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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For ichidan verbs, potential form is made by changing the ru to rareru. The\nsame is done to change them to passive.\n\ne.g taberu -> taberareru (can eat; also, be eaten)\n\nFor godan verbs, potential is made by ending with eru and passive by areru.\n\ne.g korosu -> koroseru (can kill) \nkorosu -> korosareru (be killed)\n\nNow how does one make a potential passive i.e \"can be eaten\" or \"can be\nkilled\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T13:22:10.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29727",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T19:32:57.900",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-07T18:32:08.283",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3441",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"passive-voice",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "How does one make potential passive in Japanese?",
"view_count": 5496
} | [
{
"body": "-Rareru conjugates the same as ichidan verbs. So, semantically and syntactically it is possible to say:\n\n> Taberu -> Tabe **rareru** -> Taberarer **areru**\n>\n> Korosu -> Koros **areru** -> Korosarer **areru**\n\nHowever, it sounds unnatural like tongue twister. I'd rather use -Uru that\nindicates possibility (can; be possible):\n\n> 'can be eaten' -> Taberare **uru**\n>\n> 'can be killed' -> Korosare **uru**\n\n-Uru, N2 level grammar, is attached to the masu form verb stem.\n\n> Taberu -> Tabe **masu** -> Tabe **uru**\n>\n> Korosu -> Koro **shimasu** -> Koroshi **uru**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T16:25:18.100",
"id": "29730",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-07T16:25:18.100",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "5090",
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"post_type": "answer",
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},
{
"body": "[According to Imabi](http://www.imabi.net/apps/forums/topics/show/9242360)\n\n> Passive and the potential is impossible. ...Even if it does sound feasible,\n> ～ことができる would be the closest match. \n> ... \n> Japanese doesn't allow grammatical items to be doubled next to each other,\n> even if they are used for different things. \n> ... \n> The passive is natural intransitive. \"To be able to (happen)\" by nature is\n> also intransitive. \n> ... \n> The passive in English and Japanese results in an intransitive phrase, and\n> it means a lot for grammar. When you double られる, you break two rules of\n> Japanese grammar 1. You're doubling the same think. 2. You're doubling\n> transitivity. Though there are instances where this is allowed for semantic\n> reasons (like transitive + causative), Japanese runs away from dealing with\n> the issue for the most part.\n\nPotential is already structurally similar to the passive. You can see this in\nhow the particle changes from the object marker を (wo, o) to the subject\nmarker が (ga).\n\nGodan examples:\n\n> トラは鹿を殺す。 \n> Tora wa shika o korosu. \n> As for tigers, kill deer. \n> Tigers kill deer. \n> \n> トラは鹿が殺せる。 \n> Tora wa shika ga koroseru. \n> As for tigers, deer can be killed. \n> Tigers can kill deer.\n\nIchidan examples:\n\n> 私は寿司を食べる。 \n> Watashi wa sushi o taberu. \n> As for me, eat sushi. \n> I eat sushi. \n> \n> 私は寿司が食べられる。 \n> Watashi wa sushi ga taberareru. \n> As for me, sushi can be eaten. \n> I can eat sushi. \n>\n\nNote: for ichidan verbs, you can distinguish who did the action in a passive\nsentence by using the particle に (ni).\n\n> 寿司が私に食べられる。 \n> Sushi ga watashi ni taberareru. \n> Sushi is eaten by me.\n\nNote: を (o) may sometimes be found in potential expressions, but is not\nstandard grammar. It may also be found in passive expressions to indicate the\nsuffering passive.\n\nGiven that the basic syntax of a potential expression is so similar to that of\na passive expression, it's not possible to combine them without sounding\nextremely awkward. It would be much simpler and better sounding to rephrase\nit.\n\n> 鹿を殺すことはできる。 \n> Shika o korosu koto wa dekiru. \n> 鹿を殺すことは可能だ。 \n> Shika o korosu koto wa kanou da. \n> 鹿を殺すことはありえる/ありうる。 \n> Shika o korosu koto wa arieru/ariuru. \n> \n> Killing deer is possible. / It is possible to kill deer.\n\nReferences for the other common ways to say that something possible - [koto ga\ndekiru](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/2719/9981) and\n[-eru/-uru](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/15966/9981)\n\nYet another common way to say that you're not sure about something is -ka mo\nshirenai, literally \"can't even know if (preceding phrase).\"\n\n> 死ぬかも知れないよ！ \n> Shinu ka mo shirenai yo! \n> (You) could die! (Equivalent to \"You could be killed!\")\n\nHistory: the similarities between the passive and potential forms exist\nbecause originally godan verbs also used -areru for potential as well passive.\n[source1](https://books.google.com/books?id=YVY6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=areru%20potential&source=bl&ots=iVrThj-9NZ&sig=fX7e1lkZL7IPASFyGksHhxO1dA0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMmOCd-8rJAhUNxWMKHepTCwIQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q&f=false)\n[source2](http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vvoi.htm)\n[source3](https://books.google.com/books?id=_V62AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA207&ots=ZaUmgGk-\nZX&dq=areru%20potential&pg=PA206#v=onepage&q&f=false) One of the sources also\nstates that -areru originally came from the auxiliary verbs -aru and -eru, the\nlatter of which expresses potentiality and can still be commonly found in\nconstructions such as \"arienai\" (impossible, literally \"can't exist\").",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T18:13:11.143",
"id": "29732",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T19:32:57.900",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397",
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"owner_user_id": "9981",
"parent_id": "29727",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 29727 | null | 29732 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29731",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here are some Japanese sentences:\n\n> Aisu-kōhī-o kudasai (Please give me iced coffee) \n> Mizu-o kudasai (Please give me water) \n> Kippu kudasai (Please give me a ticket)\n\nWhy doesn't the last sentence use the `o` marker? Is it a misprint or is there\na rule to it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T16:17:06.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29728",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-07T19:37:14.847",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-07T19:37:14.847",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "When do you use the o marker with kudasai (Please)",
"view_count": 632
} | [
{
"body": "I suppose the last sentence is a misprint.\n\nCase markers play the crucially important roles to indicate the relationship\nof the preceding nouns to the verb of a sentence or a clause. However, they\ncould be omitted when it is easy to assume the meaning of a sentence from the\nvocabularies.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T16:31:46.600",
"id": "29731",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-07T16:31:46.600",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5090",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 29728 | 29731 | 29731 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29735",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 気にするまいと思っても、気に **せず** にはいられない。\n\nIn above sentence, I guess `せず` means `しない`, but what is the original form,\nand how does it become `せず`?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T18:52:48.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29734",
"last_activity_date": "2016-04-17T02:20:52.973",
"last_edit_date": "2016-04-17T02:20:52.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "6895",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"negation",
"auxiliary-ず"
],
"title": "せず - What does it come from?",
"view_count": 5551
} | [
{
"body": "The `-ず` form of a verb means \"without doing\" and is roughly equivalent to\n`ないで`. It's not a contraction of anything and is a verb form on its own.\n\nThe `-ず` form is formed by taking the `-ない` form of a verb and replacing the\n`-ない` with `-ず`. For the irregular verbs, `する` becomes `せず` and `[来]{く}る`\nbecomes `[来]{こ}ず`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T19:10:27.840",
"id": "29735",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T18:21:18.700",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-08T18:21:18.700",
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"parent_id": "29734",
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"score": 7
},
{
"body": "> what is the original form\n\nThe verb する.\n\n> and how does it become せず?\n\nず is an auxiliary verb ([助動詞]{じょどうし}) which attaches to the [未然形]{みぜんけい} of\nthe verb. [せ is one 未然形 of\nする](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8#.E3.81.99.E3.82.8B.EF.BC.88.E5.8F.A3.E8.AA.9E.EF.BC.89)\nand is the one which ず attaches to.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T19:20:39.347",
"id": "29736",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-07T19:20:39.347",
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"owner_user_id": "3010",
"parent_id": "29734",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 29734 | 29735 | 29736 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 主催の「災害」会議実行委員会も、当プロジェクトと同様に、災害 **をきっかけに** 発足したコミュニティとのこと。\n\nI understand the meaning of the words in the above sentences, but I'm having\nproblems making sense of it due to the grammar, especially in the last half of\nthe sentence.\n\nI understand '災害をきっかけに' to be 'in the wake of disaster', however the last part\nis confusing for me.\n\nI find the fact that the sentence is ending in とのこと to be the most confusing\npart - I can't figure out what it is referring to. Thanks for any help.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T21:45:41.630",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29737",
"last_activity_date": "2020-03-17T03:05:41.303",
"last_edit_date": "2020-03-17T03:05:41.303",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Need help with grammar: \"xxをきっかけにxxしたxxとのこと\"",
"view_count": 424
} | [
{
"body": "> 主催の「災害」会議実行委員会も、当プロジェクトと同様に、災害をきっかけに発足したコミュニティとのこと。\n\nThe とのこと at the end means \"They say~~\" \"I hear~~\". \nIt has its own entry [in this J-E\ndictionary](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8):\n\n> とのこと; との事; I'm told; I'm passing on a message; he was informed; indicates\n> that one has heard the preceding information from somebody\n\nand in\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/159742/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8/):\n\n> 人から聞いた話であることを表す。…という。…だそう。「彼は会社をやめたとのことだ」\n\nYou can rephrase it as 「とのこと だ/です」, 「ということ だ/です」, 「なのだそう だ/です」, 「という話 だ/です」\netc. depending on the situation/formality. To my ear, ending a sentence with\n「～とのこと」 sounds more literary than 「～とのことです」「～ということです」 etc.\n\n災害をきっかけに発足したコミュニティ is a noun phrase, the relative clause 災害をきっかけに発足した\nmodifying the コミュニティ, as the other poster said.\n\nSo I think your sentence means something along the lines of:\n\n> The host \"Disaster\" Conference Executive Committee, as well as our project,\n> is a community launched in the wake of a disaster, they said. \n> or \n> They say that the Executive Committee of the Conference on \"Disaster\",\n> which hosted/sponsored this event, was launched because of a disaster, just\n> like our project was.\n\nHope my English makes sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T05:51:07.210",
"id": "29769",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-09T23:03:44.693",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-09T23:03:44.693",
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| 29737 | null | 29769 |
{
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"body": "From an article I'm reading:\n\n> 今回はこのイベントの **様子を交えながら** 、このプロジェクトを総括します。\n\nI understand 様子 as 'state/appearance', and 交える to mean 'mix', but I'm having\nproblems understanding what they mean together as 'mixed state' doesn't seem\nto make sense in this case.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T22:39:51.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29739",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-07T01:28:51.410",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-07T23:10:44.520",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 様子を交える",
"view_count": 230
} | [
{
"body": "Let's think 交{まじ}える as 'to mix A with B': AにBを交{まじ}える.\n\n> 今回は **このイベントの様子{ようす}を交{まじ}え** ながら、 **このプロジェクトを** 総括{そうかつ}します。\n\nAs you understand, 様子{ようす} means 'state/appearance' and indicates how\nsomeone/thing looks at a moment. In this sentence, it means 'how the event\nlooks', which is A of 'to mix A with B'. B is このプロジェクト 'this project'. So, the\nsentence means 'This time I will summarize the project by referring to the\nevent how it was.'",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-07T23:24:53.667",
"id": "29740",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-07T23:24:53.667",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5090",
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{
"body": "I would say that the sentence translates roughly to:\n\n> This time, while mixing in `[some bits about]` the appearance of this event,\n> I will give an overview of this project.\n\nThe bracketed part was inserted to make the English translation sound more\nnatural.\n\nOne of the most important things to always remember about Japanese is that the\nlanguage is EXTREMELY context-specific. Without more background it would be\nimpossible for anyone to tell you what the speaker/writer of that sentence\nreally meant. That said, my interpretation is that the speaker was about to\ngive a broad explanation of some project and wanted to emphasize to his/her\naudience that whatever event he/she previously introduced would be discussed\nfurther during the explanation wherever it became relevant.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-01-07T00:38:20.450",
"id": "30262",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-07T01:28:51.410",
"last_edit_date": "2016-01-07T01:28:51.410",
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"owner_user_id": "12142",
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{
"body": "> 「[今回]{こんかい}はこのイベントの[様子]{ようす}を[交]{まじ}えながら、このプロジェクトを[総括]{そうかつ}します。」\n\nThe last part is the main clause, naturally. ⇒ 「このプロジェクトを総括します」= \" ** _We will\nrecap this project_**.\"\n\nWhile they do the recap, they also want to 「このイベントの様子を交える」 as it says 「ながら」,\nright?\n\n「このイベント」 and 「このプロジェクト」 are two different things, but they should be fairly\nclosely related. More specifically, the former appears to be a rather\nimportant part of the latter (even though only one sentence has been given as\ncontext).\n\n「このイベントの様子を交える」 literally means \"to mix in scenes from this event\". As I\nstated in the comment section, that usually would consist of \" ** _showing\nactual pieces of footage from the event such as photos, videos, etc._** \"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-01-07T01:05:13.603",
"id": "30263",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-07T01:05:13.603",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
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| 29739 | null | 30263 |
{
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"body": "> 共催は、プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった回復力のタクソノミーを、具体的な例に沿って検証する機会として大変有意義だったと考えている。\n\nHaving a problem understanding the above sentences and trying to break them\ndown, would love any ideas on understanding better:\n\n 1. > プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった\n\nIs this meaning \"(the taxonomy of resilience) was an original goal at the\nstart of the project\"? This is my best guess but it feels off.\n\n 2. > 具体的な例に沿って検証する機会として大変有意義だったと考えている。\n\nI take this to mean \"I think this is a meaningful opportunity to validate\nspecific examples.\", but I am not sure how this relates to the first part of\nthe sentence, so I suspect my understanding is off.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T02:44:25.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29744",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T07:15:13.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Grammar question: プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "共催は、 **タクソノミー** を具体的な例に沿って検証する機会として大変有意義だったと考えている。\n\nプロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった回復力のタクソノミー\n\nI think (this) joint sponsorship was a very significant(or meaningful)\nopportunity to verify/validate the taxonomy of resilience using concrete\ncases/examples.\n\nResilience was \"one of the initial goals of the project\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T05:30:25.380",
"id": "29746",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T05:30:25.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10513",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I don't know what 回復力のタクソノミー is, but you seem to understand that part.\n\nRead the sentence like\n`共催は、［〔｛（プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった→）回復力のタクソノミー｝を、具体的な例に沿って検証する→〕機会として］大変有意義だったと考えている。`\n\n * ｛（プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった→）回復力のタクソノミー｝ \n｛the taxonomy of resilience, （←which was one of the goals at the start of the\nproject）｝,\n\n * ［〔｛（プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった）回復力のタクソノミー｝を、具体的な例に沿って検証する→〕機会 **として** ］ \n[ **As** an opportunity 〔←to verify ｛the taxonomy of resilience, which was one\nof the goals at the start of the project,｝using concrete examples〕]\n\n * 共催は、［｛（プロジェクトスタート当初の目標のひとつであった）回復力のタクソノミー｝を、具体的な例に沿って検証する機会として］大変有意義だったと考えている。 \nI think this co-hosting was very fruitful ［as an opportunity 〔to verify the\ntaxonomy ...〕］",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T06:54:12.180",
"id": "29747",
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}
]
| 29744 | null | 29746 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29775",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 現場に行くのではない支援がある\n\nI sometimes get tripped up with ではない (\"it isn't\" vs. \"isn't it?\"). In the\nabove sentence, I'm guessing the meaning is \"I have support that isn't making\nit to the site\", but I have a feeling I may have a skewed understand and would\nappreciate anyone's opinion on the actual meaning, thanks.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T03:39:28.150",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "...のではない...がある sentence structure",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "Without any further context, this phrase _probably_ means \"There's a kind of\nsupport that doesn't require you to go to the site.\" Or it may have a stronger\nand paradoxical meaning: \"You can support by _not_ coming to the site.\"\n\nThis would make sense when one wants to euphemistically say \"Indirect support\nlike donation is also welcome.\" or \"Ill-prepared volunteers who rush to the\ndisaster site [may do more harm than\ngood](http://jp.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303570604580076623331110444).\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-09T12:46:17.170",
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"score": 5
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| 29745 | 29775 | 29775 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29749",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the function of the particle に in this sentence?\n\n> みんなお寺 **に** 名前を登録しなければなりませんでした。\n\nThat means that everyone had to register their names in temples? But why isn't\nthere で particle then (place of action function)?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-08T06:58:46.853",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11903",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "What is the function of particle に in this sentence? みんなお寺に名前を登録しなければなりませんでした。",
"view_count": 110
} | [
{
"body": "Both are grammatically correct, but they have different meanings.\n\nお寺 **で** 名前を登録する means \"to register their names **at** the temple\". The temple\nhappens to be where they registered their names. Their names will be recorded\nin the list which may or may not be managed by the temple itself.\n\nお寺 **に** 名前を登録する means \"to register their names **with** the temple\". It's\nclear that your names will be managed by the temple.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T07:12:38.287",
"id": "29749",
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"score": 8
}
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| 29748 | 29749 | 29749 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29784",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In one of my Anki decks I found the following sentence:\n\n> A氏は日本を訪問するに **際し** 、喜びを語った。\n\nThe sentence was translated as:\n\n> Mr. A spoke of his joy of visiting Japan.\n\n 1. I assume that the translation is correct, but why the sentence was translated like that and not as:\n\n> _On the occasion of visiting Japan, Mr. A expressed (spoke) his joy._\n\n 2. How should I say:\n\n> _On the occasion of visiting Japan, Mr. A expressed (spoke) his joy._\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T09:03:36.137",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Need help with 際",
"view_count": 601
} | [
{
"body": "I actually didn't understand the usage of \"するに際し\" together with \"語った.\" While\n\"語った\" is in the past tense, \"に際し\" talks about the future. For me the sentence\nwould be better like this:\n\n> A氏は日本を訪問した際に、喜びを語った。\n\n\"際\" doesn't mean \"in the case of\" only, it can also mean \"when.\" Since it can\nbe easily replaced by \"時,\" which is a less polite way to say \"when\" or \"in\ncase of.\"\n\nTry checking out this [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9bE4StBgxs)\ntoo.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T02:43:13.490",
"id": "29765",
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{
"body": "> X. 彼{かれ}は日本{にっぽん}を訪問{ほうもん}するに際{さい}し、喜{よろこ}びを語{かた}った。\n>\n> Y. 彼は日本を訪問する際{さい}に、喜びを語った。\n>\n> Z. 彼は日本を訪問した際に、喜びを語った。\n\nEach sentence mean different situation from the others. \n \nIf you want to put ''するに際し（するに際して）'' in another way, you can say\n''するにあたり（するにあたって）''. \n''するに際し'' and ''するにあたって'' are used together with another verb, are need to be\nprevious event. \nSo, you can know he had spoken his joy before he visited Japan. \n \nI think _on the occasion of_ is likely to be one of the most appropriate\ntranslation, however, ''するに際し'' has more relative to the main verb than _on\nthe occasion of_ does, I think. \n \nSo you can know his joy was his visit to Japan. \n \nAbout Y and Z, the tense are the only difference of ''する際に'' and ''した際に''.\nThey mean ''at the time when someone does or did something''. \nIf you need not to say politely, you can use ''する時に'' and ''した時に''. \n \nIn Y, it was before he came to Japan when he spoke of his joy. \nOtherwise, in Z, he spoke of it after he came to Japan. \nHense, X, Y, and Z would be translated into English as follows.\n\n> X'. He spoke of his joy on the occasion of visiting Japan.\n>\n> Y'. He spoke of his joy when he was going to visit Japan.\n>\n> Z'. He spoke of his joy when he visited Japan. \n>\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, I will make a little explanation about the tense in Japanese. \nAlthough some readers may wonder if ''訪問する際に語った'' isn't correct, ''訪問した際に語った''\nor ''訪問する際に語る'' is correct, all of those are correct because of the following\nreason. \nPlease look at examples as follows carefully.\n\n> A. 彼{かれ}が来{く}ると知{し}っている。 \n> B. 彼が来ると知っていた。 \n> C. 彼が来たと知っている。 \n> D. 彼が来たと知っていた。 \n>\n\nIt depends on the the time compared to the main verb whether present or past\ntense, that is, ''来る'' or ''来た'' is used. \nWhen you compare the time of the verb ''知っている'' and ''来る'', ''来る'' is or was\nthe future, the following event, in A and B. So you have to use ''来る'' instead\nof ''来た''. \n \nThese are translated into English as follows.\n\n> A'. I know he will come. \n> B'. I knew he would come. \n> C'. I know he came. \n> D'. I knew he had came.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-09T16:23:07.047",
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{
"body": "I would say that the translation in the Anki deck is inaccurate. Your\ntranslation is much better.\n\nThe original Japanese sentence says nothing about what Mr. A's joy was about,\nand only that it was expressed on the occasion of visiting Japan. The\ntranslator probably assumed too much, or it was taken from a broader context.\nIn any case it is inappropriate for a learner.\n\nTo give a more obvious example:\n\n> A氏は日本を訪問するに際し、スーツケースを買った。 \n> × Mr. A [bought a suitcase] **of** visiting Japan \n> ○ **On the occasion of** visiting Japan, Mr. A [bought a suitcase].\n\nThis cannot work with the translation in your deck, while your's works\nperfectly.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-09T22:49:45.023",
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| 29750 | 29784 | 29784 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I'm having trouble using these two to my higher ups. Which is more polite?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T10:49:38.793",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29752",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11904",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"keigo",
"politeness"
],
"title": "Difference between くださって and いただいて and when you should use it",
"view_count": 8690
} | [
{
"body": "くださる means \"to give\" while いただく means \"to receive\". In auxiliary usage, you\nexpress gratitude by using the former when the doer is the subject, and the\nlatter when you, the recipient is the subject.\n\n * おしえてくださって、ありがとうございます。 I appreciate that you taught me.\n * おしえていただいて、たすかりました。 I was helped with your advice.\n\nSome people (not me) say that sentences with いただく are more comfortable.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T11:34:55.600",
"id": "29753",
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{
"body": "While いただく means receive and くださる means give, they are both used somewhat\ninterchangeably. There is a minor grammatical difference:\n\n田中様 **に** 教えていただきまして、感謝しております。\n\n田中様 **が** 教えてくださいまして、感謝しております。\n\nBoth sentences mean something like 'I am thankful that Mr Tanaka told me', or\n'Thank you very much for telling me, Mr Tanaka', but いただく takes に and くださる\ntakes が. Now then, on to usage differences.\n\nWith いただく, you are implicitly performing the action; with くださる, the honoured\nsubject is performing the action. It is thus that いただく is politer, because it\nis considered politer to remove focus on the honoured one. Thus, you might use\nくださる talking to your boss, who is in your in-group but requires honorifics,\nwhile you would say いただく talking to customers, who are not only part of your\nout-group but require honorifics. (A lot of people would use similar forms\ntalking to strangers as well, but that's another matter.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-08T16:51:04.600",
"id": "29759",
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| 29752 | null | 29753 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29756",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both 仏 and 釈迦 are defined as \"Buddha\" in my dictionary. Is there a difference\nbetween these words?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T11:52:23.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29755",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T12:29:06.803",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-08T12:06:25.580",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "3741",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"names",
"religion"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 仏 and 釈迦？",
"view_count": 141
} | [
{
"body": "仏 **basically** means (lowercase) buddha, that is, past participle of a verb\nthat means to wake in Sanskrit or one who are awaken, not limited to Gautama\nBuddha. 釈迦 refers to Gautama Siddhartha himself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T12:29:06.803",
"id": "29756",
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| 29755 | 29756 | 29756 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29758",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 先輩と昼の街を歩く。 \n> **いつもなら見向きもせずに通りすぎるような店によって** 、二人してああでもないこうでもないと意見を合わせるだけの午前中。 \n> 結局なに一つとして買った物はなかったけど、そんなやりとりが時間を忘れるほど楽しかった。\n\nI walk through the city with senpai during the day. Usually, without even\ntaking a look because we passed by the stores, we shared our opinions and\npassed time until midday. At the end, we bought nothing but by doing that we\nhad fun as if we forgot about time.\n\nI do not understand that bold part. によって=By, because of\n\nBut what is its role there?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T16:06:46.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29757",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"parsing"
],
"title": "What does によって mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "I think here this is に寄って, which just means \"to stop by\". So\n\n> いつもなら見向きもせずに通りすぎるような店によって → stopping by the kind of stores you'd normally\n> pass by without even noticing (them)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T16:16:17.307",
"id": "29758",
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| 29757 | 29758 | 29758 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> この会議には第2回から参加し、「今回のテーマは\"システムズ×ひろげる\"。\n\nI'm having problems understanding the meaning of から参加し in the above sentence.\nIs it something like \"having participated since the 2nd conference\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T18:33:46.860",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29760",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-24T16:30:11.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Usage of ...から参加し",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "This 「から」 is a `Case particle` meaning \" **from** or **since** ,\" which is\nused when you want to tell a spacial or time/sequential _starting point._\n\n * 東京{とうきょう} _から_ -> **FROM** Tokyo (Spatial)\n * 7時{じ} _から_ -> **FROM/SINCE** 7 (Time)\n * 3番目{ばんめ} _から_ -> **FROM/SINCE** 3rd (Sequential, This case)\n\nSo, as you guessed, 「から参加し」 in this context is interpreted as \"... participate\nfrom ...\" or \"... participate since ...\" \nIn this specific case, we don't know when this \"participation streak\" ends, so\nwe get to choose `since`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-02-24T16:30:11.103",
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| 29760 | null | 32438 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29762",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> カトちゃんだって、実際は別に毎日長さんに怒られてるわけじゃない **じゃろ** から、本当は ”人気者 **で** 怒られない人” **じゃろう**\n> ね。 \n> In reality it's not really the case that even Katochan gets told off by\n> Chou everyday so, in truth, people who don't get told off by popular people\n> ????\n\nWhat do じゃろ and じゃろう mean in the sentence above? My guess is that it is a\nnegative form of だろ, but if that's the case then I can't make the clause after\nから make any sense.\n\nIf it is a negative だろ then why use じゃないじゃろ rather than just じゃろ? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T19:17:53.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29761",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-08T22:21:10.740",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-08T22:21:10.740",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"etymology",
"dialects",
"copula",
"role-language"
],
"title": "Meaning of じゃろ and じゃろう",
"view_count": 2790
} | [
{
"body": "Simply put, じゃろ and じゃろう are だろ and だろう, but in another dialect. Other forms\ninclude やろ and やろう. If you're wondering how they could all come about, they\noriginally come from であろう. In ancient times, some dialects (including the\nstandard, I believe) pronounced で what would be written as じぇ now, and so\ntheir であろう contracted naturally to じゃろう. やろう comes from じゃろう in a manner\nsimilar to what some dialects of English display. (Note that they're all from\nである, and indeed である has the alternative standard form だ as well as dialectal\nforms や and じゃ.) One last point: じゃろう is also sometimes used by old men in\nfiction to show that they are old men, but I don't think that's what's going\non here.\n\nAnd one last thing: a negative だろう would be ～ないだろう, ～なかろう, or (after a\ndictionary form or ～ます stem [dictionary form for godan, stem for ichidan])\n～まい. The latter two are literary.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-08T19:29:27.983",
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| 29761 | 29762 | 29762 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29771",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is a sentence that I have constructed from my knowledge, but from what I\nhave seen, I am not sure if it is at all correct.\n\n> [世界]{せ・かい}の[子供]{こ・ども}は[桜]{さくら}の[豊富]{ほう・ふ}な[花]{はな}のようなものだ。 → The world's\n> children are like the plentiful flowers of the sakura tree.\n\nI ponder on whether it would be natural to change もの into Kanji.「物」\n\nAnd also, would this sentence sound natural for a simile in Japanese? If\nsomething else sounds more natural or better, please tell me.\n\nIf anyone has any answer to this (or can point out what mistake I made), I\nwould greatly appreciate it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-08T19:44:26.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29763",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-09T08:23:49.557",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-09T00:00:00.630",
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"owner_user_id": "11393",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "How to say that something is like something with ような",
"view_count": 1193
} | [
{
"body": "* Your usage of ～のような is correct as long as grammar is concerned.\n * \"Children are like cherry blossoms\" is a simile which is not widely recognized, and it's somewhat puzzling to me. Whether this is natural or not would depend on how successfully you can explain your intention in the following sentences.\n * This もの should be written in hiragana, because it's a 形式名詞. Using 物 is not entirely wrong, but recently most people use hiragana in cases like this.\n * The noun phrase 桜の豊富な花 would literally mean \"flowers in which cherries are abundant\" (ie. \"cherry-rich flowers\"), which is weird. Why don't you simply say たくさんの桜の花 (or verbosely, 桜の木に咲いたたくさんの花)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T08:01:02.710",
"id": "29771",
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| 29763 | 29771 | 29771 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29777",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 時間があるなら、彼の画廊に寄ってみ **たら。**\n\nWhat meaning does たら have at the end of a sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T04:42:41.883",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29766",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T04:07:23.830",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-07T16:24:49.907",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "11108",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals",
"ellipsis"
],
"title": "What does たら do at the end of a sentence?",
"view_count": 2657
} | [
{
"body": "A verb + a postpositional particle \"たら\" is used when you suggest something.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-09T05:52:27.777",
"id": "29770",
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{
"body": "> 時間があるなら、彼の画廊に寄ってみ **たら** 。 \n> If you have time, _why don't you_ drop by his art gallery?\n\nWhen used at the end of a sentence, and usually with a rising tone, たら\nindicates a **suggestion, recommendation or advice** , meaning _\" Why don't\nyou ~~?\" \"You should ~~\" \"How about ~~?\"_ You can think of it as the shortened\nform of 「～たらどう？」 or 「～たらどうですか？」\n\nたら is the 仮定形 (hypothetical form) of the auxiliary た. See definition #8 of the\n助動詞 \"た\" in\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/132183/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%9F/):\n\n> ８ （「…たらどうか」「…たらいかがでしょうか」などの形で） **助言したり提案したり勧誘したり**\n> する場合に用いられる。「この件は継続審議ということにしたらいかがでしょうか」 \n> [補説]... 仮定形「たら」は、多く「ば」を伴わないで「雨が降ったら中止だ」などと使われ、 **「遅いからもう帰ったら」のように文末に用いられて**\n> 8の意を表す。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T14:53:45.067",
"id": "29777",
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"score": 15
}
]
| 29766 | 29777 | 29777 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across this sentence, だが、韓国車には決定的な弱点がある。\n\nand was wondering if 韓国車 referred to Korean cars, or the automotive industry\nin Korea.\n\nJisho says that it refers to the Automotive industry, wondering what the\nconsensus here is.\n\nIf it depends on context, let me know.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T05:16:54.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29767",
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"owner_user_id": "11470",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Does 韓国車 refer to the Korean Automotive Industry or to Korean cars in general?",
"view_count": 361
} | [
{
"body": "韓国車 means \"Korean cars\" and \" the automotive industry in Korea\" is translated\nas韓国の自動車産業 in Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T05:38:05.050",
"id": "29768",
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| 29767 | null | 29768 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29779",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Good morning.\n\nI was wondering if I can get some help with translating a sentence from\nJapanese to English, and also if I can receive some feedback about the way\nthat I try to speak Japanese.\n\n**Me:** アメリカ人の中このチャネルはSF5をゲームしてくださいといっていました。\n\n**What I thought I was saying:** The American people in the channel said\n\"Please play SF5 (Street Fighter 5).\"\n\n**What I wanted to say:** The American people in the chatroom are saying to\nplease play street fighter 5!\n\n**A response I got:** アメリカ人もSF5やるきか。\n\n**What I think it maybe means:** I see も so I think this is kind of like \"too\"\nin English. So I think the person is saying I want you to play SF5 too? やる - I\nwasn't aware of using this instead of げーむをする. Also, I don't know what きか at\nthe end means.\n\n**I apologize for any confusion. I took 3 semesters of Japanese but my last\nsemester was around 2010. So it has been a long time. I just thought I would\ntry and see if I can try and hold basic internet conversations.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T15:14:12.110",
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"id": "29778",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Basic conversation question",
"view_count": 172
} | [
{
"body": "> アメリカ時の中このチャネルはSF5をゲームしてくださいといっていました。\n\nUnfortunately, this sentence is broken, and it must have been difficult for\nthem to figure out what you wanted to say. If I had to translate this sentence\nback into English, it would be something like \"In American time this channel\nwas saying please game SF5\".\n\nThe biggest mistake is 時【じ】, which means _time_. I guess you wanted to say\nアメリカ人【じん】 (American _people_ ). The correct sentence would be\n\"このチャンネルのアメリカ人はSF5をプレイしてくださいと言っています。\" (if you actually wanted to use present\ntense)\n\n> アメリカ人もSF5やるきか。\n\n * ゲーム(を)する and ゲーム(を)やる are the same, except that the latter sounds more casual and colloquial.\n * きか in this context is 気【き】+か, where 気 means 'intention/will' and か is the question marker (the particle which turns the sentence into a question). ～する気だ means \"to have an intention to do ～\".\n\nSo the sentence means \"(This) American is gonna play SF5 too?\", and I think\nthis was said not to you but to someone else in the chatroom. People usually\ndon't address _you_ (the second person) as アメリカ人, unless your screen name was\n`アメリカ人`.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-09T15:57:39.333",
"id": "29779",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 29778 | 29779 | 29779 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29782",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In one of n3 jlpt questions I saw a question with a strange usage of noun +\n上にて.\n\n> ただいまホームページ（ ）、アルバイトを募集しています。\n>\n> 3) 上にて\n\nI understand にて has similar meaning and usage as で。 However, why in this case\ndo we say ホームページ上にて instead of ホームページにて？",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T18:52:21.287",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29781",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-09T22:10:47.457",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11068",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"jlpt",
"suffixes",
"particle-にて"
],
"title": "meaning of word + 上にて",
"view_count": 1294
} | [
{
"body": "This is an example of how 〜上{じょう} can be suffixed to various kinds of media,\nsimilar to how we say “ **on** television” or “ **on** the internet” in\nEnglish. Note that `〜上` can also be used for books/magazines, even though it\nwould be “ **in** a book/magazine” in English.\n\nExamples:\n\n * テレビ上に映し出される映像\n * ラジオ上での対談\n * 雑誌上のインタビュー\n * パソコン上に保存してあるファイル\n * パンフレット上に書いてあります etc.\n\nInterestingly, the `上` can be removed from all the examples above, and the\nmeanings will basically remain the same (aside from some minor differences in\nnuance).\n\nSo ホームページにて or ホームページで are also acceptable. To the Japanese mind, にて/で can\nfeel a little bit more like “ **at** the website”, as opposed to “ **on** the\nwebsite” when saying 上で/上にて.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T21:36:13.800",
"id": "29782",
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"score": 8
}
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| 29781 | 29782 | 29782 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29785",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Yet another sentence in a taiko performer's memoirs that I can't quite\ngrasp...\n\n> 総ての枠を全部取っぱらって、というのはやっぱり難しいけれど、投銭興行でやったのも一つの取っぱらいだった。\n\nI know 「取っぱらう」means \"to throw away\" or \"set aside\", etc. The context of this\nsentence involves the performer discussing what it's like for him to be up on\nstage, versus in the practice room; he sees being on stage as a unique\nopportunity to get to know a different side of himself as a performer.\n\nI believe the first half of this sentence says something along the lines of:\n\"I completely let go of all of the restrictions I had put on myself, and\nthough doing so is quite difficult...\"\n\nI also know that 「投銭興行でやった」is working as a street performer, or performing for\n\"tossed coin\" donations, but I'm uncertain of how 「取っぱらいだった」interacts with\nthis (and, I'm also not really sure how 〜の is functioning here).\n\nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-09T22:09:41.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29783",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-10T02:20:20.890",
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"owner_user_id": "3585",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "Help understanding these uses of 「取っぱらい」",
"view_count": 199
} | [
{
"body": "とっぱらい is a piece of showbiz jargon which is described\n[here](http://www.x-memory.jp/glossary/geino/gno090.html), but it's not used\nin this sense in your case.\n\n> 投銭興行でやったのも一つの取っぱらいだった。\n\n * の here means もの/こと. 投銭興行でやったの means 投銭興行でやったこと (\"what I did as a street performer\").\n * も is used in place of the topic marker は.\n * The masu-form of a verb is sometimes used to nominalize a verb, or [to coin a noun which has some derivative meaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27370/5010) from the original verb. (とっぱらい above is also a good example)\n * And 取っぱらい seems to refer to the 枠を取っぱらう part in the first half of the sentence.\n\nSo the most reasonable interpretation of 取っぱらい here, I think, is \"let-go-of-\nthe-restrictions experience/episode\", or simply \"liberating experience\" in\nthis context. In other words, the author temporarily coined the noun 取っぱらい to\nrefer to the concept previously mentioned.\n\n> 総ての枠を全部取っぱらって、というのはやっぱり難しいけれど、投銭興行でやったのも一つの取っぱらいだった。 \n> While I still find it difficult to completely let go of all my\n> restrictions, what I did as a street performer was a kind of (such) \"let-go\"\n> experience, too.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-10T01:50:52.897",
"id": "29785",
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"score": 9
}
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| 29783 | 29785 | 29785 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29788",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm having difficulty choosing word for 'to clobber' in Japanese.\n\nWhat I mean for this 'Clobber' is to beat thoroughly and conclusively in a\nfight competition. I wonder if I can use these words:\n\n> **殴られる** (as in ぶん殴る) \n> or \n> **鍛える** \n> or \n> **ぶとばす** \n> or \n> **潰す**\n\nCan I use these forms in formal situation? Or it's strictly used in colloquial\nterms?\n\nAny help is really appreciated.Thanks! (especially native speaker who can\nunderstand the nuance/words difference)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-10T09:38:16.750",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-10T10:07:38.410",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "10323",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "How to convey the best possible word in japanese for 'I want to clobber him'?",
"view_count": 492
} | [
{
"body": "`殴る/ぶん殴る` means \"to punch\", but does not have the consecutive nuance. `ぶん殴る`\nrefers to landing a single, strong punch.\n\n`鍛える` means \"to train\" (physically, e.g. muscles), so it can't be used here.\n\n`ぶっ飛ばす` has a literal meaning of \"to beat with enough power to send it\nflying\". It has the same nuance as `ぶん殴る`, but can also be used for strong\nkicks.\n\n`潰す` means \"to crush\", and has a very strong \"stomping\" image.\n\nI would go for the following alternatives:\n\n`叩き潰す`： \"to strike until it is crushed\"\n\n`ボコボコにする`： \"to beat it to a pulp\"\n\nThe words above are colloquial. Formally you would have to choose something\ncloser to \"to defeat\" such as `倒す` or `打ち負かす`.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-10T10:14:47.580",
"id": "29788",
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{
"body": "「ぶちのめす」is fitting for this situation. (Not formal.)\n\nDefinition: ひどくたたいて倒す。大きな打撃を与えて二度と立ち上がれないようにする。\n\nSome examples\n[here](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%B6%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%81%E3%81%99&ref=sa).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T00:10:08.870",
"id": "29793",
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"owner_user_id": "6823",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 29787 | 29788 | 29788 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29797",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「そう、この世界には死者は存在しない。 \n> 夢というものは生者が見る共通無意識だ。 \n> 故に、すでに死亡したものはこの場に参加する事ができない。 \n> **たとえおまえ自身が強く記録し、その復活を望んだ人間がいたとしてもだ。** \n> 些細な役回り……そうだな、通行人Ａという役割を用意したとしても、死者はこの劇場に入れない。 \n> 役割があっても役者がいないという事だ」\n>\n> In this world there are no dead people. \n> A dream is a shared subconscious the living see. \n> Therefore, dead people cannot be invited into this world. \n> Even though you yourself strongly recorded it and even if there was a\n> person who wishes for revival. \n> A trivial role, yes. \n> Even if you prepared the role of passerby A, the dead cannot come on this\n> stage. \n> Even if there is a role there is no actor.\n\nCan someone help me with that bold part?\n\nAlso I do not understand\n\n> その復活を望んだ人間がいた \n> A: The person who desired for revival \n> B: The person whose revival you desired\n\nWhich is correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-10T15:35:58.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29789",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-11T07:19:24.337",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-10T21:53:41.090",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"relative-clauses",
"copula",
"ambiguity"
],
"title": "たとえ-Continuative-たとしても",
"view_count": 447
} | [
{
"body": "> たとえ{おまえ自身が(強く記録し、その復活を望んだ)→}人間がいたとしてもだ。\n\nたとえ～としてもだ means \"(the aforementioned sentence is true) Even if ...\". たとえ is\noptional. Example:\n\n> 何も喋るな。たとえ聞かれてもだ。 (≒ たとえ聞かれても、何も喋るな。) \n> Don't say anything. Even if you're asked.\n\nその復活を望んだ人間がいた refers to B: the person whose revival you desired. Depending on\nthe context, 復活を望む人間 by itself can mean \"someone who is dead and desires their\nown revival\", \"someone who desires someone else's revival\" or \"someone whose\nrevival someone else desires\". In your case, the implicit change of subject is\nunlikely to happen after te-from (記録し), so it's 'おまえ自身' who desired something.\nAnd of course, a dead person can't have desire in this situation (because they\ndon't exist!).\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, that そうだな is not \"yes\" but like \"say\" used to give an example.\n\n> Even if you prepared some trivial role, say, the role of passerby A, ...",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T07:19:24.337",
"id": "29797",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 29789 | 29797 | 29797 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29794",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「あんたなんて甘やかしたらどこまでもツケあがる **タチだ** から、厳しくされてちょうどいいのよ。」 \n> If I pamper the likes of you, you'll be endlessly spoiled, so ...\n\nI thought タチ was \"the nature of a person\" so ツケあがるタチ would be a \"spoiled\nnature\". So I don't understand why we have だ rather than ある afterwards. Surely\n\"You will **have** a spoiled nature\" rather than \"you will **be** a spoiled\nnature\".\n\nCould someone please explain what I am misunderstanding in this sentence?\n\nAlso, I'm totally stuck on how the second clause works. Does it mean \"being\njudged strictly is just right\"? I may post a separate question about this.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-10T18:28:31.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29790",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "How to interpret タチ in this sentence",
"view_count": 316
} | [
{
"body": "We say that you **have** a spoiled nature, however, we say ツケあがるタチ **だ** in\nJapanese. \n \nWe have to note that a word cannot be always translated in one or some certain\nways. \n \n\n> ほくろが **ある** \n> 怒{おこ}りっぽい性格{せいかく} **だ** \n> 黒{くろ}い髪{かみ}を **している** \n>\n\nThese three expressions would be translated with _have_ into English. \n \nGenerally, the same expression as in English is NOT necessarily used to\nexpress a certain situation or thing in other languages. \n \nSo, it is no wonder ''疲れる'' and ''be tired'' are the same, no wonder ''違う''\nand ''be different'' are the same, and no wonder ''ツケあがるタチ **だ** '' and ''you\n**have** a spoiled nature'' are the same meaning.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T02:58:47.223",
"id": "29794",
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"parent_id": "29790",
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"score": 4
}
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| 29790 | 29794 | 29794 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29792",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "sentence #1:\n\n> 自分{じぶん}の番{ばん}が近{ちか}づいてきたとき、 **私{わたし}は**\n> 緊張{きんちょう}のあまり頭{あたま}の中{なか}が真{ま}っ白{しろ}になってしまった。\n\nsentence #2:\n\n> 自分の番が近づいてきたとき、 **緊張のあまり** 、私は頭の中が真っ白になってしまった。\n\nsentence #3:\n\n> 自分の番が近づいてきたとき、 **私の** 緊張のあまり頭の中が真っ白になってしまった。\n\nsentence #4:\n\n> 自分の番が近づいてきたとき、緊張のあまり頭の中が真っ白になってしまった。\n\n 1. Are each grammatically correct?\n 2. Nuances aside, are there any fundamental differences in meanings? \n 3. Because the first-person is implied, there is no need to mention 私, so #4 is the most natural?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-10T20:05:04.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29791",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-10T22:01:12.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"particle-は",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "「私の緊張のあまり」 vs.「私は緊張のあまり」in this sentence?",
"view_count": 291
} | [
{
"body": "> 1. Are each grammatically correct?\n> 2. Nuances aside, are there any fundamental differences in meanings?\n>\n\nSentences #1, #2, and #4 are grammatical and mean the same thing (unless the\nsubject implied in #4 by the context is different from 私, of course). Sentence\n#3 is not grammatical.\n\nNote that 私は緊張のあまり is not a single meaningful component of a sentence in #1.\nIn #1, #2, and #4, 緊張のあまり is an adverbial phrase and modifies 頭の中が真っ白になってしまった.\nThe position of an adverbial phrase is often flexible in Japanese, and you can\nput it before or after 私は.\n\nIf anything, putting it before 私は as in #2 may put some emphasis on 緊張のあまり.\n\n> 3. Because the first-person is implied, there is no need to mention 私, so\n> #4 is the most natural?\n>\n\nI do not think that there is a difference in naturalness between #1, #2, and\n#4 in isolation.\n\nIf the 私は part is obvious from the context (e.g. because the preceding\nsentence states 私は explicitly), stating it again is unnatural unless it is\nrepeated for some reason.",
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| 29791 | 29792 | 29792 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29796",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I visited a shopping website, and I read\n予約を含め在庫がなくなった場合、店頭分をご用意できない場合がございますことを予めご了承ください。I couldn't understand 店頭分\nproperly. What does it mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T05:43:14.347",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nouns",
"compounds"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 店頭分?",
"view_count": 115
} | [
{
"body": "店頭 means \"store front\" and 店頭分 means \" items which is sold in a shop\".",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 29795 | 29796 | 29796 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29824",
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"body": "According to any definitions I'm aware of, I don't understand the phrase\n\"一応褒めている\". 一応 is pretty tricky (for me, anyhow), so I'm sure I'm overlooking\nsomething, but what does it mean here and how would you translate it?\n\"Tentatively\", \"to some extent\", make little sense and seem like they'd come\noff impolite. What's 一応 mean here?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "The meaning of 一応 in 一応褒めている",
"view_count": 427
} | [
{
"body": "一応 is difficult to translate directly.\n\nIt is appropriate to use together with 褒{ほ}めている (praising) when it might not\nbe entirely obvious to the listener that they are receiving praise (or that\nthe speaker is intending to give praise). It is used to clarify something to\nthe listener that they might not have understood. It can be substituted with\nthe phrase \"in case you didn't realize...\", which would be \"念{ねん}のために言{い}うが\"\n\n**Here's an example scenario:**\n\nAlice says something to praise Bob, but Bob doesn't realize that they are\nwords of praise (or maybe they were worded so ambiguously that even Alice\nherself understands that someone might miss that they were intended as\npraise). Bob gives a look like he didn't just receive praise (perhaps a blank\nstare, frown of an offended or perplexed person). Alice clarifies to Bob that\nshe is praising him by saying: 一応褒めている.",
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"body": "一応 ( いちおう ) means something like \"for the time being, anyway(s), or At the\nbare minimum.\"\n\nYou can understand it better by inference:\n\nたいおう 対応 means \"something that fits perfectly appropriately for the situation)\n\n対応する場所においてください = please place it in a spot that makes sense\n\nAnyway, perhaps the best translation I find is via jisho.org: \"tentatively,\nfor the time being\" as far as いちおう goes.\n\n一応褒めている = well anyway, we're/he/she is praising [it] (presumably because it\nhas some good qualities that are evident but there could be things to look\nmore closely into)\n\nContextually something like that would fit if someone, say, brought you a\nreally difficult to get fruit, but didn't necessarily tell you how. You would\n\"praise them for it\" (for the benefit of the doubt kinda) although you might\nfind out later they chopped down the tree to get the fruit... So the 一応 kinda\nalludes to an uncertainty about definite conclusions, but since Japan is the\nland of politeness, you would want to praise someone first and then ask\nquestions later, and that's kinda what this means.",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-12T15:18:23.173",
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"body": "If you can provide some context, we can assist you more. That said, taken in\nisolation.... 一応ほめている、can be used in 2 scenarios I can think of top of my\nhead.\n\nOne is where giving an immediate praise is expected, like when a 5 year old\ndraws something with crayon and asks you if it's well done. Before you offer\nconstructive critique or chuckle or anything, you better go WOW THAT's\nWONDERFUL!!! before you say/do anything. That's 一応褒める。\n\nYet another is more complex; where the author thinks that the subject is\nworthy of praise, like, say, a baseball commentator A thinks that a player\ndeserves a lot of positive remarks. He references commentator B who is more\ncritical of the player, but in the critique the commentator B at least admits\nsome good things about the player (一応褒めている）...which is followed by something\nlike \"but he should give the player more praise and recognition.\"\n\nWithout 褒める、takin in just 一応, as others pointed out, \"for the time being\" or\n\"for now\" like if \"Guten Tag\" was the only German you know, one might write in\na diary saying ドイツ人にあったので一応GUten Tagっていっといた。\n\nLastly, it could be \"It's not perfect but\" or \"This is not what you imagine\ntypically, but\", like when you have strange two-wheeled bike-like thing that\ndoesn't look like a bike, you can say 一応、自転車です！！そう見えないけど（笑）In this usage,\nthink of it like \"I know you have reservations agreeing with me, but FOR ONE\nSECOND agree with me.\"",
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| 29798 | 29824 | 29824 |
{
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"body": "> その人間が最も恐れる罪の具現が悪夢 **なのだと悪夢は** 語った。\n\nI really can't parse this. I know the meaning of the words but I do not\nunderstand the meaning of the sentence.\n\nCan someone explain? The bold part is what is confusing me the most.\n\nShouldn't it be\n\n> その人間が最も恐れる罪の具現が悪夢 **なのだと語った** 。\n\nThe fantranslation is:\n\n> The person said that the things one fears the most becomes his nightmare.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T10:02:22.740",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difficulties understanding なのだと",
"view_count": 433
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{
"body": "Without more context, I would say that 悪夢は is indicating what did the verb\n語った, and その人間 is not the one saying the quote but is instead part of the\nquote. That would make the sentence equivalent to\n悪夢は、その人間が最も恐れる罪の具現が悪夢なのだと語った。\n\n> その人間が最も恐れる罪の具現が悪夢なのだと悪夢は語った。 \n> The nightmare showed that the embodiment of the sins that that person most\n> fears is the nightmare.\n\nThe parsing:\n\n> (((その人間が最も恐れる)罪の具現)が悪夢なのだ)と悪夢は語った。\n\nIf it's safe to assume that 悪夢 is the same nightmare, then the English could\nbe shifted around a little to make it more simple:\n\n> The nightmare showed that it is the embodiment of the sins that that person\n> most fears.",
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| 29799 | 29804 | 29804 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29819",
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"body": "⊂((・x・))⊃\n\nI see it in chat in some multiplayer games from Japanese players",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T10:43:40.793",
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"id": "29800",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"symbols"
],
"title": "what does this symbol mean? ⊂((・x・))⊃",
"view_count": 6645
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{
"body": "No special meanings, just a character like Miffy spreading its arms!",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T22:26:43.033",
"id": "29813",
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"body": "It's a monkey emoji. There's a few pages online that explain it, this is one:\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1084135540>",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T22:58:06.080",
"id": "29814",
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"body": "The kaomoji ⊂((・x・))⊃ doesn't have a fixed universal meaning. It always\ndepends on a preference of a person who uses it and the situation where the\nkaomoji is used.\n\nThere are at least three possibilities.\n\nFirst, ⊂((・x・))⊃ may represent a rabbit. Especially,\n[Miffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miffy) in some cases. ⊂ and ⊃ are\nher/his ears or arms. A simple kamoji (・x・) has been thought Miffy for years.\nSo people who are familiar with (・x・) tend to think ⊂((・x・))⊃ a variation of\nthe Miffy face kaomoji (・x・).\n\nSecond, ⊂((・x・))⊃ might represent a monkey face. ⊂ and ⊃ are her/his ears. But\nin many cases, a monkey face is expressed by using some other kaomoji like\nthis.\n\n> ⊂((・⊥・))⊃\n\nThird, ⊂((・x・))⊃ may represent a human or a personificated animal (rabbit in\nmost cases) who is flying. ⊂ and ⊃ are her/his arms. The onomatopoeia for this\nkaomoji is usually ぶーん or ブーン.\n\n> ぶーん⊂((・x・))⊃\n\nSometimes s/he is actually flying, and sometimes s/he is pretending to be\nflying with her/his arms since s/he is not a bird and can't fly actually. The\nkaomoji with this meaning is used when someone comes or goes to somewhere. For\nexample,\n\n> ちょっと行ってくる⊂((・x・))⊃\n\nindicates that the speaker is going by flying or feeling flying.\n\nSome people use ⊂((・x・))⊃ to express that they are bored or have nothing to\ndo. S/he is flying because s/he has nothing else to do in this case.\n\nIn any case, the point is that the kaomoji ⊂((・x・))⊃ is a face which doesn't\nshow any obvious emotion. So, it could express any kind of emotions which a\nspeaker has. So if you really want to understand what the speaker means using\n⊂((・x・))⊃, you should understand the context correctly.\n\nBy the way, Japanese symbols, such as ⊂((・x・))⊃ etc., are called kaomoji in\nJapanese.\n\nEmoji ([絵文字]{え・も・じ}) is something like these.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HHRCl.png)\n\nKaomoji ([顔文字]{かお・も・じ}) is something like these.\n\nU・x・U dog or rabbit\n\n@(・●・)@ koala\n\n＠ 'ェ' ＠ sheep\n\nϵ( 'Θ' )϶ fugu\n\n( ´ ▽ ` )ﾉ human raising her/his left hand\n\nThe default Japanese keyboards on iOS contain all of these kaomoji above,\nincluding\n\n⊂((・x・))⊃.\n\nSo it's easy for people who have iPhone or iPad to use them these days.\n(Sorry, I don't know anything about android default keyboards.) You might see\nthese kinds of kaomoji more in chat of mobile app.",
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| 29800 | 29819 | 29819 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29802",
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"body": "What is the difference between 目{め}が覚{さ}める and 起{お}きる?",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-11T15:11:34.077",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "目が覚める versus 起きる",
"view_count": 623
} | [
{
"body": "目が覚める → Wake up.\n\n起きる → Rise up.\n\nThe main difference comes from the fact that 起きる can mean both \"rise up\" and\n\"wake up\". Hence, objects, and not just animals (including humans) can 起きる.",
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| 29801 | 29802 | 29802 |
{
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"body": "On occasion, I hear things such as 是非、いらしてください and ここへいらしたんですか. They seem to\nbe politer forms of 是非、来てください and ここへ来たんですか. But searching finds no verb いらす\nor いらしる, and so a thought came to my mind: could they be colloquial forms of\nいらっしゃって and いらっしゃった? Less colloquially, would my examples be 是非、いらっしゃってください\nand ここへいらっしゃったのですか? Is my suspicion close to the truth?",
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"tags": [
"words",
"colloquial-language",
"keigo"
],
"title": "The verb in いらしてください",
"view_count": 763
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{
"body": "It's ambiguous whether いらして would be a form of いらしる or いらす, but neither verb\nexists in the standard language.\n\nいらす isn't listed in dictionaries as a word because it's not a separate verb\nwith a full range of forms. It would be more accurate to say that いらし is a\nreduced form of いらっしゃっ, the 音便形 of いらっしゃる. (The 音便形 is the altered form of the\n連用形 that appears before _t_ -morphemes such as て and た.)\n\nThis reduction is most common before て. If we search the Google Japanese Web\nN-gram corpus (2007), we find the following numbers:\n\n```\n\n いらっしゃっ **て** 355269\n いらし **て** 1620011\n```\n\nAs you can see, this reduction is extremely common! We can verify that いらして is\nthe most common form by checking other corpora. In the Balanced Corpus of\nContemporary Written Japanese, we find a similar ratio, with 285 and 90\nresults respectively (after removing false positives with the form いらいらして).\n\nAlthough いらし is most common before て, it appears before other _t_ -morphemes\nas well. I'll go back to the Google Japanese Web N-gram corpus, since it's\nsignificantly larger:\n\n```\n\n いらっしゃっ **た** 554636 \n いらし **た** 597706\n \n いらっしゃっ **たら** 239239\n いらし **たら** 182970\n \n いらっしゃっ **たり** 16167\n いらし **たり** 8085\n```\n\nIf いらしる were actually a derived verb that needed to be listed in dictionaries\non its own, we would expect to find examples of it as well, but we don't find\nany at all:\n\n```\n\n いらっしゃ **る** 4533100\n いらし **る** 0\n```\n\nWe do find いらす, but it's not especially common, and prescriptive sources\nconsider it a mistake (it's listed as 誤用 in 明鏡国語辞典):\n\n```\n\n いら **す** 28608\n```\n\nSamuel Martin describes several reduced forms of the 音便形, including いらし, in\nhis 1975 _Reference Grammar of Japanese_ on page 347:\n\n> Both men and women readily use several variant forms for irassyát-, so that\n> in addition to irassyátta you will hear irássitta, irásitta, irássita, and\n> irásita. These variants no doubt were gradually developed to simplify the\n> articulation: the low vowel _a_ is raised to the high vowels _u_ and _i_ so\n> as to become unvoiced between the voiceless consonants; the double _ss_ and\n> _tt_ are reduced to shorten the word.\n\nAnd it's possible you may hear other reductions besides いらし. But the other\nforms he lists are all quite unusual by comparison:\n\n```\n\n **いらして** **1620011**\n **いらっしゃって** **355269**\n いらっして 3351\n いらっしって 344\n いらしって 895\n \n **いらした** **597706**\n **いらっしゃった** **554636**\n いらっした 1586\n いらしった 1448\n いらっしった 390\n \n **いらっしゃったら** **239239**\n **いらしたら** **182970**\n いらっしたら 226\n いらしったら 152\n いらっしったら 67\n \n **いらっしゃったり** **16167**\n **いらしたり** **8085**\n いらっしったり 0\n いらしったり 0\n いらっしたり 0\n```\n\nThese other reduced forms are listed in other sources as well, including\n日本国語大辞典.\n\nReduced forms of words in general are more colloquial, but that often changes\nover time as they become more common. いらっしゃる itself was originally a reduced\nform of いらせらる, but it's now seen as the basic form of the word. いらして is still\nseen as a reduced form today, so speakers may perceive a difference between\nいらっしゃって and いらして, but this reduction is really extremely common, so I don't\nthink it's _especially_ marked.\n\nNote that the initial い is sometimes elided as well, often following ～て:\n\n```\n\n **て** いらっしゃ **る** 1695907\n **て** らっしゃ **る** 834652\n \n **て** いらっしゃっ **て** 43510\n **て** らっしゃっ **て** 22493\n \n **て** いらっしゃっ **た** 132599\n **て** らっしゃっ **た** 64947\n \n **て** いらし **て** 77646\n **て** らし **て** 59034\n \n **て** いらし **た** 158569\n **て** らし **た** 147049\n```\n\nThis is similar to reducing ～ている to ～てる colloquially, although it's not\n_quite_ as common. As you can see from the numbers above, eliding the い is\nespecially frequent in combination with reducing いらっしゃっ to いらし.",
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| 29805 | 29808 | 29808 |
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"accepted_answer_id": "29807",
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"body": "Same sentence, different question:\n\n> 「あんたなんて甘やかしたらどこまでもツケあがるタチだから、 **厳しくされてちょうどいい** のよ。」 \n> If I pamper the likes of you, you'll be endlessly spoiled, so ...\n\nThe grammar in the clause in bold is confusing me. 厳しく is \"strictly\", and I\nbelieve ちょうどいい is \"just right\". されて is presumably the passive て form of する.\n\nIs the て form providing the usual role of joining clauses (i.e. 'and' etc) or\ndoes the combination of て and ちょうどいい form a single unit like てある, てほしい etc?\nSo, for example, can I always treat verb-てちょうどいい to mean \"doing verb is just\nright\"?\n\nFinally, how should I translate する? The only translation I can make is \"Being\n**treated** strictly is just right\", but I can't find any dictionary that says\nする can mean \"to treat\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T17:53:28.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29806",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T17:55:59.620",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "The grammar of てちょうどいい",
"view_count": 429
} | [
{
"body": "厳しくされてちょうどいい is literally \"being done strictly is just right.\" Translating する\nas \"treated\" makes sense because you can infer that what is being done is the\ntreatment of the other character, since that's what they were talking about.\n\n> \"(Treatment (of you)) being done strictly is just right\"\n\nThe words in parentheses are implied from context, not an inherent meaning of\nする.\n\n> So, for example, can I always treat verb-てちょうどいい to mean \"doing verb is just\n> right\"?\n\nYes, unless ちょうどいい is modifying something after it instead, like\n「レストランに行ってちょうどいいプチパンケーキセットを食べたよ。」 \"I went to a restaurant and ate a mini-\npancake set that was just right (in size).\"",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T18:57:17.737",
"id": "29807",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9981",
"owner_user_id": "9981",
"parent_id": "29806",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 29806 | 29807 | 29807 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29811",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A while ago I was chatting with a Japanese man and when he introduced himself\ninstead of using 「申す」 or 「言う」 he used 「垂オます」, as in (His name)と垂オます.\n\nCan this be used in the same way as 「申す」 and 「言う」 or is reserved exclusively\nfor introductions? How is it read? What's the origin? I initially assumed it\nwas a typo but it seems unusual to get those kanji from a typo for the above\n(unless I'm overlooking something).\n\nI haven't talked to him since so I haven't been able to ask him personally\nabout it but if you guys have seen it before or could clarify it I would be\ngreatly appreciative.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T20:25:05.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29809",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T00:37:43.387",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-12T00:37:43.387",
"last_editor_user_id": "4385",
"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 14,
"tags": [
"usage",
"etymology",
"readings"
],
"title": "Reading and usage of 「垂オます」",
"view_count": 827
} | [
{
"body": "It's not real Japanese. It's a munged version of `申します`.\n\n* * *\n\nIn Shift_JIS encoding, only the first byte is guaranteed to have the high bit\nset, which means the second byte can sometimes be the same as a character in\nthe ASCII range. This happens with U+7533 `申`, for which the second byte is\nencoded as 0x5C `\\`.\n\nIf someone is using software that tries to strip backslashes in an encoding-\nunaware manner, that 0x5C `\\` will unfortunately go missing, munging the\nstring and turning `申します` into `垂ｵます`.\n\nLet's take a look at how `申します` is encoded in Shift_JIS:\n\n```\n\n $ echo -n '申します' | iconv -f UTF-8 -t SHIFT-JIS | hexdump -C\n 00000000 90 5c 82 b5 82 dc 82 b7 |.\\......|\n \n```\n\nSee? There's the backslash. Let's remove it with `sed`:\n\n```\n\n $ echo -n '申します' | iconv -f UTF-8 -t SHIFT-JIS | sed 's,\\\\,,' | hexdump -C\n 00000000 90 82 b5 82 dc 82 b7 |.......|\n \n```\n\nAnd here's what the munged string looks like:\n\n```\n\n $ echo '申します' | iconv -f UTF-8 -t SHIFT-JIS | sed 's,\\\\,,' | iconv -f SHIFT-JIS -t UTF-8\n 垂ｵます\n \n```\n\nSo you're right, it's not a typo. Some software at some point down the line\nmust have tried to remove backslashes while the string was Shift_JIS-encoded.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T21:32:21.553",
"id": "29811",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-11T22:23:48.707",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-11T22:23:48.707",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "29809",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 33
}
]
| 29809 | 29811 | 29811 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29812",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> `(1)` **合否{ごうひ}の結果** は書面{しょめん}で連絡{れんらく}する。 \n> `(2)` **合否** は書面で連絡する。\n\n#1 was given as an example.\n\n 1. What is it about #1 that makes it not be redundant? Would a native really say `合否の結果`? \n 2. Is #2 correct Japanese?\n 3. How do the meanings of #1 and #2 differ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T20:59:10.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29810",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-26T14:17:17.953",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-11T21:20:06.593",
"last_editor_user_id": "10547",
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "is 「合否の結果」 redundant?",
"view_count": 137
} | [
{
"body": "I think `合否の結果` is redundant, but most Japaneses don't care about it. Natives\nuse both of the sentences(I'm a native). Those are correct and totally the\nsame in meaning.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T22:13:05.907",
"id": "29812",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-26T14:17:17.953",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-26T14:17:17.953",
"last_editor_user_id": "11749",
"owner_user_id": "11749",
"parent_id": "29810",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 29810 | 29812 | 29812 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29820",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 話し手が真であるとして提示している事象の表示\n\nIn the above sentence, I'm guessing '真であるとして' means 'as if it is the\ntruth/real', but I'm guessing I might be misunderstanding 'であるとして' so I\nthought I'd ask for clarification. Also stumbling a bit with understanding\n'事象の表示' ('representation of events'?), but I think that's because I'm not\nunderstanding the sentence fully.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T23:39:51.917",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29815",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T08:43:05.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 真であるとして",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "～であるとして can mean two things: **\"as being...\"** or **\"supposing\nthat.../if...\"** It looks as if you had given both meanings to a single\ninstance of the phrase. It can only be one or the other at one time, and here,\n\"as being...\" is the correct sense.\n\nThe 事象の表示 would be \"manifestation of the phenomenon (or phenomena)\" or some\nsuch. But there are many candidates for the translation of the 表示 (one of them\nbeing \"representation\") and without context, it is hard to judge which one is\nthe best suited.\n\nTranslated, the whole phrase should be parsed as follows:\n\n> （manifestation （of the phenomenon （which the speaker is presenting as being\n> a truth）））\n\n(Am I segmenting the phrase properly? If not, could someone please correct me?\nI'm new to this...)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-12T03:23:32.050",
"id": "29820",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T08:43:05.317",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-12T08:43:05.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "11575",
"owner_user_id": "11575",
"parent_id": "29815",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 29815 | 29820 | 29820 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29817",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why is テロ, which is presumably derived from \"terrorism\", used in 飯{めし}テロ,\nwhich I assume is the Japanese for \"food porn\"?\n\nI checked jisho.org and couldn't find any slang meanings of テロ.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T23:41:01.543",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29816",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T00:27:23.060",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-12T00:02:46.893",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"slang"
],
"title": "Use of テロ in 飯テロ",
"view_count": 1900
} | [
{
"body": "As [NicoNicoPedia](http://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E9%A3%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD)\nexplains:\n\n> 飯テロとは、善良な市民に対し無差別に食欲を沸き立たせる、残忍で卑劣極まりない行為である。\n> これらの行為を絶対に許してはならない。これらの行為に決して屈してはならない。 \n> Meshi-tero is a most brutal and cowardly act which indiscriminately makes\n> virtuous citizens feel hunger. We must absolutely not allow or give in to\n> these acts.\n\nOr as [Hatena Keyword](http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%C8%D3%A5%C6%A5%ED) says:\n\n> 食欲をそそる料理や食べ物の画像（唐揚げ、ラーメンなど）をweb上にアップし、見る者を空腹感で悶えさせるテロ行為のこと。 \n> Meshi-tero is an act of terrorism where one uploads pictures of appetizing\n> food (karaage, ramen, etc.) to the web which makes those who see the\n> pictures writhe with hunger.\n\nSo the 'terrorism' here refers to how it makes people feel hungry. But\nobviously it's just funny; nobody considers it terrorism. And you're right,\nit's the equivalent of 'food porn' in English.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-11T23:55:01.927",
"id": "29817",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T00:27:23.060",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-12T00:27:23.060",
"last_editor_user_id": "3010",
"owner_user_id": "3010",
"parent_id": "29816",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
]
| 29816 | 29817 | 29817 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29897",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference in meaning and usage between「と思います」and「かと思います」at the\nend of a sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-12T13:33:59.267",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29822",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T03:13:39.277",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7230",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"usage"
],
"title": "Difference between「と思います」and「かと思います」?",
"view_count": 13185
} | [
{
"body": "\"と思います\" and \"かと思います\" are very similar. The difference, literally, is the \"か\".\nAdding the \"か\", essentially being a question-mark, makes it less definitive.\n\nYou can make it even less definitive, and add a \"な\" after \"か\", making it\n\"かなと思います\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-12T14:25:39.413",
"id": "29823",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T14:25:39.413",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11830",
"parent_id": "29822",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "There's a difference in meaning between 〜かと思う and 〜と思う.\n\n**Rhetorical usage:**\n\n> 心臓が止まるかと思った \n> \"I thought my heart was going to stop!\"\n>\n> 心臓が止まると思った \n> \"I thought my heart would stop.\"\n\n(I changed the tense in the English, but ignore that. The difference is in\ntone.)\n\n心臓が止まると思った just means that you had the thought that your heart was going to\nstop. 心臓が止まるかと思った on the other hand is rhetorical. 死ぬかと思った is another example\nof this usage.\n\n**Softening usage:**\n\n> そうする意味はないかと思います。 \n> \"I think there's probably no significance in doing that.\"\n>\n> そうする意味はないと思います。 \n> \"I think there's no significance in doing that.\"\n\nThe bottom one here is making a strong statement (despite the 〜と思います, it's\nbasically just declaring what you think). The top makes more sense if you're\ntalking in a context where it is better to admit that your opinion isn't the\ndeciding factor in a situation.\n\nThe semantics of か, in both of these uses, is very much like the (literal)\nmeaning of \"probably\" in English. You raise the thing as a possibility that\nyou think is likely. This か probably historically derives from the usual\nquestion 〜か (or maybe 〜ではないか), but it feels pretty diverged at this point\n(i.e., そうする意味はないかと思います isn't equivalent to 「そうする意味はないか」と思います).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T03:13:39.277",
"id": "29897",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T03:13:39.277",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "29822",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 17
}
]
| 29822 | 29897 | 29897 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29830",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 日本語 **で** 上手に話せます。\n>\n> 日本語 **が** 上手にはなせます。\n\nHello, I'm sorry if this has been asked before, but is it で or が? I know\nyou're supposed to use で for languages, but this sentence I got from class is\nusing が。\n\nI'm utterly confused :-(",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T03:09:00.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29827",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-13T08:07:33.327",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-13T05:02:41.717",
"last_editor_user_id": "11894",
"owner_user_id": "11942",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-が",
"particle-で",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "で vs が in 上手に話せます？",
"view_count": 539
} | [
{
"body": "The meaning of two sentences is same. で in this case is used as the method of\nrepresenting tool and が is used as a postpositional particle of the method of\nrepresenting the subject.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T03:46:59.723",
"id": "29828",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-13T03:46:59.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "In this case, the particle で denotes method/means ('by means of', 'with',\n'using', etc.) The difference is 'speak _in_ Japanese' vs 'speak Japanese'.\n\n> * 日本語 **で** 上手に話せます。 \n> One can (speak / talk with someone / say something) well **in** Japanese.\n> * 日本語 **が** 上手に話せます。 \n> One can speak Japanese well. (= One is a good Japanese speaker).\n>\n\nWhen someone says 日本語で話す, it means talking with someone, or saying something,\n_using / by means of Japanese_. The speaker usually has some concrete\nobjective in their mind, and is concerned about whether or not one can [do it\n/ say it / talk with them] well _in_ Japanese.\n\nFor example, this sentence is OK:\n\n> * 明日の講演は、日本語で上手に話せると思います。 \n> (literally) As for tomorrow's lecture, I think I can speak well _in_\n> Japanese.\n>\n\nHowever, when you're talking about whether or not someone is a good Japanese\nspeaker in general, 日本語が上手に話せる is much more natural.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T07:14:11.083",
"id": "29830",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-13T08:07:33.327",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-13T08:07:33.327",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29827",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 29827 | 29830 | 29830 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "寝る → 寝るようになる\n\n 1. 寝ないようになる\n 2. 寝なくようになる\n 3. 寝なくなる\n\nHi guys, sorry if this has been asked before. I've learned in class that\n`寝なくなる` is the valid form, but are the first two forms valid as well?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T04:39:51.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29829",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-07T08:39:12.223",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-07T08:39:12.223",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11942",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "Verb negative-form + なる",
"view_count": 184
} | []
| 29829 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29833",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've learned that んですか can be used to check an educated guess, as in:\n\n> (upon seeing someone dragging a piece of luggage)\n>\n> ねえ、旅行するんですか。 Hey, you're going to travel, aren't you?\n\nI've also learned that でしょう can be used to express an educated guess, the\nvalidity of which can be checked with ね — or self-doubted by か or a rising\ntone:\n\n> 雨が ふるでしょう。 It's probably going to rain.\n>\n> 雨が ふるでしょうね。 It's probably going to rain, isn't it?\n>\n>\n> <http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%AD>\n>\n> 雨が ふるでしょうか。 I wonder if it's going to rain?\n>\n> <http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa093000.htm>\n\nWhat I want to ask is if んでしょう or んでしょうか can be used, and if so, what their\nconnotations are. Google shows they exist, but are they part of standard\nJapanese?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T14:25:23.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29831",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-11T09:54:47.643",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-11T09:54:47.643",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "11849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-か",
"modality"
],
"title": "Is んでしょう（か） grammatical, and what does it mean?",
"view_count": 2120
} | [
{
"body": "They're definitely part of standard Japanese, and I don't see why they\nwouldn't be. Their nuance is different, though, from でしょう（か） on its own: like\nのだ in general, they have an explanatory tone. 雨が降るでしょう could be 'I think it\nwill rain' or on the weather forecast, just 'It will rain'. 雨が降るんでしょう could be\na response to どうして来ないんですか？ 'Why won't you come?' 'It's probably going to\nrain.' And でしょうか is not just 'I wonder' but also a polite question - you could\nsay すみませんが行けません 'I'm afraid I can't go', and the response could be\nどうして？時間が少ないんでしょうか? 'Why? Do you not have the time?' Take note that, more\nformally, you should definitely say のでしょう rather than んでしょう.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T14:51:43.090",
"id": "29833",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-13T17:27:59.547",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-13T17:27:59.547",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "29831",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 29831 | 29833 | 29833 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29837",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Some kanji have alternative writings that are significantly different from\neach other (e.g. different numbers of strokes). For example, see\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29715/1749).\n\nI'm looking for ways to find alternative writings for a given kanji **in\nelectronic form** (that I can copy-paste as text; IOW, bitmapped images won't\ndo).\n\nDoes anyone know of an online reference for finding alternative drawings of a\ncharacter?\n\n* * *\n\n**NB:** I wrote the example below before I was aware of the issues that Shen\nKuo explained in his first answer. I now realize that this example is likely\nto be confusing rather than illuminating to most readers. I've kept it as is,\nsince several comments and at least one answer refer to it. If you do find it\nconfusing, please ignore it.\n\n* * *\n\nFor an example of the sort of search I'm trying to perform, consider the\ncharacter\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/K8sXe.png)\n\nEvery place I've looked online shows the second character of the compound そうち\n(device) like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0QCW.png)\n\nNote that the last stroke of this character is a simple horizontal one across\nthe bottom.\n\nIn contrast, I have a several _printed_ sources that show a different writing\nfor the second character of this compound, where the last stroke consists of a\nvertical component along the left side of the character, followed by a\nhorizontal one across the bottom; some instances are shown below:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zZd0Z.jpg)\n\nNote the last two characters in both books' titles. These two characters are\nsupposed to be the compound 装置, but the second one of the characters is drawn\ndifferently from 置1. Incidentally, my old Nelson kanji dictionary (2nd revised\nedition, 1974; 17th printing, 1984) shows the same drawing of this character\nas that shown in the picture above (see character 3644). AFAICT, it does not\nmention the form 置 at all.\n\nFWIW, none of the search tools that I've tried that accept handdrawn\ncharacters as input have retrieved the alternative form of 置.\n\n* * *\n\n1These books use this alternative drawing of 置 _throughout_ , not just in\ntheir cover titles. If you right-click on the image, and open it at full\nresolution in a different tab, you will be able to find other instances of\nthis alternative drawing of 置 besides those appearing in the main titles.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"resources"
],
"title": "How to find alternative writings of a kanji in electronic form?",
"view_count": 1398
} | [
{
"body": "置 is the Japanese form of the character, used in Japan.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0QCW.png),\nas you gave it, is the Chinese form of the character used in simplified and\ntraditional Chinese.\n\nBecause of Han unification, most browsers display characters using their\nChinese form _unless_ your browser's language tells them to do otherwise (i.e.\nyour browser is in Japanese). Most people have their browsers in English here,\nso they have to see the Chinese forms. Some websites do actually allow you to\ndisplay forms selectively, but to great hinderance, Stack Exchange is not one\nof them despite having JSE that has to put up with this a lot.\n\nI wrote more about this in another very similar question recently, which has\nother useful information: [The component 曷 and the kanjis 褐, 喝, 謁,\n渇](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29715/the-\ncomponent-%E6%9B%B7-and-the-\nkanjis-%E8%A4%90-%E5%96%9D-%E8%AC%81-%E6%B8%87/29716#29716)",
"comment_count": 8,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-13T15:08:30.820",
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"body": "I'll leave my old answer up there, and write up what I said in the comments\nnow that you've edited your question.\n\nCharacter variants are uncountable. Officially, you already have:\n\n * Japanese 新字体, used in official print, according to the 常用漢字 list and 人名漢字 list\n * Japanese 旧字体 that weren't actually phased out fully, especially in names, according to the 人名漢字 list\n * 簡体字, simplified Chinese as published by the Chinese gov\n * 繁体字, traditional Chinese as used in HK and published by their gov\n * 繁体字 as used in Taiwan and published by their gov (slightly different to that in HK)\n * Hanja (漢字) taught in Korea in high school as their gov decrees\n\nThen you get non-standard characters, like 飴, that people aren't taught in\nschool but most can read and use, and you see often in written language\nanyway.\n\nThen you get 朝日文字 such as (officially 臍), which aren't standard 新字体, but apply\ntheir logic to characters that weren't simplified.\n\nOn top of that, there's ゲバ字, which pretty often simply use simplified Chinese\nin Japanese. In calligraphy too, many characters are written like simplified\nChinese (many simplified characters were based off calligraphic variants).\nFonts also have variations based upon calligraphy and handwriting style.\n\nThen do we count ryakuji, too, like 㐧 rather than 第, and 门 rather than 門?\n\nThe creation of characters is ongoing, and there are always new abbreviations\ncoming about as part of their evolution, so you won't find any cohesive works.\nThe Kangxi dictionary contained 47,000 characters, of which about 40% are\ngraphical variants, and there are now new variants invented in the 200 years\nsince.\n\nDigitally, there isn't even one system of encryption, and not all characters\nthat you see written are encoded. Unicode is possible the most commonly used\nstandard, but it's not totally comprehensive. But, most people use it, and you\nseem to be too, hence the problems with Han unification.\n\nYou imply in your question that the chinese 直 is a valid variant of 直 in\nJapanese. In this case, **wiktionary** gets closest, because it lists out\nevery language's simplification of any character, and has articles on most\nencrypted variant characters, such as for 步 etc.\n\nBut it's not finished, and new characters are made and encoded everyday.\n\nYou can't beat it, but you can sit along for the ride.",
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| 29832 | 29837 | 29835 |
{
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"body": "Not sure if this question's been asked before (I searched beforehand but\nnothing came up, so), but I just came across this sentence : \"今一番大切なのは頭の毛だ。\",\nand I'm not having any comprehension problems linked to vocabulary and such,\nbut I was always under the impression that to say \"hair\" (on one's head), it's\n\"髪\" (kami) that a person should use ? When should \"頭の毛\" be privileged instead\nof \"髪\", and doesn't \"毛\", when meaning hair, mostly designates body hair in\nspecific ?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-13T15:01:00.710",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "When to use 頭の毛 and 髪",
"view_count": 728
} | [
{
"body": "The English word \"hair\" is translated as\n[髪]{かみ}、髪の[毛]{け}、[毛髪]{もうはつ}、[頭髪]{とうはつ} in Japanese.\n\n[頭]{あたま}の毛 isn't wrong but it is not common.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-13T22:17:10.357",
"id": "29840",
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| 29834 | null | 29840 |
{
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"body": "> 学生さんなんですか？\n\nIs she asking the name of the school I go to or what year I'm in? She was\ntalking about how busy she's been at work and I told her I was busy with my\nstudies as well and she replied with this.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T15:54:17.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29836",
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"owner_user_id": "11874",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does 「学生さんなんですか」 mean?",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "As @choco points out in the comment section, 何 is a typo for なん (ん being a\ncontraction of の).\n\nYou can read more about なんです(か) here:\n\n * [The difference between [noun phrase]+[？・なの？・ですか？・なんですか？]](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18400/the-difference-between-noun-phrase-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B)\n * [What does なんです mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29342/what-does-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-mean-in-this-sentence)\n * [Usage of nan desu?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14565/usage-of-nan-desu/14566#14566)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-13T16:28:58.590",
"id": "29838",
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| 29836 | null | 29838 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29847",
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"body": "> 何さ、いやな人たちだね。こんな家に生まれてきたのが **運のツキ** だよ。 \n> What!? I'm an unpleasant person am I? To be born in a house such as this\n> ...\n\nBit confused by the part in bold. 運 means \"luck\" and ツキ can also mean \"luck\".\nSo is this \"luck of lucks\"? Is it a sarcastic comment \"Lucky me, to be born in\na house such as this\"?\n\nIf so, do Japanese people tend to use sarcasm often?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-13T18:40:25.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29839",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"set-phrases",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "Meaning and usage of 運のツキ",
"view_count": 216
} | [
{
"body": "運のツキ literally means \"to have run out of luck\". The ツキ refers to 尽き which\nmeans \"to come to an end\"\n([source](http://www.fleapedia.com/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9/%E3%81%86/%E9%81%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%BD%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B/)).\nIt means that one's good luck or fortune is over, i.e. no more good things can\nhappen after that. It's like \"being doomed\".\n\nThe sentence's meaning becomes something like \"I was already unlucky by being\nborn in this house\" or \"my fate was already sealed by being born in this\nhouse\". So no, it's not sarcastic.\n\n(More information about this sentence would be helpful. It looks like it's\nsomeone describing the people in his/her household as unpleasant, but if\nthat's the case the translation is not very appropriate)",
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| 29839 | 29847 | 29847 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29846",
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"body": "I'm trying to tell someone the reason I don't want to do something is because\ni barely know them. I'm not even sure if the verb I'm suppose to be using is\n知る。I feel that might be really rude to say to someone. I searched around and\nthe only word I can find that might work is なじむ(馴染む)。 I also don't know if I\nshould use their name like Example : まだアリサさんになじまない = I'm not familiar with\nAlyssa yet.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T00:49:06.330",
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"owner_user_id": "8098",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"politeness",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "How to say \"I don't know you well\"",
"view_count": 2621
} | [
{
"body": "なじむ is rarely used for a person, so まだアリサさんになじまない is unnatural.\n\nI think 知る、親しくなる、仲良くなる are better like ～さんをよく知らない、～さんと親しくなっていない、～さんと仲良くなっていない.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 29842 | 29846 | 29846 |
{
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"body": "Does an adverb come before or after the verb? I'm writing (or at least trying\nto) the sentence \"Never step inside of/on the tokonoma.\" Now, knowing how to\nwrite that sentence specifically would be great, but I would really love to\nknow: in general, where does the adverb go in the \"subject-object-verb\"\nsentence format??",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T03:36:59.570",
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"owner_user_id": "11588",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Does adverb come before or after the verb?",
"view_count": 1670
} | [
{
"body": "I would like to point out that although Japanese is indeed a SOV language, the\nrules of word ordering are fairly free: as you have particles that provide\nhints as to which role the word fulfils, you do not need a precise word order.\n\nSetting this aside, these recommendations will help you:\n\n * The verb should always come last\n * The subject, if present is most often the first word\n * Adverbs can be placed anywhere, but their position influences their scope (see [Can placements of adverbs be altered freely?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/823/can-placements-of-adverbs-be-altered-freely) ).\n\nThus they will often be placed:\n\n * At the beginning of a sentence, when they qualify it entirely\n * Before a noun, to qualify it\n * Right before a verb, when they modify the action.\n\nIn your case, I would probably place it at the beginning:\n\n> 絶対｛ぜったい｝に床の間を踏｛ふ｝まないでください\n\nBut I guess it would be acceptable before the verb:\n\n> 床の間を決｛けっ｝して踏まないでください",
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"body": "In Japanese verbs always come last (except for poetry and in such cases that\nis often a noun which concludes the sentence). Which means that adverb always\ncome before the verb.\n\nExamples: (adverbs in bold)\n\n * **速く** 走る : to run fast\n * **早く** 起きる : to wake up early\n * **恐らく** 雨が降るでしょう : it will probably rain\n * 日本語を話せるように **一生懸命** 勉強している。: I work hard in order to become able to speak Japanese\n\nThe adverb of interest here is _never_. The \"big\" problem is that there is no\none-to-one correspondence between never and a Japanese word (whereas in many\nromance languages there are direct equivalents: mai (in Italian), nunca or\njamás in Spanish, jamais in French, etc.)\n\nBut if you look at it, \"Never step inside of/on the tokonoma.\" is an order, or\nmore precisely an interdiction. Thus, it can be rewritten this way: \"(No\nmatter the situation,) do not step on the tokonoma.\"\n\nTo express a negative order in Japanese, you can add な to the 終止形 (the form\nused to conclude a sentence) of a verb.\n\nExamples:\n\n * 飲む : to drink → 飲むな Do not drink\n * 来る : to come → 来るな Do not come.\n\nNevertheless adding な is very direct.\n\nAn other possibility is to append てはいけない to the 未然形 of the verb. (Literally,\nif you do so, it won't be any good)\n\n * 飲む → 飲んではいけない You'd better not drink\n * 来る → 来てはいけない You'd better not come\n\nMore softly, you can append こと after the negation of the verb.\n\n * 飲まないこと → You should not drink \n * 来ないこと → You should not come\n\nIf you want to be polite.\n\n * 踏む (step on) → 床の間を、お踏みにならないように（ご注意ください）。 Please make sure not stepping on the tokonoma.\n\nI am sure there are other ways to say it.",
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| 29843 | 29845 | 29844 |
{
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZTVoZ.png)\n\nI don't really understand this sentence. Could someone help break it down for\nme?\n\n> 僕が同一人物だと確信に踏み切れないのはこの子の顔が半分しか見えていないからだ。\n\nFrom the way I interpreted it, it would have a meaning similar to:\n\n> The reason I can't boldly believe she is the same person is because I can't\n> see more than half of her face.\n\nwhich I do not think is correct.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T07:57:14.923",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29848",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-23T18:16:16.717",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-23T18:15:33.483",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"parsing",
"cleft-sentences"
],
"title": "Can someone help break down this sentence? 僕が同一人物だと確信に踏み切れないのはこの子の顔が半分しか見えていないからだ",
"view_count": 402
} | [
{
"body": "For what's worth the sentence is not grammatical because you can't say\n\"確信に踏み切れない\". You have to say \"確信しきれない\", meaning that you aren't quite able to\nbe 100% sure.\n\nI'd translate it as:\n\n> The reason I can't be 100% sure she is the same person is because I can only\n> see half of her face",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T13:21:58.957",
"id": "29851",
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{
"body": "I'm an 82-year-old Japanese male.\n\nI will translate the quoted part as:\n\n> The reason I'm not confident of her being the same girl is that I can see\n> only half (portion) of her face.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-26T00:46:26.080",
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| 29848 | 30058 | 30058 |
{
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"body": "For example:\n\n> 楽しいししたいよ～\n\nThe し is added to 楽しい. What does it do?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T11:02:58.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29849",
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"owner_user_id": "11108",
"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What does adding し to an adjective do?",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "[goo辞書 ①［接助］2](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/92431/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%97/)\n\n> 前に挙げた事柄を原因・理由として下の事柄に続ける意を表す。から。ので。「身体はじょうぶです―、もっと働けます」「家も近いんだ―、たまには寄れよ」\n\nThus, 楽しいししたいよ～ means \"I want to do it 'cause it's fun\".",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T13:19:09.310",
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| 29849 | 29850 | 29850 |
{
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"body": "This question may be a bit broad/vague but any advice would be much\nappreciated.\n\nI'm struggling to follow the implied topic in the book I'm reading. The book\nis mostly just a conversation between lots of people with very little\nsupporting narrative e.g.\n\n> 「 」 \n> 「 」 \n> 「 」 \n> まる子はあきれたように言った。 \n> 「 」\n\nSometimes the 言った seems to refer to the previous quote, and sometimes to the\nfollowing quote, and so on.\n\nBecause I've only been learning for a year it can take me a while to figure\nwhat the sentence is saying, let alone who said it or who they said it about.\n\nBeginner books tell me that the topic of conversation stays the same until\nsomeone asserts a new topic with は. That seems to be very far from the truth\nin reality.\n\nAre there any obvious tricks I'm missing that help me keep track of who is\nspeaking and who they are speaking about?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T15:28:41.057",
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"id": "29852",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"ellipsis",
"subjects",
"conversations"
],
"title": "Keeping track of the speaker/subject in written conversation",
"view_count": 186
} | [
{
"body": "> Are there any obvious tricks I'm missing that help me keep track of who is\n> speaking and who they are speaking about? Thanks.\n\n・Pronouns \nThis one's pretty obvious. What pronouns do each character tend to refer to\nthemselves with? What pronouns do they tend to use to refer to certain other\ncharacters?\n\n・Gender indicators \nBesides pronouns, there may be other indicators of gender. Declarative\nstatements ending in の, female sentence ending particles (わよ、わね), etc.\n\n・Speech style \nSome characters speak roughly, some speak like upper-class gentlemen, some\nspeak like young children, etc.\n\n・[[役割語]{やくわりご}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E8%AA%9E) \nThis is the above taken to the extreme. Japanese has certain speech styles\nreserved for 'the wise old man', 'the country bumpkin', etc.\n\n・[キャラ[語尾]{ごび}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E8%AA%9E#.E3.82.AD.E3.83.A3.E3.83.A9.E8.AA.9E.E5.B0.BE) \nRelated to the above again, but some characters have stupid things they like\nto tack on the end of their sentences. Naruto's 「～だってばよ」, the cat like style\nof some catty characters (～ですにゃあ), Moogles' (～クポ), etc.\n\n・Relative status \nCharacters will often differ in social status. You might be able to tell which\ncharacter is speaking to or about which other character through use of keigo\nand other politeness indicators.\n\n* * *\n\nedit:\n\n「このコーヒーなんか変！」 \n「おいしいだろ？ちょっとウイスキーを入れてみたんだ。アイリッシュコーヒーっていうのさ」 \n「えー！お酒入ってるってこと？？」 \n「あなた！お酒はダメでしょ！○○ちゃんはまだ未成年だから」 \n「そうだな、悪い…」\n\nI just made up a random convo with no context, but you can tell it goes A, B,\nA, C, B — A being the daughter, B being the father, and C being the\nmother/wife — from the style of speech and how they refer to each other.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 29852 | 29854 | 29854 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I would like to say that I just completed my very first semester in college,\nbut I'm not sure of the most natural way to phrase it. Here's my attempt:\n最近、大学には最初の学期がもう終わりました。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T15:34:44.317",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "How to phrase \"first semester in college\"",
"view_count": 1752
} | [
{
"body": "I'd say\n\n> 大学で最初の学期が終わった`ところ`です。\n\nor\n\n> 大学で最初の学期が終わった`ばかり`です。\n\nIf the listener knows anything about you, then you would probably not need to\nclarify that the semester was a semester of college.\n\nIf you use `ところ` it feels like you are in the context of a timeline. Like past\nevents have already been discussed, `ところ` zooms into right now. I don't think\ncontext is needed for `ばかり`.\n\nI'm not a native speaker, but no one has offered an answer so far.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T04:06:11.627",
"id": "29864",
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"body": "Most people use 学期 along with their numeral, i.e. 1学期, 2学期 and (sometimes)\n3学期. Using 一, 二 and 三 is also fine.\n\nI'd go for a somehow simpler\n\n> 大学の最初の1学期がもう終わった。\n\nEven though 最初の1学期 seems redundant, it's easier to catch than 最初の学期.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 29853 | null | 29864 |
{
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"body": "[goo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/217188/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%81%E3%81%8F/)によると、「めく」という接尾語はいくつかの品詞（動詞を除く）に付き、五段の動詞を作ります。作られた動詞の意味は「〜という感じがする」に似ています。質問は、一般に「めく」という接尾語はどのような言葉に付きますか。\n\n辞書の事例を見ると、「今更めく」や「仄｛ほの｝めく」などといった例が辞書に項目を持っているので、「めく」の使い方には制限があると感じます。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T16:21:48.090",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"suffixes",
"morphology"
],
"title": "「めく」の使い方、どのような場合に「めく」を使うのが自然ですか。",
"view_count": 7788
} | [
{
"body": "Yahoo!辞書には「～で終わる単語」で検索できる機能があります。結果はこちらです。\n\n[http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%82%81%E3%81%8F&ei=UTF-8&b=1&dic_id=jj&stype=suffix](http://dic.search.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%82%81%E3%81%8F&ei=UTF-8&b=1&dic_id=jj&stype=suffix)\n\n**現代の日本語で動詞として一般的に使うことがあるもの：**\n\n * 謎めく\n * 色めく （※「色めき立つ」の複合語の方が一般的）\n * 時めく （※ほぼ常にひらがなで書き、[この意味で](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/157742/meaning/m0u/)使う）\n * 春めく / 夏めく / 秋めく / 冬めく\n * うごめく\n * きらめく\n * ざわめく\n * そよめく\n * つやめく\n * どよめく\n * はためく\n * ひしめく\n * ふためく （※ほぼ常に「慌てふためく」で一語のようにして使う）\n * ゆらめく\n * よろめく\n\nちなみに「きらきら」「ざわざわ」「そよそよ」「つやつや」「はたはた」「ゆらゆら」「よろよろ」などは、それぞれ擬態語としても一般的に使われます。\n\n**現代ではそのまま動詞としては滅多に使われないが、派生語の方が一般的なもの：**\n\n * 仄【ほの】めく （※ほぼ使役形の「仄めかす」の形で使う）\n * 古めく （※「古めいた」「古めかしい」と名詞を修飾する形で使う）\n * 艶【なま】めく （※「なまめかしい」と形容詞の形で使う）\n\n**滅多に使わないけど自分が見たことはあるもの：**\n\n * 今めく\n * ののめく\n\n他の見出しは見た記憶すらありませんが、かなり古い言葉が多い印象があります。\n\n基本的に、「古い接尾語で、昔はproductiveだったが、今は特定の単語にしか残っていない」と考えればいいのではないでしょうか。現代人なら「[～っぽい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2391/5010)」や、[名詞の動詞化](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24351/5010)などで処理しそうです。\n\nなお、「オタクめいた話し方をする」「年寄りめいたことを言う」のように、名詞について「～のような」の意味で使うことも可能ですが、やや文学的な表現になります。",
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| 29855 | 29863 | 29863 |
{
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"body": "I was talking to one of my friends, and at one point they said\n\n> ドイツ雪ってるはず\n\nAm I right in thinking that 雪ってる means snowing?\n\nI'm aware this is clearly not formal Japanese at the very least, but I've also\nnever seen it used before at all. Can 雪(る) even be used as a verb?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T18:41:20.377",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"slang"
],
"title": "Meaning and validity of 雪ってる",
"view_count": 406
} | [
{
"body": "As you guessed, it surely is \"It must be snowing in Germany\", said in a very\nslangy way.\n\nPeople usually don't use 雪る, but [coining such\nverbs](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24351/5010) (even from traditional\nJapanese words) is not too uncommon among native speakers. You know, English\nspeakers do it pretty often in casual settings, too. And in this case, there's\na verb 曇【くも】る (雲 + る, \"cloudy\") which looks similar, so it should have been\neasy for them to come up with 雪る.\n\nOf course, don't try to use it yourself until you reach the native speaker's\nlevel, or people would just think you made a grammatical mistake.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T03:02:32.940",
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"body": "**If the speaker really said 雪ってる** , then yes, I agree with you and naruto\nthat it should be a made-up word meaning “snowing.” But I have another\nexplanation of what happened, which I think is much more likely given your\ndescription.\n\nJust from your description, it is entirely possible that the speaker said\n雪[降]{ふ}ってるはず and you heard it as 雪ってるはず. For example, when I tried pronouncing\n雪降ってるはず, I found myself [devoicing the\nvowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Devoicing) in the ふ\nsound. Some non-native speakers have trouble recognizing devoiced vowels.\nMoreover, this particular case of devoiced vowel is probably more difficult to\nrecognize than typical devoiced vowels because it is followed by っ and\ntherefore the lack of vowel sound can be mistakenly attributed to the\nfollowing っ.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T18:10:17.713",
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| 29856 | 29862 | 29862 |
{
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"body": "In the haiku from Bashō,\n\n> おもしろき\n>\n> 秋の朝寝や\n>\n> 亭主ぶり\n\nThe last line, 亭主ぶり, is translated as \"kind host\" by one source. Does ぶり\nactually mean \"kind\" in this context?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T18:52:52.430",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "what does buri mean?",
"view_count": 2261
} | [
{
"body": "Adjectives come before the noun, so \"ぶり\" could not mean \"kind\" in this\ncontext. Some other possible translations are:\n\n * According to http://nihongo.j-talk.com/, \"ぶり\" translates to a species of butterfly.\n * \"-ぶり\" is also a suffix meaning way, attitude, or manner, so \"亭主ぶり\" could mean \"husband-like manner\", or \"host-like manner\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T01:38:03.097",
"id": "29861",
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| 29857 | null | 29861 |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to write about a Spanish book in Japanese. I'm a beginner at\nJapanese so have patience. The English title is 'Chronicle of a Death\nForetold'.\n\nクロニックル・オ・エー・デス・フォートールド\n\nI'm not sure on the word for death. Many thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-14T19:45:59.093",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29858",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-14T19:54:39.117",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "What would be the best katakana for this book title?",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "> クロニクル・オブ・ア・デス・フォートールド\n\nis the best katakana if you're only transcribing English.\n\nBut, in Japanese,\n\n> 予告{よこく}された殺人{さつじん}の記録{きろく}\n\nis its official title, so I'd use that.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-14T19:54:39.117",
"id": "29859",
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| 29858 | null | 29859 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29869",
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"body": "The taiko memoir saga continues.\n\nToday's challenge:\n\n> それを癒せるのも、自分自身や、その一人一人を包む鼓童の奏でる音からでしかないのだが・・・\n\nHere's the context leading up to (and including) this sentence, which is the\nlast one on the page:\n\n>\n> 体力に頼るところのおおきい鼓童の太鼓は、個々人の体調の良・不良に大きく左右される。それにより舞台の出来・不出来も生じる。長い時を掛けて得られていた信頼や、ほどけかけていた誤解、新たな邂逅などまで、総て崩れ落ちてしまう危険性がこんなところにある。それは、対お客様との関係であり、また、個対メンバーとの関係でもある。一つの小さな病いが、別の大病を招いたりする。それを癒せるのも、自分自身や、その一人一人を包む鼓童の奏でる音からでしかないのだが・・・\n\nMy understanding is that he is discussing the vulnerability of a group based\non the performance of its parts: The odaiko (large drum), despite being an\ninstrument of great power, is at the mercy of the person playing it. Success\nor failure of a stage performance overall is contingent upon each individual\nperformer in the same way. Trust takes a long time to earn, but can be\nunraveled by a simple misunderstanding, and this balance put the group in\ndanger of coming apart until another opportunity presents itself. A small\nweakness begets a greater disease...\n\n...Then we arrive at the final sentence, where he talks about the cure for\nthis \"disease\" (I think?) and I'm not exactly sure how all of those clauses\ninteract with one another. My best guess is: _It's a disease that can only be\ncured when oneself and each of those individuals envelop themselves in the\nsound of Kodo's music._\n\nOr something like that. :) Thank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"clause-pattern"
],
"title": "Help understanding how these clauses fit together",
"view_count": 162
} | [
{
"body": "Let's start from this sentence:\n\n> 音はそれを癒やせる。 \n> The sound can cure it (=病).\n\nUsing the pattern sometimes referred to as [cleft\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19208/5010):\n\n> それを癒やせるのは音だ。 \n> It's the sound that can cure it.\n\n～でしかない means \"nothing but\", \"only\". も can be used instead of は to express the\nstronger negation (See [def.\n3㋑](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/218351/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%82/)).\n\n> それを癒やせるのも音でしかない。 \n> It's only the sound that can cure it.\n\nThis から seems to mean によって ('by', 'with', 'using'), but I find it a bit\nstrange because we don't usually say \"薬から病気を癒やす\". But anyway...\n\n> それを癒やせるのも音からでしかない。 \n> It's only by the sound that it can be cured.\n\n音 is modified by the relative clause \"自分自身や、その一人一人を包む鼓童の奏でる\":\n\n> それを癒せるのも、{自分自身や、(その一人一人を包む→)鼓童の奏でる→}音からでしかない。 \n> It's only by the sound played by oneself or surrounding Kodo that it can be\n> cured.\n\n* * *\n\nAnd you're parsing the following sentence wrong.\n\n> {(a)長い時を掛けて得られていた信頼や、(b)ほどけかけていた誤解、(c)新たな邂逅などまで、}総て崩れ落ちてしまう危険性がこんなところにある。\n\nLiterally: {From (a) trust which took long time to earn, to (b)\nmisunderstandings which have almost unraveled, and to (c) new encounters}; a\ndanger lies here that all of them (=(a)-(c)) come apart.",
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"body": "Translation:\n\n> The odaiko (large drum) of Kodo, which heavily relies on physical strength,\n> is greatly influenced by the condition of each individual in the group. The\n> success or failure of the concert may even result from this. Everything has\n> the danger of falling apart, the trust gained and the misunderstandings that\n> are starting to be resolved after long years together and even the new\n> encounters with people are at risk. These are the relationships with your\n> guests and also the relationships between you and the other group members.\n> One slight \"illness\" could trigger a major disease. Only the sounds of Kodo\n> enveloping you and every other person in the room is the cure.\n\nIn essence, I think the sentence is indicating how the odaiko heavily relies\non the condition of the rest of the group. Even the part about 体調 is referring\nto the \"well-being\" of each drum in the group. The author seems to be using\nwords we generally use for describing the health of people to refer to the\ndrums. The second to last sentence, which talks about 病い is using it\nmetaphorically to indicate someone playing a drum sound that is \"not in good\ncondition\", perhaps the rhythm or sound is off. This small \"illness\" could\nthen trigger a major problem with the entire group, throwing off the synergy\nbetween everyone. The part before that also explains how the sound itself\ncreates a bond between you and everyone else in the group and the people\nwatching.\n\nThen the last part, which is talking about the \"cure\", is referring how the\nsound of the Kodo group itself is the only way to resolve this problem. I\nthink the author wants to indicate just how important the sound is. Basically\neverything relies on the sound, and even one small problem could lead to a\ndisaster.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-15T11:27:44.250",
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]
| 29860 | 29869 | 29869 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29870",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does the けん mean in this sentence? Is this a dialect?\n\n> やって **けん** のかな",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-15T09:29:28.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29867",
"last_activity_date": "2020-07-19T00:57:19.643",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"contractions"
],
"title": "What is やってけんのかな？",
"view_count": 538
} | [
{
"body": "やっていけるのかな changed to やっていけんのかな and it changed to やってけんのかな.\n\nSome contexts are necessary to explain the meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T10:20:09.987",
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| 29867 | 29870 | 29870 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Having found some books that use hentaigana (e.g. the\n[古今琉歌集](http://archive.library.pref.okinawa.jp/?type=book&articleId=61200))\nalongside standard hiragana and kanji, I've been trying to find a way to input\nhentaigana characters into text files.\n\nI've found [proposed\nplans](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/johokanri/58/6/58_438/_pdf) to add\nhentaigana to unicode, but so far nothing has yet been implemented.\n\nAre there any fonts available that contain special glyphs (perhaps in the\nprivate use area?) or anything similar so that documents such as the one\nlinked above can be properly digitized?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-15T09:46:09.400",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29868",
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"owner_user_id": "11459",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"hentaigana"
],
"title": "Is there any way to input hentaigana into text documents?",
"view_count": 2043
} | [
{
"body": "It is possible, as other comments suggest, to purchase either the Koin変体仮名\nfonts or the Mojikyo (文字鏡) suite for use in word-processing (Office Word,\nTeX). Koin変体仮名 is also available for free but, obviously, not all the glyphs\nare usable. As for Mojikyo, there seems to be a free version which can be\nobtained as follows:\n\n1) The fonts from <http://www.mojikyo.org/#TTF_download> : download one by\none, extract them as these are archived.\n\n2) Go to\n<https://tinyapps.org/blog/windows/201002130700_mojikyo_character_map.html>\nwhere all the necessary instructions can be found (including step 1).\n\nThe drawback is that you can't just type in hiragana and expect Mojikyo\nCharacter Map or your word processor to convert them into hentaigana. The\nmapping issue might be one of the reasons a paid version exists. Hentaigana\ninventory is also limited (although generous enough for most purposes, I\nestimate there are more than 200 glyphs).\n\nThese two solutions appear to be the more easily found ones. So far I was\nunable to find others. Lastly, even though I use the Character Map myself, I\nthink it necessary to add that by downloading and installing the files you\nproceed at your own risk.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-09-19T15:37:37.343",
"id": "39315",
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{
"body": "There is now a Unicode roadmap towards implementing hentaigana in Unicode\n10.0, which is, I assume, coming this year. It would not be long after the\nstandard is updated that fonts containing those characters will be added. The\nactual kana added in the expansion are:\n\n<http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-10.0/U100-1B000.pdf>\n\n<http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-10.0/U100-1B100.pdf>\n\nThose in gold are new: you'll see there's more than 250 of them! None of this\nwill have to be explicitly paid for, either.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T09:15:49.790",
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| 29868 | null | 39315 |
{
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"body": "> アニメについての感謝イラストを描いたんだけど、 **暗に「サイタマのイメージが違う」と不満言ってるみたいに取られたら嫌だなと思ってボツにした奴。**\n> 考え過ぎかな。 でも描き直します。\n\nI was reading this tweet and did not understand the bold part. \nMy translation would be:\n\n> Regarding the illustration gift for the anime I drew them but, as if\n> complaining implicitly that \"the image of Saitama is different\" if someone\n> received they would turn it down. \n> Maybe I am thinking too much. \n> Anyway let's draw it back\n\nEdit: \nMy new translation would be:\n\n> Regarding the illustration gifts for the anime I drew them but, implicit\n> they looked liked they were complaining that \"Saitama's image is different\"\n> so if I got one I would not be very happy. \n> Thinking this I rejected those one. \n> Maybe I am thinking too much but I'll redraw them.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-15T23:09:02.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29874",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-16T04:46:57.277",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"parsing"
],
"title": "言ってるみたいに+conditional",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "You seem to have gotten some words wrong.\n\n * ボツにする: _to give up on_ , _to throw away_ in this context, because he didn't even show it to someone before\n * 奴【やつ】: (slangy) _the thing_ , _that of_. \n * ボツにした奴 in this context refers to not \"the person who turned down my illustration\" but \"the illustration I gave up on\".\n * 取る: _to interpret_ , _to understand as_ , _to take_ (as in \"take it seriously\"). See [definition 10 here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/161480/meaning/m0u/).\n * ～したら嫌だ: _to hate it if ～_ , _to feel bad about ～_\n\n> 『暗に「サイタマのイメージが違う」と不満言ってるみたいに取られたら嫌だな』と思って、ボツにした奴\n\nLiterally: The thing I threw away, thinking \"I hate it if the illustration\nwere interpreted as if I were implicitly complaining 'Saitama's image is\ndifferent/wrong' \".\n\nAlthough he, the author of the manga version, probably drew [this\nillustration](https://twitter.com/NEBU_KURO/status/676692618844045312) purely\nas a joke, it turned out that the the illustration somehow looked like a\ncomplaint against the anime staff. So he gave up directly presenting it to the\nanime staff. Instead, he posted it as a tweet.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T02:54:59.907",
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| 29874 | null | 29877 |
{
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"body": "**A)**\n\nI think the typical way to say\n\n> Tanaka said that Yamata knows where the building is\n\nin Japanese is\n\n> 田中さんは山田さんが建物はどこか知っていると言った\n\nMaybe it's more natural to say \"the building's location\" instead of using a\ninterrogative clause, but the point is, the overall sentence structure takes\nthe pattern\n\n...S3(S2(S1OV1)V2)V3...\n\nFor small sentences, it's easy to keep track who is doing what. But when the\nrecursion depth is larger, it gets harder to understand. Is there a way to\nreorganize the sentence such that the subject of each relative clause is next\nto the verb? I was thinking that it might be possible to make the sentences\nOSV order. Thus the pattern could be\n\n...((OS1V1)S2V2)S3V3...\n\nHere is my attempt, please tell me of any particle errors, or if the idea\nitself is flawed.\n\n> 建物はどこか山田さんが知っているのは田中さんは言った\n\n**B)**\n\nThe inspiration here is the Eddington controversy:\n\n> If A, B, C, D each speaks the truth 1 in 3 times (independently), and **A\n> affirms that B denies that C declares that D is a liar** , what’s the\n> (conditional) probability that D was speaking the truth?\n\nin particular I'm trying to translate the bolded part\n\nEDIT:\n\nFrom the answers I realized I swapped 山田さん and 田中さん",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T00:20:26.650",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"cleft-sentences"
],
"title": "Most natural way to write sentences of the type \"A verbs that B verbs that C verbs that...\"",
"view_count": 313
} | [
{
"body": "The very basic of Japanese word order is\n\n 1. Verbs come last.\n 2. Modifiers (including subjects) should be close to modified words (including verbs).\n 3. Clauses come first, phrases come second.\n 4. Longer modifiers come first, shoter modifiers come second.\n 5. If you want to invert them, use commas.\n\nOf course, there are exceptions. For example, topics tend to come first with a\ncomma.\n\n* * *\n\nA)\n\n> Tanaka said that Yamata knows where the building is\n\n\"その建物がどこにあるかは山田さんが知っていると、田中さんは言った\", but more natural way in this case is\n\"田中さんは「その建物の場所は山田さんが知ってるよ」と言った\" or something like that.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T06:45:12.473",
"id": "29883",
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{
"body": "> 田中さんは山田さんが建物はどこか知っていると言った\n\nTo understand the word order in a complicated sentence like this, it is useful\nto break it down into parts called _bunsetsu_ :\n\n\n\nEach arrow represents that everything before the arrow modifies the bunsetsu\nimmediately after the arrow. For example, 建物は modifies どこか, and both 山田さんが and\n建物はどこか modify 知っていると.\n\n(Two caveats:\n\n 1. It is probably more correct to say that 山田さんが and 建物はどこか modify 知っている, and that と is attached to the whole 山田さんが建物はどこか知っている, rather than 山田さんが and 建物はどこか modify 知っていると. But I am restricting the scope to the structure among bunsetsu, ignoring the structure inside them.\n\n 2. Not every sentence fits this model cleanly. There are sentences whose structure is explained better if we allow a modified part to consist of more than one bunsetsu. But I stick to the basic case here.)\n\nA modifier must come somewhere before the bunsetsu it modifies (although\n[there are exceptions (shameless\nplug)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5605/varying-word-order-\nfor-stylistic-effect/5610#5610)). Where a bunsetsu has more than one modifier,\ntheir relative order is flexible. So 山田さんが建物はどこか知っていると…… and\n建物はどこか山田さんが知っていると…… are both grammatical. However, 建物は山田さんがどこか知っていると…… is not,\nbecause some part of the modifier 建物はどこか comes before another modifier 山田さんが\nand the other part comes after it.\n\n(If you know the terminology in computer science, the diagram like the one\nabove is a rooted tree where an arrow points from a child to a parent, and I\nhave just claimed that any post-order traversal gives a grammatical ordering\nof words.)\n\nThen there are some desirable properties of the word order:\n\n * A subject should come first.\n * A modifier and the bunsetsu it modifies should be close to each other, so a longer modifier is better to come earlier.\n * Ambiguity should be avoided.\n * Too many _toten_ (、) should be avoided.\n * …\n\nIn this case, I would give up putting the subject first, and write\n\n> 建物はどこか山田さんが知っていると田中さんは言った。\n\n(As you stated, it is simpler to use 建物の場所 in this sentence, but I am focusing\non the order of the words.)\n\nReturning to your attempt:\n\n> 建物はどこか田中さんが知っているのは山田さんは言った\n\nIt is incorrect for several reasons. I hope that you can figure out why from\nthe explanation above.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-19T17:51:58.697",
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| 29875 | null | 29941 |
{
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"body": "I'm having trouble knowing when to use って or 言った when I want to say someone\n**said** something (past tense).\n\nNaturally, since it is past tense, I always want to use 言った. But having\nwatched many j-drama episodes, had voice convos with Japanese people (mostly\nfemales) on LINE, and watched Japanese people broadcast their webcams on\nTwitCast (again, mostly females), I seem to hear って a lot more than 言った when\nsomeone is referring to something that was said.\n\nIf I had to guess, it seems that って is used to refer to things that are\ncurrently being said, being relayed, or was _RECENTLY_ said in the past.\nWhereas 言った is used for something that was _definitely said in the past_ , and\nnot used for something that was necessarily said recently.\n\nCan anyone share any insight on when to use one or the other, when its okay to\nuse both, or when its just not natural to use one or the other? Anything\ngender-specific I should be aware of?\n\nIt would help immensely with my listening and speaking skills!\n\nThank you so much!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T01:05:38.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29876",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"nuances",
"tense"
],
"title": "When to use って or 言った",
"view_count": 346
} | [
{
"body": "Formally, you use 「ナニナニと言{い}いました。」. \nThis is the original/basic one and I think you know it.\n\n> 部長{ぶちょう}はそのパソコンを使わない{つかわない}と言いました。 \n> Manager said don't use that PC.\n\nIn order to make a quote to be sounds more like a quote, you can use `って`\ninstead of `と`, like「ナニナニって言いました」 / ナニナニって言いました」\n\nAs you said about drama, friends and friends don't talk formally, it will then\nbe 「ナニナニって言った」. Because you don't want to repeat and repeat, keep saying 言った,\nit becomes「ナニナニって」.\n\n> 彼女{かのじょ}が食べたく{たべたく}ないって \n> She said she doesn't want to eat.\n\n**More examples:**\n\n 1. Quoting what other said:\n\n> 欲しい{ほしい}って言われても \n> although you said you want, ...\n\n 2. Quoting what other said:\n\n> 「大丈夫{だいじょうぶ}...」「大丈夫って、血が流れてるよ！」 \n> \"It's fine...\" \"Fine? it's bleeding!\"\n\n 3. Asking what is...: *\n\n> 「IMAXって何？」 \n> What is IMAX?\n\n 4. To start a topic of a subject (usually a person) *\n\n> ジョンって、日本語{にほんご}勉強{べんきょう}してる？ \n> John, you studying Japanese?\n\n(* is not about \"who is saying something\")\n\nHope it helps ^_^",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-29T04:08:24.150",
"id": "30116",
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| 29876 | null | 30116 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29885",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I recently encountered this sentence:\n\n> 床には血痕が残っている。 **かなり時間が経つのか** 血が固まっている。\n\nI believe I understand that the second part is saying the blood is dry (or has\nhardened) because quite some time has passed. I'm not sure what the か after\n経つの is doing -- is the speaker not quite sure if that's the right explanation\n(something like, \"The blood has hardened, perhaps because a lot of time has\npassed\")?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T03:51:51.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29878",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-16T08:42:05.493",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-16T04:43:28.013",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "318",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-か",
"subordinate-clauses",
"interrogatives"
],
"title": "Unsure about this usage of か",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "Your explanation is right.\n\nThe speaker is not quite sure if that's the right explanation (something like,\n\"The blood has hardened, perhaps because a lot of time has passed\").\n\nThe grammar you are looking for is defined in [this\npage](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/34861/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%8B/), which\nsays:\n\n> 疑いの気持ちで推定する意を表す",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T08:42:05.493",
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}
]
| 29878 | 29885 | 29885 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29903",
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"body": "I'm learning the use of なる with adjectives/nouns in my textbook. I was given\ntwo examples and in both the particle が was used.\n\n> ex.1 にほんごのべんきょうがすきになりました。 \n> I have grown fond of studying Japanese.\n>\n> ex.2 にほんごのべんきょうがたのしくなりました。 \n> studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture\n> before).\n\nDue to the first example having the な adjective すきな in it, I came to the\nconclusion that が here was used to mark the object in this sentence. Since in\nan earlier chapter I was taught to use が with すきな and きらいな. The general\nsentences of both examples also look at extremely similar leading me to\nbelieve that the が particles used in both sentences might be the same, but I\ndon't want to throw them into the same category based on that alone and was\nnever taught to use が with other adjectives like たのしい. Which leaves me\nuncertain as to why が was used in the second example. In my textbook I found\nan example similar to the second although this one takes the topic marker は\ninstead.\n\n> にほんごのべんきょうはたのしいです \n> Japanese language study is fun\n\nThis really only confuses me even more as to why が was used in the second\nexample. Any explanation as to why が was used in these two examples is really\nappreciated.\n\nAdmittedly I did ask a similar question to this one a few days ago, but not\nwanting to waste other people's time and thinking I figured it out on my own I\nfoolishly deleted the question. Apologies for that, and for wasting the time\nof people who read my question the first time I made it.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T05:24:45.430",
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"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"adjectives",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Why is the が particle being used with these adjectives",
"view_count": 205
} | [
{
"body": "Well your question is actually very fascinating because it highlights a deep\ndifference in daily perception from Japanese to English.\n\nは can mean \"as for this\" or \"in regards to this thing...\" it's very vague.\nIt's like if every sentence you said was its own milky way, first you start\nwith the sun (something marked with は) and then you get more specific to what\nyou're actually talking about.\n\nが however, is usually indicating a quality or attribute of the subject of the\nsentence.\n\nSo in Japanese you can break down a sentence roughly into:\n\nTopic は Subject が quality です\n\nIn the case of the above, the subject (a human) is implied, and すき is a\nquality of that person in question.\n\nたのしい however, means \"fun or enjoyable\" and is not talking about the person who\nlikes it, but is talking about the activity itself as having some sort of\ninherent quality.\n\nSo すき takes が because it's a person (が) who likes/enjoys something. It has\nless to do with i/na endings and more to do with what the quality/adjective is\nattached to in the mental construction / understanding of the sentence.\n\nI hope this helps, I tried to be clear but could not avoid the use of some\njargon.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-17T20:23:47.920",
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| 29879 | 29903 | 29903 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know that second-person pronouns should generally be avoided from being\nused, but how exactly do I replace it?\n\nDo I just reply the pronoun with someone's name? Or is the pronoun just\ncompletely taken out of the sentence, with no substitution, etc.?\n\nFor example: Could \"Would you like some tea?\" be changed to \"Sarah, want some\ntea?\", or \"Want some tea?\" You would take out the 'you' and perhaps replace it\nwith someone's name.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T05:29:59.707",
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"owner_user_id": "11961",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "How do you \"replace\" second-person pronouns?",
"view_count": 1270
} | [
{
"body": "From what i remember from class, you have the right idea. Japanese is context\nheavy so if youre talking to one other person, no need for pronouns. If you\nwant to ask the other person something, or if youre talking amongst others,\nyou address the person with their name. eg \"sarahさんはどう思う\" means \"sarah, what\ndo you think?\" but lets consider in two different situations. If we were\ntalking, just us, the sentence places emphasis on you, ie \"what do _you_\nthink?\" but if we were talking in a group of friends (think like at the mall)\nit would be a simple \"what do you think, sarah?\" This is what they call the\ncontrastive use of は.\n\nRegarding あなた and other pronouns, it is better to avoid using them since the\npronouns also imply a lot. あなた is polite, but distal, so at the wrong times\nusing it could be rude. 君 (きみ) implies a closer relationship, like friends or\nlovers, like a boyfriend talking to his girlfriend. あんた is informal and can be\nrude, I can only see it being used for friends talking to friends. てめえ is very\nrude and if you hear someone calling you てめえ it is grounds for getting very\nmad. I would rank it as a swear word.\n\nI hope this is helpful since it is off the top of my head at 2am lol.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T06:36:57.730",
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"body": "The use of Japanese is highly dependant on the context. In other words,\nwhether or not the information is shared between speaker and listener is a key\nto select words. Identified information is usually omitted to reduce the\nredundancy.\n\n * Would you like some tea?\" be changed to \"Sarah, want some tea?\", or \"Want some tea?\" You would take out the 'you' and perhaps replace it with someone's name\n\nYes, you are right. あなた or second person pronouns are normally omitted or\nreplaced to the person's name, because it can be identifiable for both speaker\nand listener.\n\nBy using second-person pronouns, you can indicate the distance of you and who\nyou are talking to. If you feel close or try to be friendly/nice to the\nperson, second-person pronouns are avoided or replaced to his/her name. On the\ncontrary, if you would like to make a distant to the person, you can\nintendedly use the pronoun.\n\nAbout あなた, some women use it to call their husbands or partners. In this case,\nit is not always used to make a distant but express the affectionate feeling.\n\n君{きみ} is basically used to someone who you are superior to, i.e. your\nassistants if you are boss. However, it feels cold and a bit offensive.\n\nThe best to sound nice/friendly/polite in a conversation is not using second-\nperson pronouns. If you feel awkward to do so, you can call the person's name.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-01-09T10:08:45.310",
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"body": "Using second-pronouns is too direct of a way to address someone. Using\nsomeone's name as if you were speaking in third person allows for indirectness\nand is considered more polite. As a result, your sentence would then become\nsomething like, セーラ、お[茶]{ちゃ}ほしいの？",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-01-09T21:57:48.507",
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| 29880 | null | 29882 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29899",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to say \"My parents want me to be a doctor\" in Japanese. My attempt is\nas follows but I am not quite sure whether it is correct or not.\n\n> 両親は私を医者にならせたがっています。\n\nOr\n\n> 両親は私に医者になって欲しがっています。\n\nAny comments and suggestions are really welcome.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T06:13:48.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29881",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-16T06:30:12.693",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"causation"
],
"title": "How to say \"My parents want me to be a doctor\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1006
} | [
{
"body": "Both 両親は私を医者にならせたがっています and 両親は私に医者になって欲しがっています are grammatically correct, but\nin practice, people don't say either. I'd recommend, as seafood258 says,\n両親は私が医者になることを望んでいる or, if you ignore minor difference, …医者にならせたいようだ /\n…医者になってほしいようだ.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-17T06:28:25.600",
"id": "29899",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 29881 | 29899 | 29899 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29893",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It's probably easier to explain the situation because I know there are\nmultiple ways in which \"about\" could be used.\n\nI am speaking with a friend and I tell them I went to a meeting. The next\nthing I would like to say is \"the meeting was about leaving Japan\"\n\nTo generalize this grammar point even more I guess I'm asking how I would make\nI sentence that say \"this is about this\"\n\nI have a super basic understanding of Japanese so I'm trying to learn as I\nmessage/slash talk to people.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T07:18:32.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29884",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-16T07:53:47.127",
"last_editor_user_id": "8098",
"owner_user_id": "8098",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conversations"
],
"title": "Using the word \"about\"",
"view_count": 2652
} | [
{
"body": "日本から出国することについての会議でした。\n\nにほんからしゅっこくすることについてのかいぎでした。\n\nnihon kara shukkoku suru koto ni tsuite no kaigi deshita.\n\njapan from leaving-country doing about in regard meeting was.\n\nThe meeting was about leaving Japan.\n\n...\n\nSo if you were to say this: 日本から出国する it would mean \"I am leaving Japan\", but\nbecause you put \"koto\" to normalise it, then \"ni tsuite\" to tell them the\nfollowing words are in regards to it, then \"no\" to show the meeting was _for_\nwhat came before it.\n\nThis is quite complex grammar to get your head around if you're a beginner. If\nyou're having trouble trying to understand it, I'd suggest studying から、について、こと\nseparately to this example, then come back and apply what you've studied to\nyour question.",
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| 29884 | 29893 | 29893 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29888",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out what this sentence below means, but I'm having\ntrouble with the には after the dictionary form of いる.\n\n> もう１匹 **居るには居る** んじゃが…。\n\nI've read [Dictionary form of verb followed by\nに](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/27907/dictionary-form-of-verb-\nfollowed-by-%E3%81%AB), but my best attempt then becomes \"In order for one\ncreature to already exist, it exists, but...\", which still doesn't quite make\nsense.\n\nWhat is the function of には here? And what would be the best translation for\nthis sentence? I believe that じゃ is 関西弁 for a state-of-being. Is this right?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T08:52:31.697",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29886",
"last_activity_date": "2022-03-16T05:33:18.467",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11962",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-は",
"role-language"
],
"title": "には with plain form of verb",
"view_count": 706
} | [
{
"body": "I would translate that as:\n\n> Well, if you really insist, I do have one more.\n\nBasically, the speaker does have one more, but is reluctant to mention it.\n\nThis form of には is mentioned\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/167736/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF/):\n\n>\n> （多く「…には…が」の形で、動詞や形容詞を繰り返して）一応その動作や状態は認めるが、それに関連して起こる動作や状態については関知したり容認したりしない意を表す。「推薦状は、書く―書くが、あまり期待しないでくれ」「涼しい―涼しいが、ちょっと冷えすぎる」 \n> (Often times in the form \"…には…が\", where you repeat a verb or adjective) It\n> means when you will admit to some behavior or condition but any result of\n> that condition or behavior you do not accept or tolerate.\n\nOne of the examples given in the definition is:\n\n> 推薦状は、書くには書くが、あまり期待しないでくれ \n> I'll write a recommendation letter for you, but don't expect anything\n> fantastic.\n\nBy using the `には` in the above, the speaker indicates that they will write the\nrecommendation letter, however at the same time they indicate how they are\nreluctant to do it perhaps because they don't have confidence in writing it.\n\n> I believe that じゃ is 関西弁 for a state-of-being\n\nThis form of `じゃ` is a form of\n[老人語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E). In short,\noften in anime and manga, `じゃ` is a stereotypical way of speaking to indicate\nthe person is elderly. It is the same meaning as `だ` in standard dialect.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T11:14:50.520",
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| 29886 | 29888 | 29888 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29895",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "They all seem to mean soldier. Could anyone help me?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T09:38:35.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29887",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-16T17:59:54.917",
"last_editor_user_id": "9981",
"owner_user_id": "11132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 兵隊、兵士 and 軍人",
"view_count": 1294
} | [
{
"body": "naruto gave a good answer which really should be sufficient, but in case\nanyone finds this helpful, I am going to leave some information here.\n\n* * *\n\nThe individual kanji interestingly mean the following:\n\n> 兵 - soldier\n>\n> 隊 - company\n>\n> 士 - gentleman / samurai\n>\n> 軍 - military\n>\n> 人 - person\n\nSo it might seem like the natural conclusion to assume that \"兵隊\" is more\nindicative of a group than the others. Nonetheless, Japanese is interesting\nlike that, and the word on its own doesn't give indication whether it is\nsingular or plural. Perhaps \"兵隊\" requires the existence of a group, e.g. it\nimplies that it isn't a lone mercenary, but actually part of a group.\n\n\"士\" is commonly used in words to describe a specific profession, such as \"運転士\"\nor \"税理士\", hence the technical ring to it.\n\n\"軍人\" is synonymous to \"兵士\", except that it can also mean \"military personnel\",\ne.g. anyone who works in, or for the military.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T14:04:08.907",
"id": "29892",
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"body": "These words do not have strict definitions, but I think the primary difference\nbetween 兵隊 and 兵士 is the level of formality.\n\n**兵隊** is a relatively casual word for 'soldier'. For example, one can\nfriendly address a solider as 兵隊さん. Note that when this word is used on its\nown, it rarely refers to a group of soldiers, despite its appearance. There\nare some words which happen to contain 兵隊 and refer to a group of soldiers:\n海兵隊 (Marine), 騎兵隊 (Cavalry), etc., but don't mix them up.\n\n**兵士** sounds more formal and technical to me, and usually refers to lowest\nranked soldiers. (roughly corresponds to Private, and sometimes Sergeant, I\nthink) I feel people higher than commissioned officers are unlikely to be\ncalled 兵士.\n\n**軍人** refers to military personnel in general, and includes everyone in the\nmilitary hierarchy (General, Colonel, Lieutenant, ...).\n\nNote that there's no official 軍人/兵隊/兵士 in modern Japan. So-called \"Japanese\nArmy\" is officially called 自衛隊 or Self Defense Force. The politically-correct\nway to refer to them is 自衛隊員.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T16:15:41.357",
"id": "29895",
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| 29887 | 29895 | 29895 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29890",
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"body": "Up to now, I am still confused with this very basic grammar.\n\n# Non-past\n\n * Informal : 食べる (+) and 食べない (-)\n * Formal : 食べます (+) and 食べません (-)\n\n# Past\n\n * Informal : 食べた (+) and 食べなかった (-)\n * Formal : 食べました (+) and 食べませんでした (-)\n\nSurprisingly, in order to upgrade the level of politeness (or formality), we\ncan only append です to the negative of the informal form.\n\n * Non-past: 食べないです\n * Past: 食べなかったです\n\nThe following are not allowed (I don't know why):\n\n * Non-past: 食べるです\n * Past: 食べたです\n\n# Questions:\n\n 1. Does 食べないです (and 食べなかったです) have the same level of politeness as 食べません (and 食べませんでした) has?\n\n 2. Bonus question: Why 食べるです and 食べたです are not allowed?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T12:28:35.247",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Do 食べないです and 食べなかったです have the same level of politeness as 食べません and 食べませんでした have?",
"view_count": 3875
} | [
{
"body": "1.I think so because a verbal auxiliary \"です、ます\" which represent formal lines\nis used for them.\n\n2.Because a verbal auxiliary \"です\" is set after 連体形 of the verb + の and 体言(noun\nand pronoun).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-16T13:45:11.867",
"id": "29890",
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{
"body": "> Surprisingly, in order to upgrade the level of politeness (or formality), we\n> can only append です to the negative of the informal form.\n\nThis is an interesting observation, as it is true that appending \"です\" to the\nnegative forms is common, while the same for the positive forms is highly\nunusual.\n\nThe issue you observed comes from how い-adjectives are made polite in\nJapanese, by appending \"です\" to them. For sounding very similar, and holding\nsome same grammatical properties as い-adjectives, ない has naturally adopted the\nsame grammatical rules; 痛い → 痛かった - ない → なかった, 痛いです → 痛かったです - ないです → なかったです.\n\nNonetheless, the foolproof way to \"upgrade the level of polieteness\" is, as\nbrought up in your post, to use the \"ます\"-forms. What \"ないです\" actually is, is a\ncolloquial version of the polite form (which exists both for present and past\ntenses), where \"です\" is simply appended to the verb.\n\n> Does 食べないです (and 食べなかったです) have the same level of politeness as 食べません (and\n> 食べませんでした) has?\n\nThe level of politeness is the same, however, the main difference comes from\nthe fact that \"ないです\" is new and colloquial. Hence, you won't find it as much\nin formal dialogue, as you would in informal dialogue.\n\nIt can also be argued that \"ないです\" is a softer expression than \"ません\", although\npersonally, I find it easy to make either expression sound soft, or hard,\ndepending on tone of voice.\n\nSome might also argue that \"ないです\" not only is a new colloquial expression, but\ngrammatically ill-advised.\n\n> Why 食べるです and 食べたです are not allowed?\n\nThey are not in use, most likely because they do not share the similarities\nwith い-adjectives. It is, however, possible to append \"っす\" (see: [What does っす\nat the end of a sentence\nmean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36/what-\ndoes-%E3%81%A3%E3%81%99-at-the-end-of-a-sentence-mean)).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T13:46:39.703",
"id": "29891",
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| 29889 | 29890 | 29890 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29898",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A common word in Japanese, meaning \"all-you-can-drink\", is \"飲み放題\". It is \"放題\"\n- as much as you would like - appended to the verb-stem of \"飲む\". It is the\nsame rule for instance, for: 食べ放題, 読み放題, （電話）かけ放題 etc...\n\nWhy is it then \"やりたい放題\" as opposed to \"やり放題\"?\n\n* * *\n\n * [A Google search for \"やりたい放題\"](https://www.google.co.jp/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22%E3%82%84%E3%82%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E6%94%BE%E9%A1%8C%22) returns 1 790 000 results.\n * [The same for \"やり放題\"](https://www.google.co.jp/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22%E3%82%84%E3%82%8A%E6%94%BE%E9%A1%8C%22) returns 500 000 results, with the top results being from manicure salons.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-16T15:09:37.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29894",
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"owner_user_id": "11830",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Why is やりたい放題 used as opposed to やり放題?",
"view_count": 1085
} | [
{
"body": "やりたい放題 is a bit different from other ○○放題. It's an idiomatic phrase which\nprimarily refers to someone's tyrant-like, irresponsible, self-indulgent\n_behavior_. Because it usually has a negative connotation, it's less likely to\nserve as a marketing phrase (except [something like\nthis](http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00JUL1FJU/ref=cm_sw_r_tw_dp_vaKCwb0THCZX9)).\n\n> 母親が亡くなって以降、あの王女はやりたい放題だ。\n\nやり放題 is less common and may refer to the same thing as やりたい放題. But actually\nやり放題 is the word that sounds closer to \"all-you-can-X\" as in 飲み放題, 食べ放題,\nマンガ読み放題, etc. That's why you got many results from manicure salons\n(ネイルが○○円でやり放題) and sex-related articles. Unless properly modified (eg\nレトロゲームやり放題, インターネットやり放題), I personally feel やり放題 can be easily associated with\nsexual contexts. Please use it wisely.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T03:22:43.323",
"id": "29898",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T04:56:11.413",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-17T04:56:11.413",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29894",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 29894 | 29898 | 29898 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29901",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I would like to express the following in Japanese:\n\n> You are the third person to ask me that.\n>\n> You were the first person to greet me yesterday.\n\nIf I attempt to translate, I end up with:\n\n> ３番目にそれを聞いた人は◯◯さんです。\n>\n> 昨日初めて挨拶してくれたのは◯◯さんです。\n>\n> 〜番目に〜したのは〜\n\nHowever, I am not sure if this is the best way to express this.\n\nMore concretely:\n\n * Are these sentences grammatically correct?\n\n * Do these sentences convey what I am trying to convey?\n\n * Are these sentences natural? If not, how might I express these ideas more naturally? If so, are there other natural ways of expressing them?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T02:47:18.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29896",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T12:50:26.423",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9838",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Expressing \"the nth person to 〜\"",
"view_count": 275
} | [
{
"body": "Your sentences are correct grammatically. \nDo you know a word ''３人目'', which is pronounced _sannimme_. This word means\n_the third person_ , it is usually used more than ''３番目の人''. \nYou can say the fact in three ways as follows. \nBy the way, ''聞いてくる'' is often used when someone asks ME, so I used it in\nexamples.\n\n> A. ３人目にそれを聞いてきた **の (or 人** )は、○○さんです。 \n> B. それを聞いてきたのは、○○さんが３人目です。 \n> C. ○○さんは、それを聞いてきた３人目 **の人** です。\n\n \nIt depends on what information you want to be the subject or what is the\ncommon knowledge. \n \nWhen you mention the person who asked it to you in the third, you would say A. \nWhen you mention the persons who asked it, you would say B. \nWhen you mention the person called ○○, you would say C. \nLikewise, you can say as follows. \n\n> α. 昨日初めて挨拶してくれたのは、○○さんです。 \n> β. 昨日挨拶してくれたのは、○○さんが初めてです。 \n> γ. ○○さんは、昨日初めて挨拶してくれた人です。 \n> \n>\n\nIf you have some questions, I will answer to them for a comment, as far as I\ncan.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T12:50:26.423",
"id": "29901",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T12:50:26.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11654",
"parent_id": "29896",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 29896 | 29901 | 29901 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "30096",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": ">\n> そういう訳で、診察所の方の人達と口を利くのはあたしだけといってよい位だったわ。そりゃああたしがお侠{きゃん}だからだけれども、先生の小間使いですもの、そりゃどうしたって診察所との交渉が多いわよ。ええ、こりゃ漢語よ。\n\n甲賀 三郎 著 『ニッケルの文鎮』 [青空文庫\nNo.1428](http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000260/card1428.html)\n\nI could not understand the actual meaning of 「ええ、こりゃ **漢語** よ。」\n\nAccording to [some\ndictionaries](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E-469697), 漢語 just\nrefers to a word originated in China / a Chinese word. It would not fit this\ncontext...",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T12:31:29.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29900",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-30T02:46:16.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11802",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does 「漢語」 mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 645
} | [
{
"body": "The whole passage of your quote can be translated as:\n\n> For that reason, it was almost only me who was able to speak to the people\n> of the clinic. Though I admit I look a bit pert, I’m only a messenger girl\n> of my master, and naturally have to deal with the doctors and staff of the\n> clinic. It requires a bit of understanding of (medical) gibberish.\n\n漢語 literally means Chinese language, but in a colloquial usage it means\n\"difficult, technical words,\" because 漢文 was read and understood only by\nintellectual people in Meiji and Taisho era, not to mention earlier than those\ntime.\n\nIn 永井荷風’s famous \"墨東奇談” published in 1947, much later than this work, the\nheroine, Otsuru, a prostitute, whom the hero, Taneda, a school teacher\ndescribes as a beautiful crane among a bevy of chickens - 鶏群の一鶴 - tells him\nthat her father was “an intellectual man who used to read “四角な文字” (square\nletters),” which means 漢字. You’ll understand that 漢字 looks square and Kana\nlooks round in its shape.\n\nThere is also a Japanese word, チンプンカンプン meaning totally incomprehensible or\nnonsensical, which came from 珍文漢文 (ridiculous writing in Chinese language).\n\nIn net, 漢語 here means “gibberish” or Greek to laymen.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-28T11:48:17.113",
"id": "30096",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-30T02:46:16.260",
"last_edit_date": "2016-10-30T02:46:16.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "12056",
"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "29900",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
]
| 29900 | 30096 | 30096 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29910",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have recently bumped into the Japanese mathematician\n[吉田{よしだ}耕筰{こうさく}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsaku_Yosida). I was\nwondering two things about his surname:\n\n 1. Why is it so often spelt _Yosida_ instead of _Yoshida_? And taking lead from it, when did し change sound from /si/ to /ɕi/? That is, is it possible that at the time this mathematician was working his name was actually read /Josida/, hence the spelling? Or is it an older scheme of transliteration that stuck for some reason?\n 2. Where should I stress Yoshida? /'joɕida/, /jo'ɕida/ or /joɕi'da/? Naturally, the answer to this lies in the Japanese pitch accent, so how is the pitch accent of this particular word?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T20:22:18.110",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29902",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T17:16:50.597",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-17T21:45:21.727",
"last_editor_user_id": "9981",
"owner_user_id": "5324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"pronunciation",
"rōmaji",
"pitch-accent"
],
"title": "About the surname Yos(h)ida",
"view_count": 350
} | [
{
"body": "There is no /si/ in Japanese. /ɕi/ is the valid reading of し\n\nし is romanized as SI and SHI, but it is always pronounced SHI (ɕi).\n\n 2. The stress I think comes naturally on the YO. YOsheeda. KOosaku.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T20:26:11.250",
"id": "29904",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-17T20:26:11.250",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9542",
"parent_id": "29902",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "1. Spelling conventions are different. It's almost certainly not the case that the pronunciation has changed since then, as evidence suggests that /si/ has been [ɕi] since Old Japanese in the 700s (and also suggests that /se/ was once [ɕe], meaning that the overall direction might well be from [ɕ] to [s] rather than the other way around). Some romanisation systems (such as Hepburn) prefer to represent as accurate a pronunciation as can be conveyed in letters (hence ‹shi›); other systems prefer either internal regularity or 1:1 phoneme-to-letter correspondences (giving ‹si› to be consistent with ‹sa› etc). These days the most common system for names is some variant of Hepburn; this was not always the case in the past (which is likely why your mathematician's name isn't in proper Hepburn).\n\n 2. As for the accent, my (admittedly non-native) gut instinct suggests [jòɕídá] or [jòɕídà] and [kóòsàkù]. Others can correct me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T01:53:33.277",
"id": "29910",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T17:16:50.597",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T17:16:50.597",
"last_editor_user_id": "3639",
"owner_user_id": "3639",
"parent_id": "29902",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 29902 | 29910 | 29904 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29906",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When using terms such as 義理のお兄さん and 義理の弟, do you choose お兄さん vs 弟 relative to\nyour own age, or relative to your spouses age?\n\nIf you are older than your spouse, but said spouse's older brother is younger\nthan you, which term is appropriate?\n\nI assume the same applies to the word-versions such as 義弟?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T20:54:16.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29905",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T05:35:11.360",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 14,
"tags": [
"second-person-pronouns"
],
"title": "When referring to in-laws using 義理, do you use the familial term relative to yourself or to your spouse?",
"view_count": 198
} | [
{
"body": "Relative to your spouse's age.\n\nIn your case, you'd have a 義理の兄(義兄) who is younger than you. And you'd be his\n義理の弟/妹 who is older than himself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T23:13:38.950",
"id": "29906",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T05:35:11.360",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T05:35:11.360",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29905",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 29905 | 29906 | 29906 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29911",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 寝るばかりになっていた\n\nI'm trying to understand how ばかりになっていた modifies the preceding verb. I can\nthink of two possibilities for the above sentence: \na) I was just about to go to sleep (involuntary) \nb) I had just become/got ready to go to bed/sleep. (preparation)\n\nAre either one of these correct (I'm favouring option a. since I think なる is\nmore about things that happen on their own and する is for when you bring about\nan action)? If not, please explain meaning and use of ばかりになる. Can I use this\nexpression more generally? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-17T23:50:35.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29907",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T03:03:31.090",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-17T23:59:19.847",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Verb followed by ばかりになる",
"view_count": 438
} | [
{
"body": "> 寝るばかりになっていた\n\nDepending on the context, this sentence can mean either one of:\n\n 1. One had just got ready to go to bed. / One could go to bed at that time. \n(Usually used with あとは/もう/etc)\n\n> 明日の旅行の準備を終え、あとは寝るばかりになっていた。\n\n 2. One has become bedridden. / One has come to do nothing but lie in bed. \n\n> 病気が悪化し、最近は自宅で寝るばかりになっていた。\n\nBut it does not mean \"(Having been in bed for an hour,) One was just about to\nfall asleep\".\n\n* * *\n\n[\"verb + ん + ばかり\"](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17193/meaning/m0u/) means\n\"to be about to [verb]\" or \"almost [verb]\", so you can probably say something\nlike this:\n\n> (2日間眠らずに勉強を続け、)彼は今にも寝んばかり（or 眠らんばかり）だった。 \n> (After studying for 2 days without sleep,) He was about to fall asleep.\n\nAlthough similar expressions seem to be [actually used by\nsome](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E5%AF%9D%E3%82%93%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%22),\nthis looks strangely stilted to me. I would usually just say \"彼は寝そうだった\" or\n\"彼は眠りかけていた\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T03:03:31.090",
"id": "29911",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T03:03:31.090",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29907",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 29907 | 29911 | 29911 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29949",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the Japanese word for a wheel mortar? This is a mortar that is shaped\nlike a boat or a trough, and a wheel with a hole in it through which there is\na wooden axle. The operator pushes the wheel back and forth in the trough to\ngrind the material. It is used traditionally used to grind pharmaceuticals,\nherbs and food ingredients. It looks kind of like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SVxylm.jpg)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T00:38:30.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29908",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T10:21:13.507",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9514",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"food"
],
"title": "Japanese wheel mortar",
"view_count": 960
} | [
{
"body": "That is [薬研{やげん}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%AC%E7%A0%94) in\nJapanese.\n\nBy the way, I've heard of\n[薬研堀{やげんぼり}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%AC%E7%A0%94%E5%A0%80) but\nnever known 薬研 itself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T10:08:44.913",
"id": "29949",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T10:21:13.507",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T10:21:13.507",
"last_editor_user_id": "11802",
"owner_user_id": "11802",
"parent_id": "29908",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 29908 | 29949 | 29949 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29913",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "スター・ワーズ?\n\n> Sutaa Waazu?\n\nスター・ウォーズ?\n\n> Sutaa uoozu?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T08:13:52.630",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29912",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T12:46:15.913",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T12:46:15.913",
"last_editor_user_id": "91",
"owner_user_id": "11955",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What is the katakana of STAR WARS?",
"view_count": 7172
} | [
{
"body": "It is ''スター・ウォーズ'' in Japanese. ''ウォー'' is regarded as _war_ by Japanese\nusers, but ''ワー'' doesn't make sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T08:31:46.980",
"id": "29913",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T08:31:46.980",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11654",
"parent_id": "29912",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 29912 | 29913 | 29913 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29915",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Do you still call them as NeeChan/ NiiChan or OneeSan/ OniiSan? Or just their\nname?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T08:48:53.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29914",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T09:44:13.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11955",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "How do Japanese call their friend's sister or brother?",
"view_count": 2061
} | [
{
"body": "兄ちゃん and 姉ちゃん are friendly way of saying. お兄さん and お姉さん are more polite than\nthem. And When you call your friend's brother and sister, you say\n～さんの姉ちゃん、お姉さん、兄ちゃん、お兄さん or just their name.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T09:44:13.403",
"id": "29915",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T09:44:13.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "29914",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 29914 | 29915 | 29915 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29921",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "We sometimes say in English,\n\n> Hey kitty come over here.\n\nDo they say,\n\n> **Cat** Chan iku yo...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T10:10:14.943",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29916",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T14:03:12.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11955",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "What do Japanese say when they call their pet cats/dogs?",
"view_count": 6837
} | [
{
"body": "We call our pets by their (nick)names most of the time.\n\n> [ _The pet's name_ (+ _chan_ to show extra affection)］、 こっちおいで。([...],\n> kocchi oide.)\n\nYou can replace the name with generic terms like 猫ちゃん(neko-chan; _kitty_ ) and\nワンちゃん(wan-chan; _doggy_ ) if you don't know what they are called.\n\n行くよ(iku yo) means \"let's go\", by the way.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T14:03:12.147",
"id": "29921",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T14:03:12.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11575",
"parent_id": "29916",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 29916 | 29921 | 29921 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29920",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> ダンジョンへもぐる時点でサポーターも **等しく危険に晒されているため** 、一概にはそう言えない筈なのだが、リリは訂正することなく持論を続ける。\n\nI'm not sure how to interpret ため in that part of the sentence. Does it still\nmean for the sake of?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T11:51:02.777",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29917",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T16:37:17.773",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does ため do in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1165
} | [
{
"body": "I think it means the English word \"because\" in this case.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T13:21:52.707",
"id": "29919",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T13:31:25.350",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T13:31:25.350",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "29917",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "ため has both \"aim\" and \"cause\" readings, so used as a postposition, it stands\nfor either \"for the sake of\" or \"due to\", pretty much like English \"on account\nof\" does.\n\nIn this case, it's the latter.\n\n> _**Since** supporters are equally exposing themselves to danger once they go\n> down into the dungeon..._",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T13:26:39.680",
"id": "29920",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T16:37:17.773",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T16:37:17.773",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "29917",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 29917 | 29920 | 29920 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've occasionally noticed native speakers of Japanese using \"massage\" when\nthey mean \"message\", but I can't recall native speakers of other languages\nmistaking the two. As far as I know, both \"massage\" and \"message\" have\nkatakana versions of the words (マッサージ and メッセージ) which seem reasonably\ndistinct from each other.\n\nAre native Japanese speakers likely to confuse \"message\" and \"massage\" in\nEnglish, and if so what is it about Japanese that causes this?",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T13:12:29.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29918",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-18T21:59:03.110",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"orthography",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Are Japanese speakers likely to confuse \"message\" and \"massage\" in English?",
"view_count": 895
} | [
{
"body": "Lacking a more scientific corpus of mistakes, I searched Lang-8 for pages that\ncontained both \"message\" and \"massage\". I got a number of matches, many of\nthem involving native speakers of languages other than Japanese typing\n\"massage\" and being corrected by native speakers of English to say \"message\".\n\nIncidentally, the book title \"The Medium is the Massage\" was the result of a\ntypo made during the process that the author noticed but wanted kept as-is.\n\nThis doesn't rule out differences between Japanese and English being a\ncontributing factor, but it makes that theory less likely.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T21:59:03.110",
"id": "29930",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"parent_id": "29918",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 29918 | null | 29930 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29925",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 宛名も差出人の名前もない紫の封筒があるわあるわ、ざっと目算して三百通は下るまい。 \n> 呪、もしくは念が宿るのかもしれない。 \n> 何の意味もなく、それらが有象無象の雑多な願いにすぎなくて、そして、 **ここまで蒐集されてなお人目につく事がなければ、さぞ無念が生じるだろう。**\n>\n> According to my calculations there could not be less than 300 purple letters\n> with no address and without the name of the sender. \n> Curses, or maybe they contain hope. \n> Without any meaning, those are people wishes and nothing more, moreover to\n> be collected to this degree and the **fact that they might not come to bee\n> seen, I am sure there will be many regrets.**\n\nWhat does that bold sentence mean?\n\nThe fantraslation goes something like this:\n\n> Should they ever be brought to light they would produce many regrets.\n\nここまで蒐集されて=Be collected up to this degree \nなお=In addition to that \n人目につく=Come to light \n事がなければ=This situation does not happen (conditional) \nさぞ=I am sure \n無念=regrets \nが生じるだろう=Will probably arise\n\nEdit: 人目につく=Be visible, Be under public view.\n\nSo\n\n> If they are not visible, it will bring regrets.\n\nStill it is differend from the fantranslation.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T15:25:05.383",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29922",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T17:26:07.497",
"last_editor_user_id": "11352",
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "事がなければ meaning in this sentence",
"view_count": 413
} | [
{
"body": "Have you checked the links given by broccoli forest? Then think of this こと as\n_occasion_ or _chance_.\n\n * 人目に付くことがなければ ≒ if there is no chance to be seen ...\n\nHere's my best translation attempt:\n\n> ここまで蒐集されてなお人目につく事がなければ、さぞ無念が生じるだろう。 \n> Having been collected to this degree, yet having no chance to be seen, they\n> (=the envelopes) are sure to hold a deep grudge.\n\nSo the author is thinking those mysterious unread letters are almost becoming\nlike vengeful ghosts, because their innate desire as a letter has never been\nfulfilled.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T17:44:28.400",
"id": "29925",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-18T17:50:53.727",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29922",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 29922 | 29925 | 29925 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29924",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「……そも、この学園にはその軋みがないものね。 **術式めいてはいるだけでは何も起きる訳がない、か** 」\n\nIn this school there are no such conflicts.\n\nAnd I really have no idea bout the second part.\n\nCan someone explain it to me?\n\nAdded fantranslation of the bold sentence:\n\n> With nothing but empty ceremonies nothing ever happens, i guess.\n\nMy understanding from following Naruto's advice of removing the second は\nbrings me to this translations.\n\n> Just because there are ceremonies does not mean that nothing happen.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T15:32:50.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29923",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T06:20:40.200",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T06:20:40.200",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "double ては in a sentence",
"view_count": 163
} | [
{
"body": "There are two は in the second sentence, which looks unnatural to me. The\nauthor should have wanted to write either:\n\n> * 術式めいてはいるだけで、何も起きる訳がない、か \n> It only _resembles_ magic; there's no way something can happen, huh?\n>\n> * 術式めいているだけでは、何も起きる訳がない、か \n> Just because it resembles magic doesn't mean something can happen, huh?\n>\n>\n\n * `noun + めく` forms a literary verb which means \"look like ～\", \"resemble ～\". It happened to be asked very recently in this site ([see this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/29863/5010)).\n * I'm not sure if _ceremony_ is the right word for 術式. 術式 in such a context usually refers to _magical procedure_ , _magic circle_ , etc.\n * ～わけがない is \"There's no way ～\", \"It's impossible that ～\". \n * 何も起きるわけがない = No way something can happen; Nothing can happen",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T16:28:00.860",
"id": "29924",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29923",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 29923 | 29924 | 29924 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Cheers.\n\nSome days ago I've been trying to get used in how to use の as nominalizer, but\nI cant get it even yet.\n\nI cant get the part where の changes the sentence into a noun.\n\ne.g\n\n> ブログを読むのが好きです\n\nMy problem is. How do I should take ブログを読む when nominalized? I think is (To\nread a blog), so (I like to read a blog) is what I figured out. My question.\nTo read a blog is not a noun, so how can I take it in English?\n\n> 彼が来るのを知っている\n\nSame here, 彼が来る is also not a noun but because of the の particle I have to\ntake it as it. so (he comes), (I know he is coming). But still have the same\nproblem and my head blows up!. I don't know how to take it in English or how\nto translate it in English.\n\n彼が来る means he comes, but if add の, 彼が来るの, what does it became. How is\ntranslated.\n\nI hope you can understand my problem and help me, I'm really confused and\nreally frustrated with all this. Thank you in advance for any help you can\nbring me :)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T20:15:44.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29926",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-29T07:24:42.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10792",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-の",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Usage of の as nominalizer",
"view_count": 1180
} | [
{
"body": "In English, a noun is a person, place, or thing. In English, if I asked you to\nlist THINGS you like, you could say, \"I like reading\" just as easily as you\ncould say, \"I like books\". Even though books are nouns and reading is an\nactivity, they can both be things you like.\n\n> ブログを読むのが好きです\n\nReading blogs is a thing I like.\n\n> 彼が来るのを知っている\n\nThat he will come is a thing I know.\n\nIt's a little awkward when you try to translate it into English, but that's\nhow I think of it.\n\n```\n\n [ブログを読む] の [が好きです]\n [Reading blogs] <- [I like this thing]\n \n [彼が来る] の [を知っている]\n [He will come] <- [I know this thing]\n \n```",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T20:38:29.530",
"id": "29927",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-21T22:23:32.497",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-21T22:23:32.497",
"last_editor_user_id": "9849",
"owner_user_id": "9849",
"parent_id": "29926",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "One thing I'd like to add is I often liken the の (which is short for こと by the\nway) to \"the act of\" in English, thereby making it a noun.\n\nブログを読むのが好きです。 I like the act of reading blogs.\n\n彼が来るのを知っている。 I know the act of him coming.\n\nSounds weird when you put it like this in English, yes, but it helps break it\ndown so you should be able to get an idea of what の is essentially doing.\n\nThat help any?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-22T02:19:55.197",
"id": "29989",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-22T02:19:55.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12000",
"parent_id": "29926",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The zero pronoun can solve alot of problems, your sentence can actually be\nwritten as\n\n\"ブログ を 読むの ∅が 好き\" Where ∅ has contextual meaning, here the sentence can be\nliterally translated as\n\n\"The activity[contextual meaning of ∅] of reading blogs is loved\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-04-29T07:24:42.810",
"id": "86371",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-29T07:24:42.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "43747",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 29926 | null | 29927 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There appear to be multiple ways in Japanese that would translate to \"try\" in\nEnglish. These are:\n\nVerb + te miru\n\nTamesu (verb)\n\nKokoromiru (verb)\n\nVerb + to suru\n\nWhat is the difference between these?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T21:02:32.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29928",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T16:40:49.740",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3441",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Saying \"try\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 18305
} | [
{
"body": "-てみる - used for trying something out, like a food you've never had before.\n\n> 私の作った料理を食べてみてください。 Please try the food I made.\n\n試す - used for trying something out, but it's usually used with a noun like a\nmachine or food rather than an action.\n\n> 新しい方法を試しています。 We are trying out a new method.\n\nしようとする - used for an attempt to do something.\n\n> 彼女に近づこうとした。 I tried getting close to her.\n\n試みる - Pretty close in meaning to 試す and -てみる. In general, it means to try\nsomething to see the effect, but it depends on context. Unfortunately, you're\ngoing to need some _Sprachgefühl_ to really understand this one.\n\n> 説得を試みた。 I tried to persuade him. \n> 抵抗を試みる。 To (try to) resist.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-18T22:03:00.043",
"id": "29931",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T16:40:49.740",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T16:40:49.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "29928",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 15
}
]
| 29928 | null | 29931 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29937",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gP4vk.png)\n\n> ヒューマンと同程度の体格を誇るキラーアントを除けば、パープル・モスとニードルラビットは小型種のモンスターなので、やろうと思えば確かにそこまで\n> **手間はかからない** 。\n\nI'm unsure how to interpret that は in that part of the sentence. I'm assuming\nit's a contrastive は but I'm not sure what it's contrasting.\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T04:51:31.153",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29932",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T06:18:53.160",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T06:18:53.160",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は",
"negation"
],
"title": "Is this は contrastive?",
"view_count": 427
} | [
{
"body": "That wa is not really contrastive but anyway, in general, the particle tends\nto be wa when the sentence is negation and ~~especially~~ when the word\ndoesn't feel really unexpected against the context to the speaker. To be\nhonest, either ga or wa are fine as long as the example sentence is concerned.\n\n(As for the controversy about wa's essential role, If you support contrastive\nwa fundamentalism, it is. If you support topic marker wa fundamentalism, it\nis.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T07:17:51.997",
"id": "29937",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-19T07:31:34.800",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 29932 | 29937 | 29937 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I saw a sign at the back entrance of a Japanese restaurant (in Gordon, Sydney,\nAustralia) \"Kashin 가신 Japanese restaurant\". The word written in hangul, \"가신\",\nsounds similar to the Japanese word \"kashin\", with the [Korean edition of\nWiktionary](https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%A0) describing\nthree romanization schemes of hangul as giving it \"ga.sin\", \"ka.sin\", and\n\"ka.sin\".\n\nI assume that \"kashin\" is [嘉辰 (lucky\nday)](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%98%89%E8%BE%B0) and not [家臣\n(vassal)](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%AE%B6%E8%87%A3) (which is what the Korean\nedition of Wiktionary refers to).\n\nI know that some words derived from European languages have similar\npronunciations between Japanese and Korean, such as アルバイト in Japanese having a\nsimilar pronunciation as 아르바이트.\n\nHowever, I assumed that with non-European words, what would happen is that the\ndifferent languages would faithfully preserve what Chinese characters are\nbeing used, and then choose to pronounce it however they like to pronounce the\nChinese characters.\n\nIs it common for non-European words to share similar pronunciations between\nJapanese and other languages that have or had Chinese characters such as\nChinese, Korean, and Vietnamese?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T05:47:10.480",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29934",
"last_activity_date": "2016-11-02T03:00:35.180",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings",
"chinese"
],
"title": "Is it common for non-European words to share similar pronunciations between Japanese and other languages in East Asia?",
"view_count": 330
} | [
{
"body": "As a person who speaks Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese, I find it pretty\namazing and interesting how the these 3 languages share such similar\npronunciation when it comes to words with Chinese origin. What amazes me more\nis how they sound more like each other than they do to the original Chinese\nwords.\n\nAlthough each language has their own distinctive alphabet system, thus\ndifferent pronunciation:\n\n * Vietnamese syllables have 6 tones, which creates the intonation of the language\n\n * Japanese syllables are comprised of only 1 consonant plus 1 vowel (ka, ki, ku, ko) \n\n * While Korean syllables have patchim (the final consonant in a syllable block), so they can pronounce such syllables as han, kil, kak, which, if Japanese want to pronounce, they must separate them into 2 syllables: ha-n かん, ki-ru きる, ka-ku かく\n\nHowever different as it may sound, if you know how to derive all the words\nfrom their original Chinese characters, you can yourself develop a formula how\nto pronounce a syllable in each language, or guess the word in another\nlanguage if you already know that word in one of those languages.\n\nFor examples:\n\n目的 (purpose)\n\n * Japanese: もくてき mokuteki\n * Korean: 목적 mokjeok\n * Vietnamese: muc dich\n\n準備 (prepare)\n\n * Japanese: じゅんび junbi\n * Korean: 준비 junbi\n * Vietnamese: chuan bi\n\n家族 (family)\n\n * Japanese: かぞく kazoku\n * Korean: 가족 gajok\n * Vietnamese: gia toc\n\nThey sound much similar, right? It is simply because they all originate from\nthe same Chinese characters.\n\nI hope this helps answer your question, although the \"non-European\" part in\nthe question made me quite confused at first.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-11-02T02:53:40.593",
"id": "40578",
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| 29934 | null | 40578 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is there a term that covers both wasei eigo (\"Japanese-made English\") and\ngairaigo (words from foreign languages)? Can you call them カタカナ語?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T06:23:02.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29936",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-07T16:47:54.753",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"loanwords",
"terminology",
"wasei-eigo"
],
"title": "Is there a term that covers both wasei eigo and gairaigo?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "[Wikipedia「外来語」](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E)によると、\n\n> 外来語とは、日本語における借用語のうち、漢語とそれ以前の借用語を除いたものである。おもに西洋諸言語からの借用であり、\n> 洋語とも呼ばれる。また、カタカナで表記することが多いことからカタカナ語 、横書きで表記する言葉として日本に入ってきたことから横文字とも呼ばれる。\n\nとあるので、「外来語」は「洋語」「カタカナ語」「横文字」とも呼ばれるようです。「和製英語」もこのように呼ばれるかどうかは書かれていませんが、少なくとも「カタカナ語」「横文字」は、「外来語」「和製英語(または和製外来語)」を指して使われていると思います。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-23T06:16:15.200",
"id": "30008",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-23T06:16:15.200",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "First, _wasei eigo_ should be viewed as a subcategory of _eigo-gairaigo_ ,\ni.e. _gairaigo_ derived from English.\n\nSo, the pattern should look as follows\n\n * _wasei eigo_ ⊂ _eigo-gairaigo_ ⊂ _gairaigo_\n\n_Gairaigo_ are words taken from foreign languages in general, and _eigo-\ngairaigo_ are words derived from English; lastly _wasei eigo_ is literally\nEnglish made in Japan (i.e. words created in Japanese resembling English\nwords).\n\nBoth _wasei eigo_ and _gairaigo_ have their specific usages. Maybe you could\nrefer to both of them as \" _katakana-eigo_ \", since both use the katakana\nscript and both are mainly taken from English. (Check Miller, 1997: 124)\n\nMore generally, there is a term called _wasei gairaigo_ (Miller, 1997: 127).\nIt is Japanese made from words in other languages (not necessarily only\nEnglish). For example テーマソング, where テーマ comes from Dutch _Thema_ and ソング from\nEnglish _song_.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-04-07T15:36:58.417",
"id": "86010",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 29936 | null | 30008 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29939",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「はい、遠野先輩の力になれたらいいなって思って。あ、けどちょっとしか詳しい話は聞けなかったんですけどね」\n>\n> I tought I could help Tohno-Senpai. But I was able to find out just a little\n> of the full story.\n\nIs it correct?\n\nちょっと=A little \nしか---聞けなかった=can only hear \nか詳しい話=full story",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T13:19:39.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29938",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-19T14:20:34.380",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-しか"
],
"title": "ちょっとしか---V negative potential",
"view_count": 102
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it looks like you're understanding the sentence perfectly well.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T14:20:34.380",
"id": "29939",
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| 29938 | 29939 | 29939 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29942",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 怒られるタイプの人のことを考えていて、自分が怒られたんじゃ、 **身もフタもない** じゃないの \n> I've been thinking about people who are the type to get scolded and, I\n> scold myself...\n\nI can't make any sense out of the part in bold. Literally I get, \"There's\nneither a container nor a lid, is there\". I guess this is some sort of set\nphrase.\n\nAlso, what's going on with the conjuction at the second comma? I thought じゃ\nwas just だ but I can't continue a sentence after だ can I?\n\n**Edit:** \nFrom the comments below I now have \"...getting oneself scolded is blunt isn't\nit?\". Afraid I'm still not getting it.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-19T17:07:46.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29940",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-19T18:42:33.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "Meaning of 身もフタもない",
"view_count": 558
} | [
{
"body": "Some definitions on the net:\n\n> 身も蓋もない\n>\n> * 言葉が露骨すぎて、潤いも含みもない。\n> * 露骨すぎて情緒もない。\n> * 直接過ぎて、話の続けようがない。\n>\n\nSo it refers to some very explicit/direct/honest expression which may sound\nharsh or uninteresting. Obviously it doesn't fit in the context you provided.\n\nAs pointed out in the comment, that person was probably confusing the phrase\nwith 元も子もない, which means \"[to try to gain something but end up in losing\neverything](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%85%83%E3%82%82%E5%AD%90%E3%82%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\".\n\nIn this sentence, じゃ is a colloquialism for では.\n\n> 怒られるタイプの人のことを考えていて、自分が怒られたんじゃ、 **元も子もない** じゃないの。 \n> Thinking about people who are the type to get scolded and ending up in\n> being scolded is a total loss for you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T00:30:52.317",
"id": "29942",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T00:52:33.810",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 29940 | 29942 | 29942 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29951",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UmMHQ.png)\n\n> 「第三級冒険者」と明確な地位を **認められる** のもLv.2からだ。Lv.1が平均的であるなら、そこから先は少なからず才能と素質を\n> **求められる** 世界ということになる。\n\nI'm not sure whether to interpret the two verbs as passive or potential. If\nit's passive what is the agent of the verbs?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T01:43:14.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29943",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T11:18:57.480",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T06:18:26.700",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "Is this indirect passive or potential?",
"view_count": 146
} | [
{
"body": "I think they are a usage as passive. I think the agent of 明確な地位を認められる is\nオラリオというゲーム or オラリオの冒険者達 and the agent of 才能と素質を求められる is オラリオというゲーム.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T11:18:57.480",
"id": "29951",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 29943 | 29951 | 29951 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29945",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why is 覚せい剤 a common variant writing of 覚醒剤? 醒 is a Joyo kanji and wouldn't\npose any recognition problems.\n\nExample:\n[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/覚せい剤取締法](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%9A%E3%81%9B%E3%81%84%E5%89%A4%E5%8F%96%E7%B7%A0%E6%B3%95)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T02:16:30.137",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29944",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3221",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"orthography",
"kana"
],
"title": "覚せい剤 - why is it written with kana?",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "Because [醒 was not a 常用漢字 until\n2010](https://www.coscom.co.jp/japanesekanji/newjoyokanji-j.html). 覚せい剤取締法 has\nbeen around long before that.\n\nAccording to [覚醒剤 -\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%9A%E9%86%92%E5%89%A4#.E5.B8.B8.E7.94.A8.E6.BC.A2.E5.AD.97.E3.81.AE.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C):\n\n> 覚醒の「醒」が「せい」と表記されるのは、2010年まで常用漢字ではなかったためである\n\nAnd according to [覚せい剤取締法 -\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%9A%E3%81%9B%E3%81%84%E5%89%A4%E5%8F%96%E7%B7%A0%E6%B3%95#.E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0):\n\n> 「醒」の文字は2010年に改定されて常用漢字となり、法律の条文や法律名を除き一般名詞としては、覚醒の文字を報道でも用いるよう合意がなされている。 \n> 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法においては、2013年に表記が覚醒剤に改められている。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T03:34:18.823",
"id": "29945",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "29944",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 29944 | 29945 | 29945 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29948",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I saw this sentence in a book:\n\n> そんな **答えの出しようのない疑問** を、おそらくこの場に集められたプレーヤー全員が考えたのだろう。\n\nThe fan translation I had reads:\n\n> Most players who had been forced here would have been asking this **answer-\n> less question**.\n\nI am somewhat confused by the 出しよう part, what is this formed from? I have a\nguess. I found a discussion about this in German on a\n[forum](http://www.japanisch-\nnetzwerk.de/Thread-%E5%8A%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%82%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA).\nSomeone said:\n\n> 力の出しようがない＝力を出せない: \n> One is unable to bring their strength to bear (man kann seine Kraft nicht\n> aufbieten)\n\nThat example made the expression しょうがない come to mind which I understand to\nmean literally \"there is no way of doing it\".\n\nIf xしよう is \"way of doing x\", is x出しよう \"way of 出すing x\"? Or for the phrase in\nthe question title: \"question for which there is no way of exposing the\nanswer\".\n\nDoes verb stem + よう generally mean \"way of doing [verb stem]?\" It seems like\nthat's where this is headed but I'm not having much luck finding any\nexplanations to that effect on the web.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T04:09:52.753",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29946",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T10:14:08.017",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10407",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "Meaning/Breakdown of 答えの出しようのない疑問",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "Just edited this, because my previous answer was not correct. After some more\nresearch (and talking to fluent speakers), I realize that 出しようがない means\n出す方法がない、which would make your phrase translate to:\n\n`答えの出しようのない疑問＝A question that is unanswerable`",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T04:45:00.070",
"id": "29947",
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{
"body": "You're on the right track. [A\ndictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/226119/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%88%E3%81%86/)\nspecifically defines this usage of よう as:\n\n> ６ **実現の可能性** の意を表す。「あの男がそんな悪いことをしようはずがない」\n\nIt's usually used in the form of `masu-stem + よう + が + ある` or `masu-stem + よう\n+ が + ない`, which mean \"there's a way of ～ing\" or \"there's no way of ～ing\",\nrespectively.\n\nSo, yes, 答えの出しよう[の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)ない疑問\nliterally means \"question for which there is no way of giving the answer\".\nSimply put, an unanswerable question.\n\nOther examples:\n\n> * 言いようのない不安 indescribable anxiety\n> * 忘れようのない事件 incident I can never forget\n> * 信じようがない説明 explanation I can never believe\n>\n\nThere is another adjective し **ょ** うがない (≒there's no use ～ing), occasionally\nalso written as し **よ** うがない, but that's a different thing. 答えを出してもしょうがない疑問\nwould mean \"a question which is not worth solving\".\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT** : I said しょうがない is different, but etymologically, the [i-adjective\nしょうがない](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\n(of no use, meaningless; can't be helped, nothing can't be done) is from `し +\nよう + が + ない` (no way of doing anything). It won't be directly preceded by\nanother verb.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T05:08:40.223",
"id": "29948",
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| 29946 | 29948 | 29948 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29969",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「四条がホントに恐がっていたのは呪いじゃなくておまえさんだったんじゃないかって話」 「―――――チ、一撃だけじゃ足りなかったか。 \n> こう、蒼香みたいにそのままカカト落とし **に連携させて** 息の根止めてやれば良かった」\n\nShe kicked a girl down to the ground and the dat after that she is talking\nabout what happened to her friend.\n\nWhy is the causative used here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T11:25:49.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29952",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-21T09:25:03.787",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"causation"
],
"title": "causative usage and に",
"view_count": 182
} | [
{
"body": "Causative form can be used without explicit \"causee\" as long as it can be\ninferred from the context. In this sentence, the implicit \"causee\" is the\nfirst attack (一撃目).\n\n> (一撃目を)カカト落としに連携させる \n> to make it (=the first attack) chain to an axe kick\n\nI used _chain_ because this kind of 連携 sounds like fighting gamer's jargon to\nme.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-21T09:25:03.787",
"id": "29969",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 29952 | 29969 | 29969 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29955",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am learning Japanese using \"learn Japanese in the car\". It has the following\nsentences:\n\n```\n\n Which seat is it? / Dono seki desu ka. \n \n Which train car is it? / Nan gosha desu ka.\n \n```\n\nWhy does one use Dono and the other use Nan. What is the rule to know when to\nuse each one?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T12:43:37.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "29953",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-20T16:10:41.100",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-20T12:50:33.837",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"questions"
],
"title": "When to use Dono or Nan?",
"view_count": 2934
} | [
{
"body": "席{せき} is a good example. Please look at examples as follows. \n \n\n> A. どの席{せき}ですか。 \n> B. 何{なん}席{せき}ですか。 \n> C. 何{なに}席{せき}ですか。 \n>\n\nAll of these are grammatically, and each sentence is different question from\nthe others. \n \n\n> A. どの席ですか。 \n>\n\nYou would say A when you don't know which seat it is. \nどの is used when you want to know which **of the three or more**. \nどちらの is used if you don't know which **of the two**. \n \n\n> B. なん席ですか。 \n>\n\nI dare to write in hiragana, なん, to make clear the pronunciation, although\npeople usually write it in Kanji, 何. \nB means ''How many seats?'' \n \nなん is used when you speak about the number, order, or the amount of something. \nThe answer will be a word with the number, or the ordinal. \n''席'' in this sentence is a counter suffix. なん is followed by a counter\nsuffix, as ''なん号車{ごうしゃ}'', ''なん人{にん}'', ''なん枚{まい}'', ''なん回{かい}'', ''なんメートル'',\n''なんか国{こく}'', ''なん歳{さい}'', ''なん年{ねん}'', ''なん月{がつ}'', etc. \n \nHowever, 曜日{ようび} is also asked with なん. \nSo if you forgot whether it is Wednesday or Thursday, you would ask someone\n''今日は **なん曜日** ですか。''. \n \n\n> C. なに席ですか。 \n>\n\nPerhaps this usage of なに isn't listed in dictionaries. \nYou can use ''なに席'' when you want to know what kind of the seat. \nYou can use it for many aspects of kind, so you and someone you talk to have\nto know what you guys are speaking about. \nC can be a question about various features. \n \n指定席{していせき} reserved seats／自由席{じゆうせき} non-reserved seats \n禁煙席{きんえんせき} non-smoking seats／喫煙席{きつえんせき} smoking-allowed seats \nテーブル席 seats at the table in a restaurant／カウンター席 seats at the counter \nThese of ''○○席'' can be asked by using ''なに席''. \n \n\n* * *\n\nMy kindergarten had three classes, ばら{rose}組{ぐみ}, もも{peach}組, ゆり{lily}組. If I\nasked my friend what class had you been in, I would say ''幼稚園{ようちえん}の時{とき}、\n**なに組** だった？'' . \nWhile, my elementary school and high school had several classes too, they ware\nnamed as 1組{くみ}, 2組, 3組, 4組, then, I would ask '' **なん組** だった？'' to my friend. \nFurthermore, the university I graduated from has a large, extensive campus, so\ntourists who visit there may wonder that ''なん学部あるんだろう'', ''How many faculties\nare there in this campus''. \nWhen you say なに学部, it means _what kind of faculty_ as ''あなたは **なに学部**\nの学生ですか。''",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-20T15:51:46.720",
"id": "29955",
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"owner_user_id": "11654",
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"score": 12
}
]
| 29953 | 29955 | 29955 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29968",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I think this could be translated as\n\nY which could be called X\n\nHow do I understand this sentence though.\n\n> だが、ここに世界は終わらずにいる。 \n> **我々が築いた世界像は、星が思い描いた世界像を遥かに凌駕する強靭さを誇ったが故に。** ―――――朱色の月は涙する。 \n> 長い闘争になると悲嘆する。 \n> だが滅び新月になろうとも終わりではない。 \n> 何故ならこの地上全ての生物が敵に回ろうと。 \n> **一つ、絶対とも言える時間だけは、彼の協力者であるが故に―――**\n>\n> But the world here is not over. \n> The reason is that the image of the world we drew is proud of the strenght\n> that came from surpassing by far the world the stars imagined. (or \"The\n> reason is that the image of the world we drew is proud of the strenght\n> through which it surpassed by far the world the stars imagined.) The\n> creamson moon sheds tears. \n> If/When it ends up with a fight it will grieve. \n> But when the perishing new moon will come it will not be the end. \n> That is because every animal on the land will become an enemy. \n> Because one reason is that, Absolute which could only be called time, it's\n> his accomplice.\n\nI am not really sure about that bold part.\n\nI looked up on the internet and found this examples:\n\na) 奇跡的とも言える立ち直りを見せる \nMake an almost miracolous comeback\n\nb) 翌朝、まだ早朝とも言える時間にタウンハウスを発ち、私を乗せた車はデヴォンシャーに向けて、M1をただひたすらに北へ目指す。 \nThe next morning, at a time which could still be called very early in the\nmorning I left my town house. The car I was on was directed to Devon going\nnorth following the M1.\n\nI had also trouble because of であるが故に and found out it's just a different way\nof simly using 故に. At the end of a sentence it means \"it is the reason\" if I\nunderstand it correctly.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Xとも言えるY and であるが故に at the end of a sentence",
"view_count": 729
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{
"body": "Yes, ～が故に is a literary and a bit archaic expression that means \"because ～\".\nIn archaic Japanese, the dictionary form of a verb could be directly connected\nwith が without any nominalizers (cf. 逃げるが勝ち). A modern equivalent is ～ことが理由で.\n\n> * 彼は強すぎたが故に、誰も彼に戦いを挑まなかった。 \n> Since he was so strong, no one dared to challenge him.\n> * 誰も彼に戦いを挑まなかった。彼は強すぎたが故に。(rhetoric word order) \n> No one dared to challenge him. For he was so strong.\n>\n\nAともいえるB = \"B which can also be called A\"\n\n絶対とも言える時間 = time which can also be called the absolute (existence).\n\nIf I translate the last sentence literally: \"For one, it's because nothing but\ntime, which can be called the absolute, is his ally...\". You can paraphrase it\nas something like \"Because time is the absolute existence, and time is the\nlast thing that will betray him.\"",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T08:57:19.567",
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"body": "### X とも言える Y\n\nYou're right that とも言える literally means \"could (also) be called\". However, in\nthis specific disposition it often begets extra connotations that could be\ntranslated into \"Y, virtually equals to X\" or \"Y, fully deserves the name of\nX\". This phrasing is mostly seen in literary language.\n\nと言ってもいい has a similar usage too.\n\n### が故に\n\nが故に has nothing different than 故に, but only a bit more archaic, therefore a\nbit more elevated in style. This が actually means の, が and の were used right\nopposite of how they are today in Classical Japanese. Strictly speaking, が\nappear in your example are grammatically redundant, but nobody seriously cares\nabout classical grammar :P\n\n* * *\n\nAside from the question, I see you've miserably tossed about by the author's\npunctuation-happy writing style. If allow me to use your translation mutatis\nmutandis:\n\n> But the world here is not over. \n> **Inasmuch as** the image of the world we drew **boasted** the strength\n> which by far surpassed **that of** the world the stars imagined. \n> The crimson moon sheds tears. \n> **Grieving that it will break into a long strife**. \n> But when **it will perish (=wane?) into** the new moon it will not be the\n> end. \n> That is because, **may all life** on the land become enemies... \n> **The time, the one nearly absolute, alone** is his accomplice.",
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| 29954 | 29968 | 29968 |
{
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"body": "I am not sure if しつこい would be appropriate in this context.",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How do you call someone \"Tryhard\"?",
"view_count": 3276
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{
"body": "So here's the [Urban Dictionary's\ndefinition](http://ja.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=try-hard):\n\n> A person who puts a large amount of effort into achieving a certain image,\n> or counter-image, to the point where it is obviously contrived. Rather than\n> achieving an image through genuine personality, the try-hard consciously\n> attempts to fit a certain style through deliberate imitation, forced style,\n> or scripted behavior. That is to say, he/she is trying hard to create an\n> image.\n>\n> Examples: An affluent, suburban dweller who makes great efforts to cover\n> himself in tattoos and piercings; try-hard.\n>\n> A person who wears certain items of clothing for the express intention of\n> appearing \"non-conformist\", and flaunts it; try-hard.\n>\n> Someone who purchases a motorcycle only to appear as a \"bad-boy\"; try-hard.\n>\n> A person who shuns certain genres or styles of music or art simply because\n> it does not fit his self-image, or the image he wants to portray; try-hard.\n\nAnd ALC says:\n\n> 人気者になりたい［注目を集めたい］ということが見え見えでばかげて見える人［行為・服装］\n\nWikitionary says:\n\n> A person usually of little talent who tries hard, especially through\n> imitation, to succeed, usually to gain fame or popularity.\n\n* * *\n\nI have no idea how widely the term is accepted, but after reading them, I'm\nunder the impression that a tryhard is not really a genuine hard worker\n(=努力家), but someone who puts effort in an easy and foolish way.\n\nSome words and phrases have come up to my mind. All of the followings are\nnouns or noun phrases unless otherwise specified, and are more or less\nderogatory.\n\n * **にわか** : Literally means \"suddenness\". As a slang term, it often refers to a certain unrespectable type of newbies who don't truly understand the subject they like, and act differently from other genuine fans. A にわか野球ファン may like to visit a stadium and shout wearing a baseball uniform, even not knowing the rule of baseball. A にわかロッカー may buy an electronic guitar but never practice it.\n * **勘違い** , **勘違い人間** : As a slangy noun, it refers to a person who understands something terribly wrongly. Someone who firmly believes in something which is obviously incorrect to the others.\n * **目立ちたがり屋** : An attention seeker. A poser.\n * **まねっこ** : A mimicker. A wannabe.\n * **形だけ(を)まねる** : (verb) To try to imitate only its appearance.\n * **形から入る** : (verb) To start with the appearance/superficial.\n * **後追い** : Literally \"follower\". Someone who tries to succeed by imitating others. For example, an unsuccessful \"YouTuber\" who tries to make a living by posting cheesy videos is a typical 後追い.\n * **二番煎じ** : Literally \"second brew (of tea)\". A recycled idea. ≒後追い.\n * **才能のない努力だけの人** , **努力しかできない人** : A rather literal translation of \"someone of little talent who can just try hard\".\n\nThe four examples given in Urban Dictionary seem to be typically にわか and 勘違い\nto me, but perhaps you would have to combine more than one above to convey the\nnuance. For example: 「目立ちたがり屋のにわかファン」「後追いの勘違いユーチューバ－」「才能のない、誰かの形をまねただけの歌手」",
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"body": "One option would be 必死すぎ or 必死な人, since 必死 already means that someone is\ndesperate (in this context, for winning).\n\nBut since some might take 必死 as a compliment, [this link](http://eigo-net-\nslang-jiten.blogspot.jp/2015/11/tryhard.html) suggests 必死すぎて痛い which conveys a\nnegative image. It would roughly translate to \"so desperate that it's\ncringeworthy\" (I guess that's what 痛い would mean in this case?)",
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| 29957 | 29960 | 29960 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29967",
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"body": "I'm watching an old anime, and the main character at one point says:\n\n> 彼は私の安らぎの人です。\n\nThe subtitles said, \"He's the one that I love.\" But I'm unfamiliar with the\nuse of 安らぎ in this context, and am wondering if there's a more\nappropriate/accurate way of understanding this? My understanding is that 安らぎ\nmeans 'tranquil/peaceful', so I would literally translate the phrase as \"He is\nthe person with whom I feel most peaceful.\" However, the main character does\nlove this boy she is referring to, so I'm guessing this may be a commonly\nunderstood way of referring to someone you love? I feel I might be missing\nsomething culturally about this phrase, which is giving me a hard time when\ntrying to understand it.",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-20T20:24:11.167",
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"score": 9,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "安らぎの人 translation into English",
"view_count": 327
} | [
{
"body": "It's not a fixed phrase, or something related to or implies love (as far as I\nknow), but I think your translation is correct, considering 安らぎの placed before\nsomething is all but always used for \"provides peace of mind\" in actual usages\n(from random Google hits):\n\n * 「[海を見ながら安らぎの音楽を](https://youtu.be/4XqwKFl97ag)」 \"Listen to relaxing music with sight of the sea\"\n * 「[家庭より職場が安らぎの場？](https://www.circl.jp/2015/09/25/4537/)」 \"The workplace is where you feel at ease rather than your home?\"\n * 「[安らぎの祈りで問題に向き合う](http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/nba/20090527/155826/)」 \"Face your problems with 'serenity prayer'\"\n\nand it doesn't go against my intuition.",
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"body": "I would translate 安らぎの人 as 'a person I'm comfortable with' or literally 'a\nperson who gives me peace of mind.'",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-24T23:35:02.213",
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| 29958 | 29967 | 29967 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29962",
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"body": "# 焼き as a prefix\n\n * 焼{や}きそば\n * 焼{や}き鳥{とり}\n * 焼{や}き肉{にく}\n * 焼{や}き飯{めし}\n\n# 焼き as suffix\n\n * たこ焼{や}き\n * お好{この}み焼{や}き\n * 卵{たまご}焼{や}き\n\n# Questions\n\nTalking about Japanese food, why can 焼{や}き be as either a suffix or a prefix?\nIt seems to me there is no inconsistency here. Which one is actually the\ncorrect one? As a prefix or as a suffix?",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T05:14:35.997",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Talking about Japanese food, why can 焼{や}き be as either a suffix or a prefix?",
"view_count": 245
} | [
{
"body": "焼き as a prefix is used to describe how the ingredient was prepared.\nCorresponding to English -ed verb, like _roasted beef_.\n\n焼き as a suffix is more like a dish proper name. It is used as a noun to\ndescribe the result of processing. Corresponding to English _garlic beef pot\nroast_.\n\n焼きas a suffix doesn't really have to be prepared using the other part of the\nword. Like お好み is not grilled, nor Is a sea bream a component of たい焼き.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T05:30:52.050",
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| 29961 | 29962 | 29962 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29965",
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"body": "According to jisho.org, 通常 is pronounced as つうじょう. I don't know how to\npronounce 版 in 通常版. How is it pronounced?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T06:29:32.977",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"pronunciation",
"suffixes",
"rendaku"
],
"title": "How do I read 通常版?",
"view_count": 1652
} | [
{
"body": "It's つうじょう **ば** ん.\n\n版【はん】 = version, edition\n\nAlthough 版 is read as はん by itself, 版 in 通常版 would be read as ばん, due to\n[rendaku phenomenon](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2526/5010).",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T06:57:42.303",
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"body": "**つうじょうばん**.\n\nFor some reason this kanji always exhibits rendaku voicing when in suffix\nenvironment. 通常版【つうじょうばん】, 限定版【げんていばん】 \"limited edition\", 保存版【ほぞんばん】\n\"collector's edition\", 英語版【えいごばん】 \"English version\", キリシタン版【ばん】 \"(Medieval\nJapan) Jesuit Mission presses\" etc.\n\nAnd as a counter-word:\n\n * 1版 いっ **ぱん**\n * 2版 に **はん**\n * 3版 さん **ぱん** or さん **はん**\n * 4版 よん **ぱん** or よん **はん**\n * 5版 ご **はん**\n * 6版 ろっ **ぱん** or ろく **はん**\n * 7版 なな **はん**\n * 8版 はっ **ぱん**\n * 9版 きゅう **はん**\n * 10版 じゅっ **ぱん** (or prescriptively じっぱん)",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T07:13:34.463",
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| 29963 | 29965 | 29965 |
{
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"body": "> それは、玉座に繋がれた真祖の姫ではなかった。 \n> 彼女は今でもあの間に繋がれたままである。 \n> これは彼女の内面に潜む、彼女と融け合う事を待っている彼女に他ならない。 \n> 「はじめましてブリュンスタッド。 \n> こうしてお話をする機会が回ってくるとは思いませんでした。 \n> **なにしろ貴方があの様子では、受け継ぐのは姉君ではと危惧していたものですから」**\n>\n> This isn't the princess of the true ancestor chained to the throne. \n> She is still chained there. This is what is dwelling inside her and is\n> waiting to melt with her. Honored to meet you Brunesteid. \n> I did not think I could meet you like this and talk to you. \n> At any rate if you are in that condition, if it's that sister I doubt that\n> inheriting is possible.\n\nOr since he was speaking about waiting to melt I think\n\n> At any rate if you are in that condition, I doubt you can take over your\n> sister.\n\nI think: \nではと \nでは=Used before a negative consequence or something that is not favourable \nと=Quoting particle\n\nI looked for definitions of the words and found that: \n受け継ぐ:前の人の仕事などを引き継ぐ。また，人の性質や志などを引き継ぐ。継承する \n姉君:姉を敬っていう語。姉上。 \n危惧:うまくいかないのではないかと，あやぶむこと。危懼\n\nI understand these 3 definitions and I tried my best to understand how the\ngrammar works in the bold sentence.\n\nEdit: I thought 姉君 could be used when addressing older girls \nso\n\n> At any rate if you are in that condition, i doubt that for you it's possible",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "ではと - is this a particle?",
"view_count": 551
} | [
{
"body": "> 「受け継ぐのは姉君では」と危惧していた \n> I was worrying that the person who succeeds might be your older sister\n> (instead of you, Brunesteid).\n\n * 受け継ぐの: \"the one who succeeds\" (i.e., the successor)\n * は: topic marker\n * 姉君: (honorific) \"older sister\"\n * では: =ではないか; \"Isn't it that ～?\", \"I guess ～?\", \"perhaps\"\n * と: quotative particle\n * 危惧していた: \"I was worrying\" (not \"I doubt\")\n\nHere's more examples:\n\n> * 殺したのはお前だ。 It's you who killed (someone).\n> * ケーキを食べたのはお父さんでは? The one who ate the cake is Dad, I guess?\n> * 悪いのは誰だ!? Who is to blame!?\n> * 見えないのでは。 Perhaps you can't see it.\n> * うまくいかないのでは（ないか）。 I guess this won't go well.\n> * うまくいかないのでは（ないか）とあやぶむ to worry, thinking \"this may not go well\"\n>",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-22T11:23:47.217",
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| 29971 | null | 29992 |
{
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"body": "> 永沢君たちって、...なんていうかジメジメしてる **ところ** が怒られるもとになってるでしょ？ \n> As for Nakasawa's crew,...how do I put it? Their gloominess becomes the\n> source of them getting told off. Right? (my best-guess translation)\n\nI thought してるところ was \"in the middle of doing\", but I can't get the sentence to\nwork with that translation. \"The source of being told off is 'in the middle\nof'/while/during being gloomy\"? The implication seems to be that they only get\ntold off when they are gloomy.\n\nHave I totally messed up the overall translation? Could you please clarify how\nところ is working here? Many thanks.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Use of ところ in this sentence",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "してるところ would mean \"in the middle of doing\" if the term before that was a verb.\nE.g. I'm in the middle of driving right now (今運転してるところ).\n\nHowever, it can also mean \"that part\". E.g. The gloomy part of you. So in this\ncase, your \"best-guess translation\" is correct!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-12-21T12:43:55.157",
"id": "29973",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-21T12:43:55.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11779",
"parent_id": "29972",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 29972 | null | 29973 |
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