stack\nreader](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/42820/18582), the typical grammar\nused is `stem + やすい`.\n\nHowever, the verb can also be nominalized with `plain form + こと` or `plain\nform + の`, and an adjective meaning \"easy\" can be added. I picked 「簡単{かんたん}」,\nbut you could go with 「容易{ようい}」, 「易{やさ}しい」...\n\nThis gives you the three following possible ways of saying \"easy to learn\" (in\nthe plain form), using 「習{なら}う」 as \"learn\", which is the most generic:\n\n * 習{なら}いやすい\n * 習{なら}うことが簡単{かんたん}だ\n * 習{なら}うのが簡単{かんたん}だ\n\nAbout how to use them, remember that a sentence in the plain from can be used\nas a qualifier:\n\n> 習{なら}いやすくても、時間{じかん}がかかるよ。\n>\n> Even though it's easy to learn, it takes some time.\n\n「習{なら}いやすい」 is used as an adjective (actually, it **is** an adjective, just as\n\"easy to learn\").\n\n> 習{なら}うことが簡単{かんたん}な言語{げんご}と言{い}うものはない。\n>\n> There is no such thing as a language easy to learn.\n\n「習{なら}うことが簡単{かんたん}」 is used as a qualifying group, ending with a な-adjective.\n\n* * *\n\nI recommend you the reading of [this excellent\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1396/18582) about the differences\nbetween の and こと nominalization.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T08:13:26.853",
"id": "42823",
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},
{
"body": "In order to do that, you take the verb stem from ます-form and modify it with:\n\n**やすい** - for things that are easy to do\n\n> 読｛よ｝みやすい - easy to read\n>\n> 食｛た｝べやすい - easy to eat\n>\n> 習｛なら｝いやすい - easy to learn\n\n**にくい** - for things that are difficult\n\n> 開｛あ｝けにくい - difficult/hard to open\n>\n> 飲｛の｝みにくい - difficult/hard to drink/swallow\n>\n> 覚｛おぼ｝えにくい - difficult/hard to memorize/remember\n\nBoth やすい and にくい conjugate as い-adjectives, and you can use them in the same\nway as い-adjectives.\n\nたとえば、\n\n> 読｛よ｝みにくい本｛ほん｝- book that's hard to read\n\nHope that helps :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T09:01:13.033",
"id": "42825",
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]
| 42815 | null | 42820 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42826",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In _Man In The High Castle_ (S2E04 I believe) a character is referred to in\nJapanese as \"Kakka\".\n\nIs this a common name?\n\nAnd, does this name have a specific meaning? If so, what?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T07:38:00.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42821",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-03-15T14:46:15.740",
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"owner_user_id": "19537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"names",
"culture"
],
"title": "What is the Japanese meaning of the name \"Kakka\"?",
"view_count": 47521
} | [
{
"body": "\"Kakka\" is far from popular; it's virtually nonexistent as a Japanese person\nname.\n\nBut there is a word [閣下](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%96%A3%E4%B8%8B)\n(\"kakka\"), which is a word used to address heads of government/state. It's\nlike English \"Your Excellency\" or \"Your Highness\".\n\nThe kanji character 閣 (\"kak(u)\") means \"(government) cabinet/building/palace,\"\nand 下 (\"ka\") means \"below/under.\" Put together, 閣下 is used to indirectly refer\nto someone under the Cabinet (building's ceiling). Of course it's not related\nto any Spanish nouns, and very few people care how it sounds to Spanish\npeople.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T10:40:30.870",
"id": "42826",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42821",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 42821 | 42826 | 42826 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42853",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "着 as in [着る]{きる}. I have tried looking up the kanji at Richard Sear's [Chinese\nEtymology](http://chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?submitButton1=Etymology&characterInput=%E7%9D%80)\nsite, [Wictionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80) and other sites.\nEvery one of them points to a variant, 著 but offer no explanation as to why it\nmeans wear and write at the same time ?\n\nRichard Sear's Chinese Etymology,\n\n> Primitive pictograph 着著. From bamboo 艹竹 and words 曰 and remnant of bamboo\n> scroll threaded together. Original meaning to write.\n\nWictionary,\n\n> This character, 着, is the simplified and variant traditional form of 著\n\nAll I know is that the top part of the kanji is grass radical according to\nwictionary and rest of the part is a phonetic.\n\nWhy does the same Kanji mean wear and write ? Where can I find more\ninformation about how the kanji evolved to mean seemingly unrelated things ?\nWhy Japanese only took the meaning related to wearing something and dropped\nthe meaning which means to write?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T11:16:21.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42827",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18021",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"verbs",
"etymology"
],
"title": "What is the character etymology of 着 ?",
"view_count": 875
} | [
{
"body": "To follow on what JACKB has noted and linked to in the comments, 着 and older\nform (not a variant, more like original form) 著 both express ideas of\n\"something (possibly flat) coming to rest on something else flat\". Writing is\n\"at rest on something flat\", from one perspective, and so is clothing.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T17:35:58.683",
"id": "42845",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T17:35:58.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "The \"wear\" and \"write\" definitions of 著 are in fact different words (and we\ndon't use the kanji for \"wear\" anymore). Moreover, as you said, the true old\nform has the Bamboo radical on the head, in other words, is today's 箸. The\nkanji is made of 竹 and 者, where 者 indicates the pronunciation. Thus this kanji\nonce became a carpool of several similar-sounding words.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6gvoj.gif)\n\n * チョ／はし{HL} (OC [_*[d]rak-s_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8#Pronunciation)): \"chopsticks\" → today's **箸**\n * チョ／あらわす・いちじるしい (OC [_*trak-s_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%97#Pronunciation_3)): \"to write, to author, written, evident\" → **著**\n * チャク／きる{LH}・[つく]{HL} (OC [_*m-trak_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%97#Pronunciation_1)): \"put on, turn on, get on\" → **着**\n\nNote that the distinction of 著 and 着 is tradition in Japan and PRC. Taiwan\nonly recognizes 著 as the proper form for both.\n\n着 was originally handwriting variant of 著. The top part 䒑 was a common\nvariation of 艹 (くさかんむり; radical Grass on the top) now becomes non-standard.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UW8GC.jpg) \n(<http://tonan.seesaa.net/article/75499554.html>)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T03:54:16.413",
"id": "42853",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "42827",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42827 | 42853 | 42853 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42832",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 何者にもなれない\n\nLet's break it down...\n\n*何も here means nothing (with negatives)\n\n*者 means people\n\n*に is the target particle\n\n*なる means to become\n\n*なれない is the negative potential of なる\n\nHow in the world does this translate as \"Unable to accomplish anything?\". Does\nit lack context or something?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T11:51:53.880",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42828",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T17:20:07.030",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-24T11:57:22.113",
"last_editor_user_id": "15891",
"owner_user_id": "15891",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "How is 何者にもなれない translated?",
"view_count": 1306
} | [
{
"body": "So, someone translated:\n\n> 「何者{なにもの}にもなれない」\n\ninto:\n\n> \"Unable to accomplish anything\"\n\nThat is indeed an **_excellent_** translation in that it conveys perfectly the\nmeaning/essence of the original. It is not a word-for-word translation, of\ncourse, but a word-for-word translation often makes little sense between\nJapanese and English.\n\nIn case you wanted a literal translation, it would be something like \" ** _to\nbe unable to (even) become anyone_** \". IMHO, that would be far more ambiguous\nthan \" ** _unable to accomplish anything_** \". You may, of course, disagree.\n\n「何者」, in **_this_** context with the negative 「なれない」, means \" ** _a worthwhile\nperson_** \", \" ** _someone who has achieved something_** \", \" ** _a person\nworth mentioning_** \", etc.\n\n「も」 means \"even\".\n\n「～～になれない」 means \"to be unable to become ~~\".\n\nThus, the phrase is saying that **someone is (being) unable to become (even a\nbit of) a worthwhile person**. If I am not mistaken, \"to become a someone\"\neven in English would mean \"to become a worthwhile person\", does it not? We\nare talking \"becoming successful\" and \"not becoming successful\" here.\n\nDo you still feel that \" ** _unable to accomplish anything_** \" is a strange\ntranslation? Quite a few users here seem to let the translated words get in\ntheir way of understanding the original. I know that for sure because I do\nanswer quite a few questions here.\n\nTranslation is an art, not a natural science. The components used in one\nlanguage do not have to physically correspond to those used in the other. If\nthe essence of the phrase/sentence is maintained and the product (=\ntranslation) sounds natural in the target language, you basically have a good\ntranslation.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T12:35:36.970",
"id": "42832",
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},
{
"body": "> *何も here means nothing (with negatives)\n>\n> *者 means people\n\nYou confused the order. 何者 means \"who/what kind of person\", add にも to that and\nyou get \"[become] no one\" (with negatives).\n\nA literal translation would be \"who can't become anyone\", where \"anyone\"\nimplicitly denotes someone of importance. I agree that translation is somewhat\nliberal: becoming someone of importance is indeed an accomplishment, but not\nnecessarily the other way around.\n\nI think I've seen a different translation \"who will never amount to anything\"\nwhich I think fits much better.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T17:10:49.257",
"id": "42843",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T17:20:07.030",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10037",
"parent_id": "42828",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42828 | 42832 | 42832 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42858",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These two grammar points seem to be synonymous. Apart from formality このかた\nbeing maybe an older expression, are there any significant differences in\nmeaning between these two.\n\nFor example, is there any reason that\n\n> あの山の写真を見て **以来** 、いつかは登ってみたいとずっと思い続けてきた。\n\ncould not be rewritten as\n\n> あの山の写真を見て **このかた** 、いつかは登ってみたいとずっと思い続けてきた\n\nLikewise, is there any reason that\n\n> 日本から帰国してこのかた、毎日日本のことを思い出している。\n\nCould not be stated as\n\n> 日本から帰国して以来、毎日日本のことを思い出している。\n\nI took these examples from 新完全マスターN2.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T12:07:21.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42830",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T05:47:42.880",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T02:50:48.517",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7953",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference between してこのかた and して以来",
"view_count": 1957
} | [
{
"body": "このかた isn't felt older to me, but they do have a little difference in meaning.\n\nBoth ～して以来 and ～してこのかた can be translated \"since X\", but 以来 tend to focus on X,\nsuggesting it is a notable, important turning point, or reference point to\nexplain the story thereafter. In contrast, このかた puts focus on the period after\nX, that has significance, being long, full of memories, or whatever special,\nbut X itself is usually incidental. In other words, 以来 actually means \"Having\nbegun from X, --\" while このかた means \"In all the time between X and now, --\".\n\nYour\n\n> あの山の写真を見てこのかた、いつかは登ってみたいとずっと思い続けてきた\n\nthus sounds stiff to me, as this sentence apparently means you start to want\nto climb that mountain _because_ you saw the picture. The second rewording is\nnatural and almost synonymous.\n\nUsage-wise, it should be noted that このかた is hardly used when telling objective\nfrequency. Even if you said 就職してこのかた三回目, it would only be understood that you\nwanted to say \"three times\" is too rare, or too frequent, compared to such a\nlong, or short, duration.\n\nGrammatically, 以来 has a predicative meaning \"be the first time since\". このかた\ncan never be used as predicate.\n\n> 酒を飲んだのは、大学を卒業して以来だ。 \n> = 酒を飲んだのは、大学を卒業して以来はじめてだ。 \n> = 酒を飲んだのは、大学を卒業してこのかたはじめてだ。 \n> × 酒を飲んだのは、大学を卒業してこのかただ。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T05:47:42.880",
"id": "42858",
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}
]
| 42830 | 42858 | 42858 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42840",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The term is used in shops and stores to welcome customers. It seems impolite\nto ignore the greeting.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T16:19:41.513",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42839",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T16:35:39.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What is the proper response to いらっしゃいませ？",
"view_count": 1534
} | [
{
"body": "It isn't impolite to ignore いらっしゃいませ and most Japanese don't respond to the\ngreeting.\n\nHowever if you want to respond to it, you may say こんにちは and give a shallow\nbow.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T16:35:39.223",
"id": "42840",
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| 42839 | 42840 | 42840 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42918",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In a manga, a character thinks about the feelings he has about his opponent\n(Jin) before a fight:\n\n> いつもいらついてる\n>\n> むかつく 歯痒い ‥‥‥悔しい\n>\n> 仁【じん】、お前にも\n>\n> 自分にも\n>\n> だから\n\nAnd then the two characters start to fight. What I don't understand is the\nmeaning of お前にも and 自分にも. I think there is something unsaid here, but I am not\nsure what it is. Could it be \"both you and me know that (the fact I can't\nstand you)\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T16:39:51.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42841",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T02:06:01.907",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Implicit meaning of お前にも and 自分にも",
"view_count": 490
} | [
{
"body": "It is an inversion. It means お前にも自分にも, むかつく, 歯痒い, ‥‥‥悔しい.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T16:58:08.087",
"id": "42842",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-24T16:58:08.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "At least from the context provided, there seems to be nothing left unsaid or\nimplied. It is all written out there.\n\n「いつもいらついている」(\"I am always irritated\")\n\n↓\n\n「仁{じん}、お前{まえ} **にも** 」 = \"by/towards you, Jin\"\n\n↓\n\n「自分{じぶん} **にも** 」 = \"and by/towards myself as well\"\n\nJapanese word order is far more flexible than some might think or even have\nbeen taught ( ** _as long as the right particles are used at the right\nplaces_** ).\n\nA more common way of saying the above would be:\n\n> 「（オレは）、仁、お前にも、（また/そして）自分にも、いつもいらついている。」\n\nFinally, I will not go without saying that, by using the inverted word order\nas in the orignal, the statement sounds much more \"dramatic\" in this case.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T01:53:30.023",
"id": "42918",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 42841 | 42918 | 42842 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42852",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is the sentence\n\n> 私の家族の一人は痩せて、かわいい\n\na correct translation of\n\n> One of my family members is thin and cute\n\n?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T17:15:05.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42844",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T02:07:14.853",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-24T20:52:18.763",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19542",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Is this sentence 私の家族の一人は痩せて、かわいい the correct translation of",
"view_count": 164
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, \"私の家族の一人は\" is correct. Although it might feel more natural to\nspecify which one(brother, sister, father, etc...).\n\nHowever, the following change should be made :\n\n> 痩せて > 痩せていて\n\nAdding the \"いて\" is needed to reflect the ongoing state of being thin rather\nthan the plan or the action of loosing weight.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T01:09:15.190",
"id": "42849",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18142",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Rather than やせていて, I think ほそくて would be a better description. やせていて almost\nsounds negative, as in \"too thin\".\n\n私の家族の一人はほそくてかわいい。\n\nGoogle ほそくてかわいい and you'll get a bunch of images of thin and cute models and\nidols.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T02:07:14.853",
"id": "42852",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T02:07:14.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18608",
"parent_id": "42844",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42844 | 42852 | 42852 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Continuing to work my way through 心, progressing a little bit more each day.\nThough I've been reading past this point, I was not as confident in my\ninterpretation of this sentence in retrospect as I would like:\n\n> 学校の授業が始まるにはまだ大分日数があるので鎌倉におってもよし、帰ってもよいという境遇にいた私は、当分元の宿に留まる覚悟をした。\n\nMy current interpretation goes something like this: \"Given that there were a\ngreat many days yet before classes started, and in the circumstances being in\nKamakura or going back home were both agreeable to me, I presently resolved to\nstay at my original lodging.\"\n\nI am assuming that the 'おって' here is from おる, though that's confusing in light\nof the いた that follows. Furthermore, I'm working from the assumption that the\nいた just before 私 has a literal meaning of 'the me who was . . . ', but this is\nthe part I'm least confident about. Note that I am also assuming that 留まる is\nhere an archaic use of kanji for 泊まる. Any corrections would be most\nappreciated.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T18:41:11.697",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42847",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"relative-clauses",
"literature"
],
"title": "夏目漱石 「心」 Confused by use of いた in apparent relative clause",
"view_count": 247
} | [
{
"body": "> 学校の授業が始まるにはまだ大分日数があるので鎌倉におってもよし、帰ってもよいという境遇にいた私は、当分元の宿に留まる覚悟をした。\n>\n> 学校の授業が始まるにはまだ大分日数があるので \n> （私は）鎌倉におってもよし、帰ってもよい \n> という境遇（状態あるいは心境）にいた \n> （そんな）私は、当分元の宿に留まる覚悟をした。\n\n「鎌倉におっても よし」は、「鎌倉にいても よし」あるいは「鎌倉に留まっても よし」の意味。\n\n「という境遇にいた私」は、「と言う境遇（状態、心境）の中にいた 私」なので、\n\n肉体としての私が、滞在していたのは、「鎌倉」だが、\n\n気持ちとしての私が、「いた」のは、「おってもよいし、帰ってもよいという境遇（心境）」\n\n主人公は「当分元の宿に留まる覚悟をした」とあるが、先ず「当分元の宿に留まる」のは、積極的に「元の宿に留まる」のではなく、「おってもよいし、帰ってもよい」の２つの選択肢の一方を消極的に選択した。しかも\"帰る\"のではないんで、”そのまま居る”方を選択した。そのニュアンスが「留まる(keep\nstaying)」になっている。\n\nちなみに、「留まることにした」ではなく、「留まる覚悟をした」と「覚悟をした」のであるから、「留まる」方を選択するのにも、何か\"困難\"か”心理的な苦痛”があるのだろう。それはこの引用の前を読まないと分からない。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-24T23:44:39.063",
"id": "42848",
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]
| 42847 | null | 42848 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42851",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As per [dic.yahoo.co.jp](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/) the following four geometric\nfigures seem to be read as (ateji / gairaigo)\n[十角形](http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?ei=UTF-8&p=%E5%8D%81%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2&stype=full&fr=dic)、[九角形](http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp//search;_ylt=A2Riol2N7odY2EQA7g9Umfd7?p=%E4%B9%9D%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2&stype=full&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8)、[七角形](http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp//search;_ylt=A2RCK_EF74dY63kAPQlUmfd7?p=%E4%B8%83%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2&stype=full&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8)、[十二角形](http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp//search;_ylt=A2RimV87.odYnRcANiBUmfd7?p=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2&stype=full&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8)\n( _decagon_ , _nonagon_ , _heptagon_ , _dodecagon_ ). As per the same\ndictionary, all the other sided figures that have less than 12 sides,\n((triangle ---> 6-sides) + octagon + 11-sides), are read using each kanji's\nstandard 音読み。\n\nSo, are these readings ok?\n\n**七角形{ヘプタゴン}**\n\n八角形{はっかくけい} <--- for some reason, normal 音読み reading.\n\n**九角形{ノナゴン}**\n\n**十角形{デカゴン}**\n\n十一角形{じゅういちかくけい} <--- for some reason, normal 音読み reading.\n\n**十二角形{ドデカゴン}**\n\nAre those less commonly known English names (the only one an _English_ native\nspeaker might know is \"decagon\") for geometric shapes burrowing their way into\nthe Japanese language as \"ateji / gairaigo\"? _Or_ , is it that I'm not\nunderstanding the *dic.yahoo.co.jp\" dictionary, and \"〜角形\" is a straight-up\nnormal counter that is read with standard 音読み？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T01:27:06.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42850",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T18:23:34.430",
"last_editor_user_id": "15778",
"owner_user_id": "15778",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"loanwords",
"counters",
"ateji"
],
"title": "Could 十角形、九角形、七角形 be read as デカゴン、ノナゴン、ヘパタゴン？",
"view_count": 137
} | [
{
"body": "No, those `-ゴン` words are basically rare loanwords and they're not used in\nordinary math classes. (Of course ペンタゴン is famous as the name of a building.)\nThe dictionary entries you linked just say that the katakana word ヘキサゴン\n**means** 六角形, etc. They do not say that 六角形 is read as ヘキサゴン, etc. 七角形 does\nnot seem to be in the same dictionary, but it's simply because the rule is\nfairly simple and the meaning of 七角形 is too obvious to Japanese readers.\n\n * 三角形: さんかくけい\n * 四角形: しかくけい\n * 五角形: ごかくけい\n * 六角形: ろっかくけい\n * 七角形: しちかくけい / ななかくけい\n * 十二角形: じゅうにかくけい\n\n... and so forth.\n\nかくけい can be replaced with かっけい.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T01:44:37.660",
"id": "42851",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T06:34:17.850",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T06:34:17.850",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "Not to confuse the issue (hopefully), but it bears noting that any Japanese\nword could be given just about any reading -- that's what furigana are for.\n\nInteresting examples I've run across include:\n\n * 騎士, usually read as きし{kishi}, with the furigana ナイト{naito} instead to match the English word \"knight\". \n(Though I suppose, to match Monty Python, perhaps クニギット{kunigitto} would be\nmore fitting. :) )\n\n * 本気, usually read as [ほんき]{honki}, with the furigana マジ{maji} instead to convey an alternate meaning.\n * 玄人, usually read as くろうと{kurōto}, with the furigana プロ{puro} instead to match the English word \"pro\".\n\nManga are chock full of numerous examples of furigana used to apply different\nreadings to words. Furigana are a wonderful feature of Japanese writing,\nproviding authors with a means to give any word additional layers of meaning.\n\nThat said, in a more specific reply to your question \"are these readings ok,\"\nthere are standard readings of Japanese words, and readings that only come\nfrom furigana. Furigana for any given term _might_ be providing the standard\nreading. However, if you see a kanji term with katakana furigana, chances are\nhigh that the furigana reading in these cases is non-standard, and only\nspecific to the text containing this reading.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T20:36:15.923",
"id": "42914",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T20:36:15.923",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5229",
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"score": 0
}
]
| 42850 | 42851 | 42851 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42855",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 約款{やっかん} and 契約{けいやく}?\n\n**As per dictionary the following are the meanings**\n\n> 約款 - agreement; article; clause \n> 契約 - contract; agreement\n\nThese words are used in the Insurance domain. So please explain the\ndifferences with examples?\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T04:29:45.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42854",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T05:02:14.527",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T05:02:14.527",
"last_editor_user_id": "18142",
"owner_user_id": "19456",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 約款{やっかん} and 契約{けいやく}?",
"view_count": 105
} | [
{
"body": "契約 is the contract itself. \n約款 are clauses/articles to which you agreed on the contract.\n\nHere is an example use/explanation of the word 約款.\n\n> 保険や運送など不特定多数の利用者との契約を処理するため、あらかじめ定型的に定められた契約条項。\n\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%B4%84%E6%AC%BE-648590>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T04:36:12.343",
"id": "42855",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18142",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42854 | 42855 | 42855 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was wondering what the difference between 一週間後 and 後一週間 is.\n\nI know the pronunciation would be いっしゅうかんご and あといっしゅうかん. \nHowever my teacher was saying that the first one means 'after one week' and\nthe one after means 'there is one week left' or something like that?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T06:39:28.437",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42859",
"last_activity_date": "2020-07-27T07:59:16.940",
"last_edit_date": "2020-07-27T07:59:16.940",
"last_editor_user_id": "18772",
"owner_user_id": "19550",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "difference in position with 後",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "Your teacher is exactly right.\n\n一週間後 ＝ 一週間が過ぎた後で After one week's time\n\n後一週間 ＝ まだ一週間があること You still have one week to do whatever it is.\n\nHowever I would like to add to this that it is different with 来週 in a sense\nthat 一週間＝七日 but 来週 starts next sunday.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T07:00:05.037",
"id": "42860",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T07:00:05.037",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19551",
"parent_id": "42859",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42859 | null | 42860 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42862",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Need more clarity on short forms.\n\n> * やらなきゃいけない\n> * やらなければいけません\n> * やらなきゃならない\n> * やらなければなりません\n>\n\nAs per my understanding all phrase will give same meaning. **\"Must do\"**. I\nknow this is very basic question but need to get more clarity on short forms,\nbecause in most of the conversion they are using short forms and not able to\nunderstand some times.\n\nやらなきゃいけない is short form of やらなければいけません \nやらなきゃならない is short form of やらなければなりません\n\n 1. Is my understaind correct?\n 2. Please also explain related short forms.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T07:13:28.560",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42861",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T08:34:30.237",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19456",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Help me to understand やらなきゃいけない and やらなきゃならない",
"view_count": 4020
} | [
{
"body": "やらなきゃ is a contracted/collapsed form of やらなければ. \nいけません and なりません are the polite forms of いけない and ならない, respectively.\n\nSo やらな **きゃ** いけない (or ～いけません in polite form) is a contracted form of やらな\n**ければ** いけない (or ～いけません in polite form). Same goes with the ～ならない/～なりません\nversions.\n\nWe also have:\n\n> * やらな **くては** いけない/ならない (or ～いけません/～なりません in polite form)\n> * やらな **くちゃ** いけない/ならない (contracted form of やらなくてはいけない/ならない)\n> * やら **ないと** いけない (or ～いけません in polite form)\n> * やら **ねば** ならない (or ～なりません in polite form) ← sounds a bit literary/stiff\n>\n\nPeople will sometimes use だめ (+ だ、です etc.) instead of いけない/ならない etc.\n\nIn colloquial speech you'd also hear shortened forms such as:\n\n> * やらなきゃ。(shortened/contracted form of やらなければならない/いけない)\n> * やらなくちゃ。(shortened/contracted form of やらなくてはならない/いけない)\n> * やらなくては。\n> * やらないと。(shortened form of やらないといけない)\n> * やらねば。(shortened form of やらねばならない) ← less common in casual speech\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T08:01:44.890",
"id": "42862",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 42861 | 42862 | 42862 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42864",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "While reading a short story I came across the following: 大判小判.\n\nI understand that [大判]{おおばん} can refer to a large traditional Japanese coin\nand [小判]{こばん} can refer to a smaller traditional Japanese coin. As there was\nno particle placed between the two I was wondering if they had a special\nmeaning when written together like this?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T09:17:59.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42863",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T10:26:43.540",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17376",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"compounds"
],
"title": "Is 大判小判 a word on its own?",
"view_count": 269
} | [
{
"body": "In fairy tales, yes, we sometimes hear 大判小判 almost as a set phrase. 大判小判がざっくざく\nis a famous [4-4-5 sound](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30106/5010)\nphrase found in a children's song called\n[花咲かじいさん](http://www.worldfolksong.com/songbook/japan/doyo/hanasakajisan.htm).\nI think this phrase is known to most Japanese native speakers.\n\nI would say 大判小判 is preferred because it can sound nicer than 大判と小判 or 大判や小判\nin some situations. It means nothing more than large and small traditional\ncoins.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T09:31:32.697",
"id": "42864",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42863",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42863 | 42864 | 42864 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42870",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I heard the following proverb that was said from Japanese (if not Chinese).\n\n> If our parents are working too hard, our life becomes very convenient up to\n> a point that causes their grandchildren become beggars.\n\nIs there such a proverb in Japanese? If yes, what is that?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T10:37:25.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42865",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T15:35:54.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T15:35:54.273",
"last_editor_user_id": "11192",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"proverbs"
],
"title": "Looking for the proverb \"Parents work hard, our life is so comfortable that children become beggar\"",
"view_count": 1664
} | [
{
"body": "It's not a well-known one, but we have.\n\n * [親【おや】苦【く】、子【こ】楽【らく】、孫【まご】乞食【こじき】](http://www.kakeibo.biz/proverb/2007/03/post_12.html) \"Parents toil, children ease, grandchildren beg.\"\n\nAlso with many variations:\n\n * [祖父【じじ】は辛労【しんろう】、子は楽、孫は乞食](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A5%96%E7%88%B6%E3%81%AF%E8%BE%9B%E5%8A%B4%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AF%E6%A5%BD%E5%AD%AB%E3%81%AF%E4%B9%9E%E9%A3%9F-519015)\n * [「親苦労、子楽、孫ほいと」「親苦労、子楽、孫潰」「親苦労、子楽、孫貧乏」 etc.](http://blog.goo.ne.jp/eigakun/e/6ac186813b794243080b70778a3cddc2)\n * [親草鞋【わらじ】、倅【せがれ】草履【ぞうり】で、孫雪駄【せった】、曾孫【ひまご】の代には裸足【はだし】なりけり](https://www.amazon.co.jp/review/R3NSDV9OC7M32H) \n\"parents (wear) sandals, kids shoes, grandchildren boots, great-grandchildren\nwould become bare feet\"\n\nBut more famous sayings with similar moral are:\n\n * [児孫【じそん】のために美田【びでん】を買わず](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/97283/meaning/m0u/)\n * [売り家と唐様【からよう】で書く三代目【さんだいめ】](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/20962/meaning/m0u/)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T11:20:06.767",
"id": "42870",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T11:29:39.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "42865",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 42865 | 42870 | 42870 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42871",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I saw this sentence in a TV show\n\n> 取り立てて話題がない\n\nThe sentence should mean there is nothing to talk about. But why are there two\nてs in this sentence?\n\nWhy can't they just say:\n\n> 取り立つ話題がない",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T10:47:42.643",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42867",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T13:13:32.377",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T12:53:26.477",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18940",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "取り立てて話題がない why are there two てs in this sentence?",
"view_count": 606
} | [
{
"body": "取り立てて is an expression that means \"in particular\" or \"worth mentioning\".\n\nIt come from\n\n * 取る \n * 立てる",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T10:57:22.790",
"id": "42868",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T11:05:10.660",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "First, [立つ](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A4) is intransitive and\n[立てる](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A6%E3%82%8B) is transitive,\nalthough they are both \"to stand\" in English. The te-form of 立つ is 立って, and\nthe te-form of 立てる is 立てて. The first て of 立てて is part of the verb stem, and\nthe second て is for making the te-form. Two て's can appear in succession in\nthe te-forms of タ行 vowel-stem verbs such as 捨てる, 当てる, もてる.\n\nAs a [compound verb](http://vvlexicon.ninjal.ac.jp/en/), there is no such word\nas 取り立つ at least in modern Japanese. But there is a transitive compound verb\n[取り立てる](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8A%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A6%E3%82%8B),\nwhich roughly means \"to pick up something/someone as a special one.\" 取り立てて is\nthe te-form of 取り立てる. (取り立てる also means \"to collect tax/debts,\" but this\nmeaning is not relevant for now.)\n\nOne of the functions of te-form is to make certain verbs adverb-like. See:\n[What is the role of あるいて?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38564/5010)\n\nSo a rather literal translation of 取り立てて would be \"in a manner of picking up /\nfocusing on something\". Practically, you should remember this as an\nestablished word that just means \"especially\", \"in particular\", etc.\n\n取り立つ話題がない is wrong because 取り立つ does not exist in the first place.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T12:46:42.117",
"id": "42871",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T13:13:32.377",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42867",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42867 | 42871 | 42871 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42880",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I would like to know what is the difference between these setences :\n\n> 私はやせていて\n>\n> 私はやせています\n>\n> 私はやせている\n\nI already know that the difference between v~いる & v~います is just that one is in\nthe formal way and the other one in the informal. But I can't find nothing\nabout v~いて.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T11:13:07.687",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42869",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T17:33:40.753",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19542",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What is the difference between these three sentences",
"view_count": 122
} | [
{
"body": "> I already know that the difference between v~いる & v~います is just that one is\n> in the formal way and the other one in the informal. But I can't find\n> nothing about v~いて.\n\n_I'd like to preface this response by saying that I lack the (academic)\nlexicon to explain this in linguistic terms, so I'm going to attempt to\nexplain it the way that I've learned and most easily understood it. If anyone\nwould like to critique/add better nuance to this response, I'd be more than\nhappy to edit it to incorporate that information._\n\nAs it seems that you're somewhat familiar with ～ている you probably know that\nit's often used to convey an action in process, such as 食べている (is eating) or\n歩いている (is walking). However, this is typically not the case for verbs that\ndescribe a change of state, such as やせる, 太{ふと}る, and (though slightly more\ndifficult to understand) 行く.\n\nIn the case of such verbs, the nuance changes from \"action in process\" to\n\"resultant state of continuing that action.\" e.g. If you continue to lose\nweight you will be thin. To generally understand what verbs fall into this\ncategory, here's a simple test: Is the answer to whether or not they've been\ndone always going to be either \"yes\" or \"no\"? In the case of やせる (to _become_\nthin), you have either lost weight or you haven't. So if you use the present\ntense (その人はやせる) the nuance is that of \"that person _will_ lose weight\"; the\npast tense, accordingly is \"that person _has_ lost weight.\" By using the -て\nform here we gain access to the middle ground of \"that person is in the state\nof lost weight (read: skinny), but we're not commenting on whether or not this\nis a change that has taken place or just the normal state of affairs for\nthem.\"\n\nAll that said, though I also learned the verb やせる early in my Japanese\neducation, in retrospect I don't think it and 太る are great verbs for\ndescribing people's weight unless you're commenting on a change like \"Oh,\nyou've lost so much weight!\" (...and even then it can come across as impolite\ndepending on to whom you're speaking!) Nowadays I'd be much more likely to use\nsomething like 細{ほそ｝い (slender) if I were trying to compliment someone.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T17:33:40.753",
"id": "42880",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T17:33:40.753",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18701",
"parent_id": "42869",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42869 | 42880 | 42880 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42874",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there a difference between these two responses?\n\n> **いいことですね。** and\n>\n> **いいですね。**\n\n* * *\n\nExamples:\n\n> A: 日本語のために、毎日日本語のラジオを聞いています。\n>\n> B: 勉強のためですか。 **いいことですね** 。\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> A: 週末は大阪に行くんです。\n>\n> B: そうですか。それは **いいですね** 。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T14:02:38.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42873",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T16:47:07.927",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"set-phrases",
"conversations",
"conversational"
],
"title": "いいことですね vs. いいですね",
"view_count": 3744
} | [
{
"body": "I am going to say **_yes_** , there is a difference. The difference here is\nnot so small, I might add.\n\nIn the first example, 「いいことですね」 means \" ** _It's a good thing to do_**. What\nit is really saying is \" ** _You have formed a good habit_**.\"\n\nIn the second example, 「いいですね」 means \" ** _How nice!_** \", \" ** _Awesome!_**\n\", \" ** _That's cool!_** \", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T14:55:55.440",
"id": "42874",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T14:55:55.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42873",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 42873 | 42874 | 42874 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42876",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I pay for something I don't hand the money over directly. I put it in a\nsmall tray.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T16:20:21.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42875",
"last_activity_date": "2019-09-27T14:34:50.237",
"last_edit_date": "2019-09-27T14:34:50.237",
"last_editor_user_id": "18435",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What is the small tray called when paying for something in person?",
"view_count": 1187
} | [
{
"body": "Most \"officially\", it is called\n[「カルトン」](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3).\n\nAs it says in the Wiki article above, it is also called\n「キャッシュトレイ」、「コイントレイ」、「釣{つ}り銭{せん}トレイ」, etc.\n\nFor those interested, I just found an article on this subject in the [Japan\nTimes](http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/23/reference/change-\ntrays/#.WIky9zHavVI).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T16:26:45.860",
"id": "42876",
"last_activity_date": "2019-09-24T13:24:31.290",
"last_edit_date": "2019-09-24T13:24:31.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "19278",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42875",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
]
| 42875 | 42876 | 42876 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42879",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am having a bad time trying figure out how to say this.\n\nThe sentence I am trying to make is \"We the westerners, think that the way\nJapanese people take a bath it's a bit weird. I guess it's the cultural\ndifference right\".\n\nThe hardest for me it's saying \"we the 'something'\".\n\nWhat I could come up with so far is:\n\n> 僕ら西洋人は「日本人が入浴するの方法がちょっと変だ」と思いますよ。やっぱり文化的な違いですね\n\nPlease correct me, if there are any other points that are wrong or sound\nunnatural.\n\nThanks in advance.\n\nEdit: maybe \"僕のように西洋人\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T16:42:34.553",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42877",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T21:02:06.703",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T21:02:06.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "16104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to express \"We the ...\", \"We who are ...\"",
"view_count": 164
} | [
{
"body": "僕ら西洋人 is natural and 私達西洋人 is also appropriate. 僕のように西洋人 is unnatural but\n僕のような西洋人 make sense and it means \"a westerner like me\".\n\nI correct your sentence more natural like\n僕ら西洋人は、日本人の入浴の仕方はちょっと変だと思います。やっぱり文化的な違いからかな。「」 isn't necessary.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T17:17:32.350",
"id": "42879",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T17:17:32.350",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "42877",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42877 | 42879 | 42879 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42881",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I can think of three ways to say \"I remembered to put a pen in my bag\"\n\n忘れないでカバンにペンを入れました。\n\nカバンにペンを入れることを忘れなかった。\n\nカバンにペンを入れて忘れなかった。\n\nI think all are technically correct but I'm not sure which is more natural.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T17:16:00.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42878",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T18:01:10.510",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T17:49:07.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "4235",
"owner_user_id": "4235",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Which option is best for saying \"I remembered to put a pen in my bag\"",
"view_count": 284
} | [
{
"body": "Your first and second sentence are the same meaning. 忘れないで～する is a bit\nunnatural but 忘れずに～する is natural. And I feel the second one is more literary\nthan the first.\n\nThe meaning of your third sentence are different from the others. This means\n\"I put a pen in my bag and I didn't forget it.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T17:48:48.010",
"id": "42881",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T17:55:41.513",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T17:55:41.513",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "42878",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> 忘れないでカバンにペンを入れました。\n\nないで tends to sound like the negative imperative \"Don't do X,\" so this one\nsounds a bit awkward, as if the 忘れないで is part of a quote from which we're\nmissing the first half. While you can generally use ないで as a negative gerund,\n[it typically doesn't imply causality with what comes\nafterwards](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5925/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-vs-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A6-combining-\nphrases-with-negative-verbs). If you'd like to lead with some form of 忘れる\nhere, you can use 忘れなくて as such:\n\n> [覚えようとしたことを」忘れなくてカバンにペンを入れました。\n\nIf you're comfortable with it, you can also use ～ず here, simply replacing\n忘れなくて with 忘れず[に]. Personally, I think ず is the best choice for this kind of\nsentence, but なくて functions just fine if you aren't there yet.\n\n> カバンにペンを入れることを忘れなかった。\n\nI think this is the most easily understood of the three sentences you've given\nus, but I'd suggest using の instead of こと when nominalizing 入れる:\n\n> カバンにペンを入れるのを忘れなった。\n\nTo me \"カバンにペンを入れることのを忘れなかった\" sounds a little like you're talking about an\nexperience rather than something abstract, like \"I remember [didn't forget]\ngoing to put a pen in my bag,\" and I would somewhat expect to here some\n\"but/however\"-type clause follow. こと tends to sound like one is speaking of\nconcrete events rather than abstract ideas (e.g. 食べたことありますか？), whereas の can\nbe much more abstract.\n\n> カバンにペンを入れて忘れなかった。\n\nThis sounds like you put the pen in your bag and then didn't forgot about\nsomething while/because you were doing so. The \"something\" could be the\nplacing of the pen or anything else depending on the context.\n\nSo both 1 and 2 can work, but I think sentence 2 is the most natural sounding.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T18:01:10.510",
"id": "42883",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-25T18:01:10.510",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18701",
"parent_id": "42878",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 42878 | 42881 | 42881 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42886",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Today I was practicing Japanese with my friend, and I was writing an imaginary\nletter to send to Japan. I wanted to write:\n\n> I can't wait to hear from you, but please do what you like // I can't wait\n> to contact you, but please do what you like\n\nHe told me that in Japanese you don't really say 'I hope this' or 'I hope\nthat' and instead I should say: お楽しみおしています.\n\nI came up with the final sentence:\n\n> 僕は連絡を出来ますとお楽しみおしていますでも、お好きなよしてください。\n\nFirstly, is that correct?\n\nSecondly, could someone explain the usage and proper meaning of お楽しみおしています?\nI'm not even sure if I've written it down right, because he said it and I\nwrote down what I heard.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T17:49:47.077",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42882",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T07:50:46.793",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12543",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does お楽しみおしています mean?",
"view_count": 2018
} | [
{
"body": "First! The correct spelling here is actually 楽しみ **に** しております. To perhaps make\nthings more clear, the root phrase here is 楽しみにする, though I don't think I've\never heard someone omit the お in front of 楽しみ. The phrase your friend gave you\nis the humble equivalent of お楽しみにしています (おる = いる in 謙譲語｛けんじょうご}), which is\noften appropriate when writing letters so let's go with that.\n\n> He told me that in Japanese you don't really say 'I hope this' or 'I hope\n> that'\n\nRight. It's uncommon to say things like \"I wish\" or \"I hope\" in regard to\nactions dependent on another's volition; typically one uses phrases like those\n(ように願う, ように祈る) when speaking about things that can broadly be described as\ndetermined by \"fate\" (getting a job, meeting the love of your life, getting an\nA on a test), but you wouldn't say them directly to the people responsible for\ndetermining them. So when you say:\n\n> 僕は連絡を出来ますと楽しみおしていますでも、お好きなよしてください。\n\nIt's inherently going to sound a little off because that's not how one would\ntypically express such a desire in Japanese/Japanese culture. Before we get to\nhow best to say what you mean, let's clean this up a bit:\n\n> 僕は\n\nPerfectly fine\n\n> 連絡を出来ますと\n\nFirst, we tend to use **が** when using the potential form of a verb (連絡ができる).\nSecond, _if_ we were using a verb such as 願う or 祈る we'd use V-potentialように,\nbut 楽しみにする uses を as a particle.\n\n> でも\n\nけど and が are generally your best bet for sentence-ending conjunctions when\nlooking to express \"but.\" が is a bit more formal, so let's go with that.\n\n> お好きなよしてください。\n\nAlmost! Remember that よ = ! and よう = way. As such, it should be お好き **なよう** に\n\nWe end up with something along the lines of:\n\n> 僕は[相手の名前]が次に連絡できることを楽しみにしておりますが、お好きなようにしてください。\n\nHere we run into the issue of cultural sensitivity (for lack of a better\nterm). If you say explicitly that you're looking forward to the next time that\nthey'll be able to contact you, you apply some pressure to the recipient to\nmake it so that they have the ability to correspond soon. This isn't the worst\nthing in the world, but I think it'd sound more natural to say something along\nthe lines of \"I look forward to our next opportunity to correspond\" or\nまた連絡できる機会をお楽しみにしております because it takes the focus from your partner's ability\nto reply and places it on an indefinite future opportunity. Similarly, saying\nお好きなようにしてください afterwards sounds a little ツンデレ, like \"I can't wait until we\ntalk about, but I do whatever you want because it's whatever.\" I'd probably\njust end on the お楽しみ bit, but you could add something like 慌てて/急いで答える必要はありません\nif you _really_ wanted to drive home that they don't have to rush. But again,\nyou're writing a letter in 2017 so I think the lack of speed is known to be\nendemic to the technology.\n\n> また連絡できる機会を楽しみにしております[が、慌てて答える必要はありません。]",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T18:40:22.300",
"id": "42886",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T07:50:46.793",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T07:50:46.793",
"last_editor_user_id": "18701",
"owner_user_id": "18701",
"parent_id": "42882",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42882 | 42886 | 42886 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42900",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The Obon festival consists of the arrival, celebration, and departure of\nancestors.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-25T19:40:37.230",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42887",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T08:11:08.347",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-25T20:47:32.123",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"culture"
],
"title": "What is the name for each day of the Obon Festival?",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "I think the usual schedule is:\n\nAug 13 -- [迎]{むか}え[盆]{ぼん} or [盆入]{ぼんい}り \nAug 14, 15 -- [盆]{ぼん}の[中日]{なかび} or [盆中日]{ぼんなかび} \nAug 16 -- [送]{おく}り[盆]{ぼん} or [盆明]{ぼんあ}け\n\n* * *\n\n「迎え」 and 「送り」(masu-form of 迎える/送る) mean \"to welcome\" and \"to send off\" (the\nspirits of the dead), respectively. \n「入り」 and 「明け」 mean \"the first day/beginning\" and \"the last day/the end\"\nrespectively. \n「中日」 means \"middle day\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T07:36:15.230",
"id": "42900",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T08:11:08.347",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T08:11:08.347",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "42887",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42887 | 42900 | 42900 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42908",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The question [～うございます - keigo\nい-adjectives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/765) explains how\n有難う is derived from 有難く as following:\n\n * ありがた **い**\n * ありがた **く** (連用形 of ありがたい forms an adverbial)\n * ありがた **う** (く changes to う)\n * ありが **と** う (う changes preceding kana to お-row kana\n\nWhat is the history of this type of transformation?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T02:40:20.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42890",
"last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T01:01:35.407",
"last_edit_date": "2022-06-20T01:01:35.407",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"morphology"
],
"title": "Historical prospective of ウ音便 transformation (e.g. 有難く => 有難う)",
"view_count": 426
} | [
{
"body": "This is a kind of sound shift known in Japanese as 音便{おんびん}. The [Japanese\nWikipedia\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF#.E9.9F.B3.E5.BD.A2.E4.B8.8A.E3.81.AE.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E3.81.A8.E7.94.A8.E4.BE.8B)\nhas some good information, if you can read Japanese.\n\nHistorically, all the _-i_ adjectives used to end in _-ki_ for the attributive\nform (the form used when directly modifying a noun), and end in _-ku_ for the\nadverbial form. \"Good dog\" would thus be よきいぬ, and \"well done\" would thus be\nよくした. In the [Heian period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period),\nadjectives underwent two kinds of 音便{おんびん}, so-called イ音便{おんびん} and ウ音便{おんびん},\nwhere adjectives lost the //k// sound in the attributive and adverbial forms,\nresulting in よいいぬ and ようした.\n\nThe イ音便{おんびん} has persisted in the modern language, whereas the ウ音便{おんびん}\nreverted back in eastern Japanese from some time around the [Muromachi\nperiod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period) (or, alternatively,\nウ音便{おんびん} never manifested in eastern Japan and that evidence only appears in\nthe textual record from around this time). I believe that Kansai-ben still\nexhibits ウ音便{おんびん}, and ウ音便{おんびん} does still persist in nationwide-standard\n普通語{ふつうご} in certain expressions, such as お早{はよ}う (equivalent to お + 早{はや}く:\n_hayaku_ → _hayau_ → _hayō_ ) or おめでとう (equivalent to お + 愛{め}でたく: _medetaku_\n→ _medetau_ → _medetō_ ).\n\nThis sound change is historical and regular, both the disappearance of the\n//k// in adjective forms, and the shift from //au// to //oː//. The vowel shift\nalso occurred in verbs, particularly in the volitional or presumptive form.\nThis was originally _-amu_ for 四段{よだん}活用{かつよう} or \"quadrigrade verbs\",\ncomposed of _-a_ as the 未然形{みぜんけい} or incomplete form of the verb stem + _-mu_\nas the auxiliary verb ending expressing the presumptive or volitional. This\n_-amu_ later lost its //m//, becoming _-au_ , and this then underwent the\nregular vowel shift to _-ō_.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-01-26T07:20:59.627",
"id": "42899",
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{
"body": "This is a general rule, **and** a historical change. This question is\naccounted by historical development and dialectal difference.\n\nLet's see some Classical Japanese conjugations and their Modern reflections:\n\n```\n\n Forms Classical Modern Eastern Modern Western\n 終止形 たのし (replaced by 連体形)\n 連体形 たのしき たのしい たのしい\n 連用形 たのしく たのしく たのしゅう\n \n```\n\nClassical adjectives had three distinct forms: 終止形 (\"I **am happy** \"), 連体形 (\"\n**happy** man\") and 連用形 (\"play **happily** \"), among which 終止形 was eventually\nreplaced by 連体形, resulting in today's dictionary form that serves for both\nfunctions.\n\nMeanwhile, there was a sound change that eliminated consonant //k// and //g//\nin the middle of word ([lenition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition)). In\nWestern dialects (e.g. Kyoto or Osaka) this effect was active when the\nfollowing consonant is //-i// and //-u//, while in Eastern dialects (e.g.\nTokyo) it only happened when //-i//. As the result, たのしき became たのしい nation-\nwide, but たのしく only became たのしう in Western area, remaining unchanged in\nEastern.\n\nNext, there was another change that made diphthongs ended in //-u// to long\nvowels. Thus in **Western dialects** , verbs' 連用形 (i.e. adverbial form) have\nbecome:\n\n * ありがたう _arigat **au**_ → ありがとう _arigat **ō**_\n * たのしう _tanos **iu**_ → たのしゅう _tanos **yū**_\n * おもしろう _omosir **ou**_ → おもしろう _omosir **ō**_\n\nSo, in Modern context, ありがたく and ありがとう are Eastern and Western form of the\nsame conjugation. As Modern Standard Japanese is based on a Eastern dialect in\nTokyo, we only need ありがたく in theory. Why the form ありがとう appears in Standard\nJapanese?\n\nThat's because some courtly language was imported from Kyoto, where the palace\nwas located until Meiji. Forms end with -う are basically only occur in very\nlimited occasion, namely before ございます, which is the highest variation of\nkeigo. The common greeting words like ありがとう or おはよう are originally followed by\nございます too, but come to be used independently for brevity.\n\n* * *\n\n[The dialect atlas by NINJAL, No. 139](http://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/hogen/dp/gaj-\npdf/gaj-map-legend/vol3/GAJ3-139.pdf). Distribution of adverbial form of an\nadjective. Generally, blue-green area retains the consonant //k//, orange area\nwithout //k//.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/YTgtA.png)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T13:18:20.617",
"id": "42908",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "42890",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42890 | 42908 | 42899 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42892",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "ずつ can be used when talking about allotting/diving things evenly (e.g.\n飴を2つずつあげる), or having equal numbers of different things (e.g.\nネギマとレバーを2本ずつ下さい).\n\nBut what about cases where multiple things are combined in a single sentence,\nand it's not immediately obvious how to clearly express exactly how things are\nbeing divided? Such as in the following examples:\n\n * Please give 2 books to each person\n * Each pair of people will receive 3 points\n * Each person will receive 2 each of apples and oranges (i.e. 2 apples and 2 oranges for each person)\n\nWhat is the natural way of expressing these?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T03:25:47.523",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42891",
"last_activity_date": "2018-04-24T12:48:36.437",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"counters"
],
"title": "More complicated examples of allotting items with ずつ",
"view_count": 1117
} | [
{
"body": "It is not so difficult, if you know how to express \"each\" in Japanese.\n\nThe common way to express \"each\" is using 「それぞれ（の）」 「[各]{かく}」, or 「ごとに」. By\nusing these words and ordering words correctly, you can remove ambiguity, as\nfollows:\n\n> **それぞれの** 人に本を2冊 **ずつ** 下さい。 / **それぞれの** 人に本を2冊下さい。 \n> Please give 2 books to each person.\n>\n> **各** ペアは3ポイント **ずつ** 受け取る。 / **各** ペアは3ポイントを受け取る。 \n> Each pair of people will receive 3 points.\n>\n> **それぞれの** 人がりんごとみかんを2つ **ずつ** もらう。 / **それぞれの** 人がりんごとみかんを **それぞれ** 2つもらう。 \n> Each person will receive 2 each of apples and oranges.\n\nNotice that in the first two examples 「ずつ」 is not crucial anymore because\n「それぞれ」 or 「各」 is enough to express \"each\", though 「ずつ」 still helps us properly\nunderstanding the meaning of each sentences. In the last example, we have two\ndifferent \"each,\" so we still have two words for each \"each.\" In the left\nJapanese sentence 「ずつ」 refers to \"each of apples and oranges\" and 「それぞれ」 is\nfor \"each person.\"\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, in the second example, I used 「ペア」 to express \"pair of people.\" In\nthis case, if we avoid this and stick to 「2人」, it becomes less natural but the\nfollowing may be possible:\n\n> 2人 **ごとに** 3ポイントが与えられる。\n\nActually they have a bit different nuances. Using 「ペア」 (or 「組」 etc.) sounds\nlike they are a fixed team, but if we use 「ごとに」 here, it sounds like each pair\nwas chosen just for the purpose of giving 3 points.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T03:48:48.550",
"id": "42892",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 42891 | 42892 | 42892 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just started learning kanji so I might be missing something very basic.\n\n[剃刀](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%83%E5%88%80) =\n[剃](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%83#Japanese) +\n[刀](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%80#Japanese)\n\nHow come I can't combine 剃 and 刀's readings to form kamisori?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T03:53:16.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42893",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T20:25:26.597",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1460",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings"
],
"title": "why is 剃刀 read as kamisori?",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "A word combined of two kanjis doesn't always read as those two kanjis\ncombined. In fact, lots of time it doesn't.\n\nThis word, written as 剃刀, it is actually \"髪(kami)剃り(sori)\". Because this is a\ntool people use to shave their hair. It read as \"shave\" and \"hair.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T20:25:26.597",
"id": "42913",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T20:25:26.597",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19555",
"parent_id": "42893",
"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 42893 | null | 42913 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "* 外国人が日本語を話すのをは女々しい、日本人の女の子と言っていました.\n * 日本人の女の子は、外国人が日本語を話すのをは女々しいと言っていました.\n\nI want to say this: \"A japanese girl said that foreigners speak japanese\neffeminate\" (The girl that said this expression to me explain that foreigners\ndoes not use to much the informal way of talking)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T04:24:16.760",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42895",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T15:47:08.033",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T04:51:54.690",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "Which of these sentences is correct?",
"view_count": 87
} | [
{
"body": "Neither is correct. First, you don't need を when it's topicalized with は. On\nthat ground, the first sentence is unclear how the part 外国人が日本語を話すのは女々しい (It's\nwimpy for foreigners to speak Japanese) is involved into the rest\n日本人の女の子と言っていた (someone said \"a Japanese girl\"). The second one has a problem\nin the point that it looks as if it refers to Japanese girls in general. You\nneed some determinater like ある (a certain) for 日本人の女の子 or to express the\nsentence as a Sentence of neutral description i.e. 日本人の女の子 **が** 外国人は日本語を 女っぽく\n話す と言っていた.（←女っぽい）",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T15:47:08.033",
"id": "42909",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T15:47:08.033",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 42895 | null | 42909 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42898",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 生成{せいせい} and 作成{さくせい}?\n\n> 例:ソースファイル生成\n\nAs per my point of view 生成 and 作成 gives same meaning. Please explain clearly\nwith example where should we use 生成 and where should we use 作成.\n\n**Dictionary**\n\n> 生成 - creation; generation \n> 作成 - making; producing; creating; creation\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T04:27:10.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42896",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T06:07:14.793",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19456",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 生成{せいせい} and 作成{さくせい}?",
"view_count": 249
} | [
{
"body": "作成 means you directly create something with your effort, creative sense, etc.\nWhen you write source code by hand, that's 作成, not 生成.\n\n生成 sounds like a machine generates something -- a compiler generating\nexecutable files, a voice synthesizer, a logger generating log files, and so\non. ソースファイルの生成 sounds like you are using some source code generator.\n\nSometimes 作成 and 生成 can be used almost interchangeably. `Stirng s = new\nString('foo')` can be described as both オブジェクトの作成 and オブジェクトの生成. Still, the\nformer sounds like _you_ created it, and the latter sounds like _the machine_\ncreated it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T06:07:14.793",
"id": "42898",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T06:07:14.793",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42896",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42896 | 42898 | 42898 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42902",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am having issues translating 「Aの運営は，Bとの連携のもと，C業務を遂行する。」\n\nEdit: Here's the sentence in its original form.\n\n災害対策部局本部の運営は，災害対策本部との連携のもと，災害対策業務を遂行する。\n\nIs this grammar even technically correct? It feels like the sentence should at\nleast end with 「～ものとする。」 The middle part is fine, but it's the first and last\nchunks I'm having trouble connecting.\n\nThe best I could come up with is \" **A** shall conduct **C** affairs in\ncoordination with **B**.\", but then I end up not using the word 「運営」 at all,\nwhich I'd like to avoid as my boss insists on word-for-word translation.\n\nAny ideas would help. Thanks in advance!\n\nEdit: My apologies, I should have been more clear. **A** and **B** are names\nof organizations.\n\nEdit: I ended up going with the translation of \"The Departmental Disaster\nResponse Headquarters shall, in coordination with the Disaster Response\nHeadquarters, conduct disaster response affairs.\" for the time being.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T04:56:40.440",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42897",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T02:57:05.917",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-27T01:24:48.920",
"last_editor_user_id": "18608",
"owner_user_id": "18608",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "「Aの運営は，Bとの連携のもと，C業務を遂行する。」の解析",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "Your Japanese sentence is translated as \"the conduct of A execute C in\ncooperation with B\" and this is unnatural because conduct(運営) can't execute C\nbecause 運営 means \"to run organizations\". However if it is Aの運営者, it would make\nsense because Aの運営者(the operator of A) can execute C.\n\nAは，Bとの連携のもと，C業務を遂行する make sense and if you put 遂行する into 行う,it would be easily\nto understand.\n\nYour English sentence \"A shall conduct C affairs in coordination with B.\" is\ntranslated as Aは、Bと連携してC業務を行う(管理する)だろう.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T08:23:10.353",
"id": "42901",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T08:38:24.230",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T08:38:24.230",
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{
"body": "Your Japanese sentence sounds a little bit weird, as described in the answer\nby Yuuichi Tam.\n\nIf 「運営」 were 「運営者」 the sentence would make sense, with a natural meaning \"the\noperator of **A** conduct **C** affairs, in coordination with **B**.\" Actually\n「運営」 can mean 「運営者」 in a slangy context, but your sentence should not fit this\ncase, as it seems to be in a rigid context.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother possibility is that 「 **A** の運営は」 is meant to be \"with regard to the\noperation of **A** \". In this case, 「は」 is a topic marker but doesn't mark a\nsubject. Here the subject of your sentence is not clarified. I'm not sure what\nit is, as an enough context is not provided.\n\nNow the translation would be:\n\n> (Someone) conduct **C** affairs in coordination with **B** , _for the sake\n> of the operation of **A_**.\n\nThe blank (someone) is not clear but it might be \"we\".\n\nNote that this is just a possibility. If you could provide more context, there\nwould be a more credible answer.\n\n* * *\n\n**Edit** : Thank you for providing more context. Unfortunately the original\nsentence doesn't seem perfectly natural, but I can proceed a bit more.\n\nA clearer and equivalent sentence would be:\n\n> 災害対策部局本部の運営 **にあたって** は，災害対策本部との連携のもと，災害対策業務を遂行する。\n\nAs for the last part, the usage of 「遂行する」 is at least grammatical. Consider\nthe last part 「災害対策業務を遂行する」, it is simply 「OをVする」 form, which is of course\ngrammatical. The original sentence is obtained by adding some modification to\nthat.\n\nAlso, you already have got \"conduct\" for the translation of 「遂行する」, which fits\nthe sentence well. It may be a little confusing because the sentence doesn't\nhave explicit subject. The presence of absence of 「ものとする」 doesn't matter in\nthe grammatical point of view.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T09:42:15.507",
"id": "42902",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T02:57:05.917",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-27T02:57:05.917",
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"owner_user_id": "17890",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 42897 | 42902 | 42902 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42904",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was looking at a bottle of sake I had been given. It had a 60% on it and I\nwondered what it meant:\n\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nYJ8g.jpg)\n\nI ran it through the Google Translate for images - and it gave me this:\n\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LHGOh.jpg)\n\nIn regard to the 60% - Google Translate gave me \"rice milling commission 60%\".\n\nI don't feel any more informed. Do the rice millers get 60% of the profits of\nthe bottle sales?\n\nMy question is: **What is the rice milling commission on sake?**",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T10:18:42.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42903",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T17:34:06.420",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T17:34:06.420",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19564",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"usage",
"food",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What is the \"rice milling commission\" on sake?",
"view_count": 202
} | [
{
"body": "精米歩合 refers to the ratio of white rice to the original brown rice. (If you\npolish 100kg of brown rice until you have 60kg of white rice, then your 精米歩合\nis 60%.)\n\n(This has nothing to do with \"commission\".)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T10:43:29.377",
"id": "42904",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T11:34:14.003",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T11:34:14.003",
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"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "42903",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Its has to do with the 'rice polishing ratio which is one way of categorizing\nsake:\n\n<http://www.nymtc.com/Japanese-Sake/Learning-About-Sake_Rice-Polishing-\nRatio.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T10:44:10.757",
"id": "42905",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T10:44:10.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19565",
"parent_id": "42903",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42903 | 42904 | 42904 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42907",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "One of my textbooks, for grammar pattern construction, sometimes indicates\n\"[動-辞書形] +\", and I also sometime \"[動・い形・な形・名] の名詞修飾型 +\".\n\nFor verbs I thought that both of these are the same. Is that correct?\n\nIf not what is the difference? Also in English is the second form what is\ncalled the nominal form?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T10:54:16.043",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42906",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T12:10:59.603",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-26T12:10:59.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19565",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between a verb's 名詞修飾型 and 辞書形",
"view_count": 546
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, the attributive form (連体形/名詞修飾形) of a verb looks exactly the same as its\ndictionary-form (終止形/辞書形) in _modern Japanese_. But that was not true in\narchaic/classic Japanese. From Wikipedia:\n\n> ### [Attributive\n> verb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb#Japanese)\n>\n> ... modern Japanese verbs have the same form whether predicative or\n> attributive. (The only exception is the copula, which is da or desu when\n> used predicatively and na when used attributively.) Historically, however,\n> these had been separate forms.\n\nSo for historical reasons it's worth distinguishing the two.\n\nAnd 連体形 and 終止形 are still different in na-adjectives (i.e., 簡単 **な** 本 vs\nこの本は簡単 **だ** ), so thinking them as different things is a good idea for the\nsake of consistency.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T12:10:49.633",
"id": "42907",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T12:10:49.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 42906 | 42907 | 42907 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42912",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm struggling a bit with the meaning of 要領｛ようりょう｝ in this sentence I\nencountered:\n\n> 私は仕事の要領が悪いので、いつも残業になってしまう。\n\nI know that the literal translation (while there are several) of 要領 would be\nsomething along the lines of the outline, or the \"knack\" of things. When I try\nto translate this sentence it comes out like this:\n\n> Because I'm clumsy at work, I always end up working overtime.\n\nWould this interpretation be somewhat correct? I am particularly unsure what\nto do about the particle のthat precedes 要領 - in my head, I want to say に\ninstead of の, which probably has something to do with wanting a too literal\ntranslation.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T15:47:12.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42910",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T20:17:04.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14037",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "Translation of 要領が悪い",
"view_count": 282
} | [
{
"body": "要領 here is a noun. Literately, 仕事の要領 means \"this job's critical(required)\nskill\". Using に would not be correct here.\n\nThis sentence implies that \"I\" did not get the right or most efficient way of\ndoing this work, so I always work overtime.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T20:17:04.857",
"id": "42912",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-26T20:17:04.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19555",
"parent_id": "42910",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 42910 | 42912 | 42912 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42917",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the Skeptics.SE question\n<https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/36602/do-japanese-police-roll-\ndrunks-and-criminals-into-giant-futons> , one term used for sheets that police\nwrap drunks and criminals in is 保護シート. (There's a photo of the sheet in that\nquestion)\n\nHowever, I think most of the time that term is used for the covers on\nsmartphone screens. I tried asking some native speakers, and they said they\ndon't know what the correct term is.\n\nIs there a name for these sheets, and if so, what is it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-26T21:42:01.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42916",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T00:43:58.250",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:46:46.180",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Is there a better term than 保護シート for the sheets drunks and criminals are wrapped in?",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "I do not think there is a predominant term used to describe it. After some\ngoogling, I hvae come up with:\n\n・シート\n\n・ビニールシート\n\n・保護｛ほご｝シート\n\n・保護[用]{よう}シート\n\nIn the context of a police arrest, any one of the above would be understood. I\npersonally feel like I hear 「ビニールシート」 slightly more often than the others",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T00:43:58.250",
"id": "42917",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T00:43:58.250",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "42916",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42916 | 42917 | 42917 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42923",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I stumbled upon this sentence:\n\n> 多くの方々が命を奪われた。\n\nWhile I understand what this means, I'm not sure of why the passive verb there\nis (supposedly) correct. If I were to say that, I'd say\n\n> 多くの方々の命が奪われた。\n\nSince it's a passive verb, shouldn't 命 be the subject of the sentence?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T07:15:22.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42919",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-27T22:14:31.020",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-27T22:14:31.020",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19574",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "What is the use of the passive conjugation in these sentences?",
"view_count": 172
} | [
{
"body": "Well the meaning is slightly different.\n\n> 多くの方々が命を奪われた\n\nMany people have had their lives taken.\n\n> 多くの方々の命が奪われた\n\nMany people's lives have been taken.\n\nLook at where the が is attached to and it shows where the focus of the\nsentence is. In the first, the focus is on the people. In the second, the\nfocus is on their lives. To answer your question of \"shouldn't it be,\" it's a\ncase of what the writer / speaker wants to focus on.\n\nIt's worth it to note the difference in usage has a slight nuance difference\nas well, I think. `PersonはXをされた` usually expresses more of a negative feeling\nthan simply saying `PersonのXがされた` because if the person is the subject then\nthere's more impact that it happened to a person and not an object.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T07:51:34.823",
"id": "42922",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T08:25:07.340",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-27T08:25:07.340",
"last_editor_user_id": "10300",
"owner_user_id": "10300",
"parent_id": "42919",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "Both sentences are correct and mean almost the same thing.\n\n * 多くの人々が（津波に）命を奪われた。 \n= Many people were robbed of their lives (by the tsunami). \n= Many people had their lives taken (by the tsunami).\n\n * 多くの人々の命が（津波に）奪われた。 \n= The lives of many people were taken/lost (by the tsunami).\n\nThe first form, where the person itself is the subject, is sometimes called\n迷惑の受け身 (passive of inconvenience). See [this\narticle](https://japanese.upstory.biz/archives/1146), [this\none](http://wp.stolaf.edu/japanese/ressource-projects/genki-i-ii-grammar-\nindex/passive-sentences-genki-ii-chapter-21/) and [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1777/5010).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T08:17:23.463",
"id": "42923",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-28T07:05:49.520",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42919",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 42919 | 42923 | 42922 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "42925",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've learned that the readings for numbers in the context of counting have\nmany irregularities to them (like 二十日 for example).\n\nI'm wondering how noticeable it would be to get them wrong. For instance, if\nsomeone learning English were to say \"He run outside!\" that would be a mid-\nlevel mistake-- the sentence still makes perfect sense. If someone were to say\n\"How me go up?\" that'd be pretty broken. We can make sense of it but it's a\nheavily misworded sentence; they sound like they only know a few words of the\nlanguage. And then something like \"Me and Jon love chocolate\" is an almost\nirrelevant grammatical mistake that many native speakers make constantly\nwithout anyone noticing.\n\nSo, I'm curious, with a sort of scale like that, to a native speaker's ears,\nhow bad is it to get the pronunciations wrong of the many irregularities\nexplained on [this\npage](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/numbers)?\n\nE.g. ふつにち instead of ふつか, or にじゅうか instead of はつか....there are so many\npossible examples of ways to mistake pronunciations of dates, times, and\ncounting.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T07:33:38.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42920",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T09:15:43.527",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-27T09:15:43.527",
"last_editor_user_id": "1515",
"owner_user_id": "1515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"numbers"
],
"title": "How egregious a mistake is it to use the wrong reading for a number when counting?",
"view_count": 306
} | [
{
"body": "Reading 二十日 as にじゅうにち may be relatively tolerable; I think elementary school\nkids make this mistake all the time. When I hear an adult say this in casual\nchats, I would notice it, but probably ignore it. にじゅうにち is \"regular\", so\neveryone can understand what it means.\n\nReading 二日 as ににち, 三日 as さんにち, and so on are less tolerable IMO. Teenagers\nusually don't make such mistakes. But it always makes sense anyway because\nit's \"regular\".\n\nにじゅうか and ふつにち (and さんか, よんか, いつにち, ...) are just plain wrong. The listener\nwouldn't probably understand what you're trying to say.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T08:34:13.880",
"id": "42925",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T08:34:13.880",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "42920",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 42920 | 42925 | 42925 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43160",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I may be using the wrong term, but I understand the infinitive form of a verb\nin Japanese to be the form we add ～ます to. In the case of ichidan verbs, we\ntake away the ～る and add ～ます、and for godan verbs we change the ending う-line\nto an い-line and add ～ます. Why then, is くださる not conjugated as くださります in\ninfinitve form, and instead conjugated as くださいます? Additionally, why do we only\nuse ください most of the time?\n\nEDIT: To clarify, I'm interested both in the functional purpose of this, and\nany historical or cultural purpose of this if they exist. Thank you!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T07:47:50.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42921",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-03T13:03:33.520",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19577",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"politeness",
"godan-verbs"
],
"title": "Why does くださる have an irregular infinitive form (ください)?",
"view_count": 938
} | [
{
"body": "It is just because it is easier to pronounce. It is called イ音便.\n\nThis also happens in English like \"I am\" and \"I'm.\"\n\nBut, since this change started around 8th century, now it is rather natural to\nsay in イ音便 form.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-03T09:37:16.143",
"id": "43160",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-03T09:37:16.143",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "8010",
"parent_id": "42921",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "くださる is a keigo verb. Keigo is the polite _\"language\"_ , and it's divided\ninto:\n\nSonkei-go - Courteous language (it's not excessively polite). Kenjô-go -\nHumble language (used to talk about yourself or people next to you to your\nsuperiors. Teinei-go - Honorific language (used to talk about your\ninterlocutor when he's superior than you).\n\nEvery kind of keigo has its own verbs. And some of them have a different\nconjugation. Don't worry they're only five:\n\nくださる\n\nなさる\n\nいらっしゃる\n\nござる\n\nおっしゃる\n\nThey're conjugated the same as every godan verb, but the \"り\" which should be\nbefore \"ます\" is changed by an \"い\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T11:19:07.107",
"id": "44088",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-05T11:19:07.107",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20130",
"parent_id": "42921",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 42921 | 43160 | 43160 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I've gotten to the level where I can start going through some basic Japanese\nmaterial and largely understand all of it, but there are some times where I'm\nconfused by particle usage, and I'm not sure if it's due to colloquial\ncontractions and omissions.\n\nIn this case, I've started to go through the game Mother 2, and although I can\nunderstand what the following sentence means overall, I'm not quite sure how\nthe particles are used.\n\nFor context, the Onett city police chief is talking to the main character, who\njust beat some policemen.\n\nThe entire sentence is [オネット警察のつわものを相手に、これほどの力を見せるとは…]\n\nSpecifically, what is happening with the を相手に part?\n\nIf I remove を相手, making [オネット警察のつわものに、これほどの力を見せるとは…], the meaning of the\ndifferent particles is easily distinguishable, basically translating to [To\nthink that you could show our strong policemen such power..]\n\nWhat does the を相手 do? As far as I can tell, the sentence is making つわもの a\ndirect object, but 相手 is a noun. Is して being omitted or something?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-01-27T08:25:57.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "42924",
"last_activity_date": "2017-01-27T08:25:57.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19576",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "How to parse 「Nを相手に、」",
"view_count": 124
} | []
| 42924 | null | null |
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