question
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list | id
stringlengths 1
6
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stringlengths 2
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⌀ | popular_answer_id
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "44942",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I expected to read this word as とうなんせいほく but the furigana indicates another\nreading. I did some search but I only found information about this band:\n[The東南西北](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/THE_%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97)\n\n",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T10:21:36.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44939",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T12:24:58.457",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18206",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"readings",
"onyomi"
],
"title": "Why 東南西北 is read トンナンシャーペー in this lyrics?",
"view_count": 332
} | [
{
"body": "That is because it is based on the Chinese pronunciation rather than Japanese.\n\nThe song is called 「アジアの海賊｛かいぞく｝」 (\"Pirates of Asia\") and it is about\ntraveling all over Asia by sea. By using the Chinese pronunciation, it gives\nthat great \"foreign\" feeling that we are known for loving.\n\nIn \"normal\" Japanese, the four directions themselves come in a different order\n-- 「東西南北{とうざいなんぼく}」.\n\nThe 「トンナンシャーペー」 reading is also used in mahjong.\n\n<http://stat.profile.ameba.jp/profile_images/20150113/01/0a/CL/j/o044303321421081948017.jpg>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T10:30:46.460",
"id": "44941",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T10:36:25.440",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T10:36:25.440",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "44939",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
},
{
"body": "とん・なん・しゃー・ぺー are unique readings of 東・南・西・北, respectively, used only by\nJapanese [Mahjong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong) players. I\npersonally don't play Mahjong, but these unique readings are known to Japanese\npopulations. Compared to とう・なん・せい・ほく, they are closer (although not exactly\nthe same) to the current Chinese readings.\n[国士無双](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E7%84%A1%E5%8F%8C_\\(%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80\\))\nsoon after this line is another reference to Mahjong terms.\n\nI think these words are there to add an \"oriental\" feeling to the lyrics.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T10:34:55.250",
"id": "44942",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T12:24:58.457",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T12:24:58.457",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "44939",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 44939 | 44942 | 44941 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47766",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I use the term at home, but can it be used in other situations outside of the\nhome? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T11:43:48.653",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44943",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-26T18:27:25.417",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T12:07:56.073",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Is お帰り only used in the home environment?",
"view_count": 882
} | [
{
"body": "Watch this video\n\n<https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DoabNra9teY>\n\nThis is the biggest おかえりなさい call I've ever heard in my life out at the 'home\nsituation.'\n\nWell.. in this case, for Kuroda(ex-pitcher at Yankees), this stadium could be\nhis home.\n\nYou can say おかえりなさい if you want to say 'welcome back' to someone.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T11:52:44.970",
"id": "44944",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T11:52:44.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "44943",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The phrase おかえりなさい is mostly used in the home but can certainly be used\noutside it as well. For example, if someone you know moved away for a time and\nthen came back you could tell them おかえりなさい as a \"Welcome back/Welcome home.\"\n\nIt's important to remember that it should only be used when someone returns to\na place that both would, at least abstractly, regard as \"home\" or a \"home\nbase\" (even if it's temporary) and not just any place that someone returns to.\n(Eg. In some cases you might regard a campsite as a \"home\" to return to, so\nyou could still say \"welcome back\" when someone has been out and about and has\njust returned).\n\nHope that answers the question sufficiently.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-26T14:27:03.757",
"id": "47759",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-26T14:27:03.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22133",
"parent_id": "44943",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Well, it depends on what the context for 'home' is.\n\nIf the context for 'home' is literally 'your home', the answer is that the\nverb 帰る and the phrase おかえりなさい or a variant of it can be used in other\nsituations. Consider the following:\n\nIn a situation where you've gone traveling, for example, for an extended\nperiod of time. Say you've flown back, and a friend is waiting for you at the\nairport. Your friend may greet you with an おかえりなさい, even though you're not\nphysically at your home.\n\nOr, similar situation, you've gone traveling, and now you've become homesick\nof, say, Kyoto, your hometown. To tell a friend where you are, for example,\nthat you'd like to go back to Kyoto, the phrase 京都に帰りたい is valid to convey the\nfeeling that you miss home and want to go back.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-26T18:27:25.417",
"id": "47766",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-26T18:27:25.417",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21684",
"parent_id": "44943",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 44943 | 47766 | 47766 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44954",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The kanji characters were borrowed from China, so what were the written\nlanguage characters called before kanji was introduced?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T12:00:47.780",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44945",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T19:02:50.160",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What term refers to the written characters used before kanji?",
"view_count": 190
} | [
{
"body": "The generally accepted view is that there was no pre-kanji written script in\nJapan.\n\nThere are occasional claims of the existance of pre-kanji scripts called\n[神代文字]{じんだいもじ}. As the [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindai_moji)\npage mentions:\n\n> Some have claimed since the mid-Edo period that such ancient characters, for\n> example such as Chikushi characters and Hokkaido characters, have been found\n> in archeological remains, in Kofun and on mountains, but **all jindai moji\n> are generally considered to be forgeries**.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T19:02:50.160",
"id": "44954",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T19:02:50.160",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "29",
"parent_id": "44945",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 44945 | 44954 | 44954 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44958",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Apartments and buildings have bars placed on them outside of the windows and I\nwanted to know what they are called. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T15:42:54.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44947",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T00:31:41.990",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What are the bars placed outside of windows called?",
"view_count": 754
} | [
{
"body": "「格子{こうし}」 would be the generic word.\n\nUse 「鉄格子{てつごうし}」 if they are made of iron.\n\nUse 「アルミ格子{ごうし}」 if they are made of aluminum.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T15:49:08.133",
"id": "44948",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T15:56:58.803",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T15:56:58.803",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "44947",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "If you mean something like this, it's called\n[手【て】すり](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%91%BA) or specifically\n窓手すり (for preventing an accidental fall):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/oKRt5.png)\n\n格子 looks like this (for preventing an escape or invasion):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/OjO1W.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T00:20:54.580",
"id": "44958",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T00:31:41.990",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-28T00:31:41.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "44947",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 44947 | 44958 | 44948 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Very stupid question - what mean of text in a last frame of this yonkoma\n(<https://ibb.co/eWGxYv>)? From \"ブランドによって消費量が違う\" I'm think about some brand\ntea with big amount of tea leaves. But I'm see empty cup. And i can't read\npart of left text. \"ダブルワリー??好きなのか\" - what symbols in a place of question\nmarks?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T15:56:57.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44949",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T16:31:18.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20450",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"manga"
],
"title": "Mean of \"ブランドによって消費量が違う\"",
"view_count": 56
} | [
{
"body": "> 「ブランドによって消費量{しょうひりょう}が違{ちが}う」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"Different amounts (of drink) are consumed (by her) depending on the\n> brands.\"\n\nMore informally,\n\n> \"How much she drinks depends on the brand (of the drink).\"\n\nLook inside the three cups carefully and you will find three different amounts\nof drink left in them.\n\nFinally, the hand-written line reads:\n\n> 「ダブルクリームが好きなのか・・・」\n\nwhich means:\n\n> \"She must like the Double Cream the best...\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T16:31:18.607",
"id": "44950",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T16:31:18.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "44949",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 44949 | null | 44950 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44967",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The language used in manga often does not follow standard patterns. Is there a\nterm for this? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T17:39:03.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44953",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T09:16:25.813",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Is there a term for \"manga language\"?",
"view_count": 386
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know if there is a term for this but you can use タメ語 although its\nscope is much broader than just patterns you find in manga. Actually it's more\nabout everything that is not considered as polite.\n\nIf you want to play it safe (ie. be sure to be understood) and not use a one-\nword expression, you can also use 漫画の言葉, 漫画に出てくる言葉 or 漫画の言葉遣い.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T20:36:21.013",
"id": "44955",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T09:16:25.813",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-28T09:16:25.813",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "4216",
"parent_id": "44953",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "漫画のセリフ would be natural when you mention one specific reference among many of\nthem. Because not all the manga scripts are eccentric. Some are not following\nthe standard by the purposes, such as character making and taste or\nconstructions of the story.\n\nTerm is translated into 用語\n\nIt's useful for the most of cases, e.g. アニメ用語 (Terms for Anime) 囲碁用語 (Terms\nfor IGO) ゲーム用語 (Terms for games) コンピューター用語 (Terms for computers)\n\n漫画用語 is not useful most of the time. An older generation merely got it. This\nis an exception, it could be gotten the terms used by the manga composers, not\nfor the language in manga.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T01:19:37.583",
"id": "44963",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T02:20:31.920",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-28T02:20:31.920",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "44953",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "My answer would probably disappoint you if you were expecting a short concrete\nterm as an answer such as 「〇〇[語]{ご}」 or 「〇〇[言葉]{ことば}」. Frankly, I doubt that\nsuch a (short) term exists that would be universally understood.\n\nThe kind of language spoken by manga characters vastly differ from one manga\ntitle to the next. Characters speak just like \"regular\" native speakers from\nreal life in some manga titles, and characters speak nowhere near like real\npeople in others. The point is that **among the latter group, a countless\nnumber of speech patterns can be found**.\n\nThus, I could only come up with \"explanatory phrases\" rather than common terms\nas;\n\n「マンガで（よく）見{み}る / 聞{き}くような言葉 / 言葉[遣]{づか}い / 表現{ひょうげん}」\n\n「マンガ的{てき}な / マンガみたいな / マンガっぽい言葉 / 言葉遣い / 表現」\n\nAny of those word combinations will be understood by native speakers with no\nproblems.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T06:15:25.660",
"id": "44967",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T06:15:25.660",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "44953",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 44953 | 44967 | 44967 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44957",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's a good grammatical opposite for the auxiliary usage of the verb 始める,\nmeaning that you're describing the beginning of a verb?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T20:39:04.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44956",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T23:14:59.897",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"auxiliaries",
"antonyms"
],
"title": "What's a good grammatical antonym for the auxiliary verb 始める?",
"view_count": 146
} | [
{
"body": "The antonym of _to begin_ is _to end_. As a matter of fact the antonym of 始める\nis 終{お}わる. It does work the same way as 始める.\n\nExample:\n\n> 本を読み始める (start reading a book) -- 本を読み終わる (finish reading a book)\n\nNote: You can also use 終{お}える in place of 終わる.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-27T20:45:30.617",
"id": "44957",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T23:14:59.897",
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
"parent_id": "44956",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 44956 | 44957 | 44957 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44962",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "They both look similar, and aren't they both washbowls? What's the difference\nbetween them, or are they just synonyms?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T00:47:27.493",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44959",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T06:32:37.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20348",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 洗面器 and タライ?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "* 洗面器 is a basin that should be about 1 foot diameter according to the necessary volume of water.\n\n * たらい is a tub, generally Japanese associates 洗濯用たらい which is about 3 feet diameter to be capable to wash clothes.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T00:54:34.800",
"id": "44960",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T00:54:34.800",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "44959",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "洗面器 ：\n\n> A small wash bowl. \n> Usually portable and can be brought to public bath places. Mostly used to\n> pour water on yourself. Can also in some cases refer to a wash basin to wash\n> your hands and face.\n\n盥{タライ} ：\n\n> An \"old school\" washbowl, used to put water in and wash yourself with it.\n> Sometimes used as a bath tub for kids. \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3sNcc.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T00:59:12.393",
"id": "44961",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T00:59:12.393",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "44959",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "My understanding is that a 洗面器 only refers to small, shallow and plastic (or\nsometimes clay) ones, large enough to wash your face. You can buy this\neverywhere.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vcvay.png)\n\nたらい can be made of anything, and it's small or large (enough to [contain a\nperson](http://blog.goo.ne.jp/350308mm/e/9f72a893d4977ebc1161d6e9fc332bc2)).\nPerhaps the only requirement is that it has to be relatively shallow. I think\nit safely includes 洗面器, and I can imagine someone who never uses 洗面器 in favor\nof たらい. Especially metallic or wooden ones are almost always called たらい.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kh0q6.png)\n\nDeep one with a handle is called 桶 or バケツ.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T01:05:42.470",
"id": "44962",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T01:12:50.183",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-28T01:12:50.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "44959",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "This is a bit peripheral, but I think interesting. The well-known economist\nMorishima Michio notes in his memoirs that when he served in the Imperial\nJapanese Navy a タライ was called オスタプ, which was the English word \"washtub\",\npicked up in the late nineteenth century, when the British Navy was involved\nin training the Japanese Navy. Whether the word has survived into the Maritime\nSelf-defence Force I don't know.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T06:32:37.403",
"id": "44968",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-28T06:32:37.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20069",
"parent_id": "44959",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 44959 | 44962 | 44962 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44965",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Japanese has a lot of homonyms and sometimes one has more than 10 meanings.\n\nWhen I heard the following sentences on the phone or a radio. How do I deal\nwith it?\n\n 1. はしのはしですか？\n 2. きのう、かきをたべたけどあまりおいしくなかった\n 3. これはすいせいですか？きんせいですか？\n 4. かいじょうには、たくさんのえいががありました",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T03:17:37.803",
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"id": "44964",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"pitch-accent",
"kanji-choice",
"listening",
"homonyms"
],
"title": "How do I find the right meaning of homonyms 同音異義語 via audio?",
"view_count": 531
} | [
{
"body": "1. **By accent.** See: [Is there any difference when pronouncing 橋 and 箸?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41190/5010)\n\nはし【HL】（箸）、はし【LH】（端）、かき【HL】（牡蠣）、かき【LH】（柿）\n\n 2. **By context.**\n\n * すいせいですか、きんせいですか？ → 水星ですか、金星ですか？\n * すいせいですか、ゆせいですか？ → 水性ですか、油性ですか？\n * すいせいですか、りくせいですか？ → 水棲ですか、陸棲ですか？\n * ぎんせいですか、きんせいですか？ → 銀製ですか、金製ですか？\n 3. **By actually changing the reading for known confusing pairs.** See: [How to Pronounce 化学 \"Chemistry\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17495/5010)\n\n化学【ばけがく】、市立【いちりつ】、私立【わたくしりつ】\n\nIf everything above fails, you have to rephrase or explain it (This rarely\nhappens in practice).\n\n> 私はほうそうかんけいの仕事をしています。\n>\n> * あ、つまり、法律の。 → 法曹関係\n> * えーと、ラッピングの。 → 包装関係\n> * テレビやラジオ放送のほうそうです。 → 放送関係\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T04:17:37.247",
"id": "44965",
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{
"body": "I think that good answers were already given, so I was initially writing a\ncomment but it got long hence I decided to post it as an answer. It might be a\ngood reference for every one after all.\n\nI wanted also to say that probably by accent and context is the main way.\n\nIn this regard, I wanted to add that not long ago I found\n[this](https://www.edx.org/course/japanese-pronunciation-communication-\nwasedax-jpc111x) interesting EDX class on Japanese pronunciation from Waseda\nUniversity.\n\nDespite I have been living in Japan and studying the language for quite a few\nyears now, It was actually the very first time I encountered some proper\nexplanation about pronunciation (but probably this because I have never\nformally studied in a Japanese school).\n\nAnyway, there are lots of audio material and at least for me, despite I\nconsider myself to have a good ear, it was quite hard to catch some very\nsubtle (and interesting) differences. As I mentioned above, it could be a good\nreference for Japanese learners to specifically practice pronunciation.\n\nMy answer might be a bit a duplicate (sorry about that) but as I said I mostly\nwanted to add that reference with some explanation, as I believe other readers\nmight be interested.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T04:46:25.337",
"id": "44966",
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{
"body": "Since so many stress the difference in pitch accent I decided to post my\ncomment as an answer instead.\n\nEven though it does exist, the pitch difference is not what Japanese native\nspeakers normally use to distinguish words, but rather it is done by context\ninstead. Also, the pitch varies a lot between dialects throughout the country,\nand in some Tohoku dialects they don't even have it in the language, yet\npeople communicate without any problem with each other (as for dialectal\ntraits, intonation is usually persistent despite attempts to speak 標準語)\n\nHere is an article discussing the (non-)necessity of pitch accent in Japanese:\n<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0911604413000547>",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T08:20:37.270",
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"score": 1
}
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| 44964 | 44965 | 44965 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have no idea what this word means and I cannot find it in the dictionary. My\nguess is it could be an adverb but really I have no idea.\n\nI stumbled in this in the following sentence:\n\n> 今回の出版に関してご配慮を **たまわぴ** 感謝にたえません。\n\nThis is a sentence for a practice test for N1 found\n[here](http://japanesetest4you.com/japanese-language-proficiency-test-\njlpt-n1-grammar-exercise-3/). Not knowing the word also makes it hard to\ntranslate the sentence properly.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T08:04:08.657",
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"id": "44969",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "About the word たまわぴ",
"view_count": 128
} | [
{
"body": "This must be a typo of 'たまわり'. 'たまわる' means to receive.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T08:34:54.040",
"id": "44971",
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| 44969 | null | 44971 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44974",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is a question that I have found in a JLPT-N5 mock test paper.\n\n> 弟はへや＿＿＿そうじをしました。\n\nAnd the answer for that is の, but I selected を. Could someone possibly clarify\nthis please? Why の and why not を? What is wrong if one puts を there?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T08:53:30.100",
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"owner_user_id": "19276",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "の or を？ What is the correct answer and why is it correct?",
"view_count": 385
} | [
{
"body": "It is probably because in this case the word 掃除{そうじ} is a not a verb but a\nnoun. In fact, you can see it is followed by the particle を.\n\nIt's a small but very important thing to notice. If that particle wasn't there\nit would be indeed a (suru-) verb and your answer would be correct.\n\nTo elaborate as you asked, the point is the following:\n\nThe word 掃除{そうじ} is by itself a noun, but it can become a verb if used in\ncombination with する (so called suru-verbs).\n\nIf you use it as a verb you could say: 弟はへやをそうじしました and you could translate\nthis as \"My little brother cleaned the room\" (the verb is cleaning).\n\nThe particle を instead marks the object of the sentence (replying to the\nquestion the younger brother (subject) did what? Cleaning (object)). Hence\nそうじをしました means that the cleaning is the object of the sentence. Object of\nwhat? Of the verb \"to do\" (しました). Referred to what? What is that is being\ncleaned? The room. So it makes sense to use の to specify that we are talking\nof the cleaning \"of the room\".\n\nSo in this case you would translate 弟はへやのそうじをしました as My little brother did the\ncleaning of the room (here the verb is to do and cleaning is a noun).\n\nSo finally why is wrong to put two を? Because you would have two objects and\nit would not be clear to what the verb refers to. It would be like \"My brother\ndid...\" what? The cleaning or the room (as if he created a room)? In other\nwords, there would be no clear connection between subject object and verb and\nthe grammatical structure of the sentence falls. In short, you can't have two\nを in a single clause, as you said.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T09:02:04.330",
"id": "44973",
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},
{
"body": "You cannot have two を in a single clause. The structure [Noun]を[Verb] can be\nrealised as:\n\n 1. **へや** をそうじする\n 2. **へやのそうじ** をする\n\nWhere in そうじする is the verb in 1, and する is the verb in 2\n\nAlso note that in 2, そうじ is syntactically a noun and へやのそうじ is syntactically a\nnoun, as opposed to そうじする which is a verb in 1.\n\nSee also these:\n\n * Related Answer: [snailplane explaning that you cannot have two を in a single clause](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16289/542)\n\n * Related Question: [Can we optionally include (or exclude) an を particle in between the noun of the する-verb and the する itself?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1532/542)\n\n * Related Question: [How do I add an object to noun を します verbs?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4076/542)\n\n * Related Question: [Difference between [Noun]する vs [Noun]をする vs [Noun]だ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29519/542)",
"comment_count": 7,
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| 44972 | 44974 | 44974 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44977",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that chikaku means close, but does it only apply to distance between\nthings or emotions as well. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T14:45:27.197",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Can I use 近くif I am close to a person with my feelings?",
"view_count": 1125
} | [
{
"body": "Of course, you can. In fact, that is an important meaning of 「近{ちか}い」. Any\ngood monolingual dictionary would give「親密{しんみつ}な」 (\" ** _intimate_** \") as one\nof the definitions of the word.\n\nRead definition #3 in\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E3%81%84-565217#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89).\n\n「近い」 can express closeness in all of the following:\n\n・ physical space 「コンビニに近い」 = \"near a convenience store\"\n\n・ time 「春{はる}が近い」 = \"Spring is near/approaching.\"\n\n・ **interpersonal and/or emotional relationship** **「あなたともっと近い関係{かんけい}になりたいの！」\n= \"I want to have an (emotionally) closer relationship with you!\"**\n\n・ blood/biological relationship 「近い親戚{しんせき}・遠{とお}い親戚」 = \"close & remote\nrelatives\"\n\n・ similarity in general / almost same 「完璧{かんぺき}に近い」 = \"almost pefect\"\n\n, etc.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T15:32:42.747",
"id": "44977",
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},
{
"body": "Normally you don't use 近い/近く for the condition of friend-relation, even it's\ngrammatically correct. But Japanese says, 縁が遠くなった/身近な存在/親しくなった/仲良くしている sounds\nvery normal.\n\n\"あなたの身近な存在になりたい\" would often be a song lyrics or poems. Anyway,\n\n近い関係 = in the same bloodline, can't recognize the difference between A and B,\ngood relation between countries",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T08:09:08.173",
"id": "45000",
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"score": 1
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| 44975 | 44977 | 44977 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44997",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have read\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38603/is-%E7%A7%81%E3%81%AF-%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E8%A1%97%E3%81%AB%E6%AD%A9%E3%81%8F-correct),\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2166/cant-%E3%81%AB-\nalways-replace-%E3%81%B8/2167#2167) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/80/when-going-somewhere-\nis-there-any-difference-between-e-%E3%81%B8-and-ni-%E3%81%AB), but I still do\nnot understand why 「街{まち}に歩{ある}く」 is not grammatical.\n\nThe person who wrote this wanted to say \"I will walk to town\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-28T18:27:23.287",
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"id": "44980",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Why is 街に歩く not grammatical?",
"view_count": 883
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know if it will help, but I'll try to rephrase differently what has\nalready been said in your first link above: In Japanese the sense of moving to\nor from a place is typycally conveyed by basic verbs like 「行く」or「来る」that\ntherefore require a particle like に or へ, while verbs like\n「歩く」、「走る」、「泳ぐ」convey the meaning of \"passing through\", \"going across\" and as\nsuch require the particle を. Therefore, in Japanese you could correctly say\n街を歩く「まちをあるく」, but it will mean \"I will walk across the town\". So, if you want\nto convey the meaning of _going on foot_ you will have to say exactly that:\n街に歩いていく _I will go to town walking_ .",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T20:13:25.217",
"id": "44983",
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{
"body": "If you want to say \"I will walk to town\" I would say 市街{しがい}へ歩く",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T00:01:01.523",
"id": "44989",
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{
"body": "According to a classic explanation, \"pure motion verbs\" such as 行く, 来る, 動く, 入る\nand 移動する can take both ～に and ～へ, but \"motion manner verbs\" such as 走る, 泳ぐ, 歩く\nand 飛ぶ tend not to take ～に. Verbs in the latter group do not even need a\ndestination (e.g., 部屋をうろうろと歩く, プールで泳ぐ, 空を飛ぶ).\n\n[「駅に行く」が言えるのに、「駅に歩く」と言えないのはなぜ？](http://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/faq/03/214.html)\n\nThat said, there are many cases where ～に is used with 歩く/走る/飛ぶ. This is\nextensively discussed in [this\narticle](https://www.agulin.aoyama.ac.jp/mmd/library01/BD90039154/Body/link/y60u0031-057.pdf).\nThe author says that when the manner of a motion or a situation is more\nfocused than the motion itself, ～に歩く tends to be more tolerated. ～に走る/～に飛ぶ\ntends to be tolerated when the cause of the action is unexpected and urgent.\n\n> * 考え事をしながら駅に歩いている途中で、突然友達に出会った。\n> * 急な知らせを受け、私はアメリカに飛んだ。\n> * 財布を忘れたことに気づいて、スーパーに走りました。\n>",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 44980 | 44997 | 44997 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55953",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "From my understanding てくれる and てもらう \"mean the same\" from the \"receiver\" point\nof view, but the way the topic and subject are placed is a bit different, for\ninstance:\n\n> 僕は友達にゲームのやり方を教えてもらった and 友達は僕にゲームのやり方を教えてくれた (I was taught by my friend how\n> to play the game / My friend taught me how to play the game )\n\nNow, my question is, When the topic is implied and therefore hidden, is it ok\nto use any of these?\n\n> (Talking to my friend) ゲームのやり方を教えてくれた and ゲームのやり方を教えてもらった。\n\nI got this question because latelly i've been hearing a lot of things like\nthese\n\n> 言ってもらって助かった\n\nSo is it ok to use both （does the meaning change?), or should I stick to one?\nOr should I stick to the most common to set phrase in question?\n\nThanks in advance, and i'm sorry for any mistakes.\n\nEdit: removed ありがとう from the sentence to avoid confusion and misleading from\nthe main point of the question.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T20:06:11.977",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44982",
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"last_edit_date": "2018-01-17T12:45:08.257",
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"owner_user_id": "16104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "てくれる vs てもらう when the topic or subject is implied",
"view_count": 4093
} | [
{
"body": "The answer to the question is YES, you CAN! It can be replaced but please\nremember the subject is different. In the future when you modify the sentence,\nit's important to remember it.\n\n * (彼は)ゲームするのを教えてくれた\n * (私は)ゲームするのを教えてもらった\n\n * Good: 教えてくれてありがとう\n * Wrong: 教えてもらってありがとう\n\nReason: It can be two parts, \"Thanks for\" and \"I received his teaching\" or \"He\ntaught me\". You can not say thanks for receiving myself in this case.\n\nThese are the differences between もらう and くれる.\n\n * もらう to be given, receive, infected, awarded (私は病気/栄誉/本/給料をもらった )\n * くれる let one have, give, do something for (Only from person to person. 彼は本をくれた, 彼は書いてくれた)\n\nPOINT: 彼は私に本をくれた He gave me a book = 私は彼に本をもらった I received a book from him\n\n彼は私に書いてくれた = 私は彼に書いてもらった\n\nくれた sounds a little politer or more formal than もらった.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T03:02:51.090",
"id": "44995",
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},
{
"body": "Personally, the difference is “Who made your friend teach how to play the\ngame?” You? or your friend on his own initiative?\n\n*ゲームするのを教えて sounds a bit funny, so I’ll modify it using やり方.\n\n> 僕は友達にゲームのやり方を教えてもらった。\n\nWhen I read this sentence, I had a picture in my mind that you had asked your\nfriend to teach you how to play the game, and then he decided to do so.\n\n> 友達は僕にゲームのやり方を教えてくれた。\n\nsounds like your friend took in the situation where you needed his help and\ndecided to teach you how to play the game. Whether or not you had asked him is\nnot known.\n\nThe difference between もらう and くれる is the perspective you should see them\nfrom... もらう the receiver and くれる the giver.\n\n> (A)彼女に誕生日プレゼントを買ってもらったんだ！ \n> (B)彼女が誕生日プレゼントを買ってくれたんだ！\n\nWhich sentence do you think you should use if it is followed by\nサプライズだったから、すごく嬉しかったんだよ。\n\nThe answer is (B), because it implies that she took the initiative in buying\nthe present for you. (A) is saying that you made the first move to get her to\nbuy you a present.\n\n*広辞苑より \n「もらう」自分のための行為、動作を他人に依頼し、させる意を表す。\n\nHope this helps.",
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"creation_date": "2018-01-15T14:18:53.717",
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| 44982 | 55953 | 55953 |
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"body": "As the title says, I am translating tsukihana, but I can't come up with a nice\nway to translate the above line. If anyone has any ideas, that would be\nhelpful. A Japanese friend said it was like a metaphor, but couldn't provide\nme with an explanation.\n\nHere are the full song lyrics for context: <http://www.kasi-\ntime.com/item-40184.html>\n\n> 闇と玩(あそ)ぶ星たちへ \n> 愛を唄い焼き尽くして\n>\n> **罰を灯しひなぎくの** \n> **夢に寄り添う爪の痕**\n>\n> 唇から 唇へと伝い \n> その温もりは何処へ? \n> たどり着く宛は無いのに\n>\n> 貴方でなくちゃ満たせない \n> 私じゃなきゃ許せなかった \n> だから私はこの脚で \n> 立ち上がれてぞっとしたんだ\n>\n> 飼い殺しなら救われる \n> でも見事に鍵は外れて \n> 私はまるで \n> 鳥籠を欲している狂った小鳥\n>\n> 嘘を抱いた華\n\nHere is what I have so far:\n\n> To the stars that flirt with darkness\n>\n> I sing of love and burn to nothing\n>\n> Daisies light up their punishments\n>\n> Nails cuddle up, marking your dreams\n>\n> My lips follow yours\n>\n> Where has that warmth gone\n>\n> Even though it has nowhere to go?\n>\n> Only you can satisfy my heart\n>\n> Only I could have allowed you to\n>\n> So with these legs\n>\n> I stood up shaking\n>\n> If you keep me as a pet until I die, I'll be saved\n>\n> Yet, when the lock opened,\n>\n> It's like I’m a small crazy bird\n>\n> That longs for its own cage\n>\n> The flower that holds lies",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "I am trying to translate the song \"tsukihana,\" but I am confused by this line: 罪を灯しひなぎくの 夢に寄り添う爪の痕",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "爪の痕 or 爪痕 is a set phrase/word that means scratch scar.\n\nNeedless to say, the line is figurative and vague, but it's even grammatically\nambiguous to me. Especially I'm not sure what 罰を灯し is doing here.\n\n> 1. ( 罰を灯し、ひなぎくの夢に寄り添う→) 爪の痕 \n> A scratch scar that lights the punishment and cuddles up to the dream of\n> the daisy.\n>\n> 2. ( ( ( 罰を灯し **し** →) ひなぎくの夢) に寄り添う→) 爪の痕 \n> A scratch scar that cuddles up to the dream of the daisy that lit the\n> punishment.\n>\n>\n\n>\n> (Arrows indicate a relative clause)\n\nTechnically, only the first interpretations is possible. The second\ninterpretation is not possible without adding an extra し, which is the\nattributive form of the [archaic past auxiliary き](http://www.hello-\nschool.net/haroajapa009002.htm). As long as we can believe this sentence is\ngrammatical, it's the scar, not the daisy, that is \"lighting the punishment\".\n\nAs for the interpretation, this ひなぎく is obviously the metaphor for \"I\", the\nperson in despair. After this part, there are lines which clearly say \"I'm\nlike a small bird.\" So the basic implication of the lines should be \"the\nscratch scar is illuminating (my?) guilt and is always with my dream\" or even\nmore simply, \"something ominous is haunting me.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T00:10:33.463",
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| 44984 | null | 44990 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44988",
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"body": "According to this [question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3301/4216)\nthe volitional form of i-adjectives is used _quite often_ -- on a daily basis.\nBut I almost never hear it. I almost see it exclusively in books (or written\ndocuments). And if it would be used in a dialogue it would almost always be\nused by a man.\n\nOn the other hand, I hear quite often adj-i+でしょう.\n\nSo my question is the ～かろう form that much used?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T20:50:56.113",
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"score": 6,
"tags": [
"i-adjectives",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "Is the volitional form of i-adjectives often used?",
"view_count": 1068
} | [
{
"body": "This form is [classified as modern 口語 (as opposed to 文語)](http://www.hello-\nschool.net/harojapa007.htm), but it sounds old-fashioned nevertheless. It's\nnot something we hear every day. We mostly see this form in fictional old\nperson's speech (like in the original question) or in a few fixed expressions\nlike [安かろう悪かろう](http://kotowaza-allguide.com/ya/yasukarouwarukarou.html). よかろう\nis often used by a pompous, old and/or noble person in fiction. If someone\naround you used よかろう in reality, it's likely to be a joke.\n\nBy the way, is that form really called the \"volitional\" form while the meaning\nis ～だろう? It appears similar to 行こう/見よう/食べよう, but the meaning is totally\ndifferent.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-28T23:31:02.380",
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| 44985 | 44988 | 44988 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44992",
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"body": "I often hear とは言え used as a conjunction between sentences. What does it mean?\n\nALC didn't offer much help.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T00:52:19.120",
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"owner_user_id": "1805",
"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "とは言え conjunction",
"view_count": 154
} | [
{
"body": "[It's on\nALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%88&ref=sa).\nIt's listed in hiragana because it's a fossilized conjunction.\n\n * とはいえ: nevertheless; that being said; be it as it may\n\nEtymologically, this is 'quotative-と' + 'thematic-は' + '已然形 of 言う（言ふ）'. Hence\nliterally \"that being said.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T00:59:34.230",
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{
"body": "It is basically used as \"but\".\n\nLiterally it means something like \"it can be said\".\n\nFor example,\n\n> 偶然の出会いだった。とは言え、必然という運命を感じる。 \n> Although it can be said that I met her by coincidence, it felt like destiny\n> to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 44991 | 44992 | 44992 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44996",
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"body": "In MS Excel **区切り位置** is a label that corresponds to English \"Text to Columns\"\nfunctionality. I understand that 位置 means **place** , but cannot find any\ntranslation of **区切り** and cannot combine these two together to make any sense\nof it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T01:54:08.643",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44994",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"terminology"
],
"title": "How to explain 区取り位置",
"view_count": 121
} | [
{
"body": "I think you might have a typo there and actually be referring to\n区切{くぎ}り位置{いち}.\n\n区切{くぎ}り means actually \"punctuation / junction\" (and notice that according to\nmy dictionary it can also be written as 句切り (which might make the sense more\nclear).\n\n位置{いち} means \"place - position\".\n\nI am not that familiar with excel but it should be more like a \"position\ndelimiter\" rather than \"text to number\". Are you 100% sure of the\ncorrespondence with \"text to number\"?\n\nEDIT: Ok I did some more research. I think you are using Excel 2007 or 2010\ncorrect? From 2013 the icon seems to be different.\n\nThe 区切{くぎ}り位置{いち} seems to correspond to \"Text to columns\" in English. This\nmakes more sense than \"text to numbers\". In fact, you can use the \"text to\ncolumns\" to separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns.\n(For example, if you want to separate a list of full names into last and first\nnames).\n\nSo the Japanese translation I think could be thought as if you are\n\"delmiting/cutting off locations\" (as a verb, 区切る means \"to cut off, to\npunctuate, to delimit). So basically you are _setting delimiters_ for some\nparticular locations.\n\n[Here](http://www.becoolusers.com/excel/text-to-columns.html) is a reference\nin Japanese, and pasting the link I just notice that the URL name is indeed\n_text-to-columns_.",
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| 44994 | 44996 | 44996 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "46553",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Many of you probably know about the so called 四｛よ｝つ仮名｛がな｝, じ ぢ ず づ, and that\nin standard Japanese only two different pronunciations for them exist, that is\nじ=ぢ=/=ず=づ. However, they used to represent four distinct sounds, something\nthat has been preserved in some regions, especially on Kyushu. See this map:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsugana>\n\nNow to my question, my own Japanese is from a 二つ仮名 region so I never had the\nopportunity of actually learning the other sounds. Therefore I was wondering\nif any of you know of any recordings, preferably videos, that clearly\nhighlights the different pronunciations.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T12:18:06.353",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"dialects"
],
"title": "Pronunciation differences in 四つ仮名 (yotsugana)",
"view_count": 427
} | [
{
"body": "A dialect that has difference between ず and づ. That between じ and ぢ seems\nlost, though.\n\n[http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ikonishi/narada/narada_tu&du.html](http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ikonishi/narada/narada_tu&du.html)",
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"creation_date": "2017-04-13T23:07:04.363",
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| 45001 | 46553 | 46553 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45015",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know the term means hi or hello, but is it used by both genders? My research\nindicates a male usage, particularly in chats. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T13:18:24.817",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"slang",
"gender"
],
"title": "Is おっすused by both men and women?",
"view_count": 500
} | [
{
"body": "A long long ago only men use it, but now also women does. It is not a gentle\nword but frank one with which a boy always greets who is finding 7 balls\nflying on the cloud ;-)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T14:19:39.153",
"id": "45004",
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{
"body": "It's not common for women to use it, but it's not unheard of. It's not\nconsidered proper for a lady to use, so it sounds a bit more tomboyish and\ncasual. Most likely the woman is also relatively close to the person(s) she is\ngreeting on the friendship scale; or maybe just lazy.\n\nOf course, if she was a karate student and was greeting a sensei or senpai,\nshe would use 押忍{おっす}.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T17:28:35.333",
"id": "45015",
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| 45002 | 45015 | 45015 |
{
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"body": "A person sent an email on a phone, and exclaimed \"pya\" after sending it. Thank\nyou.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T13:41:50.980",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45003",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Does ぴゃhave a meaning?",
"view_count": 564
} | [
{
"body": "ぴゃっ/ぴゃーっ/ピャーッ/ぴゃっと/ぴゃぴゃっと/etc is an onomatopoeia that describes something\nmoving very quickly. さーっと/ささっと/さっと is similar. [This\npage](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%B4%E3%82%83%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8) says\nit's an Osaka dialect word.\n\n> * 家にぴゃーっと帰ります！\n> * ぴゃぴゃっと行って来い！\n>\n\nSo the ぴゃ you saw describes how the email has been sent to you (quickly).",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 45003 | 45009 | 45009 |
{
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"body": "What is the difference between 常に、いつも、始終、しょっちゅう？ Is it hard to know their\ndifferences? Is there any words that also have the same meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T14:39:42.967",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 常に、いつも、始終、しょっちゅう？",
"view_count": 1613
} | [
{
"body": "* いつも - All the time\n * 常に - Continuously (this event is occurring all the time. Can also be used as a formal version of いつも)\n * 始終 - all the time\n * しょっちゅう - happens very often. (typically discrete events that happen often)\n * いつだって - Always (but adds focus onto the fact \"always\" portion compared to other terms)\n * ずっと - Always (and always has been and always will be)\n\nThe first three are quite similar in indicating that something is always\nhappening and しょっちゅう indicates that something happens very frequently.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T14:52:45.963",
"id": "45006",
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| 45005 | null | 45006 |
{
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"body": "I'm a beginner learner, just learnt about なる and I'm curious about なる vs other\nverbs when it comes to adverbs.\n\nWhen using an adverb like 早く on a verb, it modifies the action or manner of\nthe verb. For eg, 早く飲む would mean \"drink quickly\", or \"drink in a quick\nmanner\", or even \"the act of drinking is quick\". So as a generalisation,\n\"Xに/Xく Yる\" would mean \"to Y X-ly\", or \"to do Y in a X manner\".\n\nThat makes sense to me, so when I learnt about なる I was completely stumped.\n\"早くなる\" means \"to become quick\" but based on the above I would think it should\nbe more along the lines of \"to quickly become (something)\" or, \"to become\n(something) in a quick manner\".\n\nSo my questions are really,\n\n 1. Why does なる seem to break the general adverb-verb behaviour?\n 2. And what other verbs behave this way?\n\nFeel free to correct any misassumptions or interpretations! Thanks in advance.\n\nps. I understand that \"早くなる\" just means this way, but I'm curious how the\nsyntax works vs other verbs.\n\nps2. I can 'get' the logic of 'nounになる' and 'na-adjになる' because the に here is\nsimilar to the に particle as in '彼にあげる'. It's really just the i-adj that\nconfuses me.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T14:57:47.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45007",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"adverbs",
"i-adjectives",
"irregularities-exceptions"
],
"title": "On なる and Adverbs",
"view_count": 355
} | [
{
"body": "It looks to me, if I understand your question correctly, as though you may be\noverthinking this. The basic rule is:\n\nThe く (\"adverbial\") form of an い adjective followed by なる means \"become\n[whatever the adjective means]\" - although, of course, this is not always the\nbest way to translate it.\n\nFor example:\n\n大きくなる become big, grow bigger\n\n高くなる become high, grow taller, become more expensive\n\n赤くなる become red, go red, redden, blush\n\n青くなる become blue or green, turn blue, go green, [of a person's face] go pale\n\n暑くなる become hot, get hotter\n\n美しくなる become beautiful\n\nRemember that for the purposes of inflection the ない and たい forms of verbs are\nin effect い adjectives, and use this pattern. In these cases the sense is\nexactly parallel, although because of the vagaries of English, they have to be\nhandled differently when translating.\n\nFor example:\n\n行かない I don't go 行かなくなった [\"It became that I don't go\"=] I stopped going there,\nI don't go there any more\n\n読みたい I want to read 読みたくなった [\"It became that I want to read it\"=] I conceived\na desire to read it, I decided (having seen an enthusiastic review of the\nbook) that I'd like to read it\n\nおもしろくない It's not interesting おもしろくなくなった [\"It became not interesting\"=] It\nceased to be interesting, I lost interest in it\n\n死にたい I want to die 死にたくない I don't want to die 死にたくなくなった [\"It became that I do\nnot want to die\"=] I ceased to want to die, [Having reviewed the circumstances\nof my life again] I decided that I didn't want to die after all.\n\n歩く walk 歩ける can walk 歩けない cannot walk 歩けなくなった [\"It became that he cannot\nwalk\"=] He ceased to be able to walk, He lost the ability to walk",
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| 45007 | null | 45010 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45012",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The person that said it was very animated and happy, but it sounded exactly\nlike the word psycho. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T16:41:53.753",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45011",
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"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "I heard a word that sounded like psycho in English, what does it mean?",
"view_count": 17369
} | [
{
"body": "[最高]{さい・こう} means \"the highest/maximum/best/greatest\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T16:48:18.113",
"id": "45012",
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{
"body": "最{さい}高{こう}, or sometimes stylized サイコー, particularly as an interjection, is an\nexpression of how fun / cool / enjoyable something is -- as was the case in\nyour question.\n\nHowever, as istrasci pointed out, in itself 最{さい}高{こう} means the superlative\nof some state. \nSome examples: 最{さい}高{こう}級{きゅう} -- Highest grade / class / rank. \n最{さい}高{こう}経{けい}営{えい}責{せき}任{にん}者{しゃ} -- Chief Executive Officer (literally the\n\"highest person responsible for business administration\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T01:22:30.323",
"id": "45024",
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{
"body": "最高(さいこう) is used exactly like \"awesome\" is used in American English. It is\nmostly used in spoken language, rarely in written language.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T02:24:41.740",
"id": "45028",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20496",
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}
]
| 45011 | 45012 | 45012 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45014",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In iTunesConnect (for those who don't know, iTunesConnect is a website where\ndevelopers and iBook authors can manage their apps/books), there is this \"My\nApps\" button:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dfbbC.png)\n\nWhen I change my OS's language to Japanese, it turns into this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fTIO2.png)\n\nThis is quite weird to me because I have never seen \"my\" translated to just\n\"マイ\" before. Is there a reason why they did not use \"私の\" or \"自分の\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T17:04:18.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45013",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation",
"pronouns"
],
"title": "Why is \"My Apps\" translated to マイApp instead of something like 自分のApp?",
"view_count": 221
} | [
{
"body": "マイ○○ in katakana is very common in this context because we have been familiar\nwith マイコンピュータ and マイドキュメント on the Windows desktop since the Windows 95 era.\nUsing 私の instead doesn't sound cool to me.\n\nOn the other hand アップ in katakana is not a good choice because アップ usually\nmeans _up_ in Japanese. In katakanized English, _up_ and _app_ are read\nidentically. アプリ is a common abbreviation for アプリケーション, but somehow Apple\ndoesn't seem to like it :)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T17:19:18.500",
"id": "45014",
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{
"body": "The first of these マイ words that I recall is マイホーム主義, \"my-home-ism\", from the\n1960s. It referred, often disapprovingly, to the fact that company employees\nwere beginning to give priority to family life over serving their employer. At\nabout the same time, when families were first beginning to acquire cars, マイカー\n[\"my car\"], meaning private car, family car, made its appearance. The fact\nthat マイ meant \"my\" was lost. Reference was frequently made in advertisements\nto あなたのマイカー.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T20:36:47.937",
"id": "45018",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-29T20:36:47.937",
"last_edit_date": null,
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]
| 45013 | 45014 | 45014 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45034",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "According to JMDict both 搾る and 絞る mean **squeeze**. Is there a difference in\ntheir usage? I noticed that 搾る is used to describe the process of beer making,\ncan 絞る be used alternatively in this case?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T17:32:19.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45017",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T06:43:00.557",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 搾る and 絞る?",
"view_count": 294
} | [
{
"body": "* 搾る = milking, squeeze, \n\n * 絞る = wring something dry out, narrow down, (voice/volume of audio) turn down, squeeze\n\nWhen you squeeze a lemon 絞る and 搾る are both right.\n\nWhen you say, Turn the radio down ラジオの音量を **絞る**\n\nWhen you say, To get milk from cow 牛乳を **搾る**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T04:39:39.277",
"id": "45034",
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{
"body": "搾る = squeeze\n\n絞る = squeeze + twist\n\ne.g.\n\n * 乳搾り\n\n * 雑巾絞り",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T05:45:23.000",
"id": "45073",
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| 45017 | 45034 | 45034 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47904",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Occasionally I read texts on Japanese history and always struggle to figure\nout whether the dates are in the old or new system, specifically whether\nsomething like 四月 corresponds to April as in the western calendar or to the\nfourth months in the old calendar. In my experience both options are used more\nor less randomly.\n\nIs there any way to make sure from the language or are there any other\nindications (publication year, type of book,....) which of the two dates is\nmeant?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T20:44:02.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45019",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-01T05:51:08.287",
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"owner_user_id": "20489",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"usage",
"history"
],
"title": "Old Japanese dates",
"view_count": 420
} | [
{
"body": "_Japanese people don't care much about it. For example 沖田総司 Souji Okita a\nmember of 新選組 Shinsen-gumi died in **慶応4年5月30日 = July 19th 1868** , this is\nprobably your question._\n\nJapanese calendar is confusing. Before the internet, most people forced the\nimperial calendar. Now many people found inconvenience and shifting into\nwestern calendar.\n\n**Imperial calendar(元号):** The new period starts with the new emperor. 平成 1989\n- 2018, the current emperor told us his abdication on 2019. It is going to be\na new period.\n\nAny documents from Public office are written in this way.e.g Driving License\nexpire 平成31 and I have no crew because I don't remember year in 元号. My\ngrandmother was born in 大正15年 hard to count her age because of sum of 平成, 昭和\nand 大正, it is very simple to calculate if she could tell us born in 1926. Most\ncommercial companies no longer use Imperial calendar, Insurance companies,\nBank and Stock companies. They were fed up with the problems became real after\nthe shift of 平成 new imperial year such as no 昭和105年 and etc. News sometimes\ntells us \"The new bullet train, the linear motor car\" plans to start\ncommercial drive in year of 30!\" (sorry it's strange English but no other way\nto tell) So people heard this it comes in a years or 13 years. This is\nannoying.\n\n**Lunar calendar 旧暦** : it's different from Chinese calendar and roughly a\nmonth or two late from western calendar, as you know it's based on moon face,\nthe full moon day is 15日, the new moon is 1日, month ends 29 or 30. This had\nbeen s an official until 明治5年12月2日 = December 31th 1872. **_The installation\nof Gregorian calendar in Japan was 1873 January 1st._** So Meiji 5 has 26 days\nshorter than other years. Before this happens every documents in Japan were\nwritten in Imperial year and Japanese lunar calendar.\n\nJapanese lunar calendar is somewhat fuzzy. It's very different from Chinese.\nIn some suburban places, they has been hold ひな祭り(hina-matsuri) March 3th, it\nwas on the lunar calendar, so they found the way it's roughly a month late\nthen it'd be held on April 3th.\n\n**Before the Meiji period, it would be the lunar calendar with imperial year\nwhich is very hard to know the accurate date in western calendar.**\n\nFYI:\n\nFor year 2017 = 平成/Heisei 29 = 昭和/Showa 92 = 大正/Taisho 106 = 明治/Meiji 150\n\nFor Month in modren/old Japanese alias\n\nJanuary １月:睦月(むつき)\n\nFebruary ２月:如月(きさらぎ)\n\nMarch ３月:弥生(やよい)\n\nApril ４月:卯月(うづき)\n\nMay ５月:皐月(さつき)\n\nJune ６月:水無月(みなづき)\n\nJuly ７月:文月(ふみづき)\n\nAugust ８月:葉月(はづき)\n\nSeptember ９月:長月(ながつき)\n\nOctober 10月:神無月(かんなづき)\n\nNovember 11月:霜月(しもつき)\n\nDecember 12月:師走(しわす)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T04:52:21.617",
"id": "45035",
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{
"body": "I'm not aware of any ironclad rule for this. You can generally assume the old\ncalendar is used as long as there is a 元号 and it's a pre-幕末 event. For example\n[Wikipedia's\nguideline](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89#.E5.B9.B4.E6.9C.88.E6.97.A5.E3.83.BB.E6.99.82.E9.96.93)\nsays:\n\n> 和暦においては、太陽暦移行（1873年（明治6年）1月1日）以後は新暦を、それより前は原則として旧暦を用います。\n\n大政奉還 happened on 1867年11月9日 in the Gregorian calendar and 慶応3年10月14日 in the\nold calendar. Most articles about 大政奉還 listed\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%A5%89%E9%82%84-91474)\neither silently use the date in the old calendar (i.e. 10月14日) or explicitly\nlists the two dates in both systems.\n\n[徳川家重](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieshige) was born on 1712年1月28日\nin the Gregorian calendar and 正徳元年12月21日 in the old calendar. However 正徳元年\nmostly overlaps AD 1711 in the Gregorian calendar. Then was he born in 1711 or\n1712 in 西暦? The result is [the strange discrepancy about his birth\nyear](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%B6%E9%87%8D-104678)\nfound in various sources. One source says he was born in `1712*`, where this\nasterisk is described in the book's [凡例\npage](https://kotobank.jp/hanrei/nihonjinmeijiten/01/) as:\n\n>\n> 生没年は，西暦年で示しています。和暦年が西暦年と一部一致しない旧暦明治5年12月3日（新暦明治6年1月1日）の太陽暦採用以前については，和暦の年末に西暦年が新しくなる場合，新たな西暦年数を採り「＊」を付けてその旨を明示しています。\n\nBut I don't think this symbol is widely used elsewhere.\n\nAnother source says he was born in 1711, and says in its [凡例\npage](https://kotobank.jp/hanrei/nipponica/01/):\n\n> 2. 西暦と和暦の関係は、厳密に月日まで比定せず、原則として改元年号で示した。\n> 3.\n> 明治5年（1872）の改暦以前の月日は原則として和暦によった。西暦と和暦には月日において若干のずれがあり、とくに和暦12月は西暦換算で翌年になる場合が多いが、本書では和暦によった。\n>\n\nOne source even says he was born on 1711年12月21日, which seems highly confusing\n(or wrong) to me...\n\nSo you'll have to be very cautious when the year is expressed in four digits.\nBasically you'll have to figure out the rule of each publication from the\npreface or such.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-01T05:28:55.450",
"id": "47904",
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| 45019 | 47904 | 45035 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45026",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've recently started learning Japanese through self teaching (a few different\nmobile apps and books, this question is spawned from using one called Memrise)\n\nBut I'm learning to say \"I don't like \" which is pretty straight forward, but\nI'm confused on the particle used (if it is a particle, I still haven't fully\ngrasped them yet).\n\nI'll use \"I don't Like Apples\" as an example, part of confusion bolded:\n\n> わたしはりんごがすき **では** ありません",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-29T20:47:28.700",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45020",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T00:59:11.240",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "14650",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles",
"copula"
],
"title": "What does では mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 3045
} | [
{
"body": "ではありません is the more polite form of じゃありません, but the most common form used is\nじゃない。\n\nSo ではありません is basically negating 好き to mean \"Don't like\".\n\nYou could use that sentence as:\n\n> わたしはりんごがすきではありません。formal.\n>\n> わたしはりんごがすきじゃありません。 still formal but not as much as the first.\n>\n> わたしはりんごがすきじゃない。 more casual.\n>\n> わたし ＞ 私\n>\n> すき ＞ 好き",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-29T20:53:47.327",
"id": "45021",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T13:09:22.933",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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{
"body": "Practically you may just memorize ではない as a negative form of だ, and ではありません as\na negative form of です, as shown in [this\nchart](http://www.japaneseprofessor.com/reference/grammar/conjugations-of-the-\njapanese-copula/). To break down, this では is made of two components, one being\na particle and the other being an (auxiliary) verb.\n\n * **で** is the te-form (aka continuative form) of the copula (aka linking verb) だ. だ conjugates similarly to na-adjectives.\n * **は** is the topic marker は, which is optional but usually placed here. See: [Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない, ～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010)\n\nSo you know how to say \"I like apples\".\n\n> わたしはりんごがすきだ。 (plain form)\n\nYou can construct its negative version in several ways:\n\n> * わたしはりんごがすきではない。 (sounds \"plain\"; see the link above)\n> * わたしはりんごがすきでない。 (は may be dropped, especially when this appears as a\n> clause of a long sentence)\n> * わたしはりんごがすきではありません。 (polite form)\n> * わたしはりんごがすきじゃない。 (では becomes じゃ in casual speech)\n>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T01:24:15.197",
"id": "45026",
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}
]
| 45020 | 45026 | 45026 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45027",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know it is katakana for \"recruit\" but most of the search results seem to be\nabout a company called \"Recruit Holdings\" which does seem to do a lot of\ndifferent things with job boards, staffing, and recruiting. I also feel like\nI've seen it on various Japanese company websites where English sites might\nhave a \"jobs\" or \"careers\" page.\n\nSo, I guess what I'm wondering is (1) what do Japanese people most commonly\nthink when they hear the word リクルート, (2) does リクルート have the same usage\nscenarios as in English \"recruit\" meaning it can be used as both a verb \"to\nrecruit someone\" and a noun \"here are the new recruits,\" and (3) is it the\nmost common way to refer recruiting or is there a native Japanese way that is\nmore common?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T00:06:51.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45022",
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"owner_user_id": "20495",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage"
],
"title": "What exactly does リクルート mean?",
"view_count": 466
} | [
{
"body": "Consulting a monolingual dictionary suggests that the definition seems to\ninclude the act of recruiting and the people being recruited. It doesn't seem\nto be able to take する to make a verb of recruiting. For that, you'd probably\njust use 募集する.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-30T00:39:05.467",
"id": "45023",
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{
"body": "Besides Recruit Holdings (company), it's primarily recognized as a noun that\nrefers to the act of recruiting someone. Synonyms are 採用, 求人 and (人材)募集. See\n[this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34077/5010), too.\n\n> リクルート活動 (= 採用活動)\n\nIt's also used as an transitive suru-verb that means to recruit (someone). The\nclosest Japanese synonym is 募集する, but this has a broader meaning, \"to solicit\n(ideas, donations, etc).\" リクルートする is safe in most business settings, but\n(人を)募集する is probably the safer word in everyday life.\n\n> 新しい社員をリクルートしよう。\n\nWe don't usually use リクルート as a noun that means \"new member.\" The noun for\nthat is 新人 (or 新入社員, 新兵, 新メンバー, etc., depending on the type of the group). One\nexception is リクルートスーツ, which refers to a suit worn by job hunters, not by\nthose who recruit them.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-30T01:55:04.280",
"id": "45027",
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},
{
"body": "リクルート can be used to refer to a newbie. See Arawaka Under the Bridge",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T15:20:27.397",
"id": "45051",
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}
]
| 45022 | 45027 | 45027 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question regarding the word \"tell/told\" I want to say \"I told him\nthat XXX\" After some research, this is what I came up with.\n\n> 彼に「XXX」を伝えた。\n>\n> 彼に「XXX」を言った。\n\nI was wondering if they both have different level of formality? or which one\nis better use with friend?\n\nEDIT: I still don't understand it, after reading the [suggested duplicate\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3862/when-to-use-say-\nspeak-tell-or-express). However, this is better elaborated by the answer\nbelow.\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T01:23:35.493",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45025",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T08:45:57.053",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19458",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "How to say \"I told him that XXX\"?",
"view_count": 7042
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think the difference between 伝えるand言うis one of formality.\n\n伝えるhas the connotation of \"passing on a message\", or \"informing someone\". It\nsuggests that the speaker didn't create the message, they're just passing it\non.\n\n言うis simply \"to say\" something or \"to tell\" someone something.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T05:19:11.480",
"id": "45038",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T05:19:11.480",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20496",
"parent_id": "45025",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 45025 | null | 45038 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45032",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I saw this in a news article saying that Toshiba had losses of \\1T:\n\n> 東芝、赤字１兆円超か\n\n<http://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S12867082.html>\n\nWhat is the purpose of adding か at the end?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T02:31:59.737",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45029",
"last_activity_date": "2019-05-14T05:22:38.497",
"last_edit_date": "2019-05-14T05:20:48.040",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "3221",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"words",
"particle-か"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of \"超か\" in this news headline?",
"view_count": 279
} | [
{
"body": "超【ちょう】 is \"over/above ～\", the antonym for 未満.\n\n> * 2m超のヘビ\n> * 100kg超の体重\n>\n\nThis か is a question marker. か after a noun/suru-verb is a typical\n\"headlinese\" expression meaning \"there is a possibility that / suspicion of\n～\". It corresponds to a question mark in English headlines.\n\n> * また賃金削減 **か** \n> More Wage Cuts?\n> * 英国、EU離脱 **か** \n> UK to Exit EU? / UK Exits EU? \n> (referring to something that seems to have happened but is unconfirmed, or\n> something that is likely to happen in the near future)\n>\n\nSimilar expressions:\n\n> * 英国、EU離脱 **も** \n> UK May Exit EU \n> (referring to something not very likely but not impossible; ～もあり得る)\n> * 英国、EU離脱 **へ** \n> UK To Exit EU \n> (referring to something that is going to happen)\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T03:16:21.683",
"id": "45032",
"last_activity_date": "2019-05-14T05:22:38.497",
"last_edit_date": "2019-05-14T05:22:38.497",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45029",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 45029 | 45032 | 45032 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45039",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've searched the internet, but can't really find anything. My first thoughts\nwere お恋人 and お付き合いの方, but the first doesn't seem very common, and the latter\nseems to have a different meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T03:00:51.957",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45031",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T07:44:59.567",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"politeness",
"honorifics",
"sonkeigo"
],
"title": "How would one refer to someone else's lover in 尊敬語?",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "As a hotel reception, the word might be \"お連れの方\" due to be polite and avoid\nmistaken.\n\nFormal 丁寧語 it would be お付き合いなさっておいでの方\n\n尊敬語 doesn't apply this case, I think no one knows her. お恋人 is a typical wrong\nusage as same as おビール",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T05:01:05.357",
"id": "45037",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T05:01:05.357",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45031",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "You cannot say 「お恋人{こいびと}」; That sounds very weird. 「お付{つ}き合{あ}いの方{かた}」 is\nokay.\n\nOther natural-sounding expressions would include:\n\n・交際相手{こうさいあいて}の方{かた}\n\n・交際されている方\n\n・お相手{あいて}の方\n\n・お相手の男性{だんせい}/女性{じょせい}（の方）\n\n・お付{つ}き合{あ}いされている方\n\n・恋人{こいびと}の～～さん/～～氏{し}",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T07:44:59.567",
"id": "45039",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T07:44:59.567",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45031",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 45031 | 45039 | 45039 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45036",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across an insane child's melody about stepping kittens. What is the\netymology of this melody?\n\n[猫ふんじゃった](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y5JrNclaDM)\n\nAnd, what does \"かつぶしゃる\" mean?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T03:58:33.530",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45033",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T12:24:54.080",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T12:24:54.080",
"last_editor_user_id": "19942",
"owner_user_id": "19942",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What is the etymology of this child's melody about stepping on kittens?",
"view_count": 218
} | [
{
"body": "It's not かつぶしゃる but かつぶし + やる. かつぶし is\n[かつおぶし](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuobushi) (known in Japan as cats'\nfavorite food), and やる is \"to give\". \"猫かつぶしやるからよっといで\" = \"Cat, I'll give you\nkatsuobushi, so come closer.\"\n\n* * *\n\nThe melody itself is [Flea\nWaltz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Flohwalzer), and is known all over\nthe world under various names. The composer is unknown.\n\nThe best-known Japanese lyrics, which you linked, were written by Hiroo Sakata\nin the 1960's. There is [another version by Toshio\nOka](https://mojim.com/jpy112799x1x19.htm). The English lyrics you posted look\nsomewhat similar to Sakata's version, but looks much more cruel and weird.\nWhere did you find it?\n\nThere are a few people who study this song (like [Rumiko\nMiyamoto](http://www.geocities.co.jp/MusicHall/2623/)), but apparently no one\nknows why the lyricist came up with these lines. But are they that insane? I\nmean, as compared to Mother Goose, for example?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T04:55:42.657",
"id": "45036",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T05:03:57.710",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T05:03:57.710",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45033",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 45033 | 45036 | 45036 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45075",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to use the word group conformity in the following sentence. The\nJapanese value group conformity in society. 集団準拠［適合］was listed in EOW/ALT but\nI want to know if there is a difference between them. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T11:25:46.060",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45041",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T06:24:31.303",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T11:37:58.597",
"last_editor_user_id": "18435",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "How do I say group conformity?",
"view_count": 272
} | [
{
"body": "* 適合 is a word which means something fits to a size or within the rules. Used widely in conversation.\n\n * 準拠 is a formal word for conformity. Often preferred in written documents.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T00:44:49.027",
"id": "45064",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T04:36:35.203",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-31T04:36:35.203",
"last_editor_user_id": "17571",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45041",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Those are not incorrect, but they look and sound very \"translated\" and overly\ntechnical.\n\nThe far more common (like a few hundred times as common) terms would be:\n\n> 「協調性{きょうちょうせい}」 and 「集団行動{しゅうだんこうどう}」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T06:24:31.303",
"id": "45075",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T06:24:31.303",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45041",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 45041 | 45075 | 45075 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45045",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been taught that ～くて is used when linking adjectives, but as I was\nreading I ran into this sentence :\n\n> それは嘘じゃなくて？\n\nWhat is exactly the meaning of ～くて in this sentence ? Why isn't it simply じゃない\n?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T11:39:57.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45043",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T12:41:41.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T11:59:30.853",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What does ～くて mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1025
} | [
{
"body": "There are two things that play into this\n\n 1. You can think of it as some sort of ellipsis (omission):\n\n> それは嘘じゃなくて、本当ですか？\n\n 2. じゃない？ is often used to make a _positive_ statement\n\n> それは嘘じゃない？ \n> _literally_ Is that not a lie? \n> _actual meaning_ That's a lie. / That's not true.\n\nSo (2) would be a stronger statement than (1). In particular, saying (2) makes\nyou sound you believe the statement to be false whereas saying (1) you are\nsimply wondering whether it could really be true.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T11:54:29.710",
"id": "45045",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T11:54:29.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "45043",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "I'm fairly certain this is a 役割語{やくわりご} in fiction for an elegant, upper-class\nlady. In this 役割語, not only can the て form be used in questions as in your\nexample, but also statements like this: 絶対{ぜったい}に許さなくて{ゆるさなくて}よ！",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T12:41:41.273",
"id": "45046",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T12:41:41.273",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "45043",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 45043 | 45045 | 45045 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am working on an art project that I would like to collect the hundreds of\ndifferent transliterations of 「中文」 _zhōng wén_ in Mandarin Chinese.\n(Pronunciation available here: [https://translate.google.com/#zh-\nCN/de/中文](https://translate.google.com/#zh-CN/de/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87))\n\nHow can I transliterate _zhōng wén_ in Japanese? (For example, \"zhong wen\"\nwould be the closest pronunciation in English.)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T12:51:43.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45047",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T16:59:14.697",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T14:06:53.860",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20502",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"chinese"
],
"title": "How to transliterate 中文 in Mandarin pronunciation to Japanese",
"view_count": 172
} | [
{
"body": "In Japanese 中文 is read ちゅうぶん _chūbun_ and means \"[literary] Chinese\n(language)\".\n\n[Apparently](http://blog.goo.ne.jp/tanakaccci/e/31b832b3d1b31d89d6783298862036d1/)\nthe Mandarin pronunciation is usually transliterated as チョンウェン _chon wen_ (or\nチュンウェン _chun wen_ ).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T14:15:10.110",
"id": "45049",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T16:59:14.697",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T16:59:14.697",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "45047",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 45047 | null | 45049 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45061",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My water bill reads 納入 is due, but the credit card bill says お支払い. What is the\ndifference between these two terms?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T14:18:20.017",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45050",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T01:44:39.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 納入 and 支払?",
"view_count": 132
} | [
{
"body": "In this situation, 「納入{のうにゅう}」 and 「お支払{しはら}い」 practically mean the same thing\n-- the \" ** _payment_** \".\n\n「納入」 is more Bureaucratese than Japanese. It is exclusively used to refer to\npayments in the public sector. Schools, public or private, also tend to use\nthe term in their poor attempt to not sound \"commercial\" when asking for\ntuition payments.\n\n「お支払い」 is used widely in the private sector where it would not matter if that\nterm sounded \"commercial\". Everyone knows credit card companies make mega-yen.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T23:31:02.780",
"id": "45061",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T23:31:02.780",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45050",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "The Japanese shop would like to be polite to send \"納品書 list of item delivered\"\ninstead of \"請求書 billing\", sounds elegant, doesn't it?\n\nIt should be officially \"請求書 invoice\" and \"領収書 receipt\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T01:44:39.260",
"id": "45067",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T01:44:39.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45050",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 45050 | 45061 | 45061 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here's the sentence :\n\n> さてと・・・それじゃあ捜査を始めるとしようか。\n\nI would have understood if the sentence was : \"さてと・・・それじゃあ捜査を始めよう\", but I\ndon't understand the rest of the sentence. Is \"としよう\" some kind of grammar ?\n\nAs for the context, the characters were just about to investigate a murder.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T16:04:31.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45052",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-28T05:19:47.810",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-28T05:19:47.810",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "さてと・・・それじゃあ捜査を始めるとしようか。",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "捜査を始めよう means \"Let's start the investigation\", but 捜査を始めるとしようか means something\nmore along the lines of \"should we try and start the investigation\",\nbasically. It's along the lines of ～ようとする・～ようにする\n\n食べようとする I'm about to eat. (I'm going to try to eat) (Maybe you don't have a\nlot of time or something.)(attempt to do something)\n\n食べるようにする I will try to eat. (Try to eat something you don't like, or maybe\nyou're sick)(non-momentum, or continuous conscious effort)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T13:39:14.537",
"id": "45120",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T13:45:15.313",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-01T13:45:15.313",
"last_editor_user_id": "20531",
"owner_user_id": "20531",
"parent_id": "45052",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 45052 | null | 45120 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45065",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "During reading a book in Japanese I stumbled upon a sentence impossible for me\nto translate\n\n>\n> そこでは、すべての条件を彼の御都合的な権力目的の方向へ手段づけて行く極端な目的合理主義が貫徹された結果、一定の究極価値から行為規範を演繹してくる価値合理性は、種類の如何を問わず蹂躙され尽して、遂にニヒリズムが生み出されたのであった。\n\nI fully understand the second part, but I just don't get the grammatical\nconnection between 「結果」 and the second part of the sentence. I also don't\nunderstand the phrase 「手段づけて行く」 at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T19:43:48.833",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45056",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T00:57:11.213",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T20:24:42.493",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20507",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Missing clause conjunction (...結果、...)",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "In this paragraph 結果 is placed in the middle, in English it's the first word\nof the sentence \"As a result of .....\"\n\n手段づける = to make it available by each steps in real/ity (i.e. develop things)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T00:33:28.573",
"id": "45063",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T00:33:28.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45056",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Take a look at how 「結果」 is used\n[here](https://tatoeba.org/eng/sentences/show/77415):\n\n> 連邦議会がその法案を可決した **結果** 、それまで以上に多くの国旗が焼き捨てられたに違いありません。\n>\n> I am sure that more flags were burned **as a result of** Congress passing\n> that law than had ever been burned before.\n\nAlthough the English translation of that example sentence has an awkward word\norder, your sentence would basically mean \"as a result of A, B\" where B is the\npart that you understood.\n\n「目的の方向へ **手段づけて** 行く」 means \"to work towards a goal **by means of something**\n\". In that part the 「づけて」 comes from 「付ける」 so 「手段づける」 would be literally \"to\nattach means\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T00:51:07.130",
"id": "45065",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T00:57:11.213",
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]
| 45056 | 45065 | 45065 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45069",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "With my Japanese teacher, we study some text about Doraemon.\n\n> 未来{みらい}の **いろいろな便利{べんり}な** 「ひみつ道具{どうぐ}」をポケットの中に持っている」\n\nI was thinking **いろいろな便利{べんり}な** had to be **いろいろで便利{べんり}な**.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T21:27:01.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45058",
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"last_edit_date": "2022-08-23T19:19:59.440",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20510",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "いろいろな便利な - In some case, two na-adjectives linked not using で?",
"view_count": 755
} | [
{
"body": "When you're addressing a quality to a noun you use the adjective own\nparticular rule:\n\nNA adjective : place な after the adjective and then the word I adjective: just\nplace the word after the adjective\n\nIE:\n\n> 静か **な** 人(shizuka na hito) - Quiet Person.\n>\n> 嬉しい猫（ureshii neko) - Happy Cat.\n\nYou will use で for NA adjectives when you're connecting them to another\nclause, but not when you're trying to modify a noun. And then use the \"te\nform\" when you're doing it with I adjectives.\n\n> 彼女は静か **で** 変だね(kanojo wa shizuka de hen da ne) - She is quiet **and**\n> weird, right.\n>\n> 彼女は優し **くて** 、嬉しいね(kanojo ha yasashi **kute** , ureshii ne) - She is gentle\n> **and** happy, right.\n>\n> いろいろな便利 : いろいろ is a na adjective modifying 便利, therefore it needs な to\n> connect them, meaning Many useful...\n\nit's tricky because japanese has a lot of adjectives that are not really\nadjectives in english.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T21:38:41.490",
"id": "45059",
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{
"body": "Yes, two ordinary na-adjectives are connected with で:\n\n> * きれいで清潔な部屋 (×きれいな清潔な部屋)\n> * 親切で元気な人 (×親切な元気な人)\n>\n\nNevertheless, I feel 色々な便利な道具 is far more natural than 色々で便利な道具. 便利で色々な道具 is\nokay but I feel this is still slightly odd.\n\nI could not find an article which clearly explains why. But 色々 is unlike\nnormal na-adjectives in some ways:\n\n * It works as an adverb without に. 「いろいろ勉強した。」「いろいろ教えてください。」 [It even takes と](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6037/5010).\n * Its attributive usage (i.e, modifying a following noun) is common, but its predicative usage is relatively uncommon and literary. We say 本棚に色々な本がある but 本棚にある本は色々だ sounds stiff. (If I understand correctly the English adjective _various_ is not used predicatively, either. \"×The books are various.\" I don't know if it's a coincidence.)\n * It has a lexicalized [連体詞](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1016/5010) version, namely [色んな](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%89%B2%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA), which is frozen and never conjugates. (×色んだ is incorrect)\n\nSo perhaps you can think of this 色々 as a special case where 色々な is always used\neven when coupled with another adjective.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T01:51:04.507",
"id": "45069",
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| 45058 | 45069 | 45069 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45062",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The full sentence is 「ボルシアは秋にイブラことイサクという選手をエクアドルで獲得したそうである。」\n\nThe general parsing I have right now is\n「ボルシアは」「秋にイブラこと」「イサクという選手をエクアドルで獲得したそうである。」\n\n 1. The topic is ボルシア (a German football team)\n 2. 秋にイブラこと - something pertaining to Ibra in the fall (this is tripping me up)\n 3. It seems that a player named Isak was acquired in Ecuador. \n\nThe only way I can get a translation to make sense in my head is to ignore (2)\nand go with \"It seems that Borussia acquired a player called Isak\", but\nobviously without (2) I'll be missing necessary content. Any insight into what\nI'm missing here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T23:11:41.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45060",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-30T23:24:07.820",
"last_editor_user_id": "20512",
"owner_user_id": "20512",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "How do you translate this phrase 「ボルシアは秋にイブラこと」? (see sentence for context)",
"view_count": 85
} | [
{
"body": "The key words in Japanese sentences are often very short and are written in\nhiragana. In this case, it is 「こと」.\n\n> One's nickname + こと + Original Name\n\nmeans:\n\n> [Original name] also known as [nickname]\n\nイブラ **こと** イサク, thus means \" **Isak a.k.a. Ibra** \"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-30T23:46:47.750",
"id": "45062",
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}
]
| 45060 | 45062 | 45062 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have developed a series of college mascots that are Japanese based. What\nwould I call them if they are in a comic strip talking to each other; so if\nthe name is chip would he be called chip-chan, or chip-kun, or something else?\nNeed help on this asap. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T01:44:02.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45066",
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"owner_user_id": "20513",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"expressions"
],
"title": "-chan, -kun, what is used currently for a friend?",
"view_count": 1202
} | [
{
"body": "* chip-chan sounds like a female mascot, it could be a small boy, too.\n\n * chip-kun sounds difinitly a male mascot",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T01:48:22.687",
"id": "45068",
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{
"body": "Mascot characters are usually called without any name suffix unless くん/ちゃん is\npart of the official name (like どーもくん). Most people just call ふなっしー ふなっしー,\nwhile you may add くん or ちゃん if you really like to show your love.\n\nThis is more true when the name/appearance of your character is closer to the\nwestern style. Everyone knows two western friends are calling one another\nwithout adding anything. When western cartoons and movies are translated, we\nseldom hear くん/ちゃん, and no one thinks it's impolite.\n\nJudging from the image you posted, your characters are not like typical\nJapanese \"lovely\" mascots (known as ゆるキャラ / 萌えキャラ). So I think you can safely\navoid くん/ちゃん altogether.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T02:56:40.420",
"id": "45070",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T02:56:40.420",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "**Chan** ( **ちゃん** ) - this suffix shows the speaker finds a person endearing.\nUsing chan with a superior's name is considered rude. Generally it is used for\nbabies, teenager girls, young children, and grandparents. It can also be\nattached to animals. It shows cuteness, lovers, close friends, or any young\nwoman. Young women may use it to refer to themselves to appear cute and\nchildish.\n\n**Kun** ( **くん** ) - used by people of senior status to refer to people of\njunior status or by anyone when referring to male children or teenagers. Women\nmay also used the term when referring to a guy they are emotionally attached\nor known a long time. Kun isn't male exclusive, but mostly used for male\nreferences.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T09:31:14.030",
"id": "45078",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T09:31:14.030",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20518",
"parent_id": "45066",
"post_type": "answer",
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]
| 45066 | null | 45070 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45193",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm hoping there's a reason, because I keep forgetting which goes which way.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T04:15:09.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45072",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-03T16:28:51.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19283",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words",
"etymology",
"definitions"
],
"title": "Why does 近年 refer to the past, but 近日 refer to the future?",
"view_count": 476
} | [
{
"body": "近日 in few days in past/future and 近年 in few years in past are both in a formal\nspeech. The speaker can be sure about few days in a future. This is why we\ndon't hear 近年 refer to future often.\n\nBut if you google \"近年中に実現\" there're many results, this way we can use 近年 for\nfuture references.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T05:50:27.483",
"id": "45074",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-03T08:54:17.933",
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{
"body": "I'm quite curious too, on why \"some day\" always means future while \"the other\nday\" past in English, but that's another matter.\n\nActually, it's not prohibited to use 近年 for future and 近日 for past in theory,\nbut also customary to mean the other way, as overwhelmingly supported by\nactual usage. Similar words like 最近 or 近頃 usually stand for recent past, so 近日\nis some kind of one odd out among them.\n\nAccording to [Yamagiwa\n(2014)](http://kuir.jm.kansai-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10112/9231):\n\n> * 「最近」の［この頃］が一般的に使用され始めるのは1910年代頃である。 \n> _The \"recent\" sense of 最近 came into common use on ca. 1910._\n> * 「近日」の［過］が減少する時期と「最近」の［この頃］が使用されるようになった時期がほぼ重なっている。 \n> _The period when the past sense of 近日 declined and the \"recent\" sense of 最近\n> came into use is mostly overlapping._\n>\n\nHe thus argues there is a correlation between the meaning shifts of 近日 and 最近;\nit is either the rise of 最近 made 近日 specific to future, or 近日's loss of past\nsense was made up by a new definition of 最近.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T16:28:51.633",
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}
]
| 45072 | 45193 | 45193 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "How to say \"I started to learn Java\" or \"I started to learn Java today\"?\nThanks!\n\nCould you say 私はJavaを学び始めた?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T07:23:03.280",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45077",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T18:23:45.530",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-31T07:40:25.380",
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"owner_user_id": "20517",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say \"I started to learn Java\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1179
} | [
{
"body": "\"I started to learn Java\"\n\n 1. \"私はJavaを学び始めた。\"\n 2. \"私はJavaを学び始めました。\"\n 3. \"私はJavaの学習をはじめました。\"\n\nAny of them ok though personally I choose 3 becuse it sounds softer and more\nnatural.\n\n\"I started to learn Java today\"\n\n今日から、{Above sentence here.}",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T10:05:12.567",
"id": "45080",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T10:05:12.567",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "> 私はJavaを学び始めた\n\nYou can say that, but this is too formal. I'd say:\n\n> * Javaを（今日）学び始めたよ。 (Friendly)\n> * Javaの勉強を（今日）始めました。（Polite）\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T12:43:39.453",
"id": "45084",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T12:43:39.453",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "14627",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Just to add to the other answers.\n\nJavaを習いはじめた。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T18:23:45.530",
"id": "45093",
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"owner_user_id": "6823",
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| 45077 | null | 45084 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Ichidan verbs ditch ru, godan verbs replace the next character with any of the\n5 vowels. Is it known how this distinction came to be? Were the irregular\nverbs kuru and suru always irregular?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T11:22:43.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45081",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-31T19:33:19.510",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20228",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "How did the split between ichidan and godan verb conjugations come to be? Were suru and kuru always irregular?",
"view_count": 794
} | [
{
"body": "The theory is this:\n\nGodan verbs have a consonant at the end of their root. The various stem forms\neach add a vowel on the end, and then further suffixes are added. This has\nbeen the case in Japonic as long as we can tell; though /o/ is a new vowel to\nthe paradigm (they used to be called yodan verbs).\n\nIchidan verbs with -iru (kami-ichidan verbs) probably had a vowel at the end\nof their root, initially. I'm not sure why the shuushikei added a -ru; this\nmight have been on analogy with the rentaikei (which uses -ru in several other\nverb classes, and later replaced the shuushikei forms in most cases). I don't\nthink anyone's ever explored the question of why the root-final vowel is\nalways -i, though.\n\nIt's not fully clear whether or not all the vowels godan verbs take could have\nat one point been added to ichidan forms. Old Japanese is very aggressive\nabout deleting vowels adjacent to other vowels, though, and so it wouldn't be\nsurprising if they had been there and were just all deleted. (I don't think\nRyuukyuuan languages show any trace of these vowels either, though.)\n\nIchidan verbs with -eru (shimo-ichidan verbs) were all once nidan verbs, which\nhad two vowels in the stem: -e- in most forms, but a shuushikei in -u and a\nrentaikei in -uru (so modern 食べる was once 食ぶ in the shuushikei, and 食ぶる in the\nrentaikei). These are mostly believed to come from the incorporation of 得る\n'get', which before the creation of nidan verbs would have just been\nirregular. These have since lost the alternations involving an -u, and have\nbecome shimo-ichidan verbs.\n\n(The only historical shimo-ichidan verb was 蹴る, which is now a godan verb - go\nfigure.)\n\nする and くる seem to have been irregular as long as we can tell. People have\ntried to propose various unified underlying root forms, but none have been all\nthat plausible. They're a bit less regular in Modern Japanese than they used\nto be, but even so, the vowel alternations they underwent in Old Japanese\naren't the same as the vowel alternations for yodan verbs.\n\nIncidentally, する and くる aren't the only irregular verbs in Modern Japanese. 行く\nhas the unexpected forms 行った and 行って instead of *行いた and *行いて, and 良い has an\nirregular shuushikei/rentaikei いい instead of the expected (and historical) よい.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T19:33:19.510",
"id": "45097",
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| 45081 | null | 45097 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45083",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> A: あの番組を見ましたか。 \n> B: いいえ。見ようとしたら、息子が友達を連れて帰って **来たんです** 。\n\nI only know of ～て来る as an indicator that someone goes to do something and then\nreturns, for example:\n\n> ちょっとたばこを買って来ます。\n\nBut recently my textbook has used this construction in several sentences where\nthis semantics doesn't seem to fit perfectly. I don't know, what would you\nmake out of this sentence above? It doesn't seem to make sense to me to say\nthat someone \"returns and then returns\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T11:44:58.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45082",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-31T12:01:47.927",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"て-form",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "Problems with -て 来る",
"view_count": 126
} | [
{
"body": "来たんです\n\n=> They came here.\n\n帰ったんです\n\n=> They returned to somewhere\n\n帰って来たんです（「帰って」「来たんです」)\n\n=> They returned to somewhere and the place is here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-31T11:55:09.363",
"id": "45083",
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},
{
"body": "* 帰ってくる = come back\n\n * 買いに行く = go and get/buy",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T02:28:06.757",
"id": "45106",
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| 45082 | 45083 | 45083 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "> \"It seems to me that he did not have the intention of following my advice\"\n\nIs it possible to say this sentence in Japanese using そうです, and if so, how? I\nwas aiming to use (よ)うとする constructions, but I encountered the problem that I\ndon't know how to confer the temporal information.\n\n> あの人は私のアドバイスに従おうとし...そうです。 \n> しなかった => doesn't work because it would be hears \n> しなさ => lacks past tense\n\nThis is how I wanted to approach it, but I got the feeling that it doesn't\nwork that way at all, because inference with そうです was introduced as a\nconstruction that is used for things I perceive through my 5 senses.\n\nI think it's relatively easy to say it a bit differently with almost the same\nmeaning, like:\n\n> \"あの人は私のアドバイスに従おうとしなかったと思います。\"\n\nBut I still wonder whether there is a way to express this with a construction\nthat bears the \"It seems to me that...\" semantics?\n\nOn a side note: Does そうだった work at all? To express \"It seemed to me that...\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T13:23:33.770",
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"id": "45085",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can I use そうです (inference) in past?",
"view_count": 1014
} | [
{
"body": "I couldn't use そうです in the sentence but I show some example It has something\nto do with that.\n\n\"It seems to me that he did not have the intention of following my advice\"\n\n=> あの人は私のアドバイスに従う気がなさそうだった。\n\n=> あの人は私のアドバイスに従う気がなさそうでした。\n\n=> あの人は私のアドバイスに従うつもりがなさそうだった。\n\n=> あの人は私のアドバイスに従うつもりがなさそうでした。\n\nThese sentences have same meaning. \"思います\" is also okay though I prefer above\nexpression.",
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"body": "> \"It seems to me that he did not have the intention of following my advice.\"\n>\n> Is it possible to say this sentence in Japanese using そうです, and if so, how?\n\nNo, it is not possible. **Using 「そうです」 to talk about a past event will always\nmake it a hearsay statement, not an inference one**.\n\nLet us use a simple example sentence to examine this.\n\n「雨{あめ}が降{ふ} **る** そうです。」 is **hearsay**. \"They say it is going to rain.\"\n\n「雨が降っ **た** そうです。」 is **hearsay**. \"They say it rained.\"\n\n「雨が降 **り** そうです。」 is **inference**. \"It looks like it is going to rain.\"\n\n「雨が降 **り** そうだった。」 is **inference**. \"It looked like it was going to rain.\"\n\nThis last sentence should give you a clue about constructing an inference\nstatement in the past tense, should it not? To form an inference statement\nthat fits your purpose this time, you could use:\n\n> 従{したが}いそうになかった or 従いそうではなかった or 従わなさそうだった\n\nAll of the above are both grammatical and natural-sounding. If your \"base\"\nphrase is 「そうです」 this time, then the last of the three 「なさそうだった」 would be the\nclosest.\n\n> 「あの人は私のアドバイスに従わなさ **そうだった** 。」\n\nThere are multiple ways to say this as @s-k suggests, but let me repeat that\nyou could _**not**_ use 「そうです」 this time.",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T21:37:03.763",
"id": "45100",
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"body": "...し+そうです = ...する+ようです/らしい\n\nThis would be, \"It seems it probably will do ...\"\n\nPast tense: \"It seems it probably would do ...\"\n\n...した+そうです ... した+ようです/らしい\n\nPresent/future negative form: \"It seems it won't probably do ...\"\n\n...しなさ+そうです ...しない+ようです/らしい\n\nPast Negative tense: \"It seems it didn't probably do ...\"\n\n...しなさ+そうでした ...しない+ようでした\n\n> \"It seems to me that he did not have the intention of following my advice\"\n>\n> 彼は私のアドバイスに従わなさそうでした (従わないようでした)",
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| 45085 | null | 45100 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45087",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "お前、心配かけまいと無理してるんじゃないだろうな\n\nFrom what I can understand from this is probably\n\n\"You aren't doing anything unreasonable right?\"\n\nHow does the 心配 (worry) fit in here ?\n\nI understand that Verb dictionary form + まい = denial/negative\n\nHowever this is not a dictionary form so how does is work here",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T13:35:05.107",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does かけまいと mean here?",
"view_count": 649
} | [
{
"body": "> 「お前{まえ}、心配{しんぱい} **かけまい** と無理{むり}してるんじゃないだろうな。」\n\n「かけまいと」 means 「かけないように」.\n\n> I understand that Verb dictionary form + まい = denial/negative.\n\nYour understanding is only half-correct. The verb form that can precede 「まい」\ndepends on the type of verb.\n\n> Type I: _**Dictionary form**_ of a 五（四）段 verb & subsidiary verb 「ます」\n>\n> Type II: _**Imperfective form**_ of a 上一段・下一段・カ行変格・サ行変格 verb & subsidiary\n> verbs 「れる・られる」 and 「せる・させる」.\n\n「かける」 is a 下一段 verb, so you need to use its imperfective form 「かけ」 to attach\n「まい」 to it.\n\n> \" **You're not overstraining yourself, trying not to cause me to worry, are\n> you?** \"\n\nOther examples:\n\nType I: あるまい、言うまい、行くまい、話すまい、戻るまい\n\nType II: させまい、されまい、しまい、もらえまい、くれまい\n\nNOTE: \"Type I\" and \"Type II\" are the names I just created for the purpose of\nanswering this question.",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T14:07:02.140",
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| 45086 | 45087 | 45087 |
{
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"body": "どうすればこの地球から戦争を無くすことができるのだろうか。\n\nFirst, I'm not sure on which level どうすれば stands in the hierarchy of the\nsentence. I would say that it doesn't belong to この地球から戦争を無くすことが I would say\nthat it is on the top level of the sentence... \"How to do/What to do, so\nthat...\"\n\nSecond, I guess the subject of the part\n\n> この地球から戦争を無くすことができる\n\ncan only be realized through the indefinite personal pronoun \"one\": \"What to\ndo, so that one can remove war from this globe.\"\n\nThird, I have problems in understanding how どうすれば and のだろうか work together\nhere. どうすれば asks for a method, while のだろうか shows that the speaker wonders\nabout X. のだろうか was just introduced in my textbook and the archetypal\nexamplephrases usually contained stuff like: \"What might I have to do in order\nto get that job\". I hope this somehow reflects in english what I was taught in\ngerman ^^ I'm german and I'm using a german textbook, so this was just a guess\non how to translate the example in my textbook into english ^^\n\nNow concerning the sentence in question, I feel like I'm missing out on\nsomething, because I feel like I have to drop one of the two to get a sentence\nthat still makes sense．\n\n> \"What to do so one might be able to remove war from this globe\"\n\ndoesn't seem wrong to me, but I feel quite weary about it because it gives off\nthe impression that the speaker doesn't really believe into the feasibility of\nthis. This might be correct, but since this would be a very distinct meaning,\nI'd rather have someone confirm that it's either right or wrong before I\nbelieve into my understanding of this sentence^^",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T14:33:38.180",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Problems with どうすれば",
"view_count": 989
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure this is the answer what you want, but I hope It would be some\nhint.\n\nどうすればこの地球から戦争を無くすことができるのだろうか。\n\n=> How we can accomplish the world there is no war.\n\nどうすればこの地球から戦争を無くすことができるというのだろうか。\n\n=> I doubt there are ways to prevent all wars in the world.\n\n(These sentences are not literal translation.)",
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| 45088 | null | 45091 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45090",
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"body": "I am reading _The Little Prince_ in Japanese and I am not sure about how to\ntranslate だろうと in the following sentence:\n\n> 大人たちにそう言われてから、今度はわかってくれる **だろうと** ウワバミの中身を描いて見ました。\n\nI don't know how to literally translate it, even if I understand the meaning\nof the sentence...",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particle-と",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "だろうと how can I translate it?",
"view_count": 373
} | [
{
"body": "This と is the quotative-と. `volition/inference + と` can be used without any\nexplicit following verb, and it means \"thinking ...\", \"trying ...\", \"hoping\n...\" or such. だろう is part of the \"quote.\"\n\n> 今度はわかってくれるだろうと \n> =「今度はわかってくれるだろう」と **思って** \n> = ..., thinking/hoping (adults) will understand (the picture) this time,\n> ...\n\nSimilar questions:\n\n * [Volitional + と in ひとまず心を落ち着けようと、[...]](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13441/5010)\n * [Meaning of と in 友蔵が出おくれまいと言いそえた](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42287/5010)\n * [Embedded question followed by と](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25361/5010)\n * [What does かけまいと mean here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/45086/5010)",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T15:29:40.313",
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| 45089 | 45090 | 45090 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45095",
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"body": "> ――いいよな、さくら…？\n>\n> お前、あたしたちのこと、認めてくれたんだよな？\n>\n> だから、何も問題なんかないよな…？\n\nMy translation:\n\n> This is fine, right Sakura...?\n>\n> You've already acknowledged us, right?\n>\n> So, you won't have a problem with this, right...?\n\nRegarding the second sentence to whom does it refer? Who is being\nacknowledged? Is my translation accurate?\n\nContext: It is a monologue from Susan. Sakura told Susan to be best friends.\nBoth Susan and Sakura are in love with the same guy and Susan starts going out\nwith that boy. Sakura had accepted it.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T18:24:32.923",
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"id": "45094",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Who does this sentence refer to? お前、あたしたちのこと、認めてくれたんだよな？",
"view_count": 137
} | [
{
"body": "I'd say あたしたちのこと - \"the thing about us\" - refers to the relationship between\nSusan, the speaker, and the boy she and Sakura are both in love with, and 認める\nhere is best translated as \"accept\". Susan is asking Sakura to reassure her\nthat she's resigned to the fact that the young man they both like prefers\nSusan. How about something like:\n\nYou're OK with this, right, Sakura?\n\nYou've accepted that X and I are together now, right?\n\nSo there won't be a problem or anything, right?",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T19:06:30.820",
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"score": 1
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| 45094 | 45095 | 45095 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45098",
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"body": "> もう妾の話は良い **というのに** ！\n\nWhat exactly is this というのに?\n\nIf context is needed, some people were making fun of her story and therefore\nshe decided not to talk about it anymore.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-31T19:31:53.957",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is this というのに?",
"view_count": 3382
} | [
{
"body": "もう妾{わらわ}の話{はなし}は良い{よい}というのに！means the same thing as もう私{わたし}の話{はなし}はいいのに！ You\nmay not know this, but on its own のに can sound somewhat colloquial. というのに is a\nless colloquial synonym. Judging by the pronoun 妾{わらわ}, I would guess that the\nspeaker is probably some noblewoman or ancient demoness from a work of\nfiction, who would naturally speak less colloquially than ordinary people.\n\n（という）のに used on its own like this suggests someone is lamenting a fact.\n\nAlso, this particular use of 良い{よい} means 'It doesn't matter'. The dictionary\nI use gives this as one definition: 放って{ほうって}おいてかまわない。どうでもよい。\n\nSo the sentence means 'My story doesn't matter any more!'",
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"body": "と[い]{言}うのに (could also be と[い]{言}って（い）るのに) means\n\n> [even though]{のに} [I say]{いう} [that]{と} ...\n\nIn the context of your sentence\n\n> もう妾の話は良いというのに \n> Even though I'm saying I don't want to talk about me anymore [you keep\n> going on about it]",
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{
"body": "「～というのに！」, or more commonly and colloquially 「～って言って(い)るのに！」, is a fairly\ncommon way of expressing one's frustration or irritation, meaning \"I'm telling\nyou~~ (and why can't you understand?)!\" It has almost the same meaning and\nusage as 「～～ってば！」; you could rephrase the sentence as 「もう私の話はいいってば！」 in an\neven more colloquial way.\n\nAs for the 良い, 明鏡国語辞典 says:\n\n> よい 〘形〙 \n> ⓳ 《「・・・もうー」の形で》もう必要ないといって、物事の中断や終了を宣言する。…はもう結構だ。「その話はもうー」「もめ事はもうー」\n\n「良い(よい/いい)」 used with もう means 「必要ない」「要らない」 or 「終わりにする」, \"not needed\" \"not\nnecessary\" or \"should be ended\". So 「もう～～良い」 means \"not necessary anymore\"\n\"should be ended now\", i.e. \"I've had enough of this!\"",
"comment_count": 5,
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| 45096 | 45098 | 45101 |
{
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"body": "I've been learning Japanese with Memrise's program (for about 6+ months at 2\nhours a week on average) and have managed to learn all the hiragana\ncharacters. They don't teach katakana (I guess they assume that all words\nusing katakana are English cognates that I'll automatically understand what\nthey mean?) and move straight to kanji.\n\nThis is where I struggle, especially with characters that combine multiple\nkanji into one. My understanding is that less common kanji are accompanied by\nfurigana (hiragana that are placed in small print over kanji to help others\npronounce the character), but I can't quite understand whether or not a word\nis, by standards, \"uncommon\" and if I should devote as much time to words like\nthese where I'm not expected to remember how to pronounce them.\n\nHow can I better assume which words will be paired with furigana without\npersonally experiencing these words on the streets?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-01T04:56:32.947",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"furigana",
"jōyō-kanji"
],
"title": "Furigana: Usage and application",
"view_count": 1237
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{
"body": "First of all, what is \"common\" or not \"common\" has a clear definition in terms\nof readings; by extension, words could be defined to be \"uncommon\" if they are\nwritten with characters whose readings are not \"common\".\n\nThe \"common\" readings are those defined in the list of 常用漢字 _jōyō kanji_. Most\nof them are ( _on_ and _kun_ ) readings for a single _kanji_ : The list of\n_jōyō kanji_ contains 2136 characters with one to eight readings (see 下 or 生)\nper character. It also contains 116 words consisting of _jōyō kanji_ , but\nwith readings that cannot be obtained from the \"common\" readings of the\nindividual _kanji_.\n\n(Note that this definition of \"common\" may or may not agree with the actual\nfrequency of readings in a large enough sample of written Japanese. I would\nexpect there to be a strong correlation, though.)\n\nThe _jōyō kanji_ list (e.g. on\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7#.E4.BB.98.E8.A1.A8))\ncontains another piece of information for each _kanji_ : the year (or range of\nyears) when the character is learned in school:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rtyqI.png)\n\nThe numbers `1`–`6` indicating the year of primary school and `S` signifying\nsecondary education.\n\nNow to your question. I think upon seeing a new word, you should look up the\nindividual _kanji_ and their \"grade\" (`1`–`6`, `S`) (for example on\n<http://jisho.org>) and decide on this basis which of the _kanji_ you should\ntry to remember. (If some/all of the _kanji_ are not contained in the _jōyō\nkanji_ list, you might want to consider moving on.)\n\n(I expect that standard textbooks for second language learners introduce\n_kanji_ loosely in this order. The official textbooks in Japan introduce\n_kanji_ strictly in this order.)\n\n_Further reading_\n\n * [_Kyōiku kanji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji) on Wikipedia\n * [List of _jōyō kanji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) on Wikipedia",
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| 45108 | null | 45110 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45112",
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"body": ">\n> 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗國ヲ肇ムルコト宏遠ニ德ヲ樹ツルコト深厚ナリ我カ臣民克ク忠ニ克ク孝ニ億兆心ヲ一ニシテ世世厥ノ美ヲ濟セルハ此レ我カ國體ノ精華ニシテ敎育ノ淵源亦實ニ此ニ存ス爾臣民父母ニ孝ニ兄弟ニ友ニ夫婦相和シ朋友相信シ恭儉己レヲ持シ博愛衆ニ及ホシ學ヲ修メ業ヲ習ヒ以テ智能ヲ啓發シ德器ヲ成就シ進テ公益ヲ廣メ世務ヲ開キ常ニ國憲ヲ重シ國法ニ遵ヒ一旦緩急アレハ義勇公ニ奉シ以テ天壤無窮ノ皇運ヲ扶翼スヘシ是ノ如キハ獨リ朕カ忠良ノ臣民タルノミナラス又以テ爾祖先ノ遺風ヲ顯彰スルニ足ラン\n>\n>\n> 斯ノ道ハ實ニ我カ皇祖皇宗ノ遺訓ニシテ子孫臣民ノ俱ニ遵守スヘキ所之ヲ古今ニ通シテ謬ラス之ヲ中外ニ施シテ悖ラス朕爾臣民ト俱ニ拳々服膺シテ咸其德ヲ一ニセンコトヲ庶幾フ\n>\n> 明治二十三年十月三十日 \n> 御名御璽\n\nAnd why are the Okurigana written in Katakana? Can average Japanese understand\nthis?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T06:25:56.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45111",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T09:06:48.550",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"history",
"classical-japanese",
"law"
],
"title": "When was this Japanese standard and why this is so different from modern Japanese?",
"view_count": 880
} | [
{
"body": "This is the Imperial Rescript on Education (教育に関する勅語) . Go to Wikipedia for an\naccount of its origin and a translation. It's one of the foundational (if\nthat's a word) documents of the Meiji regime. It's not really \"standard\"\nJapanese. It's in highly formalised language, a modified form of Classical\nJapanese. The putative author (although it was composed by advisers) is the\nEmperor: the first character is ちん, a first person pronoun used only by the\nEmperor, and the four kanji below the date (30 October 1890) say \"Imperial\nSignature, Imperial Seal\". Language like this was used in formal state\ndocuments until fairly recently. Look at the Constitution of 1947, which uses\na somewhat less demanding form of it, and although now normally printed with\nokurigana in hiragana was promulgated with katakana okurigana. Most Japanese\npeople would have difficulty with this text if it was suddenly sprung on them,\nbut many will have studied this particular document to some extent at least in\nhistory classes. Fifty years ago everybody over the age of about 35 would have\nbeen familiar with it, since up to 1945 it was read daily in schools and\ndisplayed on classroom walls. You will often find katakana used for okurigana\nin scholarly writing by authors of a conservative bent right up to the Pacific\nWar period.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T07:53:16.943",
"id": "45112",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T07:53:16.943",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20069",
"parent_id": "45111",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 45111 | 45112 | 45112 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across this statement:\n\n> 誰に何言わせる気もないよ！ しゃんとしてろ！\n\nfrom the context I believe it roughly translates to:\n\n> don't let what anyone says bother you! hold your head high/ keep your chin\n> up!\n\nmy question is if this translation is valid why use the causative form and why\nnot use 誰にでも.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T08:45:56.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45113",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T12:31:36.203",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-01T09:31:21.813",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19275",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"causation"
],
"title": "use of the causative form in 「誰に何言わせる気もないよ！ しゃんとしてろ！」",
"view_count": 104
} | [
{
"body": "> 「誰{だれ}に何{なに}[言]{い}わせる気{き}もないよ！」\n>\n> from the context I believe it roughly translates to:\n>\n> \"Don't let what anyone says bother you!\"\n\nI am afraid that that is not what it means. No sure where you get the negative\nimperative form \"Don't let ~~~~\"\n\nThe original sentence is a regular negative **statement** , not an imperative.\n\n> \"I have no intention of letting anyone/people/others say anything!\"\n\nIt is indeed causative as it talks about not allowing others to say something.\n\n> why not use 誰にでも?\n\nBecause that just will not fit the context. 「誰にでも」 means \"anyone\" only in the\ncontext of saying \"anyone can do ~~\", \"anyone could understand ~~\", etc.\n\nYou could, however, use 「誰にも」 without a 「で」 if you changed 「何」 to 「何も」 and\n「気も」 to 「気は」. The double-も is quite common and grammatical, but not triple-も.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T09:05:11.107",
"id": "45114",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T12:31:36.203",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45113",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> \"誰に何言わせる気もないよ！\"\n\nThe translation is,\n\n> I'm not willing to let anyone say something\n\n誰に and 誰にも are used for negative and positive situation.\n\n誰にでも is usually used for positive situation.\n\nFor example, you can say\n\n> Anyone can do that => 誰にでもできる, 誰でもできる\n\nBut, below sentence is a little bit unnatural.\n\n> Anyone can't do that. => 誰にでもできない\n\nIt should be 誰にもできない or 誰でもできない.\n\nAlthough this difference is not critical to deliver your thought.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T10:22:51.033",
"id": "45116",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T10:22:51.033",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20520",
"parent_id": "45113",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 45113 | null | 45114 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A character asked her what she was doing \"here\", and she answered :\n\n> 捜査中に誰かを1人にするのは、極力避けようって話だったでしょ？\n\nI don't understand the part with にする, what does that mean ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T10:12:28.660",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45115",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T12:33:39.257",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "にする in this sentence?",
"view_count": 244
} | [
{
"body": "「[1人]{ひとり}にする」 here means \"to leave someone alone\".\n\nIt should be remembered as a set phrase, but if you need to understand it\ngrammatically, 「～～する」 here means \"to make/let/leave one ~~\".\n\n> 「捜査中{そうさちゅう}に誰{だれ}かを1人にするのは、極力{きょくりょく}[避]{さ}けようって話{はなし}だったでしょ？」\n\nthus means:\n\n> \"We all agreed to do our best not to leave a person alone during the\n> investigation, didn't we?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T10:23:20.013",
"id": "45117",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T12:33:39.257",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-01T12:33:39.257",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45115",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 45115 | null | 45117 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45123",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example \"That movie was less scary to me than it was to you.\"\n\nThe best I can manage is something like \"私にとってよりあの映画はあなたにとってこわい。” but it feels\noff, and checking with Google doesn't seem to turn up any such constructions.\nAny help?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T14:40:26.927",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45122",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T15:56:12.313",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "How do you say \"(noun) is more/less (adj) to (person A) than to (person B)\"?",
"view_count": 665
} | [
{
"body": "This construction in English does not work well in Japanese. A direct\ntranslation will not sound very natural even though it might successfully\nconvey the idea. Native speakers might say:\n\n> 「あの映画{えいが}は、私{わたし}よりもあなたの方{ほう}が怖{こわ}いと思{おも}った（みたいね）。」\n>\n> 「私よりもあなたの方が、あの映画は怖いと思った（んじゃないの/でしょう）。」\n>\n> 「私はあなたほど（には）あの映画が怖いと思わなかった。」\n>\n> 「あなたは私[以上]{いじょう}にあの映画を怖いと思ったようですね。」\n\nExpressing this idea by using 「にとって」 twice (just because \"to\" is used twice in\nEnglish) would make it sound pretty wordy (or at least wordier than J-learners\nmight think). If you wanted to use 「にとって」, you could use it just once and say:\n\n> 「私よりも、あなたにとってあの映画は怖かったんだろうね。」",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T15:05:29.773",
"id": "45123",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T15:56:12.313",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45122",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 45122 | 45123 | 45123 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45130",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 鈴木を、壊しちゃった… なのに、お前のこと護ろうとして、余計に傷つけて \n> I broke Suzuki... Nevertheless, in an effort to protect you\n\nThe second sentence, who does it refer to?\n\nContext: A girl (Lisa) says those lines to her boyfriend. Previously she had\nbeen talking with his ex-girlfriend (Susuki), who had entered into a deep\ndepression because the boy had chosen Lisa. Lisa tries to comfort Suzuki but\nends up hurting her more. At the same time Lisa was worried because Suzuki\nkept saying that she will win him back, to which Lisa says that she will\nalways be with the boy, so that's impossible.\n\nMy question: In the second sentence who was Lisa protecting? The boy (making\nit clear he's hers) or Susuki (who she wanted to console and make amends with\nher). She's talking to the boy when she says that.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T16:00:51.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45124",
"last_activity_date": "2022-08-10T00:12:57.520",
"last_edit_date": "2022-08-10T00:12:57.520",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Who is it referring to in this sentence? お前のこと護ろうとして、余計に傷つけて",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "If Lisa is saying these lines to the boy, then お前 must be referring to that\nboy. It's simply because お前 is always a second-person pronoun (=\"you\"). The\nthird line also seems to be saying \"I ended up hurting _you_ (=the boy)\".",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T18:36:26.003",
"id": "45130",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T18:36:26.003",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45124",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 45124 | 45130 | 45130 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45129",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have been taught that to use まるで, you must put ようだ or ように in the sentence.\nHowever, in the following sentence :\n\n> まるで・・・尋問だね。\n\nThe \"よう\" part is missing, why is that ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T16:39:59.413",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45125",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-02T01:56:54.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Grammar まるで - ようだ",
"view_count": 651
} | [
{
"body": "まるで doesn't necessarily have to be used with ようだ. Saying `まるで + noun + だ/です`\nis totally fine. The following sentences are all valid and mean roughly the\nsame thing.\n\n * まるで尋問だ。\n * まるで尋問のようだ。\n * まるで尋問みたいだ。\n * 尋問のようだ。\n * 尋問みたいだ。\n\nさながら is a literary word that works in the same way. (e.g., さながら尋問だ。)\n\nAdditionally, まるで means \"at all\" if used with a _negative_ expression:\n\n * その帽子は、私にまるで似合わない。\n * 車が故障してしまい、まるで動かない。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T18:28:40.703",
"id": "45129",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T18:28:40.703",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45125",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "He meant\n\n * まるで尋問だね。 = This is a torture, isn't it?\n\nIt's a different expression\n\n * まるで尋問みたい/ようだね。 = It looks like a torture.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T01:56:54.157",
"id": "45138",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-02T01:56:54.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "45125",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 45125 | 45129 | 45129 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45134",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 日本語と英語は、文法だけなくて、考え方随分違うらしい。\n\nIt is saying that: evidently, the way of thinking in English and Japanese is\nextremely different.\n\nWhat does the 文法だけなくて? (Grammar only ...?) I always get confused when なくて\nappears in a sentence. It is as if i am bracing for some contradiction or\nnegative.\n\nIs their a general phrase pattern for 「~なくて」？",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T17:06:00.287",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45126",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-21T19:50:15.677",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-21T19:50:15.677",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"negation"
],
"title": "What does this inserted clause mean? 文法だけなくて",
"view_count": 137
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it's say that English and Japanese are, not limited to grammatical\naspects, very different languages.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T23:05:12.800",
"id": "45133",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T23:05:12.800",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"parent_id": "45126",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The sentence should be:\n\n> 日本語と英語は、文法だけ **で** なくて、考え方 **も** 随分違うらしい。\n\n「XXだけでなくてYYも」（or 「XXだけでなくYYも」「XXだけではなくYYも」「XXだけではなくてYYも」etc.) means \"Not only\nXX but also YY\".\n\nSo it literally means:\n\n\"As for Japanese and English, it seems / they say that not only their grammars\nbut also their ways of thinking are quite different.\" \n→ \"It seems / they say that Japanese and English are quite different not only\nin grammar but also in way of thinking.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T00:00:10.803",
"id": "45134",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-02T00:05:38.287",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-02T00:05:38.287",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "45126",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 45126 | 45134 | 45134 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45128",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In English the word \"manga\" is used to refer to Japanese comics. I would like\nto know if this word is similar to \"anime\", where westerns use it only for\n\"Japanese\" animation (in a broad sense since several \"Japanese\" animations are\nproduced in Japan but animated on Korea or other country) or does it mean\ncomics in general? Is a fanfic japanese comic a \"manga\" or does it have to be\npaid and officially released to be \"manga\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T17:55:27.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45127",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-14T03:43:45.107",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-01T22:52:58.697",
"last_editor_user_id": "9878",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"definitions"
],
"title": "What does \"manga\" truly mean in Japanese?",
"view_count": 8004
} | [
{
"body": "漫画/マンガ in Japanese is close to _comic_ in English. It's a generic term that\nsafely includes, for example, _Peanuts_ and _Spider-Man_. It doesn't have to\nbe released commercially, and even a 10-year-old boy can draw 漫画. It usually\nconsists of many pages and frames (コマ), but when a picture has a balloon and a\n\"story\", people sometimes call it a\n[(1コマ)漫画](https://store.line.me/stickershop/product/1018984/ja).\n\nアニメ also is a word that includes foreign cartoons such as Disney's movies.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T18:14:00.130",
"id": "45128",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T18:14:00.130",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45127",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "Manga has a much broader meaning traditionally. For example, every year\nHokusai, the Japanese artist, would create a sketch book of drawings in\nresponse to his students constant question of “what should we be drawing?”. I\nhave that multi-volume set at home. Hokusai drew every aspect of Japanese\nculture and society of his day as well as imaginary creatures. Not a comic\nbook at all.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-03-07T18:54:56.177",
"id": "74856",
"last_activity_date": "2020-03-07T20:42:37.993",
"last_edit_date": "2020-03-07T20:42:37.993",
"last_editor_user_id": "17797",
"owner_user_id": "37100",
"parent_id": "45127",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 45127 | 45128 | 45128 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Let's say, on a site like lang-8, I present the following string, hoping for\nnative speakers to help me by correcting it.\n\nあー、あなたかな？\n\nAnd let's say in the \"Native Language\" section, I write this:\n\nOh, Who are you?\n\nNow, a lot of the time, they will respond by writing a 1:1 translation of the\nEnglish, rather then correcting the Japanese.\n\nIf I'm trying to make, for example, a translation for a game; I may not want a\n1:1 translation, but rather some equivalent, based on the Japanese I\npresented.\n\nYou know, what could I add to my post to ask the native speaker to treat it\nmore like a localization, rather then a perfect 1:1 translation, respecting\nwhat I originally wrote?\n\nSorry if this is a dumb request, but I'm a novice and am at a loss for what to\nuse to achieve this goal, thus I thought I'd ask here.\n\nPS. Sorry if my examples fairly bad. The point is that English uses a lot of\nset phrases, which Japanese people will often translate literally, which,\namong other things, is what I want to ask them to avoid.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T19:22:50.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45131",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-01T19:49:02.150",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-01T19:30:33.443",
"last_editor_user_id": "17968",
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How would I ask a Japanese person for a translation or correction that isn't 1:1 with my English example?",
"view_count": 1378
} | [
{
"body": "Here are some common expressions:\n\n * 逐語訳【ちくごやく】: word-by-word translation\n * 直訳【ちょくやく】: literal translation\n * 意訳【いやく】: free translation\n * 自然な訳: natural translation\n\nThe difference between 逐語訳 and 直訳 is not large, but the former may sometimes\nrefer to strictly 1:1 translation which can even be ungrammatical.\n\nTaking \"It's a piece of cake\" for instance, its 直訳 would be 「それはケーキの一切れだ」 and\nits 自然な訳 would be 「楽勝だよ」. In your case, you can say なるべく自然な日本語訳でお願いします or\nsomething like that to request natural translations.\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, あなたかな means \"Is that you?\", not \"Who are you?\" Frankly, there\nseems to be no way to \"correct\" this Japanese sentence so that it means \"who\nare you\"...",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-01T19:49:02.150",
"id": "45132",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
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| 45131 | null | 45132 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45136",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I understand that `いんや, まだずらよ` means something along the lines of \"No, not\nyet\". At least, in the context I'm seeing it in (the question \"Has Person A\narrived yet?\"). However, I'm having difficultly understanding how the parts of\nthis give this meaning.\n\n`まだ` I can see as being \"Still\"/\"Yet\". And the `よ` is surely just adding\nemphasis. But where are the `いんや` and `ずら` parts coming from? Do they have\nmeaning on their own and how does that meaning come together to create the\nfull sentence meaning above? Thanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T00:11:21.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45135",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-02T00:53:23.320",
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"owner_user_id": "20540",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"role-language"
],
"title": "Breaking down \"いんや, まだずらよ\"?",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "「いんや」 is an emphatic form of 「いや」 meaning \"no\". 「いや」 is already an informal\nform of 「いいえ」. I explained this 「ん」\n[here](https://i2.wp.com/shiritaiwadai.com/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2015/11/koma_houritsu.png) recently.\n\n「ずら」 is a [dictionary\nword](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9A%E3%82%89-543774#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)\nmeaning 「だろう」. Currently, it is used mainly around Nagano and Shizuoka.\n\n> \"Nope, not yet, I'd say.\"\n\nObviously, I do not know of the whole context these words appeared in, but it\nmight be used as \"role language\" to indicate that the speaker is from the\ncountry side rather than as part of a real dialect.\n\nRole language is extremely common in Japanese fiction and it is often\nincorrectly explained here as actual dialectal words and expressions from a\nparticular area when the author's intention is just making a character sound\n\"country\" and/or old.\n\n\"Would that be O.K. legally?\", says this character.\n\n",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-02T00:42:14.657",
"id": "45136",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 45135 | 45136 | 45136 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45139",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I often hear \"papa\" and \"mama\" in animes, in situations where they seem to\nmean father and mother. Is that so? Are these words borrowed from the Spanish\nwords \"papá\" and \"mamá\", which mean father and mother? Which kanjis do they\nuse since father for example is also お父さん and I don't think they use the same\nkanjis, do they?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T01:15:15.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45137",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"usage",
"kanji",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Are \"papa\" and \"mama\" also used in Japanese as father and mother?",
"view_count": 15080
} | [
{
"body": "Pa and Ma are very international.\n\nI see many families in Japan who prefer Papa/Mama to お父さん/お母さん\n\n> papa = パパ mama = ママ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T02:09:59.417",
"id": "45139",
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"score": 14
},
{
"body": "mama = ママ papa = パパ are relatively recent borrowings, always written in\nkana,(usually katakana) that exist beside the native terms 母 (haha) and 父\n(chichi). In old Japanese, the word for mother 母 would have be pronounced in a\nway that sounded more like \"papa\" (as a bilabial fricative). There are also\nthe native honorific readings (okaasama, otousama). And [WWWJDIC lists\nmultiple other readings](http://gengo.com/wwwjdic/cgi-data/wwwjdic?1MDJ%C9%E3)\nof the same kanji, either childish (kaka, and toto) or outdated, as well as\nthe on-yomi (bo and fu).\n\nIn anime, ママ パパ, are informal, don't combine with honorifics. Children use\nthem freely. Older Teenagers and adults are less likely, but it depends on the\nparticular family dynamic. In adult company, you would be wise not use \"mama\"\nto speak of your own parent (use haha) or someone else's (use okaasan).\n\nIt's not clear from which language the words パパ and ママ were borrowed. English,\nPortuguese, Dutch and several other European languages use mama and papa (or\nclose variants). Any or all may have influenced Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T15:47:16.887",
"id": "45146",
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}
]
| 45137 | 45139 | 45139 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45143",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the meaning of タガとして in this sentence?\n\n> 革新勢力が、保守陣営を大きく制約する **タガとして** 機能する...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T10:47:20.700",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45142",
"last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T18:14:46.347",
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"owner_user_id": "20507",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of ~タガとして",
"view_count": 165
} | [
{
"body": "> 「革新勢力{かくしんせいりょく}が、保守陣営{ほしゅじんえい}を大{おお}きく制約{せいやく}するタガとして機能{きのう}する...」\n\n「タガ」 originally means \"hoops\". There is a kanji for it ,「箍{たが}」, but that is\nnot taught in Japanese schools, so feel free to write it in kana.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hw6CJ.jpg) \n(source: [yimg.jp](https://iwiz-chie.c.yimg.jp/im_siggbPS3lnFCOmieZqQBB9Y68Q\n---x320-y320-exp5m-n1/d/iwiz-chie/ans-415618450))\n\n「たが/タガ」 are what keep all the wood pieces of a barrel together. Without them,\nyou only have separate pieces of wood that will not function as a tool.\n\nIn the sentence in question, 「タガ」 is used figuratively to mean \" _\n**controlling power over another**_ \".\n\n> \"The progressive forces function as the controlling power in greatly\n> restricting the conservative camp.\"\n\n「タガとして」 = \"as the hoops\" → \"as the (inconspicuous) controlling power\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T11:14:58.060",
"id": "45143",
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"score": 6
}
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| 45142 | 45143 | 45143 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45149",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In English or Spanish there are possessive pronouns like my, your, her, his,\nmi, tu, su, etc. that you can use to show possession. For example, my car. But\nin Japanese the only way I've seen (or that I remember right now) for a phrase\nlike that is with the use of the particle \"no\". 私の車. Is that the only way\nthere is?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T17:34:57.497",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45148",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"possession"
],
"title": "Do possessive pronouns exist at all in Japanese or the only way to refer to possession is through the \"no\" particle?",
"view_count": 492
} | [
{
"body": "我【わ】が is almost recognized in modern Japanese as a fixed single word that\nmeans _my_. が was a possession marker like の in old Japanese, but this meaning\nhas dropped out of use. Modern dictionaries usually list this as [a distinct\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/237540/meaning/m0u/%E6%88%91%E3%81%8C/)\n(as a [連体詞](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1016/5010)). 我らが is similar.\n\n * [「が」vs「の」 with possessives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39264/5010)\n\nBesides these, I don't think there are common possessive personal pronouns.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T18:06:40.320",
"id": "45149",
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"parent_id": "45148",
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"score": 3
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| 45148 | 45149 | 45149 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45154",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If someone tells you\n\n(your name), お前は...\n\nwhat are they trying to say?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T18:15:05.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45150",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-02T19:12:13.893",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20550",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Is there a hidden meaning?",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "It's just\n\n> (Name), you ... \n> _or_ \n> (Name), you are such a ...\n\nwith the remaining part left unsaid. There is no common or known hidden\nmeaning in such an expression, and you have to guess her feeling purely from\nthe context. The sentence can imply \"You're genius\", \"You're such a kind\nperson\", \"You're an idiot\" or whatever.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T19:12:13.893",
"id": "45154",
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| 45150 | 45154 | 45154 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45152",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know the word \"kaze\" means \"wind\", but recently I was watching a Dragon Ball\nSuper episode and the character 18 after sneezing says something that sounds\nlike \"kaze ka\" when talking to herself. Does \"kaze\" also mean \"a cold\" or\nsomething like that in Japanese? When I look to translate \"cold\" to Japanese\nit translates it as \"コールド\" which sounds like an adaptation of that English\nword but it doesn't translate to \"kaze\". Also, does it have another meaning\nbesides these possible 2?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T18:24:11.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45151",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30039",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Does \"kaze\" also mean \"a cold\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 10097
} | [
{
"body": "[風]{かぜ} is wind, however when talking about a cold, while it still is\npronounced as かぜ, it is written as 風邪. When talking about catching a cold, you\nwould say [風邪]{かぜ}を[引]{ひ}く.\n\n> 「あ～風邪ひいてしまった～」",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T18:28:41.473",
"id": "45152",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "In traditional Eastern medical theory, it is believed that you catch a cold\nbecause of _Wind_.(please note that it is a symbolized expression)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2019-02-02T08:50:29.630",
"id": "65248",
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"owner_user_id": "32804",
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| 45151 | 45152 | 45152 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45155",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that you can use ka, no, and noka as question markers. But what is \"na\"\nin \"hontou na no ka\" . is it another form of question marker altogether or\nwhat does it mean the \"na\" in that sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T18:50:02.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45153",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-03T03:26:41.480",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-03T03:26:41.480",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles",
"questions",
"copula"
],
"title": "hontou nano ka , is \"na\" here part of the question marker or is it something else?",
"view_count": 1285
} | [
{
"body": "な is not part of the question marker because the same な can appear in non-\nquestion sentences. This な is an attributive form of the copula だ. (Chart:\n[Conjugations of the Japanese\nCopula](http://www.japaneseprofessor.com/reference/grammar/conjugations-of-\nthe-japanese-copula/))\n\nの here is a special \"noun\" known as [_explanatory_\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/5399/5010). Thus だ before it needs to\nbe turned into な to modify a noun. As you can see in the link, all predicative\nexpressions in their attributive form can precede の.\n\n> * 赤いのか。 Is it that it's red? (i-adjective)\n> * 簡単なのか。 Is it that it's easy? (na-adjective)\n> * 動くのか。 It it that it moves? (verb)\n> * 本なのか。 Is it that it's a book? (noun + copula)\n>\n\n本当 is a noun which is also categorized as a [no-\nadjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2770/5010), but we always say\n本当なのか, not 本当ののか.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-02T19:35:00.977",
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"score": 5
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| 45153 | 45155 | 45155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45173",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is what I know about the こそあど words:\n\n * こ〜 is used to refer to something that is close to the speaker\n * そ〜 is used to refer to something that is close to the listener or something not too far away from the speaker\n * あ〜 is used to refer to something that is far away from both the speaker and the listener\n * ど〜 is used to ask questions\n\nThe use of そう here makes sense to me because it is used to refer to the thing\nthat the listener said, which can be considered close to the listener:\n\n> A：彼の父親は医者だって。 (I heard his father is a doctor)\n>\n> B：そうかもしれないな。(Yeah, he probably is)\n\nBut in the following sentence, I don't understand why そう is used instead of こう\n\n> 風邪を引けばダメだ、そうでしょう？ (If you catch a cold, it will be no good. Right?)\n\nI often hear these kind of sentences where the speaker states something then\nsays \"そうでしょう？\" Obviously he/she is referring the to statement he/she just\nsaid, so why not use こう here since the words that the speaker said is\nconsidered closer to the speaker than to the listener?\n\nHave I misunderstood completely how \"closeness\" work?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T19:35:10.177",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45156",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-03T05:04:30.123",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"demonstratives",
"kosoado"
],
"title": "Why is そう used to refer to something the speaker just said?",
"view_count": 156
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think you have misunderstood at all, but just like the distinction\nbetween \"this\" and \"that\", no textbook definition will ever _exactly_ match.\n\nIn this case (you saying something yourself)\n\n * そうでしょう - refers to something you have already said (which is therefore in \"S\" territory)\n * こうでしょう - refers to what you are (immediately) about to say (\"K\" territory)\n\nIn this particular case, this is just like \"this\" and \"that\". If I claim\nsomething, I follow up with \"That's right, isn't it?\" but if you disagree you\nsay \"No, _this_ is how it is.\"\n\nSimilarly, I _might_ respond to your comment about catching a cold as follows:\n\n * いいえ、こうでしょう。風邪をひけば会社を休めるから、結構です。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T05:04:30.123",
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| 45156 | 45173 | 45173 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45162",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can you use adverbs with declarative clauses? You know, when you complete a\nclause with い-adjective or a noun and だ、or です particle? Can they take adverbs?\n\nExamples:\n\n彼がとても元気ですね？ (He's quite lively, isn't he?)\n\n彼女がとてもかわいい。 (She's vary cute.)\n\nAre adverbs allowed in these cases? Or are they limited to being used in\nclauses who's copula is based on a proper verb?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T20:32:00.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45157",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-02T21:36:44.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Can the declarative of だ、です、etc, be used with adverbs?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "彼はとても元気です and 彼女はとてもかわいい make perfect sense, as well as とても元気な彼 or とてもかわいい彼女.\n(Use は instead of が!)\n\nFor 'noun + copula' sentences like 彼は学生だ, using とても doesn't make sense. Still,\nyou can use many other adverbs:\n\n> * 彼は **絶対** 学生だ。 He is _definitely_ a student.\n> * 明日は **きっと** 雨だ。 It will _certainly_ rain tomorrow.\n> * 彼女は **ときどき** 会社員で、 **ときどき** 学生だ。 She is _sometimes_ an office worker and\n> _sometimes_ a student.\n> * お父さんは **いつも** 会社です。 My father is _always_ at work. (see\n> [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/43789/5010))\n> * **そろそろ** 春だ。 Spring is coming.\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-02T21:36:44.983",
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]
| 45157 | 45162 | 45162 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45159",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is ペンキ塗り立て a common expression? If not, what will be a typical sign warning of\n**wet paint**?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T20:35:28.937",
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"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Is ペンキ塗り立て a common expression for \"Wet Paint\"?",
"view_count": 276
} | [
{
"body": "Yes it's the most common expression on Japanese \"wet paint\" signs. You can buy\nstickers and tapes with ペンキ塗り立て.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vpaYj.png)\n\nRelated:\n\n * [What kind of verbs can the suffix たて （立て） attach to?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12269/5010)\n * [What is the たて in 取れる+たて?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5325/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T20:52:10.603",
"id": "45159",
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{
"body": "Yes, it is- Allow me to explain. ～立て（たて）is a piece of grammar added to the\nstem of verbs to signify that they have been freshly or very recently done.\n\n「習いたての単語を使う」→ to use a recently learned word\n\n「焼きたてのパンを食べる」→to eat freshly baked bread\n\nTherefore, the verb 塗る（ぬる） or to paint, being that it has ～立て attached,\nexpresses the freshness of the paint job.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T21:32:22.030",
"id": "45161",
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"score": 2
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]
| 45158 | 45159 | 45159 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45163",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that 父 means father and it's readed \"chichi\". I thought the other\nreading of it was \"tou\" since I've heard many times o tou san to refer to a\nfather. But according to this list\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji> the readings of 父\nare \"fu\" and \"chichi\". Is that list incomplete or does tou of o-tou-san\nwritten with other kanji?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T21:19:54.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45160",
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"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "all the readings of 父",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "Yes that list on Wikipedia is incomplete. The article says:\n\n> The readings presented here are those noted in the official Jōyō table. [2]\n\nAnd [2] refers to [this official Joyo kanji\nlist](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf)\n(PDF).\n\nThis PDF actually lists many special and/or jukujikun readings in the notes\n(備考) and the appendix, but those special readings are not included in the\narticle on English Wikipedia.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/08xSS.png)\n\nWhat's written on the fourth (備考) column is omitted.\n\nお父さん is a reading which is both very common and \"official\", but there are\nactually many other readings not listed in the official joyo kanji list. See\n[this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17894/5010).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-02T22:03:17.060",
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]
| 45160 | 45163 | 45163 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45165",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm not sure how much I can trust Google Translate, but I recently noticed a\nfeature, a little shield next to the translation that reads \"This translation\nhas been verified. ...\". I assume it means a number of people have personally\nagreed that the given translation is correct. Alright.\n\nThe weird thing is `[神]{かみ}` translates to \"God, deity\" normally, but\n`[神]{かみ}を` translates to just \"God\", with the \"verified\" icon. Is the second\none more respectful or something like that? What is the difference in meaning?\n\nWhat exactly is the purpose of the particle? I know about the use of `お`\n_before_ words like in `[お金]{かね}`, but it's the first time I see that kind of\nuse of `を`.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-02T23:56:55.700",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45164",
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"owner_user_id": "20551",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Is 神を more \"correct\" than 神?",
"view_count": 152
} | [
{
"body": "を is an object marker and is not used like the お to change a word in anyway. \nTo put it simply 神を is not a word, but an incomplete sentence.\n\nIf you want more info on how to use the を particle, you can read the following\npage. \n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/particles2.html>\n\nAlso, no matter how many little verified shields they use. I wouldn't touch\nGoogle translate with a ten foot pole as far as Japanese-English translation\ngoes.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T00:41:26.533",
"id": "45165",
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"owner_user_id": "18142",
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"score": 2
}
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| 45164 | 45165 | 45165 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45169",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Got transferred to Tokyo by my company, and the trains are late almost\neveryday. When trains are late in the morning we send an email stating that\nwe'll be late.\n\nCustomarily we end the mail with \"ご迷惑おかけしますが、よろしくお願い致します。\"\n\nWriting it like this feels like I'm taking the blame for something totally out\nof my control.\n\nCan I place the blame where it actually belongs, ending with something like\n\"JR東がご迷惑おかけしてますが、よろしくお願い致します。\"?",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T01:24:04.510",
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"id": "45167",
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"owner_user_id": "20413",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Taking blame though I'm not at fault",
"view_count": 1781
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese people say ご迷惑をおかけします and 申し訳ありません even when they are not to blame.\nAs long as you adequately describe the situation, no one will think you are to\nblame. Likewise, when a Japanese person says ご迷惑をおかけします, すみません, 申し訳ありません or\n_I'm sorry_ , you should not take it for granted that they admitted a fault.\nSaying JR東がご迷惑おかけしていますが in this situation sounds funny at least.\n\nAfter all, JR East is saying 電車が遅れまして大変申し訳ありません all the time even when the\ncompany is not to blame at all. If heavy snow stopped a train, a conductor\nusually says ご迷惑をおかけしています. If someone jumped in front of a train, the company\nsays 大変申し訳ありません. That's what JR East is expected to say as a reliable company,\nand that's also what you are expected to say as a responsible businessperson.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T02:14:32.727",
"id": "45169",
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| 45167 | 45169 | 45169 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45171",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 君がかわいいってことには変わらないから安心して\n\nI understand all the words I think but don't understand the grammar. What does\nこと do here? Does it mean \"The part of you that is cute\"? Does 安心して mean be\ncalm or be at peace here? I can only understand it now as\n\n> Because the cute things about you dont change, be at peace.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T02:55:52.093",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45170",
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"owner_user_id": "11827",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How do I parse this sentence?",
"view_count": 487
} | [
{
"body": "Here is how I would go about it. \n君がかわいい\n\n> You are cute\n\nってこと\n\n> The thing/fact\n\n変わらない\n\n> Does not change\n\n安心して\n\n> Don't worry.\n\n君がかわいいってことには変わらないから安心して\n\n> The fact that you are cute is not gonna change so don't worry.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T03:01:22.227",
"id": "45171",
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"score": 4
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{
"body": "The sentence sounds strange for me and I would prefer either of the following,\nwith a slight difference in nuance:\n\n```\n\n 君がかわいいってことには変わりがないから安心して\n \n There is no change to the fact that you are cute, so don't worry.\n \n```\n\nor\n\n```\n\n 君がかわいいってことは変わらないから安心して\n \n The fact that you are cute does not change so don't worry.\n \n```",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T14:22:07.043",
"id": "45190",
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"score": 5
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{
"body": "Both of these are correct. \n君がかわいいってことには変わりがないから安心して \nor \n君がかわいいってことは変わらないから安心して\n\nWhen you use [ことには], it means [into that fact]..(には stands for into) \nand when you use [ことは], it means, [the fact]. \nNow we can easily make out the sense. \n... ことには変わりがない ...==>No change into the fact. \n... ことは変わらない ... ==> Fact doesn't change.\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-08-08T09:20:34.643",
"id": "52104",
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| 45170 | 45171 | 45190 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45177",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I work in Company A, and mailing within Company A usually starts with:\n\n> 〇〇さん、\n>\n> お疲れ様です、〇〇です。\n\nWe have a joint dev team with Company B, and mailing to Company B starts with:\n\n> 〇〇さん _or_ 〇〇会社ＸＸ事業担当者様\n>\n> いつもお世話になっております、〇〇です。 _or_ 〇〇会社の〇〇と申します。\n\nAn employee of Company C is on loan to our Company A. Which greeting should I\nuse when mailing to Company C employee?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T04:46:18.810",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45172",
"last_activity_date": "2019-03-13T05:16:02.177",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "20413",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "お世話になってます vs お疲れ様です",
"view_count": 740
} | [
{
"body": "The company/employee is not yours, it is almost always better to write/print\nas\n\n> 〇〇会社ＸＸ事業担当者様\n>\n> 〇〇会社ＸＸ事業御中 _お名前_ 様 (if you know who)\n>\n> いつもお世話になっております、 ~~〇〇です~~\n\nYour name should be at the end of the letter.\n\nOn the contrary, talk on the phone or in a meeting, introduce first.\n\n> A社の _Your_name_ と申します、いつもお世話になっております",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T07:03:25.623",
"id": "45175",
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{
"body": "The employee of Company C is on loan to your Company A, which means the\nemployee is currently working with you for Company A, then I think you'd\nusually treat them as one of your colleagues. (I believe that's how we\nnormally treat 派遣/出向社員.) Therefore I suggest you use the former format, which\nstarts with 「〇〇さん、お疲れ様です、〇〇です。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T07:50:01.420",
"id": "45176",
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{
"body": "Both are possible. To put it simply, お疲れさまです looks less respectful but more\nfriendly, whereas お世話になっております looks more formal and respectful. Which to use\nwould depend on your character/preference, the custom of your company, and the\nactual relationship between you and the person in Company C. Which describes\nthe person C better, your colleague, or your client?\n\nIf you're unsure, it's always safe to get away with お世話になっております.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T07:57:39.580",
"id": "45177",
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{
"body": "I will add an answer that I hope will be beneficial.\n\nBoth words do not have the same meaning.\n\nお世話になっております\n\nis something you say in place of where you would use “thanks for always taking\ncare of me, we are indebted to you..ect..”\n\nお疲れ様です\n\nis used to basically say “good job, you worked hard ect..” and is generally a\ngreeting you use with co-workers when they are leaving.\n\nThe main thing to keep in mind with the usages is the term Uchi and Soto. This\nmeans within and outside of. People within your group “uchi” (co-workers) you\nwill use less formal language and also say お疲れ様です at the end of the day. Those\nwho may work for a different company that you are doing business with are\n“soto” (those outside your group /non-co-workers ect…) you will say\nお世話になっております usually when you see them (more likely いつもおせわになっとります).\n\nI have been yelled at a few times for not understanding uchi and soto\nproperly. Such as talking about a co-worker to someone outside the company and\nadding -san when I should have used their name without the honorific as they\nare part of my group.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2019-03-13T05:16:02.177",
"id": "65985",
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| 45172 | 45177 | 45177 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Japanese uses _’or’_ less than Western languages, and I sometimes feel that\nI’m using または or あるいは an awful lot more than I should. Especially, is it legit\nto _begin_ a sentence with these words?\n\nLet’s consider the following conversation.\n\n> When shall we meet?\n>\n> How about today? **Or** maybe Wednesday?\n\nCan it become:\n\n> いつ会いましょうか。\n>\n> 今日はどうですか。 **または** 、水曜日でも...\n\nAnother example:\n\n> My name was not on the list.\n>\n> You must have signed up too late. **Or** maybe it was just a mistake?\n\nIs this correct?\n\n> 僕の名前はリストに書いてなかった。\n>\n> 遅れて申し込んだでしょう。 **または** 、何かの間違いだけだったかも？",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T06:25:20.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45174",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "Is it possible to begin a sentence with または?",
"view_count": 1250
} | [
{
"body": "I think it is possible but there may be some people who feel a bit odd in\ndaily conversation. I rarely use または in daily conversation.\n\nI think there are some conjunctions which are a bit odd in daily conversation\nlike そして、なぜななら、したがって.\n\nOf course, they are commonly used in writings and speeches.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T08:29:07.487",
"id": "45178",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-03T08:53:17.120",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-03T08:53:17.120",
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"score": 2
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{
"body": "Yes, it is possible. This shares the similar opinion with English counterpart,\nwhether conjunctions can be used to start a sentence\n([Yes](https://english.stackexchange.com/q/16976) indeed, [you\ncan](http://www.dailywritingtips.com/can-you-start-sentences-\nwith-%e2%80%9cand%e2%80%9d-and-%e2%80%9cbut%e2%80%9d/)).\n\n**Begin with または or not**\n\nFor written Japanese language, look at the [full-text search result of または on\nウィキペディア](https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AF&title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&fulltext=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2)\nfor example. From the first 20 matching items, I have found only one article\ni.e.\n[フィード](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89)\nthat uses `または` at the beginning of a sentence (Text in bold).\n\n> フィード（英: feed）とは、ウェブサイト、特にブログやニュースサイトなどのコンテンツの概要もしくはコンテンツ全体を配信用に加工した文書のこと。\n> **または** そのファイルフォーマットのことをいう。 [...]\n\nEven within a page of the first 100 matching items, `。または` (include period\nwhen using 'Find' in web browser) had only 9 matches, which is less than 10%.\nTherefore, we can assume that Japanese articles often use it somewhere in the\nmiddle of sentences.\n\nSo, is it possible to begin a sentence with または? Yes. Should one begin as\nsuch? Not quite, especially when conversation could be expressed in other\nways.\n\n**Without または**\n\nNotice that the use of conjunction \"or\" in given conversations are _not_\nintended to limit the choices of the listener to reply, but for the speaker to\ngive suggestions in subsequent order. For this reason, the conjunction at\nbeginning would be better removed at all.\n\nIn the first conversation, I'd suggest to remove the words `or` and `または`.\nThen, I'd suggest to replace `...でも`(even; also) with `...とか` (such as; like).\n\n> When shall we meet?\n>\n> いつ会いましょうか。\n>\n> How about today? May be ( **like** ) Wednesday?\n>\n> 今日はどうですか。 水曜日 **とか** 。\n\nIn the second conversation, the words are removed similarly. Assuming \"was not\non the list\" is _not_ because name was not written earlier, I'd suggest to\nreplace `書いてなかった` (did not write) with `載ってなかった` (not mentioned). Otherwise,\nit is `書かれてなかった` (was not written).\n\n> My name was **not mentioned/not written** on the list.\n>\n> 僕の名前はリストに **載ってなかった** ・ **書かれてなかった** 。\n>\n> You must have signed up too late. May be it was just a mistake?\n>\n> 遅れて申し込んだでしょう。 何かの間違いだっただけかも？\n\nIf the speaker feels `かも?` cause the speech to end abruptly, consider to add\n`しれない。` to the sentence and remove the question mark.\n\n> [...] May be it was just a mistake.\n>\n> [...] 何かの間違いだっただけ **かもしれない** 。\n\nRegarding `間違いだけだった` of original sentence, this translates to \"was [the] only\nmistake\". In contrast, `間違いだっただけ` of revised sentence translates to \"was a\nmistake only\" and English could rearrange to \"was only (just) a mistake\". This\nmay be tricky to understand.\n\nAbove all, the idea is to give up the habit of using `or` and `または` at the\nbeginning of sentences. The repetitive use of these conjunctions is quite\nawkward to hear in conversations.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T17:34:57.540",
"id": "45195",
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| 45174 | null | 45195 |
{
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"body": "In [In actual Japanese society, how often are second-person pronouns\nused?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4040/18189), the accepted answer\nsays:\n\n> You can either refer to a person by the name like `山田`, which is not\n> (particularly) polite, or put a polite affix or a title after it like `山田さん`\n> or `山田先生`, but which to use depends not only on the relation between you and\n> the person referred to, but also on who you are talking to. Japanese adopts\n> a system called _relative honorification_ (as opposed to _absolute\n> honorification_ used, for example, in Korean). If `山田` is your boss with the\n> title `部長` within a company, and you are talking with someone within the\n> company, you have to be polite enough to refer to him/her as `(山田)部長` (even\n> attaching the polite affix like `山田さん` is not polite enough, and is rude).\n> But when you are talking with some outsider, then you have to say `山田`, and\n> saying `山田さん` would be impolite to the outsider (and the expression `山田`\n> does not become impolite to `山田`).\n\nFurther, in [a comment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4040/in-\nactual-japanese-society-how-often-are-second-person-pronouns-\nused#comment11613_4042):\n\n> It is polite to the outsider for you to do so. It is particularly not\n> impolite to 山田 for you to do so. If you still don't get it, then that is how\n> complex the Japanese honorification system is.\n\nThe answers in [When should one add さん at the end of a\nname?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/49/18189) don't touch on this\nproblem.\n\nWhat is it about 「〜さん」 for a third person that makes it rude (or not) to the\nsecond person? Using this example, does it place 山田 above the outsider?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 13,
"tags": [
"honorifics"
],
"title": "When shouldn't I use 「〜さん」when referring to a third person?",
"view_count": 2620
} | [
{
"body": "The group mentality is very strong in Japan. \nWhen talking to an outsider about your company members, it's like you are\ntalking about yourself. You must never use さん when talking about yourself. \nIt would feel to the outsider like you are acting superior and putting\nyourself(your boss) on a pedestal. \nA little bit like those brats that everyone hates in anime that refers to\nthemselves as 俺様{おれさま}。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T08:58:55.753",
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"body": "I don't have the whole answer but one situation is when you introduce:\n\n * your boss\n * your employee\n * your family \n\nto a person who doesn't belong to your company or your family.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T09:15:02.250",
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"body": "We usually don't attach the honorific title さん to a third person who is a\nrelative when we refer to them while speaking to outsiders.\n\nFor example, it is wrong to say お母さん、お兄さん in this situation and we should say\n母、兄 instead. People in our company are regarded as our relatives, so we don't\nattach さん even if they are our bosses.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 45179 | null | 45180 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45188",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Using Google Translate I found the literal meaning of 開発者 to be \"Developer\"\nand 技術者 to be \"Engineer\", but in daily conversations within my company they\nseem to be interchangeable.\n\nExample:\n\n> Person A: その人も開発者なの? \n> Person B: いちおう技術者だと思うよ。\n\nIs there a difference or are they interchangeable? How exactly would you\ndefine them?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T09:14:13.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45181",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-03T22:51:48.837",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "20413",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"definitions",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 開発者 & 技術者?",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "開発者 refers to people who make new products (e.g., by programming). 技術者 refers\nto not only developers but also engineers who do not create new products.\nThese include operating engineers, testing engineers, infrastructure engineers\nand so on. Therefore, 開発者 is a subset of 技術者.\n\nThat said, in many smaller companies, there may not be full-time testing\nengineers and so on. In that case, all 技術者 in a company can be also 開発者.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T13:18:11.393",
"id": "45188",
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"score": 4
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]
| 45181 | 45188 | 45188 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45189",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In [a song](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opADNvgeZYY) I was listening to,\nthere was the sentence:\n\n> 僕はＥ缶だけは最後までとっておく\n\nWith the given translation:\n\n> I will only take the E-Tank at the very last moment.\n\nI don't understand why だけ comes before は, since は seems to apply to Ｅ缶. It\nseems strange to me, I would expect: Ｅ缶は, i.e. _I'm going to say something\nabout Ｅ缶_. Which is the case in the song. But with Ｅ缶だけは it seems like\nsomething is said about \"only E-can\". i.e. \"I will take only the E-can at the\nend\", instead of \"I will take the E-can only at the end\". Where the thing that\n\"only\" applies to changes.\n\nWhy does だけ come between は and the noun? Is this perhaps something that is\ndone to make the song sound better?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T11:21:50.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45184",
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"owner_user_id": "19876",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-order"
],
"title": "Why does だけ come before は?",
"view_count": 838
} | [
{
"body": "The particle は serves to indicate that what follows it is true only of what\nprecedes it. By using は, the speaker is saying, in effect, \"This is what I'm\ngoing to say something about, OK? Now here's what I'm going to say.\" It's a\nway of focusing the hearer's attention on something before delivering some\ninformation about it, or asking a question about it. It therefore excludes\nother possibilities. And だけ serves to exclude possibilities other than what\nprecedes it. E 缶だけ means \"only the E-can\". とっておく means \"put aside [for future\nuse]\", \"keep\", \"hang on to\". E-缶だけ最後までとっておく would mean \"I'll hold on to the\nE-can alone right to the end\". By inserting は the speaker is reinforcing the\nfact, already established by だけ , that anything other than the E-can is\nexcluded from what he/she is saying: \"What I'm going to say applies only to\nthe E-can and nothing else at all, got that? Right - here it is: I'm going to\nhang on to it to the very end.\" I'd suggest something like \"Just the E-can,\nnow - that I'm going to hold on to right to the end (never mind about the rest\nof the stuff).\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T12:58:47.440",
"id": "45186",
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{
"body": "> 僕はＥ缶だけは最後までとっておく\n\nmeans:\n\n> I'll spare at least E-Tanks until the last moment. \n> I will use anything but E-Tanks before the last moment.\n\nThis だけ refers to E-Tanks, not \"at the last moment\" part. とっておく means \"to\nspare / keep\", not \"to take / bring\".\n\nTo be clear, he's not saying he's going to throw away items other than\nE-Tanks. Obviously it doesn't make sense :)\n\nだけは and だけ are different:\n\n> * これだけ読みなさい。 Read only this. (Don't read others.)\n> * これだけは読みなさい。 Read at least this.\n> * このゲームだけ欲しい。 I only want this game. (I'm not interested in other games)\n> * このゲームだけは欲しい。 At least I want this game. (although I also want others)\n>",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T13:53:50.077",
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| 45184 | 45189 | 45189 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45198",
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"body": "In [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/45179/when-\nshouldnt-i-use-%E3%81%95%E3%82%93-when-referring-to-a-third-person) (\"When\nshouldn't I use 「〜さん」when referring to a third person?\"), the consensus seems\nto be that one should avoid referring to one's own boss, coworker, etc. in an\nelevating manner by using ～さん.\n\nNevertheless, referring to other people's relatives in general still calls for\na respectful manner of address with ～さん. It intrigues me what happens when\nthese two \"guidelines\" overlap; for example, when your boss happens to be the\nhusband of the person you are talking to, or when you are talking to your\ncoworker's wife about him.\n\nMy gut feeling says using ～さん and being respectful has precedence in those\ncases; would that be correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T13:04:01.073",
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"id": "45187",
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"owner_user_id": "16165",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"honorifics"
],
"title": "Using 「～さん」 when referring to both oneself and others: precedence?",
"view_count": 130
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, you should. All these cases are the attitude of humbleness, modesty and\nrespect.\n\nApparently without -san\n\n * introduce your wife to another person\n\nGrey zone\n\n * refer your co-worker or boss in your family/casual conversation\n\nApparently with -san\n\n * refer a person you don't know well or not in your family/company\n * refer a person to another person you should talk formally.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T22:09:56.700",
"id": "45196",
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{
"body": "First, when you talk to a person who is not involved in the company, i.e. not\na customer etc., you basically don't regard your boss or coworker as one who\nbelongs to your own group in relation to the listener unless you have\nparticular reason to do so (for example, the listener is enough close to you).\n\nSecond, in general, bond among a family is considered tighter than that of a\ncompany. So, a coworker you are referring to belongs to the listener's side\nunless the situation is strictly official, where being family member is not an\nimportant factor.\n\nSo, you usually use honorifics, as you say.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T22:44:56.000",
"id": "45198",
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| 45187 | 45198 | 45198 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45205",
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"body": "In this pattern: Vばいいのに. (literally, it would be good if you ~).\n\nWhat conjugation of verb should I use here?\n\nIs this correct: お腹空いた時、お食事を食べればいいのに。?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T15:19:08.217",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45191",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "what kind/conjugation of verb is used in this pattern?",
"view_count": 100
} | [
{
"body": "Good for use of \"ばいいのに\"! \"お食事\" is not for eating, stands for breakfast, lunch,\ndinner ... and Japanese will says as follows お腹空いた時、何か食べればいいのに。 \"何か\" is\nsomething.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T01:42:31.993",
"id": "45205",
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| 45191 | 45205 | 45205 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45204",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> ただ、５年前の…今と同じくらい、ううん、それ以上の大きな幸せに包まれる\n\nI would translate it as\n\n> five years ago ... Just as much as now, no, it will be wrapped in big\n> happiness even beyond that\n\nI would like to know if this translation truly conveys the meaning of this\nsentence. It starts with the past, then the present and the future last? I\nmissed something relevant in my translation?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T15:58:14.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45192",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-21T19:49:23.270",
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"owner_user_id": "20259",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "ただ、５年前の…今と同じくらい、ううん、それ以上の大きな幸せに包まれる",
"view_count": 157
} | [
{
"body": "I was born and living over 40 years in Japan. Your translation: \n\n`five years ago ... Just as much as now, no, It will be wrapped in big\nhappiness even beyond that`\n\nwill be good. Implicitly 5年前の and 今と同じくらい points \"幸せ\", compares \"それ以上の大きな\".",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T01:35:41.293",
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| 45192 | 45204 | 45204 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I've frequently encountered problems with しまう. Usually it appears alongside て\nform, like 遅れてしまいました, \"Unfortunately I came too late\". In this case, it\nsignals regret on the speakers behalf.\n\nI'm having far more issues with this verb when its like here:\n母からの手紙は箱の中に大切にしまってあります。\n\nI can't even translate this sentence. I think the speaker says that his mom's\nletter is precious to him out of all the things in the box. But really, I\ndon't know how to incorporate a meaningful interpretation of しまう here. Maybe\nlike \"ultimately is precious\"? The て-form with ある also kind of gives me a\nheadache. Maybe it means that the letter has reached the status \"precious\" and\nstays in that status now? It's one of the functions I learned for て form + いる.\nLike 窓が困っている (or ある, because its an object? I once learned that いる is for\nliving beings and ある for objects. But I feel like いる might have been combined\nwith non-living objects too already. My memory might deceive me on this\nthough...^^).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-03T22:29:48.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45197",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does しまう function here and/or what does it mean?",
"view_count": 1274
} | [
{
"body": "I think here it's a different thing. It'a not the -てしまう in the sense of\nexpressing regret for something (or doing something throughout, completely).\n\nRather, it's the verb しまう (editing my previous answer, as Shoko pointed out\nhere the verb is 仕舞う) that means \"to be put away, to lock/store, etc.. So\n\n> 母からの手紙は箱の中に大切にしまってあります\n\ncould be translated as \" _the letter from mom is safely closed/stored inside a\nbox_ \".\n\nEDIT: I was interrupted while writing and I forgot to add that -てある simply\nindicates that something is put in a certain condition/state and it still is\nat the current time. You can see this a little bit like -ている but for inanimate\nobjects (more precisely, ている indicates the status of a continued\naction/movement, while -てある indicates the state of something as a result of\nsome action/behavior). Also, in this case the state is not being precious but\nthe being locked/put away.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T23:25:48.453",
"id": "45199",
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"body": "しまう has 3 meanings as a verb, 1 usage as a past/complete tense and a usage _do\n+ しまう_ unwilling to do.\n\n 1. 物をしまう (formal) treasure / store / put back / \n 2. 店をしまう close / wind up\n 3. 仕事をしまう finish /end\n\n * As a past/complete tense 窓が締まってしまった The window has/had closed (won't be open soon or never.)\n\n * Unwilling to do 遅れてしまった = 遅れる + する (past=した) + しまう\n\nFYI: 窓が閉まっている the window is closed = 窓が閉めてある One keeps window closed.",
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"creation_date": "2017-04-03T23:51:31.280",
"id": "45200",
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"body": "> 母からの手紙は箱の中に大切にしまってあります。\n\nThe verb しまう（仕舞う） here is used in the sense of \"put away, keep, store\n(something somewhere)\". It's explained in definition #3 in\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/100617/meaning/m0u/%E4%BB%95%E8%88%9E%E3%81%86/):\n\n> しまう【仕舞う】 \n> ３ 使用したもの、大切なものなどを元の場所や入れ物などの中に納める。かたづける。「夏物を **しまう** 」「雛人形を **しまう** 」「胸のうちに\n> **しまっ** ておく」\n\n～てある indicates a resultant state. しまってある here, which consists of the te-form\nof しまう + subsidiary verb ある (or, verb しまう + conjunctive particle て +\nsubsidiary verb ある), means that 母の手紙 has been put away in 箱 some time ago and\nis still in the 箱.\n\n* * *\n\nAs to the difference of \"intransitive verb + ている\" and \"transitive verb + てある\":\n\nIntransitive + ている -- _current state_ (NOTE)\n\n * 「窓が閉まっている」 The window is closed. \n * 「窓が開いている」 The window is open. \n\nTransitive + てある -- _resultant state_\n\n * 「窓が/を閉めてある」 The window has been closed some time ago and is still closed. → The window has been / is kept closed. / We keep the window closed. \n * 「窓が/を開けてある」 The window has been opened some time ago and is still open. → The window has been / is kept open. / We keep the window open. \n * 「手紙が/をしまってある」 The letter has been put away somewhere some time ago and is still stored there. → The letter is stored / I keep the letter somewhere.\n\nFor more, see [this thread](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5505/9831).\n\nNOTE: As you may already know, ～ている can also indicate \"continuous/ongoing\naction\", eg 走っている (is running). And of course we also have \"transitive + ている\",\neg 本を読んでいる, 店を閉めている.",
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| 45197 | null | 45202 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45206",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "# Japanese\n\n最近、日本人と共同研究しています。私の方は哲学の専門家。共同研究者は発表を作っていて、その発表の中に以下の表現を使いました：\n\n> 「Xの原始としてのY」\n\n日本語の母国語ではない私に、これは「YはXの原始」という意味をしていると思いました。それが当ていませんか。言い換えて、意味として、これはYはXの原始かXはYの原始か。またはその二つ以外の意味がありますか。\n\n# English\n\nRecently, I've been engaged in some collaborative research with several\nJapanese researchers. I'm a philosopher by trade. One of our collaborators\nmade a presentation which included the phrase:\n\n> Xの原始としてのY\n\nAs a non-native speaker, I thought this means that Y is X's origin or\nprinciple. Is that correct? Rewording it, is this saying that X is Y's\nprinciple or Y is X's principle? Or does it mean something different from\neither of those?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T00:12:34.340",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "「Xの原始として,Y」の意味 (What does the phrase Xの原始としてのY mean?)",
"view_count": 155
} | [
{
"body": "ありません、YはXの元となるという意味だけです\n\n> 「Xの原始としてのY」 = Y as the primitive of X\n\nまた「原始として」という表現はあまり一般的ではないと思います\n\n学術用語なら別ですが、通常、原始人、原始時代、原始的なという用法で使われます\n\n * Xの根本としてのY\n * Xの祖先としてのY\n * Xの祖語としてのY\n * Xの基本としてのY\n\n対象によって異なりますが、しっくりくる言葉があるはずです",
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T01:08:15.667",
"id": "45203",
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{
"body": "> 「Xの原始{げんし}としてのY」\n\nこの表現について、先ず確認しておきたいのは、\n\n> 原始 = Y\n>\n> 原始 ≠ X\n\nという点です。日本語学習者の間で、助詞「の」の **前後に来る言葉**\nの関係性に関する誤解が多く見受けられますので、今一度ご確認ください。実際に「意味として、これはYはXの原始かXはYの原始か」と問われていることもあり、この点に言及した次第です。\n\n「原形」、「源」、「根源」という意味で「原始」を使用することは学術的にはあるようなので、市井の会話においての「原始」の使われ方は、今回は余り気にされなくても良いかと思います。\n\n意味としては、単純に、\n\n> XはYから始まっている\n>\n> Xの起源/原形はYである\n\nという理解で良いでしょう。センテンス風の解釈になってしまいましたが、言うまでもなく「Xの原始としてのY」は名詞句です。",
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| 45201 | 45206 | 45206 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45210",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From a passage saying that it's hard for people to visualize or grasp the\nscale of things when they're in expressed in units they can't easily relate\nto- but that if something people can relate to is used people can get an idea\nmore easily. The sentence I'm unsure about is:\n\n例えば、「東京ドーム５。７杯分」と書けば、「ああ、そんなに多いのか」と納得がいくわけだ。\n\n'For example. if it's written that Tokyo Dome is the equivalent of 5.7\nglasses(??), then people can get an idea of the scale, thinking 'ooh its that\nbig is it'. - Is my understanding of that.\n\nI understand 'wake' and 'iku' seperately as reasoning, and go respectively.\nHowever, when they're together here, does it basically mean, 'goes the\nreasoning'? Or is there a different nuance going on here?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T02:37:08.227",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "what is the meaning of いくわけだ",
"view_count": 248
} | [
{
"body": "～は納得が行く is a set phrase that means:\n\n 1. ～ makes sense; ～ sounds convincing; one is satisfied by ～ \n\n> その説明は納得が行きません。もっと詳しく話してください。 \n> 納得の行く説明が欲しい。\n\n 2. ～ is satisfied (by an explanation); ～ is convinced (by something) \n\n> 彼はまだ納得が行かないようだ。 \n> あなたが納得が行くまで、何度でも教えます。\n\nThis usage of 行く is described as the tenth definition of [this\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/225173/meaning/m0u/), but practically\nyou'll have to [memorize this rather than analyze\nthis](https://ell.stackexchange.com/q/42909/8629).\n\n訳【わけ】 means _reason_. ～わけだ means \"it's natural to think ～\", \"no wonder ～\",\n\"therefore ～\", \"as a natural consequence, ～\", etc.\n\n> 「ああ、そんなに多いのか」と納得がいくわけだ。 \n> (saying it) will naturally make sense to you -- \"Ah, it's that much!\"",
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| 45207 | 45210 | 45210 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45211",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In mails these are usually written when it's a personal/private matter.\n\nBut is there any difference in usage? Like in Case X you should use 私用 or in\nCase Y use 私情.\n\nWhat would be the proper usage for each term?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Usage of 私的, 私用 and 私情",
"view_count": 177
} | [
{
"body": "私用 is a no-adjective, 私的 is a na-adjective, and 私情 is a simple noun.\n\n * 私用のメール means private/personal mails only in the sense of \"unrelated to the business\".\n * 私的なメール also refers to the same thing, but it tends to have a connotation of \"sensitive/secret\".\n * [×]私情のメール / [×]私情なメール doesn't make sense.\n * 私情が入ったメール/私情のこもったメール: a subjective mail that is biased by someone's personal feelings; a (business) mail which is interfered by one's personal feelings\n\nWhen a manager of a company says \"Don't send private emails when you are at\nwork\", they can say both 私用のメールを出さないでください and 私的なメールを出さないでください\ninterchangeably.\n\nYou cannot use 私用 in sentences like\n「私的なメールを見られなくないので、パスワードをかけています」「サーバーが攻撃され、たくさんの人の私的な写真が流出してしまった」.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T04:51:36.397",
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| 45208 | 45211 | 45211 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45214",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have seen multiple words that supposedly translate as \"purse.\" (A list of\nwords is at the end of the question.)\n\nAre any of these words broad, general words? Are any quite specific?\n\nI assume that some of them might be names for different styles of purses and\nbags. For example, in English a \"clutch purse\" is a purse with no handle or\nstrap and is only carried by females. In contrast, a \"shoulder bag\" is a bag\nwith a strap that is long enough to go over a person's shoulder and could be\neither a woman's bag or a man's bag.\n\nThe only \"purse\" word that I am sure I understand is がまぐち\n\n(I understand that a「がまぐち」 is a purse, handbag, or coin purse that has a metal\nclasp. The name comes from the way that it looks like a toad's mouth when it\nis open.)\n\nHere are some of the other Japanese words that I have seen listed as \"purses.\"\n\n財布{さいふ}\n\nハンドバッグ\n\n手提げ{てさげ}\n\n懐中物{かいちゅうもの}\n\n鞄{かばん}\n\nパース\n\n金入れ{かねいれ}\n\n*edited to add: stack reader suggested that I take a look at Google Images, so I checked each word on Google Images. Here are my impressions of what I saw, but I am not sure how accurate my impressions are.\n\n財布 「さいふ」is a small case or wallet. It can have a zipper, a metal clasp, or\nsimply fold shut. It is made of leather. It appears to be used by both men and\nwomen.\n\nハンドバッグ appears to be a leather purse with a handle. Sometimes it has a longer\nstrap. I am guessing from the images that it is more gendered than a さいふ and I\nam guessing that it is a women's item.\n\n手提げ 「てさげ」 seems to be a large category. Most of them are made of cloth. They\nare somewhat boxy with a rectangular bottom that has corners. Many of them\nwould be called canvas bags or tote bags in American English. Some appear to\nbe large paper shopping bags. A few seem to be more rounded and more like a\nbig purse with a handle.\n\n懐中物 「かいちゅうもの」confuses me. I can't tell what the images have in common. There\nare images of watches on chains. There are small boxes. There are things that\nmight be decorative paper envelopes. There are small, flat fabric things that\nclose with a flap.\n\n鞄 「かばん」 seems to be made of leather. The word seems to include satchels,\nbriefcases, coin purses, wallets and shoulder bags. If I were to judge them by\nthe standards of my own country, they look less feminine than the ハンドバッグ Are\nthese for men or are they for both genders?\n\nパース confuses me. Maybe I copied down the wrong word?? Google images shows me\nthe city of Perth in Australia and architectural drawings.\n\n金入れ かねいれ seems to include wallets for paper money. It also seems to include\npaper that has been folded around paper money in a standardized series of\nfolds. It might include money collected in a basket.",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What are the differences between the multiple words for purses and similar bags?",
"view_count": 1893
} | [
{
"body": "Among these, パース, 金入れ and 懐中物 are very rare and you can forget them. No wonder\nGoogle Image Search gives confusing results for these. パース is from _purse_ ,\nbut in katakanized English _parse_ and _Perth_ shares the same spelling, and\nパース also means\n[perspective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_\\(graphical\\)).\n\n財布, 鞄, ハンドバッグ and 手提げ are common, but I believe Google Image Search is enough.\n財布 is a container used for carrying money. 鞄 is a bag in general, and others\nare varyous types of bags used to carry items including a 財布 itself. がまぐち is\nrelatively uncommon because ordinary young Japanese people no longer use them.",
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"body": "As a former handbag dealer, I am going to say that the top 3 generic terms for\n\"purse\" used by Japanese-speakers (dealers and end-users alike) in no\nparticular order would be:\n\n> ・セカンドバッグ\n\n> ・クラッチバッグ\n\n> ・ポーチ\n\n**Other words would not even come close to those in frequency of use**.\n\nAmong the words you have listed:\n\nYou will not hear 「懐中物」 in real life in the 21st century. (Maybe you will on\nSE.) Try using that word in a department store and see how your clerk reacts.\n\nThe same goes for 「金入れ」; Just forget it! It is like saying \"money bag\" and you\nwill not look too good.\n\nNext, 「パース」. You would not use it unless you were _**extremely**_ fashionable.\nLess than 1-2% of my former-customers used that word when most of them were\nalready fairly fashionable.\n\n「かばん」, 「手提げ」 and 「ハンドバッグ」 would be too broad to refer to a purse. Besides,\nthose are used to refer to **larger bags than purses**.\n\n「財布」 means a \"wallet\", not a purse.\n\n「がまぐち」 is one word I never used myself or heard anyone say while in the\nhandbag business (because I never sold them). Grandma types might use it to\nrefer to a hand-sized pouch to carry folded bills and coins for shopping in\ntheir neighborhoods. They look like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DRaVs.jpg) \n(source: [shinise.ne.jp](https://www.shinise.ne.jp/mon/uimg/231.jpg))",
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| 45209 | 45214 | 45214 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45256",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "On the OpenStack contributor's guide, it contains the following:\n\nIn Japanese culture, people tend not to say yes or no clearly as a way to\nrespect others and to avoid appearing argumentative. A common phrase in\nJapanese business language is “Zensho shimasu” (善処します), which literally means\n“I’ll do my best”, however the actual meaning is “I will do nothing”, or “no\nway”. This type of linguistic confusion has caused many problems between\nJapanese and English speakers, most famously between Prime Minister Eisaku\nSato and President Richard Nixon in the 1960s. If, as an English speaker, you\nnotice a Japanese speaker being a bit evasive in committing, or seeming to\ncommit to too many things, check in with them in a private email. It will be\nmuch easier for them (from a cultural perspective, anyway) to say yes or no\nprivately, than on a mailing list or IRC.\n\nIs this correct? If I were to give this reply to a Japanese co-worker thinking\nI'm telling them \"I'll do my best\", they would take it as I'm not going to do\nanything? And vice-versa, if I'm told this I should take it to mean they will\nnot do anything either?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"connotation"
],
"title": "\"善処します\" What is the person saying this actually implying?",
"view_count": 2052
} | [
{
"body": "I rarely hear the phrase \"善処します\". I guess a phrase you want is \"最善を尽くします\", its\nmeaning is “I’ll do my best”.\n\nIt doesn't mean “I will do nothing” and “no way”, but there may be some people\nwho think so. This phrase is very convenient, because if you say it, you can\nmake excuse as \"I did my best\" whatever the result was.\n\nI think this is the reason why this phrase is used in many companies,\nministries, government offices, and politicians in Japan. If they don't want\nto response clearly or take on the responsibility, they would say it.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "> “Zensho shimasu” (善処します), which literally means “I’ll do my best”, however\n> the actual meaning is “I will do nothing”, or “no way”.\n\nThis statement may not be entirely wrong, but strikes me as an exaggerated\n\"Murphy's law\". In reality, when you hear 善処します, you can expect, say, 10-50%\nchance that it will be done, depending on the atmosphere. Admittedly, if you\nhear this from a politician, the chance should be smaller :)\n\n善処します is a (notorious) word used when someone does not want to give a decisive\nanswer. Its actual meaning is ambiguous by nature. To me, it sounds only\nslightly better than \"I'll try\", \"I'll take a look\" or \"I'll consider it\".\n\n最善を尽くします sounds like one will seriously try his/her best.",
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| 45213 | 45256 | 45256 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47700",
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"body": "When writing furigana I was told if it's written「フリガナ」write it in katakana. If\nit's「ふりがな」then write it in hiragana.\n\nI'm curious if there's a standard or everyone that makes a document just kind\nof chooses if they want it in hiragana or katakana?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T07:43:28.987",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"hiragana",
"furigana"
],
"title": "Is there a standard for furigana? ふりがな vs フリガナ",
"view_count": 17881
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{
"body": "I don't know of any examples where one would write the furigana differently\nthan the kana reading. Doing otherwise seems confusing to me.\n\nKanji represent meaning while kana represent sound. This is why there are\noften multiple possible kanji for a given sound, and a given kanji might be\nread in multiple ways. Furigana is a reading aid so the reader knows which\nreading was intended.\n\nRemember, in general, one is not required to write furigana. It is only\nwritten as an aid to the reader. Thus if you do not know if a word would be\nwritten in hiragana or katakana, or if you do not know which reading was\nintended, it might be a good idea to omit the furigana to avoid an error.\n\nOne extra note, from what I know, Japanese children learn hiragana before\nkatakana. Thus all furigana written for children of that age are in hiragana.",
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"creation_date": "2017-04-17T20:42:02.043",
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"body": "I found a [website](http://www.rireki.net/name/) advising you how to fill in\nyour full name when you are asked for the furigana.\n\n> 名前の「ふりがな」は、氏名欄の表記が「ふりがな」と平仮名で書いてあれば平仮名で、 「フリガナ」とカタカナで書いてあればカタカナで書かなくてはいけません。\n\nIt's safe to assume that rule would be followed elsewhere.\n\nOther forums I checked had posters who said the same thing. However, there do\nexist people who are not sure which to use, or have a preference for one kana.\nカタカナ does seem more official and important-looking from what I could gather.\nOn the other hand, the habit of using ひらがな as ふりがな is very common. I can post\nmore links to these discussions if you like.\n\n**Edit**\n\nIf you need further convincing, you can read this [psychology\nblog](http://sinri.net/sinrigaku/28.html) where the author takes for granted\nthat same system of using the same script as the one 'furigana' is written in\n- in effect, answering 'yes' to your question. For such an assumption to be\nmade, it's only natural to conclude the rule is wide-spread.\n\nThe blog writer suggests it is common for the person filling in the form to\ncopy the model given by the other person (who wrote the form). What follows\nare humorous examples that test that pyschological impulse where doing so\nmight be considered absurd and contrived.",
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"body": "Both of the standard notation of furigana 「フリガナ(Katakana)」, 「ふりがな(Hiragana)」,\nin general Japanse documents especially for pronounce of name, address.\n\nIn my childhood, hiragana notation is used for Kanji, katakana notation is\nused for foreign words.\n\nSome Japanese apps check characters according to furigana\nnotation「フリガナ(Katakana)」,「ふりがな(Hiragana)」,「ｶﾀｶﾅ(Half-width Katakana)」.\n\nIn very old Japanese computing, there is only used Half-width kana and forced\nto use 「ｶﾀｶﾅ(Half-width Katakana)」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-19T06:50:44.493",
"id": "47573",
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{
"body": "My experience with ふりがな in general is that there are a few accepted standards.\nThe most widely accepted standard is to use ひらがな for all kanji, unless the\nkanji is standing in for a word that is a loan word (for example, 功夫 -> カンフー).\nThis kind of usage is not very common, but some words as this exist.\n\nAnother \"standard\" is mostly seen in academic settings, typically when\nteaching foreign students. To teach the difference between 音読み and 訓読み for\nkanji, you can use カタカナ for 音読み and ひらがな for 訓読み. Since 音読み tend to be\nborrowed readings derived from Chinese, it helps to see the difference in\norigin as you're learning vocabulary, and so this is often used as a tool in\nthe classroom.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-22T22:44:09.747",
"id": "47665",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-22T22:44:09.747",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "Yes, when the form says `ふりがな` you usually have to fill it with hiragana, and\nwhen the form says `フリガナ` you usually have to fill it with katakana. Both\nstyles are common. In online forms there may be an explicit instruction or an\nexample.\n\nIf you are a form designer, you can basically choose whichever you like, but\nthere are several considerations:\n\n * Modern Japanese speakers generally have gotten used to furigana written in hiragana in novels and such. If you asked a not-so-old Japanese speaker to write down how to read their name, you would usually get a name written in hiragana. But [foreign names written in hiragana can look really bad](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19441/5010).\n * Historically, there were times when hiragana was not available on computers, and [old paper forms tended to use katakana](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/17393/5010).\n * Mixture of hiragana and katakana can cause troubles when you need to sort names alphabetically, although recent programs are usually clever enough to handle this situation correctly.\n\nI feel forms/programs developed recently mainly use furigana in hiragana.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-24T09:12:56.710",
"id": "47700",
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| 45215 | 47700 | 47700 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45218",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "And why the flower in the sentence?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T07:48:14.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45216",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-04T12:19:00.087",
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"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"idioms"
],
"title": "What does 〜うちが花 mean?",
"view_count": 344
} | [
{
"body": "As far as I know it usually follows sentences like 待つうちが花 － 言われるうちが花 etc that\nare some common sayings although hard to directly translate in English. The\nfirst one expressing the feeling of enjoying to the fullest the moment while\nyou are waiting for something to happen making expectations. In other words,\nthat there is good in that time you spend waiting speculating about how\nsomething will go.\n\n[Here](http://kotowaza.jitenon.jp/kotowaza/1684.php) it says:\n\n> 物事は期待しながら待っている間が、心ときめいて楽しいということ。「待つが花」「待つ間が花」ともいう。\n\nIn this case my guess is that 花 is there as an example of something beautiful\nor pleasant. If you look at the meaning above this somehow makes sense. I\nthink I even read that this is the case somewhere actually but cannot find it\nnow.\n\n[Here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1375029498)\nare some other proverbs/sayings ending in うちが花 although the question is a bit\ndifferent (won't reference them directly as maybe it's not the point).\nAccording to that source it seems that most of these derive from 言わぬが花， that\ncould be translated as \"Some things are best left unsaid\" or \"Silence is\ngolden\".\n\nAlso looking at this it seems that the flower could be a symbol of something\nbeautifl/pleasant as so is the result of not saying something. This is\nactually a particularly interesting example as you could see the \"flower\" in\nJapanese playing the role of \"gold\" in English.\n\nIn general it's an interesting question, but if it is mostly used in proverbs\nmaybe it's hard to give a precise answer and would be better to think about it\nas a whole thing carrying some meaning. It would be like asking \"Why is\nsilence gold\"? Because I guess gold is a precious and good thing, and so are\nflowers.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "* ～うち: a (limited) term, period that --; while --\n * 花: the finest; (at) the crest; glory\n\nSo the overall translation would be \"the moment while -- is the finest\". The\nconstruct ～うちが花 is commonly applied to two situations. One is literally, the\ntimes when you X is your best hours or palmy days. The second is that you may\nbe annoyed by X, but it's better to you than when you no longer are X, so you\nshould treasure or make good use of X.",
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"creation_date": "2017-04-07T09:46:37.057",
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| 45216 | 45218 | 45218 |
{
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"body": "彼女へのあげたプレゼントはご千円 **もした** 。The bolded part is も and した right?\n\nWhy is the particle も used there? While も rarely poses a problem in\nunderstanding a sentence, I often feel like I don't really understand why it\nis there :(",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T09:34:15.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45220",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-04T11:19:08.673",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "It is も and した right?",
"view_count": 162
} | [
{
"body": "> 「5千円{せんえん} **も** した」\n\n「も」 has far more meanings than people tend to think.\n\n**This 「も」 expresses a surprise or deep impression**.\n\n> \"(It) cost me a whopping 5,000 yen.\"\n\nIt is saying that it was way more expensive than expected.\n\nSee definition #5 in\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%82-644757#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88).\n\n> も［係助・接助・終助］［係助］ \n> ５ 驚{おどろ}き・感動{かんどう}の意{い}を表{あらわ}す。「この本{ほん}、三千円{さんぜんえん} **も** するんだって」\n\nIf you are **not** surprised by the price, you could just state the price as:\n\n> 「～～は5千円した」 without a 「も」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T10:02:55.213",
"id": "45221",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"score": 7
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| 45220 | null | 45221 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45223",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> やっぱりお前はさぁ…っ、こんなにも、こんなにもさぁ…\n\nMy translation: After all you are...., so much, so much\n\nWhat was this guy trying to say? Or is it incomplete on purpose? Even with\ncontext I don't get it. I would like to know if there's something I haven't\nseen and that's the reason my translation is bad and everything actually makes\nsense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T13:01:18.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45222",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-21T19:48:23.510",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-21T19:48:23.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "やっぱりお前はさぁ…っ、こんなにも、こんなにもさぁ…",
"view_count": 162
} | [
{
"body": "Yes it's an incomplete sentence similar to \"You... what a ...\" or \"You're such\na ...\". This is not an idiomatic expression with a hidden meaning that would\nsurprise you. こんなにも is an adverbial expression similar to _this_ as in _this\nbig_ , and thus some adjective is missing after it.\n\nThe unsaid part purely depends on the context. I don't know why the guy is so\ndeeply impressed by お前. If you also don't know why, that probably means you\nare not following the story correctly.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T13:33:16.747",
"id": "45223",
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| 45222 | 45223 | 45223 |
{
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"body": "> あそこだったら、地下鉄で行くといいよ。 **千里** で乗り換えて、 **西千里** で降りればいいんじゃない。\n\nFor context, the person here is answering a question where someone asks how to\nget to 芸術センター.\n\nAre 千里 and 西千里 proper nouns naming the stations, or is\n<http://jisho.org/word/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C> meant here? 西千里 seems to be a\ncomposition of 西 and 千里, but I can't make sense of it. And just to make sure\nthat I got the basic meaning of the sentence right, in the second sentence the\nspeaker basically says that it should be okay if it is required to change\ntrains once before arriving at the destination/ultimately exiting the subway?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T13:50:36.727",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45224",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"proper-nouns"
],
"title": "Meanings of 千里 and 西千里",
"view_count": 162
} | [
{
"body": "千里｛ちさと｝is in this case the name of station and is thus different to the unit\nof measurement 千里｛せんり｝ (one thousand ri). See here:\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%A7%85_%28%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E3%81%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF%29>",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T15:23:30.320",
"id": "45225",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-04T15:23:30.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "In Osaka there are several stations having [千里]{せんり} in their names. For\ninstance\n[北千里駅{きたせんりえき}](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%A7%85),\n[南千里駅{みなみせんりえき}](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%A7%85).\n\nWhat I understand from the second sentence is that the speaker thinks that\n[西千里]{にしせんり} station is the nearest station from the destination (あそこ) and\nthat to get to 西千里 it is simplest to change trains at [千里]{せんり}.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T15:57:11.563",
"id": "45226",
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| 45224 | null | 45226 |
{
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"body": "> ええ、道の **横を** 川が **流れている**\n> んです。([context](https://www.docdroid.net/XKwQVeB/img-20170404-0003-new.pdf.html))\n\nSo, as I understand it, the sentence says that _the river flows across the\nhorizontal (axis?) of the street_. Is that correct? I'm really confused by\nthis way of expressing that A _crosses_ B. Since it feels very complicated and\nunnatural to me, I'm afraid that I don't understand it correctly, even more so\nbecause in context of the dialogue, they don't really pick up that information\nfurther down.\n\nThis also poses a problem for me because を appears in a function I didn't\nreally encounter so far.\n\nWhen used in context of directions, I found it as a marker for going along\nsomething \"道を行く\" or inside of something \"公園を散歩する\", sometimes also in the\nfunction of crossing something like 交差点を渡る。 But this feels like a mix because\nits like going along the horizontal of the street.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T16:09:07.460",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45227",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-21T19:47:45.513",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Is my interpretation of this phrase correct? ええ、道の横を川が流れているんです",
"view_count": 184
} | [
{
"body": "In the dialogue, サントス doesn't understand what 「川沿い」 (along the river) means so\nthe passerby explains that 「道の横を川が流れている」 (a river runs next to the road).\n\nIn the sentence, 「を」 indicates that 「道の横」 is the object of \"river running\" so\nit might seem weird in a word-to-word translation such as \"river runs the side\nof a road\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T16:42:23.077",
"id": "45229",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-04T16:42:23.077",
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{
"body": "In fact, 道の横 means _along the track_. According to the dialogue you provided\nyou can see that when the passenger said 川沿いに行くと… Santos doesn't understand so\n(s)he changes his/her words to 道の横に川が流れる (A river goes along the path)\nその川に沿って行って (follow this river).\n\nThis is the 4th definition of\n[横](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/227216/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> ４ 物のかたわら。脇。「―の席に座る」「―を見る」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-04-04T16:44:15.253",
"id": "45230",
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| 45227 | null | 45229 |
{
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"body": "my college product line for next year is currently called Tomodachi. however\nbecause someone owns this word in the USA I was hoping to find something\nsimilar. Americans really like the 'dachi' part so it would be ideal if it had\ndachi in it. do people still use mabudachi? is there something similar? these\nmascots (120 of them) are all friends but also rivals. is there any Japanese\nword that makes sense? any help would be greatly appreciated. my Nihongo is\nlong gone from my days in Tokyo in 82/83. [here is what the characters look\nlike](https://www.dropbox.com/s/l6xs5uuxreyi51k/tomodachi%20show.jpg?dl=0)\nagain. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T16:26:55.130",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45228",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-05T00:29:46.020",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-04T16:56:11.880",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "20513",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"expressions",
"slang",
"culture"
],
"title": "Another language question regarding tomodachi",
"view_count": 1023
} | [
{
"body": "> do people still use mabudachi?\n\nmabudachi is old word. It used about 20 years ago by high school gang. But\nmany Japanese still know that word.\n\nUsage of a phrase 'dachi' has slightly high school gang atmosphere. ダチ公(dachi-\nko) has same meaning with dachi.\n\nNow (last 3 months) nice animation けものフレンズ had broadcasted widely in Japan.\nMany anime fan use the word フレンズ(friends) on twitter, so I think フレンズ may good\nfor you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-05T00:08:29.013",
"id": "45243",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-05T00:08:29.013",
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| 45228 | null | 45243 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45250",
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"body": "In the sentence: 一度にケーキを全部は、とても食べられない。\n\nI am confused about the function and placement of 「一度」. Also, the object is\nthe 'cake' because of the particle を, but why is it followed by 全部 as the\nsubject?\n\nI know the meaning of the sentence is: \"I can't possibly eat the entire cake\nall at once.\" But maybe I would have constructed it this way: ケーキは全部とても食べられない。\n\nWhat is wrong with my sentence? Please clarify.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T16:56:09.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45231",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-05T07:47:44.470",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"potential-form"
],
"title": "function of 一度 in the following sentence",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "First, 全部 is an adverb here. Quantities and numbers are often expressed\nadverbially in Japanese, and it usually comes after the noun (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/17832/5010)). Second, using は\nafter 全部/全員/すべて/etc in a negative sentence has an important role; it\ndistinguishes _no_ and _not all_.\n\n> * 全員が来なかった。 No one came.\n> * 全員 **は** 来なかった。 Not everyone came (although some came).\n> * その本の全部を読まなかった。(†) I read nothing of the book.\n> * その本の全部 **は** 読まなかった。 I did not read all of the book. (I read only\n> partly)\n> * すべて正しくない。 Nothing is correct.\n> * すべて正しく **は** ない。 Not everything is correct (although they are mostly\n> correct).\n>\n\n>\n> † その本はまったく読まなかった (using an adverb) is usually common and better\n\nNote that in the examples above, 全員 is used as a subject, 全部 is used as a\n(pro)noun, すべて is used as an adverb. I think this type of は should be seen as\na _contrast_ marker, not a _topic_ marker.\n\nAnd this also means your attempt, ケーキは全部とても食べられない, is likely to mean \"I can\nnever eat any cake\", which is totally different.\n\n一度に here means \"at one time\". It is another very common adverb and it modifies\n食べる. 一度に and 全部 are often used together (\"all at once\"). The following four\nsentences mean the same thing.\n\n> * 一度にそのケーキを全部はとても食べられない。\n> * そのケーキを一度に全部はとても食べられない。\n> * そのケーキを全部一度にはとても食べられない。\n> * 一度に全部は、そのケーキをとても食べられない。 (unusual, emphatic word order)\n>",
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| 45231 | 45250 | 45250 |
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"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I found some verbs that have Chinese derived counterparts. For example:\n\n * 選ぶー選択する\n * 死ぬー死亡する\n * 取るー取得する\n * 変えるー変更する\n * 諦めるー放棄する\n\nHow are these words used differently? Are they interchangeable? I think the\nChinese derived ones sound more formal, is that right?\n\nAlso, I think this happens with adjectives and nouns too:\n\n * 美しいー綺麗\n * 優しいー親切\n * 当たり前ー当然\n * 国ー国家\n * 生き物ー生物",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T17:54:15.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45233",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-05T07:18:09.487",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-04T19:33:23.407",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference, in usage, between native Japanese words and their Chinese derived counterparts?",
"view_count": 202
} | []
| 45233 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "45258",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the 2 phrases from Nintendo 3DS' instruction manual. They are\nwritten adjacently.\n\n> 本製品は、フォントワークス株式会社のフォントを使用 **しています** 。\n\n> 本製品の一部にシャープ株式会社のLCフォントを使用 **しております** 。\n\nIf they are different in terms of humbleness, I think the first line should be\nwritten in the form of 「ております」as well. I don't think they are different in\ncontinuation too.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-04T18:42:27.833",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "45234",
"last_activity_date": "2022-03-25T06:29:28.163",
"last_edit_date": "2022-03-25T06:29:28.163",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"keigo"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 「しております」and 「しています」?",
"view_count": 26370
} | [
{
"body": "Technically speaking, ～しております is the humble form of ～しています, as you pointed\nout. It would have been better to use the consistent expression.\n\nHowever, among the various Japanese humble expressions, ～おる is one of the\nmildest, and in some dialects おる is [just another plain verb used instead of\nいる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26091/5010). Some people even say\n[おられますか](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40953/5010), which is\ntechnically a strange mixture of humble and honorific expressions, but is\n[considered acceptable by\nsome](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/term/012.html).\n\nPractically, these 使用しています and 使用しております don't look much different, and very\nfew would care. This difference in expression doesn't mean Nintendo is\ntreating the two companies differently.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-04-05T07:28:25.757",
"id": "45258",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-05T07:28:25.757",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "45234",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 45234 | 45258 | 45258 |
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