Datasets:

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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

like 2

[ { "body": "Theし is indeed 連体形 (pre-noun form) of the auxiliary き, meaning past. The\nphrase means 愛され **た** 王のために in modern version, which is literally _the king\nwho was loved_ or _the loved king_ , the latter of which in turn can be\ntranslated as 愛されている王.\n\nSo grammatically you are correct. 愛された or 愛されている is a matter of translation.\n愛された sounds like the king is dead or the fact of being loved is past (like\n_the king who used to be loved_.\n\nCf.\n[「き・けり」](https://www.kotenbunpou.com/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E/%E3%81%8D-%E3%81%91%E3%82%8A/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T00:27:03.737", "id": "98447", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T00:27:03.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98441", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, as you understand it correctly 問い合わせ is the noun corresponding to 問い合わせる.\n\nIt can be seen as 問い合わせをする with (を)する dropped, just like 表示(する) or 削除(する). It\nis common in instructions/commands possibly because it is more succinct (other\nexamples: ここをクリック, ウェブで検索 etc.).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T01:01:01.073", "id": "98449", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T01:01:01.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98445", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Practically it is a way to say _let's go to bed together_. Literally it means\n_let's do a good thing_ and the good thing is a euphemism for sexual act (\n_good_ being interpreted as pleasure).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T00:50:27.977", "id": "98448", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T00:50:27.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98446", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. ぶん can be replaced by だけ or だけ can be added. That is, the options are 就職したぶん/就職しただけ/就職したぶんだけ. (だけぶん is not possible.)\n\n 2. and 3. Consider a simpler example.\n\n * 食べたら食べたぶん太る or ...食べただけ...\n\nThis literally means _If I eat, I get weight by the amount(ぶん/だけ) I eat._ ,\nwhich would render more idiomatically _The more I eat, the more weight I get_.\n\nOn the other hand, 食べたら太る means simply _If I eat, I'll get weight_ , which\nshould be true, but without the nuance of _the more ... the more..._\n\nFor the particular example, 希望した会社に就職したら気苦労も増えるでしょう makes less sense.\n希望した会社に就職したら就職したぶん（だけ）気苦労も増えるでしょう adds the meaning that the stress comes\nprecisely from the fact that you get a dream job (e.g. anxiety about job\nsecurity/sense of competition etc.). I guess this does not really translate to\n_the more... the more.._ sentence in English. You need to think in terms of\nthe literal _by the amount (of happiness/luck) you get a dream job_ and\ntranslate it accordingly.\n\nIt is more similar in the meaning to 希望した会社に就職 **したらしたで** 気苦労も増えるでしょう. It is\nlike: _Suppose A, which is a nice thing. But even if A happens, that can be a\nsource of stress too_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T03:14:45.927", "id": "98453", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T06:02:05.070", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-04T06:02:05.070", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98450", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. The subject 信長 is omitted throughout the sentence: そこに明智が攻めてきて(信長は)殺されそうになったから、(信長は/彼は)自分で切腹して死んだんだよ.\n\nJust similar to the following:\n\n * 雨が降ってきたから（わたしは）傘を差した It started to rain and (I) opened the umbrella.\n * 彼が突然訪ねてきて（わたしは）驚いた He suddenly called on me and (I) was surprised\n\n 2. It does sound odd to me, too, but it is reasonable to think the relative clause is from the beginning up to 舞った: 「死ぬ前に、燃えるお寺の中で能を舞った」後にね= After dancing No in the temple on fire before death(seppuku).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T03:01:38.340", "id": "98452", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T03:01:38.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98451", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are three variations:\n\n> A. 棚が手前と奥に２つある \n> B. 棚が手前と奥とに２つある\n\nThese two are basically the same - 手前 and 奥 refer to locations so they have\n-に. In general, XとY and XとYと are usually interchangeable. The former is\nsimpler (and probably more common), while the latter can make it less\nambiguous, regarding where the second part (Y) ends. Also, the former may have\na more collective reading, while the latter may have a more distributive\nmeaning, but the difference rarely matters.\n\n> C. 棚が手前と奥、２つある\n\nThis construction is slightly different from the two above. Without -に, 手前 and\n奥 do not (necessarily) refer to locations, they characterize 棚. In fact, the\nsentence will still make sense if you replace the two words with other words\nthat can characterize 棚, like\n\n> 棚が白と黒、２つある\n\nThe same cannot be said for the versions with -とに and -に because they require\nthe preceding nouns to be locations.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T10:12:26.437", "id": "98457", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T11:09:52.320", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-04T11:09:52.320", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98454", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is of coure もの＋なら, but the usage is particular to\n[ものなら](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89/#jn-219924)\nand does not extend to other equivalent combinations. As the following says,\nit means _In case (something undesirable) happens..._\n\n> ［接助］《形式名詞「もの」＋断定の助動詞「だ」の仮定形「なら」から》動詞・動詞型助動詞の連体形に付く。\n>\n> ２\n> （「うものなら」「ようものなら」「まいものなら」の形で）もし実現したら、好ましくない事態が起こる場合を仮定的に示す意を表す。…としたら。「うそをつこう―、とんでもない目にあうぞ」「うっかり捨てよう―、どやされるぜ」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:54:49.973", "id": "98478", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T22:54:49.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98455", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "If it's a name there's names in Japanese names that use moon like 結月 but I\ncan't think of any Japanese names that use the form \"like \" so maybe there\nisn't an equivalent to what you have in Persian.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T12:34:11.360", "id": "98461", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T12:34:11.360", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98456", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Yes, and the word is 月の如{ごと}く. Technically this is not a single word as it\nconsists of 月(moon) and 如く(like, similar). The expression Xの如く means \"like X\"\nor \"similar to X\", but sounds quite literary. The word 如く itself is a pretty\nliterary word and not common in daily speech. If you want, you can remove the\nの and any Japanese person should understand 月如く without any problems.\n\nFor a more common, less literary version, you'd want to use 月のよう. Xのよう means\n\"like X\" or \"in the way of X\" as well. Note that it's a な adjective so to\nattach it to a noun, you'd have to say **月のような** 人, and to make it an adverb\nit's **月のように** 光る", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T17:09:12.430", "id": "98467", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T17:09:12.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98456", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I am reminded of the famous manga/anime character [Sailor\nMoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_\\(character\\)#Conception_and_creation),\nwhose \"true identity\" name is 月{つき}野{の} うさぎ (Tsukino Usagi). So her family\nname 月野 literally means \"moon field\", but it also sounds like 月{つき}の which\nwould mean \"of the moon\" or \"from the moon\".\n\nThis is not exactly which you asked for, which was something that means\n\"beautiful like the moon\". But perhaps it is close enough. After all,\nsomething that is \"of the moon\" might also be beautiful like the moon. And\ncertainly, the surname 月野 is associated with the well-known Sailor Moon\ncharacter, who is a beautiful girl character. After all, the series is called\n美{び}少{しょう}女{じょ}戦{せん}士{し}セーラームーン, which translates as \"Pretty Soldier Sailor\nMoon\".\n\nIn the spirit of creating names to have a certain meaning, you might also\nconsider making up your own name. I don't know what purpose you want this word\nfor, but Japanese given names are often created to have a certain meaning.\nLike how Tsukino Usagi was invented for the Sailor Moon character.\n\nYou could alter 月野 by adding the 美{び} character which means _beauty_ to give a\nconnotation of _beautiful_. For example, you could use the み reading of 美, as\nin the name 恵{めぐ}美{み} (Megumi), and create 月{つき}美{み} (Tsukimi). This could\nmean \"moon beauty\" or \"beautiful like the moon\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-04T23:07:19.697", "id": "100171", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-04T23:33:05.977", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-04T23:33:05.977", "last_editor_user_id": "9851", "owner_user_id": "9851", "parent_id": "98456", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "月状 ( _getsu-jō_ ) means\n[_lunate_](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/dictionary/english/lunate), and\n月状骨 ( _getsu-jō-kotsu_ ) refers to [_lunate\nbone_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate_bone) (骨 = bone). But it has\nnothing to do with the beauty of the moon, and it's not used as a person name,\neither.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-05T00:32:40.573", "id": "100172", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-05T00:32:40.573", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98456", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This might work as a very rough translation.\n\n\"The old gentleman and purveyor of second hand books was unacquainted with\nthat thing commonly known as a smile\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T12:12:08.353", "id": "98459", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T12:12:08.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98458", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That's a hiragana き or I'm an orangutan.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T12:36:21.490", "id": "98462", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T15:55:29.970", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-05T15:55:29.970", "last_editor_user_id": "55660", "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98460", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> My guess is that such alternate pairs arose either from words imported from\n> different parts of China, or from different time periods, that gave the same\n> character two different pronunciations.\n\nYour observation is correct, and this statement is pretty much the answer.\n\n> What is the \"official\"/technical name for this phenomenon?\n\nI don't know if there is a word for the differences in 音読み, but there is a\nname for each 音読み, and respectively they are 漢音、唐音、吳音, and for some Kanji\nthere is even a 音読み called 慣用音. These represent the sounds of a Kanji imported\nin different time periods and from different parts of China. Henceforth the\ndifferent 音読み for a single Kanji. Let's explore the 音読み's of the Kanji 明.\n(We'll only discuss 音読み and not 訓読み here)\n\n### 漢音\n\nThe 漢音 for 明 is めい, and generally, 漢音 is the most common 音読み for most Kanji.\n漢音 is imported during the 7-9 century, and it was during the 唐 dynasty, one of\nthe most prosperous dynasties of China, and it was during this time the\nJapanese brought a LOT of cultural stuff into Japan. Even so, this reading is\ncalled 漢音 and not 唐音. 唐音 is something else.\n\n### 唐音\n\nThe 唐音 for 明 is みん. It came during the 宋・元 dynasties, and generally anything\nafter the 10th century is considered 唐音. 唐音 is the rarest reading among the\nthree, and not every Kanji has it. Even for 明 which has a 唐音 of みん, I cannot\nthink of any common word in which 明 is read as みん. For the 明 dynasty, it's\nread as みん though. 明朝{みんちょう}\n\n### 吳音\n\nThe 吳音 of 明 is, as you have noticed, みょう. 吳音 is actually the oldest of the\nall, coming to Japan during the 5-6 century, and is mainly from the southern\npart of China. Even today, the Shanghai area is sometimes referred to as 吳 in\nChinese, and the Shanghainese dialect is called 吳語 in Chinese. A lot of\nBuddhist words uses 吳音. For example, normally 利益 is read as りえき in daily life,\nbut in a Buddhist context, you'd read the same word with 吳音, which is りやく.\n\n### 慣用音\n\nThis refers the the 音読み that, after gotten into Japan, got corrupted and no\nlonger resembled any original Chinese readings. We could say these developed\nnaturally among the Japanese, but since it's a sound corruption of the\noriginal Chinese reading, it's still considered 音読み and not 訓読み. I could not\nfind a 慣用音 for 明, but if you look up online you'll find 慣用音 for other Kanji's.\n\n### How should I know which one to use?\n\nSorry, but you just have to know them by rote. Each word has its own history,\ngot imported from its time and therefore there is no consistent rule to govern\nthem all. Even for the same word like 利益 there could be more than one\nreadings, but there is always a reading that's the most prevalent, and most of\nthe times you'll get it right by using the most common reading you know for\nthat Kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T17:37:47.733", "id": "98468", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T17:37:47.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98466", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "虐め is referring to long-term abuse (a harsh and serious one)\n\nexample:\n\n彼女は虐められたことが原因で心に傷を持っている\n\n嫌がらせ is a kind of teasing and less severe\n\nexample:\n\n彼は自分の上司に嫌がらせをしたいと思っている", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:49:51.270", "id": "98477", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T22:50:13.640", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-04T22:50:13.640", "last_editor_user_id": "45613", "owner_user_id": "45613", "parent_id": "98469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I think you get it mostly correctly. いじめ is an extreme instance of いやがらせ,\ne.g., as suggested by the following:\n\n>\n> [嫌がらせ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AB%8C%E3%81%8C%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B#%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80)：学校において、特に嫌がらせの相互関係になりやすいのは生徒（もしくは後輩）である。生徒間同士\n> **の嫌がらせでは**\n> 「仲間はずれ（仲間はずし）」や、「無視（シカト）」などがあるが、もっとも多いのが「[いじめ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%98%E3%82%81)」である。\n\nWhat ultimately distinguishes 嫌がらせ and いじめ would be the perception on the\nbullied side, but いじめ usually means a group of people harassing a single\nperson in longer term.\n\nOn the other hand, 嫌がらせ tends to mean individual instances of causing nuisance\nto someone. An example of 嫌がらせ that cannot be really an いじめ is something one\ndoes towards a larger organization. A person may dump a garbage at the front\nof a company for whatever the reason. This is an 嫌がらせ of the person to the\ncompany. However extreme this gets, this cannot be an いじめ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T23:16:07.740", "id": "98480", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T23:16:07.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This でも is neither a conjunctive nor `で + も`, but a particle meaning \"～ or\nsomething\".\n\n * [Meaning of \"でも\" in \"食事でもどうですか？\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21519/5010)\n * [The use of でも and ででも in this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13463/5010)\n * [でも and other particles: conjunction, exclusion, and word order](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94470/5010)\n\n轢きでもしたら is 轢いたら with でも added. If you know [how to attach a contrastive-wa (or\nも, すら, etc) to a verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21075/5010), this\nfollows the same pattern of `連用形 + particle + する`.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:33:42.950", "id": "98476", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T22:33:42.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98470", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In a relationship like these two, whether to use keigo or not depends on the\nmood, the atmosphere, the people around them, and all other circumstances.\nGrammar has little to do with it. In the first scene, she may have been a bit\nmore excited than usual because she was talking about her close friend. In the\nsecond scene, the author may have thought this scene would look scarier if she\nused keigo (because it implies she was serious).\n\nI don't know why you are concerned about \"narrating\", but it has nothing to do\nwith it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:21:42.313", "id": "98475", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T22:21:42.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98471", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Moving between keigo and keigo-free can mean the speaker is testing a boundary\n- whether the other is willing to be talking more casually. When the other\ndoesn't reciprocate, the speaker might fallback to keigo. The difference\nbetween -だよ and -ですよ is not a too drastic one, and it could mean nothing,\nthough.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T13:04:47.080", "id": "98510", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T13:04:47.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98471", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This (-て)くる is a [subsidiary\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010) explained in this\nquestion:\n\n * [Difference between -ていく and -てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010)\n\nThe difference between 履く and 履いてくる is almost the same as that between 持つ (\"to\npick up; to hold\") and 持ってくる (\"to bring\"). 履く only refers to the action of\nwearing shoes, but 履いてくる is used when someone came to somewhere wearing the\nshoes (thus effectively \"bringing\" them). 履いてきた靴 refers to the shoes someone\nwas wearing while they were coming.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:03:41.460", "id": "98473", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T03:08:05.827", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-05T03:08:05.827", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98472", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This こと is a nominalizer, \"(the fact) that ...\". This に is a particle used\nwith 驚き. ～に驚く is a common set phrase meaning \"to be surprised _at_ ～\". See\nalso: [に in コントロールに苦しまなくなった](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72042/5010)\n\nA literal translation is \"There was a mild surprise at the fact that three\nhands were all different\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T02:35:21.323", "id": "98483", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T02:35:21.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98482", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is a variant of the set phrase\n[見て見ぬふりをする](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A6%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%AC%E6%8C%AF%E3%82%8A%E3%82%92%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B/#jn-214126).\nThe closest expression in English seems to be [_to turn a blind eye to\nsth_](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E8%A6%8B%E9%80%83%E3%81%99/#je-73103).\n\nBreaking down the phrase, it is 見て＋見ぬふりをする= _see and pretend not to see_ ,\nmeaning _to overlook_.\n\n* * *\n\nTypical examples:\n\n 1. 悪事を見て見ないふりをする - overlook (someone's) wrong doing\n 2. 困っている人を見て見ぬふりをする - overlook (someone) having a trouble (= do not offer help)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T11:27:19.730", "id": "98488", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T23:36:27.343", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-05T23:36:27.343", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98486", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a link between cause and effect.\n\nボタンを押すとベルがなる\n\nからかうと泣く\n\nもらうと喜ぶ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T15:52:54.757", "id": "98493", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T15:52:54.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98487", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "For your questions, yes and yes. The sentence would be the following\n\n> 花子が寿司を食べた\n\nIndividually, the words are\n\n> 花子Hanako がga 寿司sushi をo 食べたtabeta\n\nBut when you write them out in a sentence regularly, just like the above, no\nspace is needed and you write each word side by side.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T13:57:45.733", "id": "98491", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T17:44:22.613", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-05T17:44:22.613", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98489", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> I thought 冷えます, being a verb, would mean \"will become cold\". But the\n> translation above makes it clear that it is the current temperature that is\n> being talked about.\n\nI agree with the part that it would mean \"will become cold,\" and disagree with\nthat it's the \"current temperature\" from the translation. In fact, even with\nthe English sentence, `It’s cold tonight, isn’t it?` I could infer the meaning\nthat `It will be cold tonight, won't it?`, had I heard the sentence in, say,\nthe afternoon or somewhere before the night.\n\nReading the Japanese sentence `今晩は冷えますね` I could only get the meaning `It's\ngonna be cold tonight` or somewhere along the line, and it does not seem to be\ntalking about something **right now** at all.\n\nAs for the form `冷える` and `冷えている`, your understanding is already correct.\n`冷える` is something in the future `gonna get cold` and `冷えている` is the state-of-\nbeing right now `is cold`. So `ビールが冷える` is `the beer's gonna get cold` and\n`ビールが冷えてる` is `the beer is cold`. Although I'd personally prefer\n`あのビールが冷{つめ}たい` for `that beer is cold`.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T14:11:33.870", "id": "98492", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T14:11:33.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "If I feel like adding a nifty and/or grown-up tone to `寒い`, `冷える` would be the\nfirst choice. In such usage, `体が` in front is often omitted.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T16:28:04.697", "id": "98494", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T16:28:04.697", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54245", "parent_id": "98490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Assuming this sentence is said in the evening, 冷える in 今晩は冷えますね refers to a\n**current** state, not something in the future. That is, the correct\ntranslation _is_ \"It's cold (now)\" rather than \"It's gonna be cold (in the\nfuture)\". Basically it's just another way of saying 今晩は寒いですね.\n\nThis 冷える is one of those verbs that (sometimes) describes a state rather than\nan action. In other words, 冷える used like this is semantically a bit like\nadjectives. English has similar puzzling examples (eg. \"It sucks\" means \"It's\nbad\", and \"It rocks\" means \"It's awesome\"), too, and we have to get used to\nsuch stative verb usages one by one.\n\nNote that this type of \"adjective-like\" 冷える can be used only to refer to\ncoldness the body is feeling, so it's more like \"I feel cold\" rather than\n\"something is cold\". When you describe the air or a watermelon, the ordinary\ngrammar applies.\n\n * 足が冷える～！ I have cold feet! (present)\n * 冷えますね。 It's cold (now). (present)\n * 空気が冷えます。 The air will be cold. (future)\n * 空気が冷えています。 The air is cold. (present)\n * 冷蔵庫のスイカが冷えます。 The watermelon in the fridge will be cold. (future)\n * 冷蔵庫のスイカが冷えています。 A watermelon in the fridge is (now) cold. (present)\n\nYou can use 冷える referring to something in the past or the future:\n\n * 昨日は冷えましたね。 It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?\n * 今日は冷えますね。 It's cold today, isn't it?\n * 明日は冷えますよ。 It'll be cold tomorrow.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T02:00:55.933", "id": "98503", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T03:11:53.007", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-06T03:11:53.007", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct.\n\nいびつな means _distorted, deformed_ , basically deviating from what it should be\n(Another reading\n[ひずみ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E6%AD%AA/#je-63274) may help\nunderstand the meaning better).\n\nThe sentence says the girl resembles her mother of young days **too** much. So\nanother translation would be\n\n * The girl: Looks like my mother...\n * The teacher: Yes. Abnormally.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T23:26:24.857", "id": "98501", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T23:26:24.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "\"I'm going to school\" is an ambiguous English sentence; it can mean either \"I\nwill go to school (in the near future)\" or \"I am on the way to school (now)\".\nSee [Present continuous for future\narrangements](https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-\ngrammar/present-continuous-future-arrangements/). When the original sentence\nis already ambiguous, it's usually impossible to find a single Japanese\ntranslation that is equally ambiguous and covers both meanings.\n\nIf you mean \"I will go to school (in the near future)\", the correct Japanese\nsentence for it is 今日は学校に行く. If you mean \"I am on the way to school (now)\",\nthe correct sentence is 今学校に行っている.\n\n今日学校にいって is a request (\"Go to school today!\") rather than a description.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-07T00:37:00.707", "id": "98521", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T00:37:00.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98497", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Interestingly, 明鏡国語辞典 (3rd ed.) gives only **one** definition for this word:\n\n> ### せっかく\n>\n> ［名・副］ある物事や行為が、大きな価値をもっているという話し手の気持ちを、その価値が有効に生かされたかどうかの観点からいう語。\n>\n> 「 **ａ** せっかくの御厚意ですからお受けしましょう／ **ｂ** これではせっかくの景観が台無しだ」 \n> 「 **ｃ** せっかく帰郷したのだから、しばらく滞在なさい／ **ｄ** せっかくおいで頂いたのに何のもてなしもできません」 \n> 「 **ｅ** せっかくですから、頂戴致します／ **ｆ** せっかくだが先約がある」\n>\n> `使い方` \n> ⑴「せっかくの…」の形で価値の内容を体言で示す場合（ **ａｂ** ）、「せっかく…のだから」「せっかく…のに」などの形で価値の内容を用言で示す場合（\n> **ｃｄ** ）、「せっかくだから」「せっかくだが」などの形で価値の内容を文脈で示す場合（ **ｅｆ** ）がある。 \n> ⑵その価値が有効に生かされる場合は、原因・理由を説明する順接表現となり（ **ａｃｅ**\n> ）、生かされなかった場合は、多く無念や遺憾などの気持ちを暗示する逆接表現となる（ **ｂｄｆ** ）。\n\n* * *\n\n * せっかく is fundamentally a word to express that something has (or had) an important value one needs to take advantage of. The valuable thing can be either a tangible thing, such as a gift, or an intangible thing such as an event, favor, trouble (as in \"you took the trouble to ...\"), offer, effort, or opportunity. **The focus is on whether the \"value\" associated with the thing is successfully utilized**.\n * Syntactically, せっかく can work either as a no-adjective (せっかくの～ ( **a, b** ), せっかくだから ( **e** ), せっかくだけど ( **f** )) or as an adverb (せっかく～したので ( **c** ), せっかく～したのに ( **d** )). (You cannot say せっかくに.)\n * せっかく can be linked either \"sequentially\" ( **a, c, e** ; 順接; e.g., から, ので, だし) or \"inversely\" ( **b, d, f** ; 逆接; e.g., けど, が, のに). When 順接-linked, せっかく has a connotation like \"let's make use of the value\", \"let's take this opportunity\", \"let's not waste it\" or such. When 逆接-linked, せっかく expresses a regrettable feeling of \"failing to make use of the value\", \"missing the opportunity\", \"it's a waste\", etc.\n\nI don't think your grouping is wrong, but I feel it is already fragmentary,\nand there may be no point in expanding or completing this list. For example,\nyou seem to have associated せっかくだけど with an \"effort\", but that is not always\nthe case, and it can be used for various things that should not be wasted. In\nmy opinion, it's more important to understand the underlying meaning of せっかく.\nThe [various translations on\njisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%8A%98%E8%A7%92) are examples of\nexpressing this nuance in English, but they don't mean せっかく itself has\ndifferent meanings as a Japanese word.\n\nRelated: [What's the difference between せっかく and\nわざわざ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4285/5010)\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** If I were to pick just one English word closest to せっかく, it would be\n**\" precious(ly)\"** or maybe \"special(ly)\". せっかく can be used outside contexts\nrelated to someone's effort, so \"with much effort\" is clearly too narrow a\ntranslation. Unsurprisingly, 明鏡's definition mentions nothing related to\neffort.\n\n * せっかくです: (This event/chance/offer/suggestion/effort/etc) is precious (so let's not waste it).\n * せっかくだから: This (event/chance/offer/suggestion/effort/etc) is precious, so...\n * せっかくだけど: (I know this event/chance/offer/suggestion/effort/etc) is precious, but...\n * せっかくの雪だから外に出よう: Since it's snowing (which is precious), let's go outside.\n * せっかくの夏休みなのに勉強している: It's (precious) summer vacation, but I'm studying.\n * せっかく夏休みが来たのに勉強している: The summer vacation has come (which is precious), but I'm studying.\n * せっかく書いたなら読ませて: Now that you've written it (which is a precious occasion), let me read it.\n * せっかく気持ちよく寝てたのに！: I was having a comfortabe sleep (which is precious)!", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T04:00:33.203", "id": "98505", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T03:05:00.467", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-07T03:05:00.467", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98498", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference is more grammatical than semantic.\n\nIn 目が抉られる, the subject is 目 whereas, in 目を抉られる, the subject is the person\nwhose eye is scooped out. So they literally correspond to\n\n * 目が抉られるような痛み：a pain like an eye being scooped out.\n * 目を抉られるような痛み；a pain like having an eye scooped out.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-05T23:31:49.160", "id": "98502", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-05T23:31:49.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98499", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The basic meaning of this construction is well covered in [another\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/15515/5010), so let me focus on\nwhat's directly asked in the two questions.\n\n 1. **Usage of で** : At least one dictionary explains this as a rare conjunctive-particle-like usage of で as a \"scope/condition\" particle. It's not uncommon for a particle to exceptionally take the dictionary form of a verb in certain constructions and set phrases (eg 察するに, 見るからに, やるにはやるが, 飲んだは良いが, 目指すは). At least some of them are related to so-called [zero-nominalization](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4489/5010) or [連体形 as a noun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12572/5010), but I'm not sure if this is also an example of it. Practically speaking, I think it's best to memorize this as a pattern.\n\n 2. **Repeating verbs** : This pattern carries a sense of \"what's done is done (and can be forgotten, but...)\" or \"if you did it, you did it (and that's the end of it, but...)\". This pattern implies that another important issue will soon follow.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T16:31:02.587", "id": "98514", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T16:36:03.827", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-06T16:36:03.827", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98506", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right in the sense that, to refer to the act of wasting money, one\nwould use こと. For example, お金を無駄に使ってしまう事がよくある.\n\nIn this instance, it's an idiom ...というものは....ものだ. It's used to describe the\ngeneral belief of the speaker about things.\n\nE.g.\n\n```\n\n お金というものはあったらあったで無駄に使ってしまうものだ\n 親というものは子供をどこまでも信じるものだ\n やる気というものは、追い込まれると自然と湧いてくるものだ\n お金の無駄使いというものは、なかなかやめられないものだ\n \n```\n\nI think もの is used because you are trying to put a concept into a concrete\ngroup to which you can assign a characteristic. Hence, you can use it for very\nabstract things like `やり場のない怒りというものは、人を貧しくするものだ`.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T16:06:19.347", "id": "98539", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T16:06:19.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98507", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "All Japanese particles, including に, have more than one usages. Here, this is\nに that marks the cause of someone's psychological reaction.\n\n * [に in コントロールに苦しまなくなった](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72042/5010)\n * [When do you use に to indicate a cause or reason for something?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/95996/5010)\n\nYou can also use で and say お金 **で** お困りのようね. The meaning remains the same.\n\nNote that 困る is an intransitive verb meaning \"to suffer\" or \"to have trouble\".\nお金 **が** お困りのようね or お金 **は** お困りのようね would mean something strange, \"Looks like\nmoney is suffering\" or \"Looks like money is having trouble\", as if money had\nits own will.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T08:58:41.337", "id": "98509", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T08:58:41.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98508", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As suggested in the comment,\n\n * 完成した means _is just finished_\n * 完成している means _has been (in the state of being) finished (for some time)_\n\n_In the process of being finished (but not yet)_ would be 完成しつつある.\n\n* * *\n\n[This page](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/teiru-zentai/) explains this as\n_Verbs describing (state) change(変化動詞) + ている means 'the resulting state\ncontinues/remains'_.\n\nIt is similar (at least) to start/end verbs.\n\n * 授業が始まった/始まっている = The class got started/started already\n * 募集は締め切られた/締め切られている = Application is closed (recently)/has been closed.\n\n(I feel, for learners, it may not be obvious which are 変化動詞, though.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T03:02:02.337", "id": "98531", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T03:02:02.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98511", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Not Christian, but I know 神父(さん/様) is used in at least some contexts for\npriests, and I think I've heard 兄弟 for 'brother'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T15:13:46.140", "id": "98513", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T15:13:46.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "98512", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I was a missionary at a Japanese non-denominational Christian church in Osaka.\nIn my experience—mostly limited to my own church, though I was able to visit\nseveral other churches, and attend a couple conferences with churches from all\nover the country—people didn't refer directly _**to**_ each other as\n\"brothers\" or \"sisters\" (not like I do here in America with other men in my\nchurch), but sometimes _**about**_ each other.\n\n### \"Brother(s)\"—[兄弟]{きょう・だい}\n\n| Direct | Indirect \n---|---|--- \nOne person (<name>兄弟) | × Never happens - Just follow normal name conventions\n(～さん, ～くん, name only, etc.) | ? _Very_ rare - Just follow normal name\nconventions (～さん, ～くん, name only, etc.) \nGroup of men | ○ Mostly when preaching to - 「兄弟たちよ、祈りましょう！」; although probably\nnot if you don't know them well \n○ Addressing your own group in a familiar way | ○ Occasionally - あの兄弟(たち)\n\"Those brothers\" \n \n### \"Sister(s)\"—[姉妹]{し・まい}\n\n| Direct | Indirect \n---|---|--- \nOne person (<name>姉妹) | × Never happens - Just follow normal name conventions\n(～ちゃん, name only, etc.) | ? Never heard it, but I could see a man referring\nrespectfully to a younger woman this way, like 花子姉妹 \nGroup of women | △ Men might address a very close group of women that way \n× A group of women would probably never address themselves or another group\nthis way | △ Sometimes by men - あの姉妹(たち) \"Those sisters\" \n× Never by women \n \nAnd then you can combine them as 兄弟姉妹 to refer to a mixed group, but this\nwould be mostly indirectly.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the pastor, we would use <name>さん, <name>先生, or sometimes just 先生.\nThese were all used both directly and indirectly. The **term** for pastor is\n[牧師]{ぼく・し}, but this would only ever be used in a high-level, or matter-of-\nfact statement (うちの教会の牧師は…). You would never use 牧師 in place of 先生 when\naddressing them, or referring to them by name.\n\n* * *\n\nUnfortunately, I have no experience with, or knowledge of Catholic terms in\nJapanese, so I cannot help you on that front.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T19:46:12.837", "id": "98517", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T19:46:12.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "98512", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Here are the basic rules:\n\n * **神父【しんぷ】** refers to Catholic priests or \"Father\". Add 様 when addressing them (神父様).\n * **牧師【ぼくし】** refers to pastors in Protestant churches. Add 様 when addressing them (牧師様).\n * **シスター** refers to Christian nuns (修道女【しゅうどうじょ】 is more \"official\"). You can directly address a nun with シスター (just as you can say \"Sir!\" or \"Commander!\").\n\nIf I understand correctly, ordinary Japanese Christians who do not live in a\nchurch are not in the habit of calling one another by special names. So there\nis no corresponding word in Japanese for _sister_ or _brother_ in this sense.\nThe word 兄弟 often appears in doctrinal texts, but whether it is actually\nuttered by Japanese Christians is another story.\n\nFWIW, the word 兄弟 and ブラザー can be heard in the dubbed version of hip-hop-\nthemed foreign movies, etc. Personally, I have never seen a native Japanese\nspeaker seriously use 兄弟/ブラザー to address someone, no matter how much they like\nChristianity or hip-hop.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-07T01:05:07.447", "id": "98522", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T03:43:47.650", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-07T03:43:47.650", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98512", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "These are just educated guesses because you should [never assume you can read\nsomeone's name](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5529/78)!\n\nThese two are most likely [「勝」]{まさる} and [「進」]{すすむ}. But my confidence level\nvaries with the rest of these:\n\n[「千代」]{ちよ}\n\n[「久」]{ひさし}\n\n[「寿」]{ことぶき？}\n\n[「愛」]{まな}\n\n[「結」]{ゆい}\n\n[「麻」]{あさ}\n\n[「葵」]{あおい}\n\n[「萌」]{きざし}", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T18:36:09.830", "id": "98516", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-06T18:36:09.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "98515", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This article started out as a description of common _names_ (蒼, 凪, 陽葵), but at\nsome point, it turned into a description of common _kanji_ used in names. In\nparticular, 麻 is almost never used as a name by itself, and I don't know how\nto read it naturally as a name (the author also says 自然にまつわる **漢字が** 目立ち始めた).\n\nMost of these kanji are typically used as part of longer names (e.g, 麻美【まみ】,\n勝久【かつひさ】, 愛結【あゆ】). 千代 can be used on its own, but it's also used as a\ncomponent (八千代【やちよ】, 竹千代【たけちよ】). Of course, each kanji has multiple readings,\nso you cannot assign a single furigana in this context.\n\nBut when used as a one-kanji name, these are typically read as follows:\n\n千代: ちよ, 久: ひさし, 寿: ことぶき(female)/ひさし(male), 愛: あい/まな, 結: ゆい, 麻: ???, 葵: あおい, 萌:\nもえ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-07T00:18:30.917", "id": "98520", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T00:28:47.663", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-07T00:28:47.663", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98515", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "To write it in less-anime old man 役割語：\n\n~~私の感があたったのだな~~\n\nNOTE: This was a mistake. Should be\n\n私の勘があたったのだな\n\nTo elaborate, 勘 means intuation, hunch or sense.\n\ne.g. 勘がいい\n\nI guess I got confused by 予感 (excuses, excuses)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-06T22:44:31.687", "id": "98519", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T00:33:48.083", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-07T00:33:48.083", "last_editor_user_id": "55660", "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98518", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm a native speaker of Japanese. Actually, the Japanese laws stipulate that\nbicycles must not be ridden on sidewalks... And the usage of 忙しい here is wrong\nas well because 忙しい is used only when people are busy. When streets are busy,\nwe never say 忙しい but would say 車が多い（many cars）.\n\nAnyway, じゃない simply means \"not\". The word doesn't include \"are\" or \"for\".\n\n * 私は学生じゃない。I'm not a student.\n\n * 彼女はアメリカ人じゃない。She's not American.\n\nWhen you want to say \"not A but B\", \"じゃない\" becomes \"じゃなく\" and you say\n\"AじゃなくB\". Then, \"not city streets but side walks\" becomes \"車道じゃなく歩道\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-07T11:39:32.440", "id": "98524", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-07T11:39:32.440", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55722", "parent_id": "98523", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. **お腹が空きます** = \"I (always) get hungry\" (habitual); \"It makes me hungry; It's appetizing\" (one-time) \n\n> 魚を見るとお腹が空きます。 \n> Seeing fish (always) makes me hungry.\n\n 2. **お腹が空きません** = \"I don't get hungry\" (habitual); \"It doesn't make me hungry; It's unappetizing\" (one-time) \n\n> 魚を見てもお腹が空きません。 \n> Seeing fish never makes me hungry.\n\n 3. **お腹が空いています** = \"I am hungry (now)\" ([teiru-form for resultant state](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010))\n 4. **お腹が空いていません** = \"I am not hungry (now)\"\n 5. **お腹が空きました** = \"I am hungry (now)\" (past-form effectively describing the current state); \"I got hungry (at that time)\" (simple past-form)\n 6. **お腹が空きませんでした** = \"I didn't get hungry\" (past) \n\n> 昨日は何も食べなかったのにお腹が空きませんでした。 \n> I ate nothing yeasterday, but I didn't get hungry.\n\n 7. **お腹が空いていました** = \"I was hungry (at that time)\"\n 8. **お腹が空いていませんでした** = \"I was not hungry (at that time)\"\n\nFirst, お腹が空きません never means \"I am not hungry (now)\". It's either you've\nmisread the textbook or your textbook is wrong. Sentence 4 is the only one\nthat means \"I am not hungry (now)\".\n\nNext, if you compare Sentences 5 and 6, they do look inconsistent, and it's\ncertainly a tricky part of tense/aspect in Japanese. This is a FAQ, so please\nread: [Why is a verb in the past (た形) contradicted with\n～ていない?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42242/5010)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T01:41:48.807", "id": "98529", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T07:48:09.823", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-08T07:48:09.823", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98525", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I would think you'd ask どこの国の雑誌ですか。\n\nIf you asked なんの雑誌ですか, I'd understand you be to be asking about what sort of\ncontent the magazine typically covered or its title.\n\nPer the comments, you could ask either どこの国の雑誌 or どこの雑誌ですか.\n\nPerhaps I'm reading too much into these different questions. I'm not a native\nspeaker of Japanese. But, I imagine these questions are not too different from\nhow they'd be similarly understood in English.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-07T21:06:06.727", "id": "98527", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T03:41:06.317", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-08T03:41:06.317", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "98526", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I am not personally aware of a study specifically on these vowels, but I think\nyou have encountered a situation similar to\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54535/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68584/5010). [a] and [ɐ] are\n_allophones_ of the same _phoneme_ in Japanese. This means that even if you\nhear two different a's, ordinary Japanese speakers are completely unaware of\nit and can't even tell the difference. Japanese has only five basic vowels (あ,\nい, う, え, and お), and Japanese people recognize vowels as only one of those\nfive. Although some Japanese vowels may sound to you slightly different from\nperson to person or from word to word, you should not worry about it.\n\n(This also happens in the opposite direction. \"Get away\" in English sounds to\nJapanese ears sometimes like ゲタウェイ, sometimes like ゲダウェイ, and sometimes even\nlike ゲラウェイ. It was confusing to me at first.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-09T10:22:04.387", "id": "98549", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-09T10:22:04.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. ってこともある/こともある would mean differently in the particular context.\n\nってこともある literally translates to _there is the thing that ..._ ; more\nidiomatically, it would be _there is also a factor that ..._ or _Another thing\nis that ..._. On the other hand, 気を紛らわせたいこともある would be understood (by\ndefault) as _there is something that (the subject) wants to distract himself\nfrom_.\n\n(added)\n\n * かれはそのことから気を紛らわせたいたい - He wants to distract himself from that (thing)\n * かれは気を紛らわせたい He wants to distract himself\n\n気を紛らわせたいこと sounds like (to me) a phase from the first one with relative\nclause, i.e., _the thing he wants to distract himself from_ (meaning what he\nwants to forget). On the other hand, 気を紛らわせたいってこと is that-clause with the\nsecond one, i.e., _that he wants to distract himself_ (meaning that he wants\nto enjoy himself for a while).\n\nIt depends on the meaning/context. [This\none](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/96026/45489) is essentially the same\nってこと but ってこと/こと does not make much difference.\n\n 2. 大半 refers to プールの授業. It says something like _the large part of the swimming class is free time_ , i.e., students can play around in the pool freely for most of the class.\n\n 3. You are correct.", "comment_count": 11, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T05:06:23.103", "id": "98533", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T22:32:19.017", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-08T22:32:19.017", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98532", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "現地では means \"at the location/site\" and 市民 basically means \"people (citizens).\"\n\nWe could translate 現地では市民が外出を控える as \"In the area, people avoid going out.\"\n\n現地の市民 would mean citizens (people) of the area/location (that the article\nconcerns).\n\nSo we could translate 現地の市民が外出を控える as \"Local people avoid going out.\"\n\nIn this case, the structure would be changed but the two sentences happen to\nmean practically the same thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T13:39:37.557", "id": "98537", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T13:39:37.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32581", "parent_id": "98535", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The pronounciation of ち is not like \"g\", but rather it is similar to the \"chi\"\nin \"chicken\", like the romaji notation suggests. The difference is that it is\nvoiceless (and always pronounced as an affricate). The dakuten ゛ turns\nvoiceless consonants into voiced consonants.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T14:09:16.843", "id": "98538", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-09T13:35:04.713", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-09T13:35:04.713", "last_editor_user_id": "55600", "owner_user_id": "55600", "parent_id": "98536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[いい](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%84/#jn-9174) is a\ncolloquial form of the adjective よい and is used only in dictionary/prenoun\nforms. Adjectives are negated not by じゃない, but by conjugation: よい→よくない,\n青い→青くない.\n\n[じゃない](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84#) in\nいいじゃない means _isn't it_.\n\nTo clarify:\n\n * Xはよい=Xはいい：X is good\n * Xはよくない：X isn't good\n * Xはいいじゃない：X is good, isn't it? (よいじゃない as a combination should be less common, because よい is less colloquial and じゃない is colloquial)", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-08T23:01:38.920", "id": "98543", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-08T23:22:37.840", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-08T23:22:37.840", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98541", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "[パラパラ](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9) is an\nonomatopoeia for light rain just as\n[ザーザー](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC) is for\nheavy rain. 雨がパラパラ降っている is a very common expression, so it definitely refers\nto rain. You can hear the パラパラ sound\n[here](https://pixta.jp/audio/tags/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9?option%5Baudio_category%5D=se).\n\nAnd I think we should simply parse that the subject of 揺れてる here is 雨. In this\ncontext, 今僕たちには無関係 is clearly about the rain, which is usually annoying. Of\ncourse nothing in the song suggests these people are on an unstable boat.\n雨が揺れている is not a common expression at all, but I think this is a poetic way of\ndescribing some aspect of a rainfall, not a person. For example, they may be\nlooking at the rain through a frosted glass.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-09T07:29:51.920", "id": "98545", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T00:43:00.353", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-11T00:43:00.353", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98544", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "じゃない is only for nouns and na-adjectives. (Na-adjectives are technically\n[descriptive _nouns_](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1016/5010), so you\ncan say じゃない is only for nouns and noun-likes).\n\n * ✅私は学生じゃない。 \nI'm not a student.\n\n * ✅この問題は簡単じゃない。 \nThis question isn't easy.\n\nじゃない is an informal short version of ではない, which is a plain version of\nではありません. All these three are for nouns and na-adjectives.\n\nYou cannot use じゃない to negate a verb or an i-adjective. A plain (non-polite)\nversion of 大阪に住んでいません is 大阪に住んでいない, or more colloquially, 大阪に住んでない (でいる can\ncontract to でる).\n\n(If you are already familiar with\n[explanatory-の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010), you can use\nじゃない in conjunction with it to effectively negate a verb: 大阪に住んでいる **ん** じゃない.\nBut this ん changes the nuance of the sentence quite a bit, so make sure you\nunderstand what you are doing before using this pattern.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-09T09:29:20.617", "id": "98548", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-09T09:29:20.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98546", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "This is just [sense 3 of\n付く](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8F_%28%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%29/)\n— i.e. \"to be together with\". So the last two lines of dialogue might be\ntranslated as follows:\n\n> (Chihiro) ねぇ帰ろ、お店の人に怒られるよ。 \n> Hey dad, let's go... the people in the shop are gonna get angry at us. \n> (Father) 大丈夫、お父さんがついてるんだから。カードも財布も持ってるし。 \n> Don't worry, dad will be right here with you. I've got my credit card and\n> my wallet anyway.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-09T21:20:50.313", "id": "98552", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-09T22:42:31.450", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-09T22:42:31.450", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "98551", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "You can never use \"verb + する\" in any situation.\n\n飲むする, 買うする, 学ぶする, 死ぬする, 壊すする. \nThey're all incorrect.\n\nYou can say \"熟語 + する\" like 購入する, 学習する, 死亡する, 破壊する instead; though 飲む doesn't\nhave a common 熟語, so you can't use this way.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-10T15:59:28.743", "id": "98556", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-10T15:59:28.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55517", "parent_id": "98553", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Only the first sentence is correct. 飲む is already a verb, and it can directly\nconnect to ように. 水を飲むする is an invalid combination of two verbs, almost like\n\"drink do water\".\n\n(If you know suru-verbs like 勉強する, the kanji part is not a verb on its own, so\nする is necessary to make it act as a verb.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T01:23:22.303", "id": "98562", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T01:23:22.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98553", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Without any further context, ending a sentence like this with the ～て form is\nkind of like an ellipsis (`...`); like the speaker had a follow-up thought,\nbut just trails off.\n\n> [籤]{くじ}に当たるかもしれないと思って。→ I thought I might win the lottery... (Follow-up\n> thought could be \"So I bought a ticket\", \"So I already bought a new car\",\n> \"But obviously I didn't\", etc.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-10T17:38:17.623", "id": "98558", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T22:35:08.437", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-13T22:35:08.437", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "98554", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "在宅する is a simple suru-verb. In Japanese, します can describe something in the\nfuture. To describe something that is happening now, you have to use its\nteiru-form:\n\n * 在宅します: Someone will be (staying) at home (in the future)\n * 在宅しています: Someone is (staying) at home (now)\n\nOn the other hand, 在宅です does not directly show the tense for the action of\nstaying at home. It is more like \"[As for me/him/her,] it's '(at) home'\".\nDepending on the context, this may describe someone's current status,\nsomeone's future plan, or even someone's past fact. In the context of\ndescribing someone's current status, 彼女は在宅です and 彼女は在宅しています are\ninterchangeable. In the context of describing someone's plan for tomorrow,\n彼女は在宅します and 彼女は在宅です are interchangeable.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T01:06:46.487", "id": "98560", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T01:12:24.050", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-11T01:12:24.050", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98557", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I am not very good at English, but I wanted to answer your question, so I\nenlisted the help of DeepL. I apologize if some parts are not clear. Generally\nspeaking, if you call someone by their first name only, it is most likely\nbecause they are the same age or lower age or position. There are not many\nsituations where we use honorifics for lower names, but for example, when\nsomeone has the same last name, we may call them by their first name so as not\nto confuse them. However, if it is a person at work or an older person, it is\nimpolite to use only the first name, so an honorific title such as \"san\" is\nadded. In business situations, we rarely call people by their first names, no\nmatter how close we are. If you are quite close to someone, calling them by\ntheir first name is preferred, but just because you call them by their last\nname does not mean that you are not close to them. If you are not friends or\nother equals, calling people by their first names when you first meet them is\nusually avoided.\n\n私は英語があまり得意ではありませんが、質問に答えたかったのでDeepLの力を借りました。 わからないところがあったら申し訳ない。\n一般的には、苗字だけで呼び捨てにする場合は、同い年か下の年齢や立場であることがほとんどです。\n下の名前に敬語をつける場面はそう多くはありませんが、例えば同じ苗字の人がいる時、混同しないように下の名前で呼ぶことがあります。しかし職場の人や年上の人だと、下の名前だけでは失礼に当たることが多いので「さん」などの敬称をつけます。\nビジネスの場ではいくら親しくなっても呼び捨てにすることはほとんどありません。\nかなり親しくなった場合、下の名前を呼ぶことが好まれますが、苗字で呼んでいるからといって親しくないわけではありません。\n友達などの対等な関係でない場合、初対面で下の名前を呼ばれることは通常避けられます。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T01:08:04.153", "id": "98561", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T01:08:04.153", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55769", "parent_id": "98559", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "First off, for the particular examples, I don't think there is any difference\nbetween 安いから/安いので.\n\n* * *\n\nIf forced to give a vague reason, the following may be relevant.\n\nConsider\n\n 1. アップル製品は高いから有名である\n 2. アップル製品は高いので有名である\n\nBoth may not be most natural things to say, but 1 is definitely odder than 2\n(even if apple products are both famous and expensive), in the same way (I\nthink) in English 3 is odder than 4\n\n 3. Apple products are famous because they are expensive\n 4. Apple products are notorious for being expensive\n\n(I guess 4 is fairly okay, which is not exactly true of Japanese 2 above).\n\nSo ので can refer to the aspect/factor **for** which the thing is famous, but から\nsounds more like a cause (being expensive isn't a cause for being famous).\n\nBack to the ones in question, 安いので sounds **like** _for being cheap_ whereas\n安いから sounds _because it's cheap_. In the particular example, both work, but\n_famous for being cheap_ is kind of plausible and that's why the corrector\nmade the correction - subconsciously. (Again, note that 安いから/安いので are\nvirtually interchangeable)\n\n* * *\n\nI haven't read fully but the following may contain something.\n\n * [「～から」と「～ので」](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/karanode/)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T12:58:51.910", "id": "98567", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T13:15:21.227", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-11T13:15:21.227", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98563", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In terms of translation:\n\n**at what time does this shop open?**\n\nPossibilities are:\n\n * この店の開店は{いつ,何時{なんじ}}ですが\n * この店は{何時に,いつ}{開{あ}きます,開店します}か\n * この店の何時からやってますか (Asking when the shop is already open; sounds more like _Since what time has the shop been open_ )\n\n**at what time does this shop close?**\n\nI think it is more usual to ask (literally) **until when is the shop open**.\n\nPossibilities:\n\n * この店は{いつ,何時}まで{やって,開{あ}いて}ますか\n * この店の営業時間は何時までですか\n * この店の閉店(時間)は何時ですか (This is literally closer to _at what time...close?_ )\n\n* * *\n\nSo in terms of vocabulary, 開店/閉店する can be used for _to open/close (a shop)\ndaily_. As you understand, they are also used for _to start/end the business_.\n\n * オープンする may actually be the most frequent for _to start the business_. This can be used for opening the shop daily, but less frequently (I think).\n * 開{ひら}く means also more often _to start the business_. For example, 彼女は新宿に店を開{ひら}いた means _She started a shop in Shinjuku_. The subject is the business owner. Cf. 新しいカレー屋が開{ひら}いた sounds less idiomatic to me (カレー屋がオープンした should be more common).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T12:46:40.423", "id": "98566", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T13:01:07.360", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-11T13:01:07.360", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98564", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "I think the relevant sense is “as fast as possible given the constraints” —\nclearly referring to Dudley’s legendary size.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T17:36:51.173", "id": "98571", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T17:36:51.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "98570", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think interpreting それなり as _in its own way_ or _given the constraints_ as\njogloran's answer should be fine.\n\nIn general, それなり means _moderately_ and kind of diminishes what it modifies.\nE.g.\n\n * それなりに分かった I understood to an extent (but not completely)\n * それなりに面白い moderately/mildly interesting/amusing (it's ok, but not super)\n\nSo, それなりに in the sentence puts a reservation on 全速力で, as in _as fast as\npossible, but to the moderate extent_. If this is odd in English, in Japanese\nsomehow it works. I suppose 全速力で is understood practically as _very fast_ ,\nand それなりに全速力で as _very fast as is possible by Dudley_. In this sense, それなりに\nrelativizes the maximum (speed).\n\n* * *\n\nできるだけ would be odd here. It would sound redundant to 全速力で, which already\ncontains the \"as much as\" sense. できるだけ速く is ok (although I feel できるだけはやく more\noften means できるだけ早く=as early as possible).\n\nなるべく won't fit here either. It typically comes with a request or ようにした as seen\nin [these examples](https://j-nihongo.com/narubeku/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-11T23:33:16.620", "id": "98573", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-11T23:33:16.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98570", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "(X)なり is a suffix that forms a no-adjective meaning something like \"no more or\nless than what X can do\", \"as much as can be expected on X\", \"(at least) to\nthe extent of X's worth\", etc. See: [what does \"私なりに...\"\nmean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23601/5010)\n\nNote that -なり sometimes appears to mean \"moderately\", but that's not the\noriginal meaning of the word. For example, 値段なりの味 (\"taste worth the price\")\nrefers to a mediocre taste when the price is neither high nor low, but it\nrefers to a good taste when the price is high, or a bad taste when the price\nis very low. 努力なりの結果 (\"the result corresponding to the amount of your effort\")\ncan be a great, so-so, or poor result, depending on the amount of the effort.\nそれなりの男と結婚した means that someone married an excellent, decent, mediocre, or\nbelow-average man, depending on what kind of person the bride is.\n\nそれなり in your sentence is the same as 彼なり. それなりの全速力 (or 彼なりの全速力) is not a\ntypical full speed that you usually imagine, but a kind of \"full speed\" that\nyou can expect from him. In this case, readers know Dudley is not good at\nrunning, so it works as a little sarcastic expression that indicates that his\n\"full speed\" was not really very fast, but at least he did his best.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-12T15:45:42.307", "id": "98577", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-12T15:45:42.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98570", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you should stick just to ことがある. (In this sense, yes たことがある is\nた＋ことがある).\n\nことがある means _did something before_ as you understand. More abstractly, it\nexpresses a past experience.\n\n * 私はアメリカに行ったことがある I've been to the US.\n\nWhether it translates to present perfect or past tense in English depends on\nthe meaning.\n\n * 奈良は日本の首都だったことがある\n\ncan be translated _Nara **was once** the capital of Japan_. Here it in a sense\nexpress an 'experience' of the city Nara.\n\nこともある could be _Nara was also ..._ , but it should be clearer to say _There\nwas also a time when Nara was the capital of Japan_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T09:21:08.207", "id": "98586", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T09:21:08.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98574", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Short answer: であることがある becomes だったことがある by adding た to the main verb.(†) It\nthen comes だったこともある by replacing が with も to mean \"additionally/also\".\n\nIn this case も/が both work, and doesn't change the meaning of the sentence too\nmuch. You can replace が with も when mentioning _one more thing_. It can add\nemphasis, like \"guess what, it was also...\" but the emphasis is usually weak,\nif any (and that is why I say it doesn't change the meaning too much). If you\nstart the paragraph by using Xも (which implies there is something similar to X\nin the immediate context), that would probably be strange, but that's not the\ncase here.\n\nIf you want to more clearly emphasize the last part, you can say\n日本の首都だったことさえある.\n\nThis is independent from the たことがある construction. The same distinction applies\nto its non-past form: すること **が** ある (\"sometimes I do X\"), すること **も** ある\n(\"sometimes I also do X\") and すること **さえ** ある (\"sometimes, I even do X\"). Or\nany other cases like 花 **が** 咲いてます / 花 **も** 咲いてます / 花 **さえ** 咲いてます.\n\n(†) Technically, there is one more step in between (である→であった→だった) but I think\nthat's besides the point here.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-20T03:01:55.803", "id": "98651", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-20T03:01:55.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98574", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This is [\"ものだ for general\ntendency/fact\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/82294/5010) but in a\nquestion form. It adds a sense of \"Is it generally the case that...?\" or \"Is\nit how things normally work...?\"\n\n 1. …できますか: a plain question\n 2. …できるのですか: seeking explanation\n 3. …できるものなのですか: seeking explanation as a general fact\n\nIn your case, since the subject of the sentence is explicitly 日本人 in general,\nthe difference between 2 and 3 is small. But when the subject is not present,\nthe implied subject may change due to this ものだ/ものか.\n\n * え、寿司を手で食べるんですか？ \nOh, are you eating sushi with your hands?\n\n * え、寿司を手で食べる **もの** なんですか？ \nOh, do people (in general) eat sushi with their hands?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-12T16:07:02.617", "id": "98578", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-12T16:07:02.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98575", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As a concrete example, the dialogue refers to the following kind of exchange.\n\nA: 広いお庭ですね。 B: 田舎だから土地が安いんですよ\n\nHere A says the garden (of B's house) is huge, and B humbles indirectly by\ndegrading the neighborhood as the countryside where the land is cheap.\n\nBasically, disagreeing with the compliment directly would spoil the favor and\nagreeing with it would mean praising themselves or things in their inner\ncircle - both are out of manners in Japanese standard.\n\n* * *\n\nI suppose, with the above in mind, 褒められたことについて何かちょっとよくないことを付け加える should be\nstraightforward. Just consider part by part\n\n * 褒められたことについて to/about what was given a compliment\n * 何かちょっとよくないことを something a little negative\n * 付け加える add\n\nSo, it means _(Japanese people often expresses humbleness by) adding a bit\nnegative comment on the thing that was mentioned in the compliment_.\nなにかちょっとマイナスのことも付け加える basically means the same thing ( _minus_ means negative\nhere).\n\nThe last part is _Although the person says thanks for the compliment, they\nalso say bad things about the praised thing, which makes me feel strange_.\nNote 言うので connects to 変だと思ってた, not ありがとうというにもかかわらず.\n\n* * *\n\n**せっかく褒めてもらった**\n\n[This](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/4287/45489) should help. It\nliterally says _since I got the favor of compliment.._", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T08:27:30.807", "id": "98584", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T08:27:30.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98576", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> トムさんに何時に **ジムさんに行く** か聞いてみる\n\ndoesn't sound natural because we don't say 「someone + に行く」.\n\nTo mean \"I'll try asking Tom what time he's going to Jim's (place/home)\" you\ncan say\n\n> トムさんに何時にジムさん **のところに** 行くか聞いてみる。\n\n* * *\n\nLikewise,\n\n> **彼に** 何時に行くか **聞いてみる** ね。\n\nwill be understood as \"I'll try asking him what time he's going\" since 彼に can\ncontinue to 聞いてみる but not to 行く.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T01:14:59.393", "id": "98580", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T01:34:14.700", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-13T01:34:14.700", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "98579", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The pattern [clause] + もの全て means _all (that) [clause]_. So もちうるもの全て means\n_all that I have (for use)_.\n\nPerhaps you can think it derives from '[clause] もの **の** すべて', which is the\nbasic AのB=B of A and literally _all of what [clause]_.\n\nOther (similar) examples:\n\n * **見るもの(の)全て** が新しい everything I see is new (to me)\n * **持っていたお金(の)ほとんど** を使ってしまった I spent almost all the money I had.\n * **聞いたこと(の)すべて** を忘れた I forgot everything I heard.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T08:43:43.067", "id": "98585", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T08:43:43.067", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98581", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "私は東へ日本に行った sounds very weird to my native ears. `place/direction + へ` and\n`place/direction + に` occupy the same argument (\"slot\") of 行く, so they are\nmutually exclusive. (Of course, something like 5時に or 桜を見に can be used\ntogether with another へ/に for destination.)\n\nTo fix this, you need to paraphrase the sentence like so:\n\n * 日本に行くため東に向かった\n * 日本を目指して東へ出発した\n * ここから東にある日本へ行った", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T06:59:25.943", "id": "98583", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T23:50:01.463", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-13T23:50:01.463", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98582", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "As you said, it's a contraction of two sentences, so I don't see why it\nwouldn't be valid because they are for different verbs.\n\nAlso I'm not a native, but I feel \"東へ向かって、日本に行った。\" would be more natural than\n\"東へ、日本に行った。\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T09:33:52.777", "id": "98587", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T09:33:52.777", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "98582", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say\n\n> [私]{わたし}は[勉強]{べんきょう}も[仕事]{しごと}もしています。 \n> _lit._ I am doing both study and work.\n\nAもBもする means \"do both A and B\".\n\n([勉強]{べんきょう}しても~~ would mean \"even though I study~~\")\n\nor maybe...\n\n> 私は勉強しながら[働]{はたら}いています。/ \n> 私は働きながら勉強しています。\n\nverb in continuative form + ながら means \"while doing~~\".", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T13:13:05.493", "id": "98590", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T13:13:05.493", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "98588", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "I think you (or the translator) got the wrong line break. As the form of the\nlines suggests, it should be\n\n> 勇気はあるか 希望はあるか \n> 信じる心に\n>\n> 明日のために 戦うのなら \n> 今がその時だ\n\nThe 信じる心 **に** is the same one as the following question, meaning 'location'\n(and by extension 'someone who owns/possesses').\n\n * [The usage of particle「に」：彼女に孫が一人いる。](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/75062/45489)\n\nThe first line is inverted and the normal order is 信じる心に勇気はあるか、希望はあるか, which\nmeans _Is there courage, is there hope in the believing heart?_.\n\nThe latter part is straightforward: _If you fight for tomorrow, now is the\ntime_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-13T22:58:16.390", "id": "98594", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-13T22:58:16.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98593", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "As far as it is your own action, they are virtually the same.\n\n * 先週は本を読みました\n\nhas the implicit _I_ , so that it is equivalent to\n\n * 先週は私は本を読みました\n\nwhich is more or less equivalent to\n\n * 私は先週は本を読みました\n\nIn all of the above, 先週は can be just 先週. The difference in these particular\nsentences is that using 先週は (and particularly the first one) sounds like the は\nbeing contrastive, so that something like _but this week..._ is expected\nimplicitly (or later in the sentence).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-15T00:28:17.877", "id": "98604", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-15T00:28:17.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98596", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Without any further context, the most reasonable interpretation of 「新聞が読める」 is\nthat \"I am able to read a news paper\".\n\nTo say, \"Newspapers are readable\" says absolutely nothing about whether I can\nor cannot read a news paper. This construct in English has a somewhat passive\nfeel to it (how different is from saying \"Newpapers can be read\").\n\nBut the Japanese isn't passive at all.\n\nIs there a reason you're not happy with が marking the subject? This is how\nergative languages can work.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-14T04:18:36.507", "id": "98598", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-14T04:18:36.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "98597", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The reason Japanese, much as Icelandic, is generally regarded as a language\nwith “quirky cases” and that in “私にこれがわかる”, “私に” is analysed as the, quirky,\ndative subject and “これが” as the, quirky, nominative object is because aside\nfrom the cases they behave as subjects and objects do.\n\nThere are actually many, many examples but a basic one would be subject\nhonorrification. “あなたにこれがお分かりです” elevates the status of the subject “あなたに”.\nAnother case would be that clauses that use “ながら” must share the same subject,\nand for that purpose again “それがわかりながら、なぜ私たちはそこへアクセスしてしまうのか？” seems to treat it\nas the subject.\n\nThere is an endless list of similar arguments that can be made for Icelandic,\nJapanese, German, and many other languages with “quirky cases” why these parts\nof speech marked with a case one would not expect, are actually what they are\nin how they behave grammatically.\n\n<http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/324-0699/roa-324-woolford-1.pdf>", "comment_count": 11, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-03-13T09:23:54.123", "id": "98903", "last_activity_date": "2023-03-14T19:56:35.877", "last_edit_date": "2023-03-14T19:56:35.877", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "35937", "parent_id": "98597", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this is just するからね spoken in a very slangy way (consistent with the\nrest of the text).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-14T22:40:57.543", "id": "98603", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-14T22:40:57.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "98602", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This is probably a combination of these two slang words:\n\n * **パない** = **パねえ** ∼ \"extreme; extraordinary\". This is yet another recent slangy intensifier coined by abbreviating [半端ない](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%8D%8A%E7%AB%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84). See: [「パない」「半端ではない」。辞書にある？](https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/sankok85)\n * **-だく** ∼ \"-rich; extra-\". This is a suffix that was probably derived from [だくだく](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F) (\"dripping\"). The だく suffix was originally an argot used in the gyudon industry (look up つゆだく and ねぎだく), but it's now sometimes used humorously in more general situations.\n\nWhile パねえ and だく are relatively common by themselves, I haven't seen パネだく\nbefore. For now, I think it's more of a one-off play on words, but it's not\nsurprising if it's an adverb used by some fictional character or in a small\ncommunity somewhere.\n\nあっし is just a contracted version of あるし.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-15T09:45:29.647", "id": "98606", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-15T10:37:19.277", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-15T10:37:19.277", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98605", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[ビリビリ](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%B3%E3%82%8A%E3%81%B3%E3%82%8A) is an\nonomatopoeia for electrical shock, so it means \"You wanna get an electric\nshock, too?\" It's either she has an ability related to electricity, or she has\nused a tool to give アニキ an electric shock.\n\n**EDIT:** It's not strictly limited to electricity, but can be used to\ndescribe plasma discharge, laser beam, dangerous sonic/radio wave, etc. [ヒカリ's\nattacks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEi96KGjo2U&t=23s) can also be\ndescribed using ビリビリ.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-15T15:52:21.977", "id": "98609", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-16T00:39:52.673", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-16T00:39:52.673", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98608", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I don't know much about the character, but, Hikari-chan is ツン to aniki, and\ngives him an electrical-shock as a part of her harshness to him. The friend\nasks her why she is acting so harsh only to him, (maybe 'も' is just expressing\nquestioning tone.) and she replied as 'so you want to be attacked with my\nelectricity, too, do you?' And it might just mean \"none of your business\", or\n\"don't say unnecessary.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-16T03:11:57.197", "id": "98616", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-16T03:11:57.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "98608", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a set phrase meaning _worthless_ , as you can see an equivalent\n一文の値打ちもない in [this dictionary\nentry.](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E4%B8%80%E6%96%87/#je-3614)\n\n文{もん} is an old unit of money, and 一文 is the tiny amount of money\n([jisho](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%B8%80%E6%96%87-1)) and なる here means _to\namount to_ ([jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B) #7), so the\nwhole phrase literally means _does not amount to a cent_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-15T22:33:07.667", "id": "98613", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-15T22:33:07.667", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98610", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It has nothing to do with そうになる, but simply and literally means _became so_ ,\nwhere _so_ should refer to the state that should be described elsewhere.\n\nRoughly the sentence means _the road was narrow, and it looked as if it\n**became so** by being squeezed by the neighboring buildings_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-15T22:45:57.187", "id": "98614", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-22T09:57:24.697", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-22T09:57:24.697", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98611", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "助走つける take a run up\n\n助走つけてやるもの something you take a run up for\n\n助走つけてやるもんじゃない not something you need to take a run up for\n\nつける means to “add” the run up for whatever it is you’re taking the run up for\n\nIn this case it seems to be that he’s asking someone to help stretch by\npushing his back. They put too much effort in so he says “you don’t need a run\nup for stretching”\n\nLook on YouTube for examples of 助走", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-16T15:00:53.380", "id": "98620", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-17T10:12:50.507", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-17T10:12:50.507", "last_editor_user_id": "55660", "owner_user_id": "55660", "parent_id": "98617", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "助走 literally means a run-up or a running start in sports. 助走をつける is a more or\nless fixed collocation. I think the use of the verb つける is influenced by\n勢いをつける. In its figurative sense 助走をつける is practically interchangeable with\n勢いをつける, meaning to get a momentum before you do something.\n\nやる is a colloquial version of する, not of あげる, in this context.\n\nYour sentence would be translated to something like:\n\n> Stretching (or helping someone do it) is not something you do with a running\n> start, you know.\n\nIf the girl said this, she must have thought the guy was asking her to push\nhis back forcefully and reminded him that that's not how he should be\nstretching his body.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-16T21:09:05.273", "id": "98624", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-16T21:09:05.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98617", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Just like English, newspapers and online articles have special rules when\nwriting titles.\n\nAs it stands, it's like writing\n\nFour major electric power companies to file for \"regulated rate\" increase -\ndue to high fuel prices\n\nIt is easier to read if [燃料費高騰で」is put at the start of the sentence.\n\n燃料費高騰で 大手電力4社「規制料金」値上げ申請へ*\n\nWhich as a normal sentence would probably be something like:\n\n燃料費高騰で大手電力4社の「規制料金」の値上げを申請について\n\n*I'm not certain about the 「へ」", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-16T09:59:52.970", "id": "98619", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-16T09:59:52.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "98618", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

[ { "body": "Normally your options are (1) FirstName-san or (2) otou-san, okaa-san, etc.\n\nPersonally, FirstName-san would sound too friendly assuming the parents are\nmuch senior to you. This applies to other members depending on age\ndifferences. So, using the usual relationship terms may be safer.\n\nThat said, I don't think you call them by name so often in reality anyway. At\nleast much less frequently than in English.\n\n* * *\n\nIt is common for the father of a girl to get annoyed if called _otou-san_ by\nthe boyfriend of the girl because using _otou-san_ suggests the father and the\nboyfriend are family already. Sometimes the father expects to be called\nLastName-san.\n\n(Despite this, using otou-san sounds most neutral to me.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-18T07:54:06.873", "id": "98635", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-18T07:54:06.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98621", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "If that's the way it is in the textbook, then your textbook has an error. As\nyou correctly observed, 〜ながら is meant to attach to the stem, which is 考え in\nthe case of 考える.\n\nAlso, I assume you meant バランス rather than バラス as written in the original post.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-16T19:47:40.807", "id": "98623", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-16T19:47:40.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "98622", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "It was **何て** 言うの. 何て when used in this context (question form) simply means\n\"what\".\n\nAnd I'll add this, when you say **何を** 言えばいいか分からない it feels like you are\ndescribing somebody else who's at a loss for words, \"He doesn't know what to\nsay\", not \"Idk what to say\". I don't have a dictionary backing me up, but it\njust feels this way after reading a lot.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-17T17:09:22.053", "id": "98631", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-17T17:22:51.603", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-17T17:22:51.603", "last_editor_user_id": "55814", "owner_user_id": "55814", "parent_id": "98627", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "> How does 何で usage exactly work with 言う?\n\nWhy not? But first you have to see that 何で can mean two different things:\n`why` (in which case it's read as 何{なん}で) or `by what` (in which case it's\nread as 何{なに}で)\n\nSo for your two example sentences, they're both correct, but it's just that in\nthe first, the 何で means `by what`\n\n> Q: お姉ちゃんは何{なに}で学校に行きますか \n> A: 自転車で学校に行きます\n\n> Q: By what means does the sister go to school? \n> A: By bike\n\nIn the second sentence, the 何で means `why`, and is analogous to なぜ or どうして\n\n> 何{なん}で言えばいいか分からない \n> I don't understand why is it good if I can say it\n\nIn short, 何{なに}で and 何{なん}で are different words that mean different thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-18T20:22:10.867", "id": "98638", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-18T20:22:10.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98627", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "As other answers pointed out, it was\n\n> 何て言えばいいか分からない\n\n何て means \"indefinite way\" or \"how\" and it's the adverb form of 何.\n\nIt literally means: \"If I say (it) in an indefinite way, I wouldn't understand\nif it's good\". -> \"I don't know how to say it\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T17:31:48.050", "id": "100342", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T17:31:48.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "98627", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They are speaking some dialect. From the second one I thought it was Kansai-\nben, but if the first was not a question but a statement, it is unlikely. It\nmust be another dialect, if not fake Kansai-ben.\n\n 1. Either way, this is 出たん. In standard Japanese it would be something like 出たの or 出たんだ. Here it means miso soup was served for breakfast. A Kansai-ben speaker would say 出てん.\n\n 2. いてる simply means いる in Kansai-ben (Osaka-ben). I never use this form though I’m a Kansai-ben native.\n\n 3. This is standard Japanese. As you guessed, でない is a negative form of だ. She could have said お乗りではない, as well. It is an honorific form of 乗らない, or 乗っていない in this context. Actually, を is a bit weird. に would be more common.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-17T14:57:13.637", "id": "98630", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-17T14:57:13.637", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98628", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Since your example sentences are about the Japanese language, their implicit\nsubject is Japanese-speaking people in general. Unlike Japanese, English is a\nlanguage that requires an explicit subject. When translating such a sentence\ninto English, you have to choose from _you_ , _one_ , _people_ , or _we_ ,\ndepending on the writing style and the type of the article, but I would say\nthis has little to do with the Japanese language itself. You can choose\nwhichever sounds the most natural to you.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-20T04:16:26.907", "id": "98652", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-20T04:16:26.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98632", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> Why use 用いる and not 用いられる? Who’s the subject?\n\nI think those are separate questions.\n\n> Why use 用いる and not 用いられる?\n\nThe effect is basically the same in this context, just like \"You use X when\n...\" and \"X is used when...\" mean basically the same. Because 用いる is shorter,\nit might be preferred. But that doesn't mean the 用いられる is wrong.\n\n> Who’s the subject?\n\nWho the empty subject and the agent in a passive sentence refer to depends on\nthe context. In instructions, the empty subject in Japanese would probably\nrefer to the reader. In explaining how to use certain linguistic expressions,\n'(native) speakers' would be the default subject. I think in English the\ngeneric 'you' works similarly.\n\nThat said, at least in instructions, I think there is a subtle difference.\n\n> このボタンは非常時に押します \n> このボタンは非常時に押されます\n\nthe first version sounds more like the reader is supposed to push it, while\nthe second version makes it more neutral - it can be the reader, but it can be\nsomeone else, or it can even be automatic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-20T08:58:54.193", "id": "98653", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-20T08:58:54.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98632", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "ベッドに寝る sounds natural when 寝る means “to lie down”. Like 立つ and 座る, this refers\nto an instantaneous action, or change of state, that results in a state of you\n_being_ at some place.\n\nWhen 寝る means “to sleep”, which is a durative action, で sounds more natural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-18T05:01:42.557", "id": "98634", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-18T05:01:42.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98633", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "> {[他の(場所や国)]の(建物や景色など)}を見ること\n\nYou can parse it as above. You are seeing 建物や景色など and the の tells you what\nkind of 建物や景色など i.e., ones in other places and countries.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-18T09:35:00.900", "id": "98637", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-18T11:56:03.293", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-18T11:56:03.293", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98636", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no conflict, and 第二次 simply means _'the second time'._ 第二 means _the\nsecond_ and 次 means _time._\n\nYes it's possible to say 第二大戦 to mean _'the second war',_ but most people\nwould interpret it as _'the second (the inferior) war, the war that is the\nsecond in class',_ implying there is a 'greater war'.\n\nSuch is the habit of the Japanese (or Chinese, since this is Kango) language,\nto say _'the second time_ 第二次' instead of _'the second_ 第二'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T06:03:53.280", "id": "98640", "last_activity_date": "2023-03-01T12:38:14.653", "last_edit_date": "2023-03-01T12:38:14.653", "last_editor_user_id": "18771", "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98639", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "次 is a counter/unit with specific meanings. It's used in three types of\nsituations:\n\n * Counting or numbering _phases_ , _waves_ of one big phenomenon/event. 次 tends to be used for things that happen randomly but eventually finish, whereas 回 is used for regularly scheduled events and programs. \n\n> 3次販売 third sale (of a popular product) \n> 2次災害 secondary disaster \n> 攻撃は4次に分けて行われる Attacks will be done in four waves.\n\n * (Math) Counting a _degree_ of a polynomial. \n\n> 3次関数 cubic function \n> 2次方程式 quadratic equation\n\n * Saying _primary_ , _secondary_ , _tertiary_ , and so on to describe the order of importance (3次 and larger are uncommon) \n\n> 2次的な目的 secondary purpose \n> 廃熱の2次利用 secondary utilization of waste heat\n\nAs for 第1/2次世界大戦, I think 次 was used because the two World Wars were\nconsidered to be parts of a larger historical process.\n\nOn the other hand, 第 is just like \"no.\" or \"-th\".\n\n> 第3会議室 Conference Room 3 \n> 第4開発部 Development Division IV \n> 交響曲第5 Symphony No. 5 \n> 第3王女 Third Princess\n\nIts primary purpose is to make an ordinal/label and avoid confusion (3会議室\nwould mean \"three conference rooms\"). 第 is common in stiff fixed phrases such\nas 第2次世界大戦. But since there is usually no ambiguity when 次 is present, it's\noften safe to drop 第; for example, 3次販売 and 第3次販売 are interchangeable.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T15:41:57.693", "id": "98642", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-19T15:48:26.293", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-19T15:48:26.293", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98639", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, in the example, it is the counter for line:\n[いちぎょう](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C_%28%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8E%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%29/#jn-12376),\nにぎょう, さんぎょう, よんぎょう, ごぎょう, ろくぎょう, ななぎょう, はちぎょう, きゅうぎょう, じゅうぎょう.\n\n[一行{いっこう}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C_%28%E3%81%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E3%81%86%29/#jn-13191)\nmeans a party/group of people who travel together.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T23:12:10.357", "id": "98648", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-19T23:12:10.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98641", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That から is 'because'.\n\nThere are actually two sentences here: 大丈夫。and みんな支えてくれるから。\n\nThe normal single sentence form would be みんな支えてくれるから大丈夫 \"everyone is\nsupporting you so it's okay\". But in your scenario, the person says it will be\nokay and then goes on to clarify why it will be okay.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T15:50:48.447", "id": "98644", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-19T15:50:48.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98643", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "N時過ぎ is _(a few minutes) past N o'clock_ and opposite of N時前= _(a few minutes)\nto N o'clock_.\n\n後{ご} cannot come after N時: 8時後 etc are wrong. Also, it does not have the\nmeaning of _shortly_ that 過ぎ has.\n\n * 終業後 after work\n * 完了後 after completion\n\nWhen you say _after N o'clock'_ , e.g., like in the following,\n\n * When will you be available (say, for meeting) after 2 o'clock?\n\n以降 or より後{あと} is used.\n\n * 2時以降で/2時より後でご都合の良い時間はありますか.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T23:20:36.870", "id": "98649", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-19T23:20:36.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98645", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Apparently it's a jargon for camera work.\n\nFrom\n[here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1043065455),\nなめる means\n\n> 「なめる」は、手前にあるものを半分ないしは４分の１くらい映して、奥のにあるものを撮影する技法ですね。\n>\n> It is a way to shoot an object on the far side (from the shooter's\n> perspective) with objects on the near side being partially (25-50%) in the\n> picture.\n\n> 「左に女の子の後ろ姿をなめて、奥にいる女の子の好きな男の子をとる。」といった感じでしょうか。\n\nIn this example 手前=the girl and 奥=the boy, the camera shoots the boy from\nbehind the girl, and the girl's back is partially in the picture.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-19T23:29:53.743", "id": "98650", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-19T23:29:53.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98646", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "はじめ (始め) here is a shortened version of をはじめとする.\n\nIn the form XをはじめとするY, X is an individual (or individuals), Y is a group that\nX belongs to. It basically refers to Y with X as a prime example.\n\nA similar expression from\n[NHK](https://www.nhk.or.jp/politics/articles/statement/15820.html):\n\n> 被災者をはじめとするすべての皆さんにおわびを申し上げたい", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-20T12:32:13.737", "id": "98655", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-20T12:32:13.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98654", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I wouldn't say it's incorrect but it does sound a bit unnatural.\n\n料理 refers to both the act of preparing food and its product. It certainly\nworks for individual dishes and it's more suitable in your context.\n\n食べ物 are things that are there for you to eat. Its focus is on the purpose of\nyou eating them and doesn't collocate too well with a verb that refers to the\nprocess of preparing them.\n\nBy the way, 食事 refers to a whole meal. You can say 食事を作る.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-20T22:33:42.460", "id": "98661", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-20T22:33:42.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98656", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Just listing the vocabulary/grammar points,\n\n * 僕はね _I_\n\n[ね](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%AD) is a particle expressing emphasis or\ntalking-to-ness.\n\n * はっきり _clearly_\n\n * いっちゃいましたよ _said_\n\nちゃいました=ちゃう+ました=てしまう+ました=てしまいました. Cf. [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38421/45489).\n[よ](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%88) is an ending particle similar to ね for\nemphasis.\n\n * おい黒田をヒーローにしろって。 (that) \"hey, make Kuroda a hero\".\n\nって is a colloquial version of quotative と. Cf.\n[these](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11016/45489)\n[questons](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3913/45489).\n\n* * *\n\nThe quote is postponed in the sentence (and as such in the same order as in\nEnglish). In a very correct version, it would be (dropping ending particles)\n\n * 僕ははっきりと「おい、黒田をヒーローにしろ」といってしまいました。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-21T10:01:12.117", "id": "98662", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-21T10:01:12.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98659", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The ばよかった is used in the literal sense.\n\n...ばよかった, taken literally, means _If ..., it was good/sufficed_. The meaning\n_hope/wish_ comes from interpreting this as _would have been good_ instead of\n_was good_.\n\nAs such, to some extent, all ばよかった sentences are ambiguous. A few things to\nnote are\n\n * In the _hope/wish_ sense, the hoping subject should be _I_.\n * さえすればよかった unambiguously means _had only to_. (In the example, it could be 上がりさえすればよかった though it's a bit strained.)\n\n* * *\n\nExamples:\n\n * 昨日は買い物に行けばよかった\n\ncan mean\n\n 1. All I had to do yesterday was to go shopping.\n 2. I wish I had done shopping yesterday. (I didn't)\n\n1 is the literal sense. ( **昨日** 買い物に行けばよかった can only mean 2, I don't really\nknow why.)\n\n * ゲームをするためにグラフィックボードを買えばよかった\n\n 1. In order to play games, I had only to buy a graphics card. (I had a PC already)\n 2. I wish I had bought a graphics card to play games. (I didn't and it's become more expensive)\n\nAdding a word like ゲームをするために **あとは** グラフィックボードを買えばよかった makes it unambiguously\nmean 1.\n\n * 彼は専門家に相談すればよかった\n\n 1. He had only to consult an expert.\n 2. **I wish** he consulted an expert. (He didn't and is in a mess)\n\nI suppose the context disambiguates in most cases.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-21T11:43:30.393", "id": "98663", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-21T11:43:30.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98660", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm assuming you are looking at [this\nentry](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%AF%92%20%23kanji):\n\n\n\nThe dot in さむ.い means that 寒 is pronounced さむ in the word さむい. 寒 by itself is\nnot pronounced さむい. In fact, if you click on さむ.い in jisho, it will link you\nto the entry for 寒い.\n\nYou might want to look a bit more into kanji, but idea is that for most cases,\nyou will not know the reading of the kanji until it is combined with other\nkanji or followed with hiragana.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-21T23:11:04.747", "id": "98669", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-21T23:11:04.747", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "98664", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> 午前7時ごろ、シャンシャンが乗ったトラックが動物園を出発して、成田空港に向かいました。\n\nYou are right that there are two subjects, but they are the subjects of\ndifferent verbs.\n\nThe first clause is\n\n> 午前7時ごろ、??トラックが動物園を出発して \n> Around 7 A.M. the truck left the zoo and ...\n\nThis is a simple structure with one verb having one subject and one object.\n\nThe ?? part corresponds to シャンシャンが乗った and is called a relative clause. It\ndescribes the noun that follows it in the same way that an adjective can\ndescribe a noun. It means \"Shanshan rode\" and is again a simple clause with\none verb and one subject.\n\nI assume you would be happy with 重いトラック (a heavy truck). You could also\ntranslate it as \"a truck which/that is heavy\". In the same way,\n(シャンシャンが乗った)トラック is \"the truck that Shanshan rode\".\n\nAltogether,\n\n> 午前7時ごろ、シャンシャンが乗ったトラックが動物園を出発し \n> Around 7 A.M. the truck that Shanshan rode left the zoo and ...\n\nThis is an essential part of Japanese grammar. Look up 'relative clause' and\nlearn it well. You will not survive without it.\n\nP.S. I have no idea what Shanshan is. I'm guessing it's a daft panda name or\nsomething.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-21T22:17:21.737", "id": "98667", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-21T22:17:21.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98665", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You're right about it translating to just \"seems like\". You could probably\ntranslate it as\n\n> 理由は分かるようで分からなかった \n> I feel like I'm starting to understand the reason, but I don't.\n\nIt gives the nuance that you are beginning understand, but you need another\npush over the edge. On the other hand, 「理由はわからなかった」 just means \"I don't\nunderstand the reason\", and implies that the speaker is completely unaware.\n\n* * *\n\n分かる＋よう (seems like)＋で (conjunction)＋分からない", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-21T22:57:52.403", "id": "98668", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-21T23:03:52.910", "last_edit_date": "2023-02-21T23:03:52.910", "last_editor_user_id": "21657", "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "98666", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a dialectical form of 観せてもらいました.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-22T00:02:53.827", "id": "98671", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-22T00:02:53.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98670", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This 立ち is the masu-stem of 立つ used as 中止法. It's a bookish or more formal way\nof continuing a sentence used instead of a te-form.\n\n * [て versus combining-form for joining clauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23789/5010)\n * [Removal of て in Japanese novels](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70321/5010)\n * [なく vs. なくて and stem form vs. てform as conjunctions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2934/5010)\n * [Is there a term for using conjugating verbs such that the sentence continues with another clause?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/5010)\n\n> 黒田君達特Sが上に立ち、望月君達がそれを下から支える役回りというわけなんです。 \n> = 黒田君達特Sが上に **立って** 、望月君達がそれを下から支える役回りというわけなんです。\n>\n> Kuroda and other members of the 特S (Team) will stand at the top, and\n> Mochizuki and his team will play a role of supporting them from below.\n\nThis 上 (\"high position\") refers to either a physically high position (e.g.,\nroof) or a socially high position (leader/commander). See the previous\ncontext.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-22T09:19:46.427", "id": "98674", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-22T09:19:46.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98673", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]