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{
"accepted_answer_id": "83020",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "```\n\n 大丈夫って\n \n```\n\ncan either mean \"I heard someone said it's ok\" or it can mean \"I said it's ok\"\n\nHow do I know which one is being implied if someone says that to me?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T00:20:13.713",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83019",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T00:57:19.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "って to mean \"I said\" rather than \"I heard\"",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "You can _usually_ tell the difference from the pitch/intonation, but not\nalways, and you would have to tell from the context. For example:\n\n> 意味[ないって]{HLLL}。 -- \"I'm telling you~~!\" (but could also mean \"S/he told\n> me~~\") \n> 意味[ないって]{HLLH}。 -- \"S/he told me~~\"\n\n> 大丈夫[だって]{LLL}。 -- \"I'm telling you~~\" (but could also mean \"S/he told me~~\") \n> 大丈夫[だって]{LLH}。 -- \"S/he told me~~\" \n> 大丈夫[だって]{HHL}！ -- \"I'm telling you~~!\" (more emphatic)\n\n> [ヤバいって]{LHLLL}... -- \"I'm telling you...\" \n> [ヤバいって]{LHLLH}。 -- \"S/he told me~~\"\n\nExamples taken from related threads:\n\n * [Use of って when quotation doesn't make sense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69376/9831)\n * [Some questions about って](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18737/9831)\n\nAnd your example:\n\n> 大丈夫[って]{LL}。 -- _usually_ means \"I'm telling you~~!\" \n> 大丈夫[って]{LH}。 -- \"S/he told me~~\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T00:57:19.223",
"id": "83020",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T00:57:19.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "83019",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83019 | 83020 | 83020 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Sentence: 「おや、Xさん。テストの結果が貼りだされているというのに **見て行かなくて** いいんですか？」\n\nHow 見ていく is used here is confounding me. 見て行く would be something like \"see the\ntest result and then go his way\". I understand that what this character wants\nto ask is \"Even though the results have already been posted, is it okay to not\ngive them a look (before going away)\". However, why is the 行く in negative form\nand not 見る?\n\nThe thing the person will leave without doing is \"seeing\". Would it be wrong\nto say 「（…） **見ないで行って** もいいんですか？」? Or 「 **見に行かなくて** いいんですか？」?\n\nThere's been repeated instances of an unexpected part of a sentence with the\nて-form going into the negative (usually the last verb) and catching me off-\nguard as it seems to negate the whole sequence of verbs. In a sentence with\nthe te-form, if the last verb is negative, does that negation include the verb\nin the て-form as well? Or does it happen here because 見て行く(the kanji is\nutilized in the source as well, which made me think it was to emphasize\nseparate actions: 見る and then 行く) is treated differently?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T14:27:35.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83025",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T19:18:29.893",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-10T19:18:29.893",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "39528",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"negation"
],
"title": "Negative form and て行く (maybe て-form in general)",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "As you interpret, 見て行く means see sth here before go away. 見て行く works like one\nword, so negating ない could be added after it. e.g.見ていかなくてもいいの\n\nBut also you can divide it and say 見ないで行ってもいいの.\n\nFor me 見て行かなくても sounds by far more natural but 見ないで行っても would be barely OK.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T17:12:02.423",
"id": "83028",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T17:18:05.373",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-10T17:18:05.373",
"last_editor_user_id": "38735",
"owner_user_id": "38735",
"parent_id": "83025",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 83025 | null | 83028 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83029",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the meaning of the structure ~に於るが如くin the sentence「兵士の気節に於るが如く」?\n\nIt is my understanding that [Verb]+が如く is a somewhat literary synonym for\n[Verb]+ように, meaning \"like [Verb]\", or \"in the manner of [Verb]\" and [Noun]+に於る\nmeans \"regarding [Noun]\", or \"as for [Noun]\", but I'm not sure how the two\narticulate.\n\nCould it be that が如く instead complements the noun phrase 兵士の気節に於る, all\ntogether meaning something like \"Like the moral backbone of the soldier\"?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T14:27:43.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83026",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T18:21:48.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41178",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "meaning of ~に於るが如く",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "兵士の気節に於るが如く means not \"like the moral backbone of soldiers\" but \"like **in**\nthe moral backbone of soldiers\" or \"similarly to **the case of** the moral\nbackbone of soldiers\". (気骨 is a fairly rare word and I don't know if 'moral\nbackbone' is the best translation, but let's leave it for now.)\n\n * が如く is roughly the same as の如く, and they mean \"like ～\" or \"similarly to ～\". が was a possession marker in classical Japanese. It follows a noun. \n * [Why is there a が in 深淵に臨むが如し?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70684/5010)\n * [「が」vs「の」 with possessives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39264/5010)\n * 於る【おける】 is a perfective attributive form of 於く【おく】 in classical Japanese, but you probably know this [as a fixed grammar pattern](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6-ni-oite-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B-ni-okeru-meaning/). For now, please know that attributive form of a classical verb worked as a noun, and this pattern sometimes appears in modern Japanese, too. So here 兵士の気節に於る is a _noun_ phrase meaning \"the case/situation of the moral backbone of soldiers\". \n * [How can （の）目指すは be grammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12538/5010)\n * [<動詞の辞書形> + がよい ― How is this allowed?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6714/5010)\n\nLikewise, 社会民主党などといふ場合に於けるが如く in the example you found means \"as seen in the\ncase where people say something like 社会民主党\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T18:15:46.650",
"id": "83029",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T18:21:48.290",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-10T18:21:48.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83026",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83026 | 83029 | 83029 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83032",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「芝生」 is pronounced as しばふ, I wonder why 生 here is pronounced ふ, and is there\nany word containing 生 pronounced ふ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T16:03:25.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83027",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T20:17:42.837",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "40606",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Etymology of 「芝生」 and pronunciation of 「生」 here",
"view_count": 486
} | [
{
"body": "生 with a reading of ふ is uncommon, but it's not only in 芝生【しばふ】. It was used\nin Old Japanese as a standalone noun, with a general sense of \"place with lush\ngreenery\". Given the sense and reading, I suspect it might be connected\nsomehow to the verb forms 生【は】える (\"to grow\", intransitive) and 生【は】やす (\"to\ngrow something, to make something grow\", transitive).\n\nIn more recent years, this 生【ふ】 isn't used on its own, and appears mostly as\nthe second element in various compounds.\n\nHere's a quick-and-dirty survey of my electronic Daijirin copy for all the\nwords ending in 生【ふ】:\n\n * 粟生【あわふ】, \"millet field\" (archaic)\n * 切生【きりふ】, \"a type of goose feather with thick black bands\" (the 生 here is probably ateji for 斑【ふ】)\n * 草生【くさふ】, \"place with a lot of grass growing\"\n * 笹生【ささふ】, \"place with a lot of sasa (dwarf bamboo) growing\"\n * 芝生【しばふ】, \"lawn\"\n * 杉生【すぎう】, (older すぎふ), \"place with a lot of cedars growing\" (archaic)\n * 芹生【せりょう】, (older せりふ), \"place with a lot of _seri_ (Japanese parsley) growing\"\n * 園生【そのう】, (older そのふ), \"cultivated garden\"\n * 武生【たけふ】, place name for a city in Fukui Prefecture, from 竹【たけ】 + 生【ふ】, \"place with a lot of bamboo growing\"\n * 茅生【ちふ】, \"place with a lot of thatch growing\" (archaic)\n * 麦生【むぎふ】, \"place with a lot of grass-grain (wheat, oat, barley) growing\"\n * 葎生【むぐらふ】, \"place with a lot of _mugura_ (creepers, vines) growing\" (archaic)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T20:17:42.837",
"id": "83032",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-10T20:17:42.837",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "83027",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 83027 | 83032 | 83032 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I sent an email a Japanese former colleage of mine, and he replied several\nweeks later. His reply included an emphatic apology for not replying sooner\n(返信が遅くなってしまって本当にごめんなさい。） Is there a polite phrase I can use in my reply to\nacknowledge his apology and let him know that I was not inconvenienced?\n\nI am thinking 気にしないでください sounds inappropriately like forgiveness (when in fact\nthe delay was understandable and not a problem).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T21:16:25.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83033",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T04:40:35.520",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-11T03:05:53.710",
"last_editor_user_id": "41181",
"owner_user_id": "41181",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "In written correspondence, how do I politely say \"it's OK\" in response to an apology?",
"view_count": 547
} | [
{
"body": "The apology might sound severe but this is just normal in written text. Don't\ntake it as the person being ashamed or anything.\n\nJust a regular 「大丈夫です」or 「問題ないです」should suffice.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-12T05:44:13.257",
"id": "83052",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-12T05:44:13.257",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "113",
"parent_id": "83033",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "\"Not replying about it at all\" is perhaps one of the valid options. It signals\n\"fine, let's just forget about it\" without saying anything.\n\nIf you want to respond, just saying 気にしないでください or 大丈夫です might sound a little\nblunt and unfriendly. It's best to explain why you were not bothered.\n\"まだ締め切りには時間がありますので気にしないでください\", \"特に急いでいないので全く問題ありません\", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T04:40:35.520",
"id": "83062",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T04:40:35.520",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83033",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83033 | null | 83062 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83037",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Watching ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキッス, I noticed how heavily stylized the logo appeared to\nbe in the opening (see picture below). Knowing what it's supposed to read, I\nwas somehow able to make out every kana, but as I'm not that good yet at\nreading Japanese, I can't really evaluate when things become kind of difficult\nto read even for native(-like) speakers. So my question is this: How quickly\ncould Japanese native(-like) speakers (or readers in this case) read the logo\ndown below without knowing what it's supposed to read? Thanks!\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jj49R.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-10T23:25:03.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83035",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-11T02:11:51.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35297",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"kana"
],
"title": "Is this heavily stylized text readible?",
"view_count": 1318
} | [
{
"body": "No, even native speakers cannot read this. As istrasci says, the blue part is\nmore like タツノン. People can probably identify most katakana in the red part,\nbut it's almost impossible to recognize フランキス as a word. The last ス looks more\nlike ズ.\n\nI almost thought this was a fan art made by someone who doesn't understand\nkatakana well, but this is something that actually appears in the opening\nmovie. However, it's used as a flashing line art that is shown for less than a\nsecond. I believe it's more like obscure street graffiti and is not meant to\nbe read and understood in the first place.\n\nFor comparison, the following is the true official logo, which is shown at the\nend of the opening movie and is much easier to read.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Xga7.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T01:54:54.177",
"id": "83037",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-11T02:11:51.317",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-11T02:11:51.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83035",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 83035 | 83037 | 83037 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83061",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm talking about this scene:\n[https://youtu.be/e7E2AQQ6lGQ?list=PLxWrrb3wgaZ0RZAgITSqwGrWBsuur1lxz&t=670](https://youtu.be/e7E2AQQ6lGQ?list=PLxWrrb3wgaZ0RZAgITSqwGrWBsuur1lxz&t=670)\n\nContext: A yakuza sees some delinquents beating up a guy. The street happens\nto be his crew's territory so he teaches them a lesson. The guy who was being\nbeat up then tries to thank him and an awkward moment happens where the yakuza\nglares at the guy as if to say \"I didn't do this to help you\". The man then\nawkwardly says: いや,えっとこのたびはどうも...お日柄もよく\n\nFrom what I gather, お日柄もよく is a phrase often used in weddings and other events\nto refer to the day in question as an auspicious or lucky day. How does that\napply to this specific situation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T02:28:03.890",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83038",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T06:22:24.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "39007",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Interpreting the use of \"お日柄もよく\" on this scene",
"view_count": 115
} | [
{
"body": "Simply, this man was very confused, and said something that doesn't make sense\njust to buy time. After all, almost no one knows how to speak properly in\nfront of a yakuza who saved them. Weather is one of the common topics when you\ndon't know what to talk about, so perhaps he wanted to say something like\nいい天気ですね. But he somehow felt this was not polite enough in front of a yakuza,\nso he ended up saying the formal wedding cliché, お日柄も良く. (Strictly speaking,\nお日柄もよく doesn't mean 天気がいい, but they are s somehow similar...)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T04:28:33.017",
"id": "83061",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T06:22:24.723",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-13T06:22:24.723",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83038",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83038 | 83061 | 83061 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83063",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just learned a phrase `つもりです` which can be used to express `plan to do\nsomething`. For example, `来月、日本へ旅行に行くつもりです` and ` 私は結婚しないつもりだ`.\n\nBut what confuses me is the structure of the sentence, `日本へ旅行に行く` is basically\ndescribing the verb `行く`. `つもり` is an noun, so the structure is `verb + noun +\nです`, but for most sentences I have learned so far, the core structure can be\ndivided into `verb [+ます/ません/ました..]` or `noun + だ/です/...`. This `行くつもりです` looks\nweird.\n\nSo my question is, is this a specific structure or my understanding of basic\nstructures is wrong?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T08:13:14.480",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83040",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T04:51:04.090",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-11T08:47:50.570",
"last_editor_user_id": "9905",
"owner_user_id": "9905",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Understanding the structure of つもりです",
"view_count": 156
} | [
{
"body": "Relative clauses in Japanese are much simpler than those in English, so noun-\nbased expressions in the form `verb + noun` is extremely common in Japanese.\n\n * お腹が空いている **はず** です。 \nyou _must_ be hungry\n\n * 言われる **まま** に支払った。 \nI paid as I was told to.\n\n * 旅行に行く **とき** \n_when_ [someone] travels\n\n * 本を読んだ **ため** \n_because_ [someone] read the book\n\nThese weird \"nouns\" are collectively called 形式名詞 (\"formal noun\"). つもり is one\nof them.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [冗談のつもり the grammatical explanation](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69532/5010)\n * [ダンスの先生なんだから、上手なはずですよ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69446/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T04:51:04.090",
"id": "83063",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T04:51:04.090",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83040",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83040 | 83063 | 83063 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm writing an essay for school and to keep the word count down I've been\nusing the verb masu form's stem instead of the te form.\n\nHowever, I'm slightly confused by how consistent it needs to be. Does it only\nneed to be used when you're linking two clauses or in every situation with the\nte form.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 今、電車を乗ってい、音楽を聴く。\n\nor would it be\n\n> 今、電車を乗りい、音楽を聴く。\n\nAnother example:\n\n> このケーキは美味しくて甘く、この紅茶は苦い。\n\nor would it be:\n\n> このケーキは美味しく甘く、この紅茶は苦い。\n\nSimilarly how would this construction work with grammatical constructions that\nrequire the te form such as てから or てくれる, etc.\n\nApologies for the poor examples, I'm not able to use my real essay examples\nbecause of plagiarism.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T12:00:54.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83042",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-13T06:44:21.053",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25653",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to properly use verb stem instead of the te form?",
"view_count": 653
} | [
{
"body": "As a starter, please keep in mind that the masu-stem (aka 連用形) and the te-form\nare **different concepts**. They work somewhat interchangeably [when the stem\nis used in a situation called\n中止法](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/5010), but in most other cases,\nthey are two different concepts, each with many unique usages.\n\n * [Do I have a good grasp on the basics of what the continuative form is?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65936/5010)\n\nIn particular, subsidiary verbs ONLY take the te-form of a verb. 乗っている is fine\nbut 乗りいる is wrong. 食べてみる is fine but 食べ見る is wrong.\n\n * [What is a subsidiary verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010)\n\nい doesn't work as 中止法 although い is the masu-stem of いる. You have to use おり\ninstead. This is an important exception you have to remember.\n\n * [Does anyone know which おり this is?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3334/5010)\n * [meaning of \"~しており、....\"? isn't that 謙譲語{けんじょうご}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14698/5010)\n\nIf you want to list two progressive actions (e.g., \"I am walking and talking\")\nyou have to add ている to the second verb.\n\nIn addition, 電車を乗る is wrong. You have to say 電車に乗る.\n\nThus the following sentence is ungrammatical in three or four ways:\n\n> 今、電車を乗りい、音楽を聴く。\n\nThe corrected version is:\n\n> 今、電車に乗って音楽を聴いている。 \n> 今、電車に乗り音楽を聴いている。 \n> I'm on the train and am listening to music.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 83042 | null | 83064 |
{
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"body": "Hi? What's the difference in terms of usage of wa and wo in some sentences\nlike this one\n\n\"are wo kudasai\" and \"are wa nandesuka?\". But I'm sure it's not because of\nwether it is a statment or a question. Can someone help me about this?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-11T14:03:29.857",
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"tags": [
"particle-は",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Wa and wo differences",
"view_count": 1558
} | [
{
"body": "wa indicates the topic (similar to a subject) of the sentence. wo indicates\nthe object of the sentence.\n\nWhile there is more to it, a beginner can think of the noun marked with wa as\nperforming the verb. The noun marked with wo is having the verb done to it.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"id": "83048",
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| 83043 | null | 83048 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83060",
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"body": "Full text: SQLの集計機能については概要の紹介にとどめますが、SQLによるデータ集計機能はRDBMSの大きな魅力の1つです\n\nMy understanding: Our introductory overview of information about SQL aggregate\nfunctions is limited but the SQL data aggregation function is one of the major\nattractions of RDBMS.\n\nMy Issue: 概要の紹介にとどめますが. I believe that I have not translated this text\ncorrectly. Please help.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T15:56:25.543",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"context"
],
"title": "概要の紹介にとどめますが. I believe that I have not translated this text correctly",
"view_count": 89
} | [
{
"body": "Xに留 **め** る is a **transitive** verb that means \"to limit/keep something to\nX\", but you've translated it as if it were intransitive 留 **ま** る (\"to be\nlimited\", \"to stay\").\n\n> 費用を10000円に留めてください。 \n> Please limit the expense to 10,000 yen.\n>\n> 飲酒を最小限に留めるべきですよ。 \n> You should keep alcohol to a minimum.\n\nThus the original sentence literally means \"As for the SQL aggregate function,\nI will keep it to an introduction\". A more natural translation would be\nsomething like this:\n\n> SQLの集計機能については概要の紹介にとどめますが、SQLによるデータ集計機能はRDBMSの大きな魅力の1つです。 \n> I will not go into detail on the SQL aggregation function (for now), but it\n> is one of the major attractions of RDBMS.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T03:57:16.190",
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| 83047 | 83060 | 83060 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These words all begin with 花（はな↓）, but they all have different pitch accent\npatterns.\n\n花火 は↓なび (There is also 花火↓師)\n\n花芽 はな↓め\n\n花見 はなみ↓ (also, 花見↓月 vs 花見時 which is 平板)\n\nKnowing that the pitch accent of each word is 火↓、芽↓、見↓る（also, 見↓事) does not\nhelp me identify a pattern either. What are the rules that causes the words to\nchange their pitch accent in compound words?\n\nAll references for pitch accent come from スーパー大辞林",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-11T22:53:18.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83051",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"pitch-accent"
],
"title": "Understanding how pitch accent changes in words, especially 和語",
"view_count": 769
} | [
{
"body": "This is unfortunately exceptionally complex and irregular, but there are\nessentially patterns which you can carve out of other patterns and then out of\nthose carve more exceptions.\n\nThe first pattern is that a two-mora + one-mora word _generally_ becomes\natamadaka (maybe 60% of words?). However you need to carve out a huge number\nof exceptions. But that is the default.\n\n 1. 花火: So, は＼なび falls into that pattern with no need to think of it being exceptional. It avoids the kunyomi-compound pattern I mention later due to being rendaku’d.\n\n 2. 花芽: Very often, N+N kunyomi compounds (particularly when they are not rendakued) can result in a drop _between_ the two kunyomi words — this gives the feeling that the two words are still somewhat distinct, not completely merged. I’d say this is what はな＼め falls into. (Compare やまがわ￣ (a mountain river) vs やま＼かわ (mountains and rivers)). This is a very common pattern, like つき＼ひ, はる＼かぜ, etc. Perhaps even worth thinking of it as the default.\n\n 3. 花見: はなみ＼, つきみ＼, ゆきみ＼ are sort of their own class of class of exception. In general N+V kunyomi words become heiban, but you occasionally see some odaka words when V is one mora like 足蹴＼ 雨着＼ 春着＼ , but even the one-mora V words tend to be heiban so these are still exceptions.\n\n 4. 花火師: 〜＼師 , being the one _actual_ suffix you listed (as opposed to just being the second half of a word) has far more consistent pitch: it always causes the word to drop before the suffix （看護師、伝道師、道化師 etc). The NHK accent dictionary lists verb many such suffixes on their own. Some cause a drop before the suffix, some cause the word to become heiban (〜的、〜上（じょう）、〜語, etc), some cause it to become odaka (〜後), some a drop in the middle of the word (like 〜人 in its secondary pattern: にほんじ＼ん, ちょうせんじ＼ん, たいわんじ＼ん, which seems to activate when the word it connects to is odaka. The normal pattern is ＼じん though: アメリカ＼じん、ちゅうごく＼じん、かんこく＼じん)\n\nIn the end there are so many exceptions that the only way to succeed is to\ntrain your ear, get a ton of exposure, and get corrections; but noticing\npatterns and storing exceptions more efficiently can be a decent stopgap\ntowards building a useful feedback/correction loop for yourself along the way.\nEventually these just turn into “intuition” (probably).",
"comment_count": 8,
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| 83051 | 83057 | 83057 |
{
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"body": "I learned the grammatical structure of の for questioning (and explaining)\nthings a while ago, but the exact meaning and which gender uses it has kind of\nconfused me.\n\nHere are a few varied sentence I'd first like to confirm whether my\nunderstanding of the meaning is correct (I've translated them based on the\nfeeling I'm get when I hear them):\n\n`暇があるの？` - You have free time? (I thought you didn't)\n\n`暇がないの？` - You don't have free time? (I thought you did)\n\n`暇があるんじゃない？` - (But surely) You have free time don't you? (Confirming as if\nyou know they don't) - do I need a の at the end?\n\n`暇がないんじゃない？` - (But surely) You don't have free time don't you? (Confirming as\nif you know they do) - do I need a の at the end?\n\nIsn't `暇があるんじゃないの？` not used because it doesn't make sense / sounds weird? And\nthen should you add `か` to the end because it sounds a little feminine or\nreplace `の` with `んですか？` or `のですか？` to be more formal?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-12T18:42:34.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83055",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"questions",
"tag-question"
],
"title": "の - questioning and confirmation",
"view_count": 217
} | [
{
"body": "Explanatory の is gender-neutral. You can say 暇があるんじゃないの safely in informal\nsettings, regardless of your sex, when you highly suspect the listener has\nsome spare time.\n\nAs your textbook probably explains, の is used to seek clarification. You\nusually need some context before making a の-ending question.\n\n * 暇(が)ある？ \nDo you have time?\n\n * 暇(が)あるの？ \n(That makes me wonder, so) do you have time?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-18T07:21:47.853",
"id": "83151",
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| 83055 | null | 83151 |
{
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"body": "I wondered if anyone could help me as I've come across this a couple of times\nnow but don't know if it actually has any significance, but the internet has\nbeen no help.\n\nI'm reading a text surrounding compulsory education, and near the end of the\nparagraph the author writes \"...教育カリキュラムもつくり替えるー。\" Followed by a sentence\nstating that this has been the authors theory for a while and they have\nrepeated it countless times.\n\nIs it just a way to mark the end of the author's thoughts? Or is there\nsomething more that I should take into consideration when translating?\n\nThanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-12T22:30:02.480",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"orthography",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"ー\" at the end of a sentence in written Japanese?",
"view_count": 306
} | [
{
"body": "Usually it indicates an extension of the last vowel - as would occur in normal\nspeech.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T00:02:25.267",
"id": "83058",
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"body": "This sign is named [chōonpu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu) and\nit is used to denote a long vowel sound marker. In addition to that, about\nlong vowels according to [this article on\nwikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana), when writing in hiragana,\nit is more common to use a second vowel character rather than the chōonpu.\n\n> Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel\n> kana; for example, おかあさん (o-ka-a-sa-n, \"mother\"). The chōonpu (long vowel\n> mark) (ー) used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana\n\nBeing a learner myself, I've already noticed that listening the vowel length\naccurately can change a lot in a sentence meaning, for instance.\n\n * ハト, is pronounced like 'hato' and means pigeon.\n * ハート, is pronounced like 'haaato' and means heart (extended vowel written in katakana)\n * おじさん, is pronounced like 'ojisan' and means uncle.\n * おじいさん, is pronounded like 'ojiiisan' and means grandfather. (extended vowel written in hiragana)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T00:52:24.190",
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| 83056 | null | 83059 |
{
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"body": "\"This store has all sorts of bags\": この店 **は** 鞄が色々あります should be a good\ntranslation and a natural sentence, which is different from \"There are all\nsorts of bags in this store\": この店 **には** 鞄が色々あります.\n\n**The Question** : I would like verification that even without に the two\nEnglish translations can be acceptable, because \"There are [...] in this\nstore\" conveys the same meaning as \"This store has [...]\"\n\n[this is not based on translation style-preference, i.e., literal, paraphrase,\n_verbum pro verbo_ , etc., but a grammatical question in re: absolute\nnecessity of に in the topic marker \"には\" and semantic equivalence of the 2\nproposed English translations]\n\nthank you in advance for your time and attention in this matter!",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T08:15:02.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83065",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particle-に",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "ABSOLUTE necessity of particle に in \"topic marker\" には",
"view_count": 84
} | []
| 83065 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83121",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I came across the adverb すこぶる \"greatly, extremely\" and initially mistook it\nfor a godan verb.\n\nThis seemed to me an unusual 'shape' for an adverb -- what's the etymology of\nthis adverb, and are there other adverbs in Japanese ending in る?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T09:46:31.783",
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"id": "83066",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "What is the adverb すこぶる etymologically?",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "Did a quick google search, and there is a section about it\n[here](https://eigobu.jp/magazine/sukoburu#heading-85800). For accessibility,\nI will paste and translate the short passage here:\n\n> 「すこぶる」は元々「少し、ちょっと、やや」という意味でした。\n>\n>\n> 「すこし。すくなし」の語根「すこ」に、「大人ぶる」「ひたぶる」「もったいぶる」などで用いられている「それらしい様子をすること」を意味する「ぶる」がついたものが「すこぶる」です。\n>\n>\n> 「ちょっと。ある程度」という意味が「相当。非常に」という意味に変化しました。意味が変化した理由については明らかになっていませんが、漢文訓読に用いられたことで混乱が生じたのではないかと考えられています。\n>\n> 「すこぶる」の意味は中世以降に変化しました。\n>\n> このように、「すこぶる」は方言ではなく、昔から使われていた大和言葉です。\n>\n> 基本的に「すこぶる」は「おおいに」という意味で使うので、現在は「少し、わずか」という意味では使いません。\n\n**Translation:**\n\n「すこぶる」used to mean the same thing as 「少し、ちょっと、やや」(which all mean \"a little\").\n\nIt takes the word root すこ from words like「すこし」and「すくなし」and appends ぶる to the\nend. Like in the words 大人ぶる、ひたぶる、and もったいぶる, ぶる is used to mean \"to behave\nlike a certain way\".\n\nAlthough it used to mean \"a little\" or \"small amounts\", the word has evolved\nto mean \"considerably\" or \"very\". Although the reason for this change in\nmeaning is not very clear, it is believed that this might be a result of\nconfusion when interpreting from Chinese（漢文訓読: \"Chinese writing Japanese\nreading\", \"a Japanese reading of a Chinese passage\"）.\n\nThe word 「すこぶる」changed during the Japanese Middle Ages.\n\n「すこぶる」 is not dialectical and has been used as a native word.\n\nFundamentally, 「すこぶる」 is used to mean 「おおいに」and is currently not used to mean\n「少し」or「わずか」.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T21:30:35.233",
"id": "83074",
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{
"body": "日本国語大辞典 says:\n\n> 【補注】「すこし」 「すくなし」などの語根に、「ひたぶる」などと同じ接尾語のついたものか。\n\nThe word seems to be quite old, with the first example in that entry being\nfrom 984, so the certain etymology is likely quite unclear, but 日本国語大辞典’s\ntheory about an adverbial ぶる suffix seems quite plausible.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T21:31:08.987",
"id": "83075",
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{
"body": "> What is the adverb すこぶる etymologically?\n\nThis word is a bit odd. Let's dive in.\n\nMain sources:\n\n * 日本国語大辞典 (KDJ), 大辞泉 (DJS), as available via [Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/)\n * [Gogen-Allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/) (GA)\n\n## Beginnings and meanings\n\nThe word is first cited to a text from 984, with a meaning of \"a little bit,\nnot many / not much\", as a synonym for 少【すこ】し.\n\nThen, by 1135, it's cited with the completely opposite meaning of \"an awful\nlot, extremely\".\n\nNeither the [KDJ\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%97-597813#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)\nnor the [DJS entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%97%E3%82%8B-541549) have\nanything useful to say about why this meaning shifted this way. The [GA\nentry](http://gogen-allguide.com/su/sukoburu.html) mentions that the word was\nused mostly in 漢文【かんぶん】訓読【くんどく】 contexts, and that some confusion may have\narisen somehow. (漢文【かんぶん】訓読【くんどく】: literally \"Chinese text, meaning reading\".\nThis means reading texts written in a form of Classical Chinese, but\npronouncing them in Japanese, even reworking the grammar to fit -- almost more\nlike [sight-\ntranslating](https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+sight+translation)\nClassical Chinese into Japanese.)\n\nExploring this shift in meaning, we see that the kanji 頗 has meanings of\n\"leaning to one side; biased\" (like 偏る【かたよる】), or \"very, extremely\" -- see the\n[Wiktionary entry](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%97),\n[WWWJDIC](http://nihongo.monash.edu/cgi-bin/wwwjdic?1MMC%E9%A0%97). Also,\nolder texts didn't always mark voicing, and some early attestations of すごい\nshow unvoiced すこい instead (such as adverbial form すこう in a quote from [_The\nTale of Genji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji) dated around\n1014, as listed in the [KDJ\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%87%84-544416#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)).\nI wonder if the すこ in すこぶる might have been confused somehow with the unvoiced\nstem すこ of すごい?\n\nAt any rate, the \"a little bit\" meaning has been largely replaced by the \"an\nawful lot\" meaning.\n\n## Origins and derivations\n\nThat すこ stem of すこぶる is generally regarded to be the same すこ in 少【すこ】し, and\nrelated to the すく in 少【すく】ない, as noted in the\n[KDJ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%97-597813#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)\nand [GA](http://gogen-allguide.com/su/sukoburu.html) entries.\n\nThe GA entry suggests that the ～ぶる on the end is the same ～ぶる in words like\n大人【おとな】ぶる (verb, \"to seem or behave like an adult\"), もったいぶる (verb, \"to seem or\nbehave like a big deal\").\n\nThe KDJ entry likens this ～ぶる to the ～ぶる in ひたぶる (also spelled in kanji at 頓\nor 一向; _-na_ adjective, \"intent, single-minded, determined\"). That entry also\nhas a note wondering if this might have been older ひたふる -- more on that\nfurther below.\n\n### What is this ～ぶる?\n\nIn すこぶる, the resulting term is an adverb.\n\nIn 大人【おとな】ぶる and もったいぶる, we wind up with verbs.\n\nBut then in ひたぶる, we have an adjective.\n\n??!??\n\nI suspect some of this might be related to Old Japanese / Classical Japanese\nverb conjugations and how parts of speech were handled, and how conjugated\nforms shifted over time.\n\n * すこぶる is first attested in 984 ([KDJ entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%97-597813#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)).\n * 大人【おとな】ぶる as a verb is attested to the early 1500s ([KDJ entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%8C%AF-2017028)). \n * It's also attested as a nominalized (noun) form of 大人【おとな】ぶ in [_The Tale of Genji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji), dated around 1014 ([KDJ entry for 大人【おとな】ぶ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B3%E3%82%8B-453492#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8))\n * もったいぶる as a verb is attested to the late 1700s ([KDJ entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8B%BF%E4%BD%93%E6%8C%AF-2087929)).\n * ひたぶる is first attested as ひたふる in [_The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter) around 900 ([KDJ entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%80%E5%90%91%E3%83%BB%E9%A0%93-2077453)), with the adverbial construction ひたふるに. \n * Notably, the 濁点【だくてん】 or 点々【てんてん】, the 〃 mark used to indicate voicing, is completely missing in many older editions, even from words known to have voicing like 浮【う】かぶ. Consequently, the kana spelling of ひたふる cannot be taken as evidence that this word was actually //hitafuru// instead of //hitaburu//.\n * The first clear adjectival use is in [_The Tale of Genji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji), dated around 1014.\n\n### Likely development of ～ぶる\n\nI strongly suspect that the ～ぶる in all of these words arises from Old Japanese\n\"seems like, behaves like\" suffix ～ぶ. _(Speculatively, I think this ～ぶ is\ncognate with suppositional / volitional suffix ～む (the modern volitional _-ō_\nverb ending), and with 見【み】る (\"to see\"), all arising from the same \"see, seem,\nlook, look like\" semantic root.)_\n\n * Looking at our ～ぶる terms above, this ～ぶ form is actually attested for 大人【おとな】ぶ.\n * The ～ぶ suffix conjugated using the [上【かみ】二段【にだん】活用【かつよう】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%8C%E6%AE%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8) or \"upper bigrade conjugation\" pattern:\n\nForm | Ending \n---|--- \n**語幹【ごかん】 \nStem / Base** | ぶ \n**未然形【みぜんかい】 \nIrrealis (hasn't happened yet)** | び \n**連用形【れんようけい】 \nContinuative ( _-masu_ stem)** | び \n**終止形【しゅうしけい】 \nTerminal (standalone)** | ぶ \n**連体形【れたいけい】 \nAttributive (adjectival)** | ぶる \n**已然形【いぜんけい】 \nRealis (as if it's happened)** | ぶれ \n**命令形【めいれいけい】 \nImperative (command)** | びよ \n \n * We know that the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or \"attributive form\" of verbs in Classical and Old Japanese could be used its own as a nominal (noun), much like the modern construction `[VERB]` + こと or `[VERB]` + の [+は、が、を、に...].\n * Over time, the 上【かみ】二段【にだん】 or \"bigrade\" pattern underwent 一段【いちだん】化【か】 or \"monograde-ization\", producing the modern 上【かみ】一段【いちだん】 or \"upper monograde\" verbs we know today -- producing modern suffix ～びる, as we see in 大人【おとな】びる. ⇒ See also the [KDJ entry for ～びる](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B3%E3%82%8B-614131#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8).\n\nSo my take on this is that:\n\n * Old Japanese suffix ～ぶ (\"seems like, behaves like\") was added to various stems: the すこ～ in すこし, the noun 大人【おとな】, the noun もったい, the prefix (likely ancient noun?) 直【ひた】 (see the [KDJ entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9B%B4-25740#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8), and scroll down to or search for the 〘語素〙 section).\n * In various constructions, this suffix ～ぶ was conjugated into its 連体形【れんたいけい】 or attributive form ～ぶる.\n * For some words, the resulting form was re-analyzed grammatically as a nominal and had the に added to it to function adverbially.\n * All the _-na_ adjective uses appear later than the adverbial. We know that the ～な attributive used with modern _-na_ adjectives comes from ～なる, itself from older ～にある, which is adverbial に + attributive form ある of classical copula (\"to be\" verb) あり, making this a regular and somewhat expected development.\n * Later on, this ～ぶる for some words was again re-analyzed as a 四段【よだん】活用【かつよう】 or \"quadrigrade conjugation\" ending (same as modern \"regular\" or \"consonant-stem\" verbs), producing a verb. \n * Modern suffix ～振【ぶ】る (\"to seem like, to behave like\") or ～振【ぶ】り (\"seeming like, behaving like\"), and non-voiced suffix ～ふり and standalone noun ふり of similar meanings, appear to be from this same ～ぶる -- the kanji 振 is ateji from homophonous verb 振【ふ】る (\"to shake\"), and doesn't seem to have anything to do with the actual derivation of the suffix.\n\nThese conjugations and grammatical shifts cover most of what we see so far.\n\n### すこぶる as an adverb is still an outlier\n\nEven considering the above, すこぶる is a bit exceptional, in that we don't see\nany adverbial すこぶるに. The very first citation in [the KDJ\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%97-597813#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)\nfrom 984 could arguably be interpreted as a regular adjectival use of an\nattributive form:\n\n> 「抑説き給ふ経の文について **すこふる** うたがひあり」\n\nBut the very first adverbial use from 1135 can't really be parsed that way --\nit's just すこぶる stuck right onto a compound verb+adjective:\n\n> 「此小身を観る者前想 **頗(スコフル)** 知り難し」\n\nA quick-and-dirty survey of my local copy of Daijirin for all words ending in\n～ぶる revealed many verbs, only one _-na_ adjective (ひたぶる), and only one adverb\n(すこぶる).\n\nUltimately, language is nothing if not exceptional. すこぶる is described as used\nmost in 漢文【かんぶん】訓読【くんどく】 contexts, which means it wasn't an everyday word.\nRarely-used words are sometimes subject to strange shifts in meaning, as their\nrarity means that speakers (or readers) will not be as familiar with the word,\nand might re-interpret it depending on context. This might account for both\nthe flip-flop in meaning from \"a little\" to \"a lot\", and the adverbial usage\npattern.",
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"body": "I'm sorry if this is basic question but I just watched a movie that features a\ntrack and field event.\n\nI saw people timing runners like \"７秒３３\" and \"１１秒２２\"\n\nI just want to confirm if \"７秒３３\" means 7.33 seconds or something else\nentirely, since there's no kanji after the 33",
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"tags": [
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"title": "What do the numbers after 秒 mean when counting time?",
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"body": "猿・ツル・ホタル・カエル\n\nる is a rather uncommon mora in nouns, especially at the end. But there seem to\nbe an unproportional amount of animal names that end in る.\n\nIs that just a coincidence?\n\nFor 猿 at least, there seems to be a theory that it's name is derived from a\nverb:\n\n> サルの語源には非常に多くの説があり未詳だが、中でも有力と考えられているのは、獣の中では知恵が勝っていることから「マサル（勝る）」の意味とする説。\n\n-- [語源由来辞典](http://gogen-allguide.com/sa/saru_monkey.html)",
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"title": "What's up with animal names ending in る?",
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"body": "Many theories indeed associate the names with various verbs, which can explain\nwhy they often end with る:\n\n * サル ← 勝る\n * カエル ← 帰る (to return)[[1]](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96); 孵る (to spawn)[[2]](http://kodama-s.co.jp/?p=396)\n * ツル ← 連む (to flock) [[3]](http://www.nihonjiten.com/data/45825.html)\n * ホタル ← 火垂る (for fire to drop) or 火照る (for fire to shine) [[4]](http://gogen-allguide.com/ho/hotaru.html)\n\nBut each names has several other theories unrelated to verbs. It is impossible\nto prove the exact etymology of such old Japanese wago, so no one may be able\nto answer this.",
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"body": "Here are a few etymology theories I've bumped into.\n\n * サル -- Attested in Old Japanese. Not so likely to be from 勝【まさ】る. Might instead be from Ainu _sarush_ or _saro_. _Sar_ or _sara_ means \"tail\", and _-ush_ is a suffix that means \"having\". See also [the relevant entries in Batchelor's Ainu dictionary](https://archive.org/details/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft/page/390/mode/2up). Both [Gogen-Allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/sa/saru_monkey.html) and [Nihon Jiten](http://www.nihonjiten.com/data/45912.html) suggest a derivation from Chinese 猻 (\"monkey\"), but they each list the reading as _sar_ , while [the Wiktionary entry](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8C%BB#Chinese) shows Old Chinese //*suːn//, Middle Chinese //suən//, modern Mandarin _sūn_ and Cantonese _syun¹_ -- no _sar_.\n * ツル -- Attested in Old Japanese. Appears to be a regional word. Compare also Korean 두루미 ( _durumi_ ), Proto-Turkic _*durunja_ (“crane”) (whence Turkish _turna_ ), Mongolian тогоруу ( _togoruu_ , “crane”), Hungarian _daru_ (“crane”). See also [the entry at Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B6%B4#Japanese).\n * カエル -- Attested in Old Japanese. From Old Japanese form _kaperu_. As Naruto notes, possibly cognate with verbs _kaeru_ (\"to return\") or _kaeru_ (\"to spawn\"), both also from older form _kaperu_. See also the Wiktionary entries at [蛙](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9B%99#Japanese), [帰る](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B0%E3%82%8B#Japanese), and [孵る](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B5%E3%82%8B#Japanese).\n * ホタル -- Attested in Old Japanese. Also as Naruto notes, most likely 火【ほ】 (ancient reading only found in compounds) + 垂【た】る (\"hanging\", the way the bug's sparkle-butt hangs down). Some sources suggest that _-taru_ here might be from 照【て】る, but the vowel shift makes this unlikely. See also the entries at [Nihon Jiten](http://www.nihonjiten.com/data/46573.html) and [Gogen-Allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/ho/hotaru.html) (both in Japanese).\n\nSo only two of these are probably from verb roots.",
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"body": "> 「ええ。他にも、一緒に班組もうぜ！って言ったらマジのトーンで『えぇ……』って言われ **たりだとか**\n> 、落ちた消しゴム拾ってあげたら『あ……それ、もういらないからあげる……』って言われ **たりだとか** ……」\n\nHi. How should I understand the construction たりだとか grammatically and\nsemantically? Is たり a noun so we need だ? I know the 〜たり…〜たり form used to list\nmultiple examples. とか has the same function, it seems.\n\nThank you.",
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"title": "How should I understand the grammatical construction たりだとか?",
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"body": "This だ is a special type of だ that adds a feeling of disdain, doubt, surprise,\netc. It can even directly follow the dictionary form of a verb/adjective:\n\n * [~たいだとか why is there a だ here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60014/5010)\n * [Is 「３人いるだと」 grammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5693/5010)\n * [Is there really any difference between だなんて and なんて?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77933/5010)\n * [Usage (correctness) of だと after verbs](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15057/5010)\n\nSo you can think of だとか as a set expression used to list two or more\nunfavorable things.\n\nTechnically, 「～って言われるだとか、～って言われるだとか」 is enough, but I don't feel たりだとか is\nwordy or redundant. It's hard to explain why, but たり is used to describe\nmultiple actions while とか here describes multiple reasons, so they may be\nplaying slightly different roles.",
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"body": "> そんな彼女が、普通に笑う **ところを** 、一目でいいから見てみたかったーーと。\n\nHi. How should I understand the ところを? I have searched a lot about the\nexplanation of the construction ところを but none of them fits the context.\n\nThank you.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Help understand the ところを?",
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{
"body": "Since I don't know if you fully understand ところ or not, I will give a short\nexplanation of that first. 所【ところ】often means place, but this is also used in\nan abstract way to show:\n\n * A specific place, spot, or position\n * show time in phrases like 今のところ\n * mean \"just about to\" with non-past verbs\n * mean \"just been done\" with past-tense verbs\n\nSo generally, ところ just means \"place\" or \"time\" either in a concrete or\nabstract way. However, when particles are added to the end of ところ, we get\nslightly different meanings. In your case, AところをB, it means \"although usually\nA happens, B happened\". It shows something unexpected.\n\nSince there's not much context, I can only give you a partial translation:\n\n> そんな彼女が、普通に笑うところを [...] \n> In a situation where people would usually laugh, [she did something else]\n\nDo not confuse these with when ところ is being used literally. For example, in\nthis sentence, を is just being used to mark ところ as the object of みる:\n\n> 悪いところをみる。 To look at the bad parts.\n\nThere are other combinations of ところ as well:\n\n * ところ（へ・に） = shows coincidence\n * ところが = means \"but\" and also shows something unexpected\n * ところで = Creates a hypothetical or shows a situation\n\nRelated Post: [Does ところを always mean the same thing as のに? What is the\ndifference between ところへ and\nところに?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19173/does-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%82%92-always-\nmean-the-same-thing-as-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AB-what-is-the-difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%81%B8)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T18:39:51.890",
"id": "83072",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83071 | null | 83072 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Usually, when conjugating Godan verbs ending with う into て-form, you would get\nって instead. Is there an etymological reason for this exception for 乞うて? I saw\nthis in a rather recent book written in the last ten years, so would the\nmodern Japanese progressive form of 乞う be 乞うている?\n\nI've also read that some other verbs also use this conjugation, but it sounds\nrather archaic. For example, 問う→問うて、沿う→沿うて. Are there other verbs that\nconjugate this way in modern Japanese?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T19:05:38.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83073",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"conjugations",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Is there a reason for 乞う to conjugate to 乞うて?",
"view_count": 84
} | []
| 83073 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 国が成人をしっかり定義すれば、国には責任を持って成人ではない国民を教育し て成人にする義務が生じる。それが本当の義務教育だろう。\n\nI have 'If the government were to sufficiently define what an adult is, it has\nthe responsibility to turn uneducated adult citizens into educated adults.\nThat is what true compulsory education is.' But it doesn't sound quite right.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T21:38:59.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "41212",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"japanese-to-english"
],
"title": "Can someone help explain the meaning here",
"view_count": 73
} | []
| 83076 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is this supposed to be an expression, an idiom or a saying or proverb or\nwhatever, because I have seen this used a lot. There seem to be no entries for\n\"前進しか許す\"\n\nThis video on youtube gives the translation for this sentence as:\n[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quR5-FEaM9c&t=3m27s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quR5-FEaM9c&t=3m27s)\n\n私には前進しか許されないのだッ！ \"I will never forgive them!\"\n\nBut if you use google translate it gives: 私には前進しか許されない = I can only move\nforward",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-13T22:29:56.963",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"kanji",
"syntax",
"kana"
],
"title": "How many meaning does 前進しか許されない！ have?",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "This is not an idiomatic expression, and the subtitle on YouTube is wrong. It\njust means what it literally means, \"I am only allowed to move forward\" or \"I\nhave no choice but to move on\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T02:50:58.007",
"id": "83079",
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| 83077 | null | 83079 |
{
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"body": "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvBrve8BLog&t=2m57s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvBrve8BLog&t=2m57s)\n\nsm21891947 - スーパーメトロイド（ＳＦＣ） 店頭映像 | Super Metroid Promotional Preview\n\nThe official english captions for this sentence gives:\n\nもう戦う気力も尽きかけている。= My powers grow with each battle.\n\nbut google translate gives\n\nI'm running out of energy to fight.\n\nOr maybe the translator who wrote the official english captions thought it\nwas:\n\nもう戦う気力も付きかけている\n\nI realize that there was another post that is similar to my own, but that\nquestion seems to not have been answered: [気力がつきかけていた: What meaning does かける\nhave here? And which つき is\nthis?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28960/%e6%b0%97%e5%8a%9b%e3%81%8c%e3%81%a4%e3%81%8d%e3%81%8b%e3%81%91%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%9f-what-\nmeaning-does-%e3%81%8b%e3%81%91%e3%82%8b-have-here-and-\nwhich-%e3%81%a4%e3%81%8d-is-this)",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-13T23:57:22.920",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"kanji",
"syntax",
"kana"
],
"title": "Which 気力もつきかけている is appropriate here?",
"view_count": 121
} | [
{
"body": "It's もう戦う気力も尽きかけている, or \"I'm running out of spirit/energy to fight\".\n\nSimply, we never say 気力が付く, although we say 精力が付く.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 83078 | null | 83087 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the different between おい and こら? (Interjections)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T03:29:30.427",
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"tags": [
"interjections"
],
"title": "The different between おい and こら",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "おい is a rude term of address for a person. こら is used when he scolds someone.\nおいこら is a very offensive word and it is often used when he picks a fight with\na person. おーい is a term of address for a person or people in the distance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T05:00:46.787",
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| 83081 | null | 83092 |
{
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"body": "> Original Japanese: やがて、そんな生活に **慣れ** はじめると、今度は物事をじっくりと考えることが苦痛になってきた。\n>\n> Google translate: Eventually, as I began to get used to such a life, it\n> became painful to think about things.\n>\n> Microsoft translate: Before long, when I began to get used to such a life,\n> it became painful to think about things carefully this time.\n>\n> My own very very rough translation EDITED: In the end, that sort of life\n> when I start to grow accustom to it, now without rushing everything my\n> thoughts gradually become agony.\n\nWhy do the google translate and the Microsoft bing translate lack a “and” as I\nthink the 慣れ is a continuative form connecting two phrases?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T10:04:17.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83085",
"last_activity_date": "2021-01-10T09:11:27.060",
"last_edit_date": "2021-01-10T09:11:27.060",
"last_editor_user_id": "26406",
"owner_user_id": "26406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Why do the google translate and the Microsoft bing translate lack a “and” as I think the 慣れ is a continuative form connecting two phrases?",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "Verb stem + はじめる is a standard grammar pattern which means \"to start/begin\ndoing verb\".\n\nSo, even though you really shouldn't be trusting Bing and Google translate, in\nthis case they have got it right.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T10:12:46.477",
"id": "83086",
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| 83085 | 83086 | 83086 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83089",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What are the roles of the two の particles in the following sentence?\n\n> 彼はこういうのがうまいのです。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T17:03:21.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83088",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-15T06:35:53.237",
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"owner_user_id": "30049",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"nominalization",
"explanatory-の"
],
"title": "What are the grammatical roles of the two のs in the following sentence?",
"view_count": 225
} | [
{
"body": "> 彼はこういうのがうまいのです。\n\nSounds like you're confused about both の. Let's analyze.\n\n### Breaking it down\n\nFirst, a literal word-by-word translation.\n\n> [彼]{\"He\" }[は]{[TOPIC] }[こう]{\"like this\" }[いう]{\"to say\": verb }[の]{[NOM]\n> }[が]{[SUBJECT] }[うまい]{\"good; skillful; tasty\": adjective }[の]{[NOM]\n> }[です]{\"to be\": verb}。\n\n * いう is often used metaphorically, beyond its literal \"to say\" sense. This can be roughly similar to the English word \"kind\", which gets expanded in the phrase \"kind of\". Or English \"like\" meaning \"similar to\". \nWhile こういう literally means \"saying like this\", it's used more to mean \"this\nkind, this kind of [something]\", or \"like this\"\n\n * The `[NOM]` marker above stands for \"nominalizer\". A nominalizer makes a \"nominal\" out of something, and a \"nominal\" is essentially a \"noun\" -- in this case, the noun is the preceding chunk.\n\nThe reason we need the first の is because we want to talk about a **thing**\n(the particle が can only work as a subject marker when it attaches to a noun),\nso we have to turn the verb いう into a **thing**.\n\nThe second の is a special kind of nominalizing: explanatory. In English, if\nyou want to make an explanatory statement -- perhaps in response to a previous\nquestion, or in counter-response to someone's previous statement -- you'd use\ntone of voice, or a \"because\", or you'd just lay out the statement. In\nJapanese, you'd use the のです・のだ・んです・んだ construction (where ん is the casual\ncontracted form of の).\n\nThe です or だ on the end just means \"it is ... [whatever just came before]\". The\nの here again acts as a nominalizer -- it makes a noun out of the entire\npreceding sentence.\n\nTranslating this directly gets a little clunky, but it's basically like saying\nin English, \"it's that ... [whatever just came before]\".\n\n### Putting it back together\n\nThe first の nominalizes the part before:\n\n * 彼【かれ】はこういう \n\"he ... like this\"\n\nThis nominalized phrase, 彼【かれ】はこういう, is followed by the が **subject**\nparticle. That's why I put the \"...\" in the middle there, because we see that\nthe 彼【かれ】 is followed by は, the **topic** particle. Since this sentence has a\nが **subject** particle later, we can guess that the bulk of the details are\nabout the subject, not the topic.\n\nSo we're talking about the subject, in relation to the topic. The subject is\nこういう, \"like this\", or as a nominalized phrase, \"this kind of thing\" (whatever\nit is, we don't know, but it must have been mentioned somewhere in the\npreceding context).\n\nWhat are we saying about this subject? That it is うまい. _(Note that うまい is\nbroad: \"good; good at, skillful; tasty\" all work, depending on context.)_\n\n * 彼【かれ】はこういう **[の]{●}** がうまい \nHe `[TOPIC]` this kind `[NOM]` good at \n↓ \nAs for him, this kind is good at\n\nThen we get that second の, as part of のです. Because we now know that this is an\nexplanatory ending, we can guess that this is person A telling person B about\nperson C:\n\n * 彼【かれ】はこういう[の]{●}がうまい **[の]{●}です** \nHe `[TOPIC]` this kind `[NOM]` good at `[NOM]` it is \n↓ \n**It's that,** for him, this kind is good at\n\nThe above is keeping things pretty literal to try to illustrate the Japanese\ngrammar, but it's not very natural. Depending on context, there are various\nways you might translate this into more sensible English.\n\n * Ya know, these are the one's he's good at.\n * He is good at this kind of thing. \n... etc.",
"comment_count": 5,
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| 83088 | 83089 | 83089 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83091",
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"body": "This is from a manga for general readers so should not be too obscure.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lze1u.jpg)\n\nIt looks like 氵+ 益 but I can’t find a full match when looking up by\ncomponents.\n\n溢{あふ}れる seems to match by okurigana and context but it looks quite different\nvisually. Is that some variant or am I missing something obvious?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-14T22:39:51.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Help identifying kanji",
"view_count": 181
} | [
{
"body": "Despite the difference in form, it's 溢【あふ】れる.\n\nSee entries at [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%A2),\n[WWWJIDIC](http://nihongo.monash.edu/cgi-bin/wwwjdic?1MMC%E6%BA%A2),\n[Weblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%BA%A2),\n[Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BA%A2-433905). And specific for just\nthe glyph, see also [Unihan](http://www.unicode.org/cgi-\nbin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=%E6%BA%A2),\n[Chise](http://www.chise.org/est/view/character/%E6%BA%A2), and [Glyph\nWiki](https://glyphwiki.org/wiki/u6ea2). These last three show the variants\nbetter.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-14T23:14:40.867",
"id": "83091",
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| 83090 | 83091 | 83091 |
{
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"body": "Typically ら is used to form plurals or groups of people in casual situations,\nwhen it is used pejoratively, or in set words such as 彼ら. たち seems to be\nprefered in other situations ○○さんたち、あなたたち、 私達, etc.\n\nHowever, I have noticed that ら is also used a lot in news, such as 新宿警察署\n新たに警察官ら５人の感染確認and in the science magazine Newton, such as 名古屋大学の田中実教授らは….\n\nHere, ら is neither casual nor pejorative, and is used towards those worthy of\nrespect. How did ら develop such a divergent usage? How would the nuance change\nif we used たち instead of ら here?\n\nお願いします",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T07:16:58.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83093",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-15T12:02:42.110",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7953",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"suffixes",
"plurals",
"newspaper-grammar"
],
"title": "Use of ら in 博士ら、 警察官ら",
"view_count": 73
} | [
{
"body": "ら sounds less polite and more formal than たち.\n\nOn the other hand, the important virtue for media like newspapers is pursuing\nthe truth and fairness. In this regard, however, politeness ultimately leads\nto favor for a side and hurts fairness, which contradicts with their virtue.\nSo does intimacy, which is reverse of formality.\n\nTherefore, more formal less polite sounding ら is preferred.\n\nUsing たち is more or less amateurish.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T12:02:42.110",
"id": "83096",
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| 83093 | null | 83096 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "i just came upon 興業「こうぎよう」with definition given as “industrial enterprise”. I\ncan’t determine the difference with 工業 (same pronunciation and also meaning\nindustry) but don’t think they’re variant writings of the same word. can\nsomeone explain any nuance to me ?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T10:34:52.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83094",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T07:44:24.237",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-16T09:06:45.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "20305",
"owner_user_id": "41130",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "興業{こうぎょう｝ (kougyou) vs. 工業{こうぎょう｝ (kougyou)",
"view_count": 223
} | [
{
"body": "In fact, the EDICT definition seems to be somewhat misleading here; I’ve\nsubmitted a proposal for correction. Here are several related homonyms with\nthe same reading こうぎょう:\n\n興業 promotion/encouragement of (new) industry (especially in\n[殖産興業](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E7%94%A3%E8%88%88%E6%A5%AD) -\nMeiji era policy for promoting industrialization)\n\n鉱業 mining industry\n\n工業 industry, industrial\n\n興行 show, performance, entertainment business.\n\nIt may help to check the meanings of individual kanji, for example:\n\n興{おこ}る prosper, flourish\n\n興{おこ}す promote, advance, revitalize\n\n工{たくみ} artisan, craftsman\n\n業{ぎょう} occupation, business, work\n\n行{おこな}う perform, carry out",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T13:03:07.513",
"id": "83098",
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},
{
"body": "They are very different words except for pronunciation (which is also\ndifferent in accent as pointed in a comment above).\n\n興業 derives from an old slogan\n[殖産興業](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%AE%96%E7%94%A3%E8%88%88%E6%A5%AD-80130)\n(lit. \"advance production, raise business\") and means \"launching new\nbusiness\", or in today's word, _venture business_. I guess the English word\n_enterprise_ had a similar connotation, while it mostly refers to steadier\ncorporation nowadays. It may be a biased opinion, but being a vague and good-\nsounding word, many yakuza front companies tend to use it in their trade\nnames.\n\nOn the other hand, 工業 usually translates \"industry\", but more strictly,\n\"manufacturing industry\" ([the secondary\nsector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy)) that\nbuilds physical objects. For example, creating software isn't 工業. For a\ngeneral sense \"a sector of business\" we use another word 産業 (e.g. 映画産業 \"film\nindustry\").",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T07:44:24.237",
"id": "83127",
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| 83094 | null | 83098 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83097",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「キラキラ」 appears in the famous song 「Twinkle Twinkle Little Star（きらきら星）」:\n\n> きらきらひかる お空の星よ\n\nWhile 「ピカピカ」 appears in Christmas Song 「Rudolph the Red-nosed\nReindeer（赤鼻のトナカイ）」:\n\n> 暗い夜道は ピカピカのお前の鼻が役に立つのさ\n\nI wonder if they are interchangeable in the above _and_ the following cases:\n\n**鏡・まど・海・星・ダイヤモンド** が **ピカピカ・キラキラする**",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-15T11:04:12.367",
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"owner_user_id": "40606",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "Difference between 「ピカピカ」 and 「キラキラ」",
"view_count": 466
} | [
{
"body": "They aren’t interchangeable. ピカピカ represents multiple light emission beyond\nintervals or that something is so clean that it reflects light, while キラキラ\nstands for something pleasantly glaring.\n\nSo, 鏡/窓/ダイアモンドがピカピカ implies that someone cleaned it. 海/星がピカピカ tells that\nsomething odd is happening.",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-15T12:33:11.103",
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| 83095 | 83097 | 83097 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across this line while reading a manga but was stuck on the 故の portion.\n\n> 知識欲が行き過ぎた故の職業病なのぉ？\n\nI understood this sentence as, \"It's an occupational disease because of (your)\nexcessive thirst for knowledge.\"\n\nHowever when I tried looking up for more sentences with 故の functioning as\n\"because\", they all had が's before them. Furthermore, I read that 故の is also\nnot a term that'd be used in daily conversation, which has me puzzled since\nthis conversation is between two friends in a cafe.\n\nCould it be that the が was simply just dropped because of the casual nature of\nthe conversation? Or does 故の mean something else in this context?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-15T14:42:47.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Can 故の mean \"because\" without a が preceding it?",
"view_count": 151
} | [
{
"body": "In my opinion, 行き過ぎた故の is not common for me, buy it seems not wrong.\n\nAs you said, I guess that ～が故に/の or Noun + 故に/の (e.g. その美しさ故に/の) is more\ncommon. \nHowever, it is almost used as literal language and We rarely use it in daily\nconversation.\n\nIndeed, we occasionally use it in verbal communication. \nOccasionally, you want to use a literal language or difficult word, don't you? \nThat is about it. That is the situation in the Manga though it is grammarly\nwrong...",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-18T02:30:00.930",
"id": "83145",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-18T04:02:11.573",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-18T04:02:11.573",
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{
"body": "This 故【ゆえ】 is a special type of **noun** called 形式名詞 (\"formal noun\" in the\nsense of \"technically/apparently a noun\"). Other formal nouns include とき, ため,\nはず, etc.\n\nSince 故 is a (formal) noun, something that modifies it must be an\n**attributive** (i.e., \"noun-modifying\") expression. So what are \"noun-\nmodifying\" in Japanese?\n\n * Attributive form of an adjective \n\n> あまりに小さい故にむしろ不便だ。 \n> 自由な故の悩み\n\n * Noun + の / No-adjective + の \n\n> 不勉強の故に分かりません。 \n> 彼は軽い性格の故によくトラブルを起こしている。\n\n * Attributive form of a verb, a.k.a. a relative clause \n\n> 真剣に見る故に欠点も見えてくる。 \n> 知識欲が行き過ぎた故の職業病\n\n * Lexicalized attributives (その, この, etc)\n * **Attributive form of a verb + が**\n\n> 真剣に見るが故に欠点も見えてくる。 \n> 知識欲が行き過ぎたが故の職業病 \n> 小さ過ぎるが故に使いづらい。 \n> 彼は軽い性格であるが故によくトラブルを起こしている。\n\nThe first four bullets should be easy if you understand 故 is technically a\nnoun. They are all valid usages of 故に/故の.\n\nThe last one may seem tricky if you don't know what's going on. This is a\nspecial construction derived from Old Japanese. This が is actually a linking\nparticle like の, and the verb before it is actually a nominalized verb. Please\nread: [Why is there a が in\n深淵に臨むが如し?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70684/5010)\n\nSince 故 is a stiff and literary expression, it still tends to be used along\nwith が when it is modified by a verb. But other simpler usages are also\nperfectly possible. To put this simply, **the が between the verb and 故 is\noptional**. In your case, there is another が near 故, so I even feel the\nsentence sounds slightly better without が before 故.\n\nFinally, it's not that odd to use 故の in casual conversations. Using a bit of\nidiomatic expressions from archaic Japanese is usually natural. See: [Nuance\nand conversational use of\nなきにしもあらず](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42718/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T03:04:21.093",
"id": "83146",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 83099 | null | 83146 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83196",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a sentence that, I was trying to frame, however, I cannot decide\nbetween ね, よ and だろう/でしょう, which ending particle that I should use.\n\nThe context is: Aさんのお母さんがほうれん草を作った、でも、Aさんがほうれん草が好きじゃない. そして,\nAさんのお母さんはこの事実が知っている.\n\nSo, following are the four sentences that Aさん can and wants to use:\n\n 1. ほうれん草を食べないね (here the ね is of agreement, as both Aさんとお母さん knows about the fact and have shared knowledge, and A wants to tell his mom something like, \"I do not eat spinach, right (we both know this)\" in the context that you have still cooked it even when you knew it).\n\n 2. ほうれん草を食べないよ (here よ is used, even though both have shared knowledge that A does not eat spinach, in the context that (I don't think you know/realize but) \"I do not each spinach\" (and that you should know this), in a sense that Aさん thinks that his mother has forgotten about this, or sarcastically to show that you don't realize this, but I don't eat spinach) ( I hope you understand what I am trying to potray)\n\n 3. ほうれん草を食べないだろう! (here だろう is that of empathetic tone, which [as per my understanding](https://youtu.be/bG66faxJeSY?t=1005) means, \"I think you know\" or simply \"you know\" i.e. to say \"I do not eat spinach, probably!\" (where probably is in negative tone, that is to imply, You know that I do not each spinach)\n\n 4. ほうれん草を食べるでしょうか (here でしょうか, [which as per this post's answer given by user3985](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12977/whats-the-difference-between-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B-and-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B-at-the-end-of-a-question), is used in a sarcastic and rhetorical way, though by typing it means, I wonder if I eat spinach!?, it has a sense that, I don't each spinach)\n\nQuestions:\n\n1.Are all the sentences grammatical, and make sense? When would each of the\nsentences be appropriate?\n\n2.Can you please explain the different, between the sentences in nuance (I am\nnot asking for the a general difference between ね,よ,だろう/でしょうか. I just want the\ndifference in the nuance in the above said context and sentences)\n\n教えてください",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T14:49:34.357",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83100",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-21T01:54:35.963",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-15T15:11:33.213",
"last_editor_user_id": "36729",
"owner_user_id": "36729",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "Difference in the 4 sentence constructions",
"view_count": 134
} | [
{
"body": "Person A would say 「ほうれん草は食べられないって知ってるでしょ！」「ほうれん草は食べないんだってば！」「ほうれん草は食べないよ！」 or\nsomething.\n\nThe four options you gave are all unnatural.\n\n * ほうれん草を食べないね \"So I'm not supposed to eat spinach, right?\" or \"You don't eat spinach, do you?\"\n * ほうれん草を食べないよ This means \"(Listen,) I don't eat spinach!\", but since ほうれん草 is an important topic, you must use は instead of を.\n * ほうれん草を食べないだろう! This sounds to me like A is jokingly playing a role of a prophet, \"Oh A shall not eat spinach!\"\n * ほうれん草を食べるでしょうか \"So I wonder if A is going to eat spinach?\" as if A were talking about someone else.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T01:54:35.963",
"id": "83196",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 3
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| 83100 | 83196 | 83196 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83108",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the difference between 不可能 and 不能? Both mean 'impossible', but '不能'\nalso means 'incapable'. Aren't they synonyms? Feel free to provide example\nsentences.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-15T19:21:46.320",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83102",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 不可能 and 不能?",
"view_count": 313
} | [
{
"body": "As a simple na-adjective, you should use 不可能 over 不能 in nearly all cases. (But\njust in case, you may need ありえない instead of 不可能. 不可能 means \"one is unable to\ndo something\", whereas あり得ない means \"something cannot happen\". 「30分でアメリカに来い？\n不可能だ！」「昨日アメリカで僕を見た？ ありえない！」 Both mean \"That's impossible\" in English, but in\nJapanese they are different.)\n\n不能 is used mainly as part of longer fixed compounds meaning \"un-X-able\": 理解不能\n(incomprehensible), 回復不能 (unrecoverable), 修理不能 (unfixable), etc. In other\nwords, you should think of this as a **suffix** rather than a standalone\nadjective. You can use 不可能 in these cases, too, but 不能 is shorter and\npreferred.\n\n不能 is used on its own also in the following _rare_ situations, but\nintermediate learners may not have to remember these:\n\n * \"impotent (sexually)\": Outdated. People usually prefer \"ED\" or 勃起不全 today.\n * \"incapable\", \"has no ability\": Rare and outdated. 無能 is almost always preferred today.\n * \"unsolvable\", \"has no solution\" (math equation): Rare math jargon. 解なし is more common in obligatory education.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T05:30:58.790",
"id": "83108",
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| 83102 | 83108 | 83108 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I understand 〜として to have the basic meaning of \"as\" or \"assuming X\" for making\ncertain hypothetical statements, but I'm confused what function it serves in\nthe following statement:\n\n> スルージ氏はアップルのモデム開発の取り組みについて、今年始まったばかりだと **しており** 、「長期の戦略的投資」と表現している。\n\nThe above is E>J translation from the WSJ. Below is the original:\n\n> Mr. Srouji said Apple’s modem effort just kicked off this year, and he\n> described it as a “long-term strategic investment”.\n\nThe statement from Mr. Srouji is not hypothetical but something he actually\nsaid explicitly at a public forum, so the として doesn't seem to add any\nintelligible meaning or grammatical information to the statement as far as I\ncan make out.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-15T21:16:18.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83103",
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"owner_user_id": "36718",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"nuances",
"quotes",
"newspaper-grammar"
],
"title": "What is the grammatical function of 〜としており when quoting a statement?",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "This とする is a way of saying \"to state/say/consider (one's\nopinion/standpoint)\". This construction is used to report someone's opinion\nabout a certain issue, and is particularly common in newspapers.\n\n * 会社は当初、これはバグではないとしていた。 \nAt first, the company had stated that this was not a bug.\n\n * 問題はあるとする人とないとする人 \nthose who believe it's a problem and those who don't",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T08:26:41.080",
"id": "83152",
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]
| 83103 | null | 83152 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83109",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found this instance of してならぬ in the following passage:\n\n> 養父を殺した騎士! 報仇の念が胸に猛った。 血の脈動と共に衝動が全身を駆け、目的を唯一事に定めて走り出そうとする。 そう **してならぬ**\n> 理由が、何処にあろう。 そんなものは何処にも――\n\nI'm well aware of the usage of してならない to mean \"not being able to suppress a\nfeeling or action\" in sentences like \"そう思えてならないのだった\", but this usage doesn't\nseem to fit this context. In fact it seems like the sentence would make sense\nif it was simply supposed to be そうして **は** ならぬ instead and it was just a\nmisspelling but I've encountered similar sentences a few times before so I\nassume there's some meaning I'm missing but I can't find it in dictionaries.\nWhat would be the correct interpretation of してならぬ in this case?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T01:13:39.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83106",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "39007",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-は",
"negation",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "Meaning of してならぬ",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "This sentence is a rhetorical question, \"Where is the reason why I must not do\nit?\", i.e., \"I'm sure I should be allowed to do it\". そうして **は** ならぬ is more\ncommon, but this is not a mistype, either. This type of は is optional and\noften dropped in subordinary clauses. For example, 彼は学生でない sounds awkward, but\n学生でない人 is safely interchangeable with 学生ではない人.\n\n * [Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない, ～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010)\n\nThis has nothing to do with the {思え/感じられ}てならない construction.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-16T05:52:56.217",
"id": "83109",
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| 83106 | 83109 | 83109 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83115",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was looking up a lyrics for a song that has the lyrics\n\n```\n\n 君の背中追いかけてた\n 眩しいとか悔しいとか\n 言うより言わせたい\n \n```\n\nI think the first sentence can be translated to \"I chased after your back\",\nsecond one \"Whether it’s too dazzling or it’s regrettable\" the third one is\nthe one that I kind of do not understand. \"言う\" as I understand it is to say.\n\"より\" is more than and I know たい refers to a strong desire/want. Hence, the\nthird sentence is \" I want to say out more than what I want to say out?\" which\nsounds wrong. What is the difference between 言う vs 言わせたい?\n\nP.S. Just started learning basic Japanese only.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T10:24:18.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the difference 言う vs 言わせたい?",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "Welcome do Japanese Stack Exchange! First, you are correct about 言う, より and\n～たい meanings, but you are missing the\n[causative](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B-saseru-causative-form-meaning/) form ～させる \n言う : to say \n～せる : make someone do \"～\" / allow someone do \"～\" \n～たい : want to \"～\"\n\nThus: \n言わせる : make someone say / allow someone say \n言わせたい : want to make say\n\nSo I would translate:\n\n> 言うより言わせたい\n\nas: \n_More importantly than saying, I want to make you say._ \nor \n_I want to make you say it instead of saying it myself_",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T14:38:42.387",
"id": "83115",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-16T19:58:39.833",
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"parent_id": "83110",
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"score": 0
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| 83110 | 83115 | 83115 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83124",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "While translating a book, I noticed early on that こと is often used as a\nnominalizer when its placed behind a dictionary-form verb and written in\nhiragana. Having jumped back on the translation bandwagon during covid, I re-\nnoticed this while looking over my early translation notes, such as the use of\nこと in the following excerpt from said notes.\n\n> (1) ともかく、 逃げきることだけを考えよう。\n>\n> Anyhow, my only thoughts are of escape.\n>\n> (2) そんなことを考えてる僕の耳に、銀髪の外国人の忍{しの}び笑いが聞こえてきた。\n>\n> Thinking over such things, I accidently hear the silver-haired foreigner’s\n> muffled laughter.\n\nIs this observation of こと acting as a nominalizer if it is placed behind a\ndictionary-form verb and written in hiragana correct, or merely coincidental?\n\nEdit: I am certain こと doesn't work as a nominalizer if placed behind a\nadjective (pre-noun adjectivals excluded from exemption), as in the second\nexcerpt above, however, any clarification provided if my guess is wrong would\nbe much appreciated.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-16T13:49:44.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83113",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-16T23:47:52.780",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-16T23:16:49.807",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "26406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Is my understanding of こと correct?",
"view_count": 134
} | [
{
"body": "Not quite sure what you are asking here. You are correct that こと is a\nnominaliser in sentence 1), and you are correct that it simply means\n'thing(s)' in sentence 2).\n\nI may have misunderstood. You seem to be suggesting that maybe こと is always a\nnominaliser when it comes after a verb and is never a nominaliser when it\ncomes after an adjective. But I don't think either of these statements is\ngenerally true. For example 言ったこと could be \"the thing I said\" rather than\n\"saying\", and 安いこと could be \"the fact that it's cheap\" rather than \"a cheap\nthing\".\n\nFrom a strictly grammatical point of view I don't know where to draw the line\nin terms of calling something a nominaliser but, personally, it doesn't help\nme to think in this way anyway. I just think of こと as a noun which gets\nmodified by a relative clause. The noun can mean 'thing', 'act', 'case' etc\nand the context determines which is most appropriate.\n\nIn your first sentence こと may well be a nominaliser but you can just translate\nit as the noun 'act' in this case. What kind of act? 逃げきること = the act of\nescaping = escaping.\n\nHere's an example with an adjective:\n\n> 高いことを気にしない。 \n> I don't care that it's expensive.\n\nIn this sentence こと is a nominaliser but you can just think of it as the noun\n'fact'. What kind of fact? The fact that it's expensive.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T23:47:52.780",
"id": "83124",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-16T23:47:52.780",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"parent_id": "83113",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83113 | 83124 | 83124 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83116",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The kanji compound 場所 is bugging me. For the longest time, I did not know how\nto pronounce it, oscillating between ばどころ and じょうしょ. The correct\npronunciation, however, is ばしょ. This is weird to me, because it is a kun-on\ncompound rather than the more typical on-on or kun-kun. In my experience, the\nmost usual case when characters are read ‘weirdly’ is those readings being\n_ateji_. However, in most cases _ateji_ are uniquely Japanese but in the case\nof 場所, [a Chinese compound of the same\nmeaning](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80) exists which\nusually points to an on-on reading (compare e.g. 交通, a wholly random example\nthat I managed to think of immediately, that has a direct Chinese\ncorresponding word).\n\nSo how did the word 場所 originate and how did it acquire its pronunciation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T14:30:56.493",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83114",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T15:52:32.227",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-16T22:14:01.887",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "25893",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"readings",
"multiple-readings"
],
"title": "What is the origin of 場所?",
"view_count": 837
} | [
{
"body": "Not a real answer, but some facts to think about.\n\n 1. According to the 日本国語大辞典, the word 場所 is attested in Japanese since the 17th century, and the first appearance ever (the [甲陽軍鑑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Gunkan) of 1616) actually reads it as ばところ (or probably ばどころ, I don't know how strict the denotation of 濁点 was in that particular source)! Only in a jōruri text 最明寺殿百人上臈 (1699) we find ばしょ (even though there is no furigana. Perhaps 場所 specifically told to be read ばしょ is even from Edo?)\n\n 2. According to 漢語大詞典, 場所 in Chinese only starts appearing from the 20th century sources, which is normally a strong indication of a purely graphical Japanese borrowing. The existence of the same word in Korean points at the same.\n\nWith this being said, I can suggest that the word appeared first in Japanese,\nas a logical ばところ, but was irregularly altered to ばしょ, and the appearances in\nthe remaining Sinosphere is a result of graphical post-Meiji borrowing.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T15:31:56.730",
"id": "83116",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T15:52:32.227",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-17T15:52:32.227",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 15
}
]
| 83114 | 83116 | 83116 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83143",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a doubt in regard to the use of てくる, while marking motion of an object.\n\nAmong other things, てくる can be used to mark motion of an object, and the fact\nthat you received that motion.\n\nE.g. 田中さんが手紙を送ってきた (Tanaka-san sent me a letter and I received it)\n\nSo, my question is, can any verb be used, with this てくる, or only verbs which\nindicate a sense of motion can be used:\n\nAs, in お母さんがシャツを買ってきた (Can mean, my mother bought shirt, and I received it),\nor お母さんが本を読んできた (My mother read the story, and I received it (i.e. listened\nit).\n\nAlso, can てくれる be used for verbs (which do not have inherent sense of\ndirection) these to use of てきた. Like お母さんが私にシャツを買ってくれてきた、and お母さんが本を読んでくれてきた.\n\nMy second question is, does the object need to be tangible in nature, can it\nbe abstract things like an idea, words etc. E.g. 君の考えを聞いてきた\n\nLastly, I want to just ask you about this example sentence that I read\nsomewhere - \"E.g. 田中さんが手紙を送ってきた\". Over here is 私に implied?, or does in this\nusage we only talk about the act that is done by the person e.g. like\n友達は長い手紙を書いてきた.\n\nありがとうございます. Sorry for the big question. でも、教えてください",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T17:12:45.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83118",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-27T16:03:44.340",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T03:03:04.357",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "36729",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "Usage of てくる in Motion of Object",
"view_count": 182
} | [
{
"body": "てくる is divided to て(and) 来る(come). So, Basically, てくる means some action and\ncome (to me, here or back here).\n\nIf directly translated,\n\n> お母さんがシャツを買ってきた。 \n> My mother bought a shirt and came here/back here with the shirt. (not sure\n> for who)\n\nJust 買った means \"My mother bought a shirt\" (not sure where she is now and not\nsure for who).\n\nくれてきた。 is something wrong. \nInstead, we use きてくれた\n\n> お母さんがシャツを買ってきてくれた。 \n> My mother bought a shirt and came to me and gave it to me. (Directly\n> translated) \n> My mother bought a shirt for me. (Translated naturally) \n> 買って(buy) + きて(come) + くれた(give) \n>\n\nSo, the order of 買って + くれて + きた is wrong. \nYou cannot give something to someone directly without coming.\n\nAlso, 読んで + くれて + きた is wrong because 読んでくれた(read a book for me) and come, is\nweird, right? \n\nBy the way, the correct order, 読んで + きて + くれた is very strange, but can be used\nin a rare situation. \nFor example:\n\n> 母が図書館に行って本を読んできてくれた。 \n> (I have to read a book and write an essay as homework, but) my mother read\n> the book in a library and came back here (and maybe writes the essay for\n> me).\n\nHowever! \nThis is a very difficult point in Japanese, but 送ってきた is not 送って(sent and)\nきた(came here). \nThis means just \"sent it to you\". \nI guess the reason is as below. \nWhen you write a letter to someone and send it, Japanese thought he/she is in\nthe letter or his/her soul/feeling is in the letter. It means that you/your\nfeeling literally comes to me riding on the letter like a train, bus or\nairplane. \nSo, おくってきた can be 送って(you sent it to me and) きた(your soul/feeling comes to me) \nNow, we use 送ってきた as \"sent it to me/you\" although it is not a letter, but it\nis an email or even a gift box.\n\nHowever, 送ってきた also can be \"send + come here\". \nFor example, You asked someone (her) to send your mail to someone, and then\nshe went to a post office and came back. \nShe would say \"I sent it to him\" translated as \"送ってきた\". \nThis is \"send + come\". I think this case is occasional.\n\nSo, \"送ってきた\" can have both nuances. \"send it to someone and receive\" or \"send +\ncome here\" \nYou need to judge from the context...\n\nSo, let me answer your three questions.\n\n 1. can any verb be used? \nBasically, you can use with any verb, but some words should be weird. \nFor example, 来る(come) means already \"come\", so if you use てくる with 来る, it is\n\"来てくる\", that is come and come. It is weird.\n\n 2. Can use with abstract verb. \nAs I mentioned \"読んできてくれた\", you can use though it depends on situation. \nSo, 君の考えを聞いてきた can be used.\n\n 3. Whom did someone send it? in the case that \"田中さんが手紙を送ってきた\" \nIt should be the person who said \"田中さんが手紙を送ってきた\", that is 私. \nHowever, in the following situation like question sentence, the object is not\n私: \n\n> A: 田中さんから手紙を受け取った。 \n> B: 田中さんが送ってきたの！？ \n> A: I received a letter from Tanaka-san. \n> B: Tanaka-san send it to you!? \n>\n\nAnyway, the object should be obvious in the context.\n\nI am sorry that this answer is so long, but it is difficult and good\nquestions.\n\nNote: See the comments to get more detailed answer",
"comment_count": 18,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T22:48:19.253",
"id": "83143",
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"parent_id": "83118",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83118 | 83143 | 83143 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know Musashi (武蔵) refers to the old province, but I cannot understand the\nrest of this sentence. Can anyone help with translation of 國小俳山? Thank you.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/veWKq.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T22:53:43.843",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83122",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-16T23:42:47.623",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-16T23:42:47.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "41237",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"japanese-to-english",
"kyūjitai-and-shinjitai"
],
"title": "need help with a locality",
"view_count": 76
} | [
{
"body": "In older times, 國 (modern 国) was the suffix for provinces, generally read as\n～のくに. [Japanese Wikipedia article for Musashi\nProvince](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%94%B5%E5%9B%BD),\ncorresponding [English Wikipedia\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musashi_Province).\n\n小佛山 is the older spelling for 小【こ】仏【ぼとけ】山【やま】 (\"Little Buddha Mountain\"),\nwhich appears to be an older or alternative name for 城山【しろやま】 (\"Castle\nMountain\") in modern-day Kanagawa Prefecture. [Japanese Wikipedia article for\n_Shiro-\nyama_](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B1%B1_\\(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E3%83%BB%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%88%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%8C\\)),\nand there doesn't seem to be a corresponding article in English. Also,\n[searching Google Maps for\n小仏山](https://www.google.com/maps?q=%E5%B0%8F%E4%BB%8F%E5%B1%B1) shows results\nfor this same 城山.\n\nPS: Your text seems less like a sentence, and more like a label.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-16T23:29:55.613",
"id": "83123",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-16T23:29:55.613",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "83122",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 83122 | null | 83123 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83147",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "While reading a book, I came across the following sentence:\n人間では決して勝ちえることのできぬ存在\n\nEven with the translation (fan-translated) \"It was an opponent which humanity\ncould not overcome\", I am unable to understand it.\n\nLet's focus on a slightly simpler version: 人間 **で** は勝ちえること **の** できない存在. I\nhave highlighted the two parts that are confusing me:\n\n * 人間 **で** は ... I cannot find on [Particles: に vs. で](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/60/particles-%e3%81%ab-vs-%e3%81%a7) a case which makes sense for this use of で, and am unsure what influence it has on the translation compared to its omission 人間は勝ちえること...\n * ...ちえること **の** できない存在: I do not understand this use of の. It seems to neither indicate possession/adjectival, nor an のだ/んだ explanation.\n\n**Finally** , I am unsure I understand how to properly assess the \"direction\"\nof the 勝ちえることできない, i.e. whether to translate \"an opponent which humanity could\nnot overcome\" or \"an opponent who could not overcome humanity\". Indeed, it is\nmy understanding that using 人間は rather than 人間が makes 人間 the subject of the\nsentence in the first case, and the subject of the verb in the second case\n(ex: 象さんは鼻が長い > \"About elephants, their trunk is long\"). Since there is no\nexplicit object を in the sentence, I would be tempted to translate coarsely\n\"About/Towards humanity, a being where winning is impossible\", which is\nambiguous as to the \"direction\" of 勝ちえることできない.\n\nThank you for helping.\n\nFull context:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GYDY0.jpg)",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T09:08:30.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83128",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-18T12:51:04.247",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-17T13:01:14.540",
"last_editor_user_id": "22494",
"owner_user_id": "22494",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Understanding the sentence \"人間では決して勝ちえることのできぬ存在\"",
"view_count": 226
} | [
{
"body": "I want to try an answer, although I am only in my third/fourth year of\nJapanese.\n\nFor your first question, I would reference this page for an academic\ndescription of \"dewa\"\n[https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/では](https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF)\nThe influence it has on your sentence is to emphasize that it is all of\nhumanity, not just a typical example of humanity. Without the で particle, it\ncould be read \"It was an opponent which _people in general_ could not\novercome.\"\n\nFor the second question, the の transforms the proceeding words into a noun,\njust like こと. I'm not sure why ことの are both used. I'm going to guess dramatic\nemphasis.\n\nFor a more literal translation, I would go with 人間では決して勝ちえることのできぬ存在 \"As for\nall of humanity, never making victory can never exist.\" So I'm thinking the\nfan translation is a little off. Perhaps: \"It was an opponent which humanity\n_must_ overcome.\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T14:02:27.440",
"id": "83129",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T14:02:27.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "ことのできない is common phrase. \"の\" here is same as \"が\".\n\n\"の\" is Kakujoshi and works as \"Nominative\"(Shukaku) here. \nIn japanese, 格助詞である ”の” は主格として働くことがあります。\n\n[Kakujoshi \"の\" (in\nJapanese)](https://finetune32.wordpress.com/2017/03/23/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E5%88%86%E3%81%91%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8D/)\n\n> ”友だち が/の 来る日” \n> The day my friend comes.\n\nことのできない is same as ことができない here. \nThen, \"勝つことのできない” means You cannot win/overcome. \nSo, \"勝つことのできない存在” means An entity or something that you cannot win.\n\nNext, 勝ちえる means They can overcome/beat or they have a chance to overcome. \nSo, ”勝ちえることのできない存在” is An entity that you cannot have any chance to overcome.\n\n人間では or 人間には in this case has a nuance that Human beings never overcome it,\nbut some exsistance but human beings like monster or god could overcome it.\n\nSubject + では or Subject + には are usually used in Negative sentence. \nBesides, it implies other exsistence that can implement it.\n\n> 彼 **には/では** できない仕事だ。 \n> This is a work he cannot resolve. Or This is too tough work for him.\n\nThis sentence implies someone who can do it because では/には is used.\n\nBy the way, if I translated it, \"It is an entity that human beings absolutely\nnever have any chance to overcome.\" or \"It is an entity that human beings\nabolutely never overcome no matter what happaned.\"",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T04:30:32.160",
"id": "83147",
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| 83128 | 83147 | 83147 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "やめろ and やめるんだ both can translate as \"Stop\" as a command, but what is the\ndifference?\n\nFrom the last answer on this post:\n[https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15800/what-is-the-difference-\nbetween-んじゃない-and-んだ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15800/what-\nis-the-difference-\nbetween-%E3%82%93%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-and-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0)\nThe -nda ending acts to soften statements. Is that what the difference is,\nyamero is a order and yamerunda is a request?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T15:12:33.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83131",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T23:13:36.923",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-17T18:07:24.813",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "34142",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "Difference between two grammars, ろ and るんだ?",
"view_count": 626
} | [
{
"body": "It is almost same and both can be commands, but やめるんだ is a little bit softer\nthan やめろ.\n\nIn the first place, we don’t use やめるんだ as \"stop it!\" in verbal communication. \nIt is almost only used in Anime, Manga or some fiction. it is also used in\nliterary language.\n\nBy the way, やめるんだ has other meanings: it also means \"Actually, I decided to\nstop it..\" or \"Wow, You decided to stop it...\"\n\n * 学校やめるんだ・・・。means \n\"Actually, I decided to leave school... (maybe drop out)\" \nor \"(I am sorry.) You decided to leave school.. (I will miss you.)\"\n\n * ピアノやめるんだ・・・。 means \n\"Actually, I decided to stop playing piano (maybe forever)\" \nor \"You decided to stop playing piano... (Unfortunately...)\"\n\nIt may be difficult to tell someone a decision or truth, but if you\nshould/need to tell them, you may be able to use やめるんだ・・・. \nThis word implies your sadness, frustration or bitterness.\n\nFor examples, the following case is in the past tense.\n\nやめたんだ（やめた-んだ）has three meanings.\n\n * One is \"Actually, I stopped/left/quitted it (though I feel frustration/bitterness) \"\n * One is \"I did stop it! Please do not mention it any more!\"\n * The other is... If the subject is another person (not you), it is used to sympathize with them. \nWe may often say \"そっか・・・、やめたんだ・・・。\", \"You mean…, You stop/leave it...\". Before\nthat, You might say \"I am sorry,\" though it depends on the situation.\n\nHowever, Please note んだ is used in a lot of situations. \nI think it is very difficult...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T16:58:26.553",
"id": "83134",
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| 83131 | null | 83134 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83140",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just started reading a comic, and I'm having a bit of trouble understand a\nline said in the first page. Basically a girl approaches her guy friend and\ntells him that she's been worried for him since he hasn't been in school for\n10 days, the guy responds by saying he was sleeping. She then says\n\n> はいまあ、ゆっくり見守ってやるつもりでいます。本人がどうにかするしかないことなので,\n\nThe guy then responds with まあじ?\n\nI'm a little bit confused on what is trying to be said in the latter part of\nthe sentence. Is she saying she has no choice but to look over him in person\nbecause he's been skipping school?\n\n_Well, my intentions were to keep an eye on you, looks like I have no choice\nbut to do in person_",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T16:42:12.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83133",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-17T19:19:55.867",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-17T17:04:56.520",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "31342",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Interpreting 本人がどうにかするしかないことなので",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "I think you're confusing who 本人 is referring to. Looking at the context, the\nspeaker is probably talking about a third party rather than the listener. I\nthink we should break the sentence down a little more. It looks like you\nunderstand the first sentence, so:\n\n> はいまあ、ゆっくり見守ってやるつもりでいます。 \n> Yeah, well, I intend to just watch over (that person).\n\nAlthough this sentence doesn't say who they are watching over, it implies that\nthere is someone that they are watching over. So that person is who 本人(the\nperson themself) is referring to. So,\n\nWord/Phrase | Meaning \n---|--- \n本人が | The person him/herself + subject marker \nどうにか | Somehow / Some way or another \nする | Do \nしかない | Have no choice \nこと | nominalizer \nなので | \"So\". Shows cause and result \n \nSo if you string the first three together, you get:\n\n> 本人がどうにかする。 \n> The person does something about it themself.\n\nAdding the next「しかない」, meaning \"having no choice\" after a verb, you get:\n\n> 本人がどうにかするしかない。 \n> Have no choice but to do something about it themself.\n\nAdding こと nominalizes the phrase:\n\n> 本人がどうにかするしかないこと。 \n> Something that the person has no choice but to do something about it\n> themself.\n\nAnd then finally adding なので just gives you a hanging \"so...\"\n\n> 本人がどうにかするしかないことなので、 \n> It's something that the person has to something about it themself, so...\n\nMaybe that's not the most natural translation, but I hope you get the gist of\nit. This second sentence explains the reason why they are just watching over\nthe person in question. You could probably flip the two sentences over and\nget:\n\n> 本人がどうにかするしかないことなので、ゆっくり見守ってやるつもりでいます。 \n> (It's something) the person has to do something about it themselves, so I\n> intend to just watch over them.\n\n* * *\n\nalso I really just wanted to use the tables cause they looked cool",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T19:19:55.867",
"id": "83140",
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| 83133 | 83140 | 83140 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Looking the に particle up on jisho.org, it says that it could also function as\na because of~ or even for the purpose of~ but I'm still uncertain if that's\nthe case in the following sentence:\n\n> 二人で歩み寄って許し合える関係に\n\nI think it means \"Meet halfway for your relationship to be one where you can\nforgive each other.\" but I still don't know how に functions in this sentence.\n\nIs the sentence incomplete by any chance? Or is it already grammatical by\nitself?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T17:21:52.077",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Ending a sentence with に",
"view_count": 52
} | []
| 83135 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I’m trying to understand the tadoushi/jidoushi distinction. I read an article\nin wikionary.org\n[Here](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E#Japanese)\nwhich seemed to make sense. In particular it stated that the tadoushi/jidoushi\ndistinction is a semantic one: a tadoushi verb acts upon another entity; a\njidoushi verb does not.\n\nSubsequently I looked at this sentence:\n\n> 道を間違えたのかな (I wonder if I mistook the street)\n\nI understand that there is a related jidoushi verb, 間違う, but 間違える itself, if\nit can indeed be translated as \"to make a mistake\", does not seem to act upon\nanother entity. Yet it has a direct object.\n\nI’d appreciate it if somone could explain tadoushi/jidoushi in a way that\naccounts for the syntax in the sentence cited. Thank you.\n\nI’m pretty much a newbie, so romaji will be fine with me.\n\n**Addition** : Having thought about this more, my tentative conclusion is that\nthe tadoushi/jidoushi distinction is a semantic one that is not necessarily\nexpressed in syntax. If we were classifying English verbs, that of “I\nremembered Helen” would be jidoushi and that of “I kissed Helen” would\ntadoushi. Both can take a direct object, so it is not useful to link tadoushi\nwith transitivity and jidoushi with intransitiviity.\n\nCould anyone confirm or negate my conclusion?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T17:43:28.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T11:37:07.243",
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"owner_user_id": "34360",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-を",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Please help me understand the tadoushi/jidoushi distinction",
"view_count": 537
} | [
{
"body": "In short, Tadoshi is basically used with \"目的語{Mokutekigo}\"-Object and \"を{wo}\"\nlike \"パン{Pan}を{wo}食べる{taberu}\" - I eat a bread. \nOf course, there is exception, but it is a rare case. \nAn exception case is as below.\n\n> 猫が私の庭を走っている - Neko ga watashi no niwa wo hashitteiru \n> A cat is running in my yard.\n\nIn this sentence, \"走っている\" (infinitive verb is \"走る{hashiru}) is Jidoshi because\nNiwa, yard is place. In addition, if you can alternate \"を{wo}\" with \"で{de}\"\nlike \"庭{Niwa} で{de} 走る{hashiru}\", it is not Tadoshi.\n\nYour sentence,\n\n> A tadoushi verb acts upon another entity; a jidoushi verb does not.\n\nI think this is basically correct. However, in my opinion, some verbs like\nkiss someone or touch someone is Jidoshi. (Even in Japan, it is not clear.)\n\nkiss someone is \"にキスする{ni kisu suru}\", and touch someone is \"に触れる{ni fureru}\" \nThis verbs act upon an entity/object, but are not paired with \"を{wo}\".\n\nTo make matters complicated, touch can be translated as either\n\"を{wo}触る{sawaru}\" or \"に{ni}触れる{fureru}\". \nI guess the former is Tadoshi, and the latter is Jidoshi. \n\nThis is just my thought, but I understand that \"触る{sawaru}\" implies \"touch\ntightly to check something or with a clear purpose.\", but \"触れる{fureru}\"\nimplies touch slightly or without his/her will. So, I think this slight\ndifference makes Japanese learner more confused.\n\nI am not sure if kiss is Jidoshi or not, but if we follow the principle, kiss\nis Jidoshi because it is used with \"に{ni}\" (not \"を{wo}\").\n\nAgain, this case is gray and rare, but basically, Tadoshi acts upon an object\nand is used with \"を{wo}\"\n\nIn this case:\n\n> 道を間違えたのかな (I wonder if I mistook the street)\n\n道{michi}, street is object/entity.\n\n道-を-間違えた {Michi-wo-machigaeta} is \"I went the wrong way\" (directly translated\nto\" I mistook the street\")\n\n> 間違える itself, if it can indeed be translated as \"to make a mistake\"\n\nI think \"to make a mistake on something\" is more correct.\n\nJapanese often omit/skip object or subject. \n\n> A:コカコーラを買ってきてと頼んだのに、これはドクターペッパーだ！ \n> B:ごめん。間違えた。(間違えた is the past tense of 間違える）\n\n> A:I asked you to buy coke by Coca-cola, but this is Dr. Pepper!! \n> B:I am sorry. I made a mistake.\n\nIn this case, B doesn't say what he/she mistook because it is obvious. \nCorrectly speaking,\n\n> B:ごめん。（ドクターペッパーをコカ・コーラと）間違えた。 \n> B:I am sorry. I bought Dr pepper by mistake for Coca-cola.\n\nBy the way, In Engslih class in Japan, we Japanese learn that a verb which\nneeds preposition is Jidoshi. \nFor example, \"I go **to** school.\" It is Jidoshi because of **to**. \n\"I opened the door\" It is Tadoshi because of NO preposition.\n\nIn this method, kiss or touch is an exception case. This is Jidoshi although\nthey do NOT need preposition. \nHowever, this is gray even in Japan. Some dictionaries say this is Tadoshi. \nI think this is a rare case.\n\nDoes this answer your question? feel free to tell me if you have qustions.",
"comment_count": 11,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-17T20:08:01.597",
"id": "83141",
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},
{
"body": "I think it may be helpful to look at the actual meaning of the terms:\n\n自動詞 jidoushi\n\n他動詞 tadoushi\n\n自 self, auto-\n\n他 other, another\n\n動詞 verb (move+word)\n\nIn other words, 自動詞 works “by itself” while 他動詞 acts on something else (an\nobject).\n\nThe corresponding English grammar terms are rather unintuitive (unless you\nknow Latin) _intransitive_ and _transitive_ verbs but at least they can be\neasily looked up in any grammar reference.\n\nFor example, the verb “fly” can be both transitive and intransitive:\n\nThe birds fly - intransitive or 自動詞\n\nFly a hot air balloon - transitive (acts on balloon) or 他動詞\n\nIn Japanese they are not the same - intransitive is 飛ぶ while transitive is\n飛ばす.\n\nJapanese examples:\n\n雨が降る 花が咲く 自動詞\n\n本を読む 窓を開ける 他動詞\n\nMost commonly 他動詞 take a _direct object_ (対象) marked with a particle を but\nthis is not a hard rule, other situations are possible.",
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"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T14:44:17.157",
"id": "83176",
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| 83136 | null | 83141 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83138",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am looking for the meaning of 方かしら\n\nI am aware that かしら has a meaning of \"I wonder\"\n\nThe question may (or not) has been in the post:\n\n[Meaning of\nほうなんで?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61945/meaning-\nof-%e3%81%bb%e3%81%86%e3%81%aa%e3%82%93%e3%81%a7)\n\n> この街に来るって事は、冒険者を目指している **方かしら**\n>\n> If you've come to this town, you must be looking to become adventurers",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-17T18:31:03.673",
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"id": "83137",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-18T02:33:38.067",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "37097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "meaning of 方かしら( possible duplicate)",
"view_count": 75
} | [
{
"body": "方【かた】 is a noun which is a respectful way to say \"person\". So\n「冒険者を目指している方」would simply mean \"Someone/people who are aiming to become\nadventurers.\"\n\nThis is the second definition for 方 on\n[jisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%96%B9) and the fourth definition on\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B9-442815). It is pronounced かた.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-17T18:42:32.673",
"id": "83138",
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| 83137 | 83138 | 83138 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83161",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I think I heard a nasalized alveolar trill /r̃/ instead of alveolar nasal stop\n/n/ for the mora _na_ in this video <https://youtu.be/LIqnhSpXgtI?t=801>\n(13:26). Am I correct?\n\n(Whatever the phone is, is the allophone/variation more of an idiolect or more\nof a dialect?)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T04:58:45.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83148",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-18T18:01:56.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "38439",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonology"
],
"title": "Can a /n/ turn into /r̃/?",
"view_count": 156
} | [
{
"body": "As others have noted, this odd sound you hear at the 13:26 mark is not a\nphoneme, but either phlegm in the speaker's throat, or an audio glitch or\nother artifact from digitization.\n\nIn this specific instance, it's relevant to point out that trilling one's \"r\"s\nis generally considered informal, sometimes even vulgar. This video is of a\nprofessor discussing the grammar of Classical Japanese -- an extremely\nunlikely social context for trilled pronunciation.\n\nAlthough I could imagine //ɴ// (moraic \"n\", i.e. ん) before //ɾ// (the tap or\nflap, as in らりるれろ) possibly parsing out as causing nasalization on the\nfollowing //ɾ//, the [[r̃]] itself would not be considered any kind of\nallophone or alteration of //ɴ// -- the //ɴ// would still be there for\nlisteners, both moraically and in the nasalization it causes on the preceding\nvowel (and sometimes also on the following phone).\n\nThere are no circumstances I've ever heard or read about where //n//,\nespecially mora-initial //n-// as in the video, would ever be rendered as a\ntrill of any sort.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T17:59:56.420",
"id": "83161",
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| 83148 | 83161 | 83161 |
{
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"body": "We can say something like this, using a passive verb at the end of a sentence:\n\n> 英語は世界中で話されている\n\nBut when we put verb before a noun to modify it, which of the following could\nyou use, or would be correct?\n\n> 子供に与えられる玩具\n\nor\n\n> 子供に与える玩具",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T05:25:32.543",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83149",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-18T11:52:38.290",
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"owner_user_id": "41274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can a passive verb modify a noun?",
"view_count": 228
} | [
{
"body": "You can safely put a passive verb before a noun to form a relative clause.\n世界中で話されている英語 means \"English which is spoken all over the world\".\n\nBut please note that 子供に与えられる玩具 is ambiguous; technically it means both \"the\ntoy given **by** the child\" and \"the toy given **to** the child\" depending on\nthe context (although in this case the latter is more likely for obvious\nreasons). See: [The meaning of\n”あれは魔術師に与えられた祝福”](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/76392/5010) and [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/38744/5010). On the other hand,\n子供に与える玩具 only means \"the toy someone gives to a child\".\n\nAmbiguous relative clause happens with non-passive relative clauses, too. See:\n[Ambiguity when describing with verbs, e.g.\n酒を飲ませる人](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/79905/5010) and [ambiguous-\nrelative-clauses](/questions/tagged/ambiguous-relative-clauses \"show questions\ntagged 'ambiguous-relative-clauses'\").",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-18T06:12:45.097",
"id": "83150",
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| 83149 | null | 83150 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 人間では **決して** 勝ちえることのできぬ存在.\n\nIn this sentence, how should 決して be translated? My dictionary says this should\nbe \"never\" but I'm thinking it should be \"able\". Otherwise, with the ぬ at the\nend, is this a double negative?\n\n\"It was an opponent that humanity could not overcome.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T08:35:19.573",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83153",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T16:26:23.407",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T03:16:57.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "34142",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"polarity-items"
],
"title": "人間では決して勝ちえることのできぬ存在, how to handle 決して?",
"view_count": 102
} | [
{
"body": "決して_ない (or other negative conjugations) could be thought of like \"absolutely\nnot\" or more literally \"decidedly not\". It's always used with a negative.\n\nYou could interpret this sentence as \"An opponent Humans are absolutely\nincapable of winning against.\" It wouldn't be wrong to say \"An opponent Humans\nare never able to win against.\" So in that case, 決して could be translated as\n'Never' but the negative part is the ぬ at the end making the whole grammar\nphrase negative. it isn't a double negative, both ends of the phrase 決して_ない\nare working together to make one negative.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-19T16:06:20.037",
"id": "83180",
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| 83153 | null | 83180 |
{
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"body": "I'm still a little confused on the nuances of the の particle. For example,\nlet's say \"I played Dota 2.\" Would that be\n\n> \"Dota 2 **の** ゲームをしました。\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T12:48:56.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83154",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-18T16:18:08.123",
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"owner_user_id": "41263",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "How to say when you're doing a specific thing?",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "I think you are right. In this case, の binds the two nouns together.\n\nOf course, there are other cases where you use の with a different meaning, but\nin your case, it seems right.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T14:51:29.700",
"id": "83156",
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"body": "I understand your tendency to want to use `の` in this case. However when you\nwant to introduce the name of something, you should use `という`. (assuming you\nare introducing it for the first time). So you could say, `Dota2というゲームをしました。`\nIf the game is mutually understood you can just say `Dota2をしました。`",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2022-01-28T02:17:03.983",
"id": "93184",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T02:17:03.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
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| 83154 | null | 93184 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "86677",
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"body": "Please note this\n[post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38995/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%95%E3%81%84-conjugation)\ndoes not answer the question, it’s not a duplicate.\n\n> 熱い時開けない **でください**\n\nThis is the warning messages on your car for engine coolant. But why is it not\n\n> 熱い時開けなくてください,\n\nSince it should be てform + ください？\n\nで is the てform of だ, so could I see this sentence as 熱い時開けない事でください, since it’s\nalways a noun that comes before だ？\n\nBesides, I’ve also seen 熱いとき開けないこと being used as well.\n\nAnother supporting evidence is instead of そんな事はありません, some people say\nそんな事はないです, which, I think I can interpret as そんな事はない事です, right?\n\nIs it valid, in these two cases, to put こと after the verb and before the で/です?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-18T13:33:32.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83155",
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"owner_user_id": "39855",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Negative + でください",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "When you use 熱い時開けなくて, you mean: when it's hot, do not open it **and**\n\nなくて = な（い） + く （liaison) + て\n\nwhile ないでください means: please do not",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-18T14:56:59.067",
"id": "83157",
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},
{
"body": "なくて and ないで are both valid て-forms but they have different functions. When\nused to connect clauses, なくて indicates cause and ないで attendant circumstances.\n\n> 弟がドアを開けなくて困った。 \n> I had a hard time because my brother didn’t open the door (for me).\n\n> ドアを開けないで返事をした。 \n> I replied without opening the door.\n\nThe former is used when some action is actually not performed and that causes\nsome consequences, whereas the latter describes a situation in which some\naction is kept unperformed while some other action is performed.\n\nないでください is used to ask someone to refrain from doing something. It’s like\nasking them to keep the action of the verb unperformed. (*) なくてください doesn’t\nmake sense.\n\nないで is also used in ないでおく. Again (*) なくておく doesn’t make sense.\n\n> 寒いので窓を開けないでおこう。 \n> Since it is cold, let’s keep the window closed ( _lit._ unopened).\n\n> cf. 暑いので窓を開けておこう。 \n> Since it is hot, let’s keep the window open.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-05-18T03:49:40.343",
"id": "86677",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 83155 | 86677 | 86677 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "84120",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In an online dictionary for\n[単独](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8D%98%E7%8B%AC/#jn-140459), 単独 is\nused seemingly as an adverb in two example sentences, but with different\nparticles:\n\n> 「単独で登頂する」 「単独に存在する」\n\n99% of other 単独 examples online use で. Since this is a very reliable online\ndictionary in my experience, what is the grammar of using 単独に here? Is 単独\ntreated as a different part of speech in 単独に versus 単独で?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T15:07:46.050",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83158",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-09T03:44:44.680",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4382",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Difference between 単独で and 単独に",
"view_count": 194
} | [
{
"body": "There's definitely some freedom of choice, but で suggests agency (by whatever\nis \"independent\"), whereas に suggests passivity/staticity. It's not by chance\nthat 単独で is used with 登頂する, and 単独に is used with 存在する.\n\nOther examples I found on the Shonagon corpus:\n\n> 『幻想交響曲』のみが 単独に コンサートで演奏される\n\nに feels best here, since 幻想交響曲, which is what is played independently, is the\nobject of action. (The passive structure here is irrelevant, I would still use\nに in 『幻想交響曲』を単独に演奏する.) 『幻想交響曲』を単独 **で** 演奏する, on the other hand, sounds a bit\nmore like \"[someone] is playing it by themselves\", although to me, both\ninterpretations are valid.\n\n> 夫が 単独で 移住するケース\n\nで sounds better here, since the independence describes the agent, 夫.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-02-09T03:44:44.680",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 83158 | 84120 | 84120 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I'm reading Yoshimoto Banana's みずうみ in Japanese, and I decided to refer to\nEmmerich's translation into English to make sure I was following the beginning\ncorrectly since I'm still an intermediate level reader. One sentence confused\nme greatly. The original Japanese reads\n\n> 時間が止まっていて、特に望み **もなく** 中島くんを見ている。\n\nwhich I took to mean something like \"Time is stopped, and I'm looking at\nNakajima-kun, wanting nothing in particular.\" Or more literally, \"with no\nparticular desires.\"\n\nHowever, Emmerich translates the same sentence as:\n\n\"Time has stopped, and I'm looking at Nakajima, and that's all I want.\"\n\n**Have I totally misunderstood the way that もなく is used here?**\n\nMy translation and Emmerich's have very very different implications. I'm\nespecially skeptical of my own, since it seems like a professional translator\nwouldn't want to completely change the meaning of a sentence like that.\n\nIn context, my version does make some sense, since the main character has just\nfinished saying she's not really in love with Nakajima, so the sense of not\nwanting or expecting anything in particular seems appropriate. She has just\nsaid a few sentences earlier that\n\n> 「それは恋というようなものよりも、もっとぎょっとするような驚きなのだ。」\n\nwhich I take to mean (loosely) \"Rather than something like love, it was more\nof a surprised/shocked feeling.\" But I can see that Emmerich's translation\nworks in this context as well, just with a different meaning.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T17:23:50.633",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83160",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T02:34:42.683",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T02:34:42.683",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "19617",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"expressions",
"literature"
],
"title": "Is Emmerich's translation of 特に望みもなく in Yoshimono Banana's みずうみ correct?",
"view_count": 97
} | []
| 83160 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83177",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Can you do that, modify a noun by mixing modifiers?\n\nSay, something like this:\n\n> 昨日買ったきれいな白い夫子の **帽子**\n\n 1. 昨日買った\n 2. きれいな\n 3. しろい\n 4. 夫子の\n\neach is modifying 帽子.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-18T22:53:57.107",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83162",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-21T15:35:24.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41270",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"relative-clauses",
"modification",
"attributive"
],
"title": "Mixed modifiers with a noun",
"view_count": 170
} | [
{
"body": "Found the answer in Basic Japanese A Grammar and Workbook By Shoko Hamano,\nTakae Tsujioka , p.30\n\n> You can combine noun-modifying clauses with the other types of modifiers.\n> Remember to keep the modified noun at the end of the noun phrase.\n>\n> 僕が作ったヘルシーな野菜のピザ\n>\n> [boku ga tsukutta] [herushii-na] [yasai-no] pizza\n>\n> “the healthy vegetable pizza that I made”",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T15:35:28.537",
"id": "83177",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "I think you can do it but it can get tricky when chaining multiple modifiers.\nThere’s a famous [garden-path sentence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-\npath_sentence) demonstrating this ambiguity in Japanese:\n\n> 頭が赤い魚を食べた猫\n\nIt can be parsed in at least five different ways depending on which word or\nclause modifies what. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/V6x2b.jpg)\n\nsource: <https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=7442>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T16:01:13.853",
"id": "83179",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 83162 | 83177 | 83179 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Literally it appears to translate to \"It's not a hated development\"\n\nBut google translate puts it as \"I don't hate it\". The subtitles of the\nprogram I'm watching put it as \"I don't dislike the idea\".\n\nI wonder if it is an idiomatic way to say that I don't hate something, or if\nit specifically is referring to a development.\n\nFor example, if you tried some ice cream and it was okay, would you say\n`嫌いな展開じゃないよ`\n\nI assume not. Whereas if you went into your performance review and they said\nwe're going to give you a performance review and if you pass we'll promote\nyou, could you say afterwards to your friend 嫌いな展開じゃないよ (i.e. I don't dislike\nthis [unexpected] development)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T00:20:40.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83163",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T04:32:59.767",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1031",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is the phrase 嫌いな展開じゃないよ idiomatic?",
"view_count": 73
} | [
{
"body": "> For example, if you tried some ice cream and it was okay, would you say\n> 嫌いな展開じゃないよ\n\nFor this, my answer is no, you may say 悪くない or simply 美味い. I think 展開 has the\nmeaning here that the story is developing and you are expecting something\ninteresting or good will happen later. There seems to be no follow-up in this\ncase.\n\nFor the performance review situation, I'm not sure, but it seems a little\nweird, because in this situation you have not yet pass the performance review.\nI think after you getting the result of performance review you can use it, as\nat that time, you are expecting something more certain for a longer period.\n\nHope it helps and tell me if I'm wrong. Thanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T04:32:59.767",
"id": "83167",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T04:32:59.767",
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}
]
| 83163 | null | 83167 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83168",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A guy is buying Oden at the conbini and the clerk asks:\n\n> おつゆこれぐらいで?\n\nSo the guy answers:\n\n> うん、そんなもんでいいです\n\nI think it means something like: is this much soup ok? But I don't really know\nwhy で is used at the end of the first sentence or in the middle of the second.\nI also don't get the meaning of the second sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T01:07:48.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83164",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-22T06:28:16.930",
"last_edit_date": "2021-12-22T06:27:28.773",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "39755",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nuances",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "What is で doing in this sentence?",
"view_count": 120
} | [
{
"body": "So that で is being used the same way in both sentences.\n\nEssentially it kind of makes what comes before it -- \"これぐらい\" and \"そんなもん\" --\ninto a \"state\" or \"condition\" or \"situation\" to be referred to.\n\nBut in the first case the sentence is truncated, which is a normal thing in\neveryday use. More politely, the conbini person should probably say\n\"これぐらいでよろしいですか\"\n\n\"これぐらい + で\" = the state of being about this much \"よろしいですか\" = is it\ngood/acceptable/satisfactory?\n\n\"そんなもん\" is \"that kind of state\" or \"that sort of situation\" or \"that kind of\nthing\" or, in this case specifically \"that amount\". So the second sentence is\n\"Yeah, that's about right\" or \"Yeah, that's good\"\n\n\"そんなもん + で\" = that kind of situation/condition (that amount) \"いいです\" = is\ngood/acceptable/satisfactory\n\nThis is a super common and ordinary use of \"で\" and I'm sure that such examples\nabound in normal conversation.\n\nFor example if you just order \"まぐろ\" at the sushi joint, they may ask \"さしみで？\" =\n\"as sashimi\" or \"in the state of sashimi\". But if you wanted nigiri sushi you\ncould say \"にぎりでお願いします\" = \"as nigiri please\"\n\nOr sake... \"あつかんで？\" = \"as warm sake\", but if you want chilled sake, you would\nsay \"ひやで\" or, more politely, \"ひやでお願いします\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T07:12:25.653",
"id": "83168",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 83164 | 83168 | 83168 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Given a simple pattern like this, I'm wondering what the topic of the third\nsentence is.\n\nクラウスさんは学生です。 私も学生です。 日本語を勉強します。\n\nAfter using も in the second sentence, is the topic of the third sentence still\nクラウスさん, 私, or both?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T02:43:43.040",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83165",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T15:50:02.600",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11369",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-も",
"topic"
],
"title": "Does も change the topic?",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "Interesting question.\n\nI think the topic is still クラウスさんは\n\nIf they were both the topic of the second sentence you would have used と一緒に\n\nIf the topic were you, I think you would have used 日本語 **も** 勉強します (I think it\nis implicit that クラウスさんは learns japanese since he/she is a 学生)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T07:57:48.550",
"id": "83170",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T08:37:40.347",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T08:37:40.347",
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"owner_user_id": "37097",
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},
{
"body": "> クラウスさんは学生です。 私も学生です。 日本語を勉強します。\n\ndoesn't sound very natural, partly because 日本語を勉強 **します** usually means you\nare going to learn Japanese from now or in the near future, rather than that\nyou've already started learning or you're currently learning Japanese. It's\nnot very natural also because it's not clear who's the subject of the 3rd\nsentence. If I heard:\n\n> クラウスさんは学生です。 私も学生です。 日本語を勉強し **てい** ます。\n\nI would probably interpret it as \"Klaus-san is a student. I am a student, too.\nI am learning Japanese.\" though it might depend on the context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T15:50:02.600",
"id": "83178",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83165 | null | 83178 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83169",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> コンビニっていうのはそんなに複雑な話はしない場所。\n\nI understand the meaning of the sentence well enough but I don't quite get the\nusage of っていうのは here. I think it's the casual form of ということは which I thought I\nknew how to use up until now.\n\nIf you could give me a hand here, I'd really appreciate it. Thank you in\nadvance :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T03:47:22.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83166",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-21T17:31:30.867",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T03:52:44.143",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "39755",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Could you explain what does っていうのは mean here?",
"view_count": 1962
} | [
{
"body": "っていうのは is the abbreviated form of というのは\n\nHere is an link (in Japanese) to its meaning\n\n> <http://www.edewakaru.com/archives/11527328.html>\n>\n>\n> 「〜というのは」意味や内容（ないよう）の説明（せつめい）・定義（ていぎ）を表す文型です。「〜というのは」の後（うし）ろには「〜のことだ」「〜という意味だ」など、よく使われる表現（ひょうげん）がいくつかありますので、一緒（いっしょ）に覚えておきましょう\n\nSo it means that you are going to give details on the part preceeding というのは\n\nSo if I am not mistaken, the sentence means:\n\n> a combini store is not a place where you have such a complicated\n> conversation",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T07:44:44.960",
"id": "83169",
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"parent_id": "83166",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 83166 | 83169 | 83169 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83175",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found となる in\n\n> いまから約1世紀前 **となる** 1929年\n\nand the English translation was \"Almost a century ago in 1929,\" How does となる\nwhich means \"become\" fit in this sentence?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T13:43:20.117",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83173",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T22:54:21.763",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-19T22:54:21.763",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "40064",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "I don't know how to explain となる here",
"view_count": 105
} | [
{
"body": "In general, XとなるY could be translated as “Y, which becomes X”\n\nIn other words, you could translate the sentence literally like:\n\n> The year 1929 will become/becomes (almost a century before from now)\n\nrephrased a little more naturally:\n\n> It’s now been almost a century from the year 1929.\n\nIf we want to emphasize the year like in the original:\n\n> The year 1929, which was almost a century ago.\n\nI think there’s a slight nuance in this usage of となるwhich I’m struggling to\nfit into translation but which might be phrased as “we’re getting close to one\ncentury from the year 1929” or maybe “it will soon be one century since 1929”.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T14:16:47.940",
"id": "83175",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-19T14:16:47.940",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "83173",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83173 | 83175 | 83175 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83184",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have some difficulty understanding this grammar structure.\n\nThe context is\n\n> いやにみられてるんですけど。 **これってアレ** よ、きっと私から滲{にじ}み出る神オーラで。。。\n>\n> I don't like the way they're looking at me. I know ! It's the goddess aura I\n> exude ...\n\nって probably stands for というのは、アレ＝あれ, but it does not seem to make sense to have\nこれ and あれ at the same time.\n\nI feel I am missing something...",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T21:36:21.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83182",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-20T16:58:49.060",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-20T16:58:49.060",
"last_editor_user_id": "3073",
"owner_user_id": "37097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of これってアレ",
"view_count": 1257
} | [
{
"body": "Your assumption is correct. 「これってあれ」 just means 「これというのはあれ」. It's just filler\nwords. Like in English, you could say things like \"This is, you know...\" when\nyou can't find the words to properly express your thoughts. A literal\ntranslation might be \"This is, you know, that\". So maybe a more natural\ntranslation for your sentence would be:\n\n> これってあれよ、きっと私から滲み出る神オーラで。。。 \n> This must be because of, you know, the godly aura I'm exuding...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-19T22:16:54.153",
"id": "83184",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-20T04:14:47.950",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-20T04:14:47.950",
"last_editor_user_id": "21657",
"owner_user_id": "21657",
"parent_id": "83182",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
]
| 83182 | 83184 | 83184 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83198",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across the phrase 転がるように in part of a sentence 間合いから転がるように脱出する.\n\n[Here](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E8%BB%A2%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB)\nI came across a definition saying すごいスピードで前に進むさま and was wondering whether\nthis was correct, and if it is, how does it mean that?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T00:14:21.803",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 転がるように",
"view_count": 104
} | [
{
"body": "I am not sure in you case\n\nif I try to translate you sentence,:\n\n\"escape by rolling from an appropriate distance\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T06:14:37.907",
"id": "83188",
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{
"body": "転がるように can be used figuratively. For example, 転がるように as in 彼は坂を転がるように駆け下りた or\n建物から転がるように逃げ出した usually describes how desperate this person was. He may have\nstumbled a few times, but it does not necessarily mean he has actually rolled\nphysically. Your link is based on this figurative usage (although I think\n転がるように usually implies \"desperately\" or something similarly negative.\n転がるように成長する makes little sense.)\n\nHowever, your sentence says 間合い — is this a kind of a battle scene? Then\ndodging by rolling in a battle is not strange, so 転がるように probably just means\nwhat it literally means, \"as if one was rolling\", \"(dodge) like rolling\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T15:00:32.030",
"id": "83198",
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"score": 2
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| 83185 | 83198 | 83198 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83190",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I recently came across this sentence:\n\n> 耳打ちするようにしながらもしっかり声が届くように言うホロに苦笑いしきりだが、ノーラが無防備にうなずいたことにはちょっと傷ついた。 \n>\n\nI thought at first that しきり might be しきる, as in \"do to completion\", but then\nit would make more sense as 「しきったが」rather than 「しきりだが」. I also saw on a\nChiebukuro post that as 頻り, 「後悔しきり」means to \"regret one thing after another\".\nThe main character of the story does make this expression quite often at ホロ.\nHowever, I am still unsure what しきり means here.\n\nWhat does this しきり mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T04:47:10.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83186",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-20T08:10:32.137",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "21657",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"parsing"
],
"title": "The meaning of しきり after a noun",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "The しきり(だ) means:\n\n> しきり【頻り】 \n> 〘形動〙同じことが何度も起こるさま。また、その程度・度合いがはなはだしいさま。 \n> 「催促が **しきり** だ」 \n> 「後悔すること **しきり** だ」 \n> ▹動詞「しき（頻）る」の連用形から。 \n> （from 明鏡国語辞典）\n\nThe しきり is a na-adjective. It comes from the verb しきる(頻る), meaning \"to do\nsomething incessantly\".\n\nIt can follow a noun, Verb+こと, or Noun+が, like this:\n\n> 反省することしきりだ。 \n> 感心頻りであった。 \n> ～との声がしきりだ。\n\n～しきり(だ) sounds pretty literary and you wouldn't use it in casual speech.\n\nAs an aside, you'd more often see 「しきりに」\"frequently\", as in:\n\n> しきりに背後を気にする",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T06:50:56.907",
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| 83186 | 83190 | 83190 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "so my first and second name means \"peaceful valley\", while my surname means\n\"flowers\". So all in all my name means \"peaceful valley of flowers\", \"flowers\nin a peaceful valley\", or something like that.\n\nI know flower is hana or 花, but I'm a little lost on what kanjis to use for my\nfirst and second name. I know \"ya\" or \"tani\" or 谷 means valley, but I don't\nknow what kanji I could use for \"peaceful\" or \"peace\".\n\nAlso, how would I combine everything in that it would make sense? Sorry, I'm\nvery new to kanji. Thank you in advance.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T06:22:38.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83189",
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"owner_user_id": "41294",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"names"
],
"title": "Translating my name into kanji",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "平和 means peace; harmony\n\nsource: [平和](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C)\n\nIt has been used in Japanese names if you read it as かず\n\nexample: [Kazuyoshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyoshi)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T07:12:25.183",
"id": "83192",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-20T16:10:38.047",
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"parent_id": "83189",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 83189 | null | 83192 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83195",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that 容姿 means (physical) appearance (of a person); one's face and\nfigure.\n\nBut I cannot figure it in the following context:(at the end of the sentence)\n\n> やはり新参者は珍しいのかやけに注目を集めている\n> 。...と、俺はその原因に気がついた。「ねえねえ、いやに見られてるんですけど。これってアレよ、きっと私から滲み出る神オーラで、女神だってバレてるんじゃないかしら」このすっとぼけた事を言う女神の\n> **容姿** 。黙っていれば美少女なこいつが目を惹いているのだろう。\n\nIt has been translated as\n\n> We did seem to be getting a lot of attention, though. At first I thought\n> maybe they didn't many newcomers here. Then it dawned on me. \"Hey I don't\n> like the way they're looking at me\" Aqua said. \"I know ! It's the goddess\n> aura I exude - They've figured out who I really am!\" Everyone was checking\n> out the goddess who stood beside me, spewing inanities. It made sense that\n> she would attract attention. After all, she would be really beautiful, if\n> she could keep her mouth shut.\n\nMy try for the part with 容姿\n\n> \"They figured out I am a goddess\" (said) the beautiful goddess who suddendly\n> was saying nonsense\n\nI wonder if 容姿 does not add an ironic touch.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T07:10:17.963",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83191",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-20T16:08:20.000",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "37097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What does 容姿 mean at the end of the sentence?",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "The 容姿 is referring to the 原因 mentioned earlier in the paragraph.\n\n * narrator suddenly understood the reason for the attention\n * the reason is the attractive appearance (容姿) of this inanity-spewing goddess\n\nIn your try at the translation (\"...said the beautiful goddess who suddenly\nwas saying nonsense\"), \"goddess\" is your subject.\n\nHowever for the original sentence, 容姿 is the subject, as it explains the\nattention - it's not just the goddess, but the goddess' attractive looks\ngetting the attention.\n\nIt lies at the end of \"このすっとぼけた事を言う女神の容姿\" as the sentence construct literally\ntranslates to \"[the reason for the attention is] this inanity-spewing goddess'\nappearance\".\n\nAs you can see, it's a very stiff literal translation :) The translation you\nquoted also did not specify \"looks/appearance\" explicitly, but worked round it\nto capture the outcome as naturally as possible.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T19:26:30.313",
"id": "83195",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-20T19:26:30.313",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35449",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 83191 | 83195 | 83195 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading an article at nhk news web site and I found a sentence which I'm\nnot pretty sure what the meaning really is. Here's a fragment:\n\n試験ではまず、日本の県や町などで、将来どんな問題が起こるかが書いてある文章を読みます。そして、どうやってその問題をなくしたらいいか、スマートフォンやパソコンを使って情報を集めて、レポートを書きます。大学は、試験を受ける人が外にいる人にメールなどで試験の問題を送ったりしないように、チェックする人を多くします。\n\nWhat i'm a little bit concerned about is the 多くします part. 多く is an adverb which\nmeans something like: a lot, much, abundant so I might think that the meaning\nwould be something like \" to do very much\" or \"to do something with frequency\"\nAm I right? Please help.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-20T18:31:50.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83193",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-21T17:24:06.363",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-21T17:24:06.363",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "36169",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"adverbs",
"i-adjectives",
"newspaper-grammar"
],
"title": "い-adj in く form + する what is the meaning?",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "The cut down sentence is:\n\n> 大学はチェックする人を多くします。 \n> The universities will make sure there are a lot of people to check (on the\n> students)\n\nLiterally \"The universities will make the people doing the checking many\".\n\nThis usage of adverbs with する happens a lot, and you can't normally translate\nthe adverb as an English adverb without it sounding really awkward; 'many-ly'\nis not a word. Another example which instantly springs to mind is 部屋をきれいにする\n(cleanly make the room = make the room clean = clean the room).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-20T19:24:08.107",
"id": "83194",
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| 83193 | null | 83194 |
{
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"body": "The literal meaning of ごめん is, I know, approximately \"forgiveness\" in English.\nHowever, the vast majority of its usage (that I've seen) is more accurately\ntranslated as \"I'm sorry,\" or \"please forgive me.\" \nWhile I am aware of its literal usage and thus am pretty sure I already know\nthe answer to this question, I wanted to ask to be certain: as 'sorry' can be\nused in English to express condolences as opposed to ask for forgiveness, can\nJapanese ごめん be used in the same way? For example, if one were to say in\nEnglish \"My house was broken into last night,\" \"I'm sorry,\" would be\nconsidered a reasonable and appropriate response. \"I'm sorry\" in this case\ndoes not imply the speaker is responsible for the crime or feels guilt over\nit, simply that they regret the circumstances of the person to whom they are\nspeaking. Thus, if someone were to say in Japanese \"昨夜家に泥棒がはいった。\" would\n\"ごめんね。\" be considered an appropriate response?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T18:09:15.530",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83199",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T07:47:08.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "39194",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Can ごめん, like English 'sorry,' be used to express condolences?",
"view_count": 211
} | [
{
"body": "this is not a direct reply for your question, but to express condoleances, I\nthink you use ご愁傷さま\n\nsource\n[ご愁傷さま](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%94%E6%84%81%E5%82%B7%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T18:31:20.907",
"id": "83201",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-21T18:31:20.907",
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{
"body": "This question is very close to being a duplicate of [the one that Chocolate\nposted in the\ncomments](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/53037/how-to-express-\nbeing-sorry-as-a-sympathetic-feeling), but that question is written by someone\nwho already knows the answer to the specific question you are posing here.\n\n> I wanted to ask to be certain: as 'sorry' can be used in English to express\n> condolences as opposed to ask for forgiveness, can Japanese ごめん be used in\n> the same way?\n\nNo, it cannot. As a native English speaker I still have to stop myself from\nusing it that way anyway despite knowing better, but ごめん along with other\napologies (すまない、申し訳ない, etc.) simply don't take on that meaning in Japanese.\nAdditionally, if you try and stick ごめん in places it clearly doesn't belong you\nmay end up conveying something entirely different, as it's also used to\n[describe situations you find highly undesirable or are sick\nof](https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%94%E3%82%81%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0).\n\nAppropriate ways to express this type of sympathy are covered\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/53049/7705), in the answers to the\nquestion Chocolate linked to.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-22T07:47:08.750",
"id": "83209",
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| 83199 | null | 83209 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83223",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Hi I would like to know if わけない is the shortened version of わけがない / わけはない (it\nis not possible that)\n\nI am pretty sure it is but it would be nice if I had some confirmation. I\nwould like also to know what nuances it bring (if any)\n\n> おい、アクア、金ってもってる？\n>\n> あんな状況でいきなり連れてこられて、持ってる **わけない** でしょう？\n>\n> Hey, Aqua, you got any cash ?\n>\n> What do you think ? As I had time to grab my wallet when you dragged me off\n> here !",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T18:28:55.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83200",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-23T01:45:52.533",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-21T18:34:03.680",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "37097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is わけない the shortened version of わけがない?",
"view_count": 335
} | [
{
"body": "According to Tae Kim (of course, not always the best of sources) and Jisho it\nis.\n\nTae Kim (from [Hypothesizing and\nConcluding](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/reasoning)):\n\n> 中国語が読めるわけがない。\n>\n> There’s no way I can read Chinese. (lit: There is no reasoning for [me] to\n> be able to read Chinese.)\n>\n> Under the normal rules of grammar, we must have a particle for the noun 「わけ」\n> in order to use it with the verb but since this type of expression is used\n> so often, the particle is often dropped to create just 「～わけない」.\n\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84):\n\n> 訳無い\n>\n> [...] 2. there's no way that ... (Usually written using kana alone, See\n> also わけがない, contraction of わけがない)\n\nAlso, Imabi uses it interchangeably in his (their?) [Wake + Negation\narticle](https://www.imabi.net/wakenegation.htm):\n\n> 20. 英語えいごはおろか、中国語ちゅうごくごも学まなべる **わけない** でしょう。\n>",
"comment_count": 1,
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"id": "83223",
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| 83200 | 83223 | 83223 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83205",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here's a bit from a Kamoshida Hajime novel ( _Just Because!_ ):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9AheX.png)\n\nI've reviewed the Wikipedia article on [Japanese\npunctuation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_punctuation) as well as\nsome related questions on this Stack Exchange but am unable to figure out what\nthis dash-like punctuation at the beginning of each of these lines is, and how\nto type this. I've been using\n[U+2500](https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2500/index.htm), BOX\nDRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL, for this because two of them combine nicely without\nany space inbetween (on all my devices and apps), like in the image:\n\n> ──私、決めたから\n\nAlternatives I've considered are: U+2015 (HORIZONTAL BAR), em dashes, and\nkatakana continuation marks (though none of these combine perfectly without\nspacing?):\n\n> ――私、決めたから (two horizontal bars)\n>\n> ——私、決めたから (two em dashes)\n>\n> ーー私、決めたから (two continuation marks/chouonpu)\n\nWhat's the right answer here? How should I properly represent this in text?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T19:04:33.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83202",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T05:28:15.240",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4706",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "What is this dash-like punctuation at the beginning of lines, seeming to indicate rapid-fire thoughts?",
"view_count": 488
} | [
{
"body": "It's indeed a (long) dash. See:\n\n * [Is Japanese em dash equal to Latin em dash?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36601/5010)\n * [Meaning of long horizontal bar in Japanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57904/5010)\n * [What does ー mean in this context?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60433/5010)\n\nIt has several uses, but here, it is similar in purpose to 3点リーダー (･･･) used\nto add an emotional or reflective pause. Dashes are less common and thus feel\nsomewhat literary. Perhaps these three sentences are monologues or lines\nimagined in someone's mind?\n\nIt's still difficult to reproduce this symbol outside professional-use DTP\nsoftware like InDesign. See the first link above, too.\n\n * The most traditional and conservative approach is to use `U+2014` (EM DASH) twice. The 全角ダッシュ symbol in traditional Japanese encodings (`0x815C` in SJIS/CP932) is now mapped to this.\n * You can also use `U+2E3A` (TWO-EM DASH), but this is a relatively new Unicode character and may not be supported by all platforms yet.\n * The 全角ダッシュ was once mapped to `U+2015` (HORIZONTAL BAR), but this is now considered a mistake (See: [全角ダッシュのマッピング問題](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5_\\(%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7\\)#%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%92%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C)). However, according to [this article](https://moji-memo.hatenablog.jp/entry/20100128/1264669476), this \"horizontal bar\" was initially intended to be used as a \"quotation dash\", so it may be a good choice in your specific case.\n * [Box-drawing characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-drawing_character) like `U+2500` are for making a table in a fixed-width terminal, etc. You should not use them to make a dash.\n * By \"katakana continuation marks\", do you mean the long vowel marker (長音符)? Then you should not use it. It will render terribly ([](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WdNrb.png)) in serif fonts.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T00:09:35.847",
"id": "83205",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
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| 83202 | 83205 | 83205 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Can \"少し外す\" mean \"zoned out/lost focus\"\n\nI can send the source material I read it in, if that helps.\n\nEdit: For those asking for context, here its the bit in the manga:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4qoit.png)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-21T22:29:27.397",
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"id": "83204",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-22T00:38:14.127",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "40541",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"definitions"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"少し外す\"",
"view_count": 493
} | [
{
"body": "In this context, 外す means \"to leave (for a moment)\", \"to step out\", \"to go\naway from keyboard\", etc. See the third definition on jisho.org:\n\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BNWaU.png)\n\n[席を外す](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%B8%AD%E3%82%92%E5%A4%96%E3%81%99) is a\ncommon set phrase.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T00:42:25.523",
"id": "83207",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T02:04:22.007",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83204",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "外す is a polite way of saving that one is leaving. It's more like to excuse\noneself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T09:12:51.360",
"id": "83211",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T09:12:51.360",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "27723",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
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| 83204 | null | 83207 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 女: 先輩、来週、海外出張なんですが、特にしておいたほうがいいこと **って** 、ありますか。\n\nI read somewhere on this site って can mean と言ってる. Is this correct\ntranslation/thinking?\n\nSenpai, next week, since we have the overseas business trip, is there anything\nI should prepare for you have been saying?\n\nNext text for context:\n\n男: 会議の資料は準備できてるんだよね。 \n女: はい。男:会社のパンフレット、持った?\n\nEtc..",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T00:30:00.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83206",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T06:31:32.133",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-22T06:31:32.133",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "18331",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-って"
],
"title": "What does the って mean here?",
"view_count": 107
} | []
| 83206 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "In songs and anime (yes, I know that they're not always good representations\nof normal spoken Japanese) I see キミの事 used (for example キミの事が大好き), and I'm\npretty sure that it doesn't mean the literal translation of (I like your\nthings/event/etc), and probably just means (I like you). Is there a\ndistinction in the way it would be used in connection with \"your\"?\n\nEdit: Aight, I see now. As for 事, it means \"everything about [object]\" in a\nvery large sense, but without it, it's less strong. Of course this can mostly\nonly be used with people and (maybe?) other ANIMATE objects. なるほどｗ、本当にありがとう!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T05:54:15.020",
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"owner_user_id": "41316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"phrases",
"anime"
],
"title": "What is the difference between キミ and キミの事?",
"view_count": 44
} | []
| 83208 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83213",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "First I want to say that I'm just a beginner so my sentence may seem very easy\nto translate.\n\nSo I just imagined a simple situation. If I were to give, for example, a box\nof chocolates to a host family, I figured I could say something like\n\n\"I opened it to check if it wasn't melted\".\n\nWhat's a translation for that sentence?\n\nWhat I find hard to translate is the \"if it wasn't melted\" part. Would it be\nsomething like \"溶かされたら\" ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T08:27:20.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83210",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T14:07:40.587",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-22T09:49:22.467",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "39183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation of a simple sentence",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, the passive form is unnatural in the Japanese language. We\nusually use チョコレートが溶けていないか確認する.\n\nIf the passive form is used, I feel something like someone intentionally tried\nto melt it before.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T14:07:40.587",
"id": "83213",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "83210",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 83210 | 83213 | 83213 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Inspired by [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/83210/translation-of-a-\nsimple-sentence), I thought of two ways to talk about checking the truth of\nsomething, though I think my question applies much more generally than with\njust the verb 'to check'.\n\n> 雪が溶けていることを確認した。 \n> 雪が溶けているか(を)確認した。 \n> I checked to see if the snow had melted.\n\nMy suspicion is that in the first sentence I am making the assumption that the\nsnow has melted and I am simply verifying my assumption. Whereas, in the\nsecond sentence, I have no initial theory on what the result will be.\n\nAre my sentences both valid? Is my theory correct? What did I get wrong?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T09:47:26.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83212",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nominalization",
"embedded-question"
],
"title": "Difference between embedded question and noun phrase",
"view_count": 93
} | []
| 83212 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "there is a line from a soccer manga that I don't understand. I get what it\nmeans, literally, but it's so randomly placed that I wonder if this is an\nidiom or if I might be missing some context or something because I don't get\nit at all. This is a guy (Suzuki), the team captain, thinking to himself and\nreflecting after giving a very sloppy speech. He first says \"伝えたいことは\nいつも言葉にならない, 真実はずっと心の中にばかりある, 俺は \"\n\nThese I get. But then he says the following and I've been trying to understand\nbut to no avail. As I said, I understand it word by word, but I was wondering,\nis this an idiom or something? Am I missing something?\n\n(Line 1) 御輿の上のあれなんだろう\n\nFor context, the following lines say this: (Line 2)\nキャプテンにしてもらっていたのだ,この学校の鈴木にしてもらったのだ\n\nWould you please help me understand this sentence? I'd really appreciate any\nhelp!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T16:55:54.637",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83214",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T19:35:23.967",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "14496",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "御輿の上のあれなんだろう. Is this an idiom, perhaps?",
"view_count": 53
} | [
{
"body": "The word 神輿 ([\"portable shrine\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoshi)) has a\nconnotation of \"just for show\", \"superficial boss\", \"incapable leader\", etc.,\nand there are a handful of set phrases and idioms related to this.\n\n * 神輿は軽くてパーがいい, 担ぐ神輿は軽い方がいい \nA good boss is an easily-influenced, incapable boss (because we can control\nhim/her).\n\n * ～を神輿にかつぐ, 神輿をかつぐ \nto flatter someone into becoming a leader (e.g., because he/she is useful as a\nscapegoat; because no one else wants to be a leader; because he/she is bad at\npractical work and only good at giving orders).\n\nSo 俺は御輿の上のあれなんだろう refers to this. He was chosen as the captain, but he thinks\nit was not because he was capable and popular. The actual reason depends on\nthe context.\n\nThis usage of アレ (\"that\") is related to\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/606/5010),\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/40603/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/26131/5010), and I think it's used\nas a replacement of 人. But usually a person doesn't ride on a 神輿, so I guess\nthis person have mixed up 神輿 and\n[山車](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danjiri_Matsuri). Something like\n俺は神輿として担がれていたに過ぎないのだろう or 俺は担がれた神輿だったのだろう should be more \"correct\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T19:08:55.950",
"id": "83215",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-22T19:35:23.967",
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}
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| 83214 | null | 83215 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83226",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found this sentence in a textbook:\n\n```\n\n 来月までには出来あがらないと思います。\n \n```\n\nIt was translated as _\" I think that we'll not make it until next month\"_.\n\nBut the と particle after the negated verb is confusing me. I thought that\n出来あがらないと should mean _\" If we don't make it, then...\"_.\n\nIf I understood correctly the ability of the -のだと- sequence to connect complex\nclauses to verbs such as 思う and 信じる, I would personally say \"来月までには出来あがらない\n**んだと** 思います\".\n\nSo, is my alternative right, or wrong? Plus, am I missing some usage about the\nと particle? Perhaps before 思う it does not translate as \"then\", but as a \"that\"\nrelated to the preceding clause?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T20:47:00.280",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83218",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-25T04:51:20.513",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41202",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles",
"verbs",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Is the sequence -んだと missing?",
"view_count": 78
} | [
{
"body": "This と is something like a content's marker like \"that\". Of course, と is used\nas the conditional such as 来月までには出来あがらないと上司に怒られる.\n\nYour translation for the example is unnatural. -のだ思う is usually used for\nother's action, not ownself. For example, 彼は明日、会社を辞めるんだと思う is natural, but\n私は明日、会社を辞めるんだと思う is unnatural. We say simply 私は明日、会社を辞めると思う. If the example is\n\"I think that they'll not make it until next month\", your translation is good.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T11:24:20.043",
"id": "83226",
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}
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| 83218 | 83226 | 83226 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83225",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could someone explain to me the difference between 経費 and 出費? They're both\ntranslated as expenses, however they don't seem entirely interchangeable.\n\n経費 seems to be used when talking about deductible expenses (taxes, your work\netc...) \n出費 seems to convey the idea of burden?\n\nSo when I'd like to say that the car is a huge expense; depending on the\nmeaning, I could use both?\n\n(I know that one is strictly a noun, whereas the other can be used with suru)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T21:36:27.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83219",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-24T04:12:25.303",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-23T04:13:53.757",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "40545",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 経費 and 出費",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "経費 refers to the money needed to properly run a business. It includes both\nfixed running costs (including labor cost) and one-time costs (like airfare\nfor business trips or expenses for new server machines). 経費で落とす is a common\nset phrase that means \"to have it paid by the company\" or \"to put it on the\nexpense account\". Taxes are taxes and not 経費. Read [this\narticle](https://www.smbc-card.com/hojin/magazine/bizi-\ndora/accounting/expense.jsp) to see which type of expense is considered as\njustifiable 経費 by tax offices.\n\n出費 refers to any event where your money goes out of your wallet or bank\naccount, or the amount of such money. In particular, you have to use 出費 when\nyou talk about your family finances (unless you're a business owner). Taxes\nare 出費, too.\n\nThese are both pure nouns. Neither works as a suru-verb.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T04:28:22.283",
"id": "83225",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-24T04:12:25.303",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-24T04:12:25.303",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 83219 | 83225 | 83225 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Context:\n\n<https://streamable.com/dw69vn>\n\nA: とにかく 扉を開けたとたんに死体が倒れてきたということは鍵を掛けられた時点では生きていたということだ。閉じ込められ助けを求めたまま力尽きた。\n\nB: 納骨堂は８年前に使われた **きり** だって\n\nThanks for the answer!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T22:59:28.583",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83220",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-23T04:13:12.387",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "39797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "納骨堂は８年前に使われたきりだって - What does きり mean in that sentence?",
"view_count": 60
} | []
| 83220 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83222",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> A: ところで、はるって誰ですか \n> B: 誰とかではなくてですね...\n\nI understand the overall meaning of the conversation but I don't really get\nwhy \"とか\" is used nor why the second sentence ends with ではなくて instead of ではない。\n\nThank you very much in advance :)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-22T23:17:47.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83221",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-23T00:07:24.933",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-22T23:45:22.567",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "39755",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Could you help me understand the grammar in this sentence?",
"view_count": 72
} | [
{
"body": "> 誰とかではなくてですね \n> It's not a question of who but rather ...\n\nThis とか means 'things such as' so 誰とか implies \"(questions) such as who\".\n\nXではなくて is literally 'not X and ...', but often translates rather more\nnaturally as \"rather than X ...\"\n\nAs a non-native speaker I'm on thinner ground here. I don't know if adding です\nis grammatical but I think, rather than leaving the sentence hanging with the\n..., it converts it into a statement, but I can't think of a natural way to\nput all those parts together into an English sentence, so I think I;ll stick\nwith my translation above. Maybe someone else can do a more convincing job.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T00:07:24.933",
"id": "83222",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
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| 83221 | 83222 | 83222 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83279",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 1.放課後。一度帰路に就いた折紙は一人、来禅高校へと戻ってきていた。\n>\n> 理由は一つ。下校している途中、いつもつけている髪飾りがなくなっていることに気ついたのである。\n>\n> 別に小さなピン一つ、なくしたところでさしたる痛手にはならないのだがーーそれは昔母に買ってもらったものである **というのであれば** 話は別だった。\n>\n> 2.まあ普通の女の子が対象、 **というのであれば** 間違いなくそちらが正解だ。\n\nHi. Could you help me understand the expression というのであれば? It seems we can just\nsay ものであれば and 対象であれば respectively in those texts. What would be difference\nbetween というのであれば and であれば?\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T13:35:43.307",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83227",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-26T17:51:57.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What would be the difference between というのであれば and であれば?",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "というのであれば is a (stiff) conditional form of というのだ, which is と言う followed by an\nexplanatory-の. In many cases, you can simply understood というのだ as \"it is that\none says ～\". But when it is followed by から, (で)は, (で)あれば, か, etc., the literal\nmeaning of 言う is often lost and the phrase works as an emphatic reason marker.\nSee also: [The usage of という in\nquestions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24856/5010)\n\nIn your first example, それは昔母に買ってもらったものであるというのであれば literally means \"if it is\nthat _she says_ it is something her mother bought to her long ago\", but you\ncan treat this as an emphatic version of 'if'.\n\nYour second example doesn't have enough context, but doesn't \"if you say\" or\n\"if one says\" make sense?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-26T17:51:57.790",
"id": "83279",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "83227",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83227 | 83279 | 83279 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83248",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the sentence below, I am not sure whether it is saying \"so as to calm me\ndown\" or \"as if to calm me down\". I could imagine 落ち着かせるように being used to mean\neither of these meanings, so I am not sure how to distinguish between the two.\n\n> そんな私を **落ち着かせるように** 、肩に手を置いてポンポンと叩いてきてくれる",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T13:40:34.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83228",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-24T13:33:15.680",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-23T17:53:09.763",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "41324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Which ように is it 落ち着かせるように?",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "= So that I calm down, so as to calm me down, (in order) to calm me down. _\"\n(They) put their hand on my shoulder and patted me (so as) to calm me down.\"_\n\nIf you wanted to include the pointed implication that it's for show or is\nfutile in \"as if to calm me down\", you can add か to make \"落ち着かせるかのように\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T06:53:41.283",
"id": "83245",
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},
{
"body": "> そんな私を落ち着かせる **ように** 、肩に手を置いてポンポンと叩いてきてくれる\n\nThe ように means \"as if\".\n\nTo say \"so that~\" here, you'd say:\n\n> そんな私を落ち着かせる **ために** 、肩に手を置いてポンポンと叩いてきてくれる\n\nTo use the ように in the sense of \"so that~\" here, you'd need to say:\n\n> そんな私 **が落ち着く** ように、肩に手を置いてポンポンと叩いてきてくれる\n\nRelated:\n\n * [On the interchangeability of ~ように and ~ために](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36593/9831) \nTo mean \"so that~\" you'd say 学生が勉強する **ように** 、先生は毎日宿題を出します rather than\n学生が勉強するために～. 学生に勉強 **させるために** 毎日先生は宿題を出します sounds good but 学生に勉強 **させるように**\n毎日先生は宿題を出します sounds off.\n\n * [Difference between ために and ように](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12450/9831) \n`ように is used when you cannot control the situation (\"so that\").`",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T13:05:29.087",
"id": "83248",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83228 | 83248 | 83248 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am currently learning Japanese and I started analyzing some anime images\ncontaining handwritten 漢字 in order to get used to reading these, in addition\nto learning new ones.\n\nHowever I am stuck with 漢字 in this image:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kFeEK.png)\n\ntaken from the first episode of Naruto anime. The 漢字 are quite blurry and I\ncan't recognize them all.\n\nMaybe the first one is 栗(chestnut) and the third is 菓(sweets)? And the second\nmight be a repetition of the first? I can't figure it out...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T14:09:39.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83229",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-23T14:43:17.627",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-23T14:42:41.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "31282",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting",
"anime",
"food"
],
"title": "Are the handwritten 漢字 in this anime 栗 or 菓 or something else?",
"view_count": 96
} | [
{
"body": "It just says 栗栗栗. I would guess it is probably a sign at a chestnut street\nvendor, repetition used simply for visual impact. (The slight variation in the\nway it is written is probably just due to it being drawn quickly and on a\nsmall scale.)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T14:38:01.087",
"id": "83230",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 83229 | null | 83230 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83233",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm not quite sure how to understand what is being said in bold below. The\nfirst part is him thinking that he could forgive her a little since she is\nmore beautiful than the ugly girls that have hated him. He then says however,\nit might actually be ....\n\n> 頭のどこかで「今まで俺を嫌ってきたブス子さんたちより、そこそこ美人な分少し許せる」と思っていたのだが、 **逆に一段階ショックかもしれない**\n\nUnfortunately 一段階ショック doesn't seem to be a common phrase when googling it, but\nthe hits suggest that it is to do with the \"first step/stage\" of something.\nMost of examples I saw on google were describing the first stage of \"pet loss\"\nas shock.\n\nWould anyone be able to help me understand what he means?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T15:19:25.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83231",
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"last_edit_date": "2021-01-24T02:24:48.270",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "41324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 一段階ショック",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "Believe or not, this is a comparative expression.\n\n> 逆に一段階ショックかもしれない \n> _It's actually one notch more shocking/hurting_\n\nJapanese does not have a piece of grammar that corresponds to the comparative,\nbut it does have several constructions to do its jobs. ショック is a na-adjective\nin Japanese that means mostly the same as in English: \"to be (emotionally)\nshocked\", and the [numeral] + [counter] + [adjective] pattern implicitly\nconveys the meaning \"[numeral] more [adjective]\".\n\n> 一回り大きい _one size bigger_ \n> 二つ年上（だ） _two years older_ ([a related\n> post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28141/7810)) \n> 三人少ない _three fewer people_ (= outnumbered by three)\n\nIn many cases, you'll see a noun phrase with ～より (meaning \"than\") somewhere\nbefore the expression, which should make it easier to understand. However, you\nwill also see it alone if that element is left out.\n\n**Bonus** : I think 許せる in this passage is better understood as \"acceptable\"\nrather than \"forgivable\".",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T16:23:11.360",
"id": "83233",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 83231 | 83233 | 83233 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I want to make a question within a sentence using か, but it’s weird for me.\n\nI don’t want to use か at the end of a sentence. もう知ってる",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T16:13:43.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83232",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-23T16:13:43.930",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11344",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"particles"
],
"title": "Using か within a sentence",
"view_count": 33
} | []
| 83232 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was watching a Japanese series recently and a young man 25~30 years old\nrefers to his parents as otou and okaa.\n\nThis took me by surprise as I've never even considered that that could be\ndone. But it makes sense, it's just dropping the san which is a kind of a\ntitle/honorific.\n\nAnyway one would assume that say otou is very very informal to the point of\nbeing rude and disrespectful or at least just young people trying to sound\ncool in front of their friends. But the young man in the series was actual\nquite a polite and cultured young man and it seemed strange to me that he\nwould use it.\n\nHow often are otou and okaa used in what contexts etc ?\n\nArigatou gozaimasu",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T17:13:58.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83234",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-26T18:15:33.470",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "When is otou and okaa used instead of otousan and okaasan?",
"view_count": 216
} | [
{
"body": "* You may have misheard **おとん/おかん** , which are common informal ways of saying father/mother in Kansai dialect, as Chocolate mentions. This should be avoided in formal settings, but in informal settings, it is safe to use them to refer to the listener's parents, too.\n * If you really heard **おとう** and **おかあ** , these are fairly old-fashioned and dialectal ways of saying Father/Mother. You would usually hear them only in a folk tale or a novel set in the countryside in the prewar era. おっとう and おっかあ are almost the same. According to Google, there seems to be a few people who still use おとう/おかあ in some rural area, but I have never met them in reality.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-26T18:10:13.387",
"id": "83280",
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| 83234 | null | 83280 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83241",
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"body": "In the the below the person was asking whether there are many ghosts/spirits\nat the place (in this case the theme park)\n\n> 「霊は？多いかな？多くても、 **しつこくなければまだいい** んだけど」 \n> 「それはわからない、かな……。」 \n> 霊の多寡に言及しているレポートは、さすがにどこを探してもない\n\nThe sentence in question has her questioning whether there are many\nghosts/spirits, and then she says even if there are many, as long as .....\nthen that is not as bad / is better.\n\nHowever the meaning of しつこい in this context isn't clear to me. I am generally\nfamiliar with しつこい when used in the sense of \"persistant\" but I'm not quite\nsure how to understand it in this context.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T18:40:43.663",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83235",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-26T19:29:28.090",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-26T19:29:28.090",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "41324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of しつこい when it describes 霊",
"view_count": 103
} | [
{
"body": "しつこい霊 simply refers to annoying ghosts that refuse to go away. Maybe they are\nconsistently trying to bother or haunt people. Maybe they are not going to\nharm people directly but are immune to the ordinary exorcizing means she has.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T04:23:57.003",
"id": "83241",
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"score": 4
}
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| 83235 | 83241 | 83241 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83237",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My textbook [Japanese from zero 1, George Trombley] gives 6 and 8 as roku mai\nand hachi mai.\n\nBut then gives 16 and 18 as じゅうろっまい juu rommai and じゅうはっまい juu hammai.\n\nIs this correct ?\n\nI am only learning but it sounds wrong to me. I would imagine it would be juu\nroku mai and juu hachi mai.\n\nIf so then does 26/28, 36/38, etc. follow the same pattern ?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T19:42:41.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83236",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-23T21:14:35.140",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"counters"
],
"title": "How would you say 16 and 18 with the counter mai?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "As you noted, 6枚 should be read as ろくまい, and 8枚 should be read as はちまい.\n\nSimilarly, 16枚 should be read as じゅうろくまい, and 18枚 should be read as じゅうはちまい.\n\nI have no idea why your textbook would render these as じゅうろっまい and じゅうはっまい.\nNeither pronunciation is correct -- these aren't even dialectal variants, so\nfar as I'm aware; they're just wrong.\n\nPS: The larger numbers you asked about, like 26枚・28枚 etc, would still use the\nstandard ～ろくまい・～はちまい pronunciations.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-23T20:42:07.053",
"id": "83237",
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"post_type": "answer",
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| 83236 | 83237 | 83237 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "1, Should Shigin be written in Yamato (old Japanese language)? Or an even\nolder version of Japanese? Can I write it in modern Japanese?\n\n2, Are there rules for Shigin? Such as setting rhythms, melodies, rhymes, etc?\nIs 5-7-5 form required?\n\n3, Anything else to be noted to write Shigin which even Japanese people can\nfeel it themselves?\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T00:34:53.050",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83238",
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"owner_user_id": "41329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"culture",
"poetry",
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "How to write and sing Shigin (Japanese way of chanting poem) properly?",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "1. It's usually written in classical Japanese or [kanbun kundoku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun). But be aware that Yamato-kotoba is not the same as classical Japanese. Typical 詩吟 pieces have many [Sino-Japanese words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary). Mixing 詩吟 and modern Japanese may be technically possible but I haven't heard of something like that. It's perhaps like mixing Shakespeare's English and hip-hop.\n 2. 詩吟 is a traditional genre of art, and of course there are many rules and patterns. This question is almost like \"Are there rules for Flamenco?\" to me. Although the character-by-character translation of 詩吟 is \"poem chanting\", its actual meaning is very specific, and it only refers to [this genre of art](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4wGbZsPrqo). To my knowledge, the 5-7-5 pattern is not very important.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-26T18:45:46.867",
"id": "83281",
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| 83238 | null | 83281 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83240",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My great uncle found this item on Okinawa prior to the end of WW2. I have\ntried to find out what it says but have never been able to locate anything or\nanyone that is able to help since the writing appears to be from before\nreforms were made after WW2.\n\nAny help would be appreciated as I have been searching for several years for\nanswers.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/EBdNJ.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uh2Xw.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T01:02:24.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83239",
"last_activity_date": "2021-01-15T18:51:47.187",
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"owner_user_id": "41330",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Need help with prereform writing on a artefact",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "I can only make out the first three characters, read from top to bottom, then\nright to left:\n\n * 渡満紀...\n\nThe last character appears to have 亻 as one component, but I can't quite make\nit out.\n\nThe first word 渡満 is read as [と]{to}[ま]{ma}[ん]{n}, and it means \"crossing over\n(i.e. emigrating) to Manchuria\", in reference to the Japanese colony\nestablished in Manchuria during the 1930s and early 1940s. See also the\n[Manchukuo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo) article on Wikipedia.\n\n* * *\n\n**UPDATE:** Looping back to this a bit late, what with the holidays and all\nthe unfortunate hullabaloo in the US these days.\n\n[User 7810](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/7810) (formerly Broccoli,\ncurrently Broken Laptop) commented with a compelling suggestion: handwritten\nforms, such as those on this cup, often exhibit a kind of slant to the lines,\nmaking it more likely that the last character here is 念. See also their mock-\nup of what the whole four-character text may have looked like:\n\n\n\nThus, [Ragaroni](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/34142)'s suggested\nreconstruction is the most-likely contender:\n\n * **渡満紀念** , literally \"crossing to Manchuria commemoration\", or in more natural English, \"Commemorating the Move to Manchuria\".\n\nNote that this is a snippet of wartime text, and thus it might be viewed\nnegatively in a modern context.",
"comment_count": 13,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T02:00:27.403",
"id": "83240",
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| 83239 | 83240 | 83240 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83244",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Shouldn't it be 仕方 **が** ないな? And what is the function of な?\n\nThe context is:\n\n> A: 出かけようとした時に、電話があったんです。 \n> B: そうか。それじゃ、まあ、 **仕方ないな** 。\n\nよろしくお願いします。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T06:22:20.573",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83242",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-24T17:57:29.360",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-24T17:57:29.360",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "11951",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-が",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Grammar of 仕方ないな",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "Some particles are often omitted in speech (は, が, を, occasionally に), so 仕方ない\nis a spoken variant of 仕方がない. Example: これあげるよ. (を is omitted)\n\nThe sentence-final な is somewhat related to sentence-final ね. Whereas ね is\ninvolving the listener as well, often by asking for their confirmation or\nagreement, な is used to mark \"self speech\" that doesn't really involve the\nlistener. E.g. \"Huh, so it's like that\" (thinking to oneself)\n\nThe following is a comparative translation that exaggerates the nuance to make\nit more explicit:\n\n> \"仕方ないな\" = Oh well, I guess it can't be helped. (B accepts the excuse)\n\n> \"仕方ない（よ）ね\" There's nothing you could have done, right? (B is looking for A\n> to reaffirm them - this is unnatural in the dialogue you gave.)\n\n\"な\" is used often by men, whereas ね is used by all genders.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T06:37:24.133",
"id": "83244",
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},
{
"body": "I just found some information in my textbook, I think may help other people,\nespecially the な．\n\n仕方ない is a standalone adjective word.\n\nな is an interjection for talking to oneself, since one is talking to oneself,\ndon't need the polite form, just the plain form.\n\nwhen you say it long, it became なあ, like ah VS aaaah.\n\ne.g.\n\n今日は本当に寒い **な** ．",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T16:52:35.127",
"id": "83249",
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| 83242 | 83244 | 83244 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "**1)** 先生は私と会ってくれる。\n\nHow is this sentence correct?\n\n[先生は私と会ってくれる] this setence feels unnatural to me becauseと会う means subject and\nperson(me) are going to meet each other so how くれる can be used in this\nsetence. But if I use に会う It means only subject is doing a favor of going to\nmeet the person. Therefore, personに会ってあげる/くれる is grammartically correct but\nnot と会ってあげる/くれる\n\n**In conclusion,**\n\n**先生は私と会ってくれる = incorrect + unnatural**\n\n**先生は私に会ってくれる = correct + natural**",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T06:36:10.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83243",
"last_activity_date": "2021-06-15T05:30:03.047",
"last_edit_date": "2021-06-15T05:30:03.047",
"last_editor_user_id": "43676",
"owner_user_id": "40567",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "と会ってくれる feels unnatural",
"view_count": 233
} | [
{
"body": "So, I think this is confusing you because you are attaching the `に` to `くれる`\nand not `会う`. While that's a reasonable interpretation and you could certainly\nargue for parsing the sentence out like this: `(私に)(会ってくれる)`, I think it will\nbe easier to understand if you parse it like this: `(私に会って)(くれる)`.\n\nConcretely, the important thing is that while `に` can be used to mark the\nrecipient associated with `くれる`, you can also attach `くれる` to all kinds of\nclauses including those that have no `に` or contain other uses of `に`. For\nexample, if we look at the below sentence:\n\n> 友達が私の郵便箱に手紙を入れてくれた (My friend put a letter in my mailbox for me)\n\nThis `に` is clearly not marking the recipient of `くれる`, as it's the speaker\nand not the mailbox who is receiving the favor here. If you can accept that\nthe `に` or `と` in your case is attaching to the verb `会う`, either structure\nshould make sense. You can read about the differences between `に会う` and `と会う`\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/65633/using-the-\nparticle-%E3%81%A8-or-the-particle-%E3%81%AB-with-%E3%81%82%E3%81%86), but if\nyou want further evidence that both of these are reasonable you can see that\nthere are plenty of Google search results for both\n[に会ってくれる](https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk01xxHY7_S9b0ibPcVjNRItUIlJkFA%3A1608871504488&ei=UG7lX_emHZjM-\nQax2pKgBA&q=%22%E3%81%AB%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%22&oq=%22%E3%81%AB%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%22&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQA1C-A1j1BWCHB2gAcAB4AIABtAGIAdUCkgEDMC4ymAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpesABAQ&sclient=psy-\nab&ved=0ahUKEwj3jo60qejtAhUYZt4KHTGtBEQQ4dUDCA0&uact=5) and\n[と会ってくれる](https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk01QpKb6m2pJD_wwWcpaMHJMwwd8Gg%3A1608871506195&ei=Um7lX4CzC4eNoATLgJm4Aw&q=%22%E3%81%A8%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%22&oq=%22%E3%81%A8%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%22&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzoICAAQBxAEEB46BggAEAcQHjoGCAAQBBAlUMsLWLAQYPcSaABwAHgAgAGxAYgBogWSAQMwLjSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6wAEB&sclient=psy-\nab&ved=0ahUKEwiApPa0qejtAhWHBogKHUtABjcQ4dUDCA0&uact=5).\n\nSome of the `と` are conditional and a lot of the `に` are either marking time\nor part of `のに`, but if you scroll a bit you can find examples of both\nparticles attached to people who are being met.",
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| 83243 | null | 83257 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83251",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Which (if any at all) of the following two understandings of お世話になりました is\ncorrect?\n\n 1. The implicit subject is あなた. The お〜になります pattern is a 敬語 construction. The full sentence in plain form is あなたが（私の）世話をした, literally meaning \"you took care of me\".\n 2. The implicit subject is 私. There is nothing special about the なりました part. It just means \"became\". The full sentence would be 私が世話になりました, literally meaning \"I became 世話\".\n\nAnd what about ご馳走になりました？",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"keigo",
"subjects"
],
"title": "Who's the implicit subject in お世話になりました?",
"view_count": 143
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{
"body": "The correct answer is the second.\n\nIf you translate litteraly, it means \"I became trouble (for you)\n\n世話 does not mean help here, but rather has the nuance of care here\n\nEDIT: I do not know if you checked: [The grammar of\n世話になる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25746/the-grammar-\nof-%E4%B8%96%E8%A9%B1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B)\n\nbut it provides some more details",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-24T21:13:04.617",
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| 83250 | 83251 | 83251 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83313",
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"body": "I would like to know the use of と in this case\n\n> お金を貰い、死んだ魚のような目をしたアクアが帰ってきた。 (...)\n>\n> 「ま、まあ結果オーライって事でいいじゃないか。ほら、女神って信じられたら、それはそれで困った事になるだろうし」\n>\n> 何か大切な物を失った様な顔で帰ってきたアクアを、俺は適当に励ます **と** 。\n>\n> Aqua took the money and came back, wearing a look that reminded me of a dead\n> fish. (...)\n>\n> W-well, hey - all's well that ends well, right ? It would've been a problem\n> if he had believed you (that you were a goddess), wouldn't it ?\n>\n> Aqua looked like she’d lost something important, and I wanted to say\n> something encouraging.\n\nSome answers have already been provided such as\n[https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14371/usage-of-%e3%81%a8-at-the-\nend-of-a-sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14371/usage-\nof-%E3%81%A8-at-the-end-of-a-sentence)\n\nBut I did not found that it applied to the sentence but I may be mistaken.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-24T21:30:58.927",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "と at the end of the sentence",
"view_count": 1013
} | [
{
"body": "This –と sentence-ender is characteristic of the classic vagueness in speech.\nIt indicates an unfinished thought and implies that the reader or listener is\nmeant to infer their own conclusions. Using your translation, the English\nequivalent would be:\n\n> \"I wanted to say something encouraging, but...\"\n\nIt's used in the same manner some people would say \"I'd love to, but –\ny'know.\"",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-28T08:49:54.947",
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{
"body": "Ditto for the classic vagueness in Japanese, not just in speech, but a common\nomission of words where meanings are taken by context.\n\nI think in this case, it might be closer to \"とする\", which means \"going to\" to\nexpress decision, often from judgment of situation. (「〜と決める」「〜と判断する」「〜と見なす」 -\n[〜とする｜日本語能力試験 JLPTにない文型](http://www.edewakaru.com/archives/11086090.html))\n\nThe whole phrase would roughly translate as \"I'm going to just give her some\ncasual encouragement.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-28T09:16:15.027",
"id": "83307",
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{
"body": "This is from このすば{konosuba}, \"GOOD'S BLESSING ON THIS WONDERFUL WORLD!\",\nright?\n\nFirst, From the viewpoint of grammar, I also guess this \"と\" is close to \"とする\".\n(I agree with Claire-san). \nIn this case, it is close to \"～と書き記す\" (note that), \"と報告する\" (report that) or\n\"と判断する\"(judge that).\n\nFor example,\n\n> \"準備完了っと。\" (I report/judge) complete preparation. \n> \"これでよしっと。\" (I report/judge) It's done. It's great. \n> \"これで終わりっと。\" (I report/judge) I'm finished.\n\nEvery \"と\" means \"とする。\" or \"としよう。\". \nEven if we don't have to report this to someone, we sometimes or often use\nthis.\n\nI guess that most tasks or works are things someone tells/asks you to do. \n(Not everyone does/addresses initiatively tasks/works.) \nIf you finished it, you may report that to someone. Then, I think we might get\nto use this \"と\" even if we don't have to report.\n\nOr, you just talk to yourself. \"I talked to myself that I am finished.\" \nWe are not sure if which is correct, but you can guess it from the context.\n\nIn this case, Kazuma feels this is a task/work for him asked by someone. At\nleast not initiatively/spontaneously. \nEspecially, Kazuma is a lazy and rude boy as you know. \n\nHe finished his task and doesn't have to report this to someone, but he feels\nhe was forced to do this task. \nSo, I think he used this \"と\".\n\n> 俺は適当に励ますと。 \n> (She is bothering me, but I have to encourage her. I'm done though I am not\n> so serious and faithful. so, I report) I said something encouraging.\n\nI think the author of このすば wants to express that Kazuma is a lazy and rude\nperson.\n\nOr, perhaps, he might just talk to himself.\n\n> 俺は適当に励ますと。 \n> I said something encouraging. (And I talked to myself, \"I'm done!\")\n\nLike he writes his diary.\n\nIn this case, I think the former(repot) is correct, but not completely sure. \n\nIf you met a similar situation like this, please guess it from the context.\n\n**Either way, this \"と\" in this sentence implies \"not serious\".** He might feel\neven funny. \nWe don't use this \"と\" when we are serious.\n\nPerhaps, the author of このすば！ might want to express just \"he is never serious\"\nand not consider this \"と\" deeply.\n\n \n \n\nBy the way, please note the way to use \"と\" is almost same as \"と\" may have a\nrude nuance. We rarely use this \"と\", but I sometimes see the way to use \"と\"\nlike this in Manga or Anime.\n\nFor example, when you were told to finish your homework by your friend, you\ncan say\n\n> \"もう終わらせましたよ～と。\" \n>\n\nThis \"と\" might be too casual and a little bit acting silly. \nYou can show your sense of superiority or probably frustration/annoyance to\nhis/her advice/scolding/lecture. \nAnyway, it means, you feel a little bit against his/her advice or lecture, and\nyou want to fan his/her feeling, worrying about you, angry or something.\n\nWe rarely use this because it is rude.\n\nI don't remember that Kazuma uses this \"と\", but I think he also uses this...\nHe is a rude boy as you know...",
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| 83252 | 83313 | 83305 |
{
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"body": "I've recently been trying to fit the explanation particle のだ in with the logic\nof Japanese and I was wondering if it had its roots in another Japanese word\nor something of the sort. Particularly, it seems as if it might be an\nabbreviation of ものだ, being that these two constructions can have similar use.\nThey both seem to add a layer of relevance to a statement by saying it is a\nthing, in the \"it is the case that\" sense. Follow that, might the の used to\nnormalize verbs also be of this origin? And if at all possible is any of this\nrelated to the possessive の?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-24T23:28:44.947",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83253",
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"owner_user_id": "38959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"etymology"
],
"title": "The Origin of のだ",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "だ is an auxiliary meaning \"be\"，a suffix for 體言（words do not have\nconjugations，like nouns), かめらだ means \" _Is_ camera\"\n\nIn のだ, の is not possessive, but \"formal subject\", a high-level abstract noun.\nIt doesn't have real meanings, **there it is because the sentence needs a noun\nfrom a grammar view.**\n\ne.g. 行く, you wanna add だ to emphasizing, 行くだ，but だ is for nouns, so you have\nto add an abstract noun, 行く **の** だ.\n\nです is the polite version of だ，so there is のです. so 行きます => 行くのです\n\nWhy do we wanna add のだ/のです? For emphasizing and explanation.\n\nBTW, if you add のだ・のです to na-adjectives, you need な，なのだ・なのです，that is how na-\nadjectives modify nouns. e.g. 好きなのだ．\n\nIn speaking language:\n\nの can be ん，so 食べたのです=食べたんです\n\nだ・です can be omitted, so it becomes \"行くの\", 好きなの\n\nand だ・です can also be replaced by か，so 食べないのか, this is usually used by males.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-25T11:36:22.267",
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| 83253 | null | 83259 |
{
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"body": "What better way to celebrate Christmas than to ask yet another nuance-ish\nquestion on here right?\n\nThis time the the reason of my confusion _stems_ from the kanji for bud/sprout\n**芽**\n\nOne would think, looking at jisho.org, that 萌芽 and 発芽 are basically\nsynonymical. But alas, they're not. (?) After going through all the tricks\n(i.e. trying to google images to see a potential difference, trying to\nunderstand monolingual dictionaries such as dictionary.goo.ne.jp) I've gotten\neven farther from the answer I was searching for.\n\nWhat is the difference between 萌芽 and 発芽?\n\nFrom what I've gathered 萌芽 means to bud/sprout/germination. Not only can it be\nused for seeds, but also for other things that sprout. Such as love, feelings\netc.\n\n発育, on the other hand, is used when talking about a part of a plant that's\nbeginning to grow on an already somewhat grown plant? For example, a new\nbranch on a tree, or a leaf on a branch? Paraphrasing :\n\n> 花粉や樹枝の芽などが発育を始めること.\n\nSince they aren't linked as quasi-synonyms or full synonyms there has to be a\nreasonable difference.\n\n* * *\n\nSidenote: 兆す is linked as a quasi-synonym to 萌芽 because of it's 1st definition\n:\n\n> 草木が芽を出す\n\nI've only heard about the other definition (show signs, have symptoms). Is it\ngenerally used in it's 1st definition frequently or not at all?\n\nThanks for reading this and I hope y'all have great Christmas",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-25T00:43:15.047",
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"owner_user_id": "40545",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 発芽 and 萌芽",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "So, if you have the Japanese ability required to read monolingual\ndictionaries, I encourage you to get in the habit of just Googling `A B 違い` in\ncases like this. I don't think I've ever used either of these words in\nJapanese, but the first Google search result for [萌芽 発芽\n違い](http://yasainojikan.jugem.jp/?cid=55#:%7E:text=%E7%99%BA%E8%8A%BD%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C,%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%92%E3%81%95%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82)\nlooks pretty relevant.\n\n> 発芽とは種子が生長を開始し、まず、種皮を破って幼根が出てきた状態のことを言います。\n>\n> 発芽 refers to the state of seeds beginning their growth, as they have have\n> broken their seed coating and started to sprout radicles.\n\nRadicle (幼根) is apparently a botany term for the first part of the seed to\nemerge from its coating.\n\n> 萌芽（ほうが）とは球根やイモ類などの新芽が生長を始めることをさします。\n>\n> 萌芽 refers to the action of new sprouts beginning to grow from from bulbs or\n> tubers.\n\nBulb (球根) and tuber (イモ類) are also both botany terms. Hopefully you're\nslightly more familiar with botany than I am.\n\nEdit: As Naruto mentions, it's also worth noting that `萌芽` is often used\nmetaphorically to refer to the birth/beginnings of something, like this:\n\n> 現代の自然科学の萌芽は、古代ギリシアに見られます\n>\n> The beginnings of modern science can be seen in ancient Greece.\n\nSee [here](https://ko-to-ba.com/houga/).",
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| 83254 | 83258 | 83258 |
{
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"body": "I imagine the definition being used is \"放電などによって火花が出ること。また、閃光 (せんこう) を発すること\"\nhowever I am still confused as to what it actually means in this context.\n\n「うかつに口に出せない、秘すべき真の名だよ。 **大暴走した言霊がスパークする** レベル」\n\n「しょっちゅう言ってんだろうが」\n\n「あたしはいいの、霊力のステージ的に許されてるから！」\n\nShe says \"It's a true name that should be kept secret, that cannot be spoken\ncarelessly\" and then says it is of the level that \"大暴走した言霊がスパークする\"\n\n言霊 from my understanding refers to the spiritual power that is thought to be\ncontained within words. 大暴走した modifies 言霊 but what スパークする means in this\ncontext is not clear to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-25T01:37:46.323",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of スパークする in 大暴走した言霊がスパークする",
"view_count": 50
} | [
{
"body": "スパークする in this context is almost synonymous to (強い光を発しながら)爆発する. She's saying\nthat uttering that word means almost the same thing as casting an explosion\nspell, because the word itself has an uncontrollably strong power.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-25T04:04:31.920",
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| 83255 | 83256 | 83256 |
{
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"body": "> 誰にも怪しまれずに動き回れた\n\nDoes 怪しまれず take the に in 誰にも or has the second に after も been omitted because\nit can not be used after も?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-25T13:23:51.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83260",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-25T13:55:57.880",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "30581",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"particle-に",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "だれにも + passive verb",
"view_count": 64
} | [
{
"body": "> 誰にも怪しまれずに動き回れた \n> (He) was able to move around without being suspected by anyone.\n\nThis is 誰も (anyone) + に. So the に is the 'by' part used in the passive voice,\nas you suspected. There is no need for an additional に.\n\nSo why is it だれにも rather than だれもに? It turns out that the particle も likes to\nmove to the right. I once asked a similar question\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30011/why-\ndoes-%E3%82%82-move-in-sentences-involving-%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8C%E3%82%82-etc) .",
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| 83260 | null | 83261 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83282",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading モンスター while learning verbs and read this:\n\n> 「君は院長のために、あのオペを絶対に成功させなきゃならなかったし、期待にこたえて見事成功させ **てのけた。** 」\n\nOn Jisho it says that のける can be used as an auxiliary verb behind a て form\nmeaning 'to do well despite difficulties'. I have never seen this before.\nCould someone please provide me with example sentences and explain the grammar\nbehind this?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-12-25T17:53:49.260",
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"id": "83264",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-12-25T18:37:49.313",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"verbs"
],
"title": "のける after て form",
"view_count": 315
} | [
{
"body": "Grammatically, it's a [subsidiary\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18965/5010). Semantically, 明鏡国語辞典\ndefines this as follows:\n\n> ### のける\n>\n>\n> 《動詞連用形＋接続助詞「て」について》やりにくいことを平気で、またみごとにしてしまう意を表す。「外聞の悪いことを平然と言って―」「たった一晩で修復工事をやって―」\n\nデジタル大辞泉's definition is almost the same:\n\n>\n> 動詞の連用形に接続助詞「て」を添えた形に付いて、やりにくいことをみごとに、また、思いきってやってしまう意を表す。「少ない日程で作業をやって―・ける」「言いたいことを相手構わず言って―・ける」\n\nHere, やりにくいこと (\"difficult thing to do\") can be either something that is\ntechnically difficult or something that is socially/ethically inappropriate or\nquestionable.\n\n * When it is used with a technically difficult thing, it means \"to really do ～\", \"to succeed in doing ～\", etc. It sometimes (but not always) has the connotation of \"easily\" and used with words like 平然と, こともなげに, 当然のように, etc.\n * When it is used with a ethically/socially questionable thing, it means \"dare do ～\", \"to really do ～\", \"to have the courage to do ～\", \"to be bold enough to ～\", \"not to hesitate to do ～\", etc. Can be used for both praising and scorning someone.\n\nThe subject is almost always a human. その車は1時間で東京まで走ってのけた sounds a little\nunnatural to me.\n\nYou can see many examples here:\n<http://yourei.jp/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B>",
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"creation_date": "2020-12-26T19:42:15.923",
"id": "83282",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 83264 | 83282 | 83282 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "83266",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have some difficulty how to translate 見た感じ in the following context\n\n> 受付のお嬢さん、俺とアクアの前にそれぞれカードを差し出した。免許証ぐらいの大きさのそれは、見た感じ身分証みたいに見える。\n>\n> The receptionist set a card in front of me and another one in front of Aqua.\n> It was about the size of a driver's license - presumably some kind of\n> identification.\n\nParf has already been answered in [Is it common to shorten 感じがする to\n感じ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25362/is-it-common-to-\nshorten-%E6%84%9F%E3%81%98%E3%81%8C%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-to-%E6%84%9F%E3%81%98)\n\nwith 感じ meaning \"like\" but I do not what to do with 見た。 Does it mean that:\n\n> like that I saw ?\n\nAnd if this is the case, does it refer to driver's license or the kind of\nidentification ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-25T18:08:59.020",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "precision about 見た感じ",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "感じ can mean \"feeling\" in an abstract manner. Like in english, you can say\nthings like \"This hotel feels very luxurious\". 見た here is simply modifying 感じ.\nSo, if you combine the two, 「見た感じ」 would mean something like \"how it looks\".\nIf you're unfamiliar with how verbs and verb clauses can be used adjectivally,\n[Tae Kim explains it\nhere](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/verb_clauses#Verb_clauses_as_adjectives).\n\nSince the sentence is kind of confusing, I'm going to add one particle to it:\n\n> 免許証ぐらいの大きさのそれは、見た感じ（ **が** ）身分証みたいに見える。 \n> The card, which was almost the same size as a driver's license, looked like\n> a personal ID.\n\nA more literal translation of that second part of the sentence might be:\n\n> 見た感じ（ **が** ）身分証みたいに見える。 \n> The way/feeling it looked looked like a personal ID.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-25T18:36:26.723",
"id": "83266",
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]
| 83265 | 83266 | 83266 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I understand that -San is a formal way to address somebody. A unisex way of\nboth Mr. and Mrs. Kun is a way to address males, but it's used with friends?\nI'm wondering about that. Now, Chan is very confusing. Is it also used with\nclose ones, such as friends and family ? I know it's mainly targeted towards\n_females_ , but apparently, it can be used with _males too_. Why males? In\nwhich situation would you address a male with -Chan ?\n\nIf it's someone who you meet for the first time, such as a random person, a\nfuture friend, classmate or colleague do you have to use -San, or could you\nuse just -Kun or -Chan when first meeting them ? (someone from Japan wrote me\na letter addressing me with -Chan, and I have never heard nor met this person\nbefore). Is it rude to call someone by their name and not use -San, -Chan or\n-Kun ? Well, if they're being addressed as -San and to stop that I'd imagine\nso, but what about if it's somebody you use -Chan or -Kun with often, as a\nfriend? Do you have to use -Kun or -Chan in your family ? I know this is a lot\nto answer, but I have to live in Japan and I desperately want to know.\n\n * Thank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-25T21:31:46.460",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "83268",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-27T07:49:56.587",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-27T05:46:09.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "41347",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"usage",
"politeness",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "About addressing people by -San, -Chan and -Kun",
"view_count": 482
} | [
{
"body": "0. Depends also on language: When speaking/writing English, also the norms change a bit. Below if in Japansese\n\n 1. If you meet someone first time: certianly \"san\" or \"sama\" (unless you know the real title) (But in these times \"meet for first time\" doesn't mean 1st f2f encounter)\n\n 2. If Japan was like Europe or US, I think there would be some \"anti-chan campaign\", since chan has traditionally been used in an undermining tone on young females. Japan is changing, and I think calling males by chan may be another way to boost the change. At least where I work (startup), a few people are called by chan; all them being males. One person is often called by sama, and she is a young lady. Our great CEO is normally referred to by his plain **given** name.\n\n 3. As for kun, maybe that won't get similar \"campaigns\" like using chan on males (now thinking, using chan on males may be a kind of a collective apology towards women). Just better never use kun!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-26T14:07:17.880",
"id": "83277",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-26T14:07:17.880",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "34261",
"parent_id": "83268",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Chan is not limited to girls, especially when it composes one's nickname, e.g.\nTetsuya → Tecchan. (I'm not sure why you find it strange to use it to male\nfriends, to begin with.)\n\nThat said, **if the speaker is female** , they may use chan to relatively\nyoung female people who the speaker unilaterally knows of and feels familiar\nwith, like celebrities or TV talents, besides their own female friends, to\nsome extent regardless of depth of relationship, who tend to be more\naccessible for the speaker than the male counterpart.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-12-27T07:49:56.587",
"id": "83288",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-27T07:49:56.587",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "83268",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 83268 | null | 83277 |
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