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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "This is ambiguous and can be taken both ways. I personally feel \"a child with\nan innocent and cute smile\" is slightly more likely because you can say 笑顔が無邪気\n**な** かわいい子 to unambiguously mean \"a cute child with an innocent smile\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-30T03:19:36.967", "id": "94757", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-30T03:19:36.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94755", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "無邪気 can be an adjective or noun. Particle で in position after a noun indicates\nan uncontrollable reason. In this case, this sentence means \"a child is cute\nbecause of an innocent smile\" and you can replace \"で\" with \"から\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-31T03:32:07.340", "id": "94766", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-31T05:33:50.983", "last_edit_date": "2022-05-31T05:33:50.983", "last_editor_user_id": "51486", "owner_user_id": "51486", "parent_id": "94755", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It's **マークの** もとになる (\"which works as the basis **of the mark** \"), but マークの is\nnot explicitly mentioned here because it has been already mentioned as the\ntopic of the sentence. So the 区長 created the basic idea and a professional\ndesigner finalized it.\n\nGenerally speaking, you can omit the wa-marked topic if it can be inferred\nfrom the context. I cannot say yes or no for this specific sentence because\nyou have not provided the previous context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-30T14:59:54.843", "id": "94761", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-30T14:59:54.843", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This の is an [explanatory-の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010).\nRoughly speaking, it adds the nuance of \"(if) ... is the case\" or \"(if) it's\nthat ...\". This の is usually optional, but it indicates the conditional is\nsomething that does matter now.\n\nYou can use の to seek clarification in an interrogative sentence (see\n[this](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/question-markers/)). This\nconnotation is preserved when it's used with なら. If you understand the\ndifference between \"行く？\" and \"行くの？\", you know the difference between 行くなら and\n行くのなら, too. This type of の is often used with external information, but の is\nnot a hearsay marker _per se_. It's not a plain emphasis marker that turns \"if\nTom comes\" to \"if Tom does come\", either.\n\nWith that said, it's okay to add の unconditionally most of the time in\nconversations. The difference is usually very small. の tends not to be used\nwith \"generic fact\" or \"purely hypothetical\" conditionals that have little to\ndo with the current situation at hand (e.g., コインを投げて表が出るなら, 明日地球がなくなるなら,\nサンタクロースが実在するなら, ...).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-31T03:08:36.713", "id": "94765", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-31T10:04:24.483", "last_edit_date": "2022-05-31T10:04:24.483", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94762", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The biggest difference for me is that の makes it a bit harder to pronounce\nwhen I speak and sticks out a bit in my head when I hear it. This difference\ngoes away when の is reduced to ん.\n\nI would say the following two sentences are practically interchangeable. I\nfeel no particular emphasis in one over the other.\n\n> トムが行くなら、私も行きます。\n>\n> トムが行くんなら、私も行きます。\n\nなら could be rephrased using ば but の is mandatory in this case.\n\n> x トムが行けば、私も行きます。\n>\n> トムが行くの／んであれば、私も行きます。\n\nI understand this as meaning the function of の is already included in なら. You\nare already assuming a particular situation and describing that situation as\nyou would when you use の.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nIf I had to nitpick a difference, I would say the version with の gives an\nimpression that the described situation is already decided outside of the\nspeaker’s control, as if to say:\n\n> トムが行く（ことになっている）のなら、私も行きます。 \n> If (it is already decided that) Tom goes, I will go, too.\n\nThe textbook is probably referring to this feeling of the information coming\nfrom an external source, as opposed to the speaker coming up with their own\nassumption.\n\nBut again, you could say the same thing without の.\n\n> トムが行くことになっているなら、私も行きます。\n\nSo I would say the difference is mostly negligible.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-31T03:45:24.177", "id": "94767", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-31T08:53:00.873", "last_edit_date": "2022-05-31T08:53:00.873", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94762", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Three words/phrases are modifying 外壁:\n\n * 〖白 **と** 茶色〗を〖基調〗とした \nwhich uses 〖white **and** brown〗 as 〖base colors〗\n\n * 真新しい \nnew\n\n * 洋風の \nwestern-style\n\nNote that 白 and 茶色 are joined with と (\"and\"). Here 白と茶色 is a set, and comes\nbefore the \"as\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-31T02:30:48.343", "id": "94764", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-31T02:30:48.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94763", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's the potential verb of おく, \"to leave\" 私たちを野放しにしておけなかった could not leave us\nrunning loose (doing as we please).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-31T13:18:59.863", "id": "94770", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-31T13:18:59.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48769", "parent_id": "94768", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "野放し: uncontrolled 野放し に して おく: basic sentence (leave uncontrolled) 野放し に して\nおける : + can, be able to 野放し に して おけ ない: + not 野放し に して おけ な かった: + past", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-29T15:11:53.340", "id": "96910", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T15:11:53.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "94768", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "The standard pitch is あいしてる{HLLLL} in this binary notation. However, it\ndoesn’t mean pitch is flat after the first fall. In fact, there is at least\none more, supposedly smaller, fall, and this usually comes between い and し.\n\nHowever, when the first fall is not obvious for whatever the reason, the\nsecond fall may be perceived as the accent of the word. One reason the first\nfall is not so obvious as it is expected to be could be that あい is sometimes\npronounced short like a diphthong. Moreover, when し is devoiced as it tends to\nbe before a voiceless consonant like /t/, the second fall may be perceived as\noccurring after し, rather than before. All this combined may result in a pitch\ncontour that would be best binarized as あいしてる{HHHLL}.\n\nI think that's what's happening in #2 and #3.\n\n#1 sounds OK to me.\n\n#4 sounds like あいしてる{HLLLH} but that’s due to intonation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T09:07:59.970", "id": "94777", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T09:07:59.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94773", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "aguijonazo makes lots of great points but I'd like to add in my thoughts.\n\nI think the major thing that needs to be considered here is what is referred\nto as おそ下がり (lit. \"late dropping\") in the literature, but personally I like to\nthink of as \"accent blurring\". My description of the phenomenon is that an\naccent can be stretched out across multiple morae, and the key for it to sound\nnatural is that there is _both_ a slide up and a slide down in the pitch, and\nthey do not need to be accurately placed at all, in fact you can have the\nslide down be multiple morae late and it can still sound fine as long as there\nis a slide up.\n\nOf course no one thinks about sliding up and down when speaking, this is more\nof a physical phenomenon where you are trying to get high enough for an accent\nand it just mechanically takes you time to do it, and as a result the timing\nof going down becomes more relaxed. Often the sliding up happens due to some\nextra emphasis or tension.\n\nWhen the listener hears something like this they will automatically hear it as\nthe accent being in the \"right spot\" (aka the right place according to their\nown pronunciation of the word, as long as that spot falls within the blur\nradius).\n\n 1. In the first link, you can sort of hear something happening late but it's actually\n\n> あいしてる \n> ／￣＼＿＿ (blurred)\n\nand not\n\n> あいしてる \n> ＿￣＿＿＿ (which is how a true accent on い would sound)\n\nSo to me it actually \"sounds\"(= gets interpreted) like あ＼いしてる just with the\naccent blurred. BTW this is a pretty tame instance as far as this phenomenon\ngoes, sometimes you get things blurred much more than this.\n\n 2. In the second link, it seems like the same thing happening to me here, again with the degree of blurring being pretty minimal, and in addition in this case あいしてる occurs after こよなく which itself has an accent, causing the あいしてる to be terraced and as a result most people would probably not even notice unless they were told to listen for it.\n\n 3. The third link sounds the most noticeable because the blur goes all the way to the て, but even in this case I interpret it as あ＼いしてる, aka it's within bounds of being able to move the accent all the way back to the あ. But IMO this degree of blurring is to the point that it is noticeable and might cause an audio director to ask for a retake if it was a professional recording of something serious, for example (not because it's wrong but just because they might want something better enunciated).\n\n 4. As aguijonazo says, this variation is due to intonation, and is occurring due to the と which can cause words before it to have a raise towards the end.\n\nOverall, this sort of おそ下がり/blurring is a _psycholinguistic_ phenomena and\ntherefore is a killer for the learners because it's not 1:1 with the actual\nauditory pitch. But learning to interpret it properly is key to ensure your\nmental representation of the accents is actually correct as opposed to a\nrepresentation which only interprets extremely well-enunciated pronunciations\ncorrectly.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T18:20:48.860", "id": "94787", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T18:40:25.510", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-01T18:40:25.510", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "94773", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think all of your clips can be explained by:\n\n 1. Quoting と or とか can make the previous word 尾高 sometimes.\n 2. You have some non-標準語 clips. For instance, it's ありがと＼う in Kansai-ben. <https://youtu.be/yqWcakJhaok?t=605>\n 3. The last clip sounds like あり＼がとうございま＼す to me.\n\nIt's not a good idea to use TedX talks from different parts in Japan as a\nreference for standard pitch.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T10:47:17.920", "id": "94780", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T10:51:18.437", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-01T10:51:18.437", "last_editor_user_id": "51494", "owner_user_id": "51494", "parent_id": "94775", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The fourth and fifth are said with one of the natural intonations, not the\nannoying kind. The first three are also that, quoted with と or って.\n\nAt normal speed, the polite form would be ありがとうございます{LHLLLLLLLL}, but with the\nflat part not really staying flat but going further down. It's just that the\nlast speaker’s accent is such that the initial fall is not very clear.\n\nIt's ありがとう{LLLHL} in Kansai-ben, by the way.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T15:26:33.267", "id": "94784", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T15:26:33.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94775", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Two rules of thumb:\n\n * When there are two は in one main clause, one of them are typically contrastive.\n * When there is a は in a subordinate clause (e.g., a relative clause), it's contrastive. \n\n> 目がきれいな人 \n> someone with beautiful eyes\n>\n> 目はきれいな人 \n> someone (at least) with beautiful eyes (but has some fault)\n\n* * *\n\n> 月はきれいです (Does this read as a general statement describing how pretty the\n> moon is or does is apply contrast e.g. the rest of the sky?)\n\nTechnically, this can be either of:\n\n * A contrastive statement (e.g., although it's very cold and windy, at least the moon is beautiful)\n * A non-contrastive, \"general fact\" statement that tries to explain what the moon is like _in general_ (the listener may not have seen the moon yet)\n\nBut you must say 月 **が** きれいです if you just looked up at the sky and noticed\nthe moon is particularly beautiful today. [This\narticle](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/wa-and-ga/) is exactly about this\ntopic and uses \"the moon is beautiful\" as an example.\n\n> 犬は可愛いですか (Does this imply you find other animals not cute?)\n\nThis depends on the context. It can be one of:\n\n * Is the dog cute? \n(not contrastive; they are simply talking about a certain dog mentioned in the\nconversation)\n\n * Is the DOG cute (as compared to something else)? \n(contrastive; they are comparing a certain dog with a cat)\n\n * Are dogs cute (in general)? \n(not contrastive; perhaps the speaker doesn't know what a dog is like)\n\n * Are DOGS cute (in general, as compared to something else)? \n(contrastive; they are comparing dogs in general and cats in general, for\nexample)\n\n> その犬は可愛いです\n\nThis sentence is clearly about one particular \"that dog\", not dogs in general.\nStill, it can be either contrastive or not contrastive depending on the\ncontext.\n\n * That dog is cute. \n(very plain sentence)\n\n * THAT dog is cute (although THIS dog may not be cute). \n(contrastive sentence)\n\n> ラーメンは美味しいです\n\nThe same as 犬は可愛いですか. Well, this tends to sound like a \"general fact\" type\nsentence, but that's simply because there are many people who don't know about\nラーメン in the world.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T09:25:52.633", "id": "94779", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T09:43:14.427", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-01T09:43:14.427", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94776", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "# 五大\n\n**大** sounds **big** , or great (as in size, mass, volume, etc). The Five\nGreat Lakes would be 五大湖.\n\n# 五行\n\nWe might want to describe five basic/important things, without emphasizing its\n\"big\"-ness. We don't say \"Five Big Principles of Islam\", but instead Five\n**Pillars** of Islam - イスラム（の）五行. 行 is a brilliant choice here, because the\nKanji also expresses _activities/practices_. Yes, the Muslims indeed\n**practice** the five pillars as activities.\n\n# Others\n\nThere are other variations, such as Five **Colors** - 五色. The Dragons don't\nneed to be colorful. The five attributes are simply **expressed** as colors\nlike how the Buddhists assign colors to each of their five spiritual states.\n\n* * *\n\n# Names\n\n## Assumptions\n\n * Serpentines **can** fly - I didn't think so, but it's probably my ignorance. This may be better handled by our friends over at [Myth & Folk SE](https://mythology.stackexchange.com/)\n\n * _Five elements_ point to [this oriental version](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_\\(Chinese_philosophy\\))\n\n * The Serpentines are from Eastern Asia - the Japanese tend to name Dragons with attributes, which is like naming your child \"human with big eyes\". I think that's pretty cruel compared to India, where the Dragons are often given unique \"names\". We'll use the Japanese naming convention for your Dragon(s)\n\n * The naming should work for both cases:\n\n> one dragon with connection to the five elements or five dragons each\n> connected to one element\n\n## 五行を司る龍 (Dragon(s) Associated/Governing the Five Elements)\n\nWe're being verbose and trying to sounding modern. Conservatives will complain\nabout \"feeling strange\" or \"sounds like a joke\", which tends to attract down\nvotes. Ignore this unless you know what you're doing.\n\n## 五行の龍 (Dragon(s) of the Five Elements)\n\nThis is less modern, but sounds humble. Variants would be:\n\n * 五行之龍 Sounds less modern, starting to look ancient\n * 五行ノ龍 Sounds less modern, but also cheesy\n\n## 五行龍\n\nOld school and simple.\n\n## 五大龍\n\nSounds like \" **Great** Dragon of Five\" or \"Five **Major** Dragon(s)\" and less\naffiliated with the \"Elements\", but would work.\n\n# Additional Characteristics?\n\nSee how this could help, looking at actual Japanese examples:\n\n * 五頭竜大神 - number (5) + head + dragon + great + divine\n * 八大竜王 - number (8) + great + dragon + king\n\nIn your case:\n\n * 五行天龍 - number + element + heaven + dragon\n * 五行神龍 - number + element + divine + dragon\n * 五行龍神 - number + element + dragon + divine\n\n# Bonus - 伍\n\nUse 伍 to feel more _ancient_ and _antique_\n\n# Bonus - 龍 and 竜\n\nSome say one is divine and the other is evil, or one is Eastern and the other\nis Western. There are always exceptions, so I'd advise you to not worry too\nmuch, just pick one you like.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T13:38:28.073", "id": "94783", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T13:42:37.143", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-01T13:42:37.143", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "94781", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "## ようにも\n\nIt is the usage of the following definition of\n[にも](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82/#jn-168075)\n\n> 《接続助詞「に」＋係助詞「も」》（多く「…うにも」の形で）逆接の仮定条件を表す。「運転しよう―車がない」\n\nGenerally X(よ)うにもY means Y prevents or conflicts with (trying to do) X.\n\nExamples:\n\n * パソコンを買おうにもお金がない Even though I'm willing to buy a PC, I don't have money.\n * 引っ越しをしようにも暇がない Even if I try to move my house, I don't have time for it.\n\nIn the sentence of the question, it says the speaker may want to stop and\nconfront the follower, but the follower stopping following makes it\nimpossible.\n\n## でもなく\n\nIt also has the following [dictionary\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/#jn-152535)\nas a phrase.\n\n> ［連語］《断定の助動詞「だ」の連用形＋係助詞「も」＋補助形容詞「ない」》\n>\n> １ そのことを一例として否定しながら、他のことをも否定する意を表す。「本を読む―・く一日無駄に過ごす」\n\nIn the particular context, it should be the same as ことなく = without. But でもなく\nhas a nuance of 'not particularly ...ing' rather than just 'without ...ing'.\n\nExamples:\n\n * 文句を言うわけでもなく黙々と作業した Without particularly complaining, I worked silently.\n * それは特に報酬があるわけでもなく、ただの暇つぶしだ It does not give any particular reward, just a killing time.\n\nI think Xでもなく is used naturally when X is something usually expected under the\ncircumstances. In the sentence, the follower may well call other レギオン, but\nwithout doing so, keeps following alone.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T22:16:43.443", "id": "94793", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T22:16:43.443", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94786", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It looks like this is just confusing/wrong output from Praat.\n\nThe audio almost exactly matches OJAD's suggested line/accents, with the\nexception that the audio has a drop before わ followed by an intonation rise on\nthe end of the わ (like Praat captures) which OJAD doesn't capture.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T22:14:08.827", "id": "94792", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T22:14:08.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "94789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It looks as though the highest part (between ち and ゆ) got slided down in the\nchart for some reason. The long vertical line after ゆ indicates that.\n\nEDIT: Per @morhetb's comment below, it looks like the pitch range settings\naffect this. The range can be configured in: Menu > Pitch > Pitch settings >\nPitch range. (75-500 Hz by default)\n\nI tried using your audio file and a fresh install of Praat with default\nconfiguration to produce the same chart. (Praat 6.2.09 on Ubuntu Linux) The\nresult doesn't contain the oddity. It basically matches the OJAD contour\nexcept for the pitch rise at the end of わ.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tVZqj.png)\n\nI'm not sure if this matters, but I used Audacity to extract the part in\nquestion from your MP3 file and saved it as a WAV before feeding it to Praat.\n\n<https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/> might be a better place for getting\nhelp with Praat. At least I'm certainly not an expert.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T11:49:47.640", "id": "94805", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T23:34:53.237", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-02T23:34:53.237", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically you are correct. 私は最近本を読もうとしない is odd, and the other two are fine.\n\nNote that the past tense is fine for 1st person: 私は自分で解決しようとしなかった = I didn't\ntry to resolve it by myself.\n\n* * *\n\nBut using 私は..ようとしない is not entirely impossible. For example,\n\n * 彼が目の前で苦しんでいる。私は助けようとしない.\n\nis possible as a sentence describing, say, what happened in a dream where 'I'\ndo(es) not help 'him', from the external viewpoint. As such, it is not an\nexception to the rule.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-01T22:38:00.850", "id": "94795", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-01T22:38:00.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In this simple sentence, this で is a particle, not the te-form of だ. There is\nno reason to parse it as a compound sentence that has two main clauses.\n\nTo interpret it as the te-form of だ, you need to indicate it belongs to\nanother clause in some way or another. For example,\n\n> あいにく今日は雨で、(私は)出かけられない。\n\nHere 雨で clearly belongs to a different clause with a different topic (今日), so\nthis is a compound sentence with two main clauses. (I also added a comma,\nwhich is not strictly necessary but works as a hint that there is a \"break\"\nafter the で.)\n\nWhen で is the te-form, you should be able to use also でして (te-form of です) and\nであって (te-form of である) naturally:\n\n> あいにく今日は雨でして、出かけられません。 \n> あいにく今日は雨であって、出かけられない。\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Is the で in というわけで the de-particle or the te-form of だ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/83727/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T02:44:21.240", "id": "94799", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T02:44:21.240", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94796", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Trying to look at it from a mechanical perspective:\n\nThe reason there's potential for ambiguity is that だ (forget です for a moment,\nbecause we aren't at the end of the main clause) is a contraction of である,\nwhere the で unambiguously is particle-で. So these are separate analyses of the\nsame thing:\n\n> 猫だ = <猫><である> \"[I] am a cat\" (loosely)\n>\n> <猫で><ある> -> \"[I] exist _as_ a cat\" (ある has a more specific meaning than\n> English \"is\")\n\nSince で is the te-form of だ, that makes it a contraction of the te-form of\nである, that is, a contraction of であって.\n\nSo the question is really, \"is there actually a hidden あって here that has been\ncompletely elided?\".\n\nThere could be, merely following those rules; but it's unlikely. The sentence\ndoesn't need that complexity to make sense. It's somewhat like suggesting that\nsomeone who says \"It's raining; I can't go out\" in English has left off an\nimplicit \"Being that\" at the beginning (and chosen the wrong punctuation).\n\nNaruto's example makes it more sensible in two ways: by giving additional\narguments that would make sense for the implied あって predicate, and by implying\nan intermediate argument for 出かけられない. (After all, saying \"X で Y は [verb]\" -\nintending X and Y both to describe the verb - is a bit awkward.)\n\n* * *\n\nThe possibly controversial part: I'm not actually convinced that the て itself\nof a te-form is distinct from particle-で in the first place. Sometimes it\nneeds to be translated differently to sound naturally in English; but the more\nI look at it, the more it seems to be performing the same function.\n\nThe form results from an 音便 of the い-stem of the verb, and that stem by itself\nsure looks to me like what I'd call a gerund in English. (Consider some\nexamples that are commonly used as nouns, such as 書き from 書く.) Which is to\nsay, it functions nominally, making it suitable to put in front of particle-で.\n\nAdding te-form で allows it to modify a verb, by making it a gerundive (which\ncan be adverbial) - but the modification is, in my mind, the same sort that\nparticle-で-marked nouns normally make to verbs. Hence, for example, te-iru\nform:\n\n> 飛んでいる \"is flying\"\n>\n> <飛んで><いる> \"flying (description)\" + \"exist (animate)\"\n>\n> <飛ん><で><いる> \"flight\" + connective + \"exist (animate)\"\n\n(where 飛ん is an 音便 of 飛び, which can be used as is!)\n\nIf we take the で as te-form で in the usual interpretation, then it's something\nlike \"-ly\" in this context, making it possible to modify いる.\n\nIf we take it as particle-で, then we might say that the subject \"exists _as_\n[something which is] flying\", or \"exists _in_ [a state of] flight\".\n\n_But are those really different?_ I don't think they are, and I think it's\nonly the difficulty of explaining Japanese (and English!) _in_ English that\nmakes one suppose otherwise.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T23:23:19.670", "id": "94857", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T23:23:19.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "94796", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The two を indicate the two objects of 過ごした, so that it means _(I) passed many\nseasons and white skies of rainy season_.\n\nPutting phrases that way is a kind of rhetoric. It enumerates the phrases and\nemphasizes them. It can be used for other phrases.\n\n * 危険なことはどこにでもある。道路に、学校に、家の中にも。 There are dangers everywhere. On the road, at school, or even at home.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding 誰とも, as you understand, it constitutes a phrase up to 必要もなく: with no\nneed to talk to anybody. It links with 言葉を交わす, but in the negative context\n(必要もなく).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T00:47:22.133", "id": "94798", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T05:49:41.653", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-02T05:49:41.653", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94797", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The pattern is Xこそすれ(ども)Y(するようなこと)はない. A form closer to modern colloquialism\nis XすることはあってもYすることはない, which literally means _(subj.) **could/may well** do X,\nbut never Y._ こそ is for emphasis. So it emphasize the possibility of X, and\ndenying that of Y.\n\nExamples:\n\n * 感謝こそすれども 恨むようなことはありません I may well thank you, and never hate you (for that).\n * 税金は上がりこそすれ、下がることはない。 Taxes always rise, but never gets reduced.\n\n* * *\n\nIt seems to be one of N1 grammar, e.g. [this](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-\njapanese-grammar/%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D%E3%81%99%E3%82%8C-koso-sure-meaning/).\n\nA [dictionary entry for\nこそすれ](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D%E3%81%99%E3%82%8C#:%7E:text=%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%84%E3%82%92%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6,%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E7%94%A8%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%80%82):\n\n>\n> ある行いを事実として一旦認める場合に用いる表現。他の物事は断じて否定するというような場合に用いられる。「憎みこそすれ、決して危害を加えたことはない」などのように用いられる。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T09:11:30.323", "id": "94802", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T09:11:30.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94800", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The position of the accent shifts like this.\n\n * くじ{HL}\n * はん{HL}\n * くらい{HLL} (or ぐらい{HLL})\n * はんくらい{HHHLL} (or はんぐらい{HHHLL})\n * くじはん{LHHL} [#3, #4, #5]\n * くじはんくらい{LHHHHLL} (or くじはんぐらい{LHHHHLL}) [#1]\n\nOnly #2 is a bit irregular where くじ{HL} and はんくらい{HHHLL} are put together with\nthe accent of each portion retained. He may have wanted to emphasize はん.\n\n#3 may sound a bit like くじはん{HHHL}, but it’s still recognized as くじはん{LHHL}.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nTheoretically, はんくらい is はんくらい{LHHLL}, but pitch doesn't rise on ん in standard\nJapanese. So it becomes はんくらい{HHHLL} (if we have to use this notation).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T10:47:27.067", "id": "94804", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T10:55:05.390", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-02T10:55:05.390", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94801", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 'rare possibility' is good in the particular case, but not sure about\n'emergency', which sounds rabies is already apparent and it is too late (well,\nyou need to go to hospital even then, so it may fit..) Another phrase I can\nthink of is 'for just in case' (of whose grammaticality I'm not sure either).\n\nThe basic meaning of もしものことがあったら/もしもの場合 is '(in) case something happens', so\nif it is about something rare, then 'rare possibility' can work. But when\n'something' is implicitly specific, it may not fit very well.\n\n * もしもの場合に備えて水や食料を備蓄しています We stock water and food, preparing for _earthquake_.\n * もしものことがあったら、いつでも連絡してください Please call me anytime if you need help (もしものこと = something happens so that you need help)\n * 子供にもしものことがあったらと思うと心配だ I'm worried, wondering if something happened to my kid (e.g. the kid is not home after 7 o'clock)\n\nAlso it may be worth noting that all the examples in\n[Shonagon](https://shonagon.ninjal.ac.jp/) appear as もしものことがあったら（あれば etc.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T12:58:06.570", "id": "94806", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T12:58:06.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94803", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I'd say the best equivalent for もしものこと in English is [\"what-if\nscenario\"](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/144862/).\n\nCould it be an accident? Yes, accidents are typical \"what-if scenarios\".\n\nCould the **possibility** be rare/unexpected? Yes and no. An example:\n\"お父さんにもしものことがあったら\" is anticipating the \"what-if-dad-dies scenario\". But nobody\ncan avoid death and tax, so this scenario wouldn't be rare at all - it's 100%\nguaranteed to occur at some point in time. That's the possibility vs\nprobability point of view. But even with that aside, one would still use\nもしものこと for sad news despite knowing it'll happen in the next couple of days.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-02T14:20:10.693", "id": "94807", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-02T14:20:10.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "94803", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I do feel contrastive sense when は is used in those sentences. That is, with\nは, each sentence sounds somewhat like \"On one hand, A did blah-blah, however\nB...\" and there is a contrast between A's action and B's action. In other\nwords, the subordinate clause will be more emphasized. Both が and は are\nnatural, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-03T10:15:01.190", "id": "94810", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-03T10:15:01.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94809", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. It's parsed as 「うっ」と、ひるんだ。\n\nひるんだ is the past tense form of the verb ひるむ.\n\n 2. It's (a).\n\nやれ is the imperative form of やる.\n\n「クラス中から声があがった。」とありますが、その上の２行は、その「声」で、 \nクラスの男子が、「そうだそうだ、丸尾やれ～～～～」と言って、 \nクラスの女子が、「丸尾君、おねがいーーーー」と言ったんです。", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-03T15:04:42.943", "id": "94812", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-03T15:11:25.360", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-03T15:11:25.360", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94811", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "You are close, but the 参る is not a replacement for くる in the phrase.\n\nThe difference is that the subject of 精神的に参る is the person who gets affected,\nand that of 来る is what affects someone. In the case in question, the subject\nis もの = a thing.\n\nSo 精神的にくるものがある literally means _there is a thing that comes (to me) mentally_.\n精神的にくる is more or less a set phrase that means _to affect (somebody) mentally\nin the negative way_ or simply _to discourage, to dishearten_. It is a bit\nsimilar to 傷つく, but 精神的にくる is like saying \"got hurt\" as a joke. For example,\nおじさんと言われると精神的にくるものがある : Being called a おじさん hurts me....\n\n* * *\n\nSimilar usage of くる:\n\n * [ぐっと](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%90%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8/#jn-62316)くる : to be attracted, to be moved (emotionally)\n * [びびっと](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B3%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8/#jn-285975)くる : to get inspired, to fall in love at first sight", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-04T11:26:22.807", "id": "94816", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-04T11:26:22.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "少なく is a te-/continuative form of the adjective 少ない. Although te-form works\nadverbially for most adjectives, it is not the case with 少ない. So when you want\nto say _a little/a few_ adverbially, it should be 少し (at least as far as I can\nthink of).\n\n少なく will be appropriate when you mean _less_ , in combination with する or なる\n(translation is literal):\n\n * 観光客が少なくなった Sightseers have become _fewer_.\n * 砂糖を少なくした (I) made (the amount of) sugar _less_.\n * もう少し生徒を少なくした方が授業がしやすい Teaching would be easier if (they) make (the number of) students a bit fewer.\n\n少しの is the adjectival form of 少し in the sense of modifying nouns. E.g. 少しの勇気 =\na little courage; 少しの時間 = a little time. (Note for countable nouns, 少しのX is\nnot natural. 少ないX may be possible, but in most cases, 数+counter is used: 少ない猫\nis odd; 数匹の猫 = a few cats).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-04T13:09:19.093", "id": "94817", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-04T13:09:19.093", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94815", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "An いろり (囲炉裏 in kanji) is a hearth placed in traditional Japanese houses. It\nwas common more than 100 years ago, but today most Japanese people would see\none only in museums and samurai dramas. Thus いろりのそばで means \"near the _irori_\n\".\n\nSee this Wikipedia article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irori>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T02:43:34.393", "id": "94844", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T02:43:34.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94818", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "When it comes after nouns, it is a usage of [the following\nmeaning](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%8B/#jn-165619):\n\n> ［副助］《代名詞「なに」に副助詞「か」の付いた「なにか」の音変化から》名詞、名詞に準じる語、活用語の連用形、一部の助詞などに付く。\n>\n> １ 一例を挙げて示す。…など。「この着物―お似合いです」「映画―よく行く」\n>\n> ２ ある事物を例示し、それを軽んじていう意を表す。…など。「彼の言うこと―聞くな」「君に―わからない」\n\nFor the definition #1, it translates mostly as _or something_. For #2, it is a\nway to degrade the noun.\n\nOn the other hand, a prefixed なんか works as something similar to a indefinite\narticle or _some_.\n\nSo\n\n * アルバイトなんかある人 : people who need to go to a part-time job or something (it could be something other than job).\n * なんかジャケット : some jacket (the speaker is not specific about which jacket, but it will be jacket and could not be a coat).\n\n* * *\n\nNote [かなんか](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8B%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B), which\nis literally _or something_ , may be more widely usable for the post-fix なんか,\nbut they are not totally interchangeable with なんか. For example, この着物かなんかお似合いです\nis odd. In this case, by 着物なんか, the speaker suggests _this kimono (among other\nthings), for example_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-04T22:34:22.437", "id": "94820", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T23:28:44.143", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-05T23:28:44.143", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94819", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Please always include as much context as you possibly can and make sure to\ninclude a source too if you can find it online. I did it for you. From\n[劇場版「紅伝説」](https://anime-kannsou.com/archives/1373)\n\n> ふにふら「本当に実在したのね。ゆんゆんのパーティー仲間」\n>\n> ゆんゆん「しょ、紹介します。こちらはただの駆け出し冒険者の男の子とアークプリーストの女の子。今はいないけど他にやたら頑丈なお姉さんもいるんですよ。\n\nIt should be parsed like this:\n\n> 他に[やたら頑丈な]お姉さんもいる\n\nwhere やたら is an adverb meaning \"very\", \"pretty\", \"darn\", etc. and describing a\nhigh degree to which the following adjective applies to the modified noun.\nThis seems to be a pretty colloquial usage because although I hear and see it\npretty commonly, I can't seem to find a clear dictionary definition.\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9F%A2%E9%B1%88-648527) may give us a\nclue: めちゃくちゃ\n\nThe sentence in question thus means:\n\n> ゆんゆん「しょ、紹介します。こちらはただの駆け出し冒険者の男の子とアークプリーストの女の子。今はいないけど他にやたら頑丈なお姉さんもいるんですよ。 \n> ゆんゆん: Le, let me introduce you to some people. This is a mere newbie\n> adventurer, a guy. And this is the archpriest, a girl. There is another\n> **darn strong girl** who is not here at the moment.\n\nLet's see some other examples:\n\n> や、やたら頑丈だぜこのトビラ \n> Darn sturdy gates\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/o4hqT.jpg)\n\n> ゲームでやたら強い敵キャラがいて「ああ・・・これ負けイベントか」と思って負けたら普通にゲームオーバーになって驚いたことはありますか？ \n> When playing a game, have you ever encountered a darn strong enemy that\n> makes you wonder if you are supposed to lose to that character but when you\n> actually lose it's game over?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T06:38:07.113", "id": "94822", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T07:00:24.440", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-05T07:00:24.440", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "「他に」の意味は「something else」\n\n「矢鱈」（やたら）の意味は「very much (an adverb)」\n\nそして「ほかにやら」意味は「what's more, there is something else very very....」\n\n因みに「やたら」と「やったら」は意味が違って気を付けてください。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T08:10:46.453", "id": "94824", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T08:11:15.487", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-05T08:11:15.487", "last_editor_user_id": "51462", "owner_user_id": "51462", "parent_id": "94821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> I feel like I've been hearing and saying しないほうが{LHLLLL} (1, 2, 3, 4), but is\n> my auditory perception correct?\n\nNo, the correct accent is しないほうが{LHHHLL}. However, due to the general\ndownsloping tendency of human articulation, the mora where accent kernel lies\n(or downstep occurs; in this case, ほ) is not always the highest point of\nphonetic pitch. You can test the fact on [this\npage](https://www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ojad/eng/phrasing/index) and listen to\nthe synthetic voice.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9EHpJ.png)\n\n> I feel like I hear 買ってない(かってない{LHHHL}) or 買っていない(かっていない{LHHHHL}). Am I\n> mishearing it?\n\nNo, this time you are correct. As NHKアクセント新辞典 does not provide the accent\npattern of ～ていない, below is based on my personal introspection.\n\nIn usual circumstance, Vていない has accent on な if V is not accented, and may or\nmay not have accent on な if V is accented. (When an accent phrase contains\nconsecutive downsteps you can no more use the two level notation.)\n\n> 買う{LH} > 買っていない{LHHHHL} \n> 会う{HL} > 会っていない{HLLLLL} or 会ꜜっていなꜜい\n\nHowever, when the verb is qualifying a noun, the accent is flattened.\nAlternatively you can break the accent phrase in the middle like\n買って{LHH}いない{LHH}～ and 会って{HLL}いない{LHH}～.\n\n> 買っていない先生（かっていないせんせい{LHHHHHHHHL}） \n> 会っていない先生（あっていないせんせい{HLLLLLLHHL}）\n\nThe contracted Vてない form always has accent on な.\n\n> 買ってない先生（かってないせんせい{LHHHLLHHL}） \n> 会ってない先生（あꜜってなꜜい‌せんせい{LHHL}）\n\n(You may also hear あってないせんせい{HLLLLLHHL} but I don't speak like that.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T13:12:43.153", "id": "94831", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T13:12:43.153", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94823", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "It is a te-form of 包まれる = 包む + れる.\n\nTo me, it is the same as 包まれて, but using 包まれ is more literary. Using te-form\nalone is called 連用中止法 (see [this](https://nihongokyoshi-\nnet.com/2018/12/06/jlptn3-grammar-renyoochuushi/) for example). Generally it\ngives a succinct impression. As such, it goes well with the noun ending (安息)\nhere.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T12:58:34.283", "id": "94830", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T12:58:34.283", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94826", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You're right in thinking that 歌声が消えようと means 歌声が消えても.\n\n幾度と～～ようと means 何度～～ても \"no matter how many times...\" \n幾度と想いが途絶えようと means 何度想いが途絶えても.\n\n与えよう春を is an inversion/anastrophe (倒置) of 春を与えよう. \n繰り返す愛を and 心を吹き込む口付けと永遠を are also the objects of 与えよう.\n\nThe stanza basically means...\n\n歌声が消えても、何度想いが途絶えても、 \n春を与えよう、繰り返す愛を与えよう、心を吹き込む口付けと永遠を与えよう。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T15:01:19.053", "id": "94832", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T15:01:19.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94827", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is the same もん. To me, the particular case sounds like adding nuance of\n_for/because_ : _There are such cases, for I hear some class mates..._\n\nIt is a usage of the following definition (ア):\n\n> [もの](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE/#jn-219750)［終助］ １\n> 活用語の終止形に付く。多く「だって」「でも」と呼応して用いる。現代では多く女性や子供の間で使われるが、時に撥音化して「もん」となることもある。\n>\n> ㋐不平・不満・恨みの意を込めながら、相手の自分に対する非難に対し、根拠や理由を示し、反駁 (はんばく)\n> 、訴え、甘えなどの気持ちを表す。「だって時間がないんです―」「でもお父さんがそうおっしゃったんです―」\n>\n> ㋑（「ものね」「ものな」などの形で）詠嘆の意をこめて理由を表す。「でもあなたと私とでは考え方も違います―ね」「なるほど、それは彼のお得意だ―な」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T11:59:45.967", "id": "94829", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T11:59:45.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94828", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It's within the \"emphatic\" use of もん in my opinion. 冷静に might be better\ntranslated as \"coolly\" in this case. 冷静に suggests the person in focus (お姉ちゃん\nin this case) is being/looking cool-headed while someone else is overly\nexcited. In other words, I would imagine she is not too loud but sounds\nconfident.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T11:51:32.020", "id": "94846", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T11:51:32.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94828", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Very interesting question! When I whisper to myself, the two do sound\ndifferent--what else might be going on here, is that when が appears between\ntwo vowels, it can become soft (slightly spirantized), which accentuates this\ndistinction when whispered.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T20:27:02.837", "id": "94838", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T20:27:02.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51533", "parent_id": "94833", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "They are extremely similar. That said, I notice two minor differences:\n\n * if you were to enunciate the か, it causes a slight stop in your breath, while the (mid-word) が never would\n\n * at least for me, が is articulated very slightly further back, in my throat, compared to か which is more like at the back of my soft palette.\n\nFor these reasons it seems easy enough to differentiate say 画家 from 蚊が even\nwhen whispered.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T21:38:00.987", "id": "94839", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T21:38:00.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "94833", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "と and ど might sound the same.\n\nThough this probably won’t help you differentiate voiced and voiceless\nconsonants, が in that position would probably sound more like fricative [x]\nthan plosive [k]. At least that’s how I would pronounce it being a speaker of\na Western dialect in which /g/ is rarely nasalized to [ŋ] unlike in \"standard\"\nJapanese but may become fricative [ɣ]. I’m not sure how people who nasalize\n/g/ would pronounce it when whispering. A voiceless nasal seems impossible to\nme.\n\n金メダル and 銀メダル, where /k/ and /g/ appear at the beginning, might sound the\nsame, though.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T23:21:32.963", "id": "94841", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T23:21:32.963", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "94833", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "As long as they are in a quiet room, Japanese people can hear the difference\nbetween whispered か/が, た/だ, さ/ざ, etc., although the distinction is slightly\nharder. I also confirmed this with my family. The voiced versions sounded\nsomewhat more \"coarse\" at the beginning of the syllable, and the difference\nwas clear enough to my ears.\n\nExperts agree that it is generally possible to distinguish voiced and unvoiced\nconsonants even in whispers. Basically features other than voicing are used\nfor discrimination, but the strategy may vary from language to language or\nfrom person to person:\n\n * [How are voiced and voiceless consonants distinguished while whispering?](https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/q/19471)\n * [Whispered Voiced Consonants](https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/q/2340)\n * [Quora: How are voiced and voiceless consonants distinguished while whispering?](https://www.quora.com/How-are-voiced-and-voiceless-consonants-distinguished-while-whispering)\n * [平岡睦津乃. 日本語のささやき発話における子音有声性の判別](https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/2002764/files/ggr_043002.pdf) (recent extensive article in Japanese, PDF) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GJyiR.png) \nThis is the result of a listening experiment with 3 speakers and 15 listeners.\nThe table shows whispered voiced consonants (ささやき発話) can be discriminated with\nslightly lower accuracy than in ordinary speech.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T01:27:35.827", "id": "94861", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T01:39:42.230", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-07T01:39:42.230", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94833", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "店舗 is a counter here and 何店舗か is an instance of the pattern 何 + counter + か =\nseveral (cf. [this page](https://nihon5-bunka.net/japanese-grammar-\nintermediate-nan-ka/)).\n\nSo 何店舗かあるコンビニ literally means \"convenience stores that are/exist several in\nnumber (along the road)\". In the particular sentence, basically it means \"if\nyou pay attention just to convenience stores (disregarding other things,\nhouse, other shops etc.) as you drive\". And it says near 荒江交差点 the space is\ntight, and from 野芥 on, stores start having one or more parking space.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-05T23:14:26.557", "id": "94840", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-05T23:14:26.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94834", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The くらい means...\n\n> ❸ 低い程度の物事を示して、 **せいぜいそれだけと限定する** 意を表す。 \n> 「せめて日曜日くらい休みたい」\n\n(from 明鏡国語辞典)\n\n* * *\n\n> 昔からある **のは** 、角のたばこやさん **くらい** だ。\n\nこの「ぐらい」と同じ用法です：\n\n> この難しい手術ができる **のは** 、渡辺先生 **ぐらい** のものだ。\n\n( [ならでは vs. ぐらいのもの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34280/9831) より)\n\nナルトさんの説明を抜粋しますと、\n\n> `くらい/ぐらい (+ の/な + もの)` is interchangeable with だけ in cleft sentences like\n> this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T00:49:24.757", "id": "94842", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T01:05:32.057", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-06T01:05:32.057", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94835", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The following definition of\n[と](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A8/#jn-154670) is relevant:\n\n> ５ （副詞に付いて新たな副詞をつくり）ある状態を説明する意を表す。「そろそろ―歩く」「そよそよ―風が吹く」\n\nI cannot explain why, but omitting と sounds odd. Also そうと在る does not sound\nidiomatic.\n\nFor comparison, そうしか考えられない is acceptable but less natural than そう **と**\nしか考えられない (= cannot think in other way than that) .", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T22:56:23.177", "id": "94855", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T22:56:23.177", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94848", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are right. Basically it says '(I) cannot be a replacement. Nobody.\n**Because a person is always a unique existence** ''.\n\nI feel その人 is a bit wrongly inserted, but it can be understood as being used\nin the same way as その人独自 'his/her unique/original'. So more literally その人唯一の存在\nis _her original, unique existence_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T22:26:06.680", "id": "94854", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T22:26:06.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "ございますれば is a double punch of archaic speech. First, polite ます's 仮定形, ますれば is\neffectively obsolete, as we don't insert a polite marker in a clause led by\nれば. When a politer conditional is needed, we use ましたら instead. Second, the れば\nis not \"if\" but a remnant of old 已然形 sense \"since, because\". [The\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B0/#jn-172830) says:\n\n> **４** 文語で已然形に付く。 \n> ㋐原因・理由となる条件を示す。…ので。…だから。\n\nThis reading is only valid today in few idiomatic phrases, namely なれば (=であるので,\nなので) and ますれば (=ますので), both sound fairly quaint. Otherwise this kind of\nexpression would never be used lest be confused with normal 仮定形 sense.\n\nAs for the interpretation of this sentence, その人唯一の存在 is a little problematic.\nUnder this context, it is most naturally understood as \"the unique existence\nof oneself\", but the `N唯一` formula in principle should tell \"only one that N\nhas\": 東京唯一の支店 \"the only branch in Tokyo\", 彼唯一のアルバム \"his only album\". In this\nlight, the sentence may also be able to be read \"because a person is always\nthe only one for someone\".", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T06:05:48.713", "id": "94862", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T13:21:53.170", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-07T13:21:53.170", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This を is probably a location marker which is roughly the same as English\n_across_ or _through_ (or sometimes _along_ ).\n\n * [Making sense of transitive usage of 行く and 来る - 「を行く」 and 「を来る」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3243/5010)\n * [Why does 出る accept を although it is an intransitive verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21313/5010)\n * [この道をまっすぐ行ってください。 Why を and not で?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6869/5010)\n * [It seems that 渡る is categorized as 自動詞 (intransitive verb), yet it is frequently used with を. Why?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12734/5010)\n\nIt's basically used with **intransitive verbs of motion** such as 行く, 進む, 飛ぶ,\n出る and 渡る. いる is not a verb which is typically used with を in ordinary\nsentences, but it's understandable at least in lyrics. You may think this いる\nhas temporarily gained a connotation of \"to go on\" or \"to proceed\".\n\n * Perfectly natural: 未来を君と歩みたい, 未来を君と進みたい\n * Also natural: 未来を君と生きたい, 未来を君と過ごしたい\n * Understandable in lyrics as an extension of above: 未来を君といたい", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T01:06:16.560", "id": "94860", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T02:56:04.013", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-07T02:56:04.013", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "What the customer is trying to do here is to make the change a multiple of 10,\n100, 1000. For example, when one needs to pay 8300, putting one banknote of\n10000 yen is enough, but many people put 10000 + 3x 100 yen coins so that the\nchange become 2000. (I've heard Westerners don't do this.)\n\n一万円から計算してしまいますよ means \"I'll calculate from 10000 yen\", where calculation\nrefers to \"10000 - total\". The passage claims some people feel rushed when the\ncashier says \"一万円からお預かりします\"", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-06T23:13:45.040", "id": "94856", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-06T23:13:45.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94853", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "If we remove か from the sentence we get 「ちょうど昼過ぎの為、よく空いていた車内。」'a car that was\nvery empty, because it was just after noon'. The か here removes some amount of\ncertainty, almost like saying ' _perhaps_ because it was just after noon'.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T00:38:24.183", "id": "94859", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T00:38:24.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "94858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I took it as \"what's this strange smell? - (staring at someone) - oh that\nexplains it\". It basically says \"you stink\" with more words.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T13:44:20.763", "id": "94864", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T13:44:20.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "1. He explains it himself in the video.\n\n 2. The entire video is basically comedy / a shitpost. Although these expressions might be insulting in some situations, they are not as generically useful as F U is in English. He probably selected them because they make for amusing skits.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T14:13:51.077", "id": "94865", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T14:13:51.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "94863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "That expression can be counted as one of a million possible creative ways of\njokingly insulting someone in an anime, but it is not a useful expression\nworth memorizing as a set phrase. To be clear, it's not an equivalent of f**k.\nThe \"example\" he is showing in the video is basically just a surreal comedy\nskit. To me, it's far from realistic.\n\nIt appears to me that the author is using his language skill to make fun of\nJapanese and amuse English speakers. Judging from the number of likes and\ncomments written in English, his attempt may have been successful, but I\nwonder how many of them understand the Japanese language. Almost everything I\ncould found in his top videos are exaggerated ethnic jokes. If you ever study\nJapanese in the future, please don't take anything seriously in his video.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T01:06:53.740", "id": "94871", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T01:06:53.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This で is the te-form of だ, and it is used to join the following two sentences\n(i.e., this is a compound sentence):\n\n 1. ふと、普段足を止めない児童書の棚の前で立ち止まった **のは** 、低い書棚の一番上に表紙を見せる形で置かれた絵本の、その表紙に見覚えがあった **からだ** 。 \n**It was because** he recognized the cover of a picture book placed at the top\nof a bookshelf **that** he suddenly stopped in front of the bookshelf for\nchildren's books he usually passes.\n\n 2. 年季の入って紙の古いそれをシンは取り上げる。\n\nThe first sentence is a [cleft\nsentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19208/5010) that focuses on the\nreason part. AがVした **のは** B **からだ** means \"It is because B that A V\". That is,\n見覚えがあった is the reason for 立ち止まった, not 取り上げた.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T15:09:43.050", "id": "94867", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T15:14:53.567", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-07T15:14:53.567", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94866", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Probably the only pattern where 士{し} appears by itself is Xの士 with some\n[kango](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E) X. But X is rather\nrestricted, and the pattern is hardly productive.\n\nA search with の士 on [Shonagon](https://shonagon.ninjal.ac.jp/) includes the\nfollowing:\n\n * [憂国の士](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%86%82%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%A3%AB) Typically someone like Yukio Mishima.\n * [具眼の士](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E5%85%B7%E7%9C%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%A3%AB) A man of insight. (contains -の士 expressions as synonyms)\n * [同好の士](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%90%8C%E5%A5%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%A3%AB) people with the same hobby. E.g. fans of the same idol can call each other 同好の士.\n * 清廉潔白の士 A man of integrity.\n * 智謀の士 A man of tactics.\n * 武勇の士 A man of courage.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-07T22:29:28.723", "id": "94870", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-07T22:47:02.453", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-07T22:47:02.453", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94868", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "ことと思います is one of the polite variants of ことだろう/ことでしょう. よい週末を過ごしたことでしょう is\nequally fine in this context.\n\nThis type of こと adds an exclamatory feeling and/or the level of certainty to\nan inferential sentence. It's hard to translate this, but \"(for) sure\",\n\"naturally\" or \"indeed\" may have a similar connotation in English.\n\n> それはとても残念だっただろう。 \n> それはとても残念だった **こと** だろう。 \n> それはとても残念だった **こと** と思います。 \n> (It) must have been very disappointing.\n>\n> 明日には東京に着いているでしょう。 \n> 明日には東京に着いている **こと** でしょう。 \n> 明日には東京に着いている **こと** と思います。 \n> (We) will arrive in Tokyo tomorrow.\n>\n> お疲れでしょう。 \n> お疲れの **こと** でしょう。 \n> お疲れの **こと** (だ)と思います。 \n> You must be tired.\n>\n> お気づきでしょうが、… \n> お気づきの **こと** でしょうが、… \n> お気づきの **こと** と思いますが、… \n> You probably have noticed this, but ...\n\nIn particular, I feel this type of こと is common in the context of inferring\nsomeone's feelings or situation.\n\nこと is also used in an exclamatory sentence like this:\n\n> なんと素晴らしいのでしょう。 \n> なんと素晴らしい **こと** でしょう。 \n> なんと素晴らしい **こと** だ！ \n> なんと素晴らしい **こと** ！ (rare, feminine) \n> How wonderful!\n\nAs pointed out as a comment, expressions directly related to hoping do not\nwork well in this context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T04:55:12.620", "id": "94874", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T05:51:38.300", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-08T05:51:38.300", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It refers to someone's side or location. In this case it means the request\narrives at his _location_. My understanding is it suggests that the request\nwill be delivered, but whether he does anything with it or not is a different\nstory. That is, it's guaranteed to get as far as his door but no further.\n\nIt's a subtle difference, but contrast this with 「白銀会長 ~~の元~~ に～」. Here I\nthink we can say he 1)personally receives the request, 2)almost certainly\nacknowledges its presence, and 3)most likely will at least go as far as\nopening/reading it.\n\nI can't tell whether this is intentional, akin to saying \"don't get your hopes\nup\", or if の元に was simply used to be more \"technically accurate\" about the way\nrequests work and we shouldn't read into it any further.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T03:53:47.317", "id": "94873", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T03:53:47.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5375", "parent_id": "94872", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "At least phonologically, all your samples except #1 and #4 sound さんがつ{HLLL}\naccording to my ear. However, a phenomenon called 遅下がり \"delayed drop\" is\nrecognized in the Standard Japanese phonetics, that in some situations, the\npitch drop point or the pitch peak falls on the next mora where the accent\nkernel is supposed to exist. Unfortunately, this is a relatively new topic\nthat has not much research covered yet. Neither is known whether it signals an\nongoing shift on the accent model of Japanese or not.\n\nRecent papers:\n\n * [東京方言話者の単語音声におけるおそ下がりの生起条件の調査](https://doi.org/10.24467/onseikenkyu.23.0_165)\n * [自発発話音声から見た日本語音調の動態](http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/10108/100154)\n\nEither way, it is known that 頭高型 words, like this case, are more likely to\nexhibit 遅下がり, probably because the Standard Japanese does not have a\nさんがつ{HHLL} type word to distinguish. If you put accent on the second mora, it\nonly becomes さんがつ{LHLL} (while I don't think we have a word where ん carries\naccent).\n\nBy the way, #1 sounds as if the accent is neutralized on this word for some\nreason (trying to handle intonation?). #4 I certainly hear さんがつに{LHHHL} which\nis nonstandard in Tokyo accent, or perhaps affected by the speaker's dialect.\n\n**PS** I forgot to mention that 三月号 becomes さんがつごう{LHHHLL} and the pattern\napplies to every 〜月号.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T10:02:02.163", "id": "94878", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T14:35:01.190", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-08T14:35:01.190", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, even though NHK prescribes that にがつが{LHHL}, しがつが{LHHL}, ごがつが{HLLL},\nくがつが{HLLL} are correct accent, にがつ{HLL}, しがつ{HLL} are also heard, that\neffectively regularize all 3-mora month names in 頭高型.\n\nIn my observation, this type of accentuation is mostly heard when the speaker\nrefers to a specific date, presumably intending to make the number sound more\nsalient. It is less likely to appear when you talk about, say,\n[『四月は君の嘘』](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E3%81%AF%E5%90%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%98%98).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T09:07:05.603", "id": "94877", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T09:07:05.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The literal meaning of そんなわけで is \"for that reason\" or \"therefore\", which is\nobviously inappropriate at the very beginning of any conversation. ねえ (=ない) in\nthis context is \"impossible; unsuitable; unacceptable\", not \"nonexistent\".\nThis も is essentially a mild version of は (explained\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65647/5010)).\n\n> 開口一番『そんなわけで』もねえとは思わねえのか \n> Don't you think (saying) そんなわけで at the very beginning is unacceptable?\n\nHowever, そんなわけで, てなわけで or such _is_ common at the very beginning of a TV\nprogram, a _manzai_ bit, an online meeting, etc. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61158/5010). This is often\ncompletely natural and harmless, just as starting a conversation with \"So\" is\noften safe in English.\n\nStill, this type of そんなわけで (\"So, ...\") is a fairly casual conversational\nexpression, and it's not a suitable word used before telling important news\nlike this one. His irritation is understandable because the first speaker's\nway of speaking is too casual compared with its content.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T23:38:59.707", "id": "94890", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T23:38:59.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94879", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's\n\n> ｛分けて捨て(る)｝ + なくてはいけない \n> must + {throw away separately}\n\nrather than\n\n> 分けて + ｛捨てなくてはいけない｝ \n> sort + {you must throw away}\n\nわけて can mean \"separately\", eg 「それとこれとは **わけて** 考えなければならない」(≈別々に考えなければならない)\n\n* * *\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n> ｛離れて暮らさ｝なければならない \n> must + {live separately} \n> ｛急いで家に帰ら｝ないといけない \n> must + {hurry home} \n> ｛歩いて学校に行か｝なくてはいけない \n> must + {walk to school}", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T15:39:10.087", "id": "94885", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T16:15:23.793", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-08T16:15:23.793", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94881", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The transitive verb 詠む can take two kinds of direct objects:\n\n 1. a type/format of poetry: 俳句を詠む, 和歌を詠む\n 2. a theme of a poem: 喜びを(俳句に)詠む, 美しい景色を(和歌に)詠む\n\nNot all monolingual dictionaries may explain both patterns explicitly since 詠む\nis not a very basic verb, but the second usage is fairly common. 明鏡国語辞典\nclearly explains the second usage:\n\n> 【使い方】 ～ヲに〈結果〉をとる。「山桜［感動］を歌に詠む」のように、～ヲに〈対象〉を、～ニに〈結果〉をとる言い方もある。\n\nIn your sentence, the object of 詠む is 季節:\n\n> [この作者は]季節を詠んでいる \n> ↓ (convert to passive voice) \n> 季節が詠まれている \n> ↓ (relativize) \n> 詠まれている季節\n\nSo it's used in the second sense. This に is a location/destination marker (\"\n**in(to)** these haiku\"), not a subject marker in a passive construction\n(\"written/used **by** these haiku\"). The に-marked argument in a passive\nsentence is not necessary the subject. See [Function of に\nhere?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/88787/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T05:31:47.867", "id": "94895", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-09T05:38:15.157", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-09T05:38:15.157", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94882", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "立夏 is one of the 24 words called\n[二十四節気](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%97)\n([Solar term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term)). It specifically\nrefers to May 5 or May 6 (depending on the year; see the linked article).\nDespite its appearance, it's not a word that simply refers to the start of the\nsummer. Some Japanese seasonal events including\n[_setsubun_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsubun) are based on 二十四節気.\n\n二十四節気 was defined many years ago based on the climate of a certain region of\nChina, and the terms generally do not match how Japanese people usually sense\nseasons today. Most Japanese people think May 6 is still spring even though 立夏\nis technically the start of the summer. The start of the spring (立春) according\nto this system is February 4, but this is usually the coldest time of a year\nin Japan. So 立春, 立夏, etc. are not very useful concepts in our daily life.\n\n> Solar terms originated in China, then spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan,\n> countries in the East Asian cultural sphere. Although each term was named\n> based on the seasonal changes of climate in North China Plain, peoples\n> living in the different climates still use it with no changes.\n\nHowever, haiku is one of the fields where those 24 terms and the sense of\nseasons based on them have traditionally been considered important. If you\nknow the _kigo_ system, it still respects this 二十四節気 system [as explained\nhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigo#Japanese_seasons), and that's why 立夏\nis a common word in traditional haiku. 夏に入る is an wago-paraphrased version of\n立夏 in haiku, and it typically refers to May 5-6, too.\n\nIn daily life, people simply say 夏が始まる, and that's normally no sooner than\nJune 1.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T16:34:41.643", "id": "94888", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T23:58:09.557", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-08T23:58:09.557", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94883", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "The other answer adequately describes the meaning of the expressions. I'll add\nsomething else here.\n\n## 立夏\n\n立夏 is also used in the context of weather forecasting, for example. From\n<https://weathernews.jp/s/topics/202205/050015/>\n\n> こどもの日・立夏は初夏の陽気\n\nThe concept is rarely discussed throughout the year except on the particular\nday in May, though.\n\n## 夏に入る\n\n夏に入る, when read \"natsu ni iru\", is almost exclusively a poetry expression to\nbe used in tanka and haiku, I believe. Being a five mora phrase, it nicely\nfits the 5-7-5 and 5-7-5-7-7- form.\n\nNote that 夏に入る, when read \"natsu ni hairu\", is a common expression to refer to\nthe beginning of summer. It's usually in July and right after the rainy season\n(梅雨) is over. Example (a July article):\n\nExample: <https://4years.asahi.com/article/14406846>\n\n> 夏に入り暑い日が続きます。\n\n(You might already know this, but I thought it might be something useful to\nother viewers.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T13:03:21.863", "id": "94896", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-10T03:19:23.317", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-10T03:19:23.317", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94883", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Question words that pair with a negative such as 何もない、誰もいなかった and such as your\nexample become heiban (flat, no accent).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T15:42:19.593", "id": "94886", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T15:42:19.593", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51494", "parent_id": "94884", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "なんの is pronounced as なんの【HLL】 when it means \"of what\", but as なんの【LHH】 when\nit's used as a [negative polarity\nitem](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16060/5010) meaning \"no(thing)\".\n\n * なんの【HLL】話ですか？ \nWhat are you talking about?\n\n * なんの【LHH】役にも立た **ない** 本 \na completely useless book\n\nSimilarly, だれの/どこの can be read as だれの【LHH】/どこの【LHH】 when it's a negative\npolarity item.\n\n * だれの【HLL】帽子？ \nWhose hat is this?\n\n * だれの【LHH】せいでも **ない** 。 \nだれの【HLL】せいでも **ない** 。 \nThis is no one's fault.\n\n * どこの【LHH】国のものでも **ない** 不思議な言葉 \nどこの【HLL】国のものでも **ない** 不思議な言葉 \na mysterious word used in no country", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-08T15:43:59.487", "id": "94887", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-08T17:09:17.367", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-08T17:09:17.367", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94884", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "If you are an adult businessperson and speak Japanese only with non-family\nmembers, you should have no problem in most cases. People around you may not\neven notice you don't (or can't) use casual forms. Actually, I'm a native\nJapanese speaker, and most of my colleagues have only seen me using polite\nforms (aside from short interjectory-like expressions such as すごい \"Great!\" and\nやった \"I did it!\").\n\nIf you have a Japanese friend/partner who you hang out with on weekends, or if\nthe atmosphere of your workplace is especially casual/homey, or if you are a\nhigh school student, then you'll eventually need to be able to speak casually\nusing plain forms. They won't care much while your Japanese is not fluent yet,\nbut if you stick to polite forms even after you become fluent, people will\nstart to feel you're too remote.\n\nRelated: [How do Japanese speakers transition from polite to plain form\namongst friends?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25109/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T02:18:44.170", "id": "94893", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-09T02:29:33.453", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-09T02:29:33.453", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "1. ふらふら is a mimetic word that describes instability. Although ふらふらした暮らし is not a common phrase, this sentence should mean Kiki's life is not that stable/settled enough to proudly teach how a \"life as a witch\" has to be to others. Note that the subject of the sentence is くらし, not 気持ち. Here, Jiji implies she is not a full-fledged witch yet if she cannot hide her emotions just by receiving flowers.\n 2. お花 never refers to a bride, so this お花 is simply flowers. 今日はお花だったわ is \"Today, it (=what I got from one of my customers as お裾分け) was flowers.\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T03:34:29.927", "id": "94894", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-09T06:40:57.687", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-09T06:40:57.687", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This kind of なんだけど can be understood as a contraction of\n\"A(しておい)て(いう/するのも)なんだけど\", roughly meaning \"it is\nawkward/inconsistent/contradictory etc. to say/do after A\"\n\nHopefully the examples explain:\n\n * 食べきっておいていうのもなんだけど、おいしくはない。 It is awkward to say after finishing it, but it was not really delicious.\n * 来てもらってなんだけど、あんまり手伝ってもらうことはない I appreciate that you have come, but a bit awkward to say, there is not much to do here.\n * 自分で言うのもなんだけど、これは完璧だ It is not right to say this about what I did myself, but this is perfect. (In this case, there is no A of the pattern)\n\nI don't think the translations exactly convey the nuances of the Japanese\nsentences, but basically なんだけど indicates the situation/action of the speaker\nis not very consistent with what she says/does.\n\nたいがい means basically \"overall\" or \"most of the time\". たいがいX is usually with a\nword X of negative connotation. For example, たいがいいい加減だ means someone is いい加減\nmost of the time, if not always. So in this sense たいがい makes the description\nsofter.\n\nSo the bold part means _**it may be silly to say this** after having used it\nfor such a long time, **but the tool is rather fishy**_.\n\n* * *\n\nNote that なんだけど itself appears more \"normally\".\n\n * 明日のことなんだけど Regarding tomorrow('s schedule)\n * 子供が病気なんだけど My kid is ill, so...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T23:39:16.267", "id": "94903", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-09T23:39:16.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94897", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm writing this without looking at any dictionary, but 命からがら is a noun (no-\nadjective) as well as an adverb on its own.\n\n * 命からがらでした。\n * 命からがらの撤退\n * 命からがらに逃げてきた。\n * 命からがら逃げてきた。\n\nOther words that are like this include 突然, 偶然 and 本当.\n\n * 偶然でした。\n * 偶然の出会い\n * 偶然に知った。\n * 偶然知った。\n\nI don't know other words ending with からがら, so 命からがら should be remembered as\none word.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T23:19:29.883", "id": "94902", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-10T15:13:09.357", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-10T15:13:09.357", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right in that これが is the subject of 父ヒロシの答えなのだ.\n\n情けないことに works as a sentence adverb that modifies the whole sentence. Generally\nthis is the case with phrases ending in ことに. Some examples:\n\n * 幸運なことにPS5を買うことができた Luckily I was able to buy PS5.\n * 彼は残念なことに試験に落ちてしまった Unfortunately he failed the exam.\n\nIn terms of translation, _what is..._ or _to be..._ may be similar sometimes.\n(e.g. what was unfortunate.)\n\nI guess a source of confusion is that in English you can use enclose such\nphrases with commas, but in Japanese doing the same is a little odd even if\nnot impossible (i.e. in this case using \"、情けないことに、\").", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-09T23:04:51.203", "id": "94900", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-09T23:04:51.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94899", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "満を持して in this context (a promotional material) means that the company has\nspent a lot of time and effort in manufacturing the product, brushing up its\nquality, and keeping it up until the right time has come to deliver it to the\nmarket. It is a form of\n[満を持す](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BA%80%E3%82%92%E6%8C%81%E3%81%99-389916).\n\nPersonally, I think it is a bit of a cliche, carries a sense of vanity, and\nultimately means little. You wouldn't lose much in reading Xが満を持してYを贈る as just\n\"X presents Y\". So I think Google Translate is somewhat justified to omit the\npart in this case.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-10T03:58:08.823", "id": "94905", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-10T03:58:08.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94901", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "In the context of _no matter how/what/..._ or _even if_ , I think both are the\nsame. Some examples:\n\n * どんなに金をもらったところでこれは売れない No matter how much I'm paid, I can't sell this.\n * どんなに金をもらってもこれは売れない\n * いくら説得したところで彼は会社を辞めるだろう No matter how much I try to dissuade him, he will leave the company.\n * いくら説得しようとも彼は会社を辞めるだろう (説得しても may be more natural)\n\nWithout どんなに/いくら, these would mean \"Even if I...\" and still there will be no\ndifference with ところで/(よ)うとも.\n\nIn other contexts, they mean something totally different. (Note it is usually\nようと in this case.)\n\n * 50ページまで説明したところでチャイムが鳴った **At the time when** I finished (up to) Page 50, there was a chime.\n * 50ページまで説明しようと少し急いだ I paced up a little **in order to** finish up to Page 50.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T01:48:05.743", "id": "94920", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T03:00:51.127", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T03:00:51.127", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94904", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "流行る【はやる】 and 流行する【りゅうこうする】 are a [wago-kango\npair](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/wago-and-kango).\nThey are interchangeable in the context of fashion trends except that the\nlatter is a little stiffer. Both are used also in contexts of infectious\ndiseases (e.g., インフルエンザが流行る/流行する), but 流行する is preferred in serious academic\ncontexts.\n\n流行る also means \"(for a restaurant, etc) to be popoular\". この店は流行っている simply\nsounds to me like the restaurant is popular, but この店は流行している sounds like the\npopularity is a temporary trend.\n\n流行になっている and 流行している are almost the same, but the former expresses a (recent)\nchange in trends, whereas the latter expresses only the current situation. The\nsame is true regarding the difference between 流行りになっている and 流行っている, but I feel\n流行りになっている is a bit uncommon.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-14T04:15:50.030", "id": "94949", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T05:43:46.567", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-14T05:43:46.567", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right. It talks about a tendency/characteristic/habit etc.\n\nThe pattern is X(に)は...(ような)ところがある = _there is something about X that ..._ or\n_X does ... by habit/nature_. The \"...\" part can be a clause or an adjective.\n\n * 彼には人を引き付けるところがある He has something that attracts people.\n * 彼はやらなければならないことを後回しにするところがある He tends to postpone what he has to do.\n * 彼の文章は三島由紀夫を思わせるところがある His prose has something that is reminiscent of Yukio Mishima.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T01:56:25.117", "id": "94921", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T01:56:25.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94908", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "# What does 前+か mean here?\n\nIn this case, \"か\" means \"or\".\n\n## Examples\n\n * **黒 か 白** = black or white\n * **はい か いいえ** = yes or no\n * **家を出る前 か ホームルーム前** = before leaving house or before ホームルーム starts\n\n* * *\n\n# この句はどう理解すればいいでしょうか？\n\n_Assuming \"回す\" means \"無料ガチャを回す\"..._\n\n## First, you must understand:\n\n * 前\n * 回す\n * 無料ガチャ\n * ホームルーム\n\nI recommend you research proper meanings and details on your own, but here's\nsome brief explanation:\n\n## 前 = before\n\n * In this case \"before\" as in \"before 12:00\"\n * 家を出る前 = before leaving the house\n * ホームルーム前 = before ホームルーム starts\n\n## 回す = the act of redeeming a 無料ガチャ\n\n * Similar to spinning (回す) the slot machine in Las Vegas\n * Or turning (回す) the capsule toy machine handle\n * Although you're technically tapping on the screen\n\n## 無料ガチャ = free attempt to redeem a random item\n\n * It's like Reddit's free coins\n * Users are often allowed freebies (for example one freebie a day)\n * In your story, the free attempt expires noon\n\n## ホームルーム\n\nIt's the first thing you do in school, like a daily morning meeting\n\n* * *\n\n# Conclusion\n\n> 本来なら家を出る前かホームルーム前に回しておくのだが、今朝は眠過ぎてそこまで頭が回っていなかったのだ。\n\nI will add several words to help clarify the situation:\n\n> 本来なら、「家を出る前の時間」か「ホームルームがはじまる前の時間」に、無料ガチャを回しておくのだが、今朝は眠過ぎて、そこまで頭が回っていなかったのだ。\n\n## The situation in English:\n\nThe character wanted to redeem a free item. The freebie expires noon. So, the\ncharacter should have done that before leaving the house, or before the ホームルーム\nstarted. But the character was too sleepy, and forgot to do that. Oh no!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-10T15:37:56.337", "id": "94912", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-10T19:19:43.780", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-10T19:19:43.780", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "94910", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I checked the actual video (うさぎドロップ 第6話 わたしの木). The girl said \"あっ、水戸黄門\" simply\nbecause the guy just said 黙らっしゃい like 水戸黄門. For now, you have to know nothing\nabout him other than that he is an old man in a samurai drama.\n\n黙らっしゃい is one of the fixed ways to say \"Shut up!\", but it's uncommon and\nsounds old-fashioned. It's basically part of 老人語 today. If a middle-aged guy\nuses it like in this episode, it's probably a joke. Besides, the tone of his\nvoice was oddly husky and theatrical, which may also be a reason she was\nreminded of 水戸黄門. Maybe they had seen the drama and the girl had learned\n黙らっしゃい shortly before this scene.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T02:09:15.123", "id": "94922", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T02:25:45.320", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T02:25:45.320", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Thanks to a comment from Darius Jahandarie I found it's a word not listed on\nbilingual dictionaries, but it can be found for example\n[here](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%B8%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%82%89):\n\n> 相手の機嫌をとろうとして、やたらに頭を下げたり言いなりになったりするさま。「上役に—する」\n\nIn the comments, naruto quotes a definition from 明鏡国語辞典, which confirms this\nis it:\n\n> へつらって、ぺこぺこ頭をさげるさま。「上役にへいこらする」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T07:55:23.490", "id": "94925", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T07:55:23.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35362", "parent_id": "94913", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, you cannot remove に from 以上に here.\n\nThe sentence below would be ungrammatical:\n\n> *外国人が日本人以上すばらしい俳句を表現することもあります\n\nThe sentence below would be fine and would mean more or less the same as the\n以上に version:\n\n> 外国人が日本人以上のすばらしい俳句を表現することもあります\n\n(The structure is different, though - in this case 日本人以上の and すばらしい both\nmodify 俳句 in parallel.)\n\n\"以上 alone functions as an adverb\" - I think this can be true, but I feel like\nit should be treated as a separate sense, typically applied to amounts,\nfrequencies, etc. Example:\n\n> 私は同じことを二度以上言わない\n\nWith に it would be awkward if not ungrammatical:\n\n> ?私は同じことを二度以上に言わない\n\n(There might be something more to be said about the last point, but this is\nall I can say off the top of my head.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T00:37:54.937", "id": "94918", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T00:43:02.343", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T00:43:02.343", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This sentence is comparing haiku made by foreigners and haiku made by\nJapanese, so it means A. (Note that comparing haiku and Japanese people\nthemselves makes little sense. See: [私と同じ or 私のと同じ when comparing\npossession](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77404/5010))\n\nSince 以上 is used directly before 素晴らしい, \"more splendid (than haiku written by\nJapanese)\" is the natural interpretation here. If there were no adjectives,\n以上に can mean \"more often\" as in your interpretation B.\n\n * 私は彼以上に速く走った。 \nI ran faster than he did. (not \"I ran fast more often than he did\")\n\n * 私は彼以上に走った。 \nI ran more often than he did. / I ran longer than he did.\n\nSometimes, a sentence like 私は彼女以上に面白い話を知っている (\"I know more interesting stories\nthan she/hers\") can be ambiguous in isolation (this can be either about the\nnumber of stories or about the qualities of the stories), but the context can\nusually tell the intended meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T01:39:25.737", "id": "94919", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T05:05:12.123", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T05:05:12.123", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94915", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First, let's check the meaning of the sentence.\n\n * 1年に3000万人以上が来ていた modifies ウイルスが広まる前の **とき** as a whole, not just ウイルス or ウイルスが広まる. I understand this relative clause is tricky; see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46817/5010).\n * You took the subject of 戻る wrong. This すぐに戻りません means \"the number of tourists won't recover quickly\", not \"tourists won't go back home soon\". See the original version of the article.\n\n> しかし1年に3000万人以上が来ていたウイルスが広がる前のときのようには、すぐに戻りません。 \n> However, [the number of tourists] won't recover quickly to that of the pre-\n> pandemic days when more than 30 million people a year came (to Japan).\n\nBack to the main question, this 広がる前 is not 広がった前 because 前 almost always\ntakes a dictionary form regardless of the tense of the main clause. 後 normally\ntakes a past form.\n\n * 食べる前に手を洗おう。 \nLet's wash our hands before eating.\n\n * 食べた後で手を洗おう。 \nLet's wash our hands after eating.\n\n * 食べる前に手を洗った。 \nI washed my hands before eating.\n\n * 食べた後で手を洗った。 \nI washed my hands after eating.\n\nNote that \"3000万人が来ていた\" is something that happened before the pandemic.\nImagine a sentence like \"ウイルスが広まる前に3000万人が日本に来ていた\", and then read Blavius's\nanswer to this question: [How to appropriately pair tenses in subordinate and\nmain clauses?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25376/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T00:27:17.030", "id": "94917", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T00:57:28.490", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T00:57:28.490", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94916", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Apparently the more widely used come first. From\n[here](https://japanknowledge.com/contents/daijisen/hanrei03.html):\n\n> 漢字表記が二つ以上考えられる場合は、原則として広く用いられるものを先に掲げた。\n\n* * *\n\nFYI This kind of \"how to use\" is called 凡例{はんれい}.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T07:02:12.393", "id": "94924", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T07:02:12.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94923", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As far as I know, there is no single Japanese word for the gesture (I'm a\nnative Japanese speaker).\n\nIf I talk about the gesture, I would use several words to describe it, such as\n「鼻{はな}の下{した}を指{ゆび}でこする仕草{しぐさ}」 or more simply 「鼻をこする仕草」.\n\nI have seen it on anime or manga, but have never seen anyone do it in real\nlife. So it's a very アニメっぽい/マンガっぽい(anime-like/manga-like) gesture, I think.\nWhen a character makes the gesture, he/she often say 「ヘヘッ」 in Japanese.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T13:50:01.337", "id": "94927", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T14:32:35.087", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-11T14:32:35.087", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "50227", "parent_id": "94926", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a te-form of the copula だ, so means _and_ : People who are Ernst's\nsecretaries **and** (who are) close in age.\n\nSyntactically it is the same as 機能が豊富で処理の速いPC (PC with many functionalities\nand high processing power) although this で is a conjugation of na-adjective.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T22:56:22.537", "id": "94931", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-11T22:56:22.537", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94928", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is something like \"such a thing\", but あまりのことに does not have much\npossibility to be replaced by something else (without changing nuances).\n\n[あまり](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%99%E3%82%8A_%28%E3%81%82%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8A%29/#jn-6483)\nmeans\n\n> ［形動］［文］［ナリ］ \n> １ 程度のはなはだしいさま。予想を超えているさま。「値段が―に高い」「―な剣幕に恐れをなす」 \n> ２ 話にならないほど度が過ぎてひどいさま。あんまり。「―な仕打ちに怒る」\n\nHere it is #2. The closest equivalent in English may be \"too much\", which I\nbelieve is usually negative. So あまりのこと means literally \"something that is too\nmuch\". In the particular context, Maruko thought what she heard just now was\nextraordinary/outrageous/unbelievable.\n\n* * *\n\nあ **ん** まり has a similar usage:\n\n * それはあんまりだ That is too much (e.g. too cruel, too inconsiderate, etc.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-11T23:14:26.117", "id": "94932", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-12T04:22:01.870", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-12T04:22:01.870", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94929", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think we use `( )`, as in...\n\n> 夏のボーナス１万円でした(泣)\n\n> 昨日５時に寝て今起きた（笑）\n\nIt's also common to omit the parentheses nowadays, as in...\n\n> 夏のボーナス１万円でした泣\n\n> 昨日５時に寝て今起きた笑", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-12T00:31:43.350", "id": "94934", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-12T00:31:43.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94930", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "_Akasuki_ is not a Japanese word. It might be analyzed as a sentence, _Aka,\nsuki_ (\"Red, (I) like\"), but of course it's not suitable as a name.\n\nThere is a word [_akatsuki_ (あかつき in hiragana, 暁 in\nkanji)](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9A%81), meaning \"dawn\". This may be the\nword you are looking for, and it's a nice word suitable for names. But it's\nnot a word that means something complicated like \"bright improvement\".\n\nBy the way, _kaizen_ is a prosaic word that simply means \"improvement\" in\nJapanese. [Japanese Wikipedia does not have an article for\nit](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84) because it's just a word\nwith no significant meaning worth notable in an encyclopedia. If it has a\nspecial meaning in English, it may be called an\n[英製和語](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18544/5010).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-14T03:39:20.650", "id": "94948", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T03:50:02.390", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-14T03:50:02.390", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94939", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "そこを is literally \"at that\" or \"there\" as you guess. It is the object of 殲滅した,\nand refers to those beasts(?) appearing above the ground, or to be precise,\nthe place as the location of those beasts' appearance.\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n * 一瞬の隙を見つけてそこを攻撃した spot an unguarded moment and attacked there.\n * 彼は一週間ほど留守にしていた。そこを泥棒に狙われた。 He was away for a week, which was taken advantage of by a burglar.\n\nThese suggest that そこを can be used when it talks about some opportunity/chance\n(and the verb is transitive).\n\n* * *\n\n先だっての is 先{せん}だっての which means \"earlier\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-13T22:21:35.493", "id": "94945", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T04:00:51.417", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-14T04:00:51.417", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94940", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I see it as a somewhat intentional use of a non-standard pronunciation. The\nnon-standard version can be written どゆこと instead of どういうこと. Perhaps a dialect\nmight have affected it originally, but I'm not too sure about that.\n\nIt may bring a more conversational and immature tone and may indicate \"I'm\ngenuinely saying/asking this\", but the meaning remains basically the same:\n\"why? how come?\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-14T02:05:43.733", "id": "94946", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T02:05:43.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "94941", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "> in situations like those above (phrase + particle + は), can は take the\n> thematic meaning or is it restricted to the contrastive meaning?\n\nYes, the two fundamental meanings are preserved even when は is preceded by で,\nから, etc. But note that the border between thematic-は and contrastive-は is\nsometimes blurry.\n\nThematic は:\n\n * 東京 **では** 雪が降っています。\n * この店 **には** 寿司があります。\n * ここ **からは** 道が狭くなります。\n * 駅 **までは** 10分です。\n * 彼 **とは** 友達です。\n\nContrastive は:\n\n * 硬いですが、ナイフ **では** 切れます。1\n * 彼 **には** できなくても私 **には** できます。\n * 目的地はこの場所 **からは** 見えない山です。2\n * 夜 **までは** 待ちましょう。1\n * AはB **とは** 違う概念です。2\n\n1: Some contrastive-は can be translated as \"at least\". \n2: は in a relative clause is usually contrastive.\n\nAnd some combinations have special meanings:\n\n * ラーメンがこんなにおいしい **とは** ！\n * スズメ **とは** 鳥の一種です。\n\nThe same is true when から/まで takes a clause:\n\n * (thematic) この橋を越えて **からは** 東京です。\n * (contrastive) 失敗して **からは** 気付ける教訓がある。\n\nて is not a case particle but a special auxiliary that follows a verb (not a\nnoun). ては/では is normally contrastive, but it has special functions like\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41658/5010).\n\n * 見 **ては** いましたが触っ **ては** いません。\n * 彼はもう生き **ては** いないだろう。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-14T02:08:26.517", "id": "94947", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T05:48:04.800", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-14T05:48:04.800", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "We can use わくわくしている (excited) **only to describe our feeling** , not as a\nproperty of an object. わくわくする can mean both \"excited\" and \"exciting\".\nExamples:\n\n> 私はわくわくしている\n>\n> 私は彼女に会えると思うとわくわくする\n>\n> その研究成果はとてもわくわくするものだ\n\nNote that, in terms of わくわくする used as \" **exciting** \", it seems to work best\nin the present tense. For example, その研究成果はとてもわくわくした in the past tense sounds a\nbit bizarre to me. その研究成果はとてもわくわくするだろう in the future tense sounds even worse.\n\n> 新しい枕を試すのはわくわくすることだ with the “ことだ” dropped. “Trying the new pillow is\n> exciting.” I think のが would also work in that case.\n\nYour intuition is absolutely right.\n\n> 新しい枕を試すにはわくわくする\n\nIt sounds strange to me. I don't think there's such a usage in には to express a\nhabit. This sentence doesn't seem to be grammatically correct.\n\n> 新しい枕を試すのはわくわくしている\n\nIt also seems weird to me for the reason that I stated above. We can't use\nわくわくしている with an object.\n\n> 私がワクワクするのは新しい枕を試すことだ\n\nI guess this is acceptable, though ワクワクしている might be better. How much we feel\nstrange might depend on each word.\n\nAs a side note, being brutally frank, we don't really use わくわく. I don't like\nthe way the word \"excited\" translates into わくわくしている since we say 超楽しみ, 最高, or\nおもしろい instead.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-24T15:41:44.703", "id": "96352", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-25T03:19:45.197", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-25T03:19:45.197", "last_editor_user_id": "19830", "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "94951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It's true that the basic meaning of わくわくする is \"(for someone) to get/feel\nexcited\", not \"to be exciting\".\n\n> 新しい枕を試すのはわくわくする。\n\nThis may look like \"Trying a new pillow _is exciting_ \", but actually it's\nnot. Read this as \"As for (the act of) trying a new pillow, I (always) get\nexcited\", with an implicit \"I\" as the subject. A more idiomatic translation\nwould be \"Trying a new pillow (always) makes me excited\".\n\nわくわくすること can be translated \"exciting things\", as if わくわくする were an adjective\nmeaning \"exciting\", but its literal translation is \"a thing about which [one]\ngets excited\". The subject of わくわくする is a human (implicit \"I\" or \"one\"). If\nyou're still unsure, read [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/54677/5010) for adverbial-head\nrelative clauses.\n\n> ワクワクするのは新しい枕を試すことだ\n\nThis is a cleft sentence whose literal translation is \"It is (the act of)\ntrying new pillows that I get excited about\". Again, \"What's exciting is\ntrying a new pillow\" may be a correct and natural translation, but it's not a\nvery literal translation.\n\n* * *\n\nAlso note that わくわく refers to an excitement about something **in the future**\n; in other words, it expresses someone is **looking forward** to something.\n\n> 美しい光景を見てわくわくした。\n\nThis is a natural sentence if the beautiful scenery foreshadows something\nexciting in the future, for example, if you are about to start an adventure in\nthe scenery. However, this sentence is not natural if you are simply impressed\nby a beautiful scenery.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-22T06:09:41.250", "id": "98672", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-22T06:09:41.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You need to connect with the preceding paragraphs. 活用する could be a hint.\n\n> 政府は、学生の就職活動をめぐって、「インターンシップ」のルールを見直し、一定期間、職場で就業体験を行うことなどを条件に、参加した学生の評価を、\n> **企業が採用のために活用する** のを認めることになりました。\n>\n>\n> 文部科学省、厚生労働省それに経済産業省は13日、インターンシップをめぐる3省の合意によるルールを見直し、来年度以降に行うインターンシップについて、参加した学生の情報を\n> **企業が採用のための判断材料として活用する** のを認めることとしました。\n>\n> **活用**\n> には一定の条件が必要で、具体的には、短期のものは5日間以上、専門性を踏まえた長期のものは2週間以上実施したうえで、その半分を超える日数を職場での就業体験に充てたインターンシップを対象とします。\n\nThe assumption is that internships can't (officially) be used as part of\nrecruitment today. And the gov is changing the rule so that companies can do\nthat.\n\n * 活用には一定の条件が必要で = インターンシップを採用のために活用するには一定の条件が必要で : To use internship for recruitment requires a few conditions,\n\nThe rest explains the actual conditions. It must be certain days depending on\nthe type (短期 or 長期) and more than half of the internship period must be spent\non actually working in the office, shop etc. How long the OJT should be depend\non the length of internship, if it is a short type and 6 days then at least 3\ndays must be OJT.\n\n * 短期のものは5日間以上 the short internship is >5 days,\n * 専門性を踏まえた長期のものは2週間以上実施したうえで : the long one which is based on expertise is >2 weeks\n\nHere both もの are internship. 専門性を踏まえた literally means \"based on expertise\",\nwhich may be a bit unidiomatic (in English), but by context it means something\nlike \"assumes some expertise/experience\" and refers to kind of internship that\ntakes longer due to the training before joining the actual internship project.\n\nThe その半分を超える日数を職場での就業体験に充てたインターンシップを対象とします connects with both 短期のものは... and\n専門性を踏まえた.... That is, the sentence is a shorthand for\n\n> 短期のものは5日間以上（ **実施したうえでその半分を超える日数を職場での就業体験に充てたインターンシップを対象とし**\n> ）、専門性を踏まえた長期のものは2週間以上実施したうえで、その半分を超える日数を職場での就業体験に充てたインターンシップを対象とします\n\nYou can consider 対象とします as something like 新ルール適用の対象とします = those where the new\nrule applies.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-14T23:30:08.390", "id": "94955", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-14T23:30:08.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94952", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "だ in a short sentence like this often indicates the speaker has just\ndecided/noticed something and is making the listener to take some action right\naway. This sounds urgent, masculine (男性語) and strong.\n\n * 撤退だ！ \nPull out! / Retreat!\n\n * 終わりだ！ \nIt's over(, stop what you are doing)!\n\n * こっちだ！ \nCome this way!\n\n * 救急車だ！ \nCall an ambulance!\n\n * 右腕だ！ \nShoot/attack the right arm!\n\nSo 今の陣形を維持だ sounds as if the commander just made up his mind or is\nreconfirming his decision. The sentence contains a bit of the speaker's\nemotion as compared to simple 維持せよ.\n\n明鏡国語辞典 explains this as a distinct usage of だ:\n\n> ### だ\n>\n> ❷《終止形で》ある事柄を提示して、行動を促す。「さあ、仕事だ」「飯だ、飯だ」 \n> (明鏡国語辞典 第三版)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T00:49:39.160", "id": "94956", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T00:55:11.387", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-15T00:55:11.387", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Of course it is grammatical. Nouns that can form する verbs are still nouns. 維持\nis \"maintenance\" or \"preservation\"; 維持する is \"to maintain/preserve\"; 維持だ is \"to\nbe [an act of] maintenance/preservation\" - or if you prefer, \"<が>\nmaintains/preserves <を>\".\n\nSo, literally, the sentence means \" is to maintain the current formation\".\n\nIdiomatically, the \"it\" here is something like \"what needs to get done _right\nnow_ \". So this sentence structure forms an indirect command to \"hold the\nline\". (This is just another example of Japanese being a high-context\nlanguage.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T04:30:31.987", "id": "94957", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T04:30:31.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "94953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "So this is my very premature understanding and I'm sure better answers will\ncome from more knowledgeable contributors later, but let me just leave my two\ncents here.\n\nMy first thought was: with 2 the sentence sounds natural and with 3 it sounds\na bit strange. There's an ever so nuanced difference here I'm sensing that\nseparates the sentence in question apart from the examples sentence for さえ\nthat you cite from 『新完全マスター文法』. I'm not sure I can explain it well but I'm\ngoing to take a crack at it any way.\n\nさえ has two usages, and here we are focusing on さえ + conditional ば or なら. In\nsimplest terms, this usage describes a condition which if and when satisfied\nthe following statement will stand. It may sound like I just repeated what\nyour textbook says in that grammar point, but not really. Your grammar book's\ncomment claims さえ gives 成り立つための必要最低限の条件, which I disagree. It has always\npuzzled me why some grammar books repeat and promulgate a claim that I\nconsider inaccurate. I think さえ actually gives a much stronger condition than\nsome grammar books are willing to give it credit for. The condition followed\nby さえ isn't necessarily a sine qua non, a necessary condition in mathematical\nterms, but closer to a sufficient condition.\n\nConsider this sentence:\n\n> 君さえいれば他には何もいりません \n> As long as you are here (with me), I don't need anything else.\n\nLooking at this sentence we can see さえ gives a pretty strong condition. The\ndescription 成り立つための必要最低限の条件 is definitely misleading if not logically\nincoherent or misguided.\n\nNow let's look at two other real-world examples with さえ:\n\n>\n> ブリーチ一回さえできれば大概のことは出来ます！([source](https://beauty.hotpepper.jp/slnH000431600/blog/bidA024123657.html))\n>\n>\n> このスキルのクール時間が長いため一回さえ乗り越えれば、あとは安泰だ。([source](https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1797497587))\n>\n>\n> わざわざ応募する必要がなく、プレイさえしたことがあれば全員が対象になります。([source](https://altema.jp/monsuto/happykuji-95212))\n\nI intentionally picked sentences that resemble your sentence at issue in\nconstruction. In all the sentences, once the さえ condition is met, the\nfollowing activity/claim is stated with confidence.\n\nI know at this point you are probably pointing to this example sentence from\nyour book and grumbling about how it also contained a speculative statement:\n\n> 一言「ごめんなさい。」と言いさえすれば、相手は許してくれるだろう。\n\nYes, it is true だろう takes away some of the certainty, but it is still a\nstatement that gives one possibility and is focused on that possibility. だろう\nhere is a hedge that softens the claim but doesn't change the logical\nstructure: A さえ～ば/なら B. Once A is satisfied/met, B.\n\nLet's look at the sentence in question:\n\n> (?) 一度さえ会ったことがあれば、友だちだと考える人がいる。\n\nA さえ～ば-> when A is met, there are some people who consider B is true. This\ndoesn't sound like sufficiency-based logic like all the さえ～ば examples we have\nseen.\n\nI guess I'd feel better about this sentence:\n\n> 一度さえ会ったことがあれば、友だちになる。", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T08:19:30.953", "id": "94958", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T08:19:30.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "「成功せ」 -- 未然形 of the classical サ変 verb 「成功す」 \n(「せ」 -- 未然形 of the classical サ変 verb 「す」, which corresponds to 「する」 in modern\nJapanese) \n「り」 -- classical auxiliary, 完了の助動詞 「り」\n\n「ワレ奇襲ニ成功セリ」 means 「私は奇襲に成功した。」 _lit._ \"I have succeeded in a surprise attack.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T14:50:23.210", "id": "94962", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T15:00:43.213", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-15T15:00:43.213", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "94959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Nobody _uses_ it now, because it is a piece of grammar from classical\nJapanese. The final particle ぞ is a descendant of it, and otherwise only\nremains in sporadic idioms: ～のみぞ知る, どうぞ, これぞ, よくぞ, 何するものぞ etc.\n\nBy the way, its meaning is not related to を. In old Japanese they don't have\nconsistent nominative or accusative markers, so it could be a subject or an\nobject.\n\n> かみのみぞしる \n> _It is only god(s) that knows._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T01:03:07.727", "id": "94978", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T03:23:22.253", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-17T03:23:22.253", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94960", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "# The strange behavior of きた\n\n## Scenario 1\n\n * Question: How did you come here?\n * Answer: （ここまで）走ってきた = Came (here) running\n\nI assume this is your understanding of きた - to \"come\" or \"arrive\". But the\narticle from your example uses the word quite differently. Let's forget about\ngoing places for now, and switch our focus to the **duration** :\n\n## Scenario 2\n\n * Question: What have you been doing all this year to lose weight?\n * Answer: 1年間ずっと走ってきた - I **kept on** running this entire year\n\nIt's used to express \"maintaining a state\". Here are some examples:\n\n * 今日まで頑張ってきた = Kept working hard till this day\n * 今日まで頑張ってこなかった = Didn't keep working hard till this day\n * 今まで面倒をみてきた = Took care all this time\n * 今まで面倒をみてこなかった = Didn't take care all this time\n\nIf you can accept the concept of time as the fourth dimension, it does make\nsense to say \"maintaining a state\" is similar to \"coming/arriving with the\nstate\".\n\n * [physics.stackexchange.com/questions/360621/if-i-say-time-is-the-fourth-dimension-am-i-wrong](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/360621/)\n * [astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/31777/why-is-time-considered-a-fourth-dimension](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/31777/)\n\n* * *\n\nI hope that answers the \"きた\" part. For further understanding, here's some\ntips:\n\n# してこなかった is the opposite of してきた\n\nFrom my experience, it's easier to parse without negatives. So let me modify\nthe sentence from してこなかった to してきた and explain. And because the author didn't\nput a comma, the sentence is a bit complicating. I'll shorten the sentence\nusing `blah`:\n\n> オペの対象としてきた`blah`\n\nThis would mean either:\n\n * The `blah` that (all this time) was subject of ops.\n * The `blah` that (all this time) was considered/regarded/treated to be subject of ops.\n\nReverting back to the original sentence would result with:\n\n> オペの対象としてこなかった`blah`\n\nThis would mean either:\n\n * The `blah` that (all this time) was not subject of ops.\n * The `blah` that (all this time) was not considered/regarded/treated to be subject of ops.\n\n_The \"subject\" used here doesn't mean \"subject\" as in \"subject/predicate\"_\n\n# 〜とする 〜としない\n\nTo make matters further complicated, one must understand the true nuance of\n〜とする and 〜としない, which are the \"origin\" of 〜としてきた and 〜としてこなかった. But explaining\nthis would be too much for one answer, so I won't be going over this here.\nThis may be expressed in Japanese as:\n\n> 私は「〜とする」の説明はこの回答に含めないもの **とする** 。\n\nWhich may mean either:\n\n * I hereby de-scope the explanation of \"〜とする\" for this answer.\n * I consider the explanation of \"〜とする\" out of scope for this answer.\n\n# Conclusion\n\nSo **what** was \"deemed out of scope of the ops\" all this time? Here are three\npossibilities, relying on common sense only and without relying on prior\nknowledge of this special ops regarding bonds:\n\n 1. 償還までの **期間**\n 2. 償還までの期間がやや短い **国債**\n 3. 償還までの期間がやや短い国債の価格が急落し、金利が急騰した **こと**\n\nI would say the second one, only because it makes the most sense to me:\n\nThe「償還までの期間がやや短い国債」(nat. bonds with slightly shorter redemption period) were\nout of scope of the 指し値オペ all this time. This resulted with the price of such\nbonds going downhill, causing a spike in interest. So to address this\nsituation, on the 15th, 日銀 expanded the scope and continued the daily 指し値オペ.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T18:43:41.923", "id": "94963", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-16T02:27:16.377", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-16T02:27:16.377", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "94961", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "With the context you give, my interpretation is something appears\nmenacing—let's say dogs since you mentioned dog attacks—and the older sister\nsays \"You don't need to worry that much, because it/they is/are gone already.\"\n\nThe subject of the second sentence, and the agent of both verbs in that verb\nchain has to be the thing feared.\n\n> もう/どっかに行っちゃって/いなくなってる/わよ \n> (It/they) has/have already gone somewhere and is/are no longer here any\n> more.\n\nAs to the question about aspect, this event has already happened, and that's\nwhy the older sister tells her younger sister that she doesn't need to worry.\nなる doesn't work here. なった would work, but the sentence is about how the event\nassociated with the verb affects the current situation. Hence なっている. いなくなる is\na change in state verb, see these answers:\n\n[When is Vている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation of\nstate?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/30454)\n\n[Usage of ている in Punctual Verbs in Japanese and the Concept of Present Perfect\nin English](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/78871/30454)\n\n[Is 寝る a stative or active\nverb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57193/30454)\n\n[If Vて+いる isn't a gerund, then what is\nit?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1363/30454)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-15T23:34:31.920", "id": "94965", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T23:51:35.947", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-15T23:51:35.947", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> 時間があるか分かりません。\n\nYou are parsing it incorrectly. Here the subject is omitted, but if restored\nit should be the speaker themself. 時間があるか is what's known as an embedded\nquestion. For more on embedded questions, please see [this canonical\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/30454).\n\n> (私は)[時間があるか]分かりません\n\nAnd then you can do the breakdown of 時間があるか as you do in the question\n\n * 時間があるか -> 時間/が/ある/か (whether there's time)\n\nAnd put it back with 私は...分かりません, you get: I don't know whether there's time.\nAnd by the way the sentence can be written like this with a slight shift in\ntone and emphasis\n\n> 時間があるか私は分かりません", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-16T01:45:04.837", "id": "94967", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-16T01:45:04.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Not all fonts have that horizontal thing. Here are examples of the same 八\nrendered with various fonts installed on my PC:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/utrmP.png)\n\nBasically, that horizontal bar is something similar to\n[serifs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif) in Latin fonts. When you write\nkanji by hand, you should not try to reproduce it. When in doubt, find a\n[教科書体](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18782/5010) font (blue).\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Are hiragana letters written with their small nuances?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57262/5010)\n * [How often do single dots stick to the top of kanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33687/5010)\n * [Which kanji writing should i follow when writing on paper, digital or non-digital?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52573/5010)\n * [Is there a reason why the 濁点【だくてん】（ ﾞ）are placed below the stroke at ぐ and で as opposed to the other hiragana characters?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69005/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-16T07:58:18.773", "id": "94969", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-16T07:58:18.773", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 17 }, { "body": "It is a design typically used for the typeface called Minchotai (roughly\nequivalent to Latin serif fonts). Basically it is designed so that glyphs are\ncloser to those written with brushes.\n\nIn typography it seems to be called 八屋根 (hachi yane), literally \"eight roof\".\nQuoting the image and text from [here](https://okoneya.jp/font/genei-\nkoburimin.html):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BgfZI.png)\n\n> 右下の6文字が「八屋根」と呼ばれる要素で、「八」や「入」などの右払いの入りに付く横画です。\n>\n> Translation: The 6 characters on the bottom right have the element called\n> \"hachi yane\", which represents the starting of \"migi barai\" strokes (strokes\n> going diagonally from left to right) as seen in 八 and 入.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-16T09:40:25.790", "id": "94970", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-16T09:40:25.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically yes, 教師 is the indirect object and 歩未ちゃんへの注意 is the direct object of\n促す: _urge teachers to watch Ayumi carefully._\n\nJust like this case, if the direct object is a noun meaning some action, it\noften corresponds to English _verb + obj. + to inf._\n\n * 彼に買い物を頼む ask him to shop/go shopping.\n * 客に試食を勧める recommend customers to try eating\n * 部下に休暇を許可する allow subordinates to take holidays\n * 部下に残業を命じる order subordinates to work extra hours\n\n* * *\n\n程度 here is like \"just...\". E.g.,\n\n> 運動しますか Do you do any exercise? \n> 散歩する程度ですね Just walking sometimes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T04:00:33.270", "id": "94981", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T04:19:10.333", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-17T04:19:10.333", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94971", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Simply put, で is not a particle but a te-form of だ. と means _with_. So _Both\nare Taros and かぶる with Taroyaki_.\n\n* * *\n\nかぶる means a number of things and you are correct in that it is close to\n\"similar\", but it is something totally different from 似ている, most common word\nfor \"similar\".\n\n[大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%B6%E3%82%8B/#jn-44310)\ndefinition:\n\n> 同じようなものがそろう。重複する。「キャラが―・る」「保護者会でAさんと洋服が―・ってしまう」「前の人と発言内容が―・る」\n\nSome examples\n\n * あの人と服がかぶった My clothes happened to be the same as hers.\n * AさんとBさんはキャラがかぶっている A-san and B-san have the same characters.\n\nThe basic implication of かぶ(ってい)る is that something duplicates/is\nindistinguishably similar and confusing/conflicting/awkward.\n\nI'm not sure of the contexts, but I assume the sentence in question just says\nthat there are two persons named 太郎 and it is (sort of) confusing with or\nreminiscent of 太郎焼き. (It is also possible that there is just one 太郎, but a\nfood named 太郎 is not likely.)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T03:49:33.107", "id": "94980", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T04:22:14.180", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-17T04:22:14.180", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94972", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The ことに is used to emphasis the na-adjective or na-adjective before it. The 幸運\nmeans luck/luckly and with ことに followed, the meaning of th is phrase can be\nexplained as something like 'It's lucky that ...'.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T15:06:51.327", "id": "95000", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T05:02:45.510", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-19T05:02:45.510", "last_editor_user_id": "51639", "owner_user_id": "51639", "parent_id": "94973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There isn't enough context and the line could be ambiguous. But let's just\nassume this is a thought of someone who is talking about themself planning to\ndo the action described here.\n\nThis sentence final particle (終助詞) か is explained\n[here](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B):\n\n> **意思を表す。** \n> さて、出かけようか。 \n> そろそろはじめるとするか。\n\nIt works to convey your intention of doing something, but compared to the\nversion without か in a way it's almost like tentatively running your idea by\nthe listener and seeking their agreement. Here as described in your context,\nthere is no listener, and the speaker is talking to themself. Without か the\nsentence sounds like the speaker is just stating a fact:\n\n> すっきりしたし司令部へ出向く \n> Now that I feel refreshed, I will leave for the military headquarters.\n\nWith か, on the other hand, the statement is softened and sounds more natural\nwhen one states one's intentions, when to oneself. The effect it brings to the\nline is almost like tag questions\n\n> すっきりしたし司令部へ出向くか \n> Now that I feel refreshed, I think I will leave for the military\n> headquarters. \n> Now that I feel refreshed, I shall leave for the military headquarters,\n> shan't I. \n> Now that I feel refreshed, let's leave for the military headquarters.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T03:20:55.507", "id": "94979", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T03:43:56.620", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-17T03:43:56.620", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As far as I know, its depends on the context where the translation occurred.\nIn general use like emailing, I saw Japanese people tend to use this\nbrackets「」called 鉤括弧 to explain the translation in english to japanese person.\nBut there are case my Japanese coworker use this brackets () too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-16T23:49:22.207", "id": "94977", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-16T23:49:22.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19128", "parent_id": "94976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It depends (on everything). If you are writing a document in which you want to\ngive the station names both in Japenese script and in Roman letters (not\n\"English\"), then if the document is in English, you should use the punctuation\nrules of English. If the document is in Japanese, German, or anything else,\nyou use the rules for that language. The problem is that punctuation \"rules\"\nare really just conventions, and never cover things like foreign script. So\nyou can do anything reasonable. Of course, if you are not writing a \"document\"\nas such, just making a list of Japanese station names in two scripts, you can\nchoose any reasonable format.\n\nYour choice does not seem very reasonable. The 'kagi' quotes 『』 are definitely\n\"Japanese writing\", and not really suitable for Roman letters. You are very\nlikely to find odd cases, such as a descender on the last letter, where they\nreally look peculiar, since they are originally meant to outline the corners\nof a box surrounding the Japanese characters. 『漢字仮名交じり』 (This problem might be\nless prominent if you use a Japanese roman font, because it will have\nmutilated descenders. So it all depends if this is a text in Japanese or not.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T07:30:02.007", "id": "94983", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T07:30:02.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35531", "parent_id": "94976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You are correct, it is おびやかす. Generally おどかす is used for \"to scare\".\n\n * 人類が地球を脅{おびや}かしている現在 Modern times when humanity threatens earth\n\nis ok to me, so I'm not sure \"the target must be abstract\" part of the\nexplanation. Or some concrete things can be treated as abstract.\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way it is 豊{ゆた}かな. 豊{ゆたか}な could be an okurigana variation and as a\nname, it can be 豊{ゆたか}.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T23:03:31.693", "id": "94990", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T23:03:31.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It is A. For example, [this\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%8B/#je-945)\nentry has 足の周辺 (足元/足下 are the same). So Jiji is walking restlessly near her\nfeet, not necessarily sticking to them.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T14:11:19.967", "id": "94988", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T14:11:19.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94984", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There **must not** be の. In general, の is a **noun** -linking particle, and\nthere must never be の between a relative clause (verb) and a modified noun. I\ndon't speak Chinese, but I know this is a very common mistake Chinese speakers\nmake.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T11:51:27.020", "id": "94986", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-17T12:01:06.303", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-17T12:01:06.303", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "94985", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is partly a guess, but こちらも refers to ジャガーノート, and as for その結果, その refers\nto the preceding \"成長期に....成長した\". The implicit subject of the last sentence is\n\"シンやライデンたちは運用に耐えられている理由は\". So it seems to be elaborating on \"彼らがエイティシックスである\".\n\n(Please correct as per the context). So the last paragraph roughly says,\n\n> Shin and Ryden do tolerate レギンレイヴ, but it is because they are 86. That is,\n> they were on ジャガーノート since early teens, **which was also** designed driver-\n> unfriendlily , and grew up adapting to the stress, **the result of which**\n> (is that Shin and Ryden manage レギンレイヴ).\n\n* * *\n\nSo the particular こちらも is like an adverb meaning \"also\". An example:\n\n * ポーランド語はこちらも初心者に厳しい言語だ (talking about, say, Russian previously) Polish is also a language difficult for beginners.\n\nIn relative clause:\n\n * こちらも初心者に厳しい言語であるポーランド語を勉強し始めた.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-17T23:24:37.373", "id": "94991", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T00:17:52.067", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-18T00:17:52.067", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94989", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The issue here is with your understanding of the word [男手]{おとこで}, which\nGoogle's definition gives as:\n\n> 労働力としての男子。「―でなければできない仕事」「―が足りない」。また、普通は女がすることを男がすること。 \n> 「妻に死なれ―で育てた子」\n\nThe meaning is kind of hard to explain. In my humble opinion, I think the best\nway to understand it, at least in this context, is to see it as something\nalong the lines of \"as a man\". You can say 男手で育てる, but you can also say\n男手一つで育てる with more emphasis on the fact that it is one person that does all\nthe hard work. The emphasis is put there by the inclusion of 一つ to imply the\npotential difficulties a single male parent may have faced raising kids.\n\n> 紅緒を男手一つで育てた陸軍少佐。 \n> The army major who raised 紅緒 as a single dad\n\nBy the way it's always 男手一つで or [女手]{おんなで}一つで, and never 男手一人で or 女手一人で. As\nfor why it is 一つ, not 一人: this is a typical example of\n[synecdoche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdoche). 男手 means the hard work\ndone by a man or literally a man's hand, standing in place for the person.\nSince the literal meaning still points to the hand, you use 一つ, not 一人. Also\nyou don't really hear or see 男手二つ, at least not until same-sex marriage gets\nfully legalized, recognized and normalized in Japan. But even then you may\nstill not hear 男手二つ, because 男手一つ and 女手一つ are used to emphasize the\ndifficulty facing single parenting.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T03:19:32.563", "id": "94993", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T20:41:23.290", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-18T20:41:23.290", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "94992", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Note the following is based on web searches.\n\n**濁点**\n\nMostly different kanjis were used for those pairs. E.g.\nか：加、迦、訶、下、日、賀、河、鹿、甲、川、蚊、乎、家、香、華、可、夏、化 and が：賀、之、髪、何、加、鹿、迦、我\n\nSee the full list below.\n\n * [万葉仮名一覧](http://www1.kcn.ne.jp/%7Euehiro08/contents/kana/1ran.htm)\n\n**ん(撥音)**\n\nThere was no fixed notation for ん.\n\nA simple description is that up to Heian period (- late 12C) there were\nfluctuation in writing ん, which was expressed by ム/二/ウ/イ or just left out.\n\n> 平安時代には撥音の表記法が不安定で ①無表記 ②厶を宛てる ③二を宛てる ④ウを宛てる ⑤イを宛てる\n> の五通りの表記が行われたことが知られていますが、その一部は上代にまで遡るということでしょう。\n\n * [万葉仮名で「ん」に相当するものはないのでしょうか。](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13219979388)\n * [万葉仮名に「ん」はなかったのでしょうか？](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13155683788)\n\n**小書き文字/拗音**\n\nIt is said these did not exist in native Japanese, and as such there was no\nnotation for them in 万葉仮名.\n\n * [万葉仮名で「ちゃ」の「ゃ」とか、「しゅ」の「ゅ」の様な「小文字」の表記はどの様になるか教えてください](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q12169947092)\n\nAlso note that even just 100 years ago 小書き文字 was not used: E.g., 帰った was\nwritten 帰つた although this is a matter of notation, not of existence of sounds.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T22:24:46.893", "id": "95003", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T22:24:46.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "94994", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Actually the Wikipedia article (at least the Japanese and English versions)\ndoes show voiceless and voiced consonants, though the distinction between them\nwas not always clear-cut in the actual usage. Generally speaking,\n\n * voiced consonants (濁音)\n * moraic consonants (撥音/ん, 促音/っ)\n * moraic prosody itself\n\nwere phonologically nonexistent in the times man'yōgana was used. Therefore,\nthey have no consistent means to spell them. They have been slowly developed\nthough the Middle Japanese period to be the features of today's Japanese.\n\nBy _phonologically nonexistent_ I don't mean people never uttered such sounds\nat that time, but they were meaningless if heard, and incidental rather than\nintentional. For example, English _thunder_ , unlike _under_ or _wonder_ ,\nlacked _d_ in the older form ( _thonre_ ). But as people habitually articulate\nas if there is _d_ between _n_ and _r_ , it finally gets fixated there. Today,\nmany speakers pronounce _chance_ as if _chants_ , but dictionaries don't\nformally recognize the middle _t_. This is because people still don't intend\nto make the sound, for the time being. It just optionally exists as a side\neffect of English articulation.\n\nAs for voicedness, most man'yōgana literature does have good distinction, so\nyou can use the chart below as recommended man'yōgana spelling. However,\ntechnically it just shows _whether a syllable's modern reflection is voiced or\nnot_ , and does not imply that independent voiced consonant existed at that\ntime.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dps6v.jpg)\n\n（『国史大辞典』実用万葉仮名一覧）\n\nAs you can see from the origin of most\n[rendaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku) words, the voiced series of\nconsonants derived from the contracted pronunciation taking the following\npath.\n\n> [nasal] + [vowel] + [consonant] \n> → [nasal] + [(voiced) consonant] \n> → [voiced consonant]\n\nWhat man'yōgana tried to record is thought to be the second stage, or\n[prenasalized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant)\nsyllables. This is why sometimes characters with nasal onset (我, 疑, 泥 etc.)\nare used to spell voiced syllables.\n\nThe moraic nasal (撥音) ん shares most of the history with the dangling nasal\njust explained above, so it has no consistent spelling, except characters for\nむ was sometimes used in place of it. And っ (促音) is a (very arbitrary)\nabstraction of diverse geminations, conceptually completed no earlier than the\n12th century, where its existence in man'yōgana is hard to imagine. They were\noften left out unspelled even when their (phonetic) existence is conjectured.\nTheir statuses in Old Japanese could be compared to the modern English _lil_\nor _li'l_ , which try to represent the glottalized pronunciation of _little_\n[[lɪʔl]], but without proper way to render, the [[ʔ]] is omitted or replaced\nby a vague placeholder.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-19T05:05:37.643", "id": "95008", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T05:43:22.157", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-19T05:43:22.157", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94994", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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