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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "[郎](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E9%83%8E/#jn-235580) is the\ncharacter meaning a man. It is not used alone, but in some combinations and\nquite often in names.\n\nAs you guessed the preceding words are numbers: 一郎、次郎/二郎, 三郎,\n四朗、五郎（ごろう）、六郎（ろくろう）、七郎（しちろう、ななろう）、八郎（はちろう） etc. 一郎 for the first born, 二郎 for\nthe second and so on.\n\nThese are 'easy' names for boys that parents can pick systematically but\nnowadays they are hardly used, I guess.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the reading, じ is one of the readings of\n[二](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E4%BA%8C/) and see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/90447/45489) for 三. Note 三郎 is\nusually さぶろう, not さんろう.\n\n* * *\n\nAlso there is 太郎 for the first son. In a sense this may be comparable to John\nin English, but again 太郎 is not really current or at least unpopular while\nthere should be many new John's in English speaking countries.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-03T23:34:47.860", "id": "93968", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-03T23:41:12.487", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-03T23:41:12.487", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93963", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> It is somewhat similar to what I've seen in English where we refer to random\n> people as \"Tom, Dick, and Harry\" or Spanish where it is \"Fulano, Mengano y\n> Sultano\".\n\nFirst, regarding this, I must say that Japanese doesn't have a parallel idiom\nusing real given names. If I had to list, there are 太郎 (male) and 花子 (female)\nwhich are often used as placeholders, so maybe you can say like 太郎も花子も \"all\nTaro and Hanako\", but it'd be by no means idiomatic nor customary. If you look\nfor the counterpart for \"every Tom, Dick and Harry\", consider 誰も彼【かれ／か】も \"one\nand all\", 誰彼問わず \"no matter who\", or a little funny-sounding idiom 猫も杓子も lit.\n\"all cats and ladles\" which somewhat means \"everybody and his dogs\".\n\n> I would have expected them to be いちろう, にろう, さんろう, and しろう. If いち is 1 and し\n> is 4, what are じ and さぶ? Is this some way of counting that I don't know\n> about?\n\nThen back on topic, the readings of 二郎【じろう】 and 三郎【さぶろう】 are indeed irregular,\nbecause they have history. Traditionally, these numbering names\n([輩行名](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%A9%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%8D)) did not\nstart from 一郎【いちろう】 but 太郎【たろう】→次郎【じろう】→三郎→四郎… Here 太 roughly means \"primary\"\nand 次 \"secondary\", not numbers per se.\n\n二郎's reading is simply borrowed from 次郎. 二 certainly has a pronunciation じ as\n漢音, so not totally inexplicable, but that one is rarely used in counting.\nIncidentally, 二乗 \"2nd power, square\" is also often read じじょう, which actually\ncomes from that of 自乗 \"multiplies itself\".\n\n三郎 is a result of phonetic shift. 三 was originally read \"sam\" instead of\n\"san\", [as it was in Middle\nChinese](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89). So its early phonetic form\nwas something like さむらう. However, in Japanese //m// and //b// sometimes switch\nwith one another (similarly to how Ham-shire has become Hampshire): さ **み** しい\nvs さ **び** しい, け **む** る vs け **ぶ** る, か **ま** ぼこ vs か **ば** やき etc. Due to\nthe alteration, this word has been eventually fixed on the pronunciation さぶろう.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T11:04:50.147", "id": "93977", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T11:04:50.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "93963", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "The former is the correct sentence. \"It was nice to `verb`\" translates to\n\"`te-form` よかった(です)\", and 出会いで is not a te-form.\n\n(出会い is a [noun with a fixed\nmeaning](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%87%BA%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%84), and 出会いでよかった\nwould mean something like \"Rendezvous was the right choice\". It's hard to\nimagine when to say this.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T01:06:35.810", "id": "93970", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T01:06:35.810", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93969", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It came from a reading that existed in China. Note 北京大学 is Peking University.\n\n>\n> [Wikipedia/北京市](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82#%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9)\n>\n>\n> 日本では一般的に「ペキン」と読む。この読みは中国南部の方言の唐音に由来する歴史的な読み方である[2]。1906年制定の郵政式アルファベット表記でもPekingと表記されている。\n\nI believe ~~Peking~~ Pékin is used to call 北京 in French as well (like ペカン).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T04:27:20.910", "id": "93974", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T09:51:55.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-05T09:51:55.117", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "Supplementing the existing answer. Short answer: **because there's neither /b/\nnor /j/ in that word.** Nor do they even exist in modern standard Chinese to\nbegin with.\n\nThis may come as a surprise, but modern standard Chinese, aka Mandarin, lacks\nmost voiced consonants. So there's no /b/, /g/, /j/, or /d/. Although the\nofficial romanization system for modern standard Chinese, aka pinyin,\nprescribes these phonetic symbols, they are really realized as non-aspirated\nvoiceless consonants. But in Japanese—and English I may add, as well as most\nEuropean languages that I have knowledge of—voiced consonants are prevalent.\n\nThe way Beijing is actually pronounced is something close to / **peiching** /.\n\nFor more accurate and technical explanations, check out this Wiki page:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology>\n\nTechnically, the sound that the pinyin **j** represents is [t͡ɕ], the\nvoiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate, and it's the same consonant as\n/ch/ in ち.\n\nThe sound that the pinyin **b** represents is just a good ol unaspirated /p/,\nas the /p/ in spy.\n\nThis is actually the reason why native Chinese speakers seem to have a hard\ntime telling apart か and が, ぱ and ば, た and だ, etc. See, for instance, this\nQ&A:\n\n[What's the pronunciation of か in\nですか?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/49059/30454)", "comment_count": 14, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T05:31:16.347", "id": "93975", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T05:31:16.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 }, { "body": "It's ペキン because the actual official name for Bejing is Peking. For example,\nin Beijing, there's a famous dish called Peking roast duck, not Beijing roast\nduck. It's also caught on.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-21T03:43:31.230", "id": "95926", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-21T04:49:38.920", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-21T04:49:38.920", "last_editor_user_id": "54299", "owner_user_id": "54299", "parent_id": "93973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> What is the exact translation of the Japanese sentence?\n\nCommon translations are \"Usage Note\", \"Caution\", etc. A very literal\ntranslation would be \"Attention on Using\".\n\n> Is this construction frequent in Japanese?\n\nYes, it's common, especially in formal sentences. Note that the physical\nmeaning of \"on top of\" or \"above\" has been more or less lost.\n\n * [I need help analyzing the phrase 発音上の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61291/5010)\n * [How to pronounce 上 with the meaning of \"when\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52249/5010)\n * [What is the meaning and pronunciation of 上 in the following sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/83352/5010)\n * [meaning of word + 上にて](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29781/5010)\n * [What does it mean to be \"over a law\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4329/5010)\n\n> How this 上 in the sentence is analyzed in Japanese grammar? Is it a\n> postposition? Or does it form a whole with 利用?\n\nIt's a postposition (aka suffix) because it can directly follow many nouns.\nIt's used in various ways as shown above.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T22:32:26.753", "id": "93995", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T23:28:12.400", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-04T23:28:12.400", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Japanese grammar is a bit different from English grammar. \"それは\" roughly means\n\"that is.\" \"ということ\" is clarifying the end of the idea, if that makes sense.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T18:06:59.980", "id": "93981", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T18:06:59.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "93978", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "ということ works as a nominalizer to a sentence, roughly corresponding to the\nEnglish _that_.\n\nSo it literally translates _It is that it is possible to make all the\nencryptions in this world useless_.\n\n* * *\n\nMore grammatically you can think there is です omitted at the end. それは、...ということ\n**です**. Or in this context ということ **を意味します** , in which case it literally\ntranslates _It means that ..._.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T01:05:16.583", "id": "94003", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T01:05:16.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93978", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "ということ is quotative particle と + the verb 言う[いう] \"say; name; call\" + the\nnominalizer 事[こと]. (the kanji 事 is not normally used for this, although it\nappears in compounds like 仕事. It is best understood as a set phrase, but it\ndecomposes logically:\n\n * Xと -> \"X\"\n * Xという -> to call (something) \"X\"\n * Xということ -> something which is/can be called \"X\" / a so-called \"X\"\n\n... keeping in mind that と is used more loosely in Japanese than quotation in\nEnglish.\n\nNothing in the original sentence directly gives the \"it means\" part, but それは\nis probably where the translator got that. More literally (and _trying_ to\nreflect the grammatical structure, but that's really futile) the sentence is\nsomething like: \"As for that (それは), [it is] a thing (こと) 'called' (いう) (i.e.\ndescribed) thus (と): [with it,] this world (この世) 's (の) entire (全て) set of (の)\nencryptions (暗号を) can be/are made (できる) meaningless (無意味に)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T02:57:11.727", "id": "94004", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T02:57:11.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "93978", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "I think your first sentence sounds more natural. I would tweek it slightly\nthough (in bold).\n\nなぜドイツ語の単語 **が** すべて同じ **ように** 聞こえるのか？\n\nAlso, there isn't anything necessarily wrong with it, but I feel like it would\nbe more natural to say 言葉 instead of 単語。That's probably just me though.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T21:38:55.287", "id": "93985", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T21:38:55.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50360", "parent_id": "93982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Both sentences are okay and natural. In Sentence 1, すべて is used adverbially,\nand that's the primary way to express the number/amount of something in\nJapanese, especially in casual speech. This has been discussed several times:\n\n * [How to list numbers of things](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17816/5010)\n * [Questions about counters](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36890/5010)\n * [たくさんの本を読んで versus 本をたくさん読んで](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27483/5010)\n * [Counters and their placements with nouns](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/80368/5010)\n * [Positioning of quantities (using counters)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/8136/5010)\n\nSo if I have to choose one, Sentence 1 sounds more common to me. In this case,\nhowever, the sentence ends with a literary question marker のか, making it look\ntechnical, like the title of an written article. In such a case, Sentence 2\ndoes not sound unnatural at all to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T22:07:40.687", "id": "93989", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T22:13:24.720", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-04T22:13:24.720", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They are fairly specific words, but their meanings still depend on the\ncontext.\n\nNormally, この世【よ】 is a compound noun that refers to our world on the earth (aka\n地上, 人間界), and あの世【よ】 refers to the heaven/hell, land of the dead, afterlife,\nor something similar. Since these are set phrases, one may say they should\nalways refer to the same things regardless of where you are at now.\n\nThat said, the meaning of この/あの is not completely lost, so when you are\noutside the human world, この世 _may_ refer to a spiritual world, possibly as a\nwordplay or a joke. If that world is similar to our human world, it's more\nlikely that it is called この世 by the residents of that world. I expect a\ncareful author would make it possible to determine which meaning is intended\nby the context in such a complicated situation.\n\nIf someone said この世界【せかい】, it's not an idiomatic set phrase, so it should\nalways mean \" _this_ world\" the speaker is currently in. Likewise, この世/あの世 is\nusually not used in typical _isekai_ stories. A person transferred to a\nfantasy _isekai_ would refer to the two worlds like この世界 (\"this world here\"),\nあっちの世界 (\"that/their world; the other world\"), 元の世界 (\"the original world\"),\netc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T21:50:17.270", "id": "93986", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T01:51:05.760", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-05T01:51:05.760", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Looking at the usage in the link given in your question, 「あの世」denotes the\nspiritual world. 「この世」would mean the world of the living.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T22:29:04.123", "id": "93994", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T22:29:04.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "93983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This sentence has a [`Aを + Bと + verb`\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010), where A is\nエリスが去った理由 and B is 自分に愛想をつかした(こと). And [(～に)愛想を尽かす is a set\nphrase](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%84%9B%E6%83%B3%E3%82%92%E5%B0%BD%E3%81%8B%E3%81%99)\nmeaning \"to run out of patience with ～\", \"to give up on ～\".\n\n> エリスが去った理由を自分に愛想をつかしたと勘違いしたルーデウスは、... \n> Rudeus, who mistakenly thought that the reason Eris left was because she\n> ran out of patience with him, ... \n> Having mistaken Eris's departure as a sign that she gave up on him,\n> Rudeus...\n>\n> ...失意のまま... \n> ...while still being disappointed, ... \n> (Adverbially modifies (旅に)出る. まま is one of the no-adjectives that can [also\n> work as an adverb without\n> に](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/41536/5010). This part could have\n> been 失意のまま **に** , too.)\n>\n> ...行方不明の家族を探す旅にでる。 \n> ...starts a trip to find his missing family members.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T23:23:30.183", "id": "93999", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T02:52:19.963", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-05T02:52:19.963", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93998", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Cheese was introduced to Japan from outisde relatively recently, and so there\nis no native Japanese word for it. The English word was borrowed, as closely\nas Japanese can phonetically manage: チーズ _chiizu_.\n\nDogs, however, have been in Japan for centuries, and thus there's a Japanese\nword for them with no connection to the English word, 犬 _inu_. This character\nis also read _ken_ in some words, a borrowing from the mediaeval Chinese\nreading, much like how we have both 'dog' and 'canine'.\n\nHowever, if there were such a thing as 'dog cheese' that were a specific type\nof cheese, it would probably enter Japanese as 'doggu chiizu' rather than 'inu\nno chiizu' or anything. The man in the video kept it as 'dog cheese' to get\nacross exactly what she'd just said to her - you probably wouldn't think 'dog\ncheese' meant 'cheese for the dog', would you?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T01:00:06.897", "id": "94002", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T01:00:06.897", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "94000", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's おすくさい.\n\n * -くさい is a kind of suffix that attaches to various nouns. See [this search result](https://jisho.org/search/*%E8%87%AD%E3%81%84) for common or idiomatic ones. This suffix is productive, and you can express \"smelling of ～\" by saying ～臭い. For example, 汗臭い (\"smells sweaty\"), 獣臭い (\"smells like a beast\"), トイレ臭い (\"smells like a toilet\"), and so on.\n * 雄 as an independent word meaning \"male\" is read おす. See [this entry](https://jisho.org/word/%E9%9B%84). 雄臭い typically refers to animal-like body odor of males. Without any context, I would imagine the smell one would feel in an old locker room or a sumo wrestlers' training room. 男臭い refers to the same type of smell, but 雄臭い would sound more vulgar because おす/めす is mainly used with animals.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T07:16:20.473", "id": "94007", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T14:35:03.527", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-05T14:35:03.527", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94006", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I instinctively read it as otokokusai. If you read each kanji they would read\nas osu (male) and kusai (smell) but I don't know if the word exist. If you\ndon't have the \"い\" it will read as oshushuu, use to refer to boar taint.\n\nWhen I googled how to read the kanji you asked for, the search results were\nfor 男臭い.\n\nI think if the context is human, it is probably otokokusai and maybe osukusai\nwhen used for animals.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T12:35:23.680", "id": "94009", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T12:35:23.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50976", "parent_id": "94006", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case「土曜日」(Saturday) is a time indication, so this usage of に is\ntemporal. The word「予定」means schedule or plan, but it's also used to mean\n_plans_ (i.e. things to do). Your sentence therefore translates to:\n\n> I have no plans on Saturday.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T16:50:08.507", "id": "94013", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T16:50:08.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "94012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "ない being the negative form of the verb ある, your sentence has the same basic\nstructure as a sentence like this.\n\n> 月曜日に試験がある。\n\nThis に clearly indicates a specific time when something happens. The\ndifference, of course, is that the subject in your sentence is not an action\nor event, but a plan. But then again, this plan is one for **doing**\nsomething. People will understand this 予定 as **する** こと and think of some\naction or event when they hear someone say 予定がある or 予定がない. This must be making\nに acceptable enough.\n\nWhile totally acceptable in everyday conversation, the following polite\nversions still don’t quite sound natural to me as standalone sentences.\n\n> 土曜日に予定があります。\n>\n> 土曜日に予定がありません。\n\nThe following are totally unacceptable as スケジュール cannot be understood as the\nsame as すること.\n\n> x 土曜日にスケジュールがあります。\n>\n> x 土曜日にスケジュールがありません。", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-06T02:51:47.560", "id": "94023", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-06T02:51:47.560", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your sentence translates to \"No one knows when a severe earthquake will happen\nin Tokyo.\" 「に」is used here to show that the earthquake is in Tokyo. 「で」would\nalso technically be correct, but 「に」fits better here - if you were to use 「で」,\n「起{お}こる」instead of 「ある」would make more sense.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T21:08:49.310", "id": "94015", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T21:08:49.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "94014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "いつ東京 **に** 地震があるかわからない/いつ東京 **で** 地震があるわからない are both equally fine to me.\nThese may be understood as _don't know when an earthquake happens **to/in**\nTokyo_.\n\nThis usage of に should be similar to the following, indicating that something\nhappens to or affects something.\n\n * 彼の家に不幸があった (idiomatic expression for saying _someone passed away in his family_.)\n * あなたにいいことがありますように : _I wish you happiness (happiness happens to you)_.\n * あの政治家にスキャンダルがあった : _The politician had a scandal_.\n\n* * *\n\nBut it is not entirely clear when に can be used. Possibly _affecting_ is a\nfactor (preceding nouns tend to be animate).\n\n * 彼の家にパーティーがあった is unnatural.\n * The plain sentence 東京に地震があった is slightly odd.\n\nMy impression is that (for ある meaning _to happen_ ) Location+に+Nがある is natural\nmostly when it is embedded and N is a natural disaster kind of thing over\nwhich one doesn't have control. (E.g. いつ東京に大雨があるかわからない sounds a bit odd to me.\n大雨 may be too common or possibly it is just semantic.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-06T01:57:00.560", "id": "94021", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-06T02:02:25.607", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-06T02:02:25.607", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The following two sentences are both fine, but focus is slightly different.\n\n> 東京 **で** いつ激しい地震があるか誰にもわからない。\n\n> 東京 **に** いつ激しい地震があるか誰にもわからない。\n\nThe first sentence with で focuses on the possible occurrence of a strong\nearthquake in a particular place, which in this case is assumed to be Tokyo.\n\nThe second sentence with に focuses more on the exact location where this might\nhappen. A strong earthquake might strike Tokyo, as opposed to other places.\nThis に also carries a slight sense of directionality and/or suffering. It is\nkind of like saying:\n\n> No one knows when a strong earthquake might fall on Tokyo.\n\nHere, Tokyo is the receiving end of this undesirable event.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-06T02:14:18.853", "id": "94022", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-06T02:14:18.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "に cannot be omitted in the last sentence.\n\n> じゃ、早く寝たら、明日の朝 **には** よくなるでしょう。\n\nThis には indicates a time **by** which something happens.\n\nに is indeed optional in the other three sentences. The versions with に give an\nimpression of pinpointing the time of the event, possibly for emphasis, when\ncompared with the versions without に.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-06T04:55:48.047", "id": "94025", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-06T04:55:48.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94024", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "1. No, we don't use Kanji just to distinguish homophones. In fact, Japanese used Kanji before Hiragana and Katakana were invented. Honestly, once you master Kanji, it will be much easier to read a text with Kanji than one with only Hiragana.\n\n 2. You don't HAVE to. You never have to use Kanji. However, if you write mainly in Hiragana, it will be more difficult for Japanese people to read than if you were to use Kanji. So, by default you will want to use Kanji. But, there are some exceptions where a word is more commonly written using Hiragana. In this case it is better to use Hiragana although using the Kanji is also OK.\n\nAs for 何, both are used. I think the Kanji is more often used but you can use\nHiragana no problem.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-06T06:49:57.923", "id": "94028", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-06T12:58:44.753", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-06T12:58:44.753", "last_editor_user_id": "1065", "owner_user_id": "50976", "parent_id": "94027", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I assume the subject is [this character](https://seesaawiki.jp/musyo-\nten/d/%a5%ce%a5%eb%a5%f3%a1%a6%a5%b0%a5%ec%a5%a4%a5%e9%a5%c3%a5%c8).\n\nRegarding your first comment, it is correct. So without the clause, it is\nアイシャのことも嫌っていた, which means _(She) hated also Aisha (in addition to someone\nelse)_. About the こと here, have a look at [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2102/45489).\n\nAs for the clause, こと is a nominalizer for the whole\n'(...比べられて、...下に見られて)劣等感に苛まれていた', から is literally _from_ indicating reason. So\nthat part translates literally as _from that she suffered from inferior\ncomplex, being compared (with Aisha) in ... and always being looked down on_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-07T01:15:22.263", "id": "94035", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-07T01:15:22.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This 違い is not a noun but a verb, and that's why it's modified by an adverb\n(大きく). This 違い is the continuative form (連用形) of 違う.\n\nThe continuative form of a verb has various usages. You can read a summary\nhere: <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65953/5010> The second and the\nfifth usages in the last list are relevant to you now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-07T02:31:36.213", "id": "94037", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-07T02:31:36.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94036", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "違い here is not a noun, but 連用形 of the verb 違う.\n\nGenerally it is called [連用終止](https://nihongokyoshi-\nnet.com/2018/12/06/jlptn3-grammar-renyoochuushi/) in Japanese grammar (for\nJapanese people, at least).\n\nAlso note 連用形 is often used as a noun like 違い (連用形の名詞化 or\n[連用形名詞(pdf)](https://www.arts.chula.ac.th/%7Eeast/japanese/files/JapanStudiesJournal/journal13/2016106Duong\\(62-70\\).pdf)),\nhence the confusion.\n\n* * *\n\nUsing 違い sounds more for writing than 違って.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-07T02:41:03.867", "id": "94038", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-07T02:41:03.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94036", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Liking is いいね or 高評価, and commenting is コメント, so you could say:\n\n> 高評価、コメント、チャンネル登録お願いします。\n\nBut this is not a standardized set phrase, and everyone uses different\nphrases.\n\nI personally haven't seen anyone mentioning a notification bell at the end of\na video, but you could say 通知ONをお願いします, 通知設定をお願いします, etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-07T10:07:59.053", "id": "94041", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-07T10:07:59.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> 図体ばかりでかくなりやがって\n\nThe literal translation of this is \"Only your body has become large\". 図体ばかり is\na recurring derogatory phrase that almost certainly implies \"But your mind (or\npersonally, skill, etc.) has not grown like your body\". Your interpretation\nseems correct to me, and I don't think there is a hidden meaning unique to the\nJapanese language.\n\nUsually the listener's body size is not the main concern of the speaker, so\n\"Why did you get so big\" sounds off.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-07T11:04:31.623", "id": "94042", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-07T11:04:31.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94040", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "本当に is not bad. You could say:\n\n> 本当にする必要 **は** ない。\n\n> 本当にしなくて（も）いい。\n\nそれを would sound redundant and should be removed. If する alone doesn’t make it\nclear what the other person doesn’t have to do, then you should use a more\nspecific verb.\n\n> 本当に口を開ける必要はない。\n\n> 本当に口を開けなくて（も）いい。\n\nIf you need to eliminate the risk of 本当に being understood as “really,” you can\nreplace it with 実際に. It sounds slightly more formal, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-08T12:59:14.207", "id": "94048", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-08T12:59:14.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the reason they sound a bit off as standalone sentences compared to,\nsay, 月曜日に試験があります is as follows. に as the time marker expects an event to be\nbound to a particular point of time, but 予定 is not concrete enough as an\nevent. You have that plan now. What you have on Saturday is whatever you plan\nto **do** , not the plan itself. The listener can, and will, still make sense\nout of it by understanding 予定 as meaning すること as I said in the linked\nquestion, but that doesn’t necessarily make the sentence completely natural.\n\nThat said, there are times when に is the best, or least bad, choice in a\nsubordinate clause. This happens because a time expression like 土曜日 being used\nas a standalone adverb with no particle seems detached in a subordinate\nclause, and は could add an unwanted sense of contrast.\n\n> 土曜日 **に** 予定があるか彼に聞いてみよう。\n\nWhen an added sense of contrast is not a problem, は is preferred.\n\n> 土曜日 **は** 予定があるので行けません。\n\nWhether an expression sounds natural or not is not a black-and-white matter.\nIt is a function of multiple factors.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-08T03:22:44.430", "id": "94046", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-08T03:22:44.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "The first sentence sounds natural enough in everyday conversation.\n\n> 困ったら食べれば何とかなるってわかった。\n\nThe second not so much.\n\n> 困れば食べたら何とかなるってわかった。\n\nThe reason is that the first part with 困る supposes a specific one-time change\nof state where the speaker has gotten into trouble, and this is expressed\nbetter with たら.\n\nThe second part with 食べる, on the other hand, refers to the act of eating in\ngeneral, as opposed to the alternative of not eating, and this goes well with\nば. (As a native speaker of a Western dialect in which たら is more liberally\nused than in standard Japanese, I personally wouldn’t mind the sequence of\n困ったら食べたら too much, though.)\n\nYou can avoid nested conditions like this by rephrasing the first part using\n時.\n\n> 困った時には食べれば何とかなるってわかった。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-08T13:28:50.357", "id": "94049", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-08T13:28:50.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I can think of two possibilities.\n\n 1. What's written on the next page? If this sentence continues to the next page, だけど is used to give an introductory information leading to the main part on the next page. See: [けど usage in ”魔石灯”がいい例だけど、”魔石”は…](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/32824/5010)\n\n 2. If 1 is not the case, this だけど is simply \"however...\", and the remaining part is left unsaid. The omitted sentence can be something like \"she doesn't understand this fact yet\" (or whatever you think fits the context).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-09T00:13:22.567", "id": "94052", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-09T00:13:22.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It’s very hard to explain why, but the sentence would sound a bit odd in this\ncontext, to me at least, if it didn’t end with some expression that\ncorresponds to “however” or “though.”\n\n> だからこそ〝身長〟と〝雰囲気（オーラ）〟の世界って言われるのだ。\n\nThe last line is not meant to be a matter-of-fact statement of new information\nlike this. It is a known fact, at least for the speaker, that the world of\nmodeling is one in which mere height and “aura” (exuding from elegant bearing)\ndetermine success. Her observation that technique alone doesn’t make a\ndifference because models train themselves vying to excel in walking and\nposing is both a symptom and a cause of that reality. だからこそ expresses the\nsense that it is **precisely why** the world of modeling is what it is said to\nbe. けれど at the end kind of brings the focus back to what the speaker said\nearlier, reflecting the circular relationship that makes it somewhat self-\nevident.\n\nIt’s very hard to explain.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-10T08:06:31.510", "id": "94063", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-10T08:06:31.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Somewhat strangely, メンバー may be the most neutral and versatile. Also it\nsometimes means _regular members_ in sports like メンバーから外される ( _removed from\nregular lineup_ ).\n\n会員's basic connotation is being registered or listed in a group of people. For\nexample, a user of a credit card is called カード会員; using amazon prime means you\nare a アマゾンプライム会員 (though non-prime users won't be usually called アマゾン会員). Of\ncourse, it is used to mean a member of groups with name ・・・の会.\n\n成員 is also a member, where the group of people is less specific (less clearly\ndefined). It means 'a member constituting a body' rather than 'registered\nmember', and sounds more formal than the others. For example, 社会の成員 or 組織の成員\nmeans a member of society/organization. Here 会員 is not possible and using メンバー\nis less idiomatic.\n\n一員 is exactly like _**a** member_ with indefinite article. Basically it is the\nsame usage as 一個人, emphasizing 'one-of-the many' nature of the person. It\nmeans the same as 成員, but 一員 is usually not a subject.\n\n * 社会の一員/成員になる _become a member (part) of the society_\n * 組織の各成員が全力を尽くす _Each member of the organization does her best._ 各一員 is not possible.\n\nIt is often used with として: 会社の一員としての責任 _responsibility as a member of the\ncompany_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-09T22:11:36.740", "id": "94058", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-10T00:43:07.710", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-10T00:43:07.710", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Do you mean [this](https://jisho.org/word/%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B) by イケる?\nThen this is etymologically the potential form of 行く. Simply, something like\n\"go-able\" became a fixed phrase meaning \"(will) be fine\". This イケる is a\nderivative fixed expression that is usually used in the non-negative form. We\nsay イケるよ (\"It's gonna be fine\"), but we rarely say イケないよ (\"It's not gonna be\nfine\"). For the latter sense, we normally say ダメだよ (or\n[いかん](https://jisho.org/word/%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93)よ, although this\nsounds pompous) instead.\n\nTherefore, 行けなく in 行けなくなっちゃうよ almost certainly is the negative potential form\nof 行く, i.e., \"not to be able to go\".\n\n> 明日、行けなくなっちゃうよ？ \n> You won't be able to go tomorrow, you know?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-10T02:46:27.477", "id": "94061", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-10T02:46:27.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I can’t find a dictionary definition, but おうおう is a rude _Heeey!_. So It means\n_Heeey, you have caused lots of inconvenience for us_.\n\nIf this doesn't solve your question, more contexts would be necessary.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-09T22:18:16.427", "id": "94059", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-09T22:18:16.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "According to the web (e.g. [this](http://www.kankyo-\nnews.co.jp/ps/qn/guest/news/showbody.cgi?CCODE=59&NCODE=468)), using katakana\nis a way of clarifying word borders. That is, ゴミ was used for ease of reading.\n\nThe linked column and some other web pages mention that ゴミ looks more\npejorative than ごみ, with which I don't really agree. But using クズ looks to me\nmore despising somehow than くず (this is subjective visual impression).\n\nFood names are often written in katakana, most probably for the same reason\n(e.g. ワカメ instead of わかめ).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-09T22:44:40.710", "id": "94060", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-09T22:44:40.710", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "The word ゴミ is indeed quite likely to be written in katakana. Come to think of\nit, though I don't have quantitative data, this word does have a short word\nform, high-frequency use, and no stable kanji spelling, all constitute factors\nfor katakana.\n\nThe modern Japanese reading mode presupposes the mixed kanji-kana writing\nwithout spacing between words. The lack of spacing makes punctuation and\nscript boundaries important clues in visual parsing. The longer same script\n(kanji-kanji, hiragana-hiragana...) continues, the more you are prone to\nmisparse. At first sight, ごみ might be not look a common sequence, but it\nsometimes appears in the middle of other words: すごみ (凄み), なごみ (和み), ひとごみ\n(人混み), いきごみ (意気込み) etc., and ご- is also an honorific prefix. So, when ごみ is\nused in the middle of a run of hiragana, it might not stand out immediately to\nyour eyes.\n\nFor example, if you first see a string 大変なごみ、それから油汚れ, it is pretty probable\nthat you parse it like 大変 \"very\" - なごみ \"heartwarming\" - それから \"moreover\" -\nbefore noticing something is wrong. Keep writing ゴミ in katakana would decrease\nthe chance of confusion in this case, but on the other hand it may be clearer\nin hiragana when adjacent with loanwords, such as ごみステーション.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-10T15:08:29.213", "id": "94065", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-10T15:08:29.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "If you look at [a dictionary entry for\nゴミ箱](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E5%A1%B5/), you can see that the\nmost common candidate for writing it all in kanji is 塵箱. 塵 is [an obscure\ncharacter](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E5%A1%B5/)—it's not in the\nset of characters taught in Japanese grade school and it's covered in the\nsecond-hardest level of the [Kanji\nKentei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji_Kentei), so it wouldn't be\nreasonable to expect an average Japanese-literate adult to know how to read it\nin this day and age. As a result, ゴミ is usually written in katakana as a\nstand-in. This is also common in names of e.g. plants and animals, which often\nhave obscure traditional orthography that most people wouldn't easily\nrecognize now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T00:50:27.853", "id": "94067", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T00:50:27.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48651", "parent_id": "94057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically, yes. Both mean 'Looking at the picture, he is pleased' (Note 絵 is a\npainting and never a photo)*. I guess your uncertainty has something to do\nwith how _being pleased_ benefits the speaker.\n\nThe benefit expressed by くれる can be the speaker's happiness in a broad sense.\nSo the fist sentence suggests that his pleasure contributes to the speaker's\nhappiness while the second more neutrally describes his being pleased. In the\nfirst sentence, it is possibly because the speaker painted it or bought it for\nhim.\n\n*Aside: These days, a photo with lots of Photoshop editing is mockingly called 絵.\n\n* * *\n\nSome extra examples:\n\n * 今日はやっと晴れてくれた Today finally, the weather is fine (which makes me happy).\n * 彼は私の手作り料理を喜んで食べてくれた He willingly ate dishes I cooked (which made me happy).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-10T22:53:19.527", "id": "94066", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-10T22:53:19.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The second sentence with いる objectively describes a state where he is pleased\nlooking at the picture.\n\n> その絵を見て彼は喜んでいます。\n\nIf you add to this a sense of gratitude, or pleasure, on the part of the\nspeaker, it would become:\n\n> その絵を見て彼は喜んでくれています。\n\nMaybe the speaker gave him the picture as a gift or something. Note that the\nverb is still used with the subsidiary いる to describe his state of mind as the\nspeaker sees it.\n\nThe first sentence with くれる and without いる is understood as saying that he\nalways becomes pleased (to the speaker’s pleasure) when he sees the picture,\nwhich sounds a bit weird.\n\n> その絵を見て彼は喜んでくれます。\n\nAnother interpretation of this sentence is that he is going to be pleased (to\nthe speaker’s pleasure) when he sees the picture, but this also sounds weird\nunless it is coming from someone who is telling what happens next in a story\nto someone who doesn’t know or something, and on top, that person must be\nhappy that he is going to be pleased.\n\nThe same weirdness remains in the sentence without くれる, although this doesn't\nrequire the speaker to be happy.\n\n> その絵を見て彼は喜びます。", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T00:56:51.293", "id": "94069", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T00:56:51.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I am no expert but let me try.\n\nThe /h/ sound in Japanese used to be bilabial just like /b/ and /p/. In modern\nJapanese, ふ /fu/ is still pronounced with the bilabial fricative [φ] (rather\nthan the labiodental [f]). I suppose Japanese in old times heard the Chinese\nsound that would become /bi/ in modern Maridan as something like ふぃ (or ふ\nitself may have been closer to ぶ or ぷ).\n\nAs for /ng/, since Japanese has no such thing as a syllable-final consonant,\npeople must have heard it as an added vowel like う.\n\nSomething like ふぃう eventually became ひょう. Before the small kana were\nintroduced in orthography, this sound was written as ひよう or ひやう.\n\nAlthough there are exceptions, as a general rule, the syllable-final /n/ in\nChinese corresponds to ん in Japanese, and /ng/ to a prolonged vowel.\n\n * 賓 [bīn]: ひん\n * 品 [pǐn]: ひん\n * 病 [bìnɡ]: びょう\n * 餅 [bǐng]: へい\n * 金 [jīn]: きん\n * 京 [jīnɡ]: きょう, けい\n\nThis is one exception I can think of off the top of my head.\n\n * 瓶 [píng]: びん", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T01:52:40.550", "id": "94070", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T01:52:40.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "**TL/DR**\n\nThis is absolutely regular and continues the pronunciation of mid-8th century\nChang'an Late Middle Chinese. However, there are details (such as the\ncorresponding go-on) which are not exactly clear.\n\n**Long-ish**\n\nThe Early Middle Chinese pronunciation for 冰／氷 is 筆陵切\n([fanqie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanqie)), that is, _ping_ (Baxter\nreconstruction). That is already enough to understand both _h-_ and _-u_ of\nthe modern pronunciation: _p > ɸ > h_ is a general sound change in the history\nof Japanese, while the final _-ng_ of Chinese was, due to the absence of\nanything similar in Nara and Early Heian Japanese, borrowed as a nasalized\n_-ũ_ , which later lost nasality.\n\nThe interesting thing is why the vowel in the middle is _-o-_. The modern\nreading ヒョウ, if we assume the _-ng_ ending, can go back to actual ヒョウ ( _pyoũ_\n), or ヒャウ ( _pyaũ_ ), or maybe ヘウ ( _peũ_ ). The version with ヘウ would seem to\nmake more sense, assuming the borrowing took Chinese _ping_ with a slightly\nmore open vowel, similar to _peng_. But this is not corroborated by the data:\nany Japanese dictionary says ヒョウ is the historical reading, and thus claims\nthat Chinese _ping_ was borrowed as something akin to _pyoũ_.\n\nIn order to check whether that is a 慣用音 reading, we can start by checking\nother characters with the same final _-ing_. In the terminology of the rhyme\ntables, that's rhyme 133 蒸 ( _-ing/_ -wing*). It contains a lot of frequent\ncharacters, such as: 承 ( _dzying_ ) ジョウ・ショウ, 徴 ( _tring_ ) チョウ, 勝 ( _sying(H)_\n) ショウ. As we see, this is not a fluke: the _-ing_ ending is indeed taken in\nJapanese as _-you_ , in many unrelated words.\n\nWhy would that be? Well, the Early Middle Chinese reconstructions we started\nwith are based on the convenience of the _Qièyùn_ dictionary, which represents\nthe literary pronunciation of late 6th century and is also a compromise\nbetween Northern and Southern features, not corresponding to the actual\npronunciation of anyone except maybe some very orthoepically minded literati.\nMeanwhile, the go-on borrowings typically represent the pronunciations of\nKorean elite of around 7th century, while kan-on is a wholesale borrowing of\nLate Middle Chinese of the Tang capital, Chang'an, from mid-8th century, which\nwas quite peculiar and is not apparently ancestor to any modern dialect.\n\nThe easiest explanation would thus be that the Chang'an pronunciaiton which\nwas the basis for kan-on rendered _-ing_ as something closer to being borrowed\nas _-yoũ_.\n\nEdwin G. Pulleyblank, in his _Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation: in Early\nMiddle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin_ , provides a Late\nMiddle Chinese reconstruction _piəŋ_ (level tone), which is perfect: Old\nJapanese vowel _ö_ , phonetically [ə], is one of the two sources of modern\nJapanese _o_ , so a borrowed Chang'an _piəŋ_ would become _pyəũ_ in Japanese\nand then, indeed, give ヒョウ with historical spelling also ヒョウ.\n\nThe only remaining mystery is why the go-on reading also shows _-yoũ_ despite\napparently borrowed (through one of the languages of Korea) from a stage of\nthe Chinese language when the pronunciation was closer to _ping_ (which would\nlead to modern Japanese **ヒュウ). But with the irregularity of go-on in\nprinciple, this might be not discoverable. Perhaps, the enforced go-on reading\nwas normalized after kan-on, to which there are many precedents. [As in\nneither of the characters we considered (氷, 承, 徴, 勝) the go-on is in current\nuse, the go-on for such characters could be lexicographically fictitious!]\nPerhaps, the borrowing was ultimately from a dialect where the shift to _-iəŋ_\ncame earlier. Perhaps, the intermediate Korean Peninsula language phonology\nwas somehow involved.\n\n_Literature:_\n\n * Pulleyblank, Edwin G. _Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation: in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin._ UBC press, 1991.\n\n * Frellesvig, Bjarke. _A history of the Japanese language._ Cambridge University Press, 2010.\n\n * Miyake, Marc Hideo. _Old Japanese: A phonetic reconstruction._ Routledge, 2003.\n\n * Baxter, William H. _A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology._ De Gruyter Mouton, 1992.\n\n * Various 漢和辞典 dictionaries.", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T11:38:13.007", "id": "94073", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T16:59:10.953", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-11T16:59:10.953", "last_editor_user_id": "27977", "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "94068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "It's 散歩[中]{ちゅう}, just like 作業[中]{ちゅう} and 移動[中]{ちゅう}.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T15:05:16.703", "id": "94078", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T15:05:16.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94071", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Does the こんかい mean 'now' in this phrase?\n\nNo. There is no relation with 'こんかい'（'今回'）（'this time'）.\n\n> Does it share the same meaning with 「かかってこい」(bring it on)?\n\nBasically yes.\n\nAccording to [this\nsource](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%93%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84), `(ん)かい`\nsupposed to be Osaka dialect. But now it is very popular expression for entire\nJapanese.\n\nかかってこんかい can be divided into `かかって` `こ` **`ない`** `か` **`よ`**\n\n> かかってこないか\n\nThis sounds too polite but it directly means like `why don't you bring it\non?`. Depending on the context, it also sounds like `I thought you're going to\nbring it on, but you did not`.\n\n> かかってこないか _よ_\n\nBy adding 'よ' at the end of this line it adds kind of exclamation, though this\nalso sounds too polite and awkward.\n\n> かかってこんかい\n\nChanging the form from `ないかよ` to `んかい`, it sounds very natural, modern and\nyoung language and it makes this line energetic. \nIt also makes the line more provocative, especially considering the original\nmeaning of 'かかってこい'. Just like `How dare you don't bring it on?`\n\nBy the way, we also often use this expression in Japanese comedy or such\nsituation. When person A('boke') pretending to do something, but he/she didn't\ndo in the end. Person B('tsukkomi') typically says `やらんか〜〜い`. \nIn this case, `(ん)かい` emphasizes the surprise feeling that person A didn't do\nthat, and it makes us laugh.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T12:08:56.077", "id": "94075", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T12:08:56.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38911", "parent_id": "94072", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Your confusion probably stems from that ここ is usually translated _here_ but is\nactually [a\npronoun](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%93%E3%81%93/#jn-77801) as a\nJapanese word. In fact, ここ usually appears with particles and behaves like a\nnoun.\n\nOn the other hand, 今日 or 明日 looks more like a normal noun, but it is often\nused adverbially as in 今日学校に行った. This is usually called 名詞の副詞的用法, which can be\nseen in English as in _I have lots of things to do **this month**_.\n\nSo from the Japanese perspective, it is more 'adverb-ization of nouns'.\nExpressions like '..の今/明日/ここ' are all grammatical. Regarding Xのここ/そこ, these\nmean literally _this/that point of X_.\n\n* * *\n\nI guess the English _today_ is originally an adverb which is turned into a\nnoun, so an instance of 'adverb nominalization' in some sense.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T14:07:43.740", "id": "94077", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T14:07:43.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You would need to use both.\n\n> 化粧を落として、アクセサリーを外してから寝る。\n\n化粧を外す would sound like you peel off your makeup like a sheet mask or\nsomething, whereas アクセサリーを落とす would mean you either accidentally or\nintentionally drop them.\n\nThere is a way to unify them, though, as 取る happens to work well enough for\nboth.\n\n> 化粧とアクセサリーを取ってから寝る。\n\nBut this doesn’t work too well if you take off you shoes, too. You would need\nto use a separate verb.\n\n> 靴を脱いで、化粧とアクセサリーを取ってから寝る。\n\nYou can also say メイク for makeup.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-11T22:39:55.883", "id": "94080", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-11T22:39:55.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94079", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For _to operate_ , the following are possible translations.\n\n * Someone(X) operates a machine(Y) XがYを操作する/動作させる/作動させる/運転する\n * A machine(Y) operates Yが動作する/作動する/{動作中,作動中,運転中}である\n\nIn terms of difference:\n\n * 操作する means more _to manipulate_ , so the subject is animate.\n * 動作する means _to move_. Talking about machines, it is close to _working_ or _being functional_.\n * 作動する means close to 動作する, but it sounds more _to start working_. For general usage, 作動 is mostly used for machines while 動作's subject can be animate or inanimate.\n * In contexts of operating a machine, 運転する should be mostly synonymous to 操作する. (It may depend on the type of machine.) In general, it means more _to drive (a vehicle)_ while 操作する sounds doing something with your fingers.\n * 作用する is _to affect_. I can't really imagine it is used as _to operate_. Xの動作がYに作用する would mean _the movement of some part (X) affects the movement of another part (Y)_", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T04:11:19.483", "id": "94084", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T04:11:19.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "means acceptable/ doable in contrast of the second sentence that is\nunacceptable/ not doable", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T03:23:04.633", "id": "94083", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T03:23:04.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51051", "parent_id": "94082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This あれ is the 已然形 of the verb ある, and means あっても, \"even though there is...\"\n\n> その少年に謝罪することはあれ 酒の肴にする権利などない ← sounds literary \n> ≈ その少年に謝罪することは **あっても** 酒の肴にする権利などない\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n> * 理由は何で **あれ** 、盗みはいけない。 \n> ≈理由は何で **あっても** 、～～～\n> * 9月とは **言え** 、まだ残暑が続いております。 \n> ≈9月とは **言っても** 、～～～\n>\n\nRelated threads:\n\n * [とは言え conjunction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44991/9831)\n * [What exactly does とはいえ mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3949/9831)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T04:29:13.543", "id": "94085", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T04:29:13.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "に in the first sentence can be understood as indicating the target of the\nsubject’s emotion, or what it is directed towards.\n\n> あの子の勉強ぶりには感心する。\n\nWhen the subject is the person as in this example, English expresses a\nrelationship like this using the passive voice. Japanese uses the active\nvoice. If you ignore this difference in voice, に roughly corresponds to a\npreposition such as “by” and “with.” With verbs for some other emotions, “at”\nis also used, and this might bring up a closer image to に than “by” or “with.”\n\nI don’t know what grammatical explanation is given to this, but に in the\nsecond sentence could be seen as having a dual function. Let’s use the\nfollowing modified version of the first sentence as an example.\n\n> あの子の勉強ぶりには感心させられる。\n\nThe first, probably primary, role is as the marker of the agent of the action\ndescribed by the verb in the passive, which in this case is the causative\n感心させる. This sentence is very similar in construction to the English\ntranslation for the first, with the transitive verb 感心させる being the direct\ntranslation of the verb “to impress,” which is used in the passive, and に\nplaying a similar role to “by.”\n\n> I'm very impressed **by** how this kid studies.\n\nOn the other hand, this に could also be seen as playing the same role as に in\nthe first sentence. When something impresses you, the emotion that results is\ndirected towards that thing. The two are one and the same.\n\nEither way, yes, に can be used in both. The first sentence with する sounds more\ndirect and assertive to me with focus on how the speaker feels. The second\nwith させられる sounds to me as if the speaker is trying to sound objective\nshifting focus to what impresses them, rather than how they feel.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T10:35:19.807", "id": "94090", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T10:35:19.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94087", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This looks more like a creative choice to show an idea in the character's mind\nflopping over and over, trying to figure it out. Kind of like - \"...or that's\nwhat it seems...or not? Or not not? Or not not not?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T11:00:27.520", "id": "94091", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T11:00:27.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41379", "parent_id": "94089", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding seems just fine. The main clause is this:\n\n> 県民集会では、決議案を採択しました。 \n> At the 県民集会, (the participants) adopted a resolution.\n\nEverything else is a long relative clause that ends with 求めた and modifies 決議案.\n\n求める takes a pair of a direct object and an indirect object like so:\n\n> A(に/へ)Bを求める \n> to request B from A \n> to ask A for B\n\nに and へ are interchangeable. And this 求める has two such pairs joined by また:\n\n| Aに/Aへ | Bを \n---|---|--- \n1 | 日米両政府や関係省庁など **へ** | 県民の健康調査や基地周辺の土壌・河川の調査などの実施(を) \n2 | 県 **に[は]** | 水の安全確保に取り組むことなど **を** \n \nは in 県には is a contrastive-wa. It may have been easier to parse this sentence\nif there had been を also after 実施, but it's optional.\n\nPut together,\n\n> At the 県民集会, (participants) adopted a resolution that requests 1) Japanese\n> and U.S. governments and related ministries to conduct health surveys of\n> prefectural residents and soil and river surveys around the base, and 2) the\n> prefecture to work on the water safety.\n\nThis sentence is a little convoluted but there is no newspaper-specific\ngrammar.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T13:22:53.017", "id": "94094", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-12T14:38:27.540", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-12T14:38:27.540", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94092", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This のに is \"but\". のに meaning \"in order to\" does not follow the past tense for\nthe obvious reason. たら in 神谷が言ったら means \"when\", but the result of 神谷's\nstatement is not stated in this sentence.\n\nSo literally:\n\n * だって \nYou know / Come on\n\n * あたしがダメだった \nI was not successful / I didn't make it\n\n * のに \nbut\n\n * 神谷が言ったらさ \nwhen Kamiya said (something), you know, (something happened).\n\nThe context is missing, but this sentence sounds like people only listened to\nKamiya even though the speaker and Kamiya said the same thing.\n\n> (When I said something) I wasn't successful, but when Kamiya said (the same\n> thing), you know, (people listened to him/her).\n\nIf this still doesn't make sense to you, please [provide the entire\ncontext](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2189/5010).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-12T14:03:30.070", "id": "94095", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-13T01:23:54.247", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-13T01:23:54.247", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As you say, ばかり has a connotation of “only” even when it is used as a synonym\nof ぐらい. However, I would say that difference is pretty subtle and rather\nnegligible.\n\nI see a much bigger difference between the two. ばかり is not very frequently\nused in that sense any longer, at least not in spoken language. I may see it\nfrom time to time in writing but hardly ever hear anyone actually say it in a\nconversation. It would sound a bit stilted.\n\nばかり in the sense of “only” is commonly used in conversation, often in the\ncolloquial form of ばっかり.\n\n> 彼は文句ば（っ）かり言う。 \n> He does nothing but complain.\n\nIf you need to express the meaning of \"approximately\" somewhat formally, you\ncan use ほど instead of ぐらい.\n\n> 駅まで2時間ほどで着くと思います。\n\n> 30分ほど座りました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-13T03:15:09.973", "id": "94097", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-13T03:15:09.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94096", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "From the context you provided, I think そうあって here means \"to be like that\"\n(そうである). So, here he is saying, \"I know. We decided not to be like that\n(言い過ぎる).\"\n\nAs for the そうやって, I tried translating it roughly and put in bold what I think\nit means. It refers to how he said what he shouldn't.\n\nそれは **そうやって** 言葉にされるまえから That is, before I put it to words **like that/like I\ndid**", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-13T19:57:56.050", "id": "94100", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-13T19:57:56.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50976", "parent_id": "94099", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In terms of translation, I agree with the existing answer more or less.\nそうあってはいけないとみんなで決めて、それはそうやって言葉にされる前から自然と理解できていたことだったから translates: _We agreed\nthat we should not be so, and that (we should not be so) was naturally\nunderstandable before it (the agreement) was put to words that way, so..._\n\nNote that I haven't read the light novel which seems [available\nonline](https://dengekibunko.jp/books/1702eighty-six/page11.php).\n\nIf there is no concrete description of how 'we all agreed', then a reasonable\ninterpretation is that そうある refers to the general attitude of which セオ's harsh\nutterings were an expression. That is, in the story's world 86 is the\ndiscriminated-against kind and the officer girl is from the(?) discriminating\nrace. But generally it is not a fault of any individual, and そうあってはいけない means\n'we (86s) should not get emotional about being discriminated against (towards\nany individual person)'.\n\nI guess the following sentence (another 86's words, later in the same page)\nshould be relevant:\n\n>\n> 『それは不要です。別にあれが我々の総意というわけではありません。この現状を貴女が作りだしたのでもなければ、貴女一人の力で撤回できるものでもないということはわかっています。貴女には不可能なことを、しなかったと責められたからといって気に病む必要はありません』\n\n* * *\n\nEdit:\n\nI'm uncertain how valid the following are, but just some hints.\n\n * _To be_ and _to exist_ overlaps in English as well: _I think, therefore I am_.\n\n * ある can mean a variety of 'being' including _to be, to exist, to live, to stay_. In particular, continuative form (連用形) + ある can mean _to stay in the state (described by the word in 連用形)_.\n\n * For example: 彼女はきれいである _She is beautiful_. Here である can be treated simply as _is_ , but in 彼女はきれいでありたい _She wants to stay/become beautiful_ , it looks more natural to see it as きれいで + ある, where きれいで is a continuative form of きれいだ (or きれい+だ). It means the same as 彼女は美しくありたい, where 美しく is a continuative form.\n\n * Now for そうある/そうである, the former is used more often as そうありたい, そうあろうと etc while そうである can be used in this plain form. そうある is read as _to exist/be (in) that way_ , just as きれいで 'modifies' ある. I.e. そう is an adverb describing **how** the subject is. On the other hand, である in そうである sounds as a copula (the subject _is_ that). In a sense, this means the 'copula-ness' of だ in そうだ/きれいだ are different. The former is somewhat stronger. I guess it could have something to do with [accepting 形容動詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E) (see 形容動詞への対応).\n\n * See also: [Can the である copula be explained as で (particle) + ある (to exist), i.e. \"to exist in the form of ~\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18085/45489)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-13T22:17:00.293", "id": "94101", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T23:10:02.377", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-14T23:10:02.377", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94099", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "思ってくれる and 思ってくれている are different from each other in the same sense 思う and\n思っている are different in the following pair of sentences.\n\n> 面白いなと思うお客さんはいる\n\n> 面白いなと思って（い）るお客さんはいる\n\nThe latter emphasizes it is a sustained state, as you say. The former, on the\nother hand, could be understood as referring to a one-time thing.\n\nYou can also say 思っていてくれる instead of 思ってくれている.\n\n> 面白いなと思って（い）てくれるお客さんはいる\n\nThis means you are grateful for the sustained state where people continue to\nappreciate whatever it is that you offer them. The original sentence with\n思ってくれている means you are grateful for their appreciation (hence 思ってくれる), and\nthat appreciation in turn is a lasting thing. Though the difference is not\nthat significant in this context, the original sentence sounds slightly more\nnatural than the alternative to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T12:21:56.290", "id": "94113", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T12:21:56.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "あげく is used to say something is continued up to some point of time only to end\nin an undesirable situation. What is continued doesn’t have to be effort. If\nit is, the final outcome that comes after あげく is most probably a failure. If\nit is already a bad thing, what happens at the end may be further\ndeterioration or some other bad thing.\n\nI found the following example in my dictionary.\n\n> 彼は何度も事業に失敗したあげく、破産した。 \n> After many failures in business, he went bankrupt.\n\nYour example is structured this way.\n\n> ［税金を無駄遣いしたあげく、消費税を引き上げる］なんて許せない。\n\nRaising the rate of consumption tax is, as far as the speaker is concerned, a\nshocking development coming from the same people who have wasted tax payers’\nmoney all this time.\n\nものの doesn’t work here. The sentence would be understood in the following way,\nwith the clause ending with ものの adverbially working on 許せない in the main\nclause, not on 引き上げる. (I am not sure if \"even though\" works too well inside a\ncontent clause in English here, either.)\n\n> 税金を無駄遣いしたものの、［消費税を引き上げる］なんて許せない。 \n> Even though I (am the one who) wasted taxes, I (still) cannot accept they\n> are going to raise consumption tax.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T11:43:59.710", "id": "94112", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T11:43:59.710", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94105", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "the \"と\" at the end of the first sentence is to put a limit on the place where\nthe next clause(usually a conclusion) comes from, it doesn't mean anything, it\njust plays a grammatical role, it doesn't add additional meaning to the\nsentence, you can drop it, and it doesn't change the entire meaning of the\nclause. this usage usually happens in the structure:\n\n> clauseA(usually news, a book or other sources)と clauseB(usually conclusion,\n> judgment)\n\nit means that B cites A or which your B is based on.\n\nlook at this sentence,と in here works in the same way.\n\n> 新聞によると 地価がまた上がったそうだ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T16:07:03.977", "id": "94117", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T16:07:03.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45347", "parent_id": "94107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "課せられた here is the passive form of 課す. There's no actor who performs it and we\nare not even conscious of him when we only hear that sentense.\n\nYou can just think of it that \"The person has a duty\" or something like that.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T15:43:01.300", "id": "94116", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T15:43:01.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "94108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I can only guess because this seems strange to me, too. Maybe the color blue,\nor the character 青, makes one think of youth because of its connection with\n青春, and the character 群 conjures up an image of friends bonding with each\nother or something like that. It seems to have little to do with the original\nmeaning of ultramarine as a color pigment.\n\nWhen I hear the word ぐんじょう, I only think of the color. However, when I see it\nwritten as 群青 and used in those contexts, I get that kind of image. It means\nnothing concrete to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T13:49:39.760", "id": "94115", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T14:10:16.850", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-14T14:10:16.850", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94111", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "It's just another proper noun meaning nothing in particular. It's a\ncombination of random common kanji with nice meanings. 秀尽 is a combination\nthat probably had not existed before, and sounds realistic and natural enough\nas a Japanese proper noun. That's what's needed for a fictional school name,\nisn't it?\n\n秀尽 is homophonic with 囚人 (\"prisoner\"), but I don't know if this was intended\nby the author. I know prison is an important motif in _Persona 5_ , but\nhomophones are very common in Japanese. If I remember correctly, although some\nstudents were \"jailed\" at the beginning of the game, I feel it's excessive to\nlink the entire school to a prison.\n\nSee Also: [Parsing a fictional place-\nname](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36290/5010)", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T02:06:57.233", "id": "94123", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T05:27:33.840", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-15T05:27:33.840", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "So, この時、あまりたくさん置きすぎないようにして下さい can be deconstructed as follows:\n\n * **置き** - put in, fill\n\n * **たくさん置き** - put in many, fill it up\n\n * nice and full of flowers\n * **置きすぎ** - overfill\n\n * don't know whether it's been overfilled by a small or large **amount** ; just that it's in excess of the expected limit\n * **たくさん置きすぎ** - overfilled it {a lot / with too many}\n\n * definitely know it's been overfilled by a large **amount**\n * **あまりたくさん置きすぎない** - not overfill it very much / with so many\n\n * don't overfill it to such an **extent** / in excess of the limit, but still make sure its the full amount\n\nIn general speak, it's a bit like a glass of wine in a restaurant. Although\nthe standard **amount** is 100ml, the customer wants you to fill their glass\nright up to the top (overfill it) but, not to the excessive **degree /\nextent** that the wine's spilling over everywhere on their table.\n\nRelated Expressions / Idiomatic Usage：\n\n * できるだけ飲みすぎないようにしてください\n * 顔がたくさんすぎて気持ち悪い\n * 君に伝えたいことがたくさんありすぎて\n * たくさんありすぎる\n * 沢山すぎて\n * たくさん作りすぎたソファ\n\nThere are a few points to note here:\n\n * たくさん = lots of, many, much\n * 過ぎる = too much / many of N, or over-V\n * あまり～Sない = not very much / many of ～\n\n**たくさん** is generally used to indicate the amount of something, using\n\n * an adverb: 今年は **たくさん** 雪が降った。A lot of snow fell this year.\n * a noun: この部屋には机が **たくさん** ある。 There are a lot of desks in this room.\n\n**過ぎる** can be interpreted two ways in this context - put in too many _nouns_\nor over- _verb_. Overfill (over-put) works better as it works better with the\namount and still enables the amari~nai pattern to indicate overfill but not to\nexcess or immoderately. As such, and it avoids the double adverb problem you\nmentioned - 'too too much'.\n\n**あまり～Sない** is an adverbial pattern that is used with a negative predicate to\nindicate the **degree or extent** of something\n\n * この本は **あまり** よく **ない** 。 This book isn't very good. \n * 鈴木さんは **あまり** 食べ **ない** 。 Suzuki doesn't eat much.\n * 私は **あまり** 速く走り **ません** 。 I can't run very fast.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T00:20:30.520", "id": "94122", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T02:30:29.217", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-15T02:30:29.217", "last_editor_user_id": "48882", "owner_user_id": "48882", "parent_id": "94120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That か simply means “or.” It connects A and B below.\n\n> A: うらやましが **られる**\n>\n> B: 無邪気な気まぐれだと、困った顔を **される**\n\nBoth are using the final verb in the passive voice. We get the following by\nconverting them back into the active voice.\n\n> A’: うらやましがる\n>\n> B’: 無邪気な気まぐれだと、困った顔をする\n\nThese are two things other people might do to the person who declared they are\na witch. It is they who get envious or make a troubled face, not the person\nwho made the declaration. The passive forms above describe this from the\nperspective of the person who made the declaration. That person might receive\nsuch reactions from other people.\n\nだと consists of だ and と.\n\nと quotes the preceding part. Some verb like 思う is omitted after と. It is also\nother people who think it (= the declaration) is an innocent, or childish,\nwhim.\n\nだ is the plain form of です. Since 気まぐれ is a noun (or a na-adjective), it is\nusually followed by だ when it comes at the end of a quoted clause (though it\nis sometimes omitted).\n\n> B’’: 「無邪気な気まぐれだ」と（思って）、困った顔をする\n\nSo what the sentence is saying is something like this.\n\n> Nowadays, even if you declared, “I am a witch,” there would no danger.\n> People would express their envy or, at most, make a troubled face thinking\n> it is a childish whim.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T03:34:22.607", "id": "94125", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-16T05:12:07.843", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-16T05:12:07.843", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94124", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "やきもち is used exclusively in contexts where someone you care for is interested\nin someone/something else and you feel you are not getting enough\nattention/love. Most of the time, this is used in romance-related contexts.\nEtymologically, it's a pun on\n[妬【や】く](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%A6%AC%E3%81%8F) and 焼【や】き餅【もち】. The word\nderived from the resemblance of balloon-like inflated cheeks and baked\n_mochi_. Thus, やきもち tends to refer to a temporary and not-so-serious jealousy,\nand it's often seen as a cute behavior. See [these image search\nresults](https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E3%82%84%E3%81%8D%E3%82%82%E3%81%A1).\n\nOn the other hand, I think 嫉妬【しっと】 is almost the same as English \"jealousy\".\nIt includes both mild ones and very dreadful ones, and it can be about\nanything (e.g., someone's talent). For example, you can say\n彼【かれ】の才能【さいのう】に嫉妬【しっと】させられます referring to a gifted baseball player, but you\ncannot say 彼【かれ】の才能【さいのう】にやきもちを焼【や】かされます in the same context.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T08:49:11.173", "id": "94128", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T17:11:03.507", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-15T17:11:03.507", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is なか. Slightly more generally, adjective + 中 meaning _in the middle\nof adj._ is read なか as far as I can think of. E.g. 忙しい[中]{なか}, 天気の悪い[中]{なか}.\n\nMore generally, there is probably no clear rules, i.e., it depends on words\nwhether it is ちゅう or じゅう or なか (じゅう and ぢゅう are not distinguished in modern\nJapanese).\n\n* * *\n\nA basic difference is that なか/ちゅう means _in the middle of_ while じゅう means\n_throughout, all over (some range)_ , but not entirely correct. For example,\n午前[中]{ちゅう} can mean both (午前中誰か来た/午前中はいません). A further complication is\n午前[中]{ちゅう}[中]{じゅう} is possible at least colloquially (maybe a bit odd, but\ndefinitely understood). Also, 午後[中]{じゅう} is the only possibility which means\n_throughout the afternoon_. _Some time in the afternoon_ is simply 午後 and\nnever 午後[中]{ちゅう}.\n\nSome more examples: [海中]{かいちゅう} = inside the sea; [海中]{うみじゅう} = all over the\nsea (as far as can be seen); [山中]{やまなか} = [山中]{さんちゅう} = (somewhere) inside the\nmountain; [山中]{やまじゅう} = all over the mountain.\n\n* * *\n\nRelevant threads on or off this SE.\n\n * [中(なか) vs 中(ちゅう) ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61307/%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8B-vs-%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86)\n * [How do we decide if 中 is ちゅう or じゅう?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2790/45489)\n * [~中（ちゅう・じゅう）](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/chuju/)\n * [中（ちゅう）と中（じゅう）の違いは？](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/3537032.html)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T11:08:02.437", "id": "94129", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T11:08:02.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94127", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "No, more like わけでない, related to わけではない, less the contrast marker. It does\n**not** include the 終助詞 し.\n\nなし itself goes back to a classical Japanese adjective and is fossilized in\nmodern Japanese as a noun. Its antonym is あり.\n\nSimilar phrases include\n\n * 人でなし brutal, not human\n * ろくでなし bum, good for nothing", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T15:50:45.933", "id": "94134", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T15:50:45.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "わけでなし _is_ the same thing as わけではないし, yes. It is true as pointed out by Eddie\nKal that なし also has another meaning with roots in classical Japanese, but in\nthis context, it's just a shortened version of ないし.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T19:26:06.727", "id": "94139", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T19:26:06.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51082", "parent_id": "94131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Cursory answer as far as aspects I'm familiar with\n\n~ておる、～とる for ～てる、～ている\n\nぞ、わ、ぞい、わい、な、のう sentence ending particles\n\n～じゃ as copula for だ, じゃろ・じゃろう for だろ・だろう\n\nワシ as first-person pronoun\n\n～ん negative rather than ～ない\n\n～かね、～かい、～だい interrogatives\n\nですな、ますな、ですぞ、ますぞ occasionally in polite speech\n\nお主 second-person pronoun\n\n～でない directly following a verb in dictionary form as negative command\n\nThis is not an exhaustive list and many of these are not exclusively roujingo,\nbut many of these will be indicative of a fictional character's advanced age", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T15:50:56.940", "id": "94135", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T15:50:56.940", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "94132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I see that there's [a 老人語\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E) on the\nJapanese Wikipedia, discussing some of the\n[fictional](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E#%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E)\nand [real-\nworld](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E#%E5%AE%9F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E)\ninstances of 老人語. There is also [a list of characteristically 老人語\nwords](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E#%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-19T22:10:00.693", "id": "94185", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T22:10:00.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "94132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Looking at [BCCWJ](https://clrd.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/), your feelings are mostly\nright. But it is not impossible to use などなど in the middle of a sentence. A few\nsamples:\n\n> ＣＤ‐Ｒ， ＣＤ‐ＲＷ， ＤＶＤ‐Ｒ， ＤＶＤ‐ＲＷ， ＤＶＤ‐ＲＡＭ， ＭＯ などなど が含まれます。\n\n> 「え？ このゴミ、何か月分？」「え？ ビールのストックがあるの？」 などなど 何でも構いません\n\n> 預金がいくら以上、住宅ローン借り入れ、給与振込み、 などなど いくつかの条件を満たしていると、振込み手数料、時間外手数料全て無料になります。\n\nなどなど looks more colloquial at least when used in the middle of a sentence.\nAlso it sounds emphasizing the number of 'others' than など (like _and many\nothers, and more_ ).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-15T22:12:22.520", "id": "94140", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-15T22:12:22.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94133", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The volitional form at the end of a sentence doesn’t always refer to a joint\naction by the speaker and the listener. Under certain circumstances it refers\nto an action by the speaker alone. One example is when you offer to do\nsomething for someone. Usually, you first ask whether that is indeed what the\nother person wants by turning it into a question by adding か. This is the\nthird and last pattern in this\n[answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/91111/43676).\n\nThe version without か, unless it is said in a monologue, is kind of like\nanswering to your own such question before you ask it. It is like letting the\nlistener know what you are going to do for them. The action is most likely\nsomething from which they benefit. It could be part of joint efforts towards a\ncommon goal.\n\nWithout volitional forms, your sentences would sound more like unilateral\ndeclarations that leave absolutely no room for other people’s involvement in\ndecision making. Depending on the context, you could even sound as if you are\neither refusing their involvement or telling them you are having to do\nwhatever it is on your own because they are uncooperative.\n\nI would summarize the difference as one in the degree of involvement on the\nlistener’s part. I feel a similar nuance between “Let me …” and “I will …” in\nEnglish.\n\n> ならば 私もあなたを手助けしましょう \n> Then, let me help you, too.\n>\n> ならば 私もあなたを手助けします。 \n> Then, I will help you, too.\n\n> その手紙は わしが拝見いたそう。 \n> Let me see that letter (on our behalf).\n>\n> その手紙は わしが拝見いたす。 \n> I will see that letter (as opposed to anyone else).\n\n> サスケは俺が保証しよう。 \n> Let me (be the one to) vouch for Sasuke.\n>\n> サスケは俺が保証する。 \n> I will vouch for Sasuke.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-16T05:02:18.890", "id": "94143", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-16T05:02:18.890", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Your confusion seems to stem from the way you parsed 日本人の「もの」に対する気持ち. I would\nthink it is much more natural to read it as a combination of 日本人の気持ち and\n「もの」に対する気持ち, rather than 気持ち towards 日本人の「もの」. The latter interpretation would\nhave been more likely if it weren’t for 人, but in that case as well, it\nwouldn’t be clear whose 気持ち it is.\n\nAs for what the clause ending with 融合させた modifies, it is ambiguous. I see the\nfollowing three possibilities. (もの is not among them.)\n\n 1. 日本人\n 2. 気持ち\n 3. 言葉\n\nFrankly, I cannot tell which one the author intended. The use of the causative\nform 融合させる makes me lean towards thinking that its subject actively does the\nsaid fusion. This makes #2 slightly less likely than the other two. #3 can\nstill be seen as an active agent because the word was consciously chosen by\npeople.\n\nIn any case, if I were the author, I would try to disambiguate by using a\ncomma. The second sentence is still ambiguous, though.\n\n>\n> 「ものづくり」という言葉は、日本の伝統の力と新しい技術と芸術的センスを融合させた日本人の、「もの」に対する気持ちが深く表れている言葉だと言えるのではないでしょうか。(#1)\n\n>\n> 「ものづくり」という言葉は、日本の伝統の力と新しい技術と芸術的センスを融合させた、日本人の「もの」に対する気持ちが深く表れている言葉だと言えるのではないでしょうか。(#2,\n> #3)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-16T02:42:58.930", "id": "94142", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-16T02:42:58.930", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94137", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, this から is \"after; since; from\".\n\nThis だって is a colloquial and emphatic topic marker which means \"also; even\"\n(but not \"even if\"). It's interchangeable with も or すら. See: [Why can だって have\nso many meanings?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43239/5010)\n\n> こっちに来てからだって \n> = こっちに来てからも\n>\n> **Even** after [they] come here, ...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T00:27:10.497", "id": "94149", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T00:27:10.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94144", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ばっか = ばかり = only\n\nっていうのもねえ = というのもね = shows dissatisfaction/disapproval of whatever precedes it\n\nTherefore:\n\n> せっかくヨットに乗るのに、野郎 **ばっかっていうのもねえ**\n\ntranslates into something along the lines of\n\n> **Sucks that we're only** guys, now that we have the chance to sail on a\n> yacht", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T00:18:31.377", "id": "94147", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T00:18:31.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51082", "parent_id": "94145", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is a large overlap, but 道徳 mainly refers to basic, personal, day-to-day\nrequirements such as \"say thank you out loud\", \"do not litter\", etc. 倫理 is a\nmore elevated word that typically involves big topics such as life/death, war,\npolitics, CO2, philosophy, religious conflicts, doping, etc. There are 道徳\nclasses at elementary school, whereas there are 倫理 classes taken by some high\nschool students. In other words, 道徳 tends to refer to common sense every\nperson must have and respect as a person, while 倫理 tends to refer to specific\nethical standards one must respect as a mature member in each field.\n\nYou don't have to think of that chart as a hard rule. For example, 倫理の低下 _is_\nused and understood by native speakers. I personally think it's perfectly fine\nto say 研究倫理を守って研究を行う, 企業倫理の遵守, 倫理が守られていない戦争, etc., although 倫理を守る may sound\ntoo vague in isolation. If 倫理の低下 is less common than 道徳の低下, it may be because\n倫理 tends to be taken as something shared by people and 道徳 tends to be taken as\nsomething naturally owned by individuals.\n\nモラル can cover both 道徳 and モラル. モラル may be more common than 道徳 after you\ngraduate from an elementary school. When compared to モラル, 倫理 is stiffer and\npreferred in legal contexts, but that does not mean モラル is a casual word in\ngeneral.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T00:20:46.860", "id": "94148", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T00:20:46.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94146", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Semantically both are rather close. It is more collocations that distinguish\nthem, so ultimately you have to learn when to use which phrase by phrase. For\nexample, equilibrium in economics is usually 均衡 and equilibrium in physics is\n平衡.\n\nA possible guideline is that 均衡 is a balance of multiple entities and 平衡 is\ninner balance of a system. So the emphasis is on multiplicity of agents in\neconomics and on the system as a whole in physics (and other natural\nsciences).\n\n * 精神の平衡 : _balance (peace) of mind_ Here mind is considered as a system.\n * 勢力の均衡 : _balance of power_ Meaning the balance (e.g.) among the nations.\n\nI think practically 均衡 is more frequent unless you are a scientist.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T07:29:22.400", "id": "94151", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T07:29:22.400", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "I'm basing my answer on this thread: <https://okwave.jp/qa/q4107038.html>\n\n## 均衡\n\nDescribes the balance between concrete entities. For example:\n\n * 均衡財政 = Balanced finances (can be calculated by looking at income/expenditures, therefore it's concrete)\n * 地域間の均衡ある発展 = Balanced development between regions (the development can be measured in terms of infrastructure etc, therefore it's concrete)\n\n## 平衡\n\nDescribes the balance between abstract things such as gases or liquids. For\nexample:\n\n * 精神の平衡を保つ = Maintain the balance of one's mind\n * 平衡熱 = Thermal equilibrium", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T07:40:52.933", "id": "94152", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T07:40:52.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51082", "parent_id": "94150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "'均衡' is the balance among two or more things.\n\n'平衡' is the balance of statuses inside of one thing.\n\nHowever, we use '均衡' in most cases. '平衡' is too technical.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T23:54:45.490", "id": "94169", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T23:54:45.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51103", "parent_id": "94150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "均 divide .... equally \n平 level; even; flat status of equilibrium\n\n均衡 divide something equally, so as to weigh evenly.\n\n平衡 already being status of equilibrium or even", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T21:34:57.483", "id": "94178", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-18T21:34:57.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51113", "parent_id": "94150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> What does なり mean?\n\nなり is the sometimes called ます form or ます stem of the verb なる. It is sometimes\ncalled this way because you can obtain it by changing the verb to its ます form\nand then dropping ます:\n\n> なる ⟶ なります ⟶ なり ~~ます~~ ⟶ なり\n\nEssentially, it's a more formal equivalent of the て form of a verb (see the\nexplanation linked by @sundowner in [her\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/94154/what-\ndoes-%e3%81%aa%e3%82%8a-mean-and-how-is-%e3%82%88%e3%81%86%e3%81%ab-used-in-\nthis-sentence/94172#comment153411_94154)). Therefore, your sentence would mean\nthe same than:\n\n化粧をすると、声が高く、大きくな **って** 、相手の目をよく見て話すようになるそうです。\n\nNote that using this ます form instead of the て form makes your sentence feel\nmore formal or bookish, and than they are not exactly the same even though in\nyour sentence they would function in the same way. If you want to know more\ndetails about the differences between the ます form and the て form of a verb, I\nhighly suggest you to read this: [Do I have a good grasp on the basics of what\nthe continuative form is?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65953/32952).\n\n**EDIT: see the comment below by @Chocolate, my analysis on the second part of\nthe sentence (ように) is probably wrong.**\n\n> how is ように used in this sentence?\n\nように has several uses, but IMHO the ように here means \"as if\" or \"as though\":\n\n> 相手の目をよく見て話すようになる\n\nYou see well your partner's eyes, as if they [the eyes] became able to speak.\n\nFinally, the そうです bit means that the sentence is hearsaying, i.e. you are\nparaphrasing what someone else has said.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T03:04:53.200", "id": "94172", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T22:11:01.003", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-19T22:11:01.003", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "94154", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a pretty simple, cursory answer, but:\n\nこと here is a sentence-ending particle stereotypically associated with, I'd\nsay, elegant ladies/お嬢さん. Second to last entry, first definition\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8/), essentially it\nexpresses strong feelings.\n\nMeanwhile やつめ is an actual noun. やつ is a not-so-polite way of saying 'a\nperson' and め is a suffix adding an additional insulting nuance, though in\nthis case it doesn't seem to be _too_ rough? It's something like 'cute little\ndevil', 'cute little fucker' depending on how roughly the character talks.\n\nThe hyphens aren't actually part of Romaji so you can use them or leave them\nas you like, but 'yatsuume' would be pronounced differently and is wrong.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T17:21:13.033", "id": "94159", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T17:21:13.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "94155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "その上 and その上で overlap, but have slight difference.\n\n[その上](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8A)\n\n> さらに、一層、追加で、などといった意味の言い回し。\n\n[その上で](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%A7)\n\n> 既出の情報を前提して（念頭に置いて）話題を言い足す場面で接続詞的に用いられる表現。\n\nSo その上 is _in addition_ and その上で is _given that/this information/situation_.\nThe two may be interchangeable in certain cases, but in the sentence of the\nquestion, no. It means _Given that we are sorry_ , or essentially _although we\nare sorry about that_.\n\nだ simply ends the sentence. Just using \"その上で,\" would sound continuing the\nsentence. Here \"その上で、だ\" can be translated as _but_ , and the difference of\n\"その上で、だ\" and \"その上で\" may be comparable to a single emphasized _But._ and a\nnormal _but..._. Edit: as noted by naruto in the comment, this だ can be\nconsidered as an emphasis, but the overall interpretation should be the same.\n\n* * *\n\nFor example of その上で/その上:\n\n * 彼は3年ドイツ語を勉強している。その上で今度ドイツに留学することにしたそうだ。 He's been learning German for three years. Now (with those learning as a basis) he's going to Germany for study.\n * 彼は3年ドイツ語を勉強している。その上今度はフランス語の勉強を始めた。 ... Now he started to learn French (in addition).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T22:51:06.173", "id": "94167", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-18T02:09:38.200", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-18T02:09:38.200", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As for the と, it's probably [\"と for resultant\nform\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/93381/5010). So yes, the idea is\nthat the snow made the 町並み turn into 影. Outside of set phrases such as 露と消える\nand 無用の長物と化す, this type of と is rare and highly stilted. I had to read this\nseveral times before I became almost certain about the role of this と.\n\nAs for the に, it's a destination marker ( _to_ or _into_ in English) in a\nbroad sense, but here it marks the resultant state (己の色 = 雪の純白) rather than a\nplace. 純白に侵食する can be understood as something similar to 純白に染める or 純白に変える, but\nに in ～に浸食する usually marks a place.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T00:51:03.560", "id": "94170", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-18T03:02:48.420", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-18T03:02:48.420", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94158", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 行儀 is more about the behavior of a particular person, the rest are\nsocially defined rules and can be ordered 礼儀 > 作法, マナー > エチケット in their\n'hardness'. (By a hard rule, I mean something to be taken seriously and\nfollowed rigorously.)\n\nThis should explain the cases for\n\n * Xにかなう: エチケット is too soft; 行儀 is not a rule.\n * 人と話すときのX: 礼儀 sounds too hard. To me, it is more △ though.\n * 食事のX: 礼儀 is too hard.\n\nNow this might contradict 礼儀正しい (or 礼儀がなっていない), which talks about particular\nbehavior. But this should be considered as a set phrase as you mention. And\nthere is even\n[行儀正しい](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A1%8C%E5%84%80%E6%AD%A3%E3%81%97%E3%81%84/).\nOriginally\n[行儀](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A1%8C%E5%84%80/#jn-56039) seems to\nhave been rules (def 3), but I suppose this meaning is almost lost.\nPractically 行儀 is almost always used with good or bad like 行儀よくする/お行儀悪い in\nmodern spoken language.\n\nRegarding Xがいい, 行儀 fits naturally because it is a behavior. マナーがいい sounds a\nbit odd to me and more like △. Anyway this suggests マナー can mean particular\nbehavior sometimes (and I guess 礼儀・作法 also can mean behavior, but more\nrarely).\n\n礼法 means mostly the same as 礼儀 but something even more strict and sounds very\nstrained. It is used mostly for real rituals.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T02:32:47.730", "id": "94171", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-18T02:46:43.947", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-18T02:46:43.947", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "後 is read as ご when it's directly attached to a noun, and as あと when it's not.\n\nTherefore you would have to write 卒業の後 in order for 後 to be read as あと.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T19:19:13.340", "id": "94162", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T19:19:13.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51082", "parent_id": "94161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> あのね \n> Um... hey...\n>\n> リナ、パパ活やってるの \n> I've actually been dong パパ活\n>\n> ...普通の食事だけじゃないやつ... \n> It's the kind where you don't just go out with them for meals\n>\n> お金持ってて悪い人じゃなければ \n> As long as they are rich and they are not bad people,\n>\n> お父さんぐらいの歳のおじさんとも \n> with men around the same age as my dad\n>\n> 平気で寝られる \n> I can also sleep without a problem\n\nThere, I put the lines into English in a rough translation based on my\nunderstanding.\n\n * やつ in 普通の食事だけじゃないやつ doesn't refer to \"guys\". Here it means \"the thing\". Another way to say it is 普通の食事だけじゃないほう (you know, _that_ kind)\n\n * お金持ってて悪い人じゃなければ: お金持って(い)て悪い人じゃなければ As long as they are rich _and_ not bad people\n\n * お金持ってて悪い人じゃなければ talks about those お父さんぐらいの歳のおじさん, but doesn't modify that noun phrase. It is a conditional clause.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-17T21:51:44.387", "id": "94165", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-17T23:00:18.810", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-17T23:00:18.810", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94163", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "It may be easiest to think of this as an example of [_historical\npresent_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_present). In short, 書かないんだ\ncan sound more vivid and dramatic than 書かなかったんだ or 書いていないんだ.\n\n * [Sentence in the present tense when the text is in the past tense?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61679/5010)\n * [Why does this Light Novel title get translated to the past tense?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/66455/5010)\n * [Negative present endings translated as past tense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/53760/5010)\n\nAs far as basic grammar goes, 書かない is definitely in present tense. But since\nhistorical present is much more common in Japanese, and since we all know ニーチェ\nand フロイト are people in the past, it's fine to ignore the original tense and\nuse the past form to translate this line naturally.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T11:08:24.717", "id": "94174", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T04:49:52.653", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-19T04:49:52.653", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "After some research in the Internet, I found out that もの is not a standalone\nword in the sentence above, but instead it is part of the word ものすごく, which\nhas the same meaning than すごく but with stronger intensity:\n\n> このカボチャすごく大きい! This pumpkin is very big!\n\n> あのカボチャものすごく巨大だ！That pumpkin is huge!\n\n([source](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/965638))", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-18T13:30:42.043", "id": "94176", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-18T13:30:42.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "94175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "もの is not a standalone word, it combines with すごく as a whole.ものすごく is an\nadverb form of ものすごい(物凄い), meaning that たいへんな。すごい(too much, great)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-19T07:22:17.797", "id": "94179", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T07:22:17.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45347", "parent_id": "94175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Traditionally Japanese schools divide academic subjects into\nRikei([理系](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB/#jn-230819))\nand\nBunkei([文系](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB/#jn-197292)).\nMedicine, science, engineering, etc. are categorized as Rikei and law,\neconomics, literature etc. as Bunkei.\n\nBy extension Rikei can mean people majoring in those subjects. A stereotypical\nimage of a Rikei person is logical and generally less emotional (and sometimes\notaku-ish) type.\n\nThe title clearly refers to a Rikei person/Rikei people, not science itself.\nSince I don't know the story, I can't tell if the subject is _I_ , but more\nliterally it means _A science major (or majors) fell in love. So s/he (they)\ntries to prove it_.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-19T11:12:59.353", "id": "94181", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T11:12:59.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94180", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "すっか is a contraction of するか (cf. [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/82681/45489)). So the phrase is\nさて俺もしたくするか meaning \"Now I will do my preparation (for going out), too\".\n\n * したく is [支度](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%A6/#je-31600), which means preparation for something. (E.g. 旅行の支度 means packing).\n * Here も means 'also'. So literally, _Also I...._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-19T22:25:30.083", "id": "94186", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-19T22:25:30.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "* は can indicate an object (in this case, of 知る). Cf. [this answer.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1121/45489)\n * 知らん is 知らない as you correctly understand\n * よう is よく= _well_.\n\nSo\n\n * その辺の仕組みは About the mechanism surrounding it\n * あんたら **と** 違って Different **from** you guys (unlike you guys)\n * よう知らん don't know well\n\nThe subject of 知らん is the speaker, hence the translation of the sub.\n\n* * *\n\nOne subtlety: in 関西弁, 'よう ... negative' means stronger negation ([a\nsource](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1449429024))\nand this interpretation would be closer to 'clueless' (but note the accent\ndifference mentioned in the comments.). But in 'standard' Japanese, よう知らん\nsounds more \"I don't know very well\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-20T00:07:16.250", "id": "94188", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-20T07:44:49.453", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-20T07:44:49.453", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94187", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's ユキノシタ(属), or _yukinoshita(-zoku)_ in romaji. See\n[ユキノシタ属](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E5%B1%9E)\non Wikipedia. ユキノシタ is the name of:\n\n * an order ([ユキノシタ目](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E7%9B%AE) Saxifragales)\n * a family ([ユキノシタ科](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E7%A7%91) Saxifragaceae)\n * a genus ([ユキノシタ属](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E5%B1%9E) _**Saxifraga**_ )\n * a species ([ユキノシタ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF) _Saxifraga stolonifera_ )\n\nEtymologically, ユキ is \"snow\", ノ is \"-'s\", and シタ is \"beneath/under\". So it's\nliterally \"under-snow\".\n\nYou can easily find such information using [\"Language\" links on\nWikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Other_languages).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-20T00:55:36.587", "id": "94190", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-20T01:01:41.310", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-20T01:01:41.310", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As mentioned by @sundowner in the comments,\n[文字](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97) is the word I was\nlooking for.\n\nI corroborated the claim by googling up `文字歴史`, getting the answers one would\nexpect from \"the history of writing\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T07:09:25.537", "id": "94210", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T07:09:25.537", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "25817", "parent_id": "94196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Depending on the situation, it can be 'seeking confirmation' or 'speaker's\nemotion of admiration'.\n\nCase 1: A friend of a newly married couple gave as a gift something they had\nbeen looking for. Then the husband may say to the wife \"うれしいな\" (= We are\nhappy, aren't we?).\n\nCase 2: If the gift is more specifically to the husband, then he may say to\nhimself \"うれしいな\" (or \"うれしいなあ\"), a largely exaggerated English equivalent of\nwhich would be \"How happy I am!\".\n\nRegarding 2, it is usually called 詠嘆=exclamation. I'm not sure what is the\nprecise equivalent in English is, but it can be admiration, amazement, a sense\nof wonder. In this case, it expresses something like: the emotion pours out\nnaturally from inside.\n\n* * *\n\nだ in だな in the last paragraph more comes from na-adjective's ending (元気だ), so\nit is still the same な. In terms of construction, it should be always\ndictionary form + な.\n\nです can be used (うれしいですな, 元気ですな) before な. This basically adds politeness but\nsounds rather like the speaker is a very old man or something.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-20T23:11:04.483", "id": "94200", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-20T23:11:04.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 現実化する is 他動詞，so correct sentence would be\n\n> その悪夢 **を** 現実化した\n\n，", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T02:08:29.093", "id": "94203", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T02:08:29.093", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45347", "parent_id": "94198", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "悪夢が現実化した and 悪夢が現実になった mean the same thing, although the latter is more\ncommon. 悪夢が現実[と](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/93388/5010)なった is also\ncommon. I feel 現実化 (realization) is typically used with a good invention.\n(BTW, 実現 is almost always used with desirable things, so 悪夢が実現した sounds like\nsomeone was intentionally hoping for a calamity.)\n\nSuru-verbs are intransitive, transitive, or both, depending on the word. 現実化\nworks as both. It just means \"to become a reality\" when used intransitively.\n\n * [Difference between 完成させる and 完成する (transitive usage only)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27454/5010)\n * [Differences Between 蘇生する and 蘇る](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34049/5010)\n * [「を発動させる」 why 使役態?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/84523/5010)\n\n悪夢 **を** 現実化した is also grammatical, but this of course means someone\nintentionally materialized a nightmare.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T02:53:53.193", "id": "94206", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T03:01:49.993", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-21T03:01:49.993", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94198", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Ｂはどこですか is certainly an appropriate way to ask “Where is B?” What is not\nappropriate here is ＡにＢがあります as a response to that question.\n\n> 本はどこですか \n> Where is the book?\n>\n> ? テーブルの上に本があります。 \n> ? There is a book on the table.\n\nTwo pieces of information are involved here.\n\n> A: place\n>\n> B: object\n\nThe first person knows what object he is asking about and also assumes the\nother person will understand what it is he is referring to. What he doesn’t\nknow is where it is located. In other words, the object is known and the place\nis unknown. This is why he puts forward the object (本) as the topic of the\nsentence, marking it with は, and uses the question word for “where” (どこ) where\nthe place is expected.\n\nThe response, on the other hand, marks the object with が. This makes it sound\nlike the object (本) is the new information, rather than the place (机の上). The\nsentence is understood as talking about the existence of an hitherto unknown\nobject in a particular (possibly already known) place, rather than the\nwhereabout of a known object as expected from the question.\n\nThe response should be either\n\n> （本は）テーブルの上です。 \n> It (= the book) is on the table.\n\nor\n\n> （本は）テーブルの上にあります。 \n> It (= the book) is on the table.\n\nNote that the object (本) is marked with は as it was in the question. Since it\nis already established as the topic of the dialogue, 本は can be omitted\naltogether. In fact, the response sounds more natural when it is omitted\nunless there is some reason to emphasize it, for example when you want to put\nthe book in contrast with something else that is in some other place.\n\nＡに何がありますか is asking what is in a particular place. The place is known and the\nobject is unknown. Hence the question word for “what” (何) where the object is\nexpected.\n\n> テーブルの上に何がありますか。 \n> What is on the table?\n>\n> （テーブルの上に）本があります。 \n> A book is (on the table).\n\n本, which is marked with が, is the new information in the response.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T02:42:57.853", "id": "94204", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T02:42:57.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94199", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "They mean two different things.\n\nWithout も, the sentence would look like this.\n\n> ＡにＢがあります。 \n> B exists in A.\n\nTwo pieces of information are involved here.\n\n> A: place\n>\n> B: object\n\nIn the following sentence, も works on the place.\n\n> Ａに **も** Ｂがあります。 \n> B exists in A, too (= as well as in other places).\n\nThis puts Place A in the same category as other places where Object B exists.\n\nIn the following sentence, on the other hand, も works on the object.\n\n> ＡにＢ **も** あります。 \n> B exists in A, too (= as well as other things).\n\nThis puts Object B in the same category as other things that exist in Place A.\n\nも is not an adverb like “too” or “also” in English. It always works on the\npart that precedes it, and therefore, it cannot cause the kind of ambiguity\nthe English words sometimes do.\n\nNote that when the original particle is が, it is replaced with も, whereas when\nthe original particle is に, も is appended to it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T03:00:35.897", "id": "94207", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T15:27:32.753", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-21T15:27:32.753", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94202", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "As noted in the answer naruto linked, あたり is a way of making thing indirect.\nAnd も works the same way here.\n\nPossible variants:\n\n 1. メシマズ属性を持っていない **あたり** , 二次元世界の...\n 2. メシマズ属性を持っていない **のも** , 二次元世界の\n 3. メシマズ属性を持っていない｛ **ところ、点** ｝ **なども** , 二次元世界の\n\nあたりからみても would be fine (but sounds lengthy). なども requires a nominalizer as\nabove. Comparison: 持っていない **のが** would be _exactly not having メシマズ property\nmakes the sister different from fiction_.\n\nThere could be many properties a fictional sister could have other than メシマズ:\nツンデレ, ドジっ子 etc. Both あたり and も imply the sister doesn't have メシマズ property,\nnor other common-for-fictional-sister properties like ツンデレ.\n\nThe subject of 持ってない is the sister.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-27T22:48:37.420", "id": "94299", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-27T22:48:37.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94209", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "So far as I'm aware, there is no one website that provides comprehensive\netymologies for all Japanese words.\n\n * The best I've been able to find is the [日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 (NKD) dictionary from Shogakukan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Kokugo_Daijiten). They have a HUGE version with extensive notes, which I don't have. I do have an electronic copy from 1998 when Shogakukan and Microsoft teamed up on their Bookshelf product; that said, later versions were progressively worse, abridging more and more detail. And due to changing IT policies, I can no longer install my old one (admin permissions got yanked so we can't install anything, and my personal machines haven't run Windows for [donkey's years](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/donkeys-years)). \n \nThere is a halfway decent edition of the NKD available online for free via\nKotobank, such as we see [here in the entry for\n食](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%9F-161022). Do note that the Kotobank\nversion lemmatizes strangely (i.e. how it files individual entries under\nheadwords). If you search for たべる in kana, you will not easily find the NKD\nentry, as it is lemmatized under the 食 spelling, without okurigana. Some words\nare even harder to find, as they are lemmatized under spellings that include\nmultiple kanji variants, such as [the かたわり\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%92%E6%B8%A1%E3%83%BB%E6%AD%A9%E6%B8%A1%E3%83%BB%E6%AD%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%B8%A1-2023021),\nfiled under 徒渡・歩渡・歩行渡 with three possible kanji spellings. \n \nThere are also odd gaps in the entries. I've noticed that any word for a plant\nor animal often gives a short encyclopedic description of the organism, and\nvery little information about the word -- no etymology or derivation, such as\n[this entry for\nあひる](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E9%B4%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%B6%A9-197898).\nIt's like there was a separate editorial team working on biological\nterminology, and they had inconsistent ideas about what to include in the\nentries. \n \nThat said, the Kotobank edition is not as extensive as my old 1998 one, and\nI've learned from other users here that the huge hard-copy version is even\nmore comprehensive. If you are willing to pay money, I understand that it may\nbe possible to purchase [electronic\naccess](https://japanknowledge.com/contents/nikkoku/index.html).\n\nAs a bit of a tech nerd, I am quite curious how your \"automatic Japanese text\nanalyzer\" functions. I suspect it might be backed by a database (maybe even\njust a text file) that correlates certain Japanese spellings with specific\nreadings and term categories. Without knowing more about how the analyzer\nfunctions, it is hard to say anything useful about finding replacements that\ncould offer accuracy of similar, or better, quality.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T19:26:43.277", "id": "94219", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T19:26:43.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "94211", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "[託す](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A8%97%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B/#jn-135885)\nhas the following definitions:\n\n> １ 自分がなすべきことを他の人に頼む。まかせる。「後事を友人に―・する」\n>\n> ２ 人に頼んで品物などを届けてもらう。用件を他の人にことづける。「伝言を―・する」\n>\n> ３ 気持ちや意見などを他の物にことよせて表す。「思いのたけを歌に―・する」\n\nThe meaning you mention and the usage in question are both 3.\n\nI guess XをYに託す= to express X in the form of Y (like 思いのたけを歌に託す above) works,\nbut obfuscates the original meaning of attaching/passing on X. Just as\n息子を両親に託す means _to leave a son to parents_ , 思いを歌に託す has a connotation that 思い\nis passed on/conveyed by 歌.\n\nSo 附会され...語られなかった literally means _tragic stories that are likely to be\nattached (to such a person) was not passed on (and told) **attached to the\nprince**_. (In this case, 附会する/仮託する/託す are practically synonymous.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T12:38:09.253", "id": "94216", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T12:38:09.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As noted in the comment, it is 構い合い although it is more of an improvisation\nand not a common word.\n\nあい here is a nominalization of あう, suffix meaning _each other_ :\n\n * 助け合う _to help each other_ → 助け合い\n * 話し合う _to have a talk (among people)_ → 話し合い\n\nSince 構う means _to take care of/look after_ , 構い合い more or less means the same\nthing as the preceding お互いに面倒をみる(こと).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T12:08:49.783", "id": "94215", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T12:08:49.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "As @EiríkrÚtlendi suggests, 日本国語大辞典 contains a more explicit entry on the\netymology, but essentially the same:\n\n>\n> サマ（様）の反〔[名語記](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%98)・[大言海](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A8%80%E6%B5%B7-91059)〕\n\n反 should mean 略 ([source](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%8D-563548))", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-30T04:16:19.407", "id": "94329", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-30T04:16:19.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 運命 is treated as an (abstract) place here. We can safely say ～という状況にある\n(\"to be **in** a situation where ～\") or ～という状態にある (\"to be **in** a state where\n～\"), so 運命にある and 宿命にある should not be that illogical.\n\nThis ある is a literary version of \"(for a human) to be/stay (for some time)\":\n\n * [May the force be with you](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55496/5010)\n * [i-adjective modifying ある (eg 強くありたい)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64993/5010)\n\nWe rarely say 運命にいる because 運命にある is almost a set phrase.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T23:35:17.507", "id": "94223", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-22T00:03:07.287", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-22T00:03:07.287", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "AをBに見せ掛ける means \"to make A appear to be B\", \"to pretend A is B\", \"to show A as\nB\", etc. Grammatically, this に is either \"to; into\" (resultant state marker)\nor \"as\" ([role marker](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/82916/5010)), but\nbasically this particle choice is something you have to memorize along with\nthe verb 見せ掛ける itself.\n\n> 他殺を自殺に見せ掛ける \n> to make a murder look like a suicide\n\n> 自殺に見せ掛けた他殺 (relative clause) \n> a murder which someone made to look like a suicide \n> a murder disguised as a suicide", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-21T23:48:58.737", "id": "94224", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-21T23:48:58.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94222", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This type of だめ implies some stimuli, desire, temptation, etc., is\nirresistible. It may be most common in sexual contexts, but when someone says\n\"ダメだ、コンビニでお菓子買ってくる\", this ダメ means he has been trying to resist the temptation\nof sweets but he couldn't any more.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-22T07:04:36.163", "id": "94226", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-22T07:09:36.197", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-22T07:09:36.197", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94225", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "I added brackets to help you to parse this sentence better,\n\n>\n> 横須賀市は２１日、（市立馬堀中学校でプールの給水栓を約２カ月間、断続的に開けたままにしたことで）、（約４２３万８千リットルの水道水が流出した）と発表した。\n>\n> On April 21, Yokosuka city announced that about 4,238,000 liters of tap\n> water leaked due to somebody intermittently putting pool's water tap in open\n> state at Mahori Municipal Junior High over the period of about 2 months.\n\nThe basic structure is「横須賀市は２１日 ．．．と発表した。」\"On April 21, Yokosuka city\nannounced that...\"\n\nThe first を (プールの給水栓を) actually belongs to the verb 開けた, not 発表した.\n\n> Also, how do we parse ままにしたことで? ままに -> while, したこと -> nominalized did, で ->\n> then (???)?\n\n断続的に開けたままにしたことで is modifying 流出した. こと normalizes the preceding\nclause「市立馬堀中学校でプールの給水栓を約２カ月間、断続的に開けたままにした」. で describes a means of action.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-22T16:40:49.403", "id": "94229", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-23T02:50:07.097", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-23T02:50:07.097", "last_editor_user_id": "41067", "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "94228", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You're probably reading a bit too much into this. 自然【しぜん】 is the reading of\nthe word for almost all modern contexts. The reading じねん is mostly only used\nwhen reading Buddhist texts. If you google [自然 しぜん じねん\n違い](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%20%E3%81%97%E3%81%9C%E3%82%93%20%E3%81%98%E3%81%AD%E3%82%93%20%E9%81%95%E3%81%84&sxsrf=APq-\nWBu0Y5VZIhsqK3gW-\njVmDoRbkJ9lvQ%3A1650651485087&ei=XfFiYrL3BMzVkPIPx66DyAY&ved=0ahUKEwjymar7o6j3AhXMKkQIHUfXAGkQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%20%E3%81%97%E3%81%9C%E3%82%93%20%E3%81%98%E3%81%AD%E3%82%93%20%E9%81%95%E3%81%84&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBAgjECc6BwgAEEcQsANKBAhBGABKBAhGGABQzQRY7QZg5whoAXABeACAAVSIAZ0BkgEBMpgBAKABAcgBCsABAQ&sclient=gws-\nwiz), you get some articles that say about the same thing.\n([ギモン雑学](https://zatugaku-gimonn.com/entry5467.html),\n[Hinative](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/18197093), [Gogen\nYurai](https://gogen-\nyurai.jp/shizen/#:%7E:text=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF,%E3%81%8C%E4%BD%BF%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82))\n\nThere is also a [Wikipedia\nsection](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6#%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%EF%BC%88%E3%81%98%E3%81%AD%E3%82%93%EF%BC%89)\nabout じねん. Again, it seems like it is only being used in the context of\nbuddhism. Here is an excerpt:\n\n>\n> 自然（じねん）とは、万物が現在あるがままに存在しているものであり、因果によって生じたのではないとする無因論のこと。仏教の因果論を否定し、仏教から見た外道の思想のひとつである。\n\nIt seems to refer to the idea that all things inherently exist the way they\nare, and are unaffected by the relationships of karma. It is a way of thinking\nthat is condemned within buddhism.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-22T18:23:06.730", "id": "94232", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-22T18:31:17.643", "last_edit_date": "2022-04-22T18:31:17.643", "last_editor_user_id": "21657", "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "94230", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Sorry\", \"I'm sorry\", \"I apologize\", and \"my apologies\" are not always good\ntranslations for any Japanese phrases expressing a sense of apology like すまない\n(すみません), 悪い, 申し訳ない (申し訳ございません), etc. because oftentimes expressions of apology\nin English (and for that matter a lot of other languages) fail to convey other\nshades of meaning the Japanese phrases have. They are not equivalents.\n\nJust like すみません can be used to give gratitude to another person or tell them\nyou feel bad in the sense that you don't think you deserve the kind of nice\ntreatment you receive or the other party is doing too much or being too kind,\n悪い and 申し訳ない can too.\n\n> 昨夜も先輩にご馳走になってしまいすみません。 \n> I feel bad that you (senpai) treated me to dinner again last night.\n\nEven the \"feel bad\" sense has more than one applicable situations. Here's an\nexample:\n\n> 前回、トルマリン効果がよくよく分からなかったので、自分の分だけ購入してみました。今では一年中離せなくなりました。​\n> **自分だけ良い思いをしては申し訳ないので、夫と娘のために購入しました。**\n> 3年経って私のシートは貫禄が出てしまいましたが、今でも、ちゃんと暖かいですよ。([source](https://www.n-ion.com/product/voice-\n> item.html?/te-1/)) \n> I felt bad that only I had all the fun using it, so I bought them for my\n> husband and daughter as well.\n\nThe \"thank you\" usage is just an extension, one step further from this. It\nmight help if you translate it as \" **I'm obliged** \". So your line roughly\ngoes\n\n> あんなおまけイラストまで喜んで貰えて却って申し訳ないです。 \n> I actually feel bad/obliged that you even like the freebie drawing\n> (sketch).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-22T19:33:22.460", "id": "94233", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-22T19:33:22.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]