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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "This is a line from a song, and the previous one is \"My reflection in a mirror\nso tainted I can´t see a thing\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T13:50:55.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82785",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-25T13:50:55.367",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41008",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"phrases",
"japanese-to-english",
"song"
],
"title": "What does 拭いて も みて も 落ちね mean?",
"view_count": 64
} | []
| 82785 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "So consider a noun in Japanese such as 毛皮 that ends in a わ mora. If you were\nto construct a sentence with such a word as the topic it would have some\nstructure like 毛皮は which when spoken out loud, would have the わ sounds\nrepeated twice in a row. Grammatically, I assume the topic marker は should be\nincluded in such as sentence and in formal written language would probably be\nincluded, but when speaking, would native speakers drop the topic marking\nparticle in this case in order to sound more natural?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T15:36:51.107",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82787",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-25T18:31:21.897",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "39731",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "Spoken Japanese, words ending with わ used as the topic",
"view_count": 243
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure why you are worrying about this, but there is nothing wrong with\nsaying _wa_ twice in succession. It's not unnatural at all. When the topic\nends with わ, we simply say 毛皮は _kegawa-wa_ , 川は _kawa-wa_ , チワワは _chiwawa-wa_\n, and so on. Nothing special will happen.\n\nThe topic marker [は is commonly omitted in speech\nanyway](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3151/5010), but that's a\ndifferent phenomenon that happens regardless of the last sound of the topic.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T18:31:21.897",
"id": "82788",
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"score": 6
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| 82787 | null | 82788 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82795",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the below exchange how does the meaning of 楽しくやれてます differ from if 楽しくやってます\nwas used? I know that the former is in the potential form, whilst the latter\nis in the plain form but I'm not quite sure the difference in nuance.\n\nTo provide some context for the below exchange, the person was on the phone\nwith someone and talking about how things have been going so far.\n\n> 仲間同士での問題はありますか？\n>\n> 今はないです。藍咲と実乃璃が仲悪いかな。 それくらいです\n>\n> あの二人は大変そうですね。 暴力沙汰にはなってませんか？\n>\n> それはないですよ。境子も実乃璃が悪さしたら日本に送りかえすって言ってますし\n>\n> 今のところは楽しくやれてます",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T18:46:52.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82789",
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"owner_user_id": "39502",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Difference between 楽しくやってます and 楽しくやれてます",
"view_count": 113
} | [
{
"body": "The difference is small, but the potential form tends to be used when he feels\nhe is involved or concerned. If he has made an active effort to make things\nwork well, it emphasizes his effort.\n\n * 今のところは楽しくやっています。 \nI'm doing well so far.\n\n * 今のところは楽しくやれています。 \nI'm managing well so far.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-26T03:55:23.933",
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| 82789 | 82795 | 82795 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82793",
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"body": "Why does 上がったり mean doomed business etc. even if in 上がったり下がったり it means going\nup/improving (as does 上がる)?\n\nIs it shortened from a longer phrase or something? Thanks",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T20:20:46.837",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82790",
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"owner_user_id": "36952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Question regarding 上がったり",
"view_count": 96
} | [
{
"body": "One meaning of あがる is something along the lines of \"to be finished,\" \"to be\nover,\" \"to stop functioning,\" etc.\n\nThis is the meaning used in 商売が上がったりだ。\n\n\"Up\" can have a similar meaning in English, such as in the sentence \"My\ncontract is up in 3 weeks.\" It's not negative here, but the meaning of \"over\"\nis there.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-25T23:35:59.663",
"id": "82793",
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| 82790 | 82793 | 82793 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82797",
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"body": "To be more specific, my question relates to the judo throw named \"釣込腰\"\n(\"tsurikomi goshi\"). The most common translation I've seen is \"lifting and\npulling hip/waist throw\" (e.g. [the Wikipedia\nentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurikomi_goshi)). However,\ndefinitional/translation resources (such as\n[Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%A3#Japanese) and [Google\nTranslate](https://translate.google.com/?hl=en&tab=wT&sl=ja&tl=en&text=%E9%87%A3%E8%BE%BC&op=translate))\nseem to indicate \"fishing/angling\" as the most common meaning/translation of\n\"釣込\" or just \"釣\".\n\nI can see the sense in metaphorically relating the action of lifting and/or\npulling to fishing (angling), but I'm wondering if there might have been more\nto it than that, like \"reeling in\", perhaps. Unfortunately, Jigoro Kano (the\nfounder of Kodokan Judo) is no longer available for comment, and many modern,\naccomplished judoka (in my experience) are as weak in Japanese language skills\nas I am. So I was hoping for a little scholarly (and non-martial) insight into\nthe quotidian meaning of this term as it would have been used in late 19th to\nearly 20th century Japan.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T20:32:51.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82791",
"last_activity_date": "2022-11-11T05:19:40.590",
"last_edit_date": "2022-11-11T05:19:40.590",
"last_editor_user_id": "26860",
"owner_user_id": "41015",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"sports",
"metaphor"
],
"title": "What is the best interpretation of \"釣込\" (\"tsurikomi\")?",
"view_count": 654
} | [
{
"body": "As shown in [this dictionary\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%90%8A%E3%82%8B/), 釣る and 吊る\nbelong to the same spectrum of \"using a rope-like thing to hang/hoist/lift\nsomething\". In a sense, Japanese 釣る (\"to fish\") is a specialized version of 吊る\n(\"to hang\"), just as 訊く (\"to ask\") and 盗る (\"to steal\") are specialized\nversions of 聞く (\"to listen\") and 取る (\"to take\"), respectively. Although 釣る\nalmost always means \"to fish\" today, it was sometimes used simply in the sense\nof \"to hang\" in the past. For example, I believe\n[釣鐘](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%A3%E9%90%98) was named as such\nsimply because it's hanging, not because it's related to fishing. See [these\nsearch\nresults](https://myokoym.net/aozorasearch/search?word=%E9%87%A3%E3%82%8B) from\n青空文庫全文検索, too. Thus, if there is no clear evidence that 釣込腰 has anything to do\nwith fishing, I think it's safe to assume this 釣 just means \"lifting (with\narms)\".\n\n込 roughly means \"inwards\", \"towards someone\", \"putting inside\", etc. Judo\nplayers may understand why it's there better than me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T14:38:37.160",
"id": "82797",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-26T23:25:38.870",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-26T23:25:38.870",
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{
"body": "The [_Kōdōkan New Japanese-English Dictionary of\nJudo_](https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8Dkan_new_Japanese_English_dictionar.html?id=Sc4LGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y)\ndefines the term thus:\n\n> **tsurikomu** ( **to lift and pull** ) To use pulling and lifting movements\n> of the sleeve hand (hikite) and collar hand (tsurite) in order to \"float\"\n> your opponent forward.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2022-11-11T04:20:26.903",
"id": "97159",
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| 82791 | 82797 | 82797 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82794",
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"body": "Was practicing and came across some examples of saying what you are.\n\n> 看護師をしています\n>\n> 学生です\n\nHowever, they explained that you cannot say the following:\n\n> 学生をしています\n\nIt would have to be gakusei desu. Why is that? they are both nouns correct?\n\nIf i were to guess, it would be because if you are a student, it is\nconstantly, where as if you are a nurse, its something you only do a few hours\na day for work?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-25T23:16:13.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82792",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-26T02:22:11.150",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-26T02:22:11.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "35240",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Why can't you say \" 私は学生をしています?",
"view_count": 1148
} | [
{
"body": "It's because this type of する means \"to work as ～\", \"to play the role of ～\".\n\n> ### [する](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B/#jn-120514)\n>\n> ２㋑ある役割を努める。ある地位にあって働く。また、そのことを仕事として生活をささえる。「司会をする」「仲人をする」「料理長をしている」「商売をする」\n\n娘, 子供, 赤ちゃん and so on are not the name of a role/occupation, so you cannot use\nする with them. 主婦をしている is okay if you think it's your job.\n\n学生をしている is a gray area case and sometimes people say this as a response to\n\"what's your job?\", but it's usually safer to avoid it in a plain self-\nintroduction.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T00:26:53.467",
"id": "82794",
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| 82792 | 82794 | 82794 |
{
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"body": "The dialog in [this PDF\ndocument](https://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/update/pdf/le10_en_t.pdf) has the word\nはかります but when I search the word in romaji, only 測ります ([and some other\nvariations](https://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/dictionary/entry_details.cfm?entry_id=57977&element_id=76625&conjugation_type_id=5)),\nshow up in the results. Why is it that the kanji word 測 is written like はか for\nthat particular example?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T15:32:29.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82798",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T08:48:49.337",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3034",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"verbs",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Why is 測 written in hiragana sometimes?",
"view_count": 1107
} | [
{
"body": "There is no requirement to write words in kanji. A sentence written entirely\nin hiragana would still be valid (if somewhat hideous to read).\n\nYour PDF is clearly beginner level learning material. I would guess that the\nwriters of the material decided that the kanji for 測る was too advanced to\nlearn at that level. According to [this site](https://kanjicards.org/kanji-\nlist-by-grade.html) this kanji isn't learnt by school children until grade 5.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T15:58:57.057",
"id": "82799",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-26T15:58:57.057",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
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{
"body": "Notice also that \"imasu\" was not written \"居ます\" and \"sumimasen\" was not written\n\"[済みません](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%88%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93#Japanese)\"\n\nMany words have kanji, but that doesn't mean the kanji needs to be always\nused. In this case, the reason is likely because the sentence comes from the\nPDF file that you gave us, which is for English-speaking people that are\ntrying to learn Japanese, so the use of kanji is intentionally restricted.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T03:58:19.783",
"id": "82817",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T03:58:19.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "39614",
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{
"body": "I'm a native Japanese speaker. There's no right or wrong in choosing between\nhiragana and kanji really. But there are general guidelines, and the correct\nchoice can lead to clearer sentences and dramatic effects.\n\nMany words in Japanese _actually_ have a way of writing using kanji that's not\nused that much in everyday usage.\n\nMany greetings are like this:\n\nありがとうございます = 有難う御座います\n\nこんにちは = 今日は\n\nさようなら = 左様なら\n\nMany frequently used words also tend to have kanji:\n\nいる／います = 居る／居ます (as Nike already mentioned before me)\n\nこのこと(this thing) = 此の事\n\nそういうとき(that sort of time) = そう云う時\n\nThese used to be the standard way of writing the words, but over time, it\nbecame obsolete probably because it's too much work.\n\nToday, in advanced Japanese writing classes, we are usually told to _avoid_\nthese kinds of usage of kanji. Since the keyboard easily suggests these kanjis\nwhen typing Japanese, some students (including myself in the past) tend to\ncarelessly write something like \"そこに居ると言う事を...\" when that actually looks\nuneducated. In professional writing, the appropriate rate of Kanji use is said\nto be around 30% of the sentence. This makes the sentence most easy to read,\nand the meaning could be most effectively conveyed. When this is done, the\nhiraganas play the role of \"glue\" between the kanji words jumping into your\neye right ahead.\n\nEg.\n\n今日書類提出を御願い致しましたが返答が御座居ませんでした (hard to read)\n\n今日、書類の提出をお願いしましたが返答がありませんでした (easier, and note that the sentence already makes\nsome sense even if you only read the kanjis)\n\nきょう、しょるいのていしゅつをおねがいしましたがへんとうがありませんでした (hard to read)\n\nSo, just because there's a kanji-way of writing a word, using that is not\nalways the best way. It depends on the context.\n\nAlso, in your case, there are actually multiple ways of writing はかる depending\non the details of what you are measuring. 測る, 計る, 量る, could all be read はかる,\nand that's not even all. And some people say that they all have slightly\ndifferent nuances! (I do agree to that, but can't really explain the\ndifference in words...) While I would suggest using the first one when it's\nnot clear what's best, simply using hiragana is always an alternative choice.\nI can imagine that the Japanese text you posted definitely wanted to avoid\nthose complications, and simply took the easiest path. Nothing wrong there.\n\nUsing hiragana when there are actually kanjis is also common when you want to\nmake some dramatic effect. I can't come up with a good example right away, but\nif you read mangas, I'm pretty sure you'll encounter a scene where the words\nare written in hiragana even when there's an easy kanji.\n\nEg.\n\nThe main character in a dystopian Sci-Fi declares that he is going to _LIVE_\n(after a disaster or whatever). Instead of 生きる, he says いきる。 in a big cut.\nSometimes that looks nicer. A bit similar to using italic or bold fonts. In\nJapanese you also have the choice of using a different kanji, like 活きる (though\nin this case, this will mean something different and doesn't really work), or\nusing katakana イキル... (he's a robot? or maybe dying..?)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-30T08:48:49.337",
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| 82798 | null | 82799 |
{
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"body": "I want to say something along the lines of \"I don't like A, I **just** like B\"\nbut am unsure of how to translate the word \"just\" when used in this way in\nEnglish. The first part of the sentence is easy enough, and I know that I can\nsimplify the expression by saying it as, 「私はAが好きではありません。Bが好きです。」Is there\nsomething I can use in Japanese to convey that nuance?\n\nEDIT: An example sentence that might help explain the usage I'm going for is,\n\"I'm not a fan of the band, I **just** like being around people.\"\n\nEDIT2: Forgot that there are separate implications between the two just's that\nI have provided. The second one is what I was going for.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T18:22:55.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82801",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-26T02:36:18.247",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-27T00:02:01.303",
"last_editor_user_id": "39689",
"owner_user_id": "39689",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Is there a Japanese equivalent for \"just\" in this context?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "Yeah, you can usually translate _just_ as だけ, and it's placed after what it\nmarks, instead of before. However, I don't think you can use it in every\npossible situation where you'd say _just_ in English.\n\nYour sentence would be:\n\n> 私はAが好きではありません。Bだけが好きです。\n\nThe example you added in your edit is a bit more complex. This is how I'd say\nit in Japanese, but if you're still beginning I wouldn't try to understand a\nsentence like this.\n\n> バンドのファンではありません。人が多いところが好きなだけです。\n\nEdit: for you to understand how だけ works better, let's say it becomes kind of\npart of the word it follows. If B had to be followed by が, to say _just B_ you\nadd だけ after B, and that becomes a new noun, that can be followed by が as\nwell. You just have to insert it there. Don't think of it as an adverb or try\nto compare it to _just_ in English, because it's actually simpler, but may\nseem difficult if you try to use it the same way.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-26T21:49:48.017",
"id": "82804",
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{
"body": "「なのではなく」がおすすめです。\n\n私はAが好きなのではなく、Bが好きなのです。\n\nこれに「だけ」を付け足したら、よりBが好きだという事実が強調されます。\n\n私はAが好きなのではなく、Bが好きなだけです。\n\n「、」で区切って続けて書くことで、AとBの対比が強く表現されるので、一続きに書いたほうが、意図は示しやすいと思います。",
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"creation_date": "2021-04-26T02:36:18.247",
"id": "86323",
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| 82801 | null | 86323 |
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"body": "I know this is a quite general question, but I've been wondering what are the\ndifferet ways to say 'to add'. 'To add' is a very useful word for everyday\nuse, but I find it quite tricky to find the correct japanese equivalent since\nthere are diffenret words for different circumstances. What I mean by this:\n\n * 二つの数字を **足す** 。To add two numbers together.\n\n * 塩を **加える** 。 To add salt.\n\n * あと2000円 **かかります** 。[2000¥ will be added to your bill](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/39389/how-do-you-say-to-add-to).\n\n * もう一つ **付け加えます** 。[To add (to that).](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/56361/how-to-say-just-to-add-to-that-in-a-meeting)\n\nThere is also '追加する' and '加算する' , which I'm not sure how to use.\n\n 1. How do I use '追加する' and '加算す'?\n\n 2. Are there any different ways to say 'to add'?\n\n 3. What are the differences between them? (Please show on a sentence.)\n\nThank you so much in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-26T22:32:00.523",
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"owner_user_id": "40545",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "How to say 'to add'",
"view_count": 459
} | [
{
"body": "Dealing with abstract numbers in mathematics, , use \"加算する\". Other uncountable\nnumbers, specific amounts, or any numbers in everyday life, use \"加える\" or the\nsimpler \"足す\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T01:03:16.590",
"id": "82809",
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}
]
| 82805 | null | 82809 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading a manga called Buchou wa Onee, and in the first pages, we are\nintroduced to the main character and a few peculiar things about him as told\nby workmates.\n\n<https://ssl.standardbook.net/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2019/10/18/b3ccaa9330b8bc5567b24e4a75418939-720x1042.jpg>\n\nOn the first page above, I'm met with the following line:\n\n> カッコイイけど どこかヘンな 彼の不思議なところを 紹介します\n\n`不思議な` is clearly qualifying `ところ`, but what is `ヘンな` qualifying? `彼` or\n`彼の不思議なところ`?\n\nParsing it as English, it'd become something either like\n\n> \"introduce curious sides of him who is strange in some respects\"\n\nor like\n\n> \"introduce curious sides of him which are strange in some respects\",\n\nand they both sound kind of weird to me so I can't decide which one must be\ncorrect.\n\nThere was one question that seemed related, but it didn't help me here:\n[いろいろな便利な - In some case, two na-adjectives linked not using\nで?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/45058/%e3%81%84%e3%82%8d%e3%81%84%e3%82%8d%e3%81%aa%e4%be%bf%e5%88%a9%e3%81%aa-\nin-some-case-two-na-adjectives-linked-not-using-%e3%81%a7)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-26T23:32:27.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82806",
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"owner_user_id": "41021",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"na-adjectives",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "Parsing a sentence with two な-adjectives in quick succession",
"view_count": 165
} | [
{
"body": "The former would be correct.\n\nIf a sentence is \"彼のカッコイイけどどこかヘンで不思議なところを紹介します\", the latter will be fit to\nread.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T00:52:03.300",
"id": "82808",
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| 82806 | null | 82808 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82834",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This question is about the usage of 静かにさせてくれ. At first I would have thought\nthis to be used to ask someone to have someone else be quiet e.g. someone\nasking a parent to have their kid be quiet. But I also saw it in a different\ncontext where it seemed to imply something along the lines of \"let me have\npeace and quiet\". I say this because if they were just asking the person to be\nsilent they would have said 静かにしてください which is different.\n\nIf my understanding of this usage is correct, can anyone explain I guess how\nthis works grammatically as I'm not sure what を would be attached to if the\nsentence was said without dropping.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T00:36:24.670",
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"id": "82807",
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"owner_user_id": "39502",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage"
],
"title": "静かにさせてくれ to mean something like \"let me have peace\"",
"view_count": 98
} | [
{
"body": "静かにさせてくれ literally means \"(Please do me a favor and) let me be quiet\", so \"Let\nme have piece\" is the closer translation. The implied を-marked agent of させる is\n私 (\"me\"), although 私を/俺を/etc is almost always dropped in a sentence like this.\n\n～させてくれ/～させてください is a common pattern.\n\n * 行かせてくれ Allow me to go.\n * 俺を笑わせてくれ Make me laugh.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T23:24:45.480",
"id": "82834",
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| 82807 | 82834 | 82834 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82835",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There's a long sentence describing the differences between transitive and\nintransitive verbs in a Japanese grammar book:\n\n自動詞と他動詞の違いは、自動詞の場合は、自然力の影響などで出来事が起こった **のであって** 、そこには人間などの意志 (意図)\nは含まれていない、ととらえられているのに対し、他動詞の場合は、人間などが意志 (意図) 的にその出来事を引き起こした、ととらえられている\n**というところにあります** 。\n\nFirst, what is the nuance of ending this sentence with ~というところにあります instead of\na simpler ~ことです, for example? It translates literally to \"The difference is in\nthe place of ...\" which does make it sound \"generalized\", but I'm not sure if\nthat's correct. What might a natural-sounding English translation be?\n\nSecond, in the section describing intransitive verbs, what's the nuance of\n「起こったのであって」, versus something simpler like 「起こって」? My best guess is it's the\ncontinuative form of 「のである」 with the explanatory の, but I'm not sure.\n\nThanks!!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T01:15:04.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82810",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T00:45:40.997",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4382",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"particles"
],
"title": "What nuances do ~というところにあります and ~のであって add?",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "You can rather straightforwardly translate 違いはX **に** ある to \"the difference\nexists/lies **in** X\". X can be a noun phrase or a noun clause (i.e., \"in that\n～\"). This ところ refers to an abstract \"point\", but it can be replaced to こと\nhere. I think there is no significant difference in meaning.\n\nSimpler example:\n\n * 違いは処理速度にある。 \nThe difference lies in its processing speed.\n\n * 違いは処理が速い(という)ことにある。 \nThe difference lies in that it processes faster.\n\n * 違いは処理が速い(という)ところにある。 \nThe difference lies in that it processes faster.\n\nという is optional.\n\n* * *\n\nYou're correct that の in 起こったのであって is an explanatory-の. I believe you already\nunderstand the importance of this type of の in Japanese. In addition, if you\nsimply used 起こって, it would look like you are describing two successive or\nconnected actions (\"happen _and then_ ～\", etc.). Compare:\n\n * 彼は泳いだのであって橋を渡ったのではない。 \nIt's that he swam, not that he crossed the bridge.\n\n * (?) 彼は泳いで橋を渡ったのではない。 \n(?) It's not that he crossed the bridge by swimming.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T00:14:06.573",
"id": "82835",
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| 82810 | 82835 | 82835 |
{
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"body": "So I just stumbled upon the word **こけし** on\n[Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/reel/CHtO3oBJqA4/). It was translated as\n\"ASMR\" (youtube trend where people speak quietly and make all kinds of\n\"satisfying\" noises). Is there anyone with enough knowledge (or guts to crawl\nthrough SNS) to explain the etymology of the word?\n\nMy guess, after throwing 'ASMR こけし' into YT, is that it comes from the modern\nversion of the こけしdoll. Which seems to contain a jingle bell, as opposed to\nthe usual creaking of the doll's head when turned.\n\nIf I'm wrong and **こけし** doesn't mean 'ASMR', is there a word in Japanese that\ndoes?\n\nNote: I also presume that the cc is correct as the other few sentences were\ntranslated accurately.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T01:16:13.440",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82811",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T01:16:13.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "40545",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "How to say 'ASMR' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 3300
} | []
| 82811 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82836",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There's a sentence in a Japanese grammar book describing the differences\nbetween transitive and intransitive verbs.\n\n> 自動詞: XがVi\n>\n> 他動詞: YがXをVt\n>\n> 自動詞と他動詞の違いは、自動詞の場合は、自然力の影響などで出来事が起こったのであって、そこには人間などの意志 (意図)\n> は含まれていない、ととらえられているのに対し、他動詞の場合は、人間などが意志 (意図)\n> 的にその出来事を引き起こした、ととらえられているというところにあります。\n>\n> 一方、そうした違いにも関わらず、Xが両者に **共通しているのは** 、このXがどちらの場合でも影響の受け手としてとらえられている **ためです** 。\n\nIn my reading of this, 「Xが両者に共通しているの」 means \"the quality/characteristic which\nX shares in both cases\", so the use of ~ためです (\"for / due to ~\") at the end\nconfuses me. I would think the most sensible ending would be ~とらえられている **こと**\nです, since 「こと」 nominalizes to a noun.\n\nWhat nuance or meaning am I not understanding?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T01:28:18.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82812",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T03:08:18.127",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T03:08:18.127",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "4382",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"cleft-sentences"
],
"title": "Does ~のは...ためです make sense?",
"view_count": 510
} | [
{
"body": "This ～のは～(ため)だ forms a [cleft\nsentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19208/5010). In cleft\nsentences, you can say ～からだ, ～までだ, ～へだ, ～とだ and so on (and even sometimes ～をだ\nand ～がだ).\n\n * お金がなかったため買わなかった。 \nI didn't buy it because I had no money.\n\n * 買わなかったのはお金がなかったためだ。 \nIt's because I had no money that I didn't buy it.\n\nXが両者に共通している usually means \"They both have X in common\". So the sentence means\n\"Despite such differences, they both have X in common **because** this X is\nregarded as the recipient of the effect in both cases\".\n\n(But I admit I'm translating this without fully understanding what the author\nwants to say. If my translation didn't make sense to you, please share what\nそうした違い actually refers to. And if there are example sentences around this, it\nwould greatly help.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T00:59:11.357",
"id": "82836",
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]
| 82812 | 82836 | 82836 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82816",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Person 1: ほう、私がジョークの一つも言えない凡夫だと？\n\nPerson 2: それ自体がジョークだろ。\n\nFrom my understanding the line says that itself is a/the joke but it is not\nclear to me what is meant by this. I think Person 2 is saying something like\n\"the joke is that you are unable tell jokes\" but I am not sure.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T01:31:07.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82813",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T03:35:18.263",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41022",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does それ自体がジョーク mean?",
"view_count": 371
} | [
{
"body": "Person 1 is saying \"Are you saying I am a boring guy who cannot even tell a\njoke?\", bit it's a rhetorical question and he is effectively saying \"Of course\nI can tell jokes\". And Person 2 is saying \" _That_ is the joke\". He is\nnegating what Person 1 is saying, so it implies \"The true joke here is that\nyou are saying you can tell jokes\".\n\n(凡夫 basically means \"ordinary guy\" but here I used \"boring guy\" because it's\nused negatively.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T03:23:01.787",
"id": "82816",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "82813",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 82813 | 82816 | 82816 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 寒くなってきました\n\nI learned the grammar \"verb-te + ikimasu/kimasu\" which means doing something\nand going back or the other. I searched up the grammar and it also means\n\"becoming/start to\". 寒くなって already means becoming cold. What does kimashita\nmean in the sentence above?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T02:39:27.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82814",
"last_activity_date": "2022-07-24T21:13:32.123",
"last_edit_date": "2022-06-24T01:23:27.763",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "41023",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does kimashita means in 寒くなってきました",
"view_count": 556
} | [
{
"body": "I think the best English interpretation is \"It has started to get cold.\"\n\nThe state of becoming cold has come.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T02:44:14.087",
"id": "82815",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T02:44:14.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38808",
"parent_id": "82814",
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},
{
"body": "It means, \"it's been getting colder and colder (from the past) until now\". On\nthe other hand, 寒くなっていきます means \"it will get colder and colder from now on\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2022-05-21T16:41:28.400",
"id": "94615",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-21T16:41:28.400",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "Both answers that the previos two users replied are correct I think.\n\nTo confirm which meaning this sentence implies, we would need more context.\nLike for example:\n\nIf the sentence looked like this 最近、寒くなってきましたね Then that means that recently\nit started getting cold.\n\nHowever, if it were like this 冬に入ってから、だんだん寒くなってきました Then it would imply a\ngradual slow change.\n\nWithout context, it could mean any of these meanings.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2022-07-24T21:13:32.123",
"id": "95538",
"last_activity_date": "2022-07-24T21:13:32.123",
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}
]
| 82814 | null | 95538 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "全身に力が入らず- what does '力が入らず' mean? I know 力 means strength, but what does\n'が入らず' mean?\n\nI've done some googling and it either means without strength or filled with\nstrength. That's why I'm very clueless right now.\n\nIf possible, can I get the meaning of 'が入らず' and the meaning of 'が入らず' in this\nsentence's concept if it contains another meaning?\n\nThanks guys!",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T11:15:10.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82818",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T14:36:07.063",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-27T14:24:12.940",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "41030",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"definitions",
"auxiliary-ず"
],
"title": "what does 'が入らず' mean?",
"view_count": 114
} | []
| 82818 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82826",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading berserk currently and came across this sentence\n\n> 人は自らが人で在ることを忘れがちです\n\nI read this usage of である the same way I would read it as if it was の (人のこと).\nAre they interchangeable here? If not what is the difference between the two?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T12:16:29.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82820",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T16:14:46.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "32545",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What's the difference between である and の in this sentence?",
"view_count": 257
} | [
{
"body": "I believe 在る here is used not as part of the copula である but in the actual\nliteral meaning of \"to exist\". This is partly hinted by the use of kanji\ninstead of kana (though it is not a 100% indicator with manga).\n\nI.e. the meaning is roughly:\n\n\"people tend to forget that they exist as humans\"\n\nand not\n\n\"people tend to forget that they're humans\"\n\nAccording to [デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%89%E3%82%8B-428392), 在る\ncan apply to people:\n\n> ５ （その存在を客観的、抽象的なものとして捉え）人が存在する。居る。「昔々、おじいさんとおばあさんが―・りました」「異を唱える人も―・る」\n>\n> ６ この世に生きている。生存している。「世に―・る間」\n\n> 5. (when perceiving existence as objective or abstract) people existing.\n> to be (of an animate object). \"Once upon a time, there were an old man and\n> wife\". \"there are also people who disagree\".\n>\n> 6. to live in this world. to exist \"while [I] am/exist in the world\".\n>\n>\n\nAnother example that comes to my mind is this line from the song _Hemisphere_\n(RahXephon Opening):\n\n> 僕は灰になるまで僕で在り続けたい\n>\n> I want to keep existing as me until I turn into ashes",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T16:06:29.097",
"id": "82826",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T16:14:46.760",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-27T16:14:46.760",
"last_editor_user_id": "3295",
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "82820",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 82820 | 82826 | 82826 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82825",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There are a lot of ways to expres the English word “even”, but I am not sure\nwhich one to use in the meaning of:\n\n * What’s this? Is it _even_ food?\n * Is there _even_ a way get out of here?\n * Does such a person _even_ exist?\n\nIt looks like neither も or さえ fit here as they correspond to a different\n“even”. I can only come up with plain unflavored sentences that don’t include\nthe intended, slightly sarcastic doubt.\n\n * 食物ですか。\n * ここを出る方法がありますか。\n * そんな人がいますか。\n\nHow can I change those to inject this meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T12:35:22.920",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82821",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T14:54:26.830",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Even as in “is there even”",
"view_count": 219
} | [
{
"body": "I think the adverb\n[そもそも](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%82%E3%81%9D%E3%82%82) is the\nword you are looking for. You can use this both in informal and formal\nsituations.\n\n * これは何？ そもそも食べ物なの？\n * そもそもここを出る方法はあるのですか？\n * そもそもそんな人間はいるのだろうか。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T14:54:26.830",
"id": "82825",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T14:54:26.830",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "82821",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 82821 | 82825 | 82825 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 本当に真っ白になるんですね。 また、ココロが上手くできていると思ったのは、怖い話を聞くと耳をふさぐんですね。怖いものは見たくないから、がんも見ない。\n\nI think it means something like: \"I thought that being tough meant blocking\nout the bad\". I haven't heard ココロが上手くできている before. I think it means being\nmentally strong maybe?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T16:47:16.743",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82827",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T14:23:14.737",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-30T14:23:14.737",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "40525",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "ココロが上手くできていると思った - meaning",
"view_count": 100
} | []
| 82827 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82830",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The sentence in question:\n\n> 道の外側に出ちゃいけません！\n\nWhile it is obvious what it means, I am wondering how precisely it is\nconstructed grammatically.\n\nThe textbook way of expressing \"must not do\" using いけない is:\n\n[て-Form] は いけない\n\nSo going by that I would construct it as follows:\n\n出る → 出ちゃう → 出ちゃって → 出ちゃってはいけません\n\nSo I assume 「出ちゃいけません」 is simply a shortened form of this grammar.\n\nIs that correct?\n\nIf yes, is this common?\n\nIf no, how is 「出ちゃいけません」 made up grammatically?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T17:08:53.957",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82828",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-27T18:27:23.913",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"casual"
],
"title": "Is 「出ちゃいけません」 short for 「出ちゃってはいけません」?",
"view_count": 131
} | [
{
"body": "No, short for 出ちゃってはいけません would be 出ちゃっちゃいけません. ～ては itself contracts to ～ちゃ\n(compare ではない and じゃない), so 出ちゃいけません is a contracted form of 出てはいけません. This\nkind of contraction is extremely common.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T18:27:23.913",
"id": "82830",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "82828",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 82828 | 82830 | 82830 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82842",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Relatively recently - probably in the last few months or something - I've\nnoticed the much more Kanjified version of おめでとうございます - 御目出度う御座います. Personally\nI think this looks cooler than the strictly kana version, and it's also a\nlittle more \"grown up\"-looking. Since it is both cooler and less childish, in\nmy eyes, I started using it.\n\nHowever I've noticed that, no matter who I write that to, they always reply\nback, if anything, with the [strictly] kana version. This doesn't matter their\nage, sex, whether they're a native speaker of Japanese, or anything else. In a\nway, it almost looks like Japanese people are very subtly trying to correct\nme.\n\nSo is using 御目出度う御座います the equivalent of using phrases such as, \"Hast thou\nneed of mine art?\" Or is it still considered acceptable Japanese? In other\ncontexts, I have occasionally seen 御 getting used, where something like お or ご\nwould be more common, so I know that one specific Kanji should be okay.\njisho.org also does not list the Kanjified phrase as \"archaic\", so...is this\never really used?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T17:55:04.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82829",
"last_activity_date": "2021-01-04T22:02:38.423",
"last_edit_date": "2021-01-04T22:02:38.423",
"last_editor_user_id": "1771",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"phrases",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "To what extent is 御目出度う御座います used? Is it considered bad form?",
"view_count": 227
} | [
{
"body": "Most native speakers can read 御目出度う御座います without difficulty, and it's not an\n\"archaic\" expression like _thou art_. Still, it's a rare ateji expression that\ncan be used only in limited situations. If used inappropriately, it just looks\nchildish, stupid and inconsiderate to the eyes of native speakers.\n\nPlease keep in mind that using too many kanji does not make you look\nintelligent. Actually it can make you look like a weeaboo, [a biker\ngang](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60877/5010) or a [chunibyo\npatient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D) who's trying hard\nto show off your ability. Don't do unconventional things unless you know what\nyou're doing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T23:00:47.530",
"id": "82833",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T00:48:35.407",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T00:48:35.407",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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},
{
"body": "御目出度う御座います is one of old-fashioned ways to write the phrase おめでとうございます (now\nusually in all hiragana), that could already look strange to modern eyes. It\nis a spelling style that you make use of kanji as much as possible, which is a\ncharacteristic of the Edo period convention unlike today's (cf. [Why are a\nhigh proportion of basic Japanese words written in\nhiragana?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24068/7810)). While those who\nin some traditional trades prefer this style, it may look unnecessarily\npompous if not \"bad\" to use everyday.\n\n * 御: the keigo prefix お-, ご-, and み- is sometimes seen in kanji, as you said, but its active uses tend to be limited to old fixed words or phrases. It is not a primary option you use to write daily messages.\n\n * 目出度(い): it is a traditional ateji for the word めでたい (< めでる \"celebrate\" + -たい \"want; -worthy\"). The kanji is etymologically irrelevant but associated with 目が出る \"have good future/fortune\". It was especially common to put kanji with \"good meaning\" (嘉字) for good words. (度 was a standard way to write auxiliary -たい because the kanji has an on'yomi たく which is the same with its adverbial form.)\n\n * 御座(る): it was originally a samurai class word (武家言葉) which is thought to be the spelling pronunciation of an old keigo 御座します【おまします】† \"be present\". Now rarely written in kanji being a general keigo verb.\n\n* * *\n\n† As an aside, it is a single word as a whole, not related to modern keigo\nauxiliary -ます.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T05:49:07.720",
"id": "82842",
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}
]
| 82829 | 82842 | 82833 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82832",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/shaQK.png)\n\nI'm really bad at reading the characters when they're written in a different\nway, these three ones are the ones I think are in the highlight but I would\nlike to be sure. m(_ _)m Someone kind enough to help me get it right? | きやっ...\n| キやっ... | キウっ... |",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T20:08:05.653",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82831",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T14:30:48.110",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-30T14:30:48.110",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "33811",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"questions",
"handwriting",
"learning",
"sound-symbolism"
],
"title": "Trying to translate an SFX but the characters look confusing",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "It's `もわっ…`. It's a mimetic word that describes smoke, moisture, smell or\nsomething similar started to fill the atmosphere. This person seems to be\nsweating, so it may be describing the smelly moisture of sweat. Or maybe it's\ndescribing this person's \"negative aura\". Please see the context.\n\n * [What does むわりと mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/67792/5010)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-27T22:35:05.693",
"id": "82832",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T00:27:38.757",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T00:27:38.757",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "82831",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 82831 | 82832 | 82832 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82858",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "```\n\n 映画が好きなので、時間とお金が（ ）かぎり見に行っている。\n \n```\n\nI haven't been able to find a satisfactory answer as to why 許す in plain\ndictionary form works better here than 許せる, the potential form.\n\n```\n\n 動詞につく場合は、ている形や可能動詞などにつくことが多い。\n \n```\n\nseems to imply that ～限り can take the potential form just fine. Can someone\nexplain why the plain form should be used in this sentence, and whether or not\nthis is a representative example or a unique case?\n\nEdit: Another sentence from the same source (Shin Kanzen Master N2) uses the\npotential form here:\n\n```\n\n 考えられる限りのことは考えてみたんですが、いい案が出てきませんでした。\n \n```\n\nSo clearly the potential form can be used with this construct, at least\nsometimes.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T01:33:34.980",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82837",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-29T00:59:33.030",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T02:05:41.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "35041",
"owner_user_id": "35041",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "Potential form and ～限り",
"view_count": 151
} | [
{
"body": "To me, 時間が許す is just a set phrase. 時間が許せる is grammatically correct for sure,\nbut it sounds wordy and strange in most situations.\n\nTraditionally, [a sentence like this was rare and\nunnatural](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32449/5010) in Japanese.\nUsually time does not allow or reject something as if it had its own will.\n時間が許す is okay because it's an established set phrase, though. Maybe it was\nsomething directly imported from English \"time allows\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-29T00:59:33.030",
"id": "82858",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 82837 | 82858 | 82858 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82846",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Yesterday, I read a passage from Shin Kanzen Master N1:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bTUIw.png)\n\nAs I was reviewing it today, I remembered that それまでだ is an expression which\nmeans \"that's the end\" or something to that\n[effect](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=9884). That said, I still don't\nunderstand what the last sentence of the first paragraph means.\n\nI would translate it as \"That is just in the movies and one is sitting while\nwatching it, so it's inconsequential and **that's it** , but the audience\nforgets himself/herself.\" (I'd appreciate any correction to this translation.)\n\nAt this point of utter confusion (and desperation), I used Google Translate,\nDeepL, and other tools to translate 何のことはない、といえばそれまでだ。which led to equally\nconfusing translations:\n\n * DeepL: \"To say it's nothing is an understatement.\" (it somehow makes sense but I don't know how it relates to this [explanation](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=9884))\n * Google translate: \"Until then, if nothing happens.\" (misses the idiomatic use of それまでだ)\n * Yandex translate: \"It is up to that to say that there is nothing.\" (???)\n\nI would really appreciate any input you have on this. Thanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T03:58:51.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82839",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T14:24:54.013",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29327",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Translating a sentence with までだ",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "I think you can consider ～といえばそれまでだ to be a specialized idiom derived from\n～それまでだ. It carries a nuance that can be written like:\n\n> If you say —, you're not wrong and that's a way to end the discussion. \n> If you say that it's nothing more than —, I can't say anything. \n> It's true in a sense that it's nothing but —.\n\nThis is a common phrase as such.\n\n>\n> それは別に映画の話であって、自分はいすに座ってそれを見ているのだから、何のことはない、と言えばそれまでだが、そんな観客としての自分のことは忘れてしまっているのだ。 \n> _Objectively speaking, it is true that you have nothing to worry because it\n> is just a movie and you are only watching it from your seat, but you still\n> forget about yourself as the viewer._",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T07:49:21.540",
"id": "82846",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 82839 | 82846 | 82846 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82845",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I don't understand the こてん part . I know the phrase is basically \"put your\nhead on my shoulder\". I've searched around on google and the 肩にこてん part comes\nup every so often, which means it's a thing. It's just that I can't find it in\na dictionary, or that I can't find the full word it's maybe an abbreviation\nof, or if it's part of a phrase. Thank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T05:33:06.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82840",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T07:04:00.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "31206",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"slang"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 肩にこてん in \" 俺の肩にこてんと頭を預けて\"",
"view_count": 324
} | [
{
"body": "こてん is a mimetic word to roughly depict \"something lightly but suddenly falls\nor hits something with no or muffled sound\". It is indeed very commonly used\nin light novels when someone's head leans on another's shoulder falling\nasleep, but not limited to the situation.\n\n> 三羽のふくろうはハリーのベッドにパサリと軟着陸し、真ん中の大きな灰色のふくろうは **コテンと** 引っくり返って動かなくなった。\n> （ローリング『ハリー・ポッターシリーズ 03 ハリー・ポッターとアズカバンの囚人』）\n\n> 一弥とブロワ警部は顔を見合わせ、同時に **こてんと** 首をかしげた。（桜庭一樹『GOSICKs 第1巻』）\n\nSource:\n\n * [用例.jp 「こてんと」](http://yourei.jp/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A6%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8)\n * [用例.jp 「コテンと」](http://yourei.jp/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T07:04:00.077",
"id": "82845",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 82840 | 82845 | 82845 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When you feel bad for someone or feel sympathy for them? For example, if you\nwant to say, \"Poor Alice,\" would it be, 可哀想アリス？or do I have to add the な after\n可哀想 since it's a na-adjective?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T05:38:14.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82841",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T17:54:22.563",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T09:49:02.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "41035",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"nouns",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "What do you say when you feel bad for someone? Like \"Poor Alice.\"",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "It would be 可哀想なアリス for poor Alice. But don't say that to her face, this is\nused when talking to another person about Alice.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T06:15:12.950",
"id": "82843",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T06:15:12.950",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31206",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 82841 | null | 82843 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "ギュンター・メイによると、ロボットなどの機器に高速な無線リンクを追加することにより、高精度な連係やキャリブレーション（調整）が可能になり、大きな損害につながる故障や稼働停止の予測に役立つ\n**という** 。さらに人工知能（AI）をはじめとする高度なソフトウェアを使うことで、機器の能力をさらに向上させることもできる。\n\nThis is the Japanese translation of the original WIRED English article:\n<https://www.wired.com/story/factory-robots-may-point-way-5g-future/>\n\nGunther May says adding high-speed wireless links to robots and other\nequipment allows them to be coordinated and calibrated more precisely, helps\npredict costly malfunctions and downtime, and allows sophisticated software,\nincluding artificial intelligence, to be piped in to make them more capable.\n\nThere are many uses of という so I don't know what this という refers to.\n\nThanks for reading my question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T06:19:14.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82844",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T07:20:34.600",
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"owner_user_id": "40064",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of という here?",
"view_count": 50
} | []
| 82844 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "さくらは青い = Sakura is blue\n\nさくらは青いです also = Sakura is blue\n\nGoogle use the first one as default. How do we know when it's ok not to use\ndesu?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-28T09:59:05.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82847",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-28T16:43:04.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41036",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"hiragana"
],
"title": "When not to use です",
"view_count": 200
} | [
{
"body": "If you're a beginner, this is the general rule: add です after any adjective or\nnoun in formal sentences if the verb is \"to be\". In informal sentences, the\nverb \"to be\" is not です, but だ, and you can choose to say it or omit it in both\nnouns and な-adjectives. With い-adjectives (like this case), you can't say だ,\nso you always omit it.",
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{
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"body": "In the conversation below, I am unclear with regards to who person 4 is\nspeaking for. That is whether they are speaking for themselves, or the other\n1000 people that have been brought in to help.\n\nTo provide some context: the 1000 (lower ranking and weaker) people have been\nbrought in to help clear the way to their destination, where the people who\nare currently talking will then take over and continue the fight.\n\n> Person 1: １０００人ってＢとかＤとかだろ？ いくら野外での戦闘とはいえちょっと荷が重いよね。\n>\n> Person 2: 陸空軍の支援もある、他人の心配なんて暇ないよ。\n>\n> Person 3: ロボには頼れず、 航空機は撃墜されるのが今日で実証済み。敵１匹の強さも規格外。 多くの死者が出ますよ。\n>\n> Person 4: **そういう戦いに身を置いたんだ。覚悟はできてる** 。\n\nNow my question is whether person 4 is:\n\n 1. speaking for themselves (i.e. that they are ready for what might happen to them in this battle)\n 2. speaking for the 1000 / everyone.\n\nAt first I thought it was the second one, but then I was thinking, whether\nthis is the way that this would be phrased if they were speaking for people\nother than themselves. Saying 覚悟はできてる and implying people other than yourself\nto me would be very assuming. If they were speaking about other people I would\nhave expected a だろう/はずだ.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T12:37:14.063",
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"owner_user_id": "41022",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Who is this person speaking for?",
"view_count": 71
} | [
{
"body": "I think Person 4 is talking only about the speaker himself/herself. Plain\n覚悟はできてる without any specific subject almost certainly means \" _ **I**_ am\nprepared\". As you said, だろう/はずだ is needed if he/she is talking about someone\nelse.",
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T14:59:10.117",
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"body": "This is from a commercial for [Hermie\nHopperhead](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzS2MSkbvh4):\n\n> 長官:大変お待たせいたしました。\n>\n> それでは、現時点で分かっている事実を発表いたします。\n>\n> まず、名前はハーミーホッパーヘッド。\n>\n> 記者A:すいません。もう一度お願いいたします。\n>\n> 長官:ハーミーホッパーヘッド。全部カタカナです。\n>\n> エ、これが、ある惑星から脱出するということであります。\n\nTranslation\n\n> Secretary: Thank you very much for your patience.\n>\n> Now, let me announce the facts that are known at this time.\n>\n> First, it's name is Hermie Hopperhead.\n>\n> Reporter A: I'm sorry, could you repeat that again?\n>\n> Secretary: Hermie Hopperhead. The name is all in katakana.\n\nMy question is below, above was context:\n\nSo, basically, what we know is, they've escaped from some planet.\n\nor\n\nSo, basically, what we know is, they're trying to escape from some planet.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T18:44:26.253",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82853",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-29T00:35:42.737",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-28T20:00:06.507",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "32890",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"kanji",
"syntax",
"kana"
],
"title": "Is するということであります speaking in the past, or present?",
"view_count": 58
} | [
{
"body": "～であります is a polite version of ～である, which is a stiffer version of だ. ～ということだ\nis \"It is that ～\" used to give an explanation. Put together, ～ということであります\ntranslates to just \"It is that ～\". (As a free translation, \"basically, what we\nknow is, ...\" is not wrong in this context, though.)\n\nThe remaining part is easy. Since 脱出する is in its dictionary form, it's a\ndescription of something at preset or in the future.\n\n> これが、ある惑星から脱出するということであります。\n>\n> So this is going to escape from a certain planet.\n\nAt the end of this ad, the audience notice this is all about a new video game\ntitle. After knowing this, the above sentence starts to sound like \"So this\ngame is about Hermie Hopperhead trying to escape from a certain planet\".",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T00:35:42.737",
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{
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"body": "¿ Can you trace the ancient Chinese roots of the sentence\n\n吾 唯 足 知 。\n\nIn the 茶の湯 garden of 龍安寺 there's a stone dubbed 蹲踞〔つくばい〕where there it's\nwritten on it :\n\n五\n\n矢 **囗** 隹\n\n止\n\nand the 囗 is a basin of water.\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%E3%81%B0%E3%81%84>",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-28T21:35:37.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2020-11-29T03:19:55.667",
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"owner_user_id": "39690",
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"tags": [
"expressions",
"homophonic-kanji",
"chinese",
"ambiguity",
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "龍 安 寺 蹲 踞 『吾唯足知』",
"view_count": 532
} | [
{
"body": "Probably the variant of\n[知人者智、自知者明。勝人者有力、自勝者強。知足者富、強行者有志。不失其所者久。死而不亡者壽](https://blog.mage8.com/roushi-33)\nfrom \"Tao te ching\" by Laozi.\n\nThe quote 『足るを知る者は富む』 : \"He who knows that enough is enough will always have\nenough.\" is well known.\n\nJapanese scholar says Taoism and Zen Buddhism are highly related(cf.[鈴木 大拙 :\nDaisetzu\nSuzuki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._T._Suzuki#Scholarly_opinions) ), but\nI think ordinary Japanese people don't care about the distinction so much\nthough.\n\nThere is also the wikipedia entry :[Buddhism and Eastern\nreligions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions#Taoism).",
"comment_count": 8,
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"body": "Someone just told me their mother speaks Japanese and she says oniichan\ndoesn’t just mean big brother but also big sister. I thought oneechan is the\nword for big sister though. He also said it’s really common in Japan to use it\nthat way, is that true?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T00:34:25.007",
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"owner_user_id": "41039",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Is oniichan also used to refer to a big sister?",
"view_count": 348
} | [
{
"body": "No, that's not true. お兄ちゃん (oniichan) never refers to a female person.\n\nBut in rough slang, it can sometimes refer to a young **male** person in\ngeneral, just like some English speakers use \"brother\" or \"bro\" to refer to a\nstranger. Maybe he has remembered this fact incorrectly? Likewise, お姉ちゃん\n(oneechan) is sometimes used to address a young female person in general. See:\n[How impolite is it to call a waitress\nお姉{ねえ}さん?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17886/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T00:44:40.873",
"id": "82857",
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{
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"body": "In Japanese, there are so many counters(助数詞). So I'm asking more counters\nother than 月(しがつ、しちがつ、くがつ) or 時(よじ、しちじ、くじ).\n\ni) What counter makes 4 read よ or し?\n\nii) What counter makes 7 read しち?\n\niii) What counter makes 9 read く?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"counters"
],
"title": "Japanese counters",
"view_count": 140
} | []
| 82860 | null | null |
{
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"body": "As the topic of this post what are differences and similarities in usage of 現金\nand 金? Some examples of differences would be highly appreciated.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-29T04:42:40.480",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82861",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "現金 and 金 what are the similarity and difference in usage?",
"view_count": 155
} | [
{
"body": "現金 げんきん means cash, while 金 かね means money.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-30T15:24:43.527",
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{
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"body": "I've been learning japanese for a couple months and recently started to\ninclude the Genki textbook along with my WaniKani studying. Near the beginning\nof the workbook, there is a question that asks to basically describe Takeshi,\na 4th-year student, with the beginning \"たけしさんは...\" and the workbook answer key\nsays the proper answer is \"よねんせいです\" as opposed to what I initially thought it\nwould be, \"よんねんせいです.\" Why does the word for four (よん) get shortened like this?\nObviously using kanji it would be 四年生 (which feels like it would be pronounced\nin a very similar way to both the kana readings). Thank you for any help :)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T07:06:40.057",
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"id": "82862",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "\"よねんせい\" vs \"よんねんせい\" for \"fourth-year student\" in Genki 1",
"view_count": 2351
} | [
{
"body": "The following counters make 4 read よ. They are irregular, so you have to\nlearn.\n\n * 四年【よねん】 (including -年間, -年生...; same for below)\n * 四人【よにん】\n * 四時【よじ】\n * 四次【よじ】\n * 四日【よっか】\n\nOther ones usually takes the regular form よん, except some fixed words that\nmean more than ordinary \"four\". Should you encounter one, you have to learn\neach.\n\n * 四番【よばん】: (baseball) \"the fourth batter; the cleanup\"\n * 四字【よじ】熟語【じゅくご】: \"four-kanji idiom\"\n * 四畳半【よじょうはん】: \"four-and-half-tatami (square) room\"\n * 四限【よげん】: (student slang) \"the fourth period\"",
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| 82862 | 82864 | 82864 |
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"body": "I was thinking how I'd write a recipe in Japanese which uses 2 garlic cloves,\nso I've put those terms on google translate and got the following results:\n\n * garlic: ニンニク\n * garlic clove: にんにく\n * garlic bulb: にんにく球根\n\nThe problem is that I see a lot of garlic bulbs when searching images for\n\"にんにく\" and I also realize \"ニンニク\" and \"にんにく\" are pronounced the same, which\nmakes me think there's more to the way google is translating these terms,\ncould anyone confirm if these terms are correct? And how would you\ndifferentiate between \"garlic\" and \"garlic clove\" in spoken Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T09:33:56.917",
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"owner_user_id": "32211",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"counters",
"food"
],
"title": "How to say \"garlic\", \"garlic clove\" and \"garlic bulb\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 3316
} | [
{
"body": "ニンニク (katakana syllabary) and にんにく (hiragana syllabary) are two different but\nequivalent ways of writing the same thing: garlic.\n\n * garlic: ニンニク or にんにく\n * garlic clove: ニンニクのひとかけ (based on this website: <https://gourmet-note.jp/posts/2607>)\n * garlic bulb: ニンニクの球根 or ニンニクの鱗茎 (I think 鱗茎 is a more specific term)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T10:25:28.160",
"id": "82866",
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"body": "As @rebuuilt notes, ニンニク and にんにく are the same word written in two different\nsyllabaries (\"alphabets\"). (There also exists a rarely used _kanji_\nrepresentation 大蒜.)\n\nThe most common way to refer to a single clove of garlic is\n\n> 1片\n\n(or using _kanji_ for the number: 一片) which can be read either ひとかけ _hitokake_\nor いっぺん _ippen_.\n\nI think for a bulb of garlic one would usually just use a generic counter such\nas [1個]{いっこ} _ikko_ , and not the word for (plant) bulb, which is more a\nbotanical term. (In these sort of contexts Google Translate often reverts to\nword-by-word translation which is highly misleading.)",
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"body": "If you mean you use those words in cooking, we rather say like:\n\n * にんにく一玉【ひとたま】 or 一房【ひとふさ】: \"a ball/bunch of garlic\" = \"a garlic bulb\"\n\n * にんにく一片【ひとかけ】: \"a chip of garlic\" = \"a garlic clove\"\n\nIn your case, \"2 garlic cloves\" will be にんにく二片【ふたかけ】.\n\nOr if you refer to \"a garlic bulb\" in the context of gardening, then:\n\n * にんにく一株【ひとかぶ】 or 一本【いっぽん】: \"a root of garlic\"\n\n球根 \"bulb\" is a word you use to specify that part of garlic in contrast to\nother stalk or leaf etc. Usually the most useful part of the plant is the\nbulb, so you don't need to add it explicitly. \"Clove\" doesn't have an everyday\nnoun as far as I know, but technically called 鱗片【りんぺん】.\n\nにんにく and ニンニク are the same word, but [biological terms tend to be written in\nkatakana](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/20840/7810).\n\nSee also:\n\n * [数え方単位辞典: にんにく/ニンニク](https://www.sanabo.com/kazoekata/ct_na/ni/ninniku/)\n * [ニンニクのしくみ｜各部名称と特徴](https://%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9.com/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BF%EF%BD%9C%E5%90%84%E9%83%A8%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E3%81%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B4.html)",
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"body": "What I've studied is that in Japanese, you don't use past tenses in\nconditional sentences to express a lower probability (like _if I were_ instead\nof _if I am_ ). I know there's a conditional formed with た form (たら), but it\ndoesn't have anything to do with probability.\n\nFrom that, I guessed that if I saw a た form followed by なら, it wouldn't mean\nless probability but actual past tense. For example:\n\n> もしも僕がミュージシャンだったなら\n\nshould mean _if I've been a musician_ , rather than _if I were a musician_.\nBut I've heard a lot of these sentences where the actual meaning seems to be\nthe second one.\n\nSo in what cases is it correct to use the た form before なら and what exact\nnuance does it give to the conditional sentence?\n\n(EDIT) Some example sentences:\n\n> もしも僕が名医だったなら、親父の病気は僕が治す。\n\n> もしも僕が王様だったなら、嫌いなやつは全員消えてもらう。\n\n> もしも僕がミュージシャンだったなら、言葉にならない言葉を紡ぐ。",
"comment_count": 12,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T11:22:55.487",
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"id": "82869",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"conditionals",
"past"
],
"title": "Meaning of た form + なら",
"view_count": 314
} | []
| 82869 | null | null |
{
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"body": "This might come across as a dumb question, but learning through multiple\nwebsites for basic grammar, I started with stuff like\n[this](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/stateofbeing). After\nlearning a bit more about verbs conjugation, I've gotten a bit confused on\nwhether I should use the state of being for some things, or something like\n[this](http://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/BeingVerbs.asp).\n\nWhich of these would be correct?\n\n**Using what the first link says** I am a student = 学生だ I'm not a student =\n学生じゃない I was a student = 学生だった I was not a student = 学生じゃなかった\n\n**OR**\n\n**Using what the second link says** I am a student = 学生です I'm not a student =\n学生ではありません I was a student = 学生でした I was not a student = 学生ではありませんでした\n\nWould both be correct to use, depending on the situation? Like, would the\nstate of being be more for if I wanted to be more declarative when saying\nsomething? As far as I know, it can only be used on nouns, and na-adjectives.\nWould both technically be correct or would one be more natural than the other?\nWould the first method be the more informal way of speaking, where as the\nsecond method would be more formal, or am I completely missing something? I'm\nhoping someone can clear this up, I know it's really basic stuff, but I'd\nrather not mess up something simple, and cause myself problems, in the future.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T11:40:22.540",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "State of being vs forms of desu",
"view_count": 67
} | []
| 82870 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My grammar book says: \"V-ている is used more than V-る, but the pattern V-るうちに is\nsometimes used.\" Is there a difference in meaning or style between the two?\nWhen are they not interchangeable?\n\n> 最初は美味しいが、{食べる／食べている} うちに飽きてくる。\n\n> すべての少年が一度は胸に懐き、だが現実の非情さを {知る／知っている} うちに諦め、捨てていく幼稚な理想。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T13:02:33.223",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82871",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-11-30T09:38:50.980",
"last_editor_user_id": "40985",
"owner_user_id": "40985",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"aspect"
],
"title": "What's the difference between V-るうちに and V-ているうちに?",
"view_count": 212
} | [
{
"body": "Very hard question.\n\nFor the first example, {食べる／食べている} うちに飽きてくる sounds exactly the same to me,\nespecially when you intend to mean \"you get bored of it after a while (in a\nsingle event of eating that food)\". If you want to say that \"you get bored of\nit when you eat it too much (repeatedly eating the food multiple times in your\nlife)\", I think the former fits better, since the latter has a stronger\nemphasis on the \"while eating\" aspect.\n\nFor the second example, I think only the first one works. 現実の非情さを知るうちに諦め... It\nis still possible to say 現実の非情さを知ってい **く** うちに諦め... which sounds a bit more\nnatural to me than the former. But the difference is very subtle.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T09:01:33.137",
"id": "82883",
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| 82871 | null | 82883 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82876",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Not sure if 分 is _ita_ or _ta_ in 大分県, but anyway, kind of hard to find\nanything in the dictionary so if anyone knows a compound with that reading off\nthe top of their head it would be appreciated!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-29T14:39:30.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82872",
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"owner_user_id": "36952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"readings"
],
"title": "Are there other compounds with 分 where it is read as いた as in 大分県?",
"view_count": 93
} | [
{
"body": "I searched the freely available\n[WWWJDIC](http://nihongo.monash.edu/wwwjdicinf.html) and\n[ENAMDICT](https://www.edrdg.org/enamdict/enamdict_doc.html) databases for\nJapanese words and proper/place names, respectively, and no other instances of\n分【いた】 are listed in these dictionaries. (These files are quite extensive,\ncontaining for instance names of companies or subway stations.)\n\nBut more can be said about 分【いた】 by looking at the\n[etymology](https://kanjibunka.com/kanji-faq/old-faq/q0299/) of 大分【おおいた】,\nwhere いた appears to be a sound change from きだ・きた (き → い is a common sound\nchange) and きだ・きた is thought to refer to 段 = きざ・きだ・きた which could refer to the\n(terraced or extensive) rice paddies around Ōita City.\n\n(By the way, there is one other word 段階 = きだはし・きざはし where this reading is also\nseen, but there are no further instances of 分 or 段 being read as\nきざ・きだ・きた・いた...)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T19:53:11.187",
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| 82872 | 82876 | 82876 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82875",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the context of:\n\n> 今日早いね 急いでるからじゃあ後で\n\nI gathered that it means, \"you're early today\" \"I'm in a hurry, see you!\"\n\nGoogle translate split it up into isoi derukara -> hurry out-from\n\nBut isoi isn't a word? Isoide is a word. Have isoi and deru been combined into\nisoideru? If so, why doesn't the deru have the kanji?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-29T17:27:24.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82874",
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"last_edit_date": "2021-06-19T20:33:13.863",
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"owner_user_id": "41050",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "急いでるから isoiderukara - what's going on here?",
"view_count": 187
} | [
{
"body": "You aren't wrong that 急いで is an expression in its own right, but 急いでる is here\na contraction of a conjugated verb used in casual speech.\n\n急ぐ is the relevant verb (meaning 'hurry'), so the て-form is 急いで; so, the ている\nconjugation is 急いでいる (lit. 'I am hurrying', more naturally 'I'm in a hurry').\nBut, because it's a bit of a mouthful to pronounce all of those sounds in\ncasual speech, the い is often dropped, leaving you with 急いでる.\n\nTo answer the question directly, then, 「急いでるから...」 here really holds the\nmeaning of \"I'm in a hurry, so...\", which fits with your interpretation.\n\nIt's sort of equivalent to saying \"gonna\" or \"yeah\" instead of \"going to\" or\n\"yes\" in English: not necessarily \"proper\" but totally understood and\naccepted/preferable in the right contexts.\n\nSee e.g. this article from Maggie Sensei for more examples and similar\nconventions: [https://maggiesensei.com/2016/03/28/casual-contraction-dropping-\nい-i-てん-ten-とくtoku/](https://maggiesensei.com/2016/03/28/casual-contraction-\ndropping-%E3%81%84-i-%E3%81%A6%E3%82%93-ten-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8Ftoku/)\n\nHope that helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-29T18:01:40.783",
"id": "82875",
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| 82874 | 82875 | 82875 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82880",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am confused about some similar words in Japanese. Where in English we can\nuse the same word for \"implement\" and \"capacity\", Japanese seem to be using\ndifferent words depending on situation. Any chance someone could explain the\ndifference between the words in the two sets of words below:\n\n**実装** = **実現** = **実施** = Same **implement** meaning?\n\n**容量** = **Capacity** (e.g. for a hard drive) **容積** = **Capacity** too?\n**体積** = **Capacity** for tangible things?\n\nWhich word to use in which situation? I'm very confused.\n\nMany thanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-29T23:56:03.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82877",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T08:22:01.030",
"last_edit_date": "2020-11-30T05:55:16.090",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "41053",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"kanji"
],
"title": "I'd like to know the difference between various ways of saying 'Capacity' and 'Implement' in Japanese",
"view_count": 135
} | [
{
"body": "Each kanji tells its meaning.\n\n * **実装** : Because 装 means \"mount\" or \"install\", the word means implementing something on machines (hardware and software) for it to work.\n\n * **実施** : 施 means \"exert\" or \"extend\", so the word is for implementing rules, strategy, or activity to make people act in some ways. It does not translate such \"implement\" for all situations. This one is for something mainly affecting other people than the planner; **実行** is better for what yourself mainly do; **遂行** if it is a task rather than your initiative; **履行** if promise; and so on.\n\n> 社会調査を実施する _conduct a social survey_ \n> オリンピックを実施する _Olympic Games take place_ (rather than not)\n\n * **実現** : 現 = \"appear; be present\". I don't think it corresponds to \"implement\" in many cases. Its core meaning is \"materialize\" or \"fulfill\", so if something is \"implemented\", it is probably \"materialized\" too. As an aside, the reversed 現実 is totally different thing \"reality\".\n\n * **容量** : 容 = \"contain\", 量 = \"mass\". Thus it means how much bulk, such as those of wheat or water, a container can hold, but also by extension, data (of storage) or people (of building) etc.\n\n * **体積** : It means _volume_ , which is 体 = \"cubic\", 積 = \"expanse\".\n\n * **容積** : 体積 a container has inside. Of course it is equivalent with 容量 under the scientific definition, but rather focused on how much space (physical only) it has.\n\n* * *\n\n**PS** : If you ask about a server machine's 容量, I'd likely answer in bytes.\nIf its 容積, likely in liters or cubic meters.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T07:10:25.477",
"id": "82880",
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| 82877 | 82880 | 82880 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82882",
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"body": "I was trying to determine the pitch accent for the phrase 一日二日 when it means\n\"for a day or two\" and realised I might not even have the right reading. I\nthought it would be いちにちににち, but then I realised that the reading of 二日 is\nstill ふつか even when it means \"for two days\". So should it be いちにちふつか (with the\nnormal pitch accent on each word)?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T02:31:45.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82878",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T08:55:56.560",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26558",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"readings",
"pitch-accent",
"multiple-readings"
],
"title": "一日二日 pronunciation",
"view_count": 188
} | [
{
"body": "This word 一日二日 would be only read いちにちふつか following the regular pattern. 2-10\ndays use Japanese reading (ふつか～とおか), but \"1 day\" is always Chinese, unless you\nrefer to \"the first day of the month\" (ついたち < 月 \"month\" + 立ち \"launch\").\n\nThe accent is usually just like two separate words: いちにち{LHHH}ふつか{LHH}, but\nmerged accents (いちにちふつか{LHHHHHH}, いちにちふつか{LHHHLLL}) are sometimes heard.\n\nHowever, you can also say the same thing with numbers factored out: 一二日, then\nit will be exceptionally read いちににち. See [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25776/7810) for more about this\nformula.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-30T08:55:56.560",
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| 82878 | 82882 | 82882 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82890",
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"body": "I'm building a game with Japanese words, and I wanted to know if there are\nlists of all words available as a text file to download [Like this, but\nJapanese](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dwyl/english-\nwords/master/words_alpha.txt)? Ideally, there is no Kanji in it, as the game\nin question is scrabble, and that would complicate things, especially for my\naudience, but if such a resource exists, that would be fantastic.\n\nありがとう みなさん",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T04:34:56.553",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82879",
"last_activity_date": "2020-11-30T17:52:19.643",
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"owner_user_id": "41056",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "list of all words?",
"view_count": 97
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure if there is a ready made list, but you could take some raw\ndictionary file like for example\n[JMdict](https://www.edrdg.org/jmdict/edict_doc.html#IREF01), and extract all\nthe readings using either XML parsing or some Regex.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T17:52:19.643",
"id": "82890",
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| 82879 | 82890 | 82890 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I was watching a Japanese animation \"Fruits Basket\" (2019 version), and the\nprotagonist kept using \"ですのに\" and \"ますのに\". I thought it sounded strange. I\nsearched Google with the exact quote and the hit count was a few tens of\nmillions. The first page showed sentences including \"ですのに\", but since Japanese\nhas no spaces, I am not sure if that hit count is accurate. [One grammar page\nfrom the Tokyo University of Foreign\nStudies](http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/082.html)\nsays\n\n> 「のに」は丁寧形につくことはありません。\n\nSo, if that page is correct, \"ですのに\"/\"ますのに\" are wrong. But textbook grammar and\ncurrent colloquial grammar could be different. I wonder how acceptable they\nare. Do most people think they are wrong?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-11-30T09:42:10.037",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82884",
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"owner_user_id": "33499",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How acceptable are ですのに/ますのに?",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "Both of them sound natural as far as charactors of fictional works are\nconcerened. As you may know, some of them speak differently from us for\nexaggeration, etc. e.g. 今日は晴天ですのに家に閉じこもられて〜 あの子は運動ならいくらでもしますのに勉強は〜\n\nWhen it comes to real conversation, we seldom hear them. It sounds too polite\nor pretending noble, or otherwise joking.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-30T15:11:31.760",
"id": "82887",
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| 82884 | null | 82887 |
{
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"body": "From what I researched online, I have read that most of the times these\nphrases are interpreted as \"I don't care\", \"Who cares?\" \" \"I don't give a\ndamn!\" \"It's none of my business!\" etc (feel free to provide more examples,\nthese are just a few that I have seen) \n\nMost of the time I have seen 知るか, but the variant 知ったことか not so much, but it\nwas said in a video I watched recently. My questions would be, does this\nphrase is most of the time interpreted with the above meanings?\n\nIs there a difference in nuance when it's in the present/future tense 知るか and\npast tense 知ったことか, and could the addition of こと work in the first variant?\n\nGiven the context where I heard 知ったことか I do not think the above meanings\nworked well and I translated with the more direct meaning of the verb 知る=to\nknow, to be aware of, and given that it was in the past tense plus こと I\nassumed it meant \"a thing/matter that was known\".\n\nI'm gonna give the example where I heard 知ったことか . A bit of context, characters\nA and B are fighting:\n\n> A: 弟をまで利用して..そのザマか？ \n> B: 弟子など．．．俺の知ったことか !\n\nThe context is that B hurt a boy who was his little half-brother, but B did\nnot he had one, for he was elsewhere in the world and doing villain things. A\nbelieved that B knew of his younger brother's existence and that's why he used\nhim in his plans, but B did not know about a brother, it was just the plot\ny'know, had to bring these characters together...\n\nThings happen, A and B fight and they say those things, B who was unaware of a\nbrother, to me it made sense if I could interpret his line \"弟子など．．．俺の知ったことか !\"\n\"Younger brother?\" (with など I even thought of it like \"the likes of\",\n\"something such as\" a brother) Is it something that I should know?!\n(俺の知ったことか). If 知ったこと was said, wouldn't it be interpreted as \"a matter which\nis known, to me?\", if I translated very directly? But I think \"Something like\nthat....Is that something that should I know?\"\n\nI rephrased that line a bit to how I understand it like this:\n（俺の知ったこと）＝前に俺が何かを記憶していた or another way, as a reply to A\n\"今の言ったこと、俺が知るべきだを期待しているか） I want to know if this sort of interpretation is\npossible because I looked trough some comments on social media regarding this\nand I mostly found things that mentioned the \"I don't care\" meaning, but that\ndoesn't quite make sense for B to say, \"I don't give a damn about my brother\",\nif he didn't know he had one!\n\nHope I provided enough to offer me some suggestions about this, about the\ndifferences, if there are any between the variants of those phrases and if\nultimately, they can be ambiguous, and 知るか isn't specifically just with that\nmeaning of \"who cares\", \"don't give a damn\" (どうでもいい）\n\nThank you in advance for any suggestions！",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-30T15:28:33.603",
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"id": "82889",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-01T03:20:59.790",
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"owner_user_id": "22175",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Difference (if there is any) between 知るか and 知ったことか",
"view_count": 326
} | [
{
"body": "They are pretty much the same when they mean \"none of my business\" or \"I won't\ncare whatever happens to it/you/etc\", but 知るか also means \"no way I know this\".\nFor example when you saw a difficult quiz, 知るか is usually chosen. In addition,\nI feel I see 知ったことか more often in fiction than in reality because it's\nrelatively long.\n\nLooks like you're trying to analyze the \"past tense\" in 知った, but た in fixed\nphrases often behaves idiosyncratically, and 知ったことかよ has little to do with\nsomething in the past. It just means \"I don't care\" or \"Should I care?\" A\nsimilar example would be ほら見ろ and ほら見たことか, both of which mean \"Look, I knew\nit\", \"I warned/told you (but you didn't listen)\" regardless of the \"tense\" of\n見る.\n\n * [Usage of plain i-adjectives or た form (悪かったｖ悪い、良かったｖいい etc）](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21347/5010)\n * [Usage of doubled non-past tense \"た\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5356/5010)\n * [Non conventional usage of the past tense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40733/5010)",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-01T05:49:41.460",
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| 82889 | null | 82893 |
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"body": "Today I came across this sentence: \"見ていて難しくない？\" \nThat question was used to ask an actor about his own movie. And when I used\nGoogle Translate it gave me this translation: \"Isn't it difficult to watch?\" \nWhen I first saw it, I interpreted it from what I know of the て form usage,\nlike \"After watching it, difficult don't you think?\" but I wasn't so sure so I\nhad to check Google Translate for that result. \nI tried some other examples that I made up myself like \"聞いていて良くない？\" or\n\"やっていて簡単じゃない？\" and they all resulted in a translation that has the pattern of\n\"Isn't it ... to ...?\" \nSo is my interpretation correct and this is just a way Japanese people use to\nexpress the idea \"Isn't it ... to ...?\" or it's an actual grammatical\nstructure that I'm not aware of?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-01T06:51:57.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82894",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35697",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "The grammar behind \"ていて+Adj\" pattern",
"view_count": 164
} | []
| 82894 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I couldn’t find the right search terms to trigger an existing answer. I often\ngo to a store where I have somewhat of a regular relationship with one of\nstaff members. Sometimes they’re in the back, and I would like to ask if they\nare available by name, but in a polite manner.\n\nHow would I ask “Excuse me, is Tanaka available/here?”",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-01T07:34:33.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "41069",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to politely ask if a specific person (by name) is available in a professional setting/store",
"view_count": 101
} | []
| 82896 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was leisurely scrolling through a Facebook page, when I saw this post:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KpPbl.png)\n\nIt featured でも and I'm 100% sure the English translation is wrong. My question\nis, will removing も from でも change the meaning of the sentence? How can でも be\ntranslated to English accurately in such a way that it's distinguishable from\na sentence which just uses で.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T03:22:10.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82900",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-02T03:36:52.430",
"last_editor_user_id": "29327",
"owner_user_id": "29327",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-で",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "Translating でも in this context",
"view_count": 80
} | [
{
"body": "This English translation is correct at least in that ～でも means \"even\n(in/with/etc) ～\". This 初めまして同士 means \"two people who met each other for the\nfirst time\" (or maybe \"two first-timers\" depending on the context). The first\nhalf of the sentence basically means \"Even though it's a pair session of two\npeople who met each other for the first time\". (I cannot make this shorter\nlike 初めまして同士のペアセッションでも...)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T09:29:21.767",
"id": "82903",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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}
]
| 82900 | null | 82903 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82902",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Google Translate says that the sentence [\"I hesitate between A and B\"\ntranslates\nto](https://translate.google.fr/?sl=en&tl=ja&text=I%20hesitate%20between%20A%20and%20B&op=translate)\n:\n\n> AとBの間{ま}で躊躇{ちゅうちょ}します\n\nIs that correct ? I can't find sentences like this in Tatoeba or Weblio, but\nit looks like this is a common sentence.\n\nAlso, is there an other way to say this (synonym or other grammar structure) ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T08:25:39.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82901",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-02T09:08:24.037",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "32939",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "\"Hesitate between A and B\"",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "It's understandable, but it sounds very unnatural.\n\n * 間 in a context like this is read あいだ.\n * [迷う](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%BF%B7%E3%81%86) is the default verb you should use, and you have to use the teiru (progressive) form. 躊躇する usually means \"to hesitate to take the action (despite knowing what to do)\" or \"to temporarily waver\", and it's not a suitable choice when two options are equally possible.\n\nYou can say:\n\n> AとBの間【あいだ】で迷って【まよって】います。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T09:08:24.037",
"id": "82902",
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}
]
| 82901 | 82902 | 82902 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82912",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've read online that という is translated as : called, that, like.\n\nBut how does this sentence translate:\n\nコンサート・ピアニストになりたい **という** 夢は終わった、 **という** 気分でした。\n\nThere are two instances of という here and the first instance I don't really\nunderstand why that's there. The second usage at the end translate to \"felt\nlike.\"\n\nHow would the first part of the sentence translate with という. I don't\nunderstand where the \"like, that, called\" comes into the translation.\n\nI guess I'm asking what is the function of という in the sentence :\n\nコンサート・ピアニストになりたい **という** 夢は終わった\n\nIs という in this case perhaps categorizing the idea of wanting to become a\npianist as a dream?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T10:07:21.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82904",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-02T10:16:45.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "33078",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does という work in the following sentence?",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "There are a few ways という is used.\n\nFirst, it can be literally mean と+言う as a direct quote:\n\n> 腹が減ったという。\n\nIt can also be used to define something:\n\n> この動物は、猫という。\n\nThis is also where the commonly taught phrase to introduce yourself comes\nfrom:\n\n> 私はアリスといいます。\n\nInstead of defining, you can also use the same pattern to ask for a\ndefinition:\n\n> これは、何というか。\n\nWhile nothing directly is said in these instances, there still is some\nconnection to 言う in the sense of \"If you were to talk about this, then you\nwould say this\".\n\nThe final usage of という is so abstract, that thinking of it in terms of the\nverb 言う is pointless. It might be better to see it as a set construct or even\na sort of particle. It takes the preceding sentence and wraps it up to allow\nyou to say something about it as a whole.\n\nTo take your sentence as an example:\n\n> コンサート・ピアニストになりたい という 夢は終わった。\n\nThe sentence 「コンサート・ピアニストになりたい」 is wrapped by という. Now whatever follows\n(「夢は終わった」) applies to this sentence as a whole.\n\nIn general there are many ways this last form of という is used, but the idea\nalways is to take a sentence and wrap it up to allow you to attach further\ngrammar to it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T20:40:46.227",
"id": "82912",
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},
{
"body": "I used to be confused a lot by _this usage_ (i.e., the first instance in the\nOP question) of という because I always thought of という as only a quotation\nmarker. The Basic Dictionary of Japanese Grammar defines という as:\n\n> a phrase marking information which identifies or explains the noun following\n> the phrase. called; that says ~; that.\n\nThe example sentence in the BDJG that fits this usage is:\n\n> もっと頑張らなくては **という** 気持ちがある。\n>\n\n>> I have the feeling **that** I have to keep hanging in there.\n\nIn sum, in this usage, という plays the same role as \"that\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-04T22:19:12.443",
"id": "82937",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-04T22:19:12.443",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "30981",
"parent_id": "82904",
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}
]
| 82904 | 82912 | 82912 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82920",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was again reading Shin Kanzen Master N1 Dokkai when I encountered a passage\nwith a sentence which intrigued me. The second sentence read\n\n> 最初と言われています。\n\nWhile I do understand that dropping of だ happens in speech, especially in\nfemale speech, I was surprised when だ was dropped in the passage. How often\ndoes this happen?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/l76rH.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T11:23:49.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82906",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29327",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"copula"
],
"title": "Dropping だ in sentences",
"view_count": 216
} | [
{
"body": "I agree that there should be だ before と言われています. This is an example of\n[だ抜き](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/term/140.html), and\ngenerally it should be avoided in formal texts like this. But this happens\noften today, and I won't call this a big mistake. Many people won't even\nnotice this.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-03T05:46:10.227",
"id": "82920",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "82906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 82906 | 82920 | 82920 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I have a question. Why is the particle に instead of は for this sentence?\n“私に何かできることがあれば” Isnt the one doing supposed to be は not に? Thank you [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5NBCt.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T12:16:18.440",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82907",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjugations",
"japanese-to-english"
],
"title": "I have a question. Why is the particle に instead of は for this sentence? Isnt the one doing supposed to be は not に? Thank you",
"view_count": 60
} | []
| 82907 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82910",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When joining い-adjectives and な-adjectives, you simply put them in 連用形 + て:\n\n> この料理は美味し **くて** 安いです。\n\n> 田中さんは綺麗 **で** 親切です。\n\nHowever, I have a bit of trouble with たる-adjectives. I couldn't find any\nresources on it.\n\nIf I wanted to say something was 堂々たり and 平然たり, would I:\n\nUse って 音便 as would be expected out of a ラ変:\n\n> 堂々 **たって** 平然たり\n\nOr would I ignore 音便 and stick with pure unchanged 連用形 + て because たり is a\nClassical Japanese auxiliary:\n\n> 堂々 **たりて** 平然たり\n\nI couldn't find any resources on the web at all on this, so I'm stumped right\nnow. My IME seems to like たりて, whilst if I write たって it tries to auto 変換 to\nsomething like 立って・経って・建って.\n\nThanks very much in advance!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T14:15:31.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82908",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-03T05:09:31.043",
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"owner_user_id": "39722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 15,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"adjectives",
"classical-japanese",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "How do you join たる-adjectives?",
"view_count": 1422
} | [
{
"body": "## Overview: Modern Japanese\n\nThere is some brief discussion of these in the English Wikipedia, in the \"\n_taru_ adjectives\" section of the \"Adjectival noun\" article\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectival_noun_\\(Japanese\\)#taru_adjectives),\nand a bit more detail in the \" _taru_ adjectives\" section of the \"Japanese\nequivalents of adjectives\" article\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_equivalents_of_adjectives#taru-\nadjectives).\n\nLong story short, the _-taru_ adjectives in modern Japanese are basically\n[fossils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_word), leftovers that have\neroded grammatically. These can _only_ be used in two ways:\n\n 1. to modify a noun or noun phrase, using the ～たる ending: **[堂々]{どうどう}** [た]{●}[る]{●}[物]{もの} (\"a **grand** thing\")\n 2. to modify a verb or verb phrase, using the ～と ending: **[堂々]{どうどう}** [と]{●}[行]{い}く (\"to go **regally** \")\n\nYou can't use them to end a sentence, and there isn't any ～て form. In\nJapanese, these are often called タルト[形容]{けいよう}[動詞]{どうし}, because they only\nhave the conjugational endings ～たる and ～と.\n\n### A workaround\n\nA common modern construction that would allow you to string together ～たる\nadjectives with others, and not fall too far afoul of the grammarians in your\naudience, would be to use ～として. ～とする is a common way to turn something into an\nadjectival or adverbial phrase. It's a bit like the English construction, \"it\ngoes ～\", or \"it's like ～\". [女王]{じょおう}は **[堂々]{どうどう}**\n[と]{●}[し]{●}[て]{●}[礼儀]{れいぎ}[正]{ただ}しい[人物]{じんぶつ}です。 (\"The queen is a\n**majestic** and courteous person.\")\n\n### Irregularities: a language in flux\n\nThat said, poking around online does reveal that some writers in Japanese are\nreinterpreting the grammar: for [堂々]{どうどう} at least, I do see cases of\n[[堂々]{どうどう}で](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%A0%82%E3%80%85%E3%81%A7%22)\nand\n[[堂々]{どうどう}だ](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%A0%82%E3%80%85%E3%81%A0%22),\nwhich are technically incorrect according to strict style guides. This word,\nand possibly this whole ～たる class of words, appears to be in flux with regard\nto how modern writers are handling the grammar. I would recommend avoiding the\n～で or ～だ constructions for the time being.\n\n## Overview: Classical Japanese\n\nIf you're writing Classical Japanese, things like ～たりて are valid. The MS IME\ndoes include some features to support Classical Japanese, since this is still\nused by modern writers -- particularly for high-register, formal writing.\n\nThe ～たる ending is a contraction of adverbial と + the copula (\"to be\" verb) ある.\nTechnically, the terminal (sentence-ending) and dictionary form in Classical\nJapanese was あり, and these adjectives could end a sentence with the ～たり\nending. So the ～たる ending conjugates just like the Classical copula あり.\n\nHere's the conjugation chart from [the relevant Japanese Wikipedia\nsection](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E#%E3%80%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%E3%80%8D%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8):\n\n未然形 たら ( _mizenkei_ , or \"negative stem\" used with ～ない) \n連用形 たり、と ( _ren'yōkei_ , or \" _-masu_ stem\" or \"adverbial\") \n終止形 たり ( _shūshikei_ , or \"dictionary form\" used to end clauses) \n連体形 たる ( _rentaikei_ , or \"attributive form\" used to modify nouns) \n已然形 たれ ( _izenkei_ , or \"hypothetical stem\" used with ～ば) \n命令形 たれ ( _meireikei_ , or \"command form\")\n\nThe ～て form used to join adjectives is from the [連用形]{れんようけい} or adverbial\nform, so たり + て → たりて. Or analyzed a different way, we use the ～と adverbial\nform of the adjective and add on the ～て form of あり: と + ありて → たりて.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-02T18:07:24.097",
"id": "82910",
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},
{
"body": "One simple approach is to use\n[かつ](https://www.nihongomaster.com/dictionary/entry/19729/katsu), which is one\nof the stiffest words to say \"and\" in Japanese. It can be used also with\ni-adjectives and na-adjectives (see the link), but since most taru-adjectives\nare stiff and solemn, かつ works very well with them, too. Simply join the kanji\nparts and treat them as a long taru-adjective:\n\n> 堂々かつ平然たる態度",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-03T03:07:39.747",
"id": "82917",
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"score": 7
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]
| 82908 | 82910 | 82910 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82935",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> しかし、士道は荒れ **そうになっていた** 呼吸をどうにか整えると、どこにいるとも知れない狂三に言葉を投げた。\n\nHi. Can we change the bold part into そうになった? If we can, what would be the\ndifference between そうになっていた and そうになった?\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T17:11:17.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82909",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-04T17:05:24.147",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-03T04:16:19.957",
"last_editor_user_id": "36662",
"owner_user_id": "36662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pattern"
],
"title": "Difference between そうになっていた and そうになった?",
"view_count": 104
} | [
{
"body": "荒れそうになっていた describes the continuation of state; the state of 荒れそう has\ncontinued for some time. For example, if 士道 was saying something before this\nsentence, perhaps he was already in the 呼吸が荒れそう state while he was talking.\n\n荒れそうになった refers to an instant change. His way of breathing almost changed\n(maybe because he suddenly lost his temper), but he regained the control on\nhis breath soon after that.\n\nThere is a difference in meaning, and which is correct depends on the context\n(I don't even know what made his breath ragged).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T17:05:24.147",
"id": "82935",
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| 82909 | 82935 | 82935 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "In this sentence:\n\n> 君は選ばれたのだ 私の退屈を埋めるための欠片の１つ **に**\n\nDoes the particle に work in the same way as として? Is it the same as\n私の退屈を埋めるための欠片の１つとして ?\n\nThanks for the answer!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-02T23:52:38.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82913",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-03T03:01:34.790",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-02T23:55:48.877",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "39797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Can に have the same function as として?",
"view_count": 95
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, に works like English \"as\", a role marker. \"You were chosen **as** one of\nthe pieces...\".\n\n * [に to indicate the role you want something to play?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65432/5010)\n * [Exact meaning of 教科書をトピックに選ぶ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13896/5010)\n * [I really can't understand the use of に + と USED TOGETHER in this clause](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/76801/5010)\n * [Meaning of にと思って in a sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55453/5010)\n * [What is the function of the に in 仕上げに?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/80057/5010)\n\n> Is it the same as 私の退屈を埋めるための欠片の１つとして?\n\nYes, at least in your case, に is interchangeable with として. (Of course this is\nnot always true because both として and に have many other functions.)",
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| 82913 | null | 82916 |
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"body": "my japanese friend corrected some sentences I made and unfortunately can't\nspeak the greatest english so I was looking for some explanation. I made the\nfollowing sentences. I recently learned about て＋あげる、くれる、もらう and so I set out\nto make some sentences.\n\n 1. 毎朝、犬にボールを持ってくれました -> 毎朝, 犬はボールを持ってきてくれました\n\nThe right is the correction she made. From my understanding my book says that\nに marks the person who receives. So my sentence should actually be\n毎朝、犬は私にボールを持ってくれました right?\n\nI have not learned the きて grammar after the て form yet, but I looked up\nbriefly an explanation, is it necessary here?\n\n 2. 毎朝、犬は私にバボールを持ってもらいました, my friend says this sounds weird and 持ってきてもらいました sounds much better, did I make this sentence correctly?\n\n 3. 友達に掃除を手伝ってあげました -> 友達の掃除を手伝ってあげました。 Do we not need to use the に here? To identify that I am doing a favor for my friend by helping him clean?\n\n 4. 兄は弟にお金を貸してくれました -> 兄は弟にお金を貸しました. Im not exactly sure whats wrong with this sentence I made. Although her correction makes sense to me.",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Help understanding some corrections on my sentences made using あげる、くれる, もらう",
"view_count": 126
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{
"body": "1. てくる or てきて is divided to て(and) 来る(come)/来て(come). Basically, てくる or てきて means some action and come (to me, here or back here).\n\nSo,\n\n> 犬はボールを持ってきてくれました。 \n> My dog had/got/held a ball and came with it and gave it to me (and I\n> received it).\n\nI think [this link](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/83118/usage-\nof-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B-in-motion-of-object/83143#83143) is helpful for\nてくる/てきて.\n\n 2. I agree with your friend. It sounds weird. \nI think \"毎朝、 **犬が** ボールを持って **きてくれます** \" is the most natural. \nFirst, 毎朝 is every morning, so past tense \"もらいました\" is weird. \nSecond, きてくれる basically implies \"I receive it\", so you don't have to say \"私に\". \nThird, the dog must come to you before he/she gives it to you. So, it is\nbetter to say \"きてくれる\".\n\n 3. 手伝う is not used with \"に\". It means \"help something\" though help is used for \"someone\" in English. It is with just **を** or **も**. like \"彼の仕事を手伝う\" or \"家事も手伝う\". \nIt doesn't have two objects at once. \nThen, you need to say \"掃除を手伝う\" and this cleaning is the friend's task. so you\nshould say \"友達の掃除を手伝う\". \nIf you say \"友達に掃除を手伝ってあげると言った。\" = \"I said that I helped him/her clean.\", this\nsounds natural. \n \nBy the way, you might hear a sentence like \"彼を手伝う\". 彼 is not something, but 彼,\nin this case, means \"彼の何か\" (his task). Something he has is omitted. \n \n\n 4. てくれる(give) basically implies \"I receive it\" and the \"I\" is who spoke the sentence except for question sentence. \nIn this sentence, 兄は弟にお金を貸してくれました, who said this is someone but the brothers.\nBesides, this sentence is not question sentence and \"お金\" is an entity.\nTherefore, who gets money must be who spoke this sentence, but it must not\nhappens. So, it sounds weird. \n\nFor example,\n\n> 兄はお金を貸してくれました \n> In this case, who gets money is \"I\" who speaks this sentence.\n\n> 兄はあなたにお金を貸してくれましたか？ \n> In this case, who gets money is \"you\", not who asks the question.\n\nBy the way, てくれる is not limited to \"give something which exists.\" \nFor example,\n\n> 兄は私の荷物を持ってくれた。My brother had/hold my baggage. \n> In this case, he gives \"his behavior like have/hold\" to \"I\".",
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"body": "I will also be posting this in the Christianity site but I don’t feel like it\nfits very well in either category. If you can think of a better stack exchange\nsite please let me know.\n\nSome background: My grandmother was born in Japan just before WWII but married\nan American sailor in her youth and moved to the US, where she has lived for\nthe past 60 years or so. She is a devout Protestant Christian, but as far as I\nknow she converted when she moved to the US or shortly before then (I have\nnever asked) and has therefore never seen the Bible in her native language. I\nwant to get her one for Christmas, as I think that would be very special for\nher but I don’t know anything about Japanese translations of the Bible.\n\nThe problem: I’ve read that there are two main translations, the 新共同訳聖書 (NIT)\nand the 新改訳聖書 (NJB). The NJB is supposed to be more widely used among\nProtestants, but it’s also apparently a more literal translation and I don’t\nwant to give her a Bible that’s clunky or obscures the meaning. I also don’t\nwant to give her a Bible that is Protestant because of a bias in translation.\nOn the other hand, I like the idea of a the NIT because it is more ecumenical,\nbut not if it was made that way by deliberately translating it more\nambiguously. I also know that translating to Japanese always requires some\ninterpretation, so I like the idea of a less literal translation, but I don’t\nwant to give her one like the Message which is very heavily interpreted to the\npoint where it is more of a commentary.\n\nThanks for you help.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"culture",
"religion"
],
"title": "Best Bible translation for my Japanese grandmother?",
"view_count": 221
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| 82915 | null | null |
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"body": "Here are two lines of the lyrics in a specific song:\n\n> [出]{で}[逢]{あ}い **しは** [運命]{さだめ}か\n\nand\n\n> [纏]{まと}い **しは** [緋]{ひ}[色]{いろ}の[棘]{とげ}の[鎧]{よろい}\n\nI'm 99% sure that the し here is the 連体形 of き; it follows the 連用形 of\n[出]{で}[逢]{あ}う and [纏]{まと}う.\n\nHowever, what I don't understand is why the 連体形 is being used and what it\nmeans for は to directly follow the 連体形 of a (auxiliary) verb. It would still\nmake sense if the し was removed from both lines - is the し only there for\nemphasis on the fact that it happened in the past, or does it have some sort\nof other nuance or meaning or grammatical construction that I don't know of?\n\nThanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-は",
"auxiliary-き",
"attributive",
"連体形"
],
"title": "What does it mean when 連体形 is directly followed by は?",
"view_count": 67
} | []
| 82919 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82927",
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"body": "Here are some examples of the grammatical structure I am referring to:\n\n_(verb A) to (verb B)_ = **(masu stem of verb B) (sometimes に) (verb A\nconjugated normally)**\n\n_I went to pick up_ = **取りに行った**\n\n_I forgot to ask_ = **聞き忘れた**\n\n_I started to eat_ = **食べ始めた**\n\nRight now, my (possibly incorrect) understanding is that you can use this\nstructure with only the following verb As:\n\n行く、来る、帰る、入る、出る、始まる、終わる(?), 忘れる(?)\n\nIs this correct? And if so, what is the complete list?\n\n_this is the closest question I could find (which I don't think asks nor\nanswers the question well):[How to use に with \"masu-stem (連用形 stem) + に +\nVerb\" structure](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6648/how-to-\nuse-%e3%81%ab-with-masu-stem-%e9%80%a3%e7%94%a8%e5%bd%a2-stem-%e3%81%ab-verb-\nstructure)_",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"compound-verbs"
],
"title": "When can you use (masu stem) + (another verb)",
"view_count": 919
} | [
{
"body": "I think you are actually talking about three different patterns. In\nparticular, whether there is に between the two verbs is very important.\n\n### 1. `masu-stem + に + movement-verb`\n\n取り **に** 行く, 遊び **に** 来る, 寝 **に** 戻る, and so on. The first verb can be almost\nanything. The second verb is a \"movement verb\" (行く, 来る, 参る, 戻る, 訪れる, etc). The\nfirst verb before に expresses the **purpose** of the movement. The に is very\nimportant. See: [Is it true that only movement verbs can take [V-stem]に to\nexpress a purpose?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2957/5010)\n\n### 2. Syntactic compound verbs (`masu-stem + verb`)\n\nやり直す, 見始める, 食べまくる, and so on. The first verb can be anything. The second verb\nis one of the 30-ish verbs listed in the \"Syntactic and Lexical Compound\nVerbs\" section of [Compound Verb Lexicon](https://vvlexicon.ninjal.ac.jp/en/).\nThe second verb adds some meaning (e.g, \"re-\", \"start\") to the first verb.\n\n### 3. Lexical compound verbs (`masu-stem + verb`)\n\nThere are literally thousands of compound verbs where the combinations of two\nverbs have fixed meanings. Some are straightforward enough (e.g. 飛び出す, 立ち上がる),\nbut many have completely unpredictable meanings (e.g., 差し支える, 見込む). The linked\nlexicon is for listing this type of verbs.\n\n* * *\n\nThe first two categories are easy, but lexical compound verbs are the\ntoughest, and you'll have to remember each combination one by one.",
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| 82921 | 82927 | 82927 |
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"body": "In studying words like 羨ましい and 勇ましい, I've noticed that there are almost\nalways corresponding (mostly transitive) む verbs:\n\n羨む -> 羨ましい \n勇む -> 勇ましい (transitive version seems to be archaic) \n好む -> 好ましい \netc.\n\nIs there any information on the background/connotation of this pattern? How\nfar does it generalize?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"etymology",
"i-adjectives",
"morphology"
],
"title": "む verbs and corresponding ましい adjectives",
"view_count": 367
} | [
{
"body": "# Old and Classical Japanese adjectives\n\nLet's look just at the ones that end in ～い in modern Japanese, classed as\n形容詞【けいようし】 in mainstream Japanese-language grammars. This includes the ～ましい\nadjectives you mention in your question, while excluding ～な adjectives\n(technically 形容【けいよう】動詞【どうし】) like 静【しず】か or 大胆【だいたん】.\n\nThe Japanese Wikipedia has a brief description of these in the\n[古典【こてん】日本語【にほんご】の形容詞【けいようし】の活用【かつよう】 section of the 形容詞【けいようし】\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E#%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8).\nThis explains that ～しい adjectives are called シク活用【かつよう】 (- _shiku_\nconjugation) adjectives, from the way these conjugate in the adverbial form,\ncontrasting with ク活用【かつよう】 adjectives. Both of these had the 終止形【しゅうしけい】 or\nterminal (sentence-ending) form ending in ～し, making them hard to\ndifferentiate just based on the 終止形.\n\n## How the シク活用【かつよう】 adjectives and ク活用【かつよう】 adjectives differ\n\nApparently the シク adjectives often described emotional or subjective\nqualities, things like \"fun\" or \"reliable\", while the ク adjectives described\nmore physical or objective qualities, things like \"red\" or \"big\".\n\n## Derivations\n\nThis gets more to the meat of your question.\n\nThe Japanese Wikipedia article linked above doesn't really discuss derivation.\nBroadly speaking, after researching the etymologies of individual terms, it\nseems like many (most?) of the シク adjectives are derived from verbs,\npotentially from the causative form. Examples:\n\n * 羨【うらや】む \"to envy\" → 羨【うらや】ます \"to make someone envy\" → 羨【うらや】ましい \"having the quality of making someone envy\": \"enviable\"\n * 寄【よ】る \"to draw close\" → 寄【よ】らす \"to make someone draw close\" → 宜【よろ】しい \"having the quality of making someone draw close\" (the older sense): \"desirable\", then leading to modern \"good\"\n * 疑【うたが】う \"to suspect\" → 疑【うたが】わす \"to make someone suspect\" → 疑【うたが】わしい \"having the quality of making someone suspect\": \"suspicious\"\n\nI wonder if this might have developed as a straightforward shift in usage of\nthe 連用形【れんようけい】 of the causative: //-asi// is the 連用形 ending for the\ncausative, and it's also already the 終止形 ending for many of these シク\nadjectives.\n\n## Irregularities: vowel shifts\n\nSome of these derivations involve as-yet-unexplained vowel shifts, where the\n//a// in the regular causative becomes //o// in the adjective. _Yoru_ →\n_yorasu_ → _yoroshii_ is one such example. 頼【たの】む → 頼【たの】ます → 頼【たの】もしい is\nanother.\n\n### Speculation: //a// for external qualities, //o// for internal qualities?\n\nPoking around on my own, I've encountered various term clusters where there\nappears to be an ancient //a// ↔ //o// alternation. Broadly, the //a// variant\nseems like it describes some kind of outward or extrinsic quality, while the\n//o// variant describes an inward or intrinsic quality.\n\nExamples seem to show up in both the first and second vowels of various word\npairs:\n\n * //hVs-// \n * //has-//, the root underlying はさむ and possibly 端・橋・箸: describing a narrow distance between two things externally\n * //hos-//, the root underlying ほそい: describing a narrow distance between the two edges of a thing internally\n * //tVmu// \n * たむ, earlier form of modern verbs たまる and ためる: something collects outwardly, like a puddle\n * とむ, something collects inwardly, enriching a thing\n * //komVru// \n * こまる, something gets stuck\n * こもる, something goes into something else\n * //kurV// \n * くら, \"darkness\", something that appears dark\n * くろ, \"black\", something that is intrinsically dark\n * //tubV// \n * つば, a swordguard, physically an outward protrusion\n * つぼ, a basin, physically an inward protrusion\n\nI wonder if the shift to //o// that can be seen in some シク adjectives might be\npart of this, suggesting a more intrinsic or internal quality.\n\n## Irregularities: roots\n\nNot all シク adjectives are traceable to verbs. Some シク adjectives come from\nreduplicated forms, like 長々【ながなが】しい or 馬鹿馬鹿【ばかばか】しい. Some come from mysterious\nroots: 楽【たの】しい is a good example. So far as I'm aware, there is no attestable\nverb たぬ.\n\n## General trends\n\nThat said, if a given シク adjective ends in _-ashii_ or _-oshii_ , and it's not\nobviously from a reduplicated root, chances are good that it might be from a\nverb. Look for a related verb form in the dictionary, based on the part before\nthat _-ashii_ or _-oshii_ ending -- this could be a good opportunity to expand\nyour vocabulary. :)",
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| 82922 | 82923 | 82923 |
{
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"body": "There's a scene where some employee shows her prototypes to her manager. And\nthis manager looks at her after browsing those and says:\n\n> [意見が欲しい]{いけんがほしい}?\n\nNow I thought [欲しい]{ほしい} is strictly used for describing one's own desires and\nnot those of others. How is this possible here?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-03T21:09:39.923",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is [欲しい]{ほしい} used here to ask about someone's desire?",
"view_count": 229
} | [
{
"body": "You are right that you shouldn't use ほしい to express someone else's desires,\ni.e. お姉ちゃんは子猫がほしい would be incorrect because you can't claim to know someone's\npersonal feelings. But it's fine to use it to ask a person about their desires\nas in your example sentence.",
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| 82924 | 82925 | 82925 |
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"body": "I couldn't find any explanation online anywhere, and I see it being used a lot\nas such an expression \"[something] [発見]{はっけん}\", like \"shield is found.\" in\nApex Legends game for example, and in some anime \"いい[棒発見]{ぼうはっけん}\", being\nanother example.\n\nIsn't it a noun? How is it being used here on its own, instead of its verb\nform? Because of its tone I wonder whether it's originally a military\nexpression?",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "How does [発見]{はっけん} function here?",
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"body": "1. Do Japanese people still use danseigo and joseigo (especially interjection)?\n 2. Can joseigo be used by men? Such as まあ and あら.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T08:04:51.663",
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"tags": [
"interjections",
"gender"
],
"title": "Japanese Interjections (Danseigo-Joseigo)",
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{
"body": "Using your first question as a Google query produces the link to this\n[research\narticle](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340481050_An_Analysis_of_Language_Shifting_The_Use_of_Danseigo_by_Women_in_the_Workplace)\nthat suggests that nowadays women are also using danseigo in the workplace.\n\nRegarding the second question, さあな... but in anime, まあまあ which carries\nadditional/different meanings from まあ is used by male characters.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T22:39:01.380",
"id": "82938",
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{
"body": "Wikipedia [has a\nlist](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E) and AFAIK\nthere are still many words used by primarily by men or women separately even\nthough there’s some cross pollination so to speak.\n\nOne example that comes to mind is the sentence-ending わ: it is described as\nfeminine in many textbooks but it’s also used by men nowadays (though possibly\nin a different manner).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T01:17:20.500",
"id": "82954",
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"body": "I wrote a (term) paper on this!\n\nAnyway, based on the secondary literature I read, danseigo/joseigo is way more\nprevalent in media than in 'real life', but it does also exist in real life.\n\nQuoting myself (which I hope is okay):\n\n> [...] More substantially, Okamoto (1995) carried out an analysis of the\n> conversations of ten female Japanese-native college students, in which she\n> analyzed recordings of conversations and the use of forms, which she\n> classified as masculine, feminine, or neutral. The vast majority of forms\n> used were neutral, and all but two used more masculine-classified than\n> feminine-classified forms. Further research done by Okamoto suggests this\n> might be a generational change.\n\n(See Okamoto 1995, p. 303f. available\n[here](https://web.stanford.edu/%7Eeckert/PDF/okamoto1995.pdf) for more\ndetails)\n\nJoseigo is also still important for sounding stereotypically feminine, where\nthat's still desirable, e.g. to attract partners. There's a bunch of self-help\nbooks teaching that women's language makes you more attractive. (Nakamura\n2014) I personally have also seen quite a few of these googirl cartoons\nseemingly making fun of women speaking in male language - but I might have\nbeen misinterpreting these.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2021-01-05T02:41:30.173",
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| 82929 | null | 83465 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82933",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As the title says, what exactly is the usage of these two terms:\n\n立派 (rippa) 素敵 (suteki)\n\nThey both mean something like \"great!\", \"nice!\", but are they synonyms?\n\nIt is sometimes difficult understanding the meaning just by using a\ndictionary...\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T09:01:15.883",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "立派 (rippa) 素敵 (suteki) difference",
"view_count": 800
} | [
{
"body": "Did you really look them up in a dictionary? Was \"great/nice\" the only\ntranslation you could find? They are almost never interchangeable.\n\n立派 refers to only certain types of good-ness. What is considered 立派 is\nobjectively determined by culture to a large degree.\n\n * socially admirable; ethically praiseworthy; honorable; noble; of high social status; respectable\n * strong-looking; sturdy; handsome\n\n素敵 is more subjective and it vaguely means \"cool\", \"nice\", \"attractive\",\n\"appealing\", etc.\n\nFor example, 立派な服 typically refers to something like tuxedos and military\nuniforms, whereas 素敵な服 refers to any cool-looking outfit. 立派な仕事 refers to a\nsteady and respectable job, but 素敵な仕事 is just \"attractive job\" in whatever\nsense. 立派な死 refers to \"honorable death\", but 素敵な死 makes almost no sense.\n立派な口ひげ is used to refer to an objectively well-manicured, handsome mustache,\nwhereas 素敵な口ひげ is used when you are subjectively attracted.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T16:05:22.467",
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{
"body": "Not native but will drop my 2 cents anyway (sorry).\n\n立派 is for something worthy of admiration and brings a sense of pride.\n\n素敵 is for something you see as beautiful and attractive.\n\nIt never occurred to me that they could be confused in any way.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T14:21:13.940",
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| 82930 | 82933 | 82933 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82934",
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"body": "Context: There is a man who is telling a story about himself. You can call him\nBi. Bi was a suspect of assault and was sent to the prison. And one of the\nlines in his dialogue is \"父は服役してる間に自分で死んだ｡\"\n\nI tried to translate this sentence with the help of a friend, and we went for\nthis sentence: \"My father died on his own while I was in prison.\"\n\nBut I'm unsure as to whether the 自分 here means Bi's father committed suicide?\nIs that the case, or did Bi's father die alone when Bi was in prison?\n\nThank you in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T13:11:18.023",
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"owner_user_id": "40944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 自分 in this sentence? Does it indicate suicide?",
"view_count": 115
} | [
{
"body": "I think his father committed suicide. 自分で死ぬ is not a very common expression,\nbut it can be understood as an euphemistic way of saying 自殺する. On the other\nhand, 自分で never means \"alone\".",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T16:38:04.780",
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| 82931 | 82934 | 82934 |
{
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"body": "Is it possible to grammatically combine two separate sentences\nXがverb。Yがverb。into just one sentence Xが、Yが、verb。? For example,\n\n> 料理ができる。掃除ができる。→ 料理が、掃除が、できる。\n\nMy original motivation is to understand the role of が in the more complex\nsentence:\n\n> ただ喜びと悲しみのあいだにある多くの事象 **が** 、その互いの位置関係みたいなもの **が** 、まだうまく見きわめられなかっただけだ。(村上\n> 春樹. 一人称単数 (Japanese Edition) (Kindle Locations 23-25)\n\nI found many questions regarding multiple use of the が particle in a sentence\nbut to the best of my knowledge they concern the case in which one of the が is\non a relative clause which I think it is not the case here.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-04T18:32:13.903",
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"id": "82936",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particle-が"
],
"title": "noun が、noun が、verb (multiple が in a sentence)",
"view_count": 186
} | [
{
"body": "What you have suggested is possible. Murakami's sentence is an example of\nright-node raising explained here:\n\n * [Use of first が in 町の後ろに山が、前に海があって、](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17743/5010)\n\nBut usually you should not do this in a simple sentence like 「料理が、掃除ができる」.\nThis sounds unnecessarily literary or even theatrical to me. This might be\nfine in lyrics or as a catchphrase of a robot, but in most cases you should be\nsaying 料理や掃除ができる or 料理と掃除ができる instead.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T02:45:30.443",
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| 82936 | 82940 | 82940 |
{
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"body": "I've done a bit of digging, and for the life of me, I cannot find any clear\nrecord or explanation for why Japanese ココア is pronounced the way it is.\n\nSources researched to date:\n\n * Lots of different sources at [the Kotobank entry for ココア](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2-64514), including Britannica Japan, Daijisen, Kokugo Dai Jiten, MyPedia, Chocolate / Cocoa Dictionary, etc etc.\n * Lots of different sources at [the Kotobank entry for カカオ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA-43283)\n * [Chocolate & Cocoa Association of Japan's site](http://www.chocolate-cocoa.com/dictionary/history/japan/j01_a.html)\n * [Snippets from the journal of Tokugawa Akitake](https://books.google.com/books?id=pQc0AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB%E6%BB%9E%E6%AC%A7%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2) (1853–1910), listed as a source on the Chocolate & Cocoa Association's page, wherein Akitake described drinking ココア one morning when visiting the Paris World Fair in 1868, as listed also in [the Japanese Wikipedia article about him](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6#%E8%A8%AA%E6%AC%A7%E4%BD%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%9B%A3)\n\nLots of information is out there about カカオ and ココア, and what each of them are,\nand how the former is turned into the latter. I can confirm in various sources\nthat カカオ is borrowed from Spanish, and ココア is borrowed from English. But I can\nfind nothing about why ココア is pronounced as //ko.ko.a//.\n\nMy suspicion is that this is the result of \"book pronunciation\", based on the\nEnglish spelling _cocoa_ and simply reading it out vowel-for-vowel. A distant\nalternative possibility is that the Japanese word somehow metathesized the\nvowels after borrowing _cacao_ , the common term for this in many other\nEuropean languages, including the Japanese-contact trifecta of Dutch, Spanish,\nand Portuguese. English wound up with a pronunciation of //ˈkoʊ.koʊ// (US) or\n//ˈkəʊ.kəʊ// (UK) not through any metathesis, but rather through early\nconfusion with _coco_ (as in _coconut_ ), as best I can tell. (See also [the\nWiktionary entry](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cocoa#English).) If ココア were\nborrowed from spoken English, we'd expect something more like //kóꜜò.kòò//,\ninstead of the //kóꜜ.kò.à// and //kó.kóꜜ.à// pronunciations evident in modern\nusage.\n\nDoes anyone have any solid evidence for why we have this unexpected word form?\nOr any leads on academics or references that discuss this oddity of etymology?",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T03:30:05.663",
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"id": "82941",
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"owner_user_id": "5229",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"pronunciation",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What is the reason for the odd vowel values of Japanese ココア?",
"view_count": 298
} | [
{
"body": "I don't have a conclusive case, but it seems like ココア was considered wrong at\nsome point. If it was an accidental mistake that stuck, there might not be a\nvery logical explanation.\n\nSome old sources say ココア is a mistaken term with warped pronunciation (訛り),\nmaintaining that コーコー is more correct.\n\n * [「コーコー」は坊間にて「ココア」と誤稱する興奮性飮料の一なり](https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/book/1082673?keyword=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2,%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC&page=63)\n * [從來我邦では訛つてココアと呼んで來たが近年統計類にコーコーと改めるやうになつた](https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/book/1029523?keyword=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2&page=32)\n * [ココア（コーコーの訛りだ）](https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/book/888202?keyword=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2,%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC&page=45)",
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| 82941 | null | 97393 |
{
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"body": "Here is another passage I read from Shin Kanzen Master Dokkai N1. (Well, it's\nactually an excerpt from Asahi Shinbun.)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UHC1X.jpg)\n\nFor this passage, I have several questions:\n\n 1. Usage of という\n\nHere I encircled two instances of という. At first, I thought that these two というs\nare used differently, but I think they are the same in the sense that they\nboth serve to **quote** the expression that precedes it, except that the first\none is a direct quote, while the other one is an indirect quote. Can anyone\nconfirm this?\n\n 2. That にである (end of first paragraph)\n\nI was surprised when I saw に next to である. Is this a typographical error? Is\nthis a truncated sentence? I have not seen a sentence like this before.\n\n 3. Another case of だ抜き? (last paragraph, second sentence)\n\n[Here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82906/29327) I found out that だ抜き\nhappens often. So far, I have seen the structure だと〜 becoming と〜. In the last\nparagraph however, there was no と〜 at the end. Can this be considered as\nanother example of だ抜き?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T06:28:30.997",
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"id": "82942",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "3 Questions from a Shin Kanzen Master N1 Passage",
"view_count": 225
} | [
{
"body": "1. The first と言う should be treated more literally. Someone probably said that quote. The second という should be treated as 「らしい」 or 「そうだ」. It demonstrates hearsay. Although this doesn't always hold true, whether 言う is in kanji or not often clues you in for whether you should be taking \"say\" literally or not.\n\n 2. にである is not a grammar point. You should be reading the passage, not reading the sentence by itself. Context is important. The sentence before it says:\n\n> その話に河合さんは驚いた。 \n> Kawai-san was surprised.\n\nWhat 話 was she surprised at? Well, the next sentence fills you in:\n\n> **一週間努力すれば友達ができる、と思っていることに** である。 \n> She was surprised that they thought you could make friends if you worked\n> hard for week.\n\nYou can just substitute this part of the sentence to the sentence before it:\n\n> **一週間努力すれば友達ができる、と思っていることに** 河合さんは驚いた。\n\n 3. Yes, your assumption is right. I can't say I am 100% sure, so someone else can correct me if I'm wrong about this.",
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| 82942 | 82950 | 82950 |
{
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"body": "I have stumbled across verbs such as 付けてる, listed as a conjugation of 付ける in\ntakoboto. Is this equivalent to 付けて **いる**? Or what?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T09:55:17.353",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82945",
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"owner_user_id": "34145",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Meaning of -てる in 付けてる",
"view_count": 88
} | [
{
"body": "付けてる is casual of 付けている\n\nThe meaning is the same",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T07:07:31.777",
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| 82945 | 82984 | 82984 |
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"body": "今、ちょっと休憩です。今日もまた、7時まで頑張ります！そして、また、お茶ミルについてですけど、本当に買ってよかった。今、休憩で、また抹茶を作りました。そして、おろししょうががあったので、半分入れた。そんな飲み方、え～ってかんじだけど、\n**そんな飲み方をしてしまいたくなるのが、このお茶ミルです** 。\n\nCan someone help me parse the last sentence, im having trouble on\nunderstanding it. I know the たく comes from たい so the たくなる means you want it to\ncome to ~~ But im not really sure on what 飲み方をしてしまいたくなるのが is supposed to mean.",
"comment_count": 8,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T13:56:42.167",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "そんな飲み方をしてしまいたくなるのが interpreting してしまいたくなる",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "「してしまいたくな」is just the てしまう form of したくなる\n\n> そんな飲み方、え～ってかんじだけど、そんな飲み方をしてしまいたくなるのが、このお茶ミルです\n\nThis was of drinking might feel like \"wha..?\", but wanting to drink like this\nis what this tea mill is about.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T14:36:46.700",
"id": "82992",
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{
"body": "そんな飲み方をしてしまいたくなる in this context means (O-cha Mill has such a quality that)\nyou cannot help trying it to make (even) such an unusual drink as a matcha-\nginger mix. しまう here indicates unconsciousness or spontaneity, not regret or\ncompleteness. The adverb つい would have made this meaning clearer.\n\nしてしまいたくなる can be replaced with したくなってしまう with little difference in meaning in\nthis particular context. However, it could be ambiguous in others. For\nexample, 食べてしまいたくなる could mean either something gives you a spontaneous\ncraving, or something makes you want to finish your food. The second meaning\nis not possible with 食べたくなってしまう.",
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| 82946 | null | 86574 |
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"body": "Could you explain how だというに works in the following case\n\n> 先程までの緊張感もなく、相手は女神だというのに、俺は既にタメ口だった。\n>\n> Even though she was a goddess, I found myself speaking bluntly, without any\n> of the anxiety I'd felt until a few minutes ago\n\nI've checked the following answer [N+だ+というN or\nNというN](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/68963/n%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86n-or-n%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86n)\nbut it is a bit different. Here there is no name directly after, it is\nfollowed directly by のに (Even though)\n\nCould you explain me ?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "meaning of だというに",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "I'll use Garbaz's anlysis\n\n((相手は 女神 だ) という) のに\"\n\n= normal clause+ という grammar + のに ( \"despite\" )\n\nSo literally :\n\n> **Despite the fact that (my companion/she) was a goddess** , I found myself\n> speaking bluntly, without any of the anxiety I'd felt until a few minutes\n> ago",
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| 82947 | 82948 | 82948 |
{
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"body": "Does or can 中村 mean \"villager\" (person) or only \"middle village\" (place name)?\nWould alternate Kanji make a difference in meaning, i.e., 中邑 仲村 仲邑 ? Thank\nyou.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T16:51:03.527",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"kanji",
"false-etymology"
],
"title": "Can 中村 mean \"villager\" (person)?",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, 中村 is never used outside proper names (surnames or place names)\ntoday. Etymologically it isn't \"villager\" either.\n\nIf somebody says 中村 literally means \"(who lives) inside village\", it violates\nthe Japanese grammar. Here, the English word _inside_ is a preposition, which\nJapanese does not have any. It should be instead like 村中【むらなか】 \"village's\ninside\" to convey that meaning. Incidentally, it's another existing surname.\n\n中 is qualifying 村 in 中村, and since 中 means _middle_ or _center_ , \"middle\nvillage\" is indeed a possible translation, but a more context-aware rendering\nis \"main village\".\n\n**PS** \nJapanese proper names are full of ateji. Except for the case of homonyms, the\nkanji spelling doesn't contribute to the meaning difference.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T08:45:14.250",
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| 82949 | null | 82958 |
{
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"body": "As far as I know, theoretically お in お[金]{かね} is optional, but in practice\nit's almost never omitted, and if done otherwise it'd be frowned upon.\n\nI'd like to know the sociolinguistic explanation of why it is so, or the\nphilosophy behind it. I'd prefer an in-depth answer please.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-05T21:35:19.143",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "The difference between お金 and 金",
"view_count": 1080
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{
"body": "Both 金(かね/ _kane_ ) and お金(おかね/ _okane_ ) refer to money while 金(きん/ _kin_ )\nis gold.\n\nFirst of all, お- is a prefix preceding a noun, and it makes the noun sound\nmore royal. Most people think money is necessary, so they usually say お金. You\nwill find the same reason from the following words: お宝(おたから/ _otakara_ ),\nお箸(おはし/ohashi), etc. Also, some Japanese people believe that the way you speak\nrepresents your dignity, so they use the word “お金” to let listeners feel more\ncomfortable.\n\nNext, some native speakers use the word “金(かね)” when they are despising money\nor trying to be full of themselves(or something like ヤクザ/yakuza). Please check\nthis sentence: 金なんか大したもんじゃないよ。(金なんか大したものではないよ。). The former is more natural.\n\nIn sum, if you say 金(かね), of course the native speakers can understand what\nyou mean, but they might think maybe you don’t have enough ability to control\nthe language or have a sense of ヤクザ(yakuza). So please choose the words\nappropriately.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T08:16:43.047",
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"body": "I think you already know that お- and ご- prefixes are often added to the\nbeginning of nouns to make them more respectful. However, sometimes this is\nnot always the case. I am by no means an expert on this topic, but I can\nregurgitate some information I have read before.\n\n## 美化語【びかご】\n\n美化語 is literally the \"beautification\" of words. By adding honorific prefixes\nto the beginning of nouns, people are able to make their words sound more\nrefined. Sometimes, this is for politeness.\n\nAlthough this is not a definite rule, お- is typically added to the beginning\nof words of Japanese origin as well as 和製語【わせいご】 (Chinese/Sino-Japanese\ncreated in Japan). It also, but less commonly, attaches to the beginning of\nwords of foreign origin (like おビール).\n\nThe ご- prefix is typically attached to Sino-Japanese words that do not use お.\nSince these rules are pretty loose, you would have to get used to which words\nare used with which prefixes on an individual basis.\n\nPrefixes like み-, おみ-, and おんみ- also fall under 美化語 and are generally used for\nthings with holy or imperial importance. （like 御子【みこ】）\n\n## Feminine Language\n\nSome 美化語 comes from feminine speech. You may have noticed that women are more\nprone to adding honorific prefixes before nouns, which makes them sound more\nrefined or polite. Some 美化語 that originate from feminine speech but are now\nwidely used are: おかず、おつけ、お腹、おなら.\n\nIn more respectful settings, however, attaching honorific prefixes often\nbecomes the norm and is no longer restricted by gender.\n\n## When the Prefixes are Necessary\n\nSome words have evolved so that they are never used without honorific\nprefixes. One example of this is the word お化け, which means \"ghost\" or\n\"apparition\". The word 化け has completely different meanings and is by no means\ninterchangeable with お化け.\n\nThese words range from \"the prefix is always necessary\" to \"the prefix is\nusually used, but sometimes omitted\". For example, お湯 is _usually_ used with\nお-, but can sometimes be seen without the honorific. お世辞, however, is _always_\nused with its honorific prefix. Your example, お金【かね】, would fall into the\n\"usually\" category.\n\n## Changes in Pronunciation and Meaning\n\nSometimes, the meaning and even the pronunciation of words will change when\nhonorific prefixes are attached. Here are some examples:\n\n> 飯【めし】→ご飯【はん】 \n> 主人(master)→ご主人(husband) \n> 釣り(fishing)→お釣り(change e.g. for a purchase)\n\n## In Summary\n\nThis may not be the most in-depth explanation of 美化語, but I hope it explains\nthat honorific prefixes are more than just for being polite. What used to be\nfeminine language is now widely used by speakers of any gender. Other words\ncan **only** be used with honorific prefixes, lest they sound unnatural. Some\neven change in meaning, pronunciation, or both.\n\nお金 is part of this. Although I am not 100% sure, I am assuming that it is part\nof the \"usually used with honorific prefixes\" category. I have seen it alone\nas just かね in some books.\n\nRelated Posts: \n[Neutral words with honorific\nprefixes](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2292/does-anyone-know-\nof-any-o-words-or-go-words-which-are-absolutely-neutral?noredirect=1&lq=1) \n[honorific 「お」or「ご」 as a necessary\nprefix](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/13081/a-few-words-have-\nan-honorific-%E3%81%8A-or-%E3%81%94-as-a-necessary-prefix-right)",
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| 82952 | 82963 | 82963 |
{
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"body": "When I Google translate the sentence it says \"it will happen very naturally\".\n\nIf I break down the sentence into parts:\n\nGoku: very (adverb)\n\nShizen: naturally (adverb)\n\nNi sou: ???\n\nNaru: to become\n\nCan someone help explain what the \"ni sou\" part means?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T05:34:17.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82955",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"parsing",
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does \"ni sou\" mean in ごく自然にそうなる",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "自然に is the adverb form of 自然. When に is attached to the end of な-adjs, they\nare converted into adverbs. Similarly, when い is replaced with く in い-adjs,\nthey also become adverbs.\n\n自然→自然に \n優しい→優しく\n\nそう＋なる = become like that\n\n> 自然にそうなる \n> Become like that naturally.\n\nAlso, Google translate is not very useful when it comes to learning Japanese.\nMaybe try pasting the sentence into a dictionary like\n[jisho.org](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%94%E3%81%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B)\ninstead.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T05:46:26.250",
"id": "82956",
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| 82955 | 82956 | 82956 |
{
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"body": "I assume the answer is no.\n\nI am asking, because my IME (Mozc) converts おにょみ into 音読み (same with\nくにょみ→訓読み).\n\nI think this is simply a matter of convenience to save the user from having to\npress `[n]` twice, but I can't think of any other word where this kind of\nfeature is implemented.\n\nSo is there anything more to this?",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T13:10:44.953",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"spelling"
],
"title": "Is おにょみ a valid spelling/pronunciation of 音読み?",
"view_count": 806
} | [
{
"body": "おにょみ does not make sense except as deliberate 変換ミス (e.g. for comical effect).\n\nHandling such mistypes is a common IME feature for words with ん+ vowel\ncombinations or ん+な行.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vfM4W.png)\n\nAs shown in the screenshot, another common example is おんあ(onna)→女.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-06T13:35:23.647",
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"body": "Adding on to Igor's answer, which addresses the spelling aspect. Let's look at\nthe pronunciation.\n\n> Is おにょみ a valid pronunciation of 音読み?\n\nIn a word, no.\n\n * おんよみ is pronounced something like [[õ̞.ɰ̃.jo̞.mi]] in normal speech. This has four distinct [morae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_\\(linguistics\\)) (\"beats\", the timed length of sounds in Japanese). The ん between two vowels causes nasalization, marked by the tilde ~, with the specific mora of the ん often realized as something like a tight //u// sound with nasalization: technically, [[ɰ̃]], a nasalized [voiced velar approximant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant).\n\n * Meanwhile, おにょみ would be pronounced as something more like [[o̞.ɲ̟ʲo̞.mi]]. This has only three distinct morae, and no nasalization.\n\n音読み is only ever spelled in kana as おんよみ, with four kana corresponding to the\nfour morae, and with ん correctly indicating the nasal consonant.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 82959 | 82960 | 82960 |
{
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"body": "I am left handed.\n\nA stroke from left to right is, depending on the writing utensil, inconvenient\nto impractical, since, instead of pulling the tip across the paper, I push,\nwhich doesn't work as well.\n\nThis isn't such a big issue with modern ballpoint pens, but especially with\nthings like fountain pens, left-to-right strokes can result in scratching,\njumping and ultimately, slow and ugly handwriting.\n\nAs a result, when writing Latin letters, I tend to write them my own way (as\nopposed to what I have learned in elementary school), intuitively minimizing\nleft-to-right strokes.\n\nWith Japanese handwriting, for good reason, there is a much bigger emphasis on\ncorrect stroke order and direction, especially with kanji.\n\nMy question is, would it be a problem to reverse all left-to-right strokes in\nhandwriting? How is this handled in Japanese schools? If anybody here is left-\nhanded, what is your approach?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-06T16:43:19.513",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Reversing stroke direction in kanji for left-handed writing",
"view_count": 594
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{
"body": "I am left-handed, and I write everything with the same stroke direction as\nright-handers with no issues. In vertical writing, because the columns run\nright-to-left, I even find being left-handed slightly advantageous.\n\nI do not live in Japan though, so I cannot answer how it's handled in schools\nthere.\n\nI do not think fountain pens are widely used in Japan or China. I wonder if\nfountain pens are appropriate at all for Kanji or even kana.\n\nJapanese 'brush pens' (筆ペン) seems much better for kanji/kana, and perhaps you\nshould try them. Since the brush pen point is flexible, no scratching or\njumping will ever happen.\n\nRaise your hand slightly when writing to avoid touching wet ink in the paper,\nand try to keep the pen perpendicular to the horizontal plane.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"id": "82965",
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"body": "The short answer is **\" Don't do this\"**. I have seen many left-handed people,\nbut no one reverses the stroke direction like you suggested.\n\nKanji have long been written with brushes, and the small nuances of each\nstroke (like _hane_ , _tome_ , _harai_ ) are still considered important. You\ncan read about this in [this\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_\\(CJK_character\\)). For example,\n口 (kuchi) must be written with three strokes like\n[this](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%8F%A3%20%23kanji), and almost all native\nspeakers strictly follow this. A clever kindergartener may think it should be\neasier to write this character with one stroke, but they will eventually learn\nthat's out of the question as [they practice writing kanji with a brush at\nelementary school](https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/cool/13-08/index.html). They\nare taught to write kanji exactly the same way regardless of their handedness.\n\n(By the way, according to my parents, they actually \"corrected\" my left-\nhandedness when I was two or three. It was important to my parents. I believe\nfew people do this in today's Japan, though.)",
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| 82961 | 82979 | 82965 |
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"body": "So torch is たいまつ, and is written in kanji as 松明. Matsu, however, means pine,\nwhich is the first kanji, not the second. Are there many words like this in\nJapanese that seem \"out of order\"? Is there a reason or way to predict this\nphenomenon?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-06T21:57:13.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82962",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-08T16:51:18.300",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-08T16:51:18.300",
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"owner_user_id": "34142",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"readings"
],
"title": "たいまつ , why is it in this order: 松明?",
"view_count": 805
} | [
{
"body": "I have long enjoyed Shogakukan's _Kokugo Dai Jiten_ (KDJ) for its etymologies\n-- it's one of the few monolingual Japanese dictionaries to include\netymologies for its terms.\n\nThis post relies on their entry for 松明, available [here at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%BE%E6%98%8E-92037#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8).\n\n## Derivation of the term たいまつ\n\nThe たいまつ reading is first cited to the 宇津保【うつぼ】物語【ものがたり】, dated to around 999.\nUnfortunately, I cannot confirm the first date of this reading applied to the\n松明 spelling.\n\nThis たいまつ term was apparently a shift from older たきまつ, where まつ was the\nregular noun 松【まつ】 (\"pine\"), and たき was the 連用形【れんようけい】 (continuative or stem\nform) of the verb 焚【た】く (\"to burn something\"): 焚【た】き松【まつ】, literally \"burning\npine, pine for burning\".\n\nSo far as I've been able to find so far, dictionaries don't have any entry for\n焚【た】き松【まつ】, but I think it's safe to guess that that form of the word is even\nolder.\n\n## Odd kanji spellings: _jukujikun_\n\nAs you noticed, this spelling seems backwards compared to the reading -- the 松\ncharacter comes first, but the まつ reading comes second. This is due to a\npractice known as 熟字訓【じゅくじくん】, which basically involves spelling word A with\nthe kanji for word B. Both words A and B are usually at least in the same\nballpark, meaning-wise.\n\nMore at Wikipedia, in [the \"Special readings\" section of the \"Kanji\"\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#Special_readings).\n\n## Derivation of the spelling 松明\n\nThis is clearly 松 (\"pine\") + 明 (\"bright; light\"). Read with the 音【おん】読【よ】み,\nthis word is しょうめい. This spelling with the しょうめい reading (actually, the\nearlier せうめい reading) is first attested in 1305.\n\nI suspect this was used as a pun with the word 照明【しょうめい】 (\"illumination,\nlighting\", also earlier read as せうめい), which itself is first attested in\naround 1060 (per the KDJ entry\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E-79893#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)).\n\nSo we have a word 照明【しょうめい】 (\"lighting\") (1060), and pine torches used as\nlighting and spelled 松明 and read as しょうめい (1305). This spelling was then used\nfor the \"pine torch\" term たいまつ, while keeping the たいまつ reading as a kind of\n_jukujikun_ (??? -- first date for this is uncertain, as noted above).",
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| 82962 | 82964 | 82964 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82978",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Some times I encounter the phrase (ex: 世間の知るところとなる) and the usage of ところ seems\nunusual to me so after looking up in a dictionary I found this meaning for\nところ:\n\n> 《漢文の、受身を表す「所」の訓読から。「…ところとなる」の形で》前に置かれた語句が示す行為の対象であることを表す。「世人の称賛する―となった」\n\nIs this the meaning being used here? If so, would \"世間の知るところとなる\" be essentially\nthe same as \"世間に知られる\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-07T04:57:40.420",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does ところ mean in 知るところとなる?",
"view_count": 181
} | [
{
"body": "Yes that is the correct definition. The definition says this type of ところ\nrefers to the object/target of the preceding verb, which may be true but is a\nlittle puzzling. The very literal translation would be something like \"It\nbecame the target of people's knowing\", but practically, it's okay to simply\nthink ～ところとなる is just a set phrase that means \"it turns out that ～\".\n\nAs the dictionary says, this is from a convention of\n_[kanbun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun) kundoku_, which is a technique\nof forcibly reading Chinese passages as Japanese. There are many\nunconventional word usages in this field, and a few of them are occasionally\nused in stiff texts. [能わず](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52260/5010) is\nanother example of this.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T02:50:09.950",
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| 82966 | 82978 | 82978 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83039",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the Japanese word for \"Japanese chili pods\", like the ones in the link\nbelow?\n\n<https://www.mexgrocer.com/9656.html>",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-07T13:27:32.977",
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"owner_user_id": "34142",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"word-requests",
"food"
],
"title": "Are there Japanese words for chili peppers which would translate to \"Japanese chili pods\"?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "The general term for chilis in Japanese is 唐辛子【とうがらし】. Dried goods often use\nthe word 乾燥【かんそう】.\n\nHere's one example from the online shopping site Rakuten:\n\n<https://item.rakuten.co.jp/elborracho/chilearbol/>\n\n**メキシコ料理用 チレ・アルボル【乾燥唐辛子】**\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3JrAzm.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-07T17:44:14.120",
"id": "82973",
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},
{
"body": "There are several varieties of chili peppers used in Japan: 三鷹 _santaka_ , 本鷹\n_hontaka_ or 鷹の爪 _taka no tsume_ , all using the character 鷹 for \"hawk\" (in\nparticular 鷹の爪 _taka no tsume_ lit. means \"hawk's claw\", because that's what\nthey resemble). The first two are explicitly mentioned on the site you linked\nand your \"Japanese chili pods\" actually look very very similar:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xFv1p.png)\n\n(from [cookpad entry](https://cookpad.com/cooking_basics/18659) on _taka no\ntsume_ ).",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-11T05:49:46.357",
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]
| 82968 | 83039 | 82973 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82971",
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"body": "I was reading 雪女\n\nCan anyone please explain me the difference between 白い女 and 色の白い女. Especially\nthe usage of 色の and why, 色の precedes 白い. Also, shouldn't be more like 白い\ncoming before 色, as in 白い色の女 (Women with white colour, or literally women with\ncolour (that is white)). As, 色の白い女 sounds more like white women of colour, or\ncolour white women.\n\n教えてください",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-07T14:09:46.160",
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"id": "82969",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"grammar"
],
"title": "Usage of 色の in the following sentence",
"view_count": 165
} | [
{
"body": "This の is not \"of\" but a subject marker usable in a relative clause. 色の白い女 is\nthe same as 色が白い女, and they literally mean \"a woman whose color is white\". If\nyou know how to parse 心の美しい人, 背の高い男, 尻尾が長い猫 and so on, it's exactly the same\nstructure. (Please see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/53580/5010)\nif you are unsure.)\n\nSo something like 色の青い車 is grammatical, but we usually don't say this because\nit's obviously redundant and 青い車 is enough. However, 色が白い is an exception.\nThis is almost a set phrase that automatically refers to skin colors without\nexplicitly saying 肌. We also have a no-/na-adjective version of this,\n[色白](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%89%B2%E7%99%BD). Likewise, 色が黒い and 色黒 mean\n\"dark-skinned\" without explicitly saying 肌. 肌の白い人 and 色の白い人 roughly mean the\nsame thing, but the former sounds a little too direct, and the latter is\nusually preferred.\n\nAlso note that 白い女 usually makes little sense even outside the story of 雪女; if\nyou mean \"white woman\" in the sense of Caucasian, you should say 白人の女 or 白人女性.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-07T16:40:26.907",
"id": "82971",
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| 82969 | 82971 | 82971 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82972",
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"body": "Is there any difference between 「お昼前」 and 「午前」 in both meanings and the\ncircumstances used?\n\nThe same question for 「お昼過ぎ」 and 「午後」.\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-07T16:33:00.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "82970",
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"owner_user_id": "40606",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 「お昼前」 and 「午前」?",
"view_count": 820
} | [
{
"body": "午前 (=a.m.) refers to 12 hours from midnight to noon. Likewise, 午後 (=p.m.)\nrefers to 12 hours from noon to midnight.\n\nお昼前 refers to a short period before noon. When お昼前 starts is not strictly\ndefined, but 9:00 is probably not お昼前 and 10:30 is probably お昼前. Likewise, 昼過ぎ\nrefers to one or two hours just after noon.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-07T17:10:54.290",
"id": "82972",
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| 82970 | 82972 | 82972 |
{
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"body": "I have some difficulty to correctly analyze the structure このくらいに in the\nsentence\n\nContext: a person who holds responsibilities has laughed a lot and she says\n\n> わたしのストレス発散は **このくらいに** しておいて.\n>\n> My stress has disappeared to this extent ???\n\nI am just a bit puzzled to see この before のくらい",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-07T21:39:28.473",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of このくらいに",
"view_count": 271
} | [
{
"body": "「このくらいにしておいて」is probably a set phrase meaning to allow the person some slack,\n\"let it go\" or \"leave it at that\".\n\n> わたしのストレス発散はこのくらいにしておいて.\n\nLet me have this much as a stress release.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T16:40:10.900",
"id": "82994",
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{
"body": "I had some help, I publish the translation.\n\nHere くらい has the meaning of 程度 “degree, extent”.\n\nThus このくらいにしておいて means litterany “do to the extent”, hence “do not go further\nthan (this extent)”.\n\nIts use is very common\n\n> “今日はこのくらいにしておこう” That's all for today. (we stop to this extent)\n\nSo the sentence means\n\n> I've let off enough steam for today.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2021-01-31T21:23:43.103",
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| 82975 | 83981 | 82994 |
{
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"body": "I have been trying to grasp the concepts of transitive vs intransitive as I\nlearn Japanese and had some questions on the following\n\n窓を開けている... OK 窓を開けてある..... OK 窓が開いている.... OK now I have an issue with the\nfollowing sentence\n\n窓が開けてある.... X?\n\ndoes 窓が開けてある, make sense? I thought it would be wrong since we cannot use が\nwith 自動詞. In my book under the transitive verb portion is says that\n\n> object set by the particle を\n\nThus should the grammatical sentence be 窓を開けてある？",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T01:28:33.570",
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"owner_user_id": "31342",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Understanding 他動詞vs自動詞 more clearly",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "You are correct that at the basic level only transitive verbs (and some\nintransitive exceptions) should be used with the particle を to mark their\nobjects. However, this changes the moment things verbs are conjugated into\nother forms. てある is a _stative verb_. Once ～てある is added to the end of a verb,\nit loses transitivity.\n\nSo although you would use を in this sentence:\n\n> 誰が窓を開けた。 \n> Someone opened the window.\n\nYou would not use を in the following sentences:\n\n> 誰かに窓が開けてある。 The window was opened by someone (for a certain purpose).\n\n> 窓が誰かに開けられた。 The window was opened by someone。\n\nSo, in cases like ～てある and the passive form (開けられる), transitive verbs no\nlonger use the particle を. Once verbs are conjugated into other forms, the way\nthey are used often changes. As a result, 「窓を開けてある」would not be correct in\nmost contexts.\n\nThere are exceptions where ～てある is used with the particle を to emphasize the\nvolition of the agent, but it is not regarded as grammatically correct by\nmost. Oftentimes, を is also replaced by は in those circumstances.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-08T04:53:41.630",
"id": "82981",
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{
"body": "が ～ + a transitive verb + てある and が ～ an intransitive + ている mean \"the state of\nthe result\". So 窓が開けてある and 窓が開いている are natural.\n\n窓を開けている is the progressive form of 窓を開ける or someone keeps the window open\nintentionally.\n\nI think 窓を開けてある is a bit unnatural and isn't often used.\n\nSource:<https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/teoku/tearu1/>\n<http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/046.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T15:04:34.297",
"id": "82993",
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| 82976 | null | 82981 |
{
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"body": "I hope someone here can help me with a question that I have had for ages, but\ncan't find an answer to. When I ask my Japanese friends I just get a blank\nlook! In sentences where one is talking about elapsed time for example:\n\n> 彼女に最後に会ってから１０年になります。 It is 10 years since I last saw her.\n\nAll the examples I find in the dictionary use になります、not なりました。The 'becoming 10\nyears' has already occurred, it is in the past, so why isn't it expressed\nusing the past tense? I find it particularly confusing, because if I used a\ndifferent verb to express the passing of time, then it would be past tense,\ne.g.\n\n> この前彼に会ってから５年がたちました。 It's been five years since I last saw him.\n\nThis maybe one of this things that I just have to accept as 'that is how\nJapanese works', but if there is some sort of logical explanation, I would be\nvery glad to hear it. よろしくお願いします。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T02:00:36.533",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why になります and not になりました when referring to how much time has passed?",
"view_count": 163
} | [
{
"body": "I think it is because it refers to this year or this day. If it refers to the\npast year or day, it is 昨日で彼女に最後に会ってから１０年になりました.\n\nAs for この前彼に会ってから５年がたちました, it is the same, and 最後に is more natural. If it\nrefers to this day, both (今日で)最後に彼に会ってから５年がたちました and (今日で)最後に彼に会ってから５年がたちます\nare used.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T04:16:50.173",
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{
"body": "「〇〇になります」and 「〇〇となります」are expressions used to describe the state of affairs.\nIt does not mean \"it will become 〇〇\".\n\nIn your own example, your english translation said:\n\n> It is 10 years since I last saw her.\n\nWhy did you say \"is\" and not \"was\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"id": "82991",
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| 82977 | null | 82980 |
{
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"body": "I also would like to know if it relates to any dialect.\n\n> A: またそんなことでこそこそやてるのか。\n\n> B: なんせ 我々にとっては重大{じゅうだい}問題{もんだい} **でやんして**...",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T05:15:58.797",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"colloquial-language",
"manga"
],
"title": "What does the word 「でやんして」mean?",
"view_count": 88
} | []
| 82982 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "82989",
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"body": "Could you explain to me how どうにもなんない works ?\n\nI know that どうにも + V + ない = not by any means, but here I have なん in between\ninstead of a verb.\n\nContext: a boy has just died and is being discouraged to move on to the after\nlife.\n\n> もちろん死んだんだから、えっちいことだってできないし、そもそも体がないんだから **どうにもなんない** わね\n\nMy try:\n\n> Since you are dead, you can't even hook up with anyone ! Since you don't\n> have a body, there is nothing you can do\n\n**edit:**\n\nas – istrasci suggested, is is どうにもなんない = どうにもな **ら** ない ？？\n\nI believed before it was どうにもな **に** ない ？",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T06:05:59.727",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Explanation of どうにもなんない",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "どうにもなんない is a contracted form of どうにもならない, which means \"there is no way\", \"it\namounts to nothing\", \"hopeless\", \"to end up being meaningless\" etc., depending\non the context.\n\nThis contraction pattern is described in general here:\n<https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61959/5010>\n\nSo \"na **ran** ai\" becomes \"na **n-n** ai\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-08T11:18:39.270",
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| 82983 | 82989 | 82989 |
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"body": "> 『それにしても、随分と思い切りましたわね、士道さん』\n>\n> 狂三が、面白がるような口調で言ってくる。士道は一瞬口ごもってから返した。\n>\n> 「……仕方ねえだろ。それに、狂三だって賛成したじゃねえかよ」\n>\n> 『まあ、それはそれですけれど。ーー確かに、折紙さんが現れる前に<ファントム>を追い払うことができたのなら、折紙さんはそもそも攻撃する目標を失う\n> **わけですし** 』\n\nThe context is that 士道 and 狂三 are carrying out some plan to prevent 折紙 from\nattacking “phantom”\n\nHi. Is the わけですし the same as わけですから? If it is, is the speaker using this\nconstruction 「～わけだから、～する／なるのは当然だ」, as is explained in this link?\n\n>\n> 「～わけだ」は根拠に基づいて論理的に引き出される結論を述べます。ある事実を根拠にして、当然の成り行きとして後件が起こることを表します。ｅ「～わけだから」は、「～わけだから、～する／なるのは当然だ」という形で使われることが多く、理論的に説明や解説、理由を述べるときに使われます。「～わけだから」の主語は多くの場合話し手以外の人や事柄になります。\n> ⑩あなたは皆から選ばれたわけだから、頑張るのは当然だ。\n\n<https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201612.html>\n\nIt seems that the speaker 狂三 is explaining why she agrees with the plan\nbecause 士道 says 狂三だって賛成したじゃねえかよ. So maybe there is something omitted after\nわけですし, such as 「賛成するのは当然です」.\n\nIf I am on the wrong track, please tell me how to understand the わけですし.\n\nThank you.",
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"title": "What would be the function or meaning of わけですし?",
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| 82995 | null | null |
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"body": "A nightmare is あくむ, which in kanji seems straightforward: 悪夢 (bad dream);\nhowever, \"to have a nightmare\" is うなされる, which has its own special kanji, 魘,\nwhich apparently is a verb since it's followed by sareru.\n\nIs there overlap between these two expressions for \"nightmare\", 悪夢 and 魘? Can\n悪夢 be turned into a verb to have the same meaning as うなされる, or is this\nunnatural?",
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"title": "うなされる vs. あくむ, are they related?",
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{
"body": "うなされる just means \"to suffer (and make noise or sleep-talk while sleeping)\".\nIts cause (marked with に) is typically a nightmare, but it can be something\nelse like high fever\n([熱にうなされる](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%86%B1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B)).\nThere is nothing redundant about saying 悪夢にうなされる.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xFhajm.png)\n\nI personally did not know the kanji 魘, and I doubt more than 10% of native\nspeakers can read it.",
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"body": "> Can 悪夢 be turned into a verb to have the same meaning as うなされる, or is this\n> unnatural?\n\nIn short, \"no\".\n\nThere is no verb form for 悪夢. The closest I can think of is 悪夢【あくむ】を見【み】る\n(literally \"to see a bad dream\").\n\nMeanwhile, 魘【うな】される means \"to groan in one's sleep as if in anguish\". It\ndoesn't actually have anything specifically to do with dreams, as noted also\nby naruto.\n\n> うなされる vs. あくむ, are they related?\n\nAlso in a word, \"no\".\n\n# 悪夢【あくむ】\n\nThis is a word ultimately borrowed from Chinese. It's first attested in\nJapanese during the Muromachi period (1336–1573), per the Kokugo Dai Jiten\nentry [here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%82%AA%E5%A4%A2-140778). It's a\ncompound of 悪【あく】 (\"bad\") + 夢【む】 (\"dream\").\n\n# 魘【うな】される\n\nThis appears to be a purely-Japanese term, not a borrowing. It is first cited\nby the Kokugo Dai Jiten entry\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AD%98-2011574) to a kabuki play script\nfrom 1703.\n\n## Derivation of 魘【うな】される\n\nLet's look a bit deeper at うなされる. This word is a bit odd, and its form raises\nsome questions.\n\n_(This gets long. Jump to the end if you get impatient. )_\n\n### Probably a compound\n\nAfter digging around in a few dictionaries ([魘される entry in Daijisen at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AD%98%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B-441079),\n[魘 entry in Kokugo Dai Jiten at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AD%98-2011574), [うなされる page at\nWeblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E9%AD%98%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B)),\nI was left frustrated: none of these include any derivation.\n\nI finally found that my local copy of Daijirin includes a note that the う on\nthe front is probably the same う in 唸【うな】る (\"to howl, to growl; to moan, to\ngroan; to grunt\").\n\n> 〔「う」は「うなる」などの「う」と同源【どうげん】か〕 \n> (the _u_ might be cognate with the _u-_ in _unaru_ , etc.)\n\nDaijirin has this additional note at 唸【うな】る:\n\n> 〔擬声語「う」に「鳴る」が付いてできた語〕 \n> (a word derived by adding 鳴【な】る (\"to make a sound\") to the onomatopoeia _u_\n> )\n\nA look a the [うなる page at\nWeblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B) gives us\nthis note from Daijisen, partially confirming the Daijirin notes:\n\n> 《「う」は擬声語》 \n>\n\nIf so, the basic underlying meaning of the verb would be \"to go _oooo_ , to\nmake an _oooo_ sound: to moan\". The main difference in meaning between うなる and\nうなされる is that うなされる seems to refer specifically to the sense \"to moan while\nasleep and in apparent anguish\".\n\nAll the dictionaries also show that うなされる is the modern 下【しも】一段【いちだん】活用【かつよう】\n(\"lower monograde conjugation\") pattern that arose regularly from the older\n下【しも】二段【にだん】活用【かつよう】 form うなさる.\n\nHistorically then, we have う (onomatopoeia for the noise made) + なさる. This なさる\nis a little odd.\n\n### Odd form\n\nうなさる could be analyzed as う (onomatopoeia for the noise made) + なさる (honorific\nfor \"to do, to make\"), itself a polite and honorific form of なす, an old\nsynonym for する and the transitive / causative counterpart to なる (\"to become,\nto come into being\"). But it's not clear why this verb would be built using\nthe honorific なさる.\n\nThat said, the earlier form of the modern passive ending _-areru_ was indeed\njust _-aru_ with this same 下【しも】二段【にだん】 pattern. And for that matter, just as\nin modern Japanese, the passive was used to construct honorifics via the\nglobally-common technique of making things more polite through indirection --\nなさる is _both_ a passive and an honorific form of なす.\n\n### Passive?\n\nAs mentioned in a comment, うなされる looks like a passive form, with the regular\npassive _-areru_ ending. However, there is no verb うなす, nor any verb うぬ (for\nwhich うなされる might be a causative-passive). As an alternative analysis, this\nmight be うな + される (\"to be _una_ -ed\"), but there is no fitting noun _una_ that\nmight fit: there is 項【うな】 (\"back of the neck: the nape\"), 鰻【うな】 (short for\nunagi: \"eel\"), and うな as an ancient contraction of 汝【うぬ】は (\"you\" as the\ntopic), and none of these make sense.\n\n### Usage and conjecture\n\nThe common usage example I see in various dictionaries is 「悪夢【あくむ】にうなされる」,\nwhich looks an awful lot like a passive construction.\n\nThe [blog linked in naruto's comment](http://kokugojuku.com/blog2271) also\ndiscusses the possibility that this word is a passive form, but their analysis\ngoes in a direction I don't quite agree with, suggesting that \"oni\" or\n\"ghosts\" would be the active agents of hypothetical verb うなす, and that the\nsleeping moaner is being うなす-ed by the \"ghosts\".\n\nI explored the idea that うなされる is the passive form of unattested うなす, itself\nfrom う (onomatopoeia) + なす (\"to do, to make\"), from the sense that なす was\nsometimes used in ways that come close to being a causative: \"to make someone\ndo something\". うなされる could thus be parsed as \"to be made to make an _oooo_\nsound: to be made to moan or groan\". However, further research into なす usage\npatterns seems to rule this out.\n\nAnother possibility is that this is from うなる (\"to moan, to groan\") as the\nregular causative-passive うならされる, with the medial -ら- dropping out for some\nreason.\n\n### Ultimately, mysterious\n\nうなされる sure looks like a passive, and it takes the に construction in a similar\nway. But it remains uncertain. Without further textual evidence of some\nearlier form, we're left with guesswork, and the verb's true derivation lies\nstill hidden in history.",
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| 82996 | 83006 | 83006 |
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"body": "According to jisho.org, [触る is both transitive and\nintransitive](https://jisho.org/word/%E8%A7%A6%E3%82%8B).\n\nHow is it that it can be both? Here are two example sentences from my\ndictionary:\n\n> 僕の車を触らないでくれ。 \n> ぼくのカメラに触らないでくれ\n\nWhat is the difference in nuance between these two sentences?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the difference in meaning when 触る is used with に vs when it is used with を?",
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| 82997 | null | null |
{
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"body": "I would like to know which is the meaning of 業務執行社員／業務を執行する社員 (company\nemployee who executes business operations). How do these words differ from\njust 社員?\n\nMay 業務執行社員／業務を執行する社員 refer to \"a representative, a proxy\", that is, a company\nemployee who represent the company and is authorised to act in its name?\n\nThank you so much in advance for your help!",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Meaning of 業務執行社員",
"view_count": 132
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{
"body": "It must be 常務（執行役員） instead of 業務（執行役員）, literally nobody says 業務執行役員 and it\ndoes not make sense at all. 常務執行役員 is the name of title which is unique to\nJapanese culture. The definition is that this person is a board member but\nonly responsible for execution, management is out of his or her\nresponsibility. There are many titles in Japanese \"サラリーマン\" culture but mostly\n会長、社長、副社長、専務、常務、部長、課長 are the common titles. Depends on companies, the variety\nof tiles vary but these are the most common ones.",
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"body": "The word 社員 lit. \"firm member\" is ambiguous in Japanese. In everyday language,\nit normally means \"company staff(s)\" or \"employee\" (= 従業員). In legal terms,\nhowever, it means those who has right to participate in a legally established\norganization, that is, for a usual joint-stock company, shareholders.\n\nThus 業務執行社員 (as a technical term) means a shareholder who executes the\ncompany's business. It is a legal concept (that the director board can\ndelegate such-and-such to them...), and usually not used as a public title\nsuch as 社長, 取締役, 役員, CEO etc.",
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| 82999 | 83009 | 83009 |
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"body": "I'm writing a paragraph for my Japanese oral exam and want to say \"i have\nclass in ten minutes\", or \"i will go to my class in ten minutes\", how would i\nsay this?",
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"tags": [
"katakana",
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"title": "How would i say \"in ten minutes\"?",
"view_count": 712
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{
"body": "I have class in ten minutes is 私は１０分後に授業がある。 I will go to my calss in ten\nminutes is 私は１０分後に授業に行く。\n\nIn japanese, the most natural way to say it might be （自分の）授業は１０分後に始まる。 which\nis my calss begins in 10 minutes.",
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"body": "In the anime 少女革命ウテナ (Revolutionary Girl Utena) one of the shadow girls often\nsays\n\n> かしら、かしら。ご存知かしら？\n\nwhich is translated in the subtitles as \"I wonder, I wonder. Do you know what\nI wonder?\".\n\nI'm familiar with adding かしら after the predicate but I've not come across it\nas a standalone word before. Is this usage standard? If someone asks me, for\nexample, \"do you think my cunning plan will work?\", and I'm not sure of the\nanswer, can I just respond with かしら? It feels unlikely to me.\n\nUnrelated, but I also have no idea how ご存知 works in this phrase.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Usage of かしら as a standalone phrase",
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{
"body": "mostly women use the word かしら when they are not sure about a certain thing.\nFor example 今日は雨が降るかしら？ means i wonder if it rains today. Men would say\n今日は雨が降るかな？ in the same situation, if men say かしら at the end of the sentence it\nsounds a bit weird. With regard to 「かしら、かしら。ご存知かしら？」 does not make any sense\nin terms of grammer. This is a particular phrase that author of this anime\nwants to add some unique feature to this particular character like cliche but\nas everyday conversation, this does not make sense at all.",
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"body": "These かしら are meaningless except that they add some rhythm. This pattern is\nknown as [三三七拍子](http://www.worldfolksong.com/calendar/japan/san-san-\nnana.html). Note that those shadow girls talk fairly theatrically, playing the\nrole similar to western clowns\n([video](https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm14748099)), so they don't have to\nspeak normally. In English, maybe something like \"sing- _a-ling-a-ling_ \" or\n\"see you later _alligator_ \" is somewhat close to this.\n\nご存じかしら literally means \"(I wonder,) Do you know?\", not \"Do you know what I\nwonder?\" But when translating a catchphrase like this, rhythm is more\nimportant than the semantic fidelity, so I don't think the translator made a\nmistake.",
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"body": "In english you can call objects an 'it', as well as people, and generally seen\nas rude to call a person an 'it'. Is it possible for something similar to be\ndone in japanese? Call a person an 'it'?\n\nIf not, is there a way of addressing/ talking about someone that invokes the\nsame feeling of 'i see this person as an object'?",
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"verbs",
"slang",
"pronouns"
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"title": "How to refer to a person as an 'It'",
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{
"body": "Probably the easiest way to do it would be to refer to the person using これ それ\nあれ rather than either using their name, or こちら / この人 / この方 etc.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-09T02:57:12.757",
"id": "83008",
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"body": "Well, if you don't want the risk of sounding unnatural, こいつ/やつ are pronouns\nthat can be used for both people and objects, and they are quite disrespectful\nas well. You can further write those pronouns in katakana to emphasize the\ndistance between you (or whoever) and the object-person. (katakana can both\nexpress intimacy and stiffness/foreignness, usually by context you can\ndetermine which is which)\n\nYou could also emphasize the dynamic between (whoever) and the object-person\nby using を more frequently than が in places where they're interchangeable,\n[since を implies more control over an object in a sentence according to\nIMABI](https://www.imabi.net/gavswo.htm)\n\nMost other advices I could give involve niche sentence structure changes or\ngrammatical changes like the one I just gave you. I'm not sure there's an easy\nway to convey the same feeling of \"it\" in Japanese, to be honest.",
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| 83007 | null | 86897 |
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"body": "よ particle, has among other uses, is used to convey new information, which he\nbelieves that the other person does not know about/he assumes that the other\nperson does not know. E.g. One person, who attended a party, to the other\nperson (who did not attend), 楽しいよ.\n\nHowever, I am confused as to what extent can it be used to convey new\ninformation. E.g. when introducing yourself to someone new, you don't often\nhear 私はXyz-sanですよ, even though it is a new information. So, I wanted to ask\nwas, what is the scope of よ in context of introducing new information. Like\ncan we use it, every time we convey something new? E.g. Like I read XYZ book,\nand B does not know about it, can I generally speak 私はXYZを読んだよ, e.g. my mother\nis asking me what is my brother doing (as she does not know and wants to\nknow), to convey this can I use 兄貴は食べ物を作っていますよ, or is there a limit on the\ntype/form of new information we can share by using the particle よ?\n\n教えてください",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T12:28:35.000",
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"id": "83011",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-よ"
],
"title": "Scope of よ particle, when used to convey new information",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "I don’t agree with your definition. You don’t use it just because the other\nperson does’t know something or you want emphasize what you think is\nimportant.\n\nThe point is gap of recognition between the speaker and the listener. For\nexample, 楽しいよ implies that the other person is not enjoyed enough as you think\nthey should, and you are trying to change their mind or action, especially in\nrising intonation. (note; You may conventionally use it even if you don’t\nreally mean that, especially when you refer to what’s socially considered\nbeneficial to the listener. e.g. おいしいですよ〜 ぜひ、ひとつ)\n\n * わかりましたよ (I got it. Stop asking already!)\n * あったよ (We found it. Relax!)\n\nSecondly, it can be used with plain forms of predicates for the purpose of\neasing more or less too decisive tone. Your example of 読んだよ falls into this,\nand would be all the more natural if that responded with the questioner’s\ncuriosity in a question, which is what’s socially considered beneficial to the\nother person. In this regard, 読みましたよ would feature the aspect explained above,\nin short, sound like “I read it. The said one”.\n\nAs for the third example, you can’t use よ as a response to the questioner who\nis actually seeing the scene, (edit; when you are not in the scene, you can,\nbecause there’s a gap in terms of knowledge.) because there’s no gap\nconcerning perception. In other words, you can use it as a monologue, or a\nresponse as an interpretation of the situation, which is expressed as\n作ってるんだよ.What’s natural is simple 作ってる in this case, anyway. Incidentally,\nusing polite style among family member is not ordinary.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-10T07:16:16.280",
"id": "83023",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83011 | 83023 | 83023 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83022",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> Speaker A: こんなバカげた仕事はさっさと終わらせて一服したいね。 \n> Speaker B: まあ、おまえらは人に使われていくらだからなぁ。 \n> Speaker B: 少し苦しいかもしれないけど、しっかり頼むぜ。\n\nI don't understand the second sentence, いくら is \"how much?\" and だから means \"it\nis because...\"\n\nCan't make sense of it...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T14:10:48.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83013",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T06:14:31.983",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-10T04:28:23.903",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "31618",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What 人に使われていくら means here",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "**～ていくら** (or more commonly **～てなんぼ** , where\n[なんぼ](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%BD%95%E3%81%BC) is a kansai-ben version of\nいくら) is a little slangy set phrase that means \"to be worthy only if ～\", \"to be\nmeaningless without ～\" or \"to be all about ～ing\". It works like a no-adjective\nas a whole. This いくら/なんぼ is \"how much (money)\", so the original idea is that\nyou get paid only after doing something. But this is an idiom and can be used\noutside business-related contexts, too. This だから is just \"because\" or \"...,\nso, ...\", and here it adds the nuance of \"you know what\" or \"you get the\npoint\".\n\n * 俺たちは人を騙していくらの商売だ。 \n俺たちの商売は人を騙してなんぼだ。 \nOur job is all about deceiving someone.\n\n * ここに来たならあのステーキを食べてナンボでしょ！ \nIt's meaningless to come here if you don't eat that steak!\n\n * これは死んでなんぼのゲームだよ。 \nThis is a kind of game where you learn by dying many times.\n\n * おまえらは人に使われていくらだからなぁ。 \nIt's your job to let others push you around, you know. \nYou guys are only worthy by serving someone else.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T04:13:29.883",
"id": "83022",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T06:14:31.983",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-10T06:14:31.983",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83013",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 83013 | 83022 | 83022 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83021",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Sorry for the \"what is the the difference\" question, but my usual sources\ndidn't give me a satisfactory answer (「同じです。」...).\n\nFrom the ways I've seen them used, there seems to be some difference in\nmeaning though.\n\nMy understanding is that びっくり implies a sudden surprise like a jumpscare,\nwhereas 驚く is a more \"calm\" surprise, as in \"I am surprised that X is the\ncase\".\n\nAm I reading too much into the usage here?\n\nWhat confuses me though is 「驚いて飛び上がる」 (Though I can see why 「びっくりして飛び上がる」\nwould sound somewhat redundant).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T14:13:33.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83014",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T01:15:54.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Is there some difference between びっくりする and 驚く besides casual/formal?",
"view_count": 1270
} | [
{
"body": "According to dictionary.goo.ne.jp\n\nDefinition of びっくり １ （「吃驚」「喫驚」とも当てて書く）突然のことや意外なことに一瞬おどろくさま。「急に肩をたたかれてびっくりする」\n\n２ わずかに動くさま。びくり。多く、否定の語を伴って用いる。 「―ともする若衆ぢゃあねえ」〈伎・名歌徳〉\n\nTranslation!\n\n１To be surprised from unexpected or sudden things for an instant.\n\n２ To barely move (Move just a little). Commonly accompanied with the negative\nform.\n\nExamples:\n[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/びっくり/#je-103152](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A/#je-103152)\n\nDefinition source:\n[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/びっくり/#jn-185375](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A/#jn-185375)\n\nDefinition of 驚く\n\n［動カ五（四）］《意識していなかった物事に、はっと気づく意が原義》\n\n１ 意外なことに出くわして、心に衝撃を受ける。びっくりする。感嘆する。「宇宙の神秘に―・く」「父の博識に―・く」\n\n２ はっと気がつく。 「ほととぎすけさ鳴く声に―・けば君に別れし時にぞありける」〈古今・哀傷〉\n\n３ 目が覚める。 「あまたたび言ふ声にぞ―・きて見れば」〈枕・八〉\n\n(To suddenly realize something that the speaker was not conscious)\n\n１To encounter with something unexpected, to receive a shock in heart. To be\nsurprised (びっくり). To admire.\n\n２Sudden realizing.\n\n３To wake up (Open eyes)\n\nExamples:\n[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/驚く/#je-8753](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E9%A9%9A%E3%81%8F/#je-8753)\n\nDefinition source:\n[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/驚く/#jn-32198](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E9%A9%9A%E3%81%8F/#jn-32198)\n\nAlmost the same thing.\n\nAs I can see 驚く has negative connotations as well, you are surprised at\nsomething that is not subjectively good.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T21:42:29.187",
"id": "83017",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-09T22:02:48.710",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-09T22:02:48.710",
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"owner_user_id": "36379",
"parent_id": "83014",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "びっくりする is more informal and sounds more casual/colloquial than 驚く.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [How to say \"surprising\" in Japanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17533/9831) `びっくりする: (verb) Be surprised. informal, but not a dialect.`\n\n * [How to say something is not unusually x](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24989/9831) `びっくりするほど would sound casual and colloquial.`\n\n* * *\n\n> What confuses me though is 「驚いて飛び上がる」 (Though I can see why 「びっくりして飛び上がる」\n> would sound somewhat redundant).\n\nびっくりして飛び上がる doesn't sound redundant to my native ear. びっくりして飛び上がる sounds more\ncasual and colloquial than 驚いて飛び上がる. I would expect to see/hear 驚いて飛び上がった in\nwriting or formal speech, and びっくりして飛び上がった in daily conversation.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T01:15:54.760",
"id": "83021",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T01:15:54.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "83014",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 83014 | 83021 | 83021 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83031",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When linking adjectives, you can either use 読点(、) or て-form. So I could write\nthe following sentence in two ways:\n\n> くじゃくは、長い、美しい尾を扇のように広げました。 \n> くじゃくは、長くて美しい尾を扇のように広げました。 \n> The peacock expanded its long, beautiful tail like a fan.\n\nI'd like to know the difference between these two sentences. I've heard that\nusing the comma sounds more formal, but I was wondering if there was a\ndifference in meaning as well. I'd also like to know if its possible to use\nmore than 2 adjectives with the 読点 and if it is possible to use な-adjs with\n読点.\n\nFor example is it possible to replace this sentence:\n\n> 奇麗で控え目で優しくてしおらしい女性です。\n\nwith this?:\n\n> 奇麗な、控え目な、優しい、しおらしい女性です。\n\nThat second sentence does sound very odd to me, so if it's incorrect, is there\na different way to do it, or do 形容動詞 require で when linked (even with 読点)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T19:20:44.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83016",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T19:59:24.383",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-09T22:24:27.710",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21657",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "Difference between using 読点 and て形 when using multiple adjectives",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "Using the i-form (usually with a comma) for this purpose sounds more literary\nthan you might be thinking. It's not \"simply formal\". It's even a little\nverse-like to me. You can use this pattern sparingly when you want to describe\nsomething dramatically or oratorically, but you should not overuse it. Your\nlast sentence is perhaps okay in a melodrama or a dramatic wedding speech, but\nI think it's unrealistic in an ordinary conversation.\n\nIf you feel like avoiding te-forms and want to make the sentence \"simply\nformal\", consider using\n[かつ](https://www.nihongomaster.com/dictionary/entry/19729/katsu) instead.\n\nSee Also:\n\n * [What's the difference in nuance between multiple 形容詞 (い-adjectives) with and without て-form?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/63211/5010)\n * [Combining two い-adjectives without using て](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11366/5010) (as an exception, something like this is completely normal)\n * [Not using くて in i-adjective Conjunctions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/59575/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T19:39:36.553",
"id": "83031",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83016",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83016 | 83031 | 83031 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83030",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What's the difference between 関する【かんする】, 関係する【かんけいする】, and 関連する【かんれんする】?\n\nI've tried looking for an answer on HiNative, and while I did find two\nanswers, I didn't quite understand the differences. I then also tried reading\nthe definitions for these words on dictionary.goo.ne.jp, which also didn't\nhelp, and tatoeba.org only has one sentence containing 関連する【かんれんする】. Looking\nthe words up on jisho.org and eow.alc.co.jp didn't help either.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-09T23:59:28.780",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83018",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T21:21:31.360",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "33994",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 関する【かんする】, 関係する【かんけいする】, and 関連する【かんれんする】?",
"view_count": 863
} | [
{
"body": "**関する** literally means \"to regard\" or \"to concern\", but it's almost always\nused as a modifier (either adjectivally or adverbially) rather than as an\nordinary predicate. It's used to tell what you are talking about.\n\n * 彼女に関する話 \na story regarding her\n\n * この件に関して話す \nto discuss concerning this issue\n\n * 明日の会議に関しては、… \nAs for the meeting tomorrow, ...\n\n**関係する** and **関連する** both mean \"to be related\" in English, and they are often\nindeed interchangeable. 関連 tends to refer to more indirect relationships like\n\"different but conceptually similar\", \"have something in common\" or \"people\nare often reminded of this\". On the other hand, 関係 tends to refer to more\ndirect relationships like knowing or affecting each other.\n\nFor example, Babe Ruth and [Sadaharu\nOh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaharu_Oh) have a 関連 (they are both known\nas great home run batters) but people usually do not say they have a 関係 (they\ndidn't know each other personally). We say \"CPUとメモリの関係\" but not \"CPUとメモリの関連\"\nbecause they are closely tied and work together. In Wikipedia, \"See Also\"\nsections are called 関連記事 in the Japanese version because each article is\nbasically independent and does not affect others.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T19:09:42.857",
"id": "83030",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T19:09:42.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83018",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "I often find that in such cases it's helpful to consult a kanji dictionary and\nother words with the kanji involved to get a feel of the range of meanings.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 関わる [kakawaru] be concerned in, have to do with\n>\n> 係 [kakari] 1) charge, duty, concern; 2) person in charge\n>\n> 関係 [kankei] 1) relationship, relation, connection, reference; ~ga aru, ~suru\n> be related to smth., have a connection, concern; ~naku regardless of smth.;\n> 2) involvement, participation, concernment; ~suru be involved, participate;\n> 3) influence; ~suru have influence on smth.; 4) connection, sexual relations\n>\n> 連れる [tsureru] take smb. along\n>\n> 連続 [renzoku] 1) continuity, succession, series; ~suru continue, last; in\n> compounds continuous; 2) continuously, without a break\n>\n> 連絡 [renraku] contact; connection; liaison; communication; ~suru contact;\n> connect; communicate\n\n(definitions from the JiShop dictionary)\n\nFrom which we can infer:\n\n 1. 関する is _probably_ similar in meaning to 関わる, i.e. it hints that something is connected or relates to the subject being mentioned.\n 2. 関係 is possibly used to describe human relations or similar.\n 3. 関連 seems to hint at some kind of _connection_ or link between the two subjects.\n\nOf course, in practice it's a bit more nuanced as naruto describes, for\nexample in the vast majority of cases 関する is used as a set expression ～に関する～\nand 関係 is not limited to human relations.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother good option is to do a Web search for \"X と Y の違い\". There are multiple\nsites and blogs devoted to such topics and even though most of them are in\nJapanese you should be able to get a gist of it with some work (and practice\nyour Japanese at the same time ;) For example, from [this\npage](https://meaning-difference.com/?p=1235):\n\n> 「関連」は、「その人やものごとに直接つながりのあること」を表します。\n>\n> 「関係」は、「その人やものごとに間接的にでもかかわりを持つこと」を表します。\n>\n> 2つの違いは「直接的か間接的か」という点です\n\nMy take:\n\n> 関連 shows that \"those people or things themselves have a direct connection\"\n>\n> 関係 shows that \"those people or things have a relation, even if indirect\"\n>\n> The main difference is \"direct or indirect\" point of view.\n\nThere are also good examples on the page which show when the specific word\nshould be used or not.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T21:21:31.360",
"id": "83034",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T21:21:31.360",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "83018",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83018 | 83030 | 83030 |
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