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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "Actually, the bou/bo means person here. So you can simply explain the\nkakurenbo as hiding person (game).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T15:04:34.490", "id": "94999", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T15:04:34.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51639", "parent_id": "94996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "-ん坊【ぼう】/-んぼ is a now largely unproductive suffix that tells \"who tends/likes to do —\", usually in a childlike manner.\n\n * かくれんぼ \"(the game of) sneaky people\"\n * くいしんぼ \"foodie / greedy guts\"\n * わすれんぼ \"forgetful person\"\n * あばれんぼ \"rowdy person\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-19T03:03:18.913", "id": "95007", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T07:16:41.217", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-19T07:16:41.217", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "94996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "で means a range of time while に does not.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T15:02:25.920", "id": "94998", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T15:02:25.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51639", "parent_id": "94997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's 東{とう} 京{きょう} 通{とお}り 家{いえ}に帰{かえ}る\n\nLiterally that means\n\n> Tokyo Drive, Return Home\n\nOf course this is not a complete sentence but two fragments. But the meaning\nhere is not hard to deduce. Go home via Tokyo Drive. (Drive not as in to drive\na car but as in a main road)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-18T23:34:26.790", "id": "95004", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T23:34:26.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "95001", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "女の人 is a word in its own right meaning woman, and should be memorized as such,\nalong with 男の人. 隣の女の人も should be parsed like this: [隣の[女の人]]も. I think with\nthat out of the way you should be able to arrive at the correct translation,\nright?\n\n> The girl beside him took out a manga from her bag too.\n\nAs for the difference between 男の人・女の人 and simply 男・女, see this Q&A:\n\n[When should 男の人/女の人 be used instead of\n男/女?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4380/30454)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-19T00:55:20.733", "id": "95006", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T00:55:20.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "95005", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "で denotes the means by which the verb is performed:\n\n> ペンで書{か}きました。 \n> I wrote with a pen.\n\nを marks the object of the verb i.e. the thing the verb acts on.\n\n> ペンを使{つか}ってもいいですか。 \n> Is it okay to use a pen.\n\nHere's another pair of examples where you can see the difference more clearly:\n\n> 箸{はし}で食{た}べました。 \n> I ate with chopsticks. \n> 箸{はし}を食{た}べました。 \n> I ate the chopsticks.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-19T12:03:00.603", "id": "95010", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T12:03:00.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "95009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That dot is used to express apposition\n([examples](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/80484/5010)). A comma is much\nmore common for this purpose, but a 中黒 may be used like this, too.\n\nThis と is just \"and\" here. It joins two people; \"(such-and-such) Tomozo and\n(such-and-such) Hiroshi\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T03:31:50.387", "id": "95019", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T03:31:50.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "That's ウ音便, and the explanation provided in [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/24218/30454) seems difficult to\nimprove upon.\n\n> 「ウ音便」, in the simplest terms possible, is the dropping of the \"k\" consonant\n> from the 連用形 (continuative form) of i-adjectives.\n\nあぶない → あぶなく → あぶなう → あぶのう\n\nSo, あぶなくなったら becomes あぶのうなったら and I think the sentence now makes sense to you,\ndoesn't it? As for why the ウ音便 is used and what effects are intended with the\nuse of an ウ音便 here, we can get a clue from the use of おらぬ.\n\nFor more on ウ音便, see these posts:\n\n[～うございます - keigo い-adjectives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/765/30454)\n\n[いただきとう and ありがとう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/91525/30454)\n\n[Historical prospective of ウ音便 transformation (e.g. 有難く =>\n有難う)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42890/30454)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-19T23:55:46.377", "id": "95014", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-19T23:55:46.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "95012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "No, this こともある does not refer to one's past experience (\"She has (once) ...\").\nThis is a way of describing a (partial) reason. It's used like this:\n\n> 雨が降っていたこともあり、買い物には行かなかった。 \n> Because of the rain, (among other reasons,) I did not go shopping.\n\nSee:\n\n * [〜こともあって｜日本語能力試験 JLPT N１文法](https://www.edewakaru.com/archives/26539117.html)\n * [JLPT N1 Grammar こともあって (koto mo atte)](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%82%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6-koto-mo-atte-meaning/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T03:14:44.707", "id": "95018", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T03:20:15.390", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-20T03:20:15.390", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95013", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, all of those three are possible meanings of イライラする.\n\n * イライラする! \nIt's irritating! / It gets on my nerves!\n\n * 彼の手紙を読んだら間違いなくイライラする。 \nI will definitely be angry if I read his letter.\n\n * 母は父の顔を見るといつもイライラする。 \nMy mother gets irritated whenever she sees the face of my father. \n(イライラしている is also fine; see: [Habitual\naspect](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/11925/habitual-aspect))\n\n\"イライラする!\" is used typically when the speaker is already upset, but if I\nunderstand correctly, English speakers don't usually say \"I'm being\nirritated!\" when \"It's irritating!\" is enough, either.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T01:58:50.117", "id": "95016", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T01:58:50.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95015", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "心の損得を考える余裕のある自分 contains a relative clause as shown below:\n\n> 自分には心の損得を考える余裕がある。 \n> I have the capacity to think about mental profit and loss.\n>\n> ▼ (relative clause)\n>\n> 心の損得を考える余裕がある自分\n>\n> ▼ (ga-no conversion)\n>\n> 心の損得を考える余裕 **の** ある自分 \n> I, the one who has the capacity to think about mental profit and loss\n\nThis ある is a verb meaning \"to exist\". So this person doesn't like how she\nherself has been thinking about whether this love is beneficial or not.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T07:31:16.653", "id": "95023", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T07:31:16.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95020", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Look up 長ける【たける】 (ichidan intransitive verb).\n\n> ### [長ける](https://jisho.org/word/%E9%95%B7%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B)\n>\n> 1. to excel at; to be proficient at\n>\n\n> ### [長ける](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E9%95%B7%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B/)\n>\n> ３ ある方面にすぐれている。長じる。熟達している。「弁舌に―・ける」「世故 (せこ) に―・ける」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T06:09:58.940", "id": "95022", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-20T06:09:58.940", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Attaching と to all alternatives except for the last one is the most common way\nwhen listing. Considering what you want to say in English `We can talk in\nChinese, English, or Spanish`, the direct translation is weird. An important\nthing to know is that the usage of comma in Japanese and English is different.\nThose links are interesting:\n\n * [Usage of commas in Japanese sentences](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3786/usage-of-commas-in-japanese-sentences)\n * [Does a list using と end with が?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3370/does-a-list-using-%E3%81%A8-end-with-%E3%81%8C/3373#3373)\n\nIn Japanese, we would have\n\n私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語が話せます to emphasize that the people in this group can speak all\nthe three languages, therefore they can talk in any of the three languages (at\nleast, this is what I understood from the statement in English). 話せます is fine\nonce we want it to mean that those people can speak or can talk the said\nlanguages.\n\nAlso, I think 私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語を喋ります would be an alternative, but if you use が,\nthen we would have 私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語が喋れます, but less formal than 話せます.\n\nYou could use 「が」 or 「を」in the first example, that is\n「私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語が話せます」or「私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語を話せます」。どちらもほとんど同じ意味ですが、今では「私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語を話せます」を使っている人が多いと思います。\n\nIn conclusion, 私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語を話せます would be the best option for the\ntranslation. I don`t see a reason to use commas to separate the clauses, the\ncommas can be completely left out, also considering that the clauses before\nare short. You could perhaps use commas in a similar situation to increase\nreadability, but it is not the case here.\n\n* * *\n\nConcerning the particle 「も」, you can use it as well, but not simply replacing\n「と」for「も」in the sentence 私達は中国語と英語とスペイン語を話せます. Using 「も」 to give the ideia of\n`too`, `also` is valid, but 中国語も英語もスペイン語を話せます is incorrect, you should say\n中国語も英語もスペイン語も話せます. If 「も」is better fit, I think it would depend on the\ncontext, that is not provided, but both cases can be used.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-20T15:23:16.293", "id": "95026", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T12:12:40.947", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-22T12:12:40.947", "last_editor_user_id": "51655", "owner_user_id": "51655", "parent_id": "95025", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Short answer is yes, technically the sentence may be interpreted in two ways.\n\nImagine you are playing a multi player version of Sim City. You built a\nschool, and your friend built a school as well. You suggest to swap the\nschools:\n\n## Why don't we swap each other's schools?\n\n> あたしと学校とりかえっこしてみない？\n\n * 「あたしの学校」と「あなたの学校」を、とりかえっこしてみない？\n\nAFAIK, the following are correct:\n\n * swap school for school\n * swap school with school\n * swap school against school\n\n* * *\n\nYour friend is obsessed with the new school. She thinks about school all day\nlong, and doesn't chat with you any more. You ask \"what are you going to do\ntomorrow?\". She replies \"I will spend 23 hours with my school, and one hour\nwith you. School is first priority, you are second\". You propose to her:\n\n## Why don't you swap \"me\" with \"school\"?\n\n> あたしと学校とりかえっこしてみない？\n\nIn this case, the English phrase to me sounds natural, but the Japanese\nversion is tricky. **I** understand you're trying to say:\n\n * 「あたしに対する優先度」と「学校に対する優先度」を、とりかえっこしてみない？\n * 「あたしと過ごす時間」と「学校と過ごす」を、とりかえっこしてみない？\n\nWhich in essence is similar to:\n\n> why don't you try staying with me instead of going to school?\"\n\nAnyway, you're not wrong. It technically works, but may be subjective. And\n\"とりかえっこ\" may not be the best choice of words here. I wouldn't use it in such a\nway, and I don't think it's safe to assume the listener will understand your\nintention, but that's just my humble opinion.\n\nNote that \"〜してみない？\" may be used as the following example, sometimes genuinely\nand sometimes sarcastically:\n\n> For god's sake why don't you 〜 for just once?\n\n * たまには 〜してみない？\n * たまには 〜してみたら？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T12:43:44.087", "id": "95043", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T12:51:06.197", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-21T12:51:06.197", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "95037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The original sentence suggests that \"my school\" and \"your school\" are swapped\n(for fun). The Japanese language doesn't have grammatical plural forms, but\nread it like \"why not swap (our) school **s** \". Now, you are asking if it's\npossible to read this sentence like \"me\" and \"school\" are the two things being\nswapped, right? Honestly, the latter interpretation never occurred to me. The\noriginal sentence is virtually unambiguous.\n\nとりかえっこ is not plain \"swap\" or \"trade\". This っこ is a suffix that forms a casual\ngame or a game-like activity involving two or more people (see: [What does\nとびっことりっこ mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94610/5010)). Do a google\nsearch on とりかえっこ, and you can instantly notice this word is typically used in\nchildren's books, where costumes and so on are temporarily exchanged between\ntwo characters for fun. So the original sentence strikes me as \"Why don't you\nplay school-swapping (game) with me?\", and it's almost impossible to read it\nas if 私 herself is being swapped.\n\nIf the other meaning is clearly intended, you need to 1) stop using っこ, and 2)\n[use と twice](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/83411/5010) to clearly mark\nthe two swap targets:\n\n> 私と学校 **と** をとりかえてみない? \n> Why don't you swap _me_ and _school_?\n\nNow it's crystal clear that 私 and 学校 are the two things being swapped for\nwhatever reason. Of course, we need some special context to make sense of\nthis.\n\n**EDIT:** Likewise, 弟とボールを投げっこした only means you and your brother played catch\nbecause 投げ **っこ** always refers to an activity involving two or more people.\n弟とボール **と** を投げて遊んだ means something very weird; you enjoyed physically\nthrowing your brother AND a ball. 弟とボールを投げて遊んだ is ambiguous, at least\ntechnically speaking.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T00:21:09.253", "id": "95061", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T05:45:31.480", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-22T05:45:31.480", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Considering that you may be looking for something regarding\n\n> Yamada is my one friend\n\nTwo other options would be a better translation:\n\n> 山田さんは私のたった一人の友達です。\n>\n> 山田さんは私の唯一の友達です。\n\nIn this context, 山田さんは私のある友達だ is weird and does not make sense. I think it\nwould be better to compare the difference between「単一」and「唯一」.\n\nIn English, we would be comparing Single 「単一」 and Only 「唯一」, which for itself\nmay show that 「単一」 is not really appropriate in the given context.\n\n> 「単一」is used to refer to the appearance of everything being the same and\n> unified without exception, so it is used when there are many similar things\n> that have no difference in appearance or performance, or they share\n> similarities.\n\n> 「唯一」is in a sense that there is only one in the world, that is unique.\n\nBasically, when we have many of something/someone that are all the\nsame/similar, we use「単一」, but if there is only one of many, so this is rare,\nunique, then we use 「唯一」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T10:24:37.580", "id": "95040", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T10:24:37.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51655", "parent_id": "95038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Since they are in te-form, they should connect with 対立している. Using に対して here\nmay be not entirely impossible here, but Xをめぐって対立している=( _opinions are_ )\n_opposing each other **around** X_ is much better in collocation. (Probably\n_opposing each other/varying towards X_ is just as odd in English.)\n\n* * *\n\nIf 環境税（） connects with 意見, then （）must be in attributive form (連体形).\n\n * 環境税に対する候補者たちの意見が対立している Opinions of candidates towards 環境税 ...\n\nXに対す **る** 意見 is fairly normal.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T22:11:28.547", "id": "95057", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T22:11:28.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it's the humble form of 付ける (\"to attach\").\n\nThis person is saying he will attach another \"power catcher\" as a bonus.\nExactly the same product. This (\"XYZ yen is the price for TWO!\") is a [classic\nmarketing method](https://www.tsuhan-\nmarketing.com/blog/electricwave/infomercial_presentoffer) of home shopping\nshows at least in Japan. It's effectively the same as \"buy one get one free\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T11:46:27.283", "id": "95042", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T12:55:57.063", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-21T12:55:57.063", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95041", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It basically means the writer (or the character in focus) is being overwhelmed\nor upset at something, \"the blue sky\" in this case. I think there often is a\ncertain sense of conflicted emotion with this 悲しいほどに, like \"I _should_ like it\nbut this is too much\", when used with normally positive concepts. It's also a\nbit unusual, poetic expression. You are more likely to see it in songs and\nnovels, than in daily conversation and a (non-artistic) professional setting.\nIf I were to translate it, I might choose \"disturbingly\" or maybe\n\"overwhelmingly\" rather than something that involves \"sadness\".\n\n悲しいほどに美しい is another typical phrase that uses 悲しいほど in this sense. It can be\nused to describe an ephemeral/stoic kind of beauty, rather than one that\n(merely) provokes pleasure.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-23T08:08:22.107", "id": "95107", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-23T12:29:52.513", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-23T12:29:52.513", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95044", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think your first paragraph more or less states the difference: (1) 感触 is\nmore common and (2) 感触 can be used in a more abstract sense as in \"I have the\nfeeling that....\". Another point may be that 感触 usually implies an animate\n\"feeler\".\n\n * 面接の感触は良かった (literally) The feeling of the interview was good.\n * 面接がうまくいったという感触がある I have the feeling that the interview went well.\n\nBoth are examples of \"abstract\" usage and basically say the same thing. 触感\ncannot be used here.\n\nTo me, 触感 is used for describing the feeling of (e.g. surface of) something.\n\n * この生地はごわごわした触感だ/この生地の触感はごわごわしている This cloth has rough texture.\n\nIn this sense, texture/touch may be closer to 触感. Here 感触 may be less common\nbut acceptable.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T23:09:40.297", "id": "95060", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T23:09:40.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "触感 means body feeling, while 感触 means mental feeling.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T01:25:58.200", "id": "95063", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T01:25:58.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51676", "parent_id": "95045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "[Here's a reference for what these\nare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rebus_monogram). In the logo for\nYamamotoyama, the -like shape visually signifies 山, and is not a kanji part.\n\nThey should be thought of as logos and are not always readable directly,\nalthough they may suggest part of the name of the manufacturer.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T17:37:19.457", "id": "95049", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T17:37:19.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "95046", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it is the usage of \"coming towards the speaker\" in a broad sense.\n\nSemantically, using 変わる here is more or less the same: \"depending on ..., the\nstrategy I can take will change\". くる adds the feeling that the condition\n(whether or not there are survivors) affects the speaker as someone who\ndecides the strategy.\n\nEven if the strategy is decided by someone else, it should be possible to\nunderstand くる indicates some sort of \"affecting\".\n\n* * *\n\nExamples:\n\n * ボーナスの額によって旅行の行き先は変わってくる Depending on the amount of bonus, the destination of vacation will change.\n * 大学にうかるかどうかで彼女の未来は変わってくる Whether or not she will be admitted to the university will change her future.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T22:34:31.473", "id": "95059", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T22:34:31.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "No, it's not the same as ということがあって, rather is literally _meaning also that..._\n\nHere XはYということだ/である is a pattern for _X means Y_ , and も is added for _also_.\nOverall the sentence will be like _The role ...., meaning/implying also that\none must keep an eye for everyone in the team, is a right job for Ryden\nwho..._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-21T22:26:31.993", "id": "95058", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T22:26:31.993", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it's a form of ない. ない conjugates like an i-adjective, and なく is the 連用形\n(aka ku-form, continuative-form) of ない. This form can work adverbially (i.e.,\nas a verb modifier) in a sentence. For example, 彼女は元気なく答えた means \"She\nresponded cheerlessly\". See: [い-ADJECTIVE く\nFORM](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/i-adjective-ku-form/)\n\nAs a sentence, 風もない means \"There is not even wind\" (or more literally, \"even\nwind is nonexistent\"). 風もなく is the adverb version of this, hence \"(even)\nwithout wind\".\n\nThere are not multiple verbs. The only true verb in this line is 揺れる. (ない is\ntechnically an [auxiliary](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/63365/5010)\nthat conjugates like an i-adjective.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T01:11:43.760", "id": "95062", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T01:11:43.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "For the set theory operation, there are a few terms as given in [this\nWikipedia\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86_\\(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6\\)),\nincluding:\n\n * 共通部分｛きょうつうぶぶん｝\n * 共通集合｛きょうつうしゅうごう｝\n * 交差｛こうさ｝\n * 交わり｛まじわり｝\n * 積集合｛せきしゅうごう｝\n * 積｛せき｝\n\nAlthough the article points out that 積 is also used to refer to the product of\ntwo sets, so 共通部分 is probably the preferred term. 共通 is also used for \"in\ncommon\" in other mathematical terms, e.g. if two triangles have the same\nheight they might be referred to as 高さが共通.\n\nAs you can see in [this](https://methodology.site/intersection-of-cylinders/)\npage, the intersection of two or more 3D solids is referred to as\n共通｛きょうつう｝部分｛ぶぶん｝の体積｛たいせき｝, and you would have similar terms for intersections\nof areas and other mathematical constructs.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T03:12:53.267", "id": "95066", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T21:10:14.247", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-22T21:10:14.247", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "16022", "parent_id": "95064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "\"nantemon\" if form \"nado to iu mono\". \"mon\" is \"mono\" changed by euphony that\nmeans a pronunciation of letters and syllables which is pleasing to the ear.\n\nin this case \"mono\" is a category of disease or illness.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T15:23:36.707", "id": "95073", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T15:23:36.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51682", "parent_id": "95068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The following is the relevant definition of\n[なんて](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A6/#jn-165854),\nwhich derives from などと.\n\n> ３ ある事物を例示して、次の語と同格であることを示す。…などという。「田中―人、知らない」「人間―ものはちっぽけなもんです」\n\nもん is a slangy form of もの, so technically なんて indicates that 病気 is in\napposition to もの. なんてもん is a less polite version of などというもの, and 病気なんて **いう**\nもの is also possible.\n\nPractically Xなんてもん means \"such a thing/things as/called X (in general)\". The\nsentence means \"I've never had any connection with such a thing as illness\",\nmeaning the speaker has never had health problems whatsoever.\n\nThe particular usage of なんてもん can be replaced by なんか for degrading the\npreceding noun.\n\n * 会社なんてもんは信用できない One can never trust any company.\n * iPhoneなんてもんはぜいたく品だ (Such a thing as) iPhone is a luxury.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T22:15:33.357", "id": "95094", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T22:15:33.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your sentence doesn't have そう. 剥がそう is the volitional-form (aka う/よう-form) of\n剥がす. 剥がそう might look like a そう-form because 剥がす happens to end with an S, but\nremember that そう meaning \"looks like\" attaches to a masu-stem. Compare:\n\n * **剥がしそう** : (masu-stem + そう) looks like someone rips; someone is going to rip\n * **剥がすそう** : (dictionary-form + そう) I heard someone rips; it is said that someone rips\n * **剥がそう** : (volitional form) let's rip; try to rip\n\n`-う + とする` is a common construction. See the link in the comment section.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T00:57:04.423", "id": "95132", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T00:57:04.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In my opinion, the first interpretation _is_ possible, but is unlikely. It is\npossible if we assume:\n\n * 残す to mean \"to leave Her Majesty alive\"\n * the knight's impression of the queen has completely soured at this point in time, to the point that the knight feels compelled to kill her, and that the knight still calling her 陛下 is just a habit or a type of 未練\n * the narrator somehow perceives the queen to be stronger than the knight due to them having witnessed the queen's actions\n\nthen, the narrator might indeed find the idea of the knight leaving the queen\nalive to be a mismatch. However, I think these assumptions are a bit of a\nstretch given the context, and also because 残す does not typically mean \"to\nleave someone alive\" unless in a specific context like e.g. 他の人は殺したが、あの人は残した\nwhere it makes sense to use 残す in favor of 活かす or 逃す. Instead, 残す does\ntypically mean \"to leave someone behind\", so I believe the second\ninterpretation is correct.\n\nAs for the phrase itself, it is not different from other phrases in this\n(situation-て)(potential-ない) form. However 残す may have two meanings which can\nchange the interpretation of the sentence slightly. 残す can in general be\ninterpreted as \"to leave someone behind (in the current undesirable situation\ne.g. alone, under the care of untrustworthy people, in a battle etc.)\", or \"to\nleave someone behind (in this world)\". The は that follows adds an optional\ncomparative emphasis here: in the former meaning of 残す, the は emphasizes that\nthe speaker _is_ willing to die if the well-being of the queen was no longer a\nconcern, or that the speaker is going to ensure/confirm her well-being no\nmatter what it takes. In the latter meaning, the word 残す is more emotionally\nloaded (which makes sense given the closeness of the knight and the queen),\nand the speaker is emphasizing that they are essentially _not_ willing to die.\n\nIn the current context, the first meaning of 残す may be something like \"to\nleave the queen in the state of being a tyrant\", and the speaker is expressing\ntheir resolve to ensure this changes. The second meaning of 残す will be what\nyou suggested: the knight is unwilling to do die because they still have the\nqueen to live for. Notice that both these cases belong to the second\ninterpretation where the knight's impression of the queen has not completely\nsoured.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-23T12:32:23.797", "id": "95108", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-23T12:32:23.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "95070", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You might find the sentence easier to understand if は is moved to a different\nposition, like this.\n\n> ［陛下を残して死ぬこと］ **は** できないのです。\n\nWhat the knight says she can’t do is dying leaving Her Majesty behind. Here, て\ncan be understood as indicating the attendant circumstances under which she\ndies. She’s basically saying she needs to be alive for Her Majesty. Nobody\nknows why at this point, including the narrator. But it doesn’t seem to\nmatter. I think the narrator just finds it hard to connect the knight’s\nreverential language towards the queen with the cruel and merciless person she\nknows.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T12:10:56.203", "id": "95140", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T12:10:56.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "95070", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is an untypical usage of に. From the context, I guess this is a somewhat\nstretched application of a branch of definition similar to [this\none](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64954/7810). So you can probably use\n～のために here.\n\n> **７** 動作・作用の原因・理由・きっかけとなるものを示す。…のために。…によって。「あまりのうれしさ―泣き出す」「退職金をもとで―商売を始める」\n> ([source](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB/#jn-166083))\n\nThe author's usage of this に is terse and certainly rhetorical, but a little\nforced. A several words later it also says 叩き割るのに where I'd use 叩き割っても\ninstead. Perhaps the author prefers such type of construction.\n\n> 至近距離で炸裂した近接信管の砲撃に砲弾片がコクピットに飛びこみ… \n> \"A shell with proximity fuze exploded in no distance so that a shrapnel\n> pierced into the cockpit...\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T05:56:23.767", "id": "95137", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T05:56:23.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "95074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Both mean mostly the same but are not very interchangeable.\n\nA general distinction would be\n\n * 駆け回る is casual, means literally something is running about. Sometimes it has negative connotation of \"in vain\".\n * 駆け巡る is often used for spreading of news. It can take animate subjects, but sounds a bit strained or affected. It usually means \"purposefully going to many places\".\n\n**Examples** :\n\n * 子供がスーパーで駆け回った The child ran about in a supermarket.\n\nUsing 駆け巡る here is odd. It sounds like the child is doing so for a specific\npurpose.\n\n * ニュースが世界中を駆け巡った The news spread all over the world.\n\nUsing 駆け回った is much less idiomatic.\n\n * 私は世界中を駆け回った I travelled all around the world.\n\nThis is more likely to be used than 駆け巡った, which sounds like a sentence in an\nautobiography.\n\n * あちこち駆け回ったが金は集まらなかった I went everywhere (asking for money) but was unable to collect money.\n\nUsing 駆け巡る is not possible.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-22T22:34:14.923", "id": "95095", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-22T23:03:17.500", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-22T23:03:17.500", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "This か is a question marker, and it's used to form a rhetorical question in\nthis construction. If I understand correctly, something like \"is it (really)\nonly...?\" eventually changed to a strong \"not only!\" and became an integral\npart of these fixed constructions. I feel のみか/ばかりか is slightly more emphatic\nor dramatic than のみならず/ばかりでなく/etc.\n\nA similar fixed phrase is あろうことか, which can be usually translated as\n\"Unbelievably\" or \"To my surprise\":\n\n> あろうことか、彼は試験に落ちた。\n\nあろう is the volitional/inferential form of ある, so あろうことか originally means \"(is\nthis) something that is possible?\" or \"not sure if this can happen\", but it's\nnow a strong expression meaning \"this sure is impossible/unbelievable\n(but...)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-23T02:25:19.170", "id": "95098", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-23T02:52:46.230", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-23T02:52:46.230", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95096", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "If you understand this:\n\n> そろそろ学校に行く時間じゃ **ない？** \n> Isn't it time you go to school?\n\nThen you can think the sentence in question is exactly the same except that\n**ない is omitted**. じゃ is normally used with negation, so you don't always have\nto say ない after じゃ.\n\nじゃ is a colloquial variant of では, so you can say this, too:\n\n> そろそろ学校に行く時間 **では？** \n> **Isn't it** time you go to school?\n\nA word for negation like ない is not always explicitly said in Japanese, and you\nhave to get used to this fact. See also:\n\n * [Please explain the use of では in this particle cluster](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/74000/5010)\n * [The reason for using 何も+negative, but 何でも+positive](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1565/5010)\n\nじゃ is also an old man's version of the copula だ, but it's a different thing.\nFor example, if a stereotypical wise old man says \"わしは先生じゃ!\" in a manga, it\nmeans 私は先生だ (\"I am a teacher\"), but if a young person says \"私は先生じゃ!\" with a\nsurprised look, it means 私は先生じゃ **ない** (\"I am not a teacher\").", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-23T02:56:57.220", "id": "95099", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-23T03:19:39.717", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-23T03:19:39.717", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "> お嬢ちゃんも先生似 **だしいけるんじゃねーか？**\n\nFor some reason your translation directly connects じゃねーか to 先生似 and ignores\neverything in between. し\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28096/usage-\nof-%E3%81%97-particle) is a particle indicating the preceding clause is a\nreason, and いける is where the translation takes 'popular'. I can't seem to find\na dictionary entry for it, but it would probably an entry under definition 1\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B/). This\nいける generally means something like 'to be cool', 'to be good looking', or 'to\nwork well' out of could meanings that apply to this scene. Also **ん** じゃないか is\noften less a tag question and more a statement of relative certainty.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T01:20:30.073", "id": "95134", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T01:20:30.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "95133", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "モテる is a purely Japanese word. See:\n\n * [Why are katakana preferred over hiragana or kanji sometimes?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1930/5010)\n * [Why is the word オタク written in katakana?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46870/5010)\n\nAnd for the etymology, read these:\n\n * [What is the etymology of モテる?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65901/5010)\n * [The meaning of モテる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/91118/5010)\n\nThe use of モテる is basically restricted to the context related to romantic\ninterest. クラスの男子にモテる means many guys want her as a girlfriend. But when many\nguys like or respect her as a friend or a classmate but not necessarily as a\nromantic partner, クラスの男子に人気だ is the only choice. Besides, モテる is still a\nlittle slangy word, whereas 人気 is safe even in very formal documents. I guess\n人気 was chosen in the last example because this seems to be a rather serious\ndiscussion not limited to Ichika's sex appeal.\n\n男【おとこ】 and 男子【だんし】 are different words (the former is closer to \"guy\" and the\nlatter \"boy\", though this is very simplified). The difference is not really\nrelevant in explaining the meaning of モテる.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T02:48:20.567", "id": "95136", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T02:53:39.317", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-24T02:53:39.317", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95135", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Short answer is, から means _from/out of_ and で works but not better.\n\nHere から indicates reason/cause, which で can also express.\n\n[で](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A7/#jn-148951)\n\n> ７ 動作・作用の原因・理由を表す。「受験勉強―暇がない」「君のおかげ―助かった」\n\n[から](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89/#jn-45491)\n\n> ３ 理由・原因・動機・根拠を表す。…のために。…によって。「操作ミス―事故が生じた」\n\nI do not feel any difference in meaning between 必要で/必要から, but the latter\nsounds more idiomatic. Or taking the above definitions very literally, 必要から is\na usage of 動機, which is why で is less natural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T23:31:24.183", "id": "95145", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T23:31:24.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I recommend checking the Japanese Wikipedia page of a famous person with the\nsame name whenever you’re unsure about how to spell a foreign name. For\nexample, Saoirse Ronan’s JP Wiki page spells her name as シアーシャ. Here’s the\nlink:\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-04T22:20:36.520", "id": "95693", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-04T22:20:36.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54159", "parent_id": "95141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "質問への答えとしては、デバイスの出すメッセージに用いられた場合の「認識しない」に特に多義性はないと思います。\n\nただ、「認識しない（できない）」という表現を質問されているような状況で使うことにそれほど違和感はないものの、デバイスが出すメッセージとしては「Xを認識できません」よりは「Xを検出できません/Xは検出されませんでした」のほうがよく見る気がします（例：ディスプレイへの入力がないときのメッセージ「入力が検出されません」）。細かく言えば\"cannot\ndetect X/X is not detected\"のほうに近い表現です。（英語でも同じかと思いますがどうでしょう。）\n\n「認識する」は、ユーザーの視点で「USBメモリが認識されない」のような形では「検出する」よりも多く使われると思います。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-24T23:13:05.617", "id": "95144", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-24T23:13:05.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It's very common to see this error message when a device is physically not\ninserted, a cable is not plugged, etc. From the computer's point of view, it\nis usually impossible to tell if the device is broken or not inserted.\nPractically speaking, when you see a message like this, you need to ensure the\ndevice is physically inserted before anything. I expect a more friendly error\nmessage when the machine at least knows something is inserted but cannot\nrecognize what it is (e.g., このディスクの再生は非対応です, 対応していないケーブルが挿入されています or at least\n**この** デバイスは認識できません).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T00:37:44.703", "id": "95147", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T02:48:01.940", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-25T02:48:01.940", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is not common practice to \"translate\" such codes into Japanese, at least\nnot among professionals. They just read this mostly in (katakanized) English,\ntoken by token. Typically something like this:\n\n```\n\n イント アイ イコール ゼロ\n ワイル アイ しょうなり じゅう (かっこ)\n フー アイ\n アイ プラスプラス\n (かっことじ)\n \n```\n\nFew English-speaking developers read this code like \"Declare an integer\nvariable i and assign zero to it\" or \"Call f with i as an argument\" while\ndoing a professional code review, either.\n\nかっこ and かっことじ are used when you really need to read parentheses out loud, but\nthey can be usually omitted. If you really need to distinguish, しょうかっこ refers\nto `(`/`)`, ちゅうかっこ refers to `{`/`}`. セミコロン (`;`) is usually omitted for the\nsame reason, too.\n\nお嬢様コーディング is an extension of 日本語プログラミング言語, which is a fairly rare attempt and\nis considered useless by most developers. No one wants to type iをインクリメントする\ninstead of `i++`, so it is nothing more than a joke. (As a joke, I love 以上ですの\nat the end of a loop, though.)\n\nRelated: [Standard mathematical operations, expressed in\nJapanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56962/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T00:17:01.620", "id": "95146", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T00:23:46.373", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-25T00:23:46.373", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[Full\nLyrics](https://music.oricon.co.jp/php/lyrics/LyricsDisp.php?music=5574020)\n\nFrom the context, I feel this 何一つ probably means \"(threw away) everything\",\nbut the last verse containing this sentence looks a bit like a word salad to\nme. (Is this even a question? What does she want to know by saying 教えて?) This\nnormally has to be 何もかも if \"everything\" is intended. Maybe this is a\nsimulation of the half-broken mentality of the speaker, so it may not be\nsupposed to make sense as a perfect Japanese sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T02:05:54.653", "id": "95150", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T02:11:18.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-25T02:11:18.583", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "OJAD's Suzuki-kun/Prosody is simply wrong. It often is.\n\nThe correct accent is たくさ＼んのひと＼が (aka たくさんのひとが{LHHLLLHL}, though the と will be\nlower than the さ due to terracing, which is not possible to represent with\nthis site's LH notation)\n\nNamely:\n\n * たくさん is [3] and stays [3] regardless of whether it's followed by の or not (unlike 日本 for example, which will turn from [2] into [0] when followed by の).\n * ひと is [0] standalone, but when modified by a proceeding phrase, it becomes [2] (odaka).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-27T17:43:16.207", "id": "95574", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-27T17:43:16.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "95149", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This sentence sounds weird to me.\n\n> ? 今のところ尋問程度で済んでいるのは、扱いを測りかねている **もの** か。\n\nReplacing もの with こと only makes it worse.\n\n> x 今のところ尋問程度で済んでいるのは、扱いを測りかねている **こと** か。\n\nThis is because the の in 済んでいるの doesn’t expected to be matched with a fact but\na reason or cause. I think もの sounds less bad because it is not impossible to\nunderstand the sentence as a shorthand version of the following, more complete\nsentence.\n\n> 今のところ尋問程度で済んでいるのは、扱いを測りかねている **ことによるもの** か。\n\nHere, の can be read as something like \"situation\" and もの as \"result,\"\n扱いを測りかねていること being its cause.\n\nYou can use an expression that more directly indicates the reason or cause, of\ncourse.\n\n> 今のところ尋問程度で済んでいるのは、扱いを測りかねている **ため** か。\n\n> 今のところ尋問程度で済んでいるのは、扱いを測りかねている **から** か。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T11:06:59.683", "id": "95152", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T11:06:59.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "95151", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "How about using 「とする。」「としよう。」「として...」「～場合、」「としたら、」「～たら、」 etc. as in...\n\n> 近所で殺人が起こった **とする** 。犯人らしき男が血のついた包丁を持って走っているのを見かけ **たら** 、(あなたなら)どうする？\n\n> 一週間前に宇宙人が地球を攻撃してきた **としよう** 。まもなく人類が滅びる **としたら** 、(あなたは)どうする？\n\n> 例えば、先週私があなたの悪口を言った **として** 、2日後にそれがバレたのに私がそれを認めようとしない **場合**\n> 、「この、恥知らず！」と言うことができます。\n\n「とする。」「としよう。」 etc. are roughly equivalent to 「と仮定する。」「と仮定しよう。」 etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T11:55:59.027", "id": "95154", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T13:48:25.090", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-25T13:48:25.090", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "95153", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First, の方 is an expression that is used to single out a specific aspect in\ncontrast to others. In English, it would be equivalent to saying \"As for...\".\nFor example, you could be chatting with someone about life in general, and\nthen change the topic by saying 仕事の方は...\n\nHere, 執務の方 indicates that the following part of the sentence/conversation is\nintended to be about 執務, _as opposed to_ other\naspects/responsibilities/implications of being the new head.\n\nNext, (condition/status)で結構 is a common polite phrase for stating that the\nsaid condition or status is sufficient or good enough. For example, 電話で結構です\n(just dropping a call would be fine) or それで結構です (that would be fine).\n\nHere, 順次で結構です can be understood as 順次 would be fine. 順次 means to follow a\nsequential order. Although not explicit, you can understand this to mean \"to\nfollow (slowly), or step by step, as opposed to doing it all in one go\". If\nit's hard to understand, looking at it together with the last sentence might\nhelp.\n\nFinally, the speaker omits the rest of the sentence (i.e. the consequence)\nwith the (reason)-で style. If you had to imagine one in, it could be something\nalone the line of ご安心ください, which the speaker says in the next sentence anyway\nafter adding some more detail.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-26T02:33:17.580", "id": "95171", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-26T02:33:17.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "95155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I've never used \"文本\" in usual context in Japanese.\n\n\"文本\" comes from Chinese. It pronounces \"wénběn\" and means text or document. \n\"本文\" comes from Japanese. It pronounces \"hon-bun\" and means the contents of\nthe text.\n\nBoth have same meanings, but have different background.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-25T13:47:39.553", "id": "95157", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-25T13:47:39.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51751", "parent_id": "95156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think similar word of `どうやら` in English is `apparently`. So if you have some\nmore information, you can use `どうやら`.\n\nIf you heard from someone (without any additional information), you can say\n\n> 彼は風邪をひいたらしい。（He seems to have caught a cold.）\n\nBut if you received an email or phone call from him, you can say\n\n> どうやら彼は風邪をひいたらしい。（Apparently he caught a cold.）\n\nSo `どうやら` isn't necessary not always, but useful sometime.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-26T01:59:56.803", "id": "95170", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-26T01:59:56.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51751", "parent_id": "95158", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here, な and の are interchangeable for both instances of はず. But な tends to\nsound informal/colloquial between a noun and a formal noun (はず, わけ, こと, ...),\nso something like 彼は学生なはずだ should be avoided in very formal sentences.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [N + NO/NA/DA + わけ and generic rule?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69940/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-27T00:11:49.087", "id": "95182", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-27T00:11:49.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This ただでさえ modifies とぼしい. Her wallet is meager even at the best of times. ただ\nmeans \"ordinary; usual\", so the literal translation of ただでさえ is \"even at\nordinary times\".\n\nThis 避けられない is in the negative-potential form. Note that は modifies the object\nof 避ける here (e.g., このキノコは食べられない This mushroom is not edible).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-27T00:03:20.723", "id": "95180", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-27T00:03:20.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "* Here 情 is a word with a deep meaning similar to \"sympathy\", \"compassion\" or \"humanity\". Apparently, it's used as an example of words that sound nice but don't help solve real problems.\n * だの is yet another listing particle in Japanese, and it is used to express the speaker's negative feelings. 何だの is just \"or something\". See: [Difference between だの and など/とか](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25554/5010) and [meaning and function of だの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82612/5010)\n * Probably this 乳繰り合う is used sarcastically and should not be taken literally. It's used in place of something negative like \"to quibble\", \"to only talk about the ideal\", \"to lick each other's wound\", \"to hide and say stupid things\" or such. You really need to read between the lines here.\n * This と is a \"quotative-like\" と that specifies how 乳繰り合う is done. See: [Function of と when used with 続く](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68125/5010)\n\nThus the whole sentence roughly means \"Those who only talk nonsense about\nsympathy or something should be used as stepping stones\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-27T02:18:32.217", "id": "95186", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-27T08:04:13.953", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-27T08:04:13.953", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "So first off, your question is mostly confused by your mishearings (see\naguijonazo's comment). That said, the basic question can still be answered.\n\nFirst, we need to talk about the pitch accents of the individual words (which\nI choose to use **downstep notation** for because **the actual per-mora pitch\nis not realized yet** until we put it into sentences which I will do later):\n\n * 僕 allows for two patterns, ぼ＼く and ぼく￣.\n * こと is generally こと＼, however in some cases it is said こ＼と, especially when proceeded by a heiban word and not followed by a particle (e.g., やったこ＼とない). In addition to those cases, younger speaker sometimes say it こ＼と even in the presence of a particle, but it is still a minority accent. (It may eventually switch fully to atamadaka like the grammar element と＼き did, but it hasn't yet).\n\nThen, on top of the standalone pitch _accents_ , when words combine into a\nphrase, you need to consider phrase-level phenomenon (what accents get\nterraced or eliminated), which then _further_ gets sentence-level phenomenon\n(e.g., are you emphasizing any of the entire phrases, is there 語尾上げ, are there\nquestions, etc.)\n\n* * *\n\n# 1\n\nFor example, if we choose ぼ＼く and こと＼ as our accents, this could potentially\nmanifest as:\n\n * A. No terracing: ぼくのことは{HLLLHL}\n * B. Terracing of the second accent: [ぼ]{Ｈ}[く]{Ｌ}[の]{Ｌ}[こ]{Ｌ}[と]{Ｍ}[は]{Ｌ} (we don't have line notation for M, sorry)\n * C. Full elimination of the second accent: ぼくのことは{HLLLLL}\n\nThe first option would sound like こと is emphasized (which is weird in this\ntype of phrase), while the second option would sound neutral, and the third\noption would sound like 僕 is emphasized.\n\n* * *\n\n# 2\n\nWe could also pick ぼく￣ and こと＼ as our accents, which would result in the two\noptions\n\n * A. Stay high: ぼくのことは{LHHHHL}\n * B. Drop down for こ: ぼくのことは{LHHLHL}\n\nBoth are acceptable, but the lower you drop the こ, the more the word will\nstick out, and in some sense sound emphasized, distinct, or if you go too far,\nweird.\n\n* * *\n\n# 3\n\nAlternatively, we could pick ぼく￣ and こ＼と as our accents, then the only option\nwould be\n\nぼくのこと{LHHHL}（どう思っている？）\n\n* * *\n\nThis only covers some of the combinations, but hopefully you get the idea of\nsome of the complexity when you consider all of\n\n * multiple accents at the word-level (pitch accents),\n * multiple ways intonation-wise for the words to be combined at the phrase-level,\n * multiple ways intonation-wise for the phrases to get integrated at the sentence-level.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-27T17:32:50.043", "id": "95573", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-27T22:00:48.473", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-27T22:00:48.473", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "95187", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Specifically in your examples, その/それ is the natural and neutral choice, but\nこの/これ can be used, too. その/それ is often the safest choice that corresponds to\nEnglish \"the\", \"it\" or \"its\".\n\nあの/あれ and この/これ are chosen depending on the \"psychological distance\" between\nthe speaker and the object in question. It's hard to generalize, but if the\nobject is psychologically close only to the speaker (e.g., when it's natural\nto make a gesture of holding it), この/これ tends to be chosen. あれ is used to\nexplicitly indicate there is a distance.\n\n * **あの** 人とは先週会ったが、二度と会いたくない。 \nI met that person a week ago, and I never want to see him again.\n\n * **あの** 本の名前ってなんだっけ。先週一緒に読んだ **あれ** 。 \nWhat's the name of that book? The one we read together last week.\n\n * ええ、 **その** 曲は3年前に私が作りました。 **これ** は私のお気に入りの曲です。 \nYes, I made that song three years ago, and it's my favorite.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T00:32:09.623", "id": "95209", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T00:32:09.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95188", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are four phrases that modify 女性.\n\n * Aとはまた違うタイプの \nof a (yet) different type than A\n\n * 隙がなく \nwho has no apparent faults / who is hard to take advantage of\n\n * 仕事のできる \ncapable (of doing her job)\n\n * 大人の \nmature/adult\n\n * …女性だ。 \n[She] is ... a woman.\n\nThe sentence is parsed like so:\n\n> Aとはまた違うタイプの(隙がなく、(仕事のできる(大人の女性)))だ。\n>\n> She is a mature, capable and apparently flawless woman who is a different\n> type from A. \n> She is a different type of woman than A, and is a mature, capable and\n> guarded person.\n\nThe use of commas in the original sentence is not very reader-friendly, but\nyou need to try not to be deceived by commas in Japanese. Perhaps it would\nhave been easier for you to parse this sentence if commas had been placed like\nthis:\n\n> Aとはまた違うタイプの、隙がなく、仕事のできる、大人の女性だ。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-28T02:45:07.230", "id": "95190", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-28T02:56:30.323", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-28T02:56:30.323", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's very unlikely. (I haven't seen the actual episode, though.)\n\nFor a reason, the Japanese language has many homophones. 怪盗 and 会長 are both\ncommon words, and they don't usually count as a similar-sounding word pair in\nthe first place.\n\n * For かいとう: 怪盗 has many homophones; 解凍 \"defrosting\", 解糖 \"glycolysis\", 回答 \"answer\", 解党 \"disbanding of a political party\", 開頭 \"craniotomy\", and so on are all read as かいとう.\n\n * For かいちょう: 会長 also has many; 階調 \"gradation\", 快調 \"in good shape\", 怪鳥 \"mysterious bird\", 海鳥 \"ocean bird\", 開帳 \"exposition\" and so on are all read かいちょう.\n\nPeople who speak a language like this are unlikely to think the similarity of\n会長 and 解凍 would serve as a valid wordplay.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-28T10:31:41.273", "id": "95192", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T06:11:35.783", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T06:11:35.783", "last_editor_user_id": "10230", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Using AでB directly marks the time A of the event B. This means option D will\nimply that you had the thought (that the ハンバーグ was difficult to make) _after_\nmaking it, which doesn't make sense.\n\n> 作った後で思ったより難しくなかった。 It was more difficult than what I had thought after\n> making it.\n\nFor で・に to be used in this sentence, you would have to change it to 作る前.\n\n> 作る **前に** 思ったより難しくなかった。 It was more difficult than what I had thought before\n> making it.\n\nOf course, it still isn't a good choice because the first part of the sentence\nalready implies what you thought of before making it with the ~ていた form. So it\nis redundant.\n\nOn the other hand, Aてみると／てみたらB is appropriate because it is a phrase\nspecifically to mark that expression B is what you came to notice/what came\nabout as a result of verb A. It does not directly mark the time of B, but\nspecifies that B came as a result of A.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-28T16:09:25.007", "id": "95194", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T16:35:52.110", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T16:35:52.110", "last_editor_user_id": "41182", "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "95193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's more like the end of living together than the end of a relationship.\n\nIn this case, うち means \"house', and by extension, 'family'. So it's like\nsaying \"I'm leaving this house\" or \"I decided to stop living with you\". It\ndoesn't literally mean \"I don't consider you and I are a family/couple any\nmore\" (although it may sometimes be implied).\n\n私/僕はこのうちを出ます is typically said by a wife leaving her husband, a son leaving\nhis parents, etc. It presupposes that the speaker and the listener have lived\ntogether.\n\n(Strictly speaking, the quoted passage does not specify who the listener is,\nand it could be a third person, but it seems like under the most likely\nsituation the listener is the person(s) left behind.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-29T03:21:12.850", "id": "95199", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-03T03:29:58.513", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-03T03:29:58.513", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95195", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "# 僕は 彼の 兄です\n\nIt's safe to translate this as \"I am his brother\".\n\n## Question: Who are you?\n\nAnswer: 僕は 彼の 兄です = I am his brother\n\n## Question: How are you two related?\n\nAnswer: 僕は 彼の 兄です = I am his brother\n\n* * *\n\n# 僕は 彼の 兄 います\n\nThis is broken. It sounds like you're trying to say \"I am his brother\", but\nit's not a proper sentence.\n\n\"います\" has several meanings - I recommend you research the word and go over\nsome examples. One way of using います would be to explain that you **have**\nsomeone:\n\n## Question: Do you **have** a brother?\n\nAnswer: 僕には 兄が います (I **have** a brother)\n\n## Question: Do you **have** a boyfriend?\n\nAnswer: 僕には 彼氏が います (I **have** a BF)\n\nThe following are valid as a sentence:\n\n * 彼には 兄が います。それは 私です (He has a brother - that's me)\n * 彼には 私という 兄が います (He has a brother which is me)\n\n* * *\n\n# 僕は 彼の 兄で います\n\nThis is valid, but has a different message compared to the other examples. It\nsounds like you're saying \"I **will continue to be** his brother\".\n\n## Question: Could you **continue to be** his big bro until he finds a parent?\n\nAnswer: 彼が 大きくなるまで 僕は 彼の 兄で います (Until he grows up, I will **continue being**\nhis brother)\n\n## Question: Will you **remain** a Japanese citizen or switch to Canadian?\n\nAnswer: 私は 日本人で います (I will **stay** Japanese)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-28T18:28:32.170", "id": "95198", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-28T18:28:32.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "95196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The second interpretation is correct. The first one is pretty much impossible\nwith the quoted passage.\n\nOne key part is \"describe people\". 人を言う never means that, at least in modern\nJapanese. You would have to say 人のことを表現する, 人について言う, or something like that.\n\nAnother key part is the main predicate 言えない, which indicates that you are\ntalking about something binary - it's either 言える or 言えない. This is incompatible\nwith the usage of ほど in the first option, which describes the degree of\nsomething (continuous, not binary). If you want to use ほど to say _how large_\nthe difficulty of something is, you would probably want to use 言いにくい instead.\n\nIf I try to slightly rearrange the Japanese sentence to make it closer to the\nfirst interpretation, the best I can do is something like this:\n\n> 人については、本当に辛い事ほどに、言葉にしては言いにくいものだ\n\n(This is still awkward, but I think further rearrangement would make it look\nlike an entirely different sentence.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-29T09:35:27.097", "id": "95202", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-29T09:53:02.137", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-29T09:53:02.137", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think ずみ is the more common pronunciation.\n\nSince it is a very colloquial word, it can deviate from ordinary rules, but it\nseems reasonable to assume 連濁 happens just as in a proper word\n[部屋住み](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E5%B1%8B%E4%BD%8F%E3%81%BF).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T03:52:09.330", "id": "95213", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T03:52:09.330", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95201", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it's being used similarly to [this example Chocolate\nlinked](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/29650/51808)— so sort of in the\n\"about to be/do\" sense, but less a literal expression of time or intent and\nmore for dramatic emphasis.\n\nSo a natural English translation might be: \"Before I knew it / By the time I\nrealized/noticed, I'd [already] been repeating this cycle for several months\"\nor \"it was coming up on several months [of going in/out of the hospital]\".\n\nIf I'm correct with that (I'm not fluent yet, so I welcome corrections if I'm\nnot), 経とうとしていた serves to illustrate that despite hospitalization normally\nbeing quite a serious event, it happened so many times that the narrator\nbecame used to the cycle of going in and out over and over, and didn't even\nnotice how long it'd been.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-29T18:02:44.670", "id": "95206", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-29T18:02:44.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51808", "parent_id": "95203", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Let's look more closely at this 「音【ね】を上【あ】げない」.\n\nAs explained in the bilingual entry for the plain form 「音【ね】を上【あ】げる」 [here in\nWeblio](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%92%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B),\nthe basic sense is \"to give up\".\n\nHowever, as you note, this meaning is not immediately obvious from its\nconstituent parts -- a closer translation would be \"to raise a sound\", and\nthis doesn't connect in any clear way to the idiomatic meaning of \"to give\nup\".\n\nIf you can read Japanese, I've found the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 (NKD) to be an\ninvaluable resource for learning about term etymologies: derivations,\nhistorical sense development, and similar information. This dictionary is\nmonolingual, describing Japanese vocabulary for Japanese readers. It's the\nclosest I've found so far to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) for the level\nof detail. Not every entry in the NKD is as rich as in the OED, but it's still\npretty durn good. :)\n\nThe NKD entry for 「音【ね】を上【あ】げる」 is available for free online [here via\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%92%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B-594450#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8).\nThis lists two senses:\n\n> ① 泣【な】く際【さい】に声【こえ】を出【だ】して泣【な】く。泣【な】き声【ごえ】をあげる。 \n> (1) When crying, to use one's voice to cry. To emit a crying voice _(that\n> is, to cry audibly)_.\n\n_(Not a perfect translation by any means, but hopefully this conveys the basic\nideas.)_\n\nThis one doesn't explicitly say \"this is the derivation\", but this is\nbasically the derivation -- this is the key to unlocking the idiomatic\nmeaning.\n\n> ② 困難【こんなん】・苦難【くなん】に耐【た】えられず、声【こえ】をたてる。弱音【よわね】をはく。降参【こうさん】する。 \n> (2) To be unable to bear difficulty or suffering and to make a sound with\n> one's voice. To emit a whimper. To submit.\n\nI suspect this might be where Kanshudo's translation picked up the _\"\nconfronted with difficulties\"_ bit.\n\n→ At any rate, 「音【ね】を上【あ】げる」 might be best thought of as analogous to the\nalso-non-obvious English phrase, \"to cry (or say) uncle\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-29T17:41:31.077", "id": "95205", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T04:02:11.440", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T04:02:11.440", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "95204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "悪人 tends to refer directly to true gangs, criminals, tyrants and such. It's\nalmost synonymous with 悪党.\n\n悪い人 has a broader sense, and it may also refer to a sly person, a useless\nperson, a person with a significant fault, etc. Depending on the context, it\nis even used somewhat positively to praise a bold action.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T09:28:33.480", "id": "95216", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T09:28:33.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95207", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "私に漢字の勉強はとても楽しい is unnatural.\n\nyou might say 私に漢字の勉強はとてもいい活動だ\n\nSo no, the addition of a verb adds meaning that に on its own doesn't have. に\nis a very versatile particle because it makes the following verb interact with\na space or category. So in combination, に gives information to よる、とる、おく、etc.\nwhich then in turn modify the next verb phrase, while on its own, it directly\ninteracts with the next verb phrase, if that makes any sense.\n\nHowever, you are not completely wrong in the sense that the meaning of に\ndoesn't disappear when you combine it with a verb (that's what it does after\nall). But it's not that に has taken it's meaning from the expression with the\nadded verb.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T11:51:54.917", "id": "95217", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T11:52:32.893", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T11:52:32.893", "last_editor_user_id": "48769", "owner_user_id": "48769", "parent_id": "95208", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is [こうばいぶ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E9%83%A8-497121).\nApparently 購買部 is the correct one, literally meaning \"buying department\".\n\nAccording to [this chiebukuro\nanswer](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13106850633),\nsince 購 means \"to buy\", 購買 is the only possibility and means buying.\n\nPractically, こうばいぶ in a school is a small shop that sells sandwiches, pens,\nnotebooks, etc. Since it is a selling place, 購売部 may look natural but is an\ninstance where a wrong usage is familiarized.\n\n* * *\n\nAs a department in a company, 購買（部門） means _procurement_ (which was the term\nused in the company I was working for).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T02:25:19.010", "id": "95211", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T02:25:19.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95210", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "It should be 購買部, and 購売部 is plain wrong. And you are right, in a lot of words\n買 and 売 do share the same pronunciation バイ. 買 means to buy and 売 means to\nsell. There is even a word 売買{ばいばい} meaning trade (売り買い, literally both\nselling and buying). And that very fact may well have led to some people\nmistakenly writing 購売部, but unfortunately it simply doesn't make much sense.\n\n購買 is a Sino-Japanese word that dates back at least around 1,000 years. It is\na 漢語 that originally came from classical Chinese text. The reason that 購 only\ncollocates with 買 here not 売 is because the kanji 購 means to pay money and to\noffer something in exchange for something else, and 買 has more of an emphasis\non getting, receiving things. The two kanji word 購買 may sound a bit repetitive\nif you try and take it apart, but so do a lot of two kanji words. Also that's\nmuch less the case in classical text.\n\nSince the two kanji often share the same pronunciation, they have been mixed\nup by many people. Contemporary computer-reliant human species aside (most\nmembers of this species have lost the ability to write or spell correctly\nwithout the help of IMEs and autocorrect), even earlier writers made this\nmistake. [『精選版\n日本国語大辞典』](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E9%83%A8-497121) has\nthis example from\n[中野好夫](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%AB)\n\n> ある隷属国の悲劇（1955）〈中野好夫〉「会社の購売部から品物を前借しては」", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T02:32:52.360", "id": "95212", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T03:19:00.297", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T03:19:00.297", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "95210", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You are seeing the right question. 先 is a suffix that forms a noun that refers\nto a place. パート先 refers to one's workplace where they work part-time.\n\nThis の indicates パート先 and スーパー are in apposition, i.e., her workplace **is**\nthe supermarket. See: [What's the difference between 日本人の学生 and 日本の学生\n?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40892/5010)\n\nWithout 先, パートのスーパー doesn't make much sense because \"part time job\" is not a\n\"supermarket\" itself. Of course \"part time job\" cannot own a supermarket,\neither. In reality, パートのスーパー, バイトのピザ屋 and so on might be sometimes used if\nyou're speaking very informally and there is enough context, but it's normally\nsafer to add 先.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T09:00:46.507", "id": "95215", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T09:00:46.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "(Posting as an answer rather than a comment)\n\nI think 「（名前くらいは）聞いたことがあるような」 may work, 'I feel as if I've heard of [the name]\nbefore'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T15:04:12.920", "id": "95219", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-30T15:20:19.007", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-30T15:20:19.007", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "95218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think that a potential match for what you are looking for is the following:\n\n>\n> [ピンと来る](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%B4%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8%E6%9D%A5%E3%82%8B)\n\nThe third or fourth definition linked is probably what you are looking for.\n\n[ピンと](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8) translates to\n'intuitively', and of course [来る](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9D%A5%E3%82%8B)\ntranslates to 'come'. While the literal translation of `to intuitively come`\ndoesn't quite have the same ring to the English idiom, it carries essentially\nthe same meaning as `to ring a bell` in some but not all cases.\n\nAs @naruto has noted below, ピンと来る is a little bit stronger than 'i'm unsure,\nbut that sounds familiar.' Rather, the Japanese implies a sudden and more\ncomplete understanding of the situation. It isn't as wishy-washy as 'it rings\na bell'. There's definitely some overlap, but the phrases are _not_ one to\none.\n\nSo with the assumption that I know and am familiar with series in question,\nhere's how I would answer the question.\n\n> 聞いたら、ピンと来ますよ。 \n> Now that I hear it, it does ring a bell.\n\n[Here](https://nihongomaster.com/japanese/dictionary/word/10036/pintokuru) are\na few more usage examples.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-30T18:54:01.227", "id": "95222", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T13:25:45.623", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-01T13:25:45.623", "last_editor_user_id": "22352", "owner_user_id": "22352", "parent_id": "95218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is ねんねん.\n\nAs an additional comment, ねんねん is the more common in the first place. And you\ncan most probably always read 年々 as ねんねん if it is not followed by particles.\n\nA example of 年々{としどし} is like:\n\n * 収入はその年年で変わる The income changes each year.\n\nwhich could be 収入は年年{としどし}変わる with some elements dropped.\n\nGenerally ねんねん is used when referring to monotone change (usually\nincrease/decrease) whereas としどし is for fluctuations. Possibly comparable to\nEnglish _year by year_ vs _from year to year_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T08:01:53.983", "id": "95236", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T08:01:53.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is something you encounter exclusively in writing. In that sense, it is\nneither unnatural nor incorrect.\n\nIt could be comparable to English _regarding, as for_.\n\nThe 「特定の文字体系のもとにある文字について、それぞれの字体が一貫した特徴と独自の様式を備えた字形として、表現されている」 part alone\nliterally translates like\n\n> Regarding 特定の文字体系のもとにある文字, each 字体 is represented as 一貫した特徴と独自の様式を備えた字形\n\nAnother difficulty may be that the above structure must be drastically changed\ndue to the last ものをいう if you really want to translate it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T08:49:06.753", "id": "95239", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T08:49:06.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> Grammatically, 見て取れる=見て+取る and れる means “able,possible”\n\n“見て取る”\n\n見て、直観的に知る。見破る。 (from dictionary of 新明解国語辞典) To see and know intuitively. To\nsee through.\n\nBy the way,I think Japanese language leaner should use 新明解 (shinmeikai) which\nis famous Japanese dictionary. Because this dictionary explains word\ndefinitions so deeply and exquisitely compared with other ones.\n\nSo when you want to look up any Japanese word again, I recommend to use that\ndictionary.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-12T08:01:27.413", "id": "95367", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-12T08:07:28.150", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-12T08:07:28.150", "last_editor_user_id": "51900", "owner_user_id": "51900", "parent_id": "95224", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[古文](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87/#jn-81561) means the\nfollowing:\n\n> １ 江戸時代以前の文。また、高等学校国語科の古典教材中、江戸時代までの国文の称。\n>\n> ２ 唐以後、四六駢儷体 (べんれいたい) （四六文）に対して、秦漢以前の経史子家の用いたような散文の文体。\n>\n> ３ 《「文」は、文字の意》中国、先秦時代に使われていた文字の書体で、大篆 (だいてん) 以外のもの。漢代に通行した隷書を今文 (きんぶん)\n> とよぶのに対していう。→今文 (きんぶん)\n\nIn the context of Japanese language, it means 1. So essentially it is a school\nsubject like English or Math. As the definition says, it deals with Japanese\nof 10C-19C.\n\nOn the other hand, the Japanese language is historically divided into\n\n * [上代日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E) up to around late 8th century\n * [中古日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E) up to late 11th century\n * [中世日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E) up to 17th century\n * [近世日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E) up to middle 19th century.\n\nThese distinctions are mostly academic, and not mentioned or at least not\nemphasized in 古文 as a school subject (i.e., up to high school).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T00:46:34.557", "id": "95230", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T00:46:34.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95225", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it is partially opinion-based, but the answer is no. Generally it is\nnot possible to infer the stroke order from a glyph on the screen.\n\nYou can think in the reverse. If it were (always) possible to infer the order,\nthere would be no questions on exams asking for the stroke order.\n\nThat said, probably 90% (or a bit less) of the stroke order is obvious for\nnative speakers.\n\n* * *\n\nAlso note that the stroke order is controversial in some ways.\n[This](https://bowl-pink.com/post-542/) mentions some characters with multiple\nstroke orders.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T00:56:54.110", "id": "95231", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T00:56:54.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95226", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Theoretically speaking, if you are only going to read or write kanji like a\ncomputer san-serif font, a wrong stroke order may not severely hurt\nreadability. But the subtle nuances of each line ending are generally\nconsidered important even when writing in non-cursive style using a ball-point\npen. Please take a look at [this\nvideo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyCUOOfWjj4). See the following\nquestions, too:\n\n * [Reversing stroke direction in kanji for left-handed writing](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82961/5010)\n * [Sharp vs rounded (tomed) vertical stroke in kanjis](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72562/5010)\n\nNote that (semi-)cursive style is not just for calligraphy brushes. For\nexample, the following was written by a Japanese physician with a perfectly\nmodern ball-point pen:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AIwSR.png) \n[(source)](https://twitter.com/lilykazue/status/903900875474616320)\n\nThis says BP不安定につき降圧剤追加 (\"blood pressure unstable, (will) increase\nantihypertensive\"). This handwriting is definitely messy, and is nowhere near\nbeautiful semi-cursive characters found in textbooks or art books. But I still\ncan read this without difficulty, and it's because this person wrote this at\nleast respecting the correct stroke order! Many real Japanese handwritten\ntexts are like this, so some knowledge about correct stroke order (and semi-\ncursive style) is important even in modern Japan.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T04:13:58.143", "id": "95234", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T05:09:24.130", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-01T05:09:24.130", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95226", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This English adjective has several meanings. The correct Japanese translation\ndepends on the intended meaning:\n\n 1. _concrete_ (as opposed to _wooden_ , _metallic_ , etc.): コンクリートの \n\n> コンクリートの壁 \n> concrete walls\n\n 2. _concrete_ (as opposed to _abstract_ , _vague_ ): 具体的な \n\n> 具体的な提案 \n> a concrete proposal\n\n 3. _concrete_ (as opposed to _intangible_ , _imaginary_ ): 形がある・有形の・実体がある \n\n> 石のような形がある物体 \n> concrete objects like stones\n\n 4. _concrete_ (in programming contexts): 具象 \n\n> インターフェースとそれを実装する具象クラス \n> an interface and a concrete class that implements it\n\nIf you want to say something like \"consistent and legitimate\n(opinion/explanation)\", しっかりした意見/説明 can be used, too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T03:14:34.397", "id": "95233", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T03:23:55.520", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-01T03:23:55.520", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This sentence means he physically got closer to her, but the event is\ndescribed from the viewpoint of her. If the viewpoint is him, 紅緒に歩みよっていった少尉は\nis equally possible.\n\nBasically it's just a matter of the location of an imaginary \"camera\". It may\nlook slightly more dramatic or subjective than 紅緒に歩みよった少尉は (described from a\nplain third-person viewpoint), but くる/いく is a very common Japanese subsidiary\nverb, anyway. Usually you don't have to expect a deep message from the author\nis contained in it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T02:37:52.957", "id": "95232", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T02:37:52.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95228", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally, the following can be used similarly in negative/positive\nstatements.\n\n * {しか,より}ない\n * ほか({に,は})ない\n * よりほか({に,は})ない\n * ほか(に)しかた(が)ない\n * よりしかた(が)ない\n * よりほか(に)しかた(が)ない\n\nSome are more common than others. I guess looking at web resources\n([1](https://nihongokyoshi-net.com/2018/07/04/jlptn3-grammar-shikanai-\nhokanai/), [2](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=3535),\n[3](https://tanosuke.com/n2-yorihokanai), for example) shows which are more\ncommon.\n\nFor your question, I think it is ok, but perhaps slightly odd. My feeling is\nthat it is more natural as a objective comment rather than an emotional phrase\nin the question. For example, \"今回の不祥事は学校の恥と申し上げるほかありません\" would be natural\nenough.\n\nRegarding the difference among variants, I think they are mostly\ninterchangeable but those with しかたがない may sound odd depending on the meaning.\nBasically it adds a sense of giving up. For example\n\n 1. [大谷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani)の活躍は見事というほかない\n 2. 大谷の活躍は見事というほか仕方ない\n\n1 sounds simply praising Ohtani's performance whereas 2 is likely to be said\nby someone who is negatively affected by his good performance, e.g. players in\nthe other teams.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother phrase worth noting is ざるを得ない.\n\n * [よりほか(は)ない／ざるを得ない の解説 - 小学館 類語例解辞典](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17301/meaning/m0u/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-04T01:47:54.523", "id": "95263", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-04T13:00:29.797", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-04T13:00:29.797", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95235", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "巻き is a 業界用語 that means 予定時間より早いこと (earlier/faster than planned).\n\nIts verb form is 巻く.\n\nThese are used (usually in 撮影, 放送, イベント etc.) this way:\n\n> 巻きでお願いします。 (≈ 速めにお願いします・急いでください) \n> 今日は巻いてる。 (≈ 予定より早めに進んでいる)\n\nIts antonym is 押す.\n\n> 今日は押してる。 (≈ 予定より遅れている) \n> ５分押してます。 (≈ 予定より５分遅れている)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T08:40:02.147", "id": "95238", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T08:40:02.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "95237", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Xに憧れる sometimes implies \"to wish to be like\", depending on contexts. I think\nthe particular case is within the spectrum of its meaning, so it is not\nparticularly a translation matter.\n\nAt the bottom, Xに憧れる means \"the subject thinks X is ideal\". Whether or not the\nsubject wants to be/have X depends on context.\n\nFor example assume 先輩 is a beautiful girl. If the speaker is a girl, 先輩に憧れる\nwould usually means \"I wish I could be like 先輩\"; if the subject is a boy, it\nusually means \"I long for 先輩\". Both shares the basic \"先輩 is an ideal woman\".\n\nAlso, it could be the case that the speaker does not long for X thinking it is\nideal. Continuing the above, a boy could say \"先輩に憧れる\" just meaning \"I admire\n先輩\", that is, without any implication that he loves her.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother example pair.\n\n * ヨーロッパで暮らすことに憧れる I long for living in Europe\n * ヨーロッパで暮らすことに憧れるけど、日本のほうが楽だ I think living in Europe would be nice, but being in Japan is easier.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T22:29:43.517", "id": "95246", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T22:29:43.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95240", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "～てくれ is an imperative form that's stronger than ～てください or ～て, but a little\nweaker than the plain imperative (飲め). と here is the same quotative と as in\n～という. You can think of this sentence as saying something like\n\n> 好きなだけ飲んでくれ **と言っているかのように** 、庭に置かれた酒の大樽\n\n> There was a cask of spirits in the garden, _as if they were telling us_ to\n> drink as much as we like.\n\nNote that this is not grammatically an abbreviation, I believe. Additionally 酒\ncan refer to any alcoholic drink and not just the one we call sake in English\n(日本酒).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T13:05:11.183", "id": "95243", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-02T02:52:34.283", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-02T02:52:34.283", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "95242", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I suppose 必殺技 can be used in a broader sense, but still in some sort of\nfighting/beating context.\n\nFor example, consider someone is a expert of specific technology (e.g. a\nparticular technique of machine learning) and s/he uses it to solve a problem.\nThen one could say 彼(女)は必殺技で問題を解決した.\n\nI guess making perfectly crispy roast potatoes itself is unlikely to be called\na 必殺技. Rather, if it involves some techniques (right amount of oil, using\nsomething unusual etc.), then those could be called a 必殺技 (for beating the\ntask of making roast potatoes).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-01T22:12:45.513", "id": "95245", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-01T22:12:45.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95244", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It's the archaic hiragana, 'we.' It was declared obsolete after WWII but when\nit is rarely used it's usually read the same as え. I think it's meant to mean\nへ is this context, just dressed up. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_(kana)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-16T11:43:40.163", "id": "96685", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-16T11:43:40.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50360", "parent_id": "95247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "学校が/は市の保健所に通報しました is possible and means mostly the same. As to why not just\nsay 学校が/は, I think there are at least two things. 1) As you mentioned,\n学校/'school' is inanimate. It's not impossible to let an inanimate thing be the\nsubject of an action (like 通報する) , but there is a certain tendency to avoid\nthat. 2) 学校が/は will make it sound like an external observer is speaking, like\na journalist, not 'we'='school'. Again, I think this is merely a tendency,\nthough.\n\nHere is a similar example from\n<https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/midstudy.html>\n\n> 温暖化対策の中期目標（2020年どれだけ削減するか）について **政府で** 検討をしています。\n\nThis is from a government website. If it was 政府が, it would sound _a bit_ more\nlike someone other than the government is reporting it.\n\nI don't think this is in the same category as 二人で. If you compare AとBは二人で通報した\nand AとBは学校で通報した, the latter can only be read as using 学校で as location. (In\nother words, the subject-like interpretation becomes impossible.) I think in a\nsense the 学校で in this question replaces a subject, but 二人で doesn't.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-03T02:40:14.090", "id": "95252", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-03T02:40:14.090", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95249", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "かます is not a verb with a specific meaning, but rather a verb that is used\nintstead of やる/言う/放つ/etc and makes the sentence sound slangy, rough or dirty.\nIt's typically used with a bold/offensive action and carries a nuance similar\nto \"blow/bust\", although these words may not be applicable in your case. Here,\nテキトーかます is just a dirty version of テキトーにやる or テキトーに扱う.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-03T06:26:54.420", "id": "95253", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-03T06:40:21.527", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-03T06:40:21.527", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A is staring at me ,with her eyes looking up from below which it looks like A\nis covering something with his entire body.\n\n> 覆う（おおう） cover with something かぶさる means to be covered with something 覆う+かぶさる\n> → 覆いかぶさる (Compound verb 複合動詞)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-12T07:11:16.870", "id": "95364", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-12T07:16:17.397", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-12T07:16:17.397", "last_editor_user_id": "51900", "owner_user_id": "51900", "parent_id": "95251", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> カードは人の物も使える\n\nI understand it as...\n\n_lit._ Speaking of cards, (we/you) can use other people's (cards) as well.\n\n人 here means \"others\" ie \"other players\". \nThe の is the genitive case (possession). \n物 refers to カード.\n\nA similar example from the web:\n\n> 「クレジットカードはご家族のものでもかまいません。」", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-03T08:35:37.873", "id": "95255", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-03T08:45:51.927", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-03T08:45:51.927", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "95254", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it's just left to the reader's imagination, nothing more. In this\ncase, the phrase in the linked article is followed by the description of how a\nchestnut (栗) breeder worked on improving his strains, and which lets me\nimagine verbs like 生み出す, 実現する, etc. But that's only after I read the rest of\nthe passage.\n\nIf it was a catch copy on an advertisement of a sweet or something, I might\nimagine other verbs like 味わう instead.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-03T12:32:31.090", "id": "95258", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-03T12:32:31.090", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95256", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 類語 (literally \"group word\") is what you are looking for. 類語 is often\nused loosely, and it often has a broader sense than 同義語 (\"synonym\"). For\nexample, I hesitate to say 返す and 返る are 同義語 because they are almost never\ninterchangeable, but I believe it's safe to say they are 類語. Even antonyms\nlike 男/女 may be called 類語, too.\n\nI don't think there is an authoritative list of 類語 maintained by the\ngovernment or a university, but there are a number of commercially-available\nJapanese thesauri. Taishukan's [日本語シソーラス 類語検索辞典\n第2版](https://www.taishukan.co.jp/book/b227389.html) is one of the most recent.\n\nAs far as meaning is concerned, 手, 本 and 手本 are unrelated words. If you are\nlooking for lists of words sharing the same kanji, try some\n[漢和辞典](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/89126/5010). On the other hand,\nあす, みょうにち and あした are undoubtedly 類語 (as well as 同義語) because they all mean\n\"tomorrow\".\n\n**EDIT:** If you're looking for a word that specifically refers to \"words that\nshare the same etymology (but don't necessary share the same meaning today)\",\n[**同根語**](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B9%E8%AA%9E)\n(cognates; literally \"same root word\") is the term for that concept. But note\nthat, while this is an interesting topic for linguists, it's not necessarily\nso for ordinary language learners.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-03T22:13:42.833", "id": "95261", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-04T23:57:30.443", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-04T23:57:30.443", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95257", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It sounds like you're talking in part about approaches to organize your own\nefforts in studying and understanding the language.\n\nAs [naruto](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/5010/) notes, there are a\ncouple different terms that you could use to talk about or search for these\nkinds of terms:\n\n * [同根語【どうこんご】](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B9%E8%AA%9E) (Weblio bilingual entry), literally \"same + root + word/language\", meaning \"cognate term\".\n * [同系語【どうけいご】](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%90%8C%E7%B3%BB%E8%AA%9E-164113) (Kotobank, in Japanese), literally \"same + thread + word/language\", meaning \"cognate language\" → also used colloquially to mean \"cognate term\", while in academic resources, this appears to refer to related languages coming from the same proto roots, such as Spanish and French both arising out of Latin.\n * Possibly also, 語源的【ごげんてき】に関係【かんけい】ある言葉【ことば】, literally \"etymologically + related + words\". This is a long phrase, more something you'd use when talking to people than something you could usefully google for.\n\nThat said, when it comes to your own research and _\" how to sort words as\neffectively as possible\"_, I'd advise looking for roots. Japanese verbs have\nhistorically been very productive, with various aspect and other suffixes\ngiving rise to a rich and nuanced vocabulary. When looking at verbs, the core\nstem or root is usually the first two morae: start there, and see if that\nopens any further doors.\n\nOver time, you'll come to recognize more and more of the various suffixes\n(often called \"auxiliaries\" or 助動詞【じょどうし】 – see also [the Japanese Wikipedia\npage](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E_\\(%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95\\))),\nthings like ～う (from older ～ふ), indicating repeated or ongoing action or state\n(and derivatives ～わる・～える); ～む and ～ぶ, indicating that something \"looks like /\nseems like / behaves like / becomes like\" something else (and derivatives\n～まる・～める・～びる); or ～す, indicating a transitive or causative sense (and\nderivatives ～せる・～させる).\n\nFrom there, you're off to the races, as it were -- you'll be equipped to see\nhow words break down, like あらわれる arising from copula (\"to be\" verb) あり +\niterative / repetitive ふ + passive / spontaneous れる: \"to be coming into being\non its own → to appear, to become manifest\". Or あつめる arising from adjective\nstem あつ (\"thick, dense\") + \"becomes like\" む + shifted to transitive ending\n～える.\n\nHappy digging!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T19:37:47.873", "id": "95296", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-03T07:09:49.347", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-03T07:09:49.347", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "95257", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "“4 people in a cabin”\n\nThis sentence means “小さなゴンドラにいる四人” in Japanese.\n\n“4 people who are in a cabin” it means 小さなゴンドラにいる4人 as well.\n\n「に」this word doesn’t have that meaning like ある、いる\n\n小さなゴンドラに四人 it means also “4 people in a cabin” This type of grammar is called\n**体言止め (Taigendome)** This grammar is to make sentence with noun or pronoun at\nthe end of the sentence. This technique is used to make sentences more\nrhythmical and shorter.\n\nEx normal version:\n\n> A “旅行はどうだったの？” \n> How was your trip?\n>\n> B “小さなゴンドラに4人いたから、狭くて、嫌になっちゃったよ。” \n> There were 4 people in a cabin and it was cramped. So I was fed up with it.\n\n体言止め version :\n\n> A “旅行はどうだったの？” \n> How was your trip?\n>\n> B “ **小さなゴンドラに4人** 、狭くて、嫌になっちゃったよ。” \n> There were 4 people in a cabin and it was cramped. So I was fed up with it.\n\nEx2 normal version\n\n> ドアをあけ、前を見たら、そこには綺麗な景色がありました。私はすぐに写真を撮りました。 \n> After I opened the door and looked forward ,there were so beautiful view.\n> So I took a picture immediately.\n\n体言止め version\n\n> ドアをあけ、前を見たら、 **そこには綺麗な景色** 。私はすぐに写真を撮りました。 \n> After I opened the door and looked forward ,there were so beautiful view.\n> So I took a picture immediately.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-12T14:48:03.417", "id": "95371", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-01T06:19:39.657", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-01T06:19:39.657", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "51900", "parent_id": "95259", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it’s a translation for 文型, a term often used in the Japanese education\nas a second/foreign language (as well as in the English education in Japan).\n\n> ぶんけい【文型】\n>\n> 語や語群が文中でどのように配置されているかを，文の構造や語句の機能の上から形式化して分類した文の型。\n\nFor example, learners are taught the following as two different 文型.\n\n> ＿＿＿に ＿＿＿が あります。\n\n> ＿＿＿は ＿＿＿に あります。\n\nThe difference could be very difficult to teach without introducing these\n“sentence patterns.” You would have to explain how が and は are different, how\nword order changes the focus of the sentence, etc., but that would put off\nmost beginners.\n\nThe learners are advised to memorize these patterns as they are without\nworrying too much about individual pieces. That’s despite the fact that the\nfollowing “patterns” are also possible.\n\n> ＿＿＿が ＿＿＿に あります。\n\n> ＿＿＿に ＿＿＿は あります。\n\nThe apparent popularity of publications on “sentence patterns” may be a\nreflection of this tendency, or tradition, in the Japanese education as a\nsecond/foreign language.\n\n文型 in English (as taught in Japan) are much more limited. They mostly\ncorrespond to such basic patterns as SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, and SVOC.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-05T06:22:42.467", "id": "95273", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-05T06:37:07.670", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-05T06:37:07.670", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "95260", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the words on the left side are 水間寺主 東光坊春聽 (\"the head of Mizuma-dera\ntemple, Toukou-bou-shuncho\"). [Mizuma-dera's official\nwebsite](https://mizumadera.or.jp/history/) says 今春聴東光 had been the head of\nMizuma-dera from Showa 36 to Showa 48 (from A.D. 1961 to A.D. 1973). I guess\n東光坊春聽 and 今春聴東光 are the same man,\n[今東光](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%9D%B1%E5%85%89), but I could\nfind no evidence.\n\nAnd also, [as Chocolate\nsays](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/95262/what-are-these-kanji-\nimage/95305#comment155214_95262), the middle kanji in the three main kanjis is\npossibly 無, and these kanjis are to be read from right to left (the Japanese\nlanguage was written from right to left in the old days). Then these kanjis\nare 施無畏{せむい}. It's a little hard for me to exactly explain what this word\nmeans due to my ignorance of Buddhism and my English skill, but it seems that\n施無畏 means \"Not to harm the other person and not to cause fear.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-07T06:27:02.667", "id": "95305", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-07T07:25:54.257", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-07T07:25:54.257", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "38613", "parent_id": "95262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "If the character speaks roughly, it is likely to be だ+し+よう, where\n\n * だ is the auxiliary verb for assertion\n * [し](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%97/#jn-92431) is a particle indicating reason (def #3)\n * よう is a prolonged version of [よ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%88/#jn-226011), ending particle for emphasis.\n\nYour interpretation should be correct.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-04T09:40:20.713", "id": "95266", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-04T09:40:20.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95265", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> Then I learn that \"omae wa mou shinde iru\" is not \"you are dying\" but \"you\n> are dead\" (btw would I be right in saying \"shinu\" is more of \"to be dead\"\n> than \"to die\"?)\n\n死ぬ means \"to die\", and yet 死んでいる means \"to be dead\" rather than \"to be dying\".\nSee [When is Vている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation\nof state?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/16052)\n\n* * *\n\nThis is only my take as a fellow learner:\n\n> If I were to die, \n> then as long as there is someone who sheds tears (for me), \n> their tears would stir awake my pulse, \n> (that pulse being) the trembling proof (of my existence).\n\nI think a lot of interpretations are possible, but the idea that “you're kept\nalive in the memory of others” is a common one, and “the singer's heartbeat\ncontinuing after death when stirred by the tears of others” seems to be a\nmetaphor for this.\n\nGrammatically, I think 震え上がる証を is a sort of “restatement of 鼓動を in\nafterthought” — the pulse _is_ the proof — so both are direct object of 揺らす.\n\nWhen the object of a verb is stated (here, restated) _after_ the verb like\nthis, it's called [倒置法]{とうちほう} (anastrophe). It seems to be [common in song\nlyrics](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/62379/%e8%aa%b0%e3%81%8c%e6%ad%a2%e3%82%81%e3%82%8b%e3%81%a8%e3%81%84%e3%81%86%e3%81%ae-%e5%bf%83%e3%81%8c%e5%8f%ab%e3%82%93%e3%81%a0%e5%a3%b0%e3%82%92).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-05T21:02:31.610", "id": "95282", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-05T21:02:31.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16052", "parent_id": "95268", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is at least not common in the modern usage (BCCWJ Shonagon returns 0\nresults for どうあるものか).\n\nI (and most native readers) would read it as something like なにがあるものか = what\nwill there be = what will happen, which is a rhetorical negative sentence\n_there will be nothing_ , or _it is no big deal_.\n\n* * *\n\nThe same question is asked in\n[chiebukuro](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10154158785),\nwhere the answer says it means \"I don't care\".\n\n> どうあるものか＝どうということがあろうか（反語）＝どうってことない＝へっちゃらだ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-07T09:42:40.713", "id": "95307", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-07T09:42:40.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95274", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct.\n\nStrictly speaking, it is the definition #2 from\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%85%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%BE%BA/):\n\n> その程度。それくらい。「―でやめたほうがいい」\n\nThe [ね](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AD/#jn-169590) is an ending\nparticle for assertion (def #3).\n\n* * *\n\nI'm not sure how idiomatic it is, but \"you guys should stop there\" may work\nalso in English.\n\n* * *\n\n[このへん](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%AD%A4%E3%81%AE%E8%BE%BA/#jn-81093)\nhas a similar meaning.\n\n> ２ この程度。「―で打ち切ろう」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T03:46:58.427", "id": "95287", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-06T03:46:58.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "95275", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In Japanese, フェミニスト often referred to a male person who is kind, gallant and\ncourteous to ladies, in which case the word had little to do with political\nmovements or social rights. All the three monolingual dictionaries I checked\nhave a definition like 女性を大切に扱う男性, and one of them explicitly says this is a\nJapanese-only meaning of the word. However, as Wiktionary says, I feel this is\na dated meaning typically found in novels written in more than 50 years ago.\nAnyway, the word has never had a meaning like womanizer or playboy.\n\nI hesitate to say this, but in the last few decades, the word フェミニスト (or フェミ\nfor short) has become a fairly negative word in Japanese. As you can see by\n[searching for フェミ on\nTwitter](https://twitter.com/search?q=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F&f=live),\npeople very often use this as a derogatory term that refers to women who look\ndown on men, women who blame men for every social problem, women who bothers\neven other women by trying to protect women's rights, women who hate all sorts\nof pornographic materials involving women, and so on.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-05T17:47:43.363", "id": "95279", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-06T00:14:47.400", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-06T00:14:47.400", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95276", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think it's unlikely. Going from \"chivalrous man\" to \"womanizer\" seems a bit\nof a stretch.\n\nIt appears that it most commonly just means 'feminist' based on what I observe\nin the majority of the search results I find in\n[少納言](https://shonagon.ninjal.ac.jp/), a balanced corpus. The corpus doesn't\nseem to include many quotes from young people, though - the youngest in these\nresults is someone born in the 1970s. On the other hand, the quotes themselves\nare not exactly old - the time span is 1988-2008.\n\nThe other usages are present, too, but I think they are secondary.\n\nInterestingly, the quote below suggests that the \"chivalrous man\" usage was\nalready considered wrong decades ago.\n\n> 「フェミニスト」イコール「女に優しい軟弱な男」イコール「女に優しい軟弱な男」、という常識的な誤りさえ知っていたかどうか怪しい --\n> 松本侑子『私の本棚』（1993）\n\nI would say the secondary usages of フェミニスト for \"chivalrous man\" and \"feminazi\"\nare less representative or at least context-dependent. Also, internet usage\ndoes not necessarily represent how people write and talk elsewhere. フェミ might\nbe pejorative but that's not too different from how \"libs\" might be used\npejoratively more often than \"liberals\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T10:13:18.557", "id": "95290", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-07T03:59:52.543", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-07T03:59:52.543", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "95276", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This question is closely related: [What is the difference in usage between a\nplural using (a) the kanji repetition character 々, (b) a plural using -たち, and\n(c) the singular?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/8105/5010)\n\nIn an RPG, 猫の耳 should almost always be sufficient. Whether it's one ear or a\npair of ears does not matter in most cases. But in a very rare situation where\n\"cat's ear\" and \"cat's ears\" must be distinguished as two different types of\nitem in an inventry, you can use\n猫の[片耳](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%89%87%E8%80%B3) and\n猫の[両耳](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%B8%A1%E8%80%B3). These are the words you\nhave to remember and use when you want to specify whether something (e.g., a\nmedical trouble) is only about one ear or about both ears. If this is about \"a\nrose\" vs \"roses\", these can be distinsuished like 一輪のバラ and バラの花束. As the\nlinked article points out, there is no one strategy to specify plurarity in\nJapanese, so you have to get used to several patterns.\n\nDefiniteness of the subject of a sentence is specified using が/は (see: [What's\nthe difference between wa (は) and ga\n(が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010)). Definiteness of an\nobject can be explicitly specified if you really need to, too. For example,\nyou can say ある猫 (\"a certain cat\"), その猫 (\"the cat\"), 例の猫 (\"that cat (you\nknow)\"), etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T05:39:20.570", "id": "95289", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-06T05:39:20.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95277", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I am simply learning Japanese, so I don't claim to know for sure; but Tae Kim\nhas [a good article](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/particlesintro)\non this topic.\n\nBased on this, I would suggest:\n\n犬は死んだ -- The dog died\n\n犬が死んだ -- The dog is the one that died.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-05T21:33:52.113", "id": "95283", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-05T23:07:03.150", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-05T23:07:03.150", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "51811", "parent_id": "95278", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Another way to think about the difference is to view them as answers to\nparticular (albeit nonexistent) questions:\n\n * 犬[は]{L}死んだ (\"The dog died\") could be an answer to the question \"What happened to the dog?\" (犬に何が起こった？)\n * 犬[が]{L}死んだ (\"(It was) The dog (that) died\") would answer the question \"What (was the thing that) died?\" (何が死んだ？)\n\nNotice that the focus is different in each question (and therefore, the\nanswers too). The first is focusing an event surrounding the dog; the second,\non the details surrounding a death. @InTheProgress also mentions this at the\nstart of their 2nd paragraph.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-05T21:56:42.033", "id": "95284", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-05T21:56:42.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "95278", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Unfortunately, you cannot simply think \"は is _the_ and が is _a(n)_ \". This may\nsound confusing, but \"The dog died\" has to be translated into Japanese either\nas 犬は死んだ or 犬が死んだ depending on the context, even in a situation where everyone\nknows which dog \" _the_ dog\" refers to.\n\nFor example, let's say you and your family recently bought a dog from a pet\nstore but have not yet given it a name. If that dog suddenly died today, you\nhave to call your family at work and say \"犬が死んだ!\" using が. If you used は in\nthis situation, you would sound awfully unnatural. For the reason, please read\nthe following questions.\n\n * [Why is this sentence ungrammatical? 「お寺が公園のとなりです。」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68923/5010)\n * [Why does 「電話は切れた」 sound more adversarial than 「電話が切れた」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38639/5010)\n * [In this dialogue, why is は used in the question, but が in the answer?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43213/5010)\n\nが has another usage known as exhaustive-listing, so \"It's the dog (but not\nthat cat) that died\" is one of the possible interpretatins of 犬が死んだ. But\nopportunities to say something like this would be very limited, of course.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T01:00:34.923", "id": "95285", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-06T01:23:18.730", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-06T01:23:18.730", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95278", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The ultimate origin of チキチキ is [_Chitty Chitty Bang\nBang_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang) (1968; チキチキバンバン\nin Japanese). The \"Chitty Chitty\" part was somehow reused in the name of the\nJapanese adoption of [_Wacky\nRaces_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacky_Races_\\(1968_TV_series\\)). See\n[チキチキマシン猛レース](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E7%8C%9B%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9)\n(1970). The program became popular, and many parodies were created. Since\nthen, Japanese people started to vaguely recognize チキチキ as a prefix randomly\nadded to things related to races, competitions or \"going forward\", hence\nチキチキツアー. Today, チキチキ has no specific meaning except that it makes the name\nsound like a variety show on TV.\n\nSee also: [「チキチキ」の意味と使い方・語源](https://tap-biz.jp/lifestyle/word-\nmeaning/1031934)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-06T02:04:00.057", "id": "95286", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-06T02:38:17.083", "last_edit_date": "2022-07-06T02:38:17.083", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95281", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Besides [ごばん]{LHH}, [さんばん]{LHHH} (or [さんばん]{HHHH} in practice) is also 平板.\n(See [this](https://accent.u-biq.org/counter3.html))\n\nWhen two or more numbers are read together, they may be put in one pitch\ncontour that follows either of the following patterns.\n\n * [□□□…□□ばん]{LHHHHLLL}, if the last number is さん, よん, きゅう or じゅう\n * [□□□…□□ばん]{LHHHHHLL}, otherwise\n\n#3 and #6 are typical cases of that.\n\nよんばんろくばん and さんばんななばん in #2 are basically the same, except he pronounces the\nsecond number in each pair more or less retaining its original accent.\n\n#1, #4 and #5 are 関西弁. She says [ろくばんななばん]{HHHHHLLL}. If she says\n[ろくばん]{LHLL}, she is mixing 標準語. The standard pronunciation in 関西弁 is\n[ろくばん]{HLLL}. Keeping it high to connect to the next number is the same as in\n標準語.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-07T05:37:05.620", "id": "95304", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-07T05:37:05.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "95288", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A te-form is just a mild \"and\". It's natural to combine a te-form and そして (or\nそれから, その後に) if you want to emphasize the order, like you say \"..., and then\n...\" or \"..., and after that, ...\" in English.\n\nOn the other hand, it sounds strange to use both -した後 and そして at the same time\n(\"after I posted, and then\" sounds strange in English, too).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-07-07T03:30:04.687", "id": "95303", "last_activity_date": "2022-07-07T03:30:04.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "95291", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]