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{
"accepted_answer_id": "38510",
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"body": "Does Japanese have any metaphorical equivalent to Timbuktu or Outer Mongolia\n(or, in the case of Australia, perhaps Woop Woop), meaning a remote or\ninaccessible place?\n\nWiktionary [recognises](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Timbuktu) the\nmetaphorical meaning of Timbuktu, but doesn't have a translation for that into\nJapanese.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-14T12:52:08.587",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"metaphor"
],
"title": "Metaphorical equivalent of Timbuktu or Outer Mongolia",
"view_count": 330
} | [
{
"body": "A couple I can think of:\n\n> 最果ての地\n>\n> 秘境 ( or 秘境中の秘境)\n>\n> ど田舎",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-14T21:50:35.670",
"id": "38467",
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"body": "Can I believe this example usage [found on Urban\nDictionary](http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Timbuktu&defid=891528)?\n\n> We used to have each other over for dinner on a regular basis, but then she\n> moved out to Timbuktu, and we haven't done it since.\n\nThen perhaps there is no place name that can be used like this in Japanese. I\ncan think of some typical and historical names for \"extremely\ndistant/inaccessible places\" (such as [蝦夷地](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezo)\nand [天竺](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianzhu_\\(India\\))), but none of them\ncan be used as metaphorically as this.\n\nFWIW, in the last 10 years or so, 群馬県 (Gunma Prefecture) has often been\ntreated like a land of mystery. See [this\nlink](http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2133925662861896901) and [this **U**\nncyclopedia article about\n群馬](http://ja.uncyclopedia.info/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%8C). This is a\nmere Internet meme, but I still sometimes see jokes about Gunma.",
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"body": "I can't think of anything, because...\n\nJapanese indeed has a certain repertoire of metonymy that makes real names\nrepresent their prominent quality, such as:\n\n> 今【いま】孔明【こうめい】 ([孔明](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Liang) is a most\n> tactful strategist) \n> 祇園【ぎおん】小町【こまち】 ([小町](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi) is a\n> greatest beauty) \n> 台風【たいふう】銀座【ぎんざ】 ([銀座](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginza) is a busiest\n> downtown district) \n> 東洋【とうよう】のパリ (パリ is...... you know?)\n\nThose, however, only work in \"as ... as X\" method, and need a qualifier so\nthat make it clear the mentioned one is not real X. You can much less let a\nproper name metaphorize an absolute notion; unlike in English, Timbuktu isn't\na totally inaccessible town, Greek isn't an incomprehensible language, Xanadu\nisn't a utopia... In this sense, no proper name could be a real \"synonym\" of\nan idea in Japanese.\n\n* * *\n\nIn a comment above, @Ciaran cited an interesting word 唐天竺の果て. Obviously, it's\na word from an age when China and India was _literally_ the end of the world\nthey recognized. You can't seriously say it at the present time, as it doesn't\neven go beyond [this small circle](http://io9.gizmodo.com/more-than-half-of-\nthe-worlds-population-lives-inside-t-493103044).",
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{
"body": "Proverbial [Mecca] is the most happening place\n\n> サーフィンのメッカといえばどこですか？ ------> ハワイのノースショアがメッカ中のメッカだと思います。 . . . . . . .\n> 日本はある意味たくさんありますが、毎日波が立ってるわけではありません その中で言うと千葉北の志田と千葉南の鴨川ですかね・・\n\nProverbial [Tibet] is the least happening place -- remote & cold, unsuitable\nfor agriculture, industry, or any development. Nobody wants to live or visit\nthere. ( 辺境の代名詞 )\n\n> 岩手県は日本のチベットと言われていますが . . . . . . . .\n> 戦後、1950～1960年代には、山あいで交通の便が悪いことや、主な産業が新日本製鉄の釜石製鉄所位しかなく、所得水準が全国でも低いことから、「日本のチベット」と呼ばれてもいました。\n> 日本では、交通の便の悪い山間地 ...\n\n> 日本のチベット」と言われる岩手県の中でも寒い所、 それで藪川を「日本のシベリア」と言う人もあるくらいである。\n\n> そういえば、 . . . . . 区は「名古屋のチベット」と言われることが以前からよくありました。\n\n> こんな勝浦のチベットと言われるほど山奥に どうしてケーキ屋さんがあるの？？？ でも、これが美味しいんです！！！",
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| 38457 | 38510 | 38497 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38462",
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"body": "In Japanese what would be the correct way to say something along the lines of\nthis expression which would be common in English.\n\nFor example if you try to say some people like dogs and other people like\ncats.\n\nWhat immediately comes to mind for me would be 人は犬が好き、けどほか人は猫が好き。But...though\nthe second part seems OK to me the first part feels...too absolute.\n\n某人は犬が好き？\n\nBasically I'm trying to wrap my head around more advanced comparisons.",
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"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Some people say X, some people say Y",
"view_count": 1682
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{
"body": "The typical translation would be 「犬が好き **な人もいる** し，猫が好きな人もいる」 ． (Lit. There\nare some people who like dogs and there are others who like cats.)\n\nOne possible translation along your attempt is 「いくらか[or\n幾人か，etc.]の人は犬が好きで，他の人は猫が好きだ」. This makes sense and is grammatically\nacceptable, but it is awkward: Although I've encountered several books\n(translated to Japanese) which use this kind of translation, it reminds me of\nthose word-for-word translations made by junior-high students.\n\n**某人** isn't listed in any of my dictionaries, but would be understood by most\nJapanese speakers as a substitute for **[某氏]{ぼうし}**. 某氏 is used to denote a\nspecific but anonymous person (of either unknown or hidden identity), so\n「某氏は犬が好き」 is a correct expression but bears a different meaning --- \"A certain\nperson likes dogs\".\n\n(Edit: 某人 has several examples as [某人]{あるひと}([google search with\nsite:aogora.gr.jp](https://www.google.co.jp/search?channel=fs&q=%22%E6%9F%90%E4%BA%BA%22+site%3Aaozora.gr.jp)).)",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-14T15:42:20.747",
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| 38459 | 38462 | 38462 |
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"body": "So I am studying from an online site called Memrise but they seem to teach\npretty straightforward stuff that you have to memorize in order to do them.\nYeah I can ask and say things but I can notice that the verbs change when the\ncontext changes. Some examples:\n\nThe verb is usually\n\n> **はたらきます** ( _to work_ )\n\nbut in this context\n\n> かれはオフィスで **はたらいています** 。( _He works in an office_ )\n\nit transformed to a brand new version of the verb. Now I have memorized them\nboth but if I wanted to say something else I'm drawing blanks.\n\nAnd here's another example. I noticed a pattern between these next few but I'm\nstill not sure how they transform:\n\n> どうしてそんなに **かなしんでいるの** ですか？(Why are you so sad?)\n\ncorrect me if I bolded too much. I'm not sure if the の particle is included in\nthe verb here. The verb is usually **かなしんでいます** but here it transformed to the\nbolded part. This one totally confuses me. It's different from the next one\nbecause in addition to having the verb have いる at the end it also has the の\nparticle. I know it's a possession particle but its use here is beyond me.\n\nAnd here's the third example where it's really similar to what we saw in the\nsecond example:\n\n> わたしは **おなかがすいている** から、おこっています。( _I'm hungry therefore I'm angry_ )\n\nRight here I can tell that the verb is the bolded part and the から particle is\nused to show a reason meaning _therefore_ in this context.\n\nDo these transformations have a name? Something I can research online or from\nsome text book. I see that the verbs have these forms but I can't group them\nin one category so I can research them. They seem quite random.\n\nThere are many others that baffle me like \"ふん\" -> \"ぷん\" in some sentences. But\nI guess that's it for now. I really want to go a bit deeper in the grammar so\nI can improvise in my free time by creating sentences in my mind and not mess\nthem completely up.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "Transforming (conjugating) verbs",
"view_count": 374
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{
"body": "This is usually known as verb conjugation. Japanese verbs have a stem, and are\nthen conjugated to change their meaning. In your first example, the stem is\n「働{はたら}」, meaning to work. The second part is the conjugation, 「きます」, which is\nadded on to the end of the verb stem to transform it into the \"present\nindicative polite\" form. You can see some of the conjugations of 「働{はたら}」\n[here](http://japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?JapaneseVerb=hataraku&VerbClass=1&EnglishVerb=work).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-14T15:41:11.480",
"id": "38461",
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"body": "> 彼｛かれ｝はオフィスで **働いています｛はたらいています｝** 。\n\nIn this sentence, the bolded part splits into two pieces:\n\n 1. 「働いて｛はたらいて｝」(て-form of the verb 働く｛はたらく｝) \n 2. 「います」(ます-form of the verb いる)\n\nThe て-form of a verb has many uses, and in this case can be thought of as\napplying a progressive aspect to the verb 働く (similar to \"-ing\" in English).\n\nThe grammar construction of 「て-form」＋「いる・います」 constructs what in English would\nbe a non-past progressive form of a verb. Thus, this sentence transaltesto \"he\n**is working** in an office.\"\n\nThe rules regarding how to form the て-form are fairly regular but are a bit\ntricky to master at first. I'd recommend looking\n[here](https://kawakawalearningstudio.com/all/exactly-te-form-japanese/) for\nconjugation info as well as some examples of how this verb form is used.\n\n> どうしてそんなに **悲しんで｛かなしんで｝いるの** ですか？\n\nIn this sentence, the bolded part splits into three pieces:\n\n 1. 「悲しんで｛かなしんで｝」(て-form of the verb 悲しむ｛かなしむ｝)\n 2. 「いる」(note: we do not use ます form because ます only can be used with the last verb in the sentence, if it is used at all)\n 3. 「の」\n\nBy the reasoning above, 悲しんでいる must mean something along the lines \"is being\nsad\" or \"to have recently become sad.\" The の has a meaning of \"thing\" or\n\"event,\" so 悲しんでいるのです roughly means something along the lines of \"it is that\nyou are sad.\" So, the entire sentence translates to \"Why is it that you are so\nsad?\" Using いるのです instead of います after the て-form gives the sentence a much\nlighter and caring feel.\n\n> 私｛わたし｝は **お腹｛おなか｝が空いて｛すいて｝いる** から、怒って｛おこって｝います。\n\nWe have two pieces here again.\n\n 1. 「お腹｛おなか｝が空いて｛すいて｝」(て-form of the verb お腹｛なか｝が空｛す｝く, to be hungry)\n 2. 「いる」\n\nI'm guessing at this point, based on the prior two examples, the reasoning\nbehind this construction and what it's trying to convey should now be clearer.\n:)",
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| 38460 | null | 38461 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38464",
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"body": "> 色白の肌 **に** 優しそうな目がほほ笑んでいる。 Her light complexion ?? kind looking eyes were\n> smiling.\n\nIs this に simply 'in'? i.e. \"Her kind looking eyes were smiling **in** her\npale skin.\" That sounds a bit weird.\n\nMy other thought was that it might be \"due to\" i.e. the fact that her skin is\npale makes her eyes stand out more.",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-14T16:15:12.543",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Meaning of に in this sentence",
"view_count": 1195
} | [
{
"body": "Two interpretations:\n\n * \"in\" \nher eyes are located in the middle of the extent of her light skin\n\n * \"plus\" \nshe has light skin as well as kind looking eyes\n\nIf you take the second interpretation, the sentence becomes grammatically\nincohesive, but sounds not bad in literary writing.\n\nIn fact, I was able to find an example of similar \"in her pale skin\" in a\nnovel called [Kings, Queens, and All Their Things: A Drag Shergi\nMystery](https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=MMRQCAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT15&ots=PcYsKUtNEU&dq=%22in%20her%20pale%20skin%22&hl=ja&pg=PT15#v=onepage&q=%22in%20her%20pale%20skin%22&f=false),\nso I guess it's not immediately a weird English ... is it?\n\n> She had scarlet hair cut around her face then the rest fell down her back.\n> There were brown eyes **in her pale skin**.",
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| 38463 | 38464 | 38464 |
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"body": "This time I have problem with a grammar point. It's the use of these\nexpressions:\n\n> したい\n>\n> してほしい、してもらいたい、していただきたい\n>\n> させたい\n>\n> させてほしい、させてもらいたい、させていただきたい\n\nMy problem comes from the questions the excercise asks me, that are:\n\n誰の希望? and するのはだれ? for each of the verb forms. The anwers, obviously, are 私 and\n相手, but don't know in which case the verbs refer to \"me\" or the \"other\".\n\nI've recognized that in the last two expressions the verb is in causative\nform, but this use with -もらう is not so clear to me.\n\nSo, I'd like to know when I have to use and how to translate (especially the\nlast two) all these expressions I mentioned above.\n\nPlease, help.",
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"owner_user_id": "17455",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "希望 expressing verbs",
"view_count": 395
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{
"body": "したい -> `I want to do something`. Normal form to express what you want to do.\n\nしてほしい、してもらいたい、していただきたい -> `I want someone to do something (for me)`. This is\nused often when you are requesting for help/ favor. The result of the action\nis usually very important to the requester.\n\nさせたい -> `I want (to cause) someone to do something`. This is when you know you\nhave power over someone to do something and it usually focus on that action\nprocess (the result of the action usually does not matter).\n\nさせてほしい、させてもらいたい、させていただきたい -> `I want someone to cause me to do something` -->\n`Let me do something (for you)`. This is often used when you are offering\nhelp/ service to other people.\n\n**EDIT**\n\nExamples are:\n\n * **したい** : ケーキを食べたい。--> `I want to eat a cake`.\n * **してほしい** ：明日の打ち合わせのため、A4サイズノートを持ってきてほしい。 --> `For tomorrow's meeting, please bring A4 sized note.`\n * **させたい** ：弟は病気なので、健康的な食べ物を食べさせたい。 --> `My brother is sick, so I want him to eat healthy food.`\n * **させていただきたい** ：その件に関して詳しいので、解決させていただきたい。 --> `I am familiar with that matter, so please let me solve it.`",
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| 38466 | 38469 | 38469 |
{
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"body": "I looked up an example sentence of how to use sokkuri and this is what I\nfound.\n\n> 彼女の言うことはそっくり本心からとは言えない。\n>\n> She is not quite sincere in what she says.\n\nHowever, I changed kanojo to anata and said it to my friend and he told me it\ndidn't make sense but he didn't have time to explain why. Thanks for your\nhelp!",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T09:47:56.260",
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"owner_user_id": "17509",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How do you use Sokkuri?",
"view_count": 2562
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{
"body": "The English expression for this will be \"Take what she says with a grain of\nsalt\", that is, \"She does not exactly/entirely tell the truth (,so take it as\nsuch)\".\n\nIt is possible to say \"I will take what you say with a grain of salt\" but it\nwould be rare or rather challenging, basically saying in one's face \"I do not\nentirely trust you\".\n\nThe structure of the sentence is:\n\n 1. [What X says] = [X の言うこと] (in this sentence, X is 'she')\n 2. is not entirely from \n 3. [true feeling/thought of X] = [本心]\n\n[What X says] ≠ [X's true idea/feeling/thought].\n\nIt is possible to replace X with 'You', but again to say so in the face of\nsomeone would be too direct. It is possible to replace with 'I' but basically\nsaying \"I do not entirely tell the truth\".",
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"body": "First, そっくり has two different meanings:\n\n 1. (na-adjective) look identical; as like as two peas\n 2. (adverb) completely; entirely\n\nYour example sentence uses そっくり in the second sense, which is relatively less\ncommon (and probably is getting less and less common). Your example sentence\nmakes sense as a written Japanese, but sounds awkward in a conversations\nbetween young people. I feel そっくり is rarely used in the second sense in\nconversations except in a few certain idioms such as\n[そっくりそのまま](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%9D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE&ref=sa).\nPerhaps your friend tried to interpret そっくり in the first sense, and thought it\nmade no sense.\n\nPlease learn how to use そっくり in the first sense in case you didn't. For the\nsecond sense, keep in mind it's a bit literary, and less common expression.\nYou can find some real examples of そっくり\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/130798/example/m0u/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A/),\nbut these are from novels written more than 50 years ago.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-16T07:05:42.397",
"id": "38498",
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| 38473 | null | 38498 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38479",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Google translate なめた口 as \"Licking Mouth\" but I was sure it was not a right\ntranslation. I also tried to search for it on weblio & alc but didn't get any\nresults... I do found alternative writing such as \"なめた口を聞く\" or \"ナメ口きく\"...\n\nI read random image with that word and roughly see it as \"talking lowly/bad\nabout someone?\", \"looking down at someone\" or \"casual talk\" . In anycase, it\nseems I cannot found out what it means...\n\nCould you help to affirm the meaning of the phrase? And are there any\nresources to find translation of a phrase like this?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T16:19:10.560",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of なめた口?",
"view_count": 4426
} | [
{
"body": "This [entry](http://zokugo-dict.com/21na/nameru.htm) might help, なめる means \"to\nmake fun of someone\" or \"to belittle someone\" or \"to make someone look stupid\"\nso in the same way なめた口 means something along the lines of \"with a mouth to\nmake someone look stupid\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T16:33:43.490",
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{
"body": "舐（な）める has a broad meaning such as (1) to lick (a stamp), (2) taste (Popsicle\n/ whisky), (3) experience (hardships) and (4) look down on / make light of (a\nperson).\n\n舐めた is an adjective form of ”舐（な）める” in (4) look down / take a derogatory\nattitude.\n\n“口をきく” means to talk / speak. “舐め口” is a shortened form of “舐めた口.” Therefore\n“舐め口をきく” means to speak in the way of looking down the other, or talk in an\ninsolent way.\n\nIn the same token, we often say “偉そうな口をきく” to describe the manner of talking\nin an arrogant manner, and admonish the young guy and subordinate who talks us\nback in an insolent manner by snapping “偉そうな(舐めた)口をきくな！- Shut up! Don’t be\ncheeky.”",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T22:00:06.630",
"id": "38485",
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"body": "It's usually difficult for a person over 50 y.o. to \"なめた口を聞く\" ... (unless he's\nbeing arrogant toward a 80-y.o. master or teacher)\n\nSo, \"ナメた口を聞く\" is strongly correlated with [teen-age impudence] or [being young\nand brash] -- Fresh, flip, flippant, (impertinent), insolent, pert, sassy, a\nsaucy child (小)生意気な子供....\n\n> 「ナマ言ってんじゃねぇーーー!!!」\n>\n> 「◯◯さんに ナマ言ってんじゃねぇぞ」\n\nThe \"impudence\" sense of the word is etymologically unrelated to the\nlicking/slurping/tasting sense.\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1416931764>\n\n> ......... 馬鹿にする，見下す，軽んじるという意味での「なめる」は，源氏物語にも出てくる「なめし（無礼し）」という形容詞の残存です。\n> 「舐める」という動詞とは，後にたまたま語形が似通っただけで，語源的関連性はありません\n>\n> 無礼(なめ)」の動詞化\n>\n> 「顔をなめる」とか「甘いからなめるのか」と思っていたらそうではなく 単に音が似ていただけというのは意外でした",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T00:57:09.690",
"id": "38487",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 38478 | 38479 | 38485 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38482",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why does ７時「七時」use \"しちじ\" and not use \"ななじ\" ?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T17:25:38.497",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38480",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"readings",
"counters",
"numbers",
"time"
],
"title": "Reading of 七時: why しちじ and not ななじ",
"view_count": 1726
} | [
{
"body": "It is important to understand the difference between [音読]{おんどく} and [訓読]{くんどく}\nin Japanese. '音' means 'sound (pronunciation)' and '訓' means 'meaning'.\n\nReading '七' as 'なな' is '訓読' and as 'しち' is '音読'.\n\nReading '時' as 'とき' is '訓読' and as 'じ' is '音読'.\n\nIt is a kind of principle in Japanese to use both 音読 and 訓読 at the same time.\nSince you are using 'じ' for '時', it is appropriate to use 'しち'.\n\nThere are some exceptions like '四時' which is read as 'よジ' (訓読 + 音読), not ' シジ'\n(音読 + 音読) because the 音読 of '四' is 'シ' which is pronounced the same as '死\n(death)'",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T19:41:06.737",
"id": "38482",
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| 38480 | 38482 | 38482 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "So, I have a general question about the word 人間 (ningen), and it's not about\ngrammar. The most common translation for this word is \"human\", but I have been\nnoticing that its usage is somewhat different in some cases, and this becomes\nvery evident in works of fiction and fantasy. For example, it seems to be okay\nto consider some humanoid alien a \"ningen\", but the same would be inapplicable\nfor a humanoid deity or a common animal (cat, dog, etc...).\n\nCould anyone explain the idea behind the word 人間 for the Japanese people? What\nis or isn't considered to be a 人間? Thank you in advance!",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-15T19:28:52.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38481",
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"owner_user_id": "17513",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "The \"cultural\" meaning of 人間 (ningen)?",
"view_count": 18637
} | [
{
"body": "I learned in high school. 人間(jinkan) is 人の間, means 人間社会、世間. This word changed\nto expression of human itself from Edo period. [人間](http://gogen-\nallguide.com/ni/ningen.html)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-09-17T17:54:14.513",
"id": "39257",
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"body": "To me, the word 人間 brings the feeling of \"humanity\", i.e., makes me think of\nhuman rights, citizenship and things like moral and ethics.\n\n> it seems to be okay to consider some humanoid alien a \"ningen\", but the same\n> would be inapplicable for a humanoid deity or a common animal (cat, dog,\n> etc...).\n\nA humanoid alien community might very well have concepts of morality/ethics as\nwell, so you could sympathize with them similarly as you would with other\nhumans; you could consider these aliens worthy of kindness, respect, and\neverything else, thus considering them also humans in this point of view. This\nclearly constrasts with a deity or an animal, since they are usually not put\nat the \"same level of ethics\" as humans.\n\nExample: imagine that an alien ship crashed on earth, and there are a few\nthousand alien survivors. Some researchers want to deeply study their anatomy,\nby giving them drugs/diseases and see how they react. Then you could say:\n\n> They should not conduct these evil experiments in the aliens. They're not\n> lab rats, they're _ningen_!\n\nTo me, this phrase would be completely fine, even though the aliens are not\ntechnically humans. I could be completely wrong though, this is just my two\ncents on this topic. I'm not even a native speaker.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-09-17T19:12:00.510",
"id": "39259",
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{
"body": "He's obviously asking about the usage in Dragon Ball Super. Not sure why he\ndidn't come out and say it.\n\nThat series uses ningen to refer to sentient mortals rather than the human\nspecies.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-10-11T03:48:27.823",
"id": "39878",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "If you were born in a kanji used/using countries like\n**China/Korea/Japan/Vietnam** , it's not such a big deal to understand a kanji\nitself.\n\nOriginally, 人 = **Human** , 間 = **World** , so then 人間 = **Human World** (\n**our current world** ) which is separated itself from **heaven** and\n**hell**.\n\nBut the word has changed into something like **人類** which means **mankind**\n--人( **man** ) 類( **kind** ) since Edo period.\n\n人間 doesn't carry a **scientific biological definition of human** , so you may\nobserved that it is also used to address other human-like entities or human-\nlike behaviors...\n\nTake it easy, my friend. Ancient Japanese didn't even have a trong definition\nfor human themselves. Why Japanese learners like us need to care ?",
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"creation_date": "2016-10-11T12:53:36.520",
"id": "39886",
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{
"body": "from what I gathered so far (including the other answers), ningen could be\ntranslated into \"sentient dweller of the Human world/reality plane) morally\ncompatible with us\". it seems to refer to the ascended conscience state, as\nopposed to an animal which is driven by its instincts. Two other words to\ncontrast with:\n\nThe word Hito would then refer to the biological species of Human kind, aka\nHomo Sapiens, while the word Jin would refer to the people, the congregation\nof aforementioned Ningens and Hito.\n\nPopular culture example: Saiyajins, the Saiyan People. Note that not all of\nthem act quite like Ningens.\n\nDisclaimer: Not a fluent Japanese speaker.",
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"creation_date": "2019-06-07T17:29:37.287",
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| 38481 | null | 39259 |
{
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"body": "I want to know which 'and' to use in this context:\n\nI went out today and it was fun.\n\nI don't know for sure if it is 'te'.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-15T20:53:28.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38483",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "What is the grammar behind 'te' 'soshite' and 'to'?",
"view_count": 119
} | []
| 38483 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38502",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have this sentence:\n\n> 仕事のあと、私のパワーは完全に消え、勉強しようというモチベーションは湧いてこない\n\nwhich means:\n\n> After work, my energy completely vanishes and I don’t have any motivation to\n> study.\n\nBut I don't know what いう means in 勉強しようと **いう** モチベ...",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-15T21:47:33.343",
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"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does いう mean in this sentence",
"view_count": 410
} | [
{
"body": "In this case (と)いう is just used to give a definition of what's coming before,\nin this case 勉強しよう.\n\nSo, という here is explaining that 勉強しよう is the type of motivation that 湧いてこない\n(it's not appearing).\n\nYou can find more explanations\n[here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/define).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-16T00:14:03.283",
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},
{
"body": "I'm a Japanese but not a student of languages. \nSo, my explanation below may not match your teacher, textbook or mother\ntongue.\n\nI think your Japanese English translation is good, however you can take:\n\n```\n\n After work, my energy completely vanishes and I don't have any motivation that I will study something.\n \n```\n\nIn this translation, the Japanese word `という` means the English word `that` in\n`any motivation that I will study something`.\n\nSo, the pattern `a-SENTENCE という a-NOUN` can translate like `a-NOUN that\na-SENTENCE`. \n`a-SENTENCE` qualifies `a-NOUN`.\n\nAnd there is also the pattern `a-NOUN という another-NOUN`. \n`a-NOUN` qualifies `another-NOUN`.\n\nUsing this heuristics, you will get literal translation that may be unnatural\nEnglish, however you will get some hints.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-16T09:08:34.063",
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| 38484 | 38502 | 38502 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "If a girl tells you \"きらいじゃない\" what does that really mean. Is there a cultural\nmeaning like shes just not interested in you?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T01:34:11.310",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38488",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "If a girl tells you \"きらいじゃない\" what does that really mean",
"view_count": 1611
} | [
{
"body": "ない means \"not\" and じゃ is a colloquial form of では. きらいじゃない means \"it is not\nthat (I) dislike (you)\".\n\nWhat it _really_ means depends on the context, but usually it just means \"I\ndon't dislike you (although I don't particularly interested in you, either)\"\nIt may imply another thing, typically when this is said by a\n[tsundere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsundere) character who cannot say \"I\nlike you.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T03:24:55.913",
"id": "38493",
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},
{
"body": "It's called a [litote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litotes).\n\n\"I don't dislike you\" is probably the most famous example.\n\nThis is not a Japanese specific thing, and the interpretation is totally up to\nyou, inferring from context.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-16T05:52:37.117",
"id": "38496",
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}
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| 38488 | null | 38493 |
{
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"body": "I'm looking for a saying that explains that A and B aren't better or worse,\nthey are simply different. More specifically, that a Japanese way of doing\nthings isn't better or worse [than a western one], but for me [a westerner]\ndoing it the Japanese way will be worse, because I've been educated in such a\ndifferent manner that it would be like \"trying to force a square through a\ncircle\".\n\nAny takers?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T01:37:16.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38489",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17520",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"idioms"
],
"title": "Saying or Idiom for 'trying to force a square through a circle'",
"view_count": 1620
} | [
{
"body": "How about...\n\n「[木]{き}に[竹]{たけ}を[接]{つ}ぐ」?\n\n> It would be like \"trying to force a square through a circle\". \n> 「まるで、木に竹を接ぐようなものだ。」\n\nSources: \n[英辞郎 \"square peg in a round\nhole\"](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=square+peg+in+a+round+hole) \n[故事ことわざ辞典「木に竹を接ぐ」](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%A8%E3%81%AB%E7%AB%B9%E3%82%92%E6%8E%A5%E3%81%90-471827)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T13:50:24.280",
"id": "38506",
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},
{
"body": "```\n\n We need a [Proverb] tag!\n \n```\n\nI can't think of a nice, colorful Jp expression for [ A and B aren't better or\nworse, they are simply different.] -- like comparing apples and oranges.\n\n比較のしょうがない\n\n比較してもしょうがない\n\n* * *\n\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_peg_in_a_round_hole> \"Square peg in a\nround hole\" is an idiomatic expression which describes the unusual\nindividualist who could not fit into a niche of his or her society.\n\nAs for an [eccentric maverick], I can't think of a colorful Jp expression or\nproverb either.\n\n<http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=maverick>\n\n> maverick figure 《a ～》 型破りな［わが道を行くタイプの］人物\n>\n> 異端児 一匹オオカミ 独立独行の、型破りの",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-16T19:21:52.950",
"id": "38513",
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},
{
"body": "We have an established saying, \"丸を四角に言いくるめる,\" which can be literally\ntranslated as \"(try to) pursuade / convince sb. a circle as a square, and\nmatches up your quote - \"trying to force a square through a circle\".\n\nThere are several variations to \"丸を四角に言いくるめる,\" for examples, \"カラスをサギと言いくるめる -\ninsist on a crow as a white heron\" and \"白を黒と言い張る - insist on white as black.\n\nThese expressions are applied to an obstinate or dishonest person and his /\nher behavior, because he / she is pushing a wrong and illogical assertion on\nothers.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T21:34:17.510",
"id": "38532",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 38489 | null | 38506 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38491",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is のになあ relevant to expressing a hope or wish?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T01:42:14.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38490",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -3,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "のになあ and wish/hope",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "Exactly, guy. You can refer that link:\n\"<http://www.tanos.co.uk/jlpt/skills/grammar/sentences/?grammarid=367>\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T01:52:21.627",
"id": "38491",
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| 38490 | 38491 | 38491 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "ろ seems to be a common imperative conjugation of verbs.\n\nなさい seems to act in a similar way (maybe not so demanding) but it is also\ndescribed as an imperative form:\n\n> なさい【為さい】\n>\n> expression\n>\n> do ... (usually written in kana) (imperative form often used after the -masu\n> stem of a verb) (see also: なさる)\n\nWhats the difference between ろ and なさい?\n\nFor instance we can have 食べろ and 食べなさい - how do they differ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T04:05:28.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38494",
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"owner_user_id": "5518",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "Difference between ろ and なさい?",
"view_count": 374
} | [
{
"body": "ろ is slightly more rude, it's like \"eat\" (negative) while なさい is more neutral\nand just requests someone neutrally to do something (though it shouldn't be\nused in polite speech still!)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T13:00:52.510",
"id": "38505",
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]
| 38494 | null | 38505 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I don't understand why they would say 'Iru?' alone. I thought you needed a\nlonger sentence for a question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T08:16:17.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38499",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-16T08:55:04.177",
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"owner_user_id": "17511",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"colloquial-language",
"questions"
],
"title": "Why do people say 'Iru?' alone?",
"view_count": 462
} | [
{
"body": "いる？ is a colloquial way of asking \"Want some?\" (or \"You there?\"). Of course\ncolloquial speech is free to break the usual grammar rules, but even in\nstandard Japanese grammar both object and subject are optional, so that\nanswering いる \"I want some\" (or \"I'm here\") would be a complete sentence. The\nonly part that might be disputable in standard grammar is the omission of the\nquestion particle (usually か, but also の), which has been replaced by the\nWestern question mark (marking rising intonation).\n\nSo no, you don't need a longer sentence for a question, certainly not in\ncolloquial speech.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T08:53:10.413",
"id": "38501",
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{
"body": "いる？ comes from 要る which means to want, the subject is inferred to be whomever\nthe speaker is speaking to.\n\nPerson A is eating a cookie from a box of cookies.\n\nPerson B is sitting beside her.\n\n* * *\n\nPerson A: これめっちゃ美味｛おい｝しい。要る{いる}？ (She offers a cookie to her)\n\nPerson B: ううん、ダイエットなんだ。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T17:16:19.370",
"id": "38512",
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"owner_user_id": "3916",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38499 | null | 38501 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The other day, I went to a bookstore and saw that there was a \"児童\" section,\nwhich means children's section. But more often in books, I see \"子供\" used\ninstead. When to use each of them?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T12:56:34.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38504",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-16T13:15:48.960",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "児童vs子供, when to use each of them?",
"view_count": 953
} | [
{
"body": "児童 is defined in the School Education Act as children from the age of six to\ntwelve who goes to elementary school and in some laws like the Child Welfare\nAct as children under eighteen.\n\n児童 is used in formal names like 児童養護施設 (children's institution), 児童相談所 (child\nconsultation center), etc. That is to say, 児童 is a formal and legal word for\nchildren whose age is under eighteen.\n\n子供 generally means a child as indicated in the following link,\n[こども【子供】](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/80747/meaning/m0u/%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%9B/)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T14:57:16.620",
"id": "38507",
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},
{
"body": "子供 is a common word eqivalent to child (children) and kid. 児童 is a big word\nfor 子供, which is used in formal and legal usages as in \"児童文学,\" \"児童教育,\"and\n\"児童相談所\" as Yuuichi cited.\n\nI thought we can say ”幼稚園(保育園)児童. But 新明解国語辞典 published by Sanseido defines\n\"児童\" as \"(小学校に在籍する)子供 - child (or children) (who goes to elementary school)\nwith \"who goes to elementary school\" in parenthes.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T02:17:50.417",
"id": "38518",
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{
"body": "> When to use each of them?\n\nThe other answers saying that 児童 is a more formal word for 子供 are correct, but\nthey don't point out by far the most obvious distinction between these two\nwords. Nobody calls their own children \"私の児童\" or someone else's children\n田仲さんの児童, yet you can refer to even your adult children as your \"kodomo\". So 児童\nstrictly refers to children as an age-related thing not as a family\nrelationship.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-02-10T05:12:57.530",
"id": "74357",
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}
]
| 38504 | null | 38507 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I am interested in Japanese culture and the symbolism used in Japan,\nspecifically I'd like to know what the △ triangle, ◯ circle, ╳ cross and ◻\nsquare mean to a Japanese person.\n\nHow are those shapes interpreted and do they vary depending on there being\nfilled or not?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T15:10:42.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38508",
"last_activity_date": "2020-06-22T20:59:31.763",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-16T15:20:57.097",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "17531",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 48,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"usage",
"phonetics",
"symbols"
],
"title": "What do the shapes △ ◯ ╳ ◻ mean in Japanese? And are there variations in meaning, depending on whether or not the shape is filled?",
"view_count": 68093
} | [
{
"body": "* ○ まる \n * **OK; correct; yes; supported; available** (like `✔`; note that the check mark usually means \"wrong\" in Japanese examinations)\n * masked/censored character (like `*` in English used to mask characters in certain words; see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11810/5010))\n * rival horse; second likely to win (horse race; favorite horse is marked with `◎`)\n * win; victory; [白星](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%99%BD%E6%98%9F) (when used as opposed to 黒星 = `●` = lose)\n * × ばつ、ぺけ、ばってん \n * **NG; wrong; no; unsupported; unavailable**\n * masked/censored character (mainly for sexual reasons; cf: [ちょめちょめ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62154/5010))\n * multiplication (math)\n * lose (game)\n * dead; extinct; obsolete (word, species, person; like `†` in English)\n * used to denote romantic relationships, especially in _yaoi_ fandom (like \"slash\" `/` in English)\n * finished (calendar, event)\n * △ さんかく \n * **partially OK; partially supported; nearly sold out; between ○ and ×; questionable**\n * second move; [後手](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BE%8C%E6%89%8B) (in shogi, when used as opposed to `▲` = first move; sometimes inverted (`▽`))\n * negative value/earnings (finance, when positive values are marked with nothing)\n * money gain; increase (stock market, when used as opposed to `▲` = loss)\n * dark horse; third likely to win (horse race)\n * □ しかく \n * unavailable character; glyph missing (see: [豆腐](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5129/5010) and [_geta_ symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_typographic_symbols#Other_special_marks))\n * full-width space (as opposed to the dot `・` used to denote half-width (ascii) spaces)\n\nAnd these symbols can be used as the casual placeholder for other arbitrary\nwords/characters. (See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12907/5010))\n\nAs you can see, depending on the context, filled symbols often mean the\nopposite things to the unfilled ones.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T01:59:20.023",
"id": "38517",
"last_activity_date": "2020-02-05T04:30:59.923",
"last_edit_date": "2020-02-05T04:30:59.923",
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"score": 59
},
{
"body": "◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right,\" Perfect,\" while X（ばつ）symbolizes \"No,\"\n\"Incorrect,\" and \"Wrong.\"\n\nThe test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X)\nformat in school examinations and the written examination of driver’s license\nis called ”まるばつ式テスト.”\n\nI don’t know if ◻ square and △triangle have any specific implications as a\nsign like ◯ and X have, except the cases of the signs being often used for the\nindex to be placed ahead of the bullet-type sentences, like:\n\n■Fewer people are on welfare\n\n■But the government didn't save money\n\n■Most families in poverty don't receive welfare.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T01:50:57.927",
"id": "38644",
"last_activity_date": "2016-12-08T22:51:45.900",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "△ さんかく over internet could mean such thing as **san is cool/handsome people\nwrite a name and put the △ in the end bcs sankaku could be . san ga kakkee\n(“_** -san is cool/handsome”)with a little imagination so Name△ instead of\nwriting it all",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-05-19T11:13:25.710",
"id": "77435",
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"owner_user_id": "39046",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Would just like to add that ◯ can also be used as a placeholder. For example\nthere's a TV show called 人志松本の◯◯な話. The equivalent in English would be\n\"Matsumoto Hitoshi's _____ story\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-06-22T20:59:31.763",
"id": "78173",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "39447",
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"score": 4
}
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| 38508 | null | 38517 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38511",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The girls are discussing whether the temporary teacher will remember their\nface, and then:\n\n> 「名前はどうかな」 \n> 「どうかなァ...」 (the ellipsis is as written in the book) \n> たまちゃんがそうつぶやいてほおに手をやった。 \n> \"How about my name?\" \n> \"How about ...\" \n> muttered Tama, and _put_ her hand to her cheek.\n\nThis is not the first time I've seen ほおに手をやる and I'm not sure what to make of\nit.\n\nHow should I translate やる?\n\nWhat significance does this action have?\n\nI get the impression that it might be an action you make while you are\nthinking deeply. Is this a cultural thing or just a trait of this character?\nOr something else entirely?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T15:45:52.027",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38509",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-16T17:16:15.907",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"culture"
],
"title": "Meaning/significance of ほおに手をやる",
"view_count": 91
} | [
{
"body": "In this situation, maybe she looks like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Hr6T.jpg) \n(taken from [here](http://free-photos.gatag.net/2013/08/05/130000.html))\n\nYou're right that it's a gesture people take when they're reflecting on\nsomething. We also call it in one word\n[頬杖](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/202951/meaning/m0u/).\n\n> _How should I translate やる?_\n\n[やる](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/223431/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%84%E3%82%8B/)\nhas a sense \"move something toward\", thus: 目をやる \"look at\", 手をやる \"put hand on\",\n人をやる \"send out somebody to\" etc.\n\nBut as やる has a great number of meanings, you can't expect it comes to this\nmeaning every time you see this collocation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T17:16:15.907",
"id": "38511",
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]
| 38509 | 38511 | 38511 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38516",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am trying to make the following sentence:\n\n\"I need to eat something\" , but I don't know which particle I should use, I've\ncome up with these 2 sentences, which one is right?\n\n1 何かを食べるのが必要\n\n2 何かを食べるを必要\n\nShould I use が or を?\n\nAlso I don't get if 必要 is a verb or not so I'm not sure if I should use です at\nthe end of both.\n\nEdit: in the second sentence I have two を particles, is it allowed or the\nsentence should be:\n\n何かに食べるを必要",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T20:26:42.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38514",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T21:42:54.257",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-16T20:36:05.630",
"last_editor_user_id": "16104",
"owner_user_id": "16104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Which particle should I use?",
"view_count": 746
} | [
{
"body": "If you want to use 必要 then:\n\n> 何か食べるものが必要だ。\n\nI'm not a native speaker but I think this has more of a meaning that 'eating\nsomething is a requirement'. Perhaps\n\n> 何か食べるものがほしい。\n\nwould be better.\n\n必要 is not a verb. It is a na-adjective. When it modifies a noun you add な to\nthe end of it. When it is used as a predicate it takes だ or です.\n\nI replaced の with もの because it is a 'tangible thing' that you are needing.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-16T21:03:04.340",
"id": "38515",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T21:42:54.257",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-17T21:42:54.257",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"parent_id": "38514",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "# Which sentence is right?\n\n> 1. 何かを食べるのが必要\n>\n\nThis is right(but somewhat unnatural).\n\n> 2. 何かを食べるを必要\n>\n\nThis is wrong(Even so most native speakers would understand what you mean).\n\nThis is because 必要 is not a verb.\n\nThe sentence @user3856370 wrote:\n\n> 何か食べるものがほしい。\n\nis better.\n\nIt seems like you are assuming that the pattern `OBJECT を VERB` will translate\nto `SUBJECT VERB OBJECT` in English and similarly that `SUBJECT が VERB`\nequates to `SUBJECT is(are,be) ADJECTIVE` or `SUBJECT is(are,be) NOUN`, right?\n\nI am not really understanding what you mean by \"verb\" in your question.\n\n# Should You use `です`?\n\n`です` is optional in terms of grammar, but I feel that adding `です` is better.\n\n`です` impresses listeners politeness or objectivity.\n\nMoreover, in this sentence, you might be trying to ask for a favor or persuade\nsomeone to do something. Especially in these cases, adding `です` is better\nsince it is more polite.\n\nThus, I would suggest:\n\n> 何か食べるものがほしいです\n\n# IS having two を-particles allowed?\n\nFor example, the sentence\n\n> 何か を 食べること を やめた\n\nis grammatical.\n\nUsing the `NOUN(SUBJECT) を VERB` → `OBJECT VERB NOUN(SUBJECT)` rule,\n\n> 何かを食べるを必要\n\nThere are two candidates for parsing this:\n\n 1. ((何か を 食べる) を 必要)\n 2. (何か を (食べる を 必要))\n\n## candidate 2\n\n`食べる を 必要` is `VERB を ADJECTIVE`. \nThis way of parsing it is not grammatical, thus candidate 2 is invalid.\n\n## candidate 1\n\n`何か を 食べる` is `SUBJECT を VERB`. \nThis is grammatical and a complete sentence.\n\nNext, \n((何か を 食べる) を 必要) is `SENTENCE を ADJECTIVE`. \nThis is not grammatical, thus candidate 1 is invalid.\n\nAnd thus,\n\n> 何かに食べるを必要 is wrong.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-17T00:11:12.777",
"id": "38516",
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},
{
"body": "> \"I **need to** eat something.\"\n\nTo say this, I think you'd normally use なければならない, なければいけない, なくてはならない etc. as\nin:\n\n> 何か食べ **なければならない** 。 \n> 何か食べ **なければいけない** 。 \n> 何か食べ **なくてはならない** 。 \n> 何か食べ **なくてはいけない** 。 \n> 何か食べ **ないといけない** 。 \n> (I/You/Someone) need to / have to / must eat something.\n\n* * *\n\nYou can use the word 必要 like this:\n\n> Verb + 必要がある。/ 必要があります。\n\nHere, 必要 is a noun, and the preceding verb modifies it as a relative clause. が\nis the subject marker, and ある/あります means \"exists\" or \"there is...\" \nSo your sentence can translate to:\n\n> 何か食べる **必要がある / あります** 。 \n> Lit. There is a need to eat something.\n\n* * *\n\nTo use the na-adjective 必要(な), you use the particle が, as in:\n\n> Noun + **が** 必要だ。/ **が** 必要です。\n\nSo you could say like this, using a nominalizer こと:\n\n> 何かを食べること **が必要だ / です** 。* \n> Lit. Eating something is necessary.\n\n* * *\n\nYou could also use the verb phrase 必要とする like this:\n\n> Noun + **を** 必要としている。/ **を** 必要としています。\n\nNow you use the を particle. Using this form, you can say like this:\n\n> 何かを食べること **を必要としている / としています** 。* \n> Lit. (I/You/Someone) is in need of eating something.\n\n*These sentences sound less colloquial than ～なければならない, ～なくてはいけない etc.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T03:54:35.050",
"id": "38520",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T14:27:05.890",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-17T14:27:05.890",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "38514",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38514 | 38516 | 38515 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38521",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I've been digging around some more and found this image from a [PDF\nhere](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dxCkV.jpg). Basically, it said that the\nImperative form (such as 見ろ｛みろ｝ or 飛べ｛とべ｝) is usually considered ruder than\nthe ～て form (such as 見て{みて｝ or 飛｛と｝んで). Does anyone know why?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T03:21:08.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38519",
"last_activity_date": "2018-03-19T08:34:12.677",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T04:51:11.900",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "16147",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"politeness",
"て-form",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "Imperative form is rude...?",
"view_count": 1318
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese uses [honorifics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_honorifics)\nthat English doesn't. For example, there are different suffixes, particles,\nendings that you should use when you say to your friends (or juniors), seniors\nand very high officials. They are very complicated and not easy to master.\n\nThe imperative forms such as [見]{み}ろ is not considered rude when you use them\nto your friends or juniors. But you can never say it to your elders or seniors\nunless you want to offend them intentionally. That's the way the Japanese\nlanguage works.\n\n'～ください' is a polite way to make requests for example, \"[見]{み}てください.\" You can\nomit 'ください' as in \"[見]{み}て.\" in casual speech which sounds less polite.\n\nYou can also use \"[見]{み}てくれ.\" when you want to sound commanding and manly.\n\nAs commented by @Eirikr Utlendi, you can consider \"[見]{み}ろ.\" as the bare\nimperative in English which doesn't sound polite.\n\nYou can visit the linked [Making Requests at\nwww.guidetojapanese.org](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/requests)\nand read more about it.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T08:42:18.773",
"id": "38521",
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"owner_user_id": "12259",
"parent_id": "38519",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "We have been taught that the imperative form is considered rude unless saying\nit in a joking matter to one’s friends or when commanding those younger than\nyou",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2018-03-19T08:34:12.677",
"id": "57372",
"last_activity_date": "2018-03-19T08:34:12.677",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29210",
"parent_id": "38519",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 38519 | 38521 | 38521 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38525",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm stuck in this paragraph :\n\n> 叫び声を上げようと口を開いた瞬間、こぼれ出たのは絶叫ではなく血塊だ。\n> せき込み、喉からこみ上げる命の源を思うさまに吐き出す。ごぼごぼと、口の端を血泡が浮かぶほどの吐血。\n\nI don't fully understand the following sentence :\n\n> せきこみ、喉から込み上げる命の源を思うさまに吐き出す。\n\nWhat I understand is :\n\n> He cough violently, and threw out at the fact he was thinking at the 命の源\n> which was making him wanting to throw up.\n\nIt might seem like gibberish but I don't want to translate, I just want to\nunderstand\n\nWhat does 喉からこみ上げる really means ? I understand it as something that makes up\nhave 吐き気, is it right ?\n\nHow to read the 源 ? みなもと ？ げん？\n\nWhat is the meaning of さまに exactly ? I saw on the dictionary that it means a\n\"state\", but how is it different to \"思うことに吐き出す\" or something like that ?\n\nIs 吐き出す \"vomit\" or \"say frankly\" in this sentence ? I understand it as vomit,\nbut a japanese friend told me that it mainly meant \"思いをぶちまける\"..",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T09:37:02.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38522",
"last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T19:34:06.310",
"last_edit_date": "2021-08-30T19:34:06.310",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "9539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "Help understand 「せきこみ、喉から込み上げる命の源を思うさまに吐き出す」",
"view_count": 313
} | [
{
"body": "I could be wrong, but let me try:\n\n * 喉から: from throat\n * こみ上げる : building up\n * [命]{いにち}の[源]{みなもと}：source of life/ life energy\n * を思う[さま]{よう}に：thinking like\n * 吐き出す: vomit out/ throw up\n\nso, the meaning could be:\n\n> Coughing like throwing up his source of life (that is building up) out of\n> his throat.\n\nI think さま：様：よう means similar. And the 吐き出す is definitely vomit, because the\ncontext is that he is sick, coughing and throwing up some blood...",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T10:05:32.310",
"id": "38524",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T10:05:32.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16268",
"parent_id": "38522",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "```\n\n { [ ( 喉からこみ上げる→)命の源 ] を } ( 思うさまに ) 吐き出す。\n \n```\n\n * 喉からこみ上げる命の源 is a noun phrase that functions as the direct object of 吐き出す. \n * 喉からこみ上げる (lit. \"welling up from the throat\") is a relative clause that modifies 命の源.\n * 命の源 (lit. \"the source of life\") in this context metaphorically refers to his blood. This 源 is read みなもと.\n * 思うさまに is an idiomatic adverbial phrase which usually means the same as 思うままに/思う存分 (\"at one's disposal\", \"in abandon\", \"as much as one wishes\"). See [this entry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/33367/meaning/m0u/). In this context, it's closer to 思い切り (\"with all one's might\"). It modifies 吐き出す.\n * 吐き出す means (physically) \"to throw up\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T10:15:37.763",
"id": "38525",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T10:15:37.763",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "38522",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38522 | 38525 | 38525 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38538",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have recently noticed that one of my coworkers writes his surname partly in\nhiragana when writing by hand.\n\nThis strikes me as odd, because his surname doesn't have multiple readings (to\nmy knowledge) and is made of relatively simple kanji. He always writes it in\nkanji when typing. (For reference, the name is 桑野 and he writes it as 桑の)\n\nIs there any reason someone would do this, and is it common? Or is he just\nbeing lazy?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T11:33:48.657",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38526",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-24T05:53:46.187",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-17T12:30:12.083",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "17544",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 16,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"names",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Why do some Japanese people write parts of their name in hiragana?",
"view_count": 4768
} | [
{
"body": "I guess your coworker uses _hiragana_ の simply because it is easier to write\nand 野 is very common in surnames and the natural guess for の.¹\n\n_Hiragana_ (or _katakana_ ) or variant _kanji_ may also be used in surnames to\nsimplify writing, such as 早せ川 (早瀬川) or 斎藤 (齋藤).\n\nHowever, you wouldn't use shorthand in (formal) correspondence like emails,\netc.\n\n* * *\n\n¹ You can check the database of names in the _koseki_ register\n[here](http://kosekimoji.moj.go.jp/kosekimojidb/mjko/PeopleSearch). These are\nall characters read の:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hCriw.png)\n\nThe last four characters are _hentaigana_ of 乃, 能, 能, and 農, respectively.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T12:29:31.097",
"id": "38527",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T10:19:48.490",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T10:19:48.490",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "38526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
},
{
"body": "This phenomenon mainly occurs in orthodox brand/shop names. Quite a few\ntraditional-style Japanese restaurants are officially named like もり川【かわ】 and\n三【み】むら, even though 森【もり】 and 村【むら】 are not difficult kanji at all. I haven't\nwondered why, but according to [this\nquestion](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11132074861)\nand [this\nquestion](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1279413222),\nthis tradition seems to have originated from the belief that even numbers\n([especially four](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraphobia#In_Japan)) are\nunlucky because it can be easily divided into two. People today are no longer\nthat superstitious, and we can think of this simply as one of the common ways\nto establish the visual identity of the shop. Today you can easily find two-\ncharacter, partly-hiragana restaurant names like 吉【よし】の. So the appearance of\n桑の itself doesn't strike me as too weird to me.\n\nWhen people write their signatures or initials by hand, many people try to\nmake them look unique so that it won't incidentally look similar to signatures\nby others. I believe this is true among English speakers, too. In my office,\nsome of my colleagues have to write their names on paper more than 30 times a\nday, and they have developed their own ways to write their surnames fast. Many\nchose to write their names entirely in hiragana or katakana, and some created\nalmost unreadable signatures. I guess your coworker decided to use の as the\nunique part of his signature. I wouldn't say it's very common, but it's\nunderstandable.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T01:06:03.233",
"id": "38538",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T01:06:03.233",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "I have experienced that with girls on language exchange sites or on facebook\nalso. The \"official\" reason can be that since they are interfacing themselves\nwith foreigners, they want to make their name easier to understand. This makes\nsense also on facebook if they have some foreign friends that might understand\nsome Japanese but are not so familiar with kanji. Anyway I think this is an\nexcuse in general, the real reason being that writing your name in hiragana\ngives you more distance from unknown people because you are keeping the kanji\nof your name as a personal \"secret\" or as some information accessible just by\ncloser friends. Another concurring reason could be that some people are not\ncomfortable with kanji because they are a symbol of traditional Japanese\nculture (an adult in general should write his name with kanji), so they want\nto appear more young and somehow \"rebellious\" by writing their name in simple\nhiragana. Some western people use fake names or altered versions of their\nnames as pseudonyms on facebook, I think that happens for similar reasons.\nAnyway all these are just my personal speculations based on the gut feelings I\nhave had while meeting Japanese people, so please do not take them too much\nconclusively and feel free to discuss. It would be interesting to ask to\nJapanese people also why they do that, I never tried, but I would not take\ntheir replies necessarily in a literal way. If you ask them why they are\nwearing masks usually they will tell you that it is because they have a cold\nor want to prevent a cold, but in general I think also that (again) this is\njust a socially accepted way to put a barrier between themselves and other\npeople. Maybe also in an office environment the signature personalization\ncould be explained with these or similar arguments, I am not completely\nsatisfied with the explanation based on purely graphical reasons. But I do not\nhave any office experience in Japan nor am I seeking any ;)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T05:53:46.187",
"id": "38672",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-24T05:53:46.187",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14038",
"parent_id": "38526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 38526 | 38538 | 38527 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am a beginner in Japanese so I was trying to write some simple sentences to\npractice my vocabulary and grammar.\n\nI wanted to write the sentence:\n\n> My friend is in Japan for three weeks.\n\nas:\n\n> 私の友達が 三週間 日本に います。\n\nI am unsure if I should put any particle after 三週間 and whether this sentence\nis grammatically correct at all.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T16:43:13.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38529",
"last_activity_date": "2019-04-23T07:02:50.630",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T04:49:01.843",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "17529",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Particles after time expressions like \"三週間\"",
"view_count": 1034
} | [
{
"body": "[[間]{かん}](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%96%93) itself is functioning as a suffix\nindicating 'interval' or 'period of time'. In other words, '三週間' literally\ntranslates to '三週 (three weeks) + 間 (during or for)'. Therefore, you don't\nneed any other particle or suffix after '三週間'.\n\nOne more important thing you should note is [Japanese normally doesn’t put\nspaces between words](http://www.japanesereview.com/things-that-make-japanese-\nhard/).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T17:04:51.793",
"id": "38530",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T07:11:39.943",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T07:11:39.943",
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"owner_user_id": "12259",
"parent_id": "38529",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "You could insert:\n\n```\n\n 私の友達が三週間のあいだ日本にいます。\n \n 私の友達は、三週間の間 日本にいます。\n \n```\n\n三週間の間 sounds redundant but it's correct.\n\nMany people insert に making it \"...週間の間に\" but it's often incorrect (sloppy\ndiction).\n\nThis first example (below) is ungrammatical / illogical -- or especially\nsloppy.\n\n> 【衝撃】たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ！ 皆さん、普段の生活の中で意識して”水”を飲 ... .......\n```\n\n ( I suppose she got prettier and/or younger-looking. )\n \n```\n\n> 緊急警告！！一週間の間に「東京大地震」がくる可能性があります。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T22:30:13.667",
"id": "38560",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T22:50:59.883",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T22:50:59.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "16344",
"owner_user_id": "16344",
"parent_id": "38529",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -2
}
]
| 38529 | null | 38530 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38539",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> ボクラなんて、印象 **に** 残らないだろうね、 \n> People like us probably don't make an impression.\n\nI belive 残る is intransitive so I suppose the literal translation is more like\n\"For people like us an impression is probably not left\".\n\nI don't understand why the particle に is used here. Why is it not が? How would\nthe sentence change if I replaced に with が?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T22:07:22.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38534",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T01:43:02.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Using に in place of が",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "I feel this 印象 is used as the \"place\" where ボクラ remains. It's used in the same\nway as the following:\n\n> * 東京にしばらく残る to stay in Tokyo for a while\n> * 記憶に残る演説 the speech that remains in my memory\n> * 耳に残る to linger in one's ears\n>\n\nYou can also say:\n\n> * その話はあまり印象にない。 （≒印象に残っていない）\n> * 今まで読んだ中で一番印象にある小説は○○だ。\n>\n\nSo one can say this 印象 is semantically interchangeable with 記憶, but it may be\nbest to just memorize this as an idiom because it's very common.\nボクラなんて印象が残らないだろうね also perfectly makes sense, but I feel it's less common.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T01:43:02.860",
"id": "38539",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-18T01:43:02.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "38534",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 38534 | 38539 | 38539 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38536",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Doing more reading in mangas and found `～めぇし`. Here is the sentence:\n\n> ここは地獄じゃある **めぇし**! お前が死にそうな顔すんなよ！\n\nI perceived this as \"This isn't hell.\" Though, it confused me when saw\n**めぇし**. I always thought it was `まい` or meant to be `ねぇし`. Can someone clear\nthis up?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T23:09:26.553",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38535",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T23:49:44.217",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16147",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"sentence-final-particles"
],
"title": "Is ～めぇし a possible typo?",
"view_count": 361
} | [
{
"body": "No, this `めぇ` isn't a typo. It's a colloquial form of the negator `まい`, in\nwhich the vowel sequence /ai/ is replaced with the long vowel /eː/. You'll\nhear this sort of change in all sorts of words, not just in `ない` → `ねぇ`.\n\nThe sentence `ここは地獄じゃあるまいし` means \"It's not like this is hell\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-17T23:22:27.773",
"id": "38536",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-17T23:49:44.217",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-17T23:49:44.217",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "38535",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 38535 | 38536 | 38536 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38541",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does the 「にも」 after the volitional form 「作る」 do here?\n\n> 死んだら食べ物は必要ないし、死んでるんだから、物は当然産まれない。 **作ろうにも材料も何もないし。**\n> がっかりさせて悪いけど、天国にはね、何にもないのよ。(『この素晴らしい世界に祝福を』シリーズ、第一巻)\n\nI would assume it means something close to \"in order to\" but I'm not entirely\nsure.\n\nI would assume the sentences together mean something along the lines of:\n\n> When you die, there's no need for food, because you're dead, so it's natural\n> things are not produced. There's not even any ingredients to make anything.\n> It's difficult to feel so disheartened but that's heaven, there's nothing.\n\nI feel like I'm missing quite a few things here but there one thing I know I\ndon't understand is the 「作ろうにも」材料も何もないし.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T04:10:04.117",
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"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-も",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "volitional + nimo 作ろう＋にも?",
"view_count": 1161
} | [
{
"body": "This is an instance of the pattern VようにもBない\n\n作ろう is what is often called the \"volitional form\" in English. The root verb is\n作る [to make].\n\nにも expresses \"even though\" and when joined to the volitional form makes a\nconditional \"even if you wanted to V\". Here, it means \"even if you wanted to\nmake some thing [to eat]\"\n\n材料 = ingredients in this context\n\nも何もない = there is not anything to\n\nSo altogether it becomes\n\n> Even if you wanted to make [food], there are no ingredients [to use].\n\nSee <http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=younimonai>",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 38540 | 38541 | 38541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38566",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Background: I climbed Mt. Fuji the other day and a Japanese coworker asked me\nif the altitude made the hike difficult.\n\nI wanted to say \"The altitude didn't make it too difficult but there were\ntimes when it was hard for me to catch my breath.\" I'm specifically interested\nin the phrase \"catch one's breath\".\n\nResearching online, I have found the phrase「息を呑む」. The English translation\ngiven is \"catch one's breath\" but this seems to be specifically the\n\"breathtaking\" meaning.\n\nIs there a phrase that accurately describes the act of \"returning to a state\nof normal respiration after physical exertion causes one's breath to be heavy\nand labored\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T06:21:19.063",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Catch one's breath",
"view_count": 411
} | [
{
"body": "ALC could be a good place to look for a translation. For this question,\n<http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=catch+one%27s+breath> is the result.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T12:07:11.333",
"id": "38547",
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{
"body": "Taking the liberty of rounding up the expressions suggested in the comments...\n\n * 息{いき}を整える{ととのえる}: To restore heavy, labored or otherwise irregular breathing to a stable, orderly pattern.\n\n * 息{いき}を継ぐ{つぐ}: To take in a breath between periods of breathlessness, like when singing or swimming. Also refers to taking a break from activity to have a rest and relax.\n\n * 一息吐く{ひといきつく}: To breathe out (once). Often used figuratively to mean \"to have a breather\". In the latter sense it is synonymous with 息{いき}を継ぐ{つぐ}(the second meaning) and 一息入れる{ひといきいれる}.\n\nSo I think 息を整える is the best fit for your description. As for the translation,\nyou can say something like 息を整えるのが大変な時(or 所)もあった or ところどころで息が整いづらかった, or try\nsomething more casual and say ヒーヒー言いながら登る所もあった。\n\nAnd as you suspect, 息{いき}を呑む{のむ} means \"to take in a sudden breath\", as when\nstruck by awe, surprise, breath-taking beauty, etc. So this one has the least\nrelevance in this case.",
"comment_count": 3,
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| 38542 | 38566 | 38566 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38544",
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"body": "A little girl who said the following sentence holding a geta in her hand is\nangry that officers not allow her and her friends to go inside a place.\n\n> ひいきしやがると **ぶっぱたく** ぞっ。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T06:41:41.490",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"verbs",
"manga",
"prefixes"
],
"title": "What does the word 「ぶっぱたく」 mean?",
"view_count": 221
} | [
{
"body": "This is the prefix ぶっ (deriving from 打つ【ぶつ】) applied to the verb はたく (叩く) \"to\nknock/hit\". (For details, see [your other question about\nぶったてる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24577/1628).)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T07:31:14.517",
"id": "38544",
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| 38543 | 38544 | 38544 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38546",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I realize this is is a bit of a specialized question, but I'm trying to figure\nout what to call a person who plays chess or go professionally. I'm aware of\nthe term 棋士 (きし) / プロ棋士 in professional Shogi, and was wondering if this term\ncould be used for other people like this or if it's specifically something\nfrom Shogi's history.\n\nIn the latter case, what would one call someone who plays either chess or go\nat a professional level?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T07:41:30.350",
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"id": "38545",
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"last_editor_user_id": "7795",
"owner_user_id": "7795",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"terminology"
],
"title": "Would it be appropriate to use 棋士 to describe players of games other than Shogi?",
"view_count": 89
} | [
{
"body": "The word '[ _go_](http://jisho.org/search/%E6%A3%8B)' is derived from the\nkanji [碁]{ご} which is pronounced [go]. '[\n_士_](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%A3%AB)' means\n\n> man (esp. one who is well-respected)\n\nTherefore, [棋士]{きし} literally translates to 'a respected man in the game of go\nand shogi' (The kanji 棋 is also used in '将 **棋** (shogi)').\n\nThis term applies not only to a shogi (professional) player, but also to a go\n(professional) player. You need to note that it is also used for amateur\nplayers.\n\nチェス (Chess) is also called '[西洋将棋]{せいようしょうぎ} (Western shogi)' and there is no\nreason not to use\n'[チェス棋士](https://www.google.com/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=s45BVoWaOIrN8gf1lpygCA#q=%22%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E6%A3%8B%E5%A3%AB%22)'.\n\nAs commented by @Matt below, \"チェスプレヤー (chess player)\" is a lot more common.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T07:52:47.953",
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}
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| 38545 | 38546 | 38546 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38551",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Why isn't the second `ふか` changed to `ぶか` in `ふかふか`; thus, becoming `ふかぶか`? I\nwould expect to see `ふかぶか` instead of `ふかふか` for the same reason that `ひとびと`\nis `ひとびと`, not `ひとひと`. There is no voicing; thus, Lyman's Law cannot be\nsuppressing it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T15:58:39.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "17539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"onomatopoeia",
"rendaku",
"sound-symbolism"
],
"title": "Why is there no rendaku occurring in the word ふかふか?",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "It is impossible to explain exactly when\n[[連濁]{れんだく}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku) happens and when it\ndoesn't. The linked Wikipedia article also explains:\n\n> In modern Japanese, rendaku is common but at times unpredictable, with\n> certain words unaffected by it.\n\nThe way I understand it is it happens when two kanji words are combined. For\nexample from the above link:\n\n> [人]{ひと} + [人]{ひと} → [人々]{ひとびと}\n>\n> hito + hito → hitobito (\"person\" + \"person\" → \"people\")\n>\n> [時]{とき} + [時]{とき} → [時時]{ときどき}\n>\n> toki + toki → tokidoki (\"time\" + \"time\" → \"sometimes\")\n\nHowever, words such as 'ふかふか' from symbolism ([象徴音]{しょうちょうおん}) don't have\ncorresponding kanjis and [連濁]{れんだく} doesn't occur in such a case.\n\nThe link further explains:\n\n> Rendaku thus remains partially unpredictable, sometimes presenting a problem\n> even to native speakers, particularly in [Japanese\n> names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name), where rendaku occurs or\n> fails to occur often without obvious cause. In many cases, an identically\n> written name may either have or not have rendaku, depending on the person.\n> For example, 中田 may be read in a number of ways, including both Nakata and\n> Nakada.",
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},
{
"body": "`ふかふか` is more like an onomatopoeia (the formation of a word form a sound\nassociated with what is named) instead of connecting two words. More examples\nare:\n\n> * きらきら (shining) [e.g. このダイヤはキラキラしている]\n> * はらはら (being nervous) [e.g. ハラハラした]\n> * からから (drying) [e.g. のどがカラカラ]\n> * かりかり (irritating) [e.g. カリカリしないで]\n>\n\n`ひとびと` is `人々` so it's connecting two words. if you say `ふかぶか` then it changes\nthe meaning to `深々` (lit: deeply) (e.g. 深々とおじぎする)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T17:00:17.207",
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{
"body": "As the other answers point out, _rendaku_ doesn't occur in mimetic or\nonomatopoeic words. The basis is always a particular sound (usually two\nmorae), e.g.\n\n> ふわ\n\nwith a particular quality. From this sound the most common\nmimetic/onomatopoeic words are those obtained by doubling the sound, e.g.\n\n> ふわふわ\n\nbut in many cases there is also a common corresponding _to_ -adverb, e.g.\n\n> ふわっと\n\n**If _rendaku_ were to occur, it would change the quality of the sound.**\n\nIn fact, for ふか → ふかふか \"fluffy\", there is also ぶか → ぶかぶか with a completely\ndifferent meaning of \"too big\" or \"baggy\" [clothes].",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T20:04:30.663",
"id": "38557",
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| 38549 | 38551 | 38557 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Konbanwa, spelled Konbanha, is a greeting used in the evening. It is\npronounced _ko-m-ba-n-wa._\n\nI don't know if it's my hearing, but to me, the second _n_ is silent.\nSometimes I hear it as _ko-m-báo-wa_ instead of _ko-m-ba-n-wa._\n\nIs this a speaking preference or a false assumption of mine? Thanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T16:39:29.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38550",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-18T16:42:57.607",
"last_editor_user_id": "3010",
"owner_user_id": "16115",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"pronunciation",
"greetings",
"conversations",
"morae"
],
"title": "Pronunciation of こんばんは?",
"view_count": 1306
} | [
{
"body": "This [discussion](http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/n-sound-in-\nkonbanwa.3028130/) might help. I think the _n_ that you're not hearing is just\nbeing nasalized instead.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T18:49:22.630",
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| 38550 | null | 38556 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38555",
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"body": "Here is a sentence said by a kid to officers wanting them to do something.\n\n**まってちゃぶだい** まっておじさま やるよ やってみせるよっ。\n\nI found that ちゃぶだい means 'tea table' but I don't know if it is related to the\nmeaning of waiting someone.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T17:33:21.960",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"manga",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does the phrase 「まってちゃぶだい」 mean?",
"view_count": 245
} | [
{
"body": "I think it is a pun of 待ってちょうだい.\n\n～てちょうだい is a friendly phrase which is used when you want to get someone to do\nsomething.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T18:07:44.097",
"id": "38555",
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{
"body": "> 死語辞典1-1 www.orange.ne.jp/~kibita/dwd/dwddic11.html \n> ちゃぶ台(名) テーブルのこと。座卓。 (関)許してちゃぶ台＝ちょうだい(頂戴).\n\nHere (above) it says \"Kansai slang\" but i disagree.\n\nI'm pretty sure the pun comes from the Kyuu-kana 旧かな for ちょうだい --- which is\nちゃうだい or ちやうだい",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-18T22:11:11.557",
"id": "38559",
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"owner_user_id": "16344",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38553 | 38555 | 38555 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38565",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "相手は多分徒歩、尾行を悟らせつつ悟らせない、という絶妙な距離でいるからには、私の走りに対応出来るとも思えない\n\nI'm having difficulty understanding this part 悟らせつつ悟らせない\n\nIs this some kind of combination between causative and passive ?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T17:56:08.537",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38554",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does the らせ in this sentence?",
"view_count": 488
} | [
{
"body": "not Passive, just Causative. ( This page seems to be good\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass> )\n\n```\n\n 尾行を悟らせつつ悟らせない\n \n```\n\nThe shadower is making the \"mark\" notice and not notice the shadowing\n\n-- In a [light novel] it kind-of makes sense, but (taken literally) in real\nlife, it's not possible to do.\n\n* * *\n\nMuch more common to put it like this :\n\n```\n\n 「見えそうで見えない」\n \n 「出来そうで出来ない」\n \n```\n\n<http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/5914978.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-18T20:55:23.270",
"id": "38558",
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{
"body": "The important part here is the effect of つつ .\n\nThe pattern in question is v-causative-stem-つつ-V-causative-negation\n\nI take this to reflect [usage 2 of\nつつ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A4%E3%81%A4-571855):\n\n> ２ 二つの動作・作用が矛盾して行われることを表す。…にもかかわらず。…ていても。「早起きが健康にいいと知りつつ、つい寝すごしてしまう」\n\nGiving a meaning of roughly, \"Just on the verge of letting me catch my tail\"\nperhaps more literally \"while letting me start to realize the tail without\nletting me realize the tail\"\n\nFor the whole, I might say\n\n> It's unthinkable to me that someone could match my opponent who is probably\n> on foot, could match my running, staying at a miraculous distance, where I\n> just can't realize I'm being tailed.\n\nNote that I'm stripping out the causative in my English and replacing it with\n\"can.\"",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T02:10:48.673",
"id": "38565",
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{
"body": "There is no passive form in 悟らせつつ悟らせない (there is no れる/られる!), although there\nare two causative forms. The literal translation would be \"making him aware\nwhile not making him aware\".\n\nThis certainly is a strange and paradoxical expression, but probably this\nphrase means something like \"making him worried that he might be followed, but\nnever making him sure that he is followed\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T03:31:11.303",
"id": "38569",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 38554 | 38565 | 38569 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38570",
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"body": "This phrase of a Japanese song \"Ai to iu namae no hoshi de\" is translated as\n\"made on the star called love\". Now \"namae no hoshi de\" would be something\nlike \"in the star of name...\" , but I can't make sense of \"ai to iu\".\n\nI know ai is love, and iu is \"to say\", but how exactly \"ai to iu\" translates?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T00:28:50.033",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "Ai to iu namae no hoshi de (愛という名前の星で)",
"view_count": 1184
} | [
{
"body": "\"Ai to iu (blank)\" means \"the (blank) called love.\"\n\n[According to definition #2 of \"iu\" on\njisho.org:](http://jisho.org/search/%E8%A8%80%E3%81%86)\n\n> 2. to name; to call\n>\n\n\"namae\" reinforces that \"to iu\" is giving the name of the star, but it doesn't\nadd much. \"Ai to iu hoshi\" would still mean \"the star called love.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T01:03:01.997",
"id": "38562",
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{
"body": "『欲望{よくぼう}という名{な}の電車{でんしゃ}』 (A Streetcar Named Desire)\n\nAccording to the [Progressive Japanese-English\nDictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/je/52678/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> −という【−と言う】\n>\n> 1 〔…と呼ばれている〕\n>\n> ジョンという男の子 ====== a boy named John\n>\n> 銀座という繁華街 ======= a shopping area called “the Ginza”\n\nTricky (ironic) uses are discussed at\n<http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/3417750.html>\n\n```\n\n 平和維持と言う名の侵略\n \n 権利と言う名の束縛\n \n 尊厳死と言う名の殺人\n \n```",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T01:16:32.743",
"id": "38563",
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{
"body": "という is almost a single particle of\n[apposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apposition), that roughly means\n\"called\", \"named\" or \"which is\". The word has no grammatical equivalent in\nEnglish, so I can't give the \"exact\" translation of itself independent from\nsentence.\n\n> 愛という名前の星で \n> lit. _at/in/on a planet by/with name of love_ \n> \"on a planet that has the name 'love'\"\n\nYes, it often disappears in natural English translation (as in _the planet\nEarth_ , _the word impossible_ etc).\n\n* * *\n\nという and という名（前）の also has subtle difference. When you say `X という Y` you refer\nto the entity mentioned by the name _X_ , but when `X という名前の Y`, you're only\nsure about the name and it could mean \"any\" _Y_ named _X_.\n\n> オバマという男は大統領だ。 _A man known as Obama is president._ → true \n> オバマという名前の男は大統領だ。 _A man whose name is Obama (you can pick) is..._ → false \n> **その** オバマという名前の男は大統領だ。 _**The** man whose name is Obama is..._ → true \n> オバマという名前の男 **が** 大統領だ。 _The president is a man whose name is Obama._ → true\n\n* * *\n\n**PS** \nThe spelling is 愛という名前の惑星【ほし】で in [the original\nlyrics](http://www.jtw.zaq.ne.jp/animesong/ti/southern/yakusoku.html) OP\nmentioned, which is a [creative\nateji](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27453/7810).",
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}
]
| 38561 | 38570 | 38570 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38568",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 駅からは歩いて十分ぐらいです。 \n> It takes 10 minutes on foot from the station.\n\nThe confusing part is the 歩いて. \nIs あるいて a noun? What is its role?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T01:52:50.217",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the role of あるいて?",
"view_count": 4486
} | [
{
"body": "> 駅からは歩いて十分ぐらいです.\n\n[駅]{えき}から This part means \"coming from the station\"\n\n[歩]{ある}いて this part means \"on foot\" or \"by walking\"\n\nThe root verb here is 歩く（ **あるく** :to walk） which is then conjugated to the\nte-form which is the form used to describe how an activity is done.\n\n[十分]{じゅっぷん}ぐらいです means \"around 10 minutes\"\n\nSo the whole statement actually means \"From the station, if you walk, it is\naround 10 minutes.\"\n\n[daijoubuka.com](http://daijoubuka.com)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T02:45:20.823",
"id": "38567",
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{
"body": "歩いて is the te-form of the verb 歩く, and means \"on foot\". Of course the te-form\nusually connects to another verb, but the te-form of some words (seem to) have\nidiomatic usage which can be used on its own. (As a native speaker I haven't\nlearned Japanese grammar systematically, so I may be wrong...)\n\n * もって3日だ。 (Someone can bare/survive) for three days _at most_. \n(This もって is the te-form of 持つ or 保つ [in this\nsense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/29019/5010), and used\nidiomatically to mean \"even if one hangs on\")\n\n * [まして](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%B3%81%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6) let alone / not to mention\n * 従って therefore\n\nIn the case of 歩いて, I think you can also think 行くと or 行けば is omitted after 歩いて\n(i.e., 歩いて **行くと** 10分です).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T03:15:31.820",
"id": "38568",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
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{
"body": "> Is あるいて a noun?\n\n歩いて == on foot,\n\n--- like \"caminando\" (in Spanish)\n```\n\n caminar「歩く、歩いて行く」 現在分詞 caminando\n \n```\n\nI think 歩いて is like 現在分詞 ( \"walking\" in English ), and it could be an adj. or\nadverb. ( --> Actually \"歩いての\" is the adj. form. )\n\nI'm surprised to learn that the large section on the [te-form] in this entry\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_verb_conjugation&oldid=734597386](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_verb_conjugation&oldid=734597386)\ndoes not mention the use in question (駅からは歩いて十分ぐらいです。)\n\nThe following page is good.\n\n> <http://www.obtjls.com/extra.html> . . . For some verbs that represent an\n> ongoing process, the ~te iru form indicates a continuous or progressive\n> tense as a present participle (a verb form by adding the suffix -ing that\n> functions as an adjectival).\n```\n\n 起きて半畳、 寝て一畳。 天下取っても二合半。\n \n 歩いて10分、 走って7分。 タクシー乗っても6分半。 \n \n```\n\n* * *\n\n> [PDF] 日本語の｢て形｣についての研究ノート1: ｢て形｣は｢現在分詞｣と言えるのか\n>\n>\n> [https://barrel.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3889&item_no=1&attribute_id=19&file_no=1](https://barrel.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3889&item_no=1&attribute_id=19&file_no=1)\n>\n> 高野寿子 著\n```\n\n (5) a. 公園でポピーに会って, ヒューはとても喜んだ｡ \n b. [Bumping into] Poppy in the park, [Hugh] was very pleased.\n \n (6) a. 今日は土曜日で, ヒューは学校がある｡ \n b. Today being Saturday, [Hugh] has school.\n \n (7) a. 正直に言って, クーは太りすぎだ｡ \n b. Honestly speaking, Koo is overweight.\n \n```",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T18:31:54.773",
"id": "38582",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-18T18:09:19.593",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 38564 | 38568 | 38568 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38572",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Here is the sentence said by an old man. (I think that he tried to be the\nfirst one to show something before all others.)\n\n> よし先発はわしがいこう まかせとき！\n\nI tried to find the word in online dictionaries but I only found 「まかせとけ」which\nmeans 'Leave it to me'. I would like to know whether these two words relate to\neach other colloquially.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T08:11:57.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38571",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-19T08:47:17.877",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"colloquial-language",
"manga",
"role-language"
],
"title": "What does the word 「まかせとき」mean?",
"view_count": 2129
} | [
{
"body": "まかせとき (or まかしとき[な・ん], etc.) is a colloquial/dialectal version of まかせときなさい\n(from まかせておきなさい) \"leave it to me\". In the context of manga, this is most\nlikely role language (in this case \"geezer speech\"—also note the use of わし).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T08:45:05.383",
"id": "38572",
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},
{
"body": "> まかせとき！\n\nI think it's Kansai-ben pronunciation for [任]{まか}せておけ / 任せとけ. \nHere in Kyoto/Osaka, we often say things like...\n\n * 「まかしとき(ー)」 or 「まかせとき(ー)」 for 「任せておけ」 \n * 「おいとき(ー)」 for 「置いておけ」 \n * 「やめとき(ー)」 for 「やめておけ」 \n * 「だまっとき(ー)」 for 「黙っておけ」/「黙っていろ」\n\netc...",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T09:54:31.747",
"id": "38573",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 38571 | 38572 | 38573 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38579",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've seen とは used for the first time and understand from the explanation given\non this question, [What are the uses of に and とは in this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18363/what-are-the-\nuses-of-%E3%81%AB-and-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF-in-this-sentence) that とは is (or at\nleast in one specific type of context) is used to mean to/from, and as such\nmakes a kind of comparison.\n\nHowever, I don't see how that applies to this sentence:\n\n> 人生とはなにかを考えた。\n\nThe most meaningful thing I can imagine this would means is something like: I\nthought of something relating to life - which is still a bit iffy to me.\n\nIs there another use of とは when there doesn't seem to be comparison?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T11:14:12.387",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38576",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Use of とは when there doesn't seem to be comparison",
"view_count": 544
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, when introducing a topic/defining something. You can [find the definition\nhere](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17197/meaning/m0u/).\n\n> 定義{ていぎ}・[主題化]{しゅだいか}を表わす (To indicate a definition or topic)\n\nSo based on that, a literal translation of 人生とはなにかを考えた。 would be something\nlike \"I thought about the definition of life\".\n\nYou can find this usage _a lot_ , so I highly recommend remembering it. Even a\nquick google of とは you will find tons of hits for various sites. You can also\nuse it as a type of question marker like `T-SQLとは?` meaning \"What is T-SQL?\".\nI find it's usage in wikipedia or dictionary sites often as they give\ndefinitions for things.\n\nAlso, note that `とは` is a rigid form usually used in writing and the more\ncolloquial form is `というのは`.\n\nThere also is another usage of `とは` when used to expressed that you are\nsurprised. For example, `こんなところにあったとは！` to mean \"I can't believe it was in\nthis place!\" (for example in astonishment when you are going to a place you\nnever are been before and surprised at where it is located). * Note this\nversion cannot be replaced by `というのは` like the first definition).",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T12:39:45.310",
"id": "38579",
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}
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| 38576 | 38579 | 38579 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38578",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How to say in Japanese \"access into the sea\" without using アクセス, as in\n\n> その国は海にアクセスがある。 \n> This country has an access into the sea.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T11:14:20.380",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "17579",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"synonyms",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "\"access into the sea\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 105
} | [
{
"body": "You can use 海に面する, e.g. その国は海に面している.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T11:42:53.257",
"id": "38578",
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| 38577 | 38578 | 38578 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38581",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The kids have decided that they don't like their new teacher:\n\n> A.「ああいうタイプは気取ってやがるに決まってるんだ」 \n> It's certain that this kind of person acts like a snob \n> B.「決まってる **っていうのも** 強引だけどたいていそうだよね」 \n> The thing you call certain is just pushiness, but it's usually like you\n> say.\n\nMy translation doesn't quite make sense. I assume the meaning is \"What you see\nas snobbishness, I see as pushiness\". But if so, why is it not 気取ってやがるっていうのも.\nDoes っていうのも refer to the thing described as 決まってる or to the phrase 決まってる\nitself? Or have I completely misunderstood?\n\nAlso what nuance does っていうのも give rather than っていうのは.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T13:30:45.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38580",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "Understanding っていうのも",
"view_count": 1090
} | [
{
"body": "That の is a plain nominalizer, and って is a colloquial variant of the quotative\nparticle と. 決まっているって言うの refers to the action of saying 決まっている. 強引 is a na-\nadjective here.\n\n> Saying 決まっている (=definitely) is too assertive / too much, but it's usually\n> like you say.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T16:05:31.593",
"id": "38581",
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]
| 38580 | 38581 | 38581 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38594",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "後はこの仕掛けを偶然を装って作動させることで、彼に対して災難が降りかかる形。\n\nroughly translated it's something like\n\nafterwards by running the mechanism/device which is disguised as a accident,\ngreat disaster will fall upon him\n\nさせる is used to make/let someone do something.\n\nHowever in this case the someone is the mechanism/device (which is a thing) so\nhow does it work in this case?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T18:44:48.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38583",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-20T06:12:37.183",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-20T06:12:37.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Can someone explain the させる in this case?",
"view_count": 207
} | [
{
"body": "作動させる === Cause it to activate (deploy, operate, ...)\n\n```\n\n (後は...) この仕掛けを偶然を装って作動させることで、彼に対して災難が降りかかる(形。)\n \n```\n\n(All that's left to do is ... )\n\nBy causing the mechanism to activate (deploy, operate, ...) accidentally,\n(produce the pattern/result/appearance of) great disaster falling upon him\n\n```\n\n --- except it's a fake(d) accident\n \n```",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T22:35:31.903",
"id": "38587",
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{
"body": "> 後はこの仕掛けを偶然を装って作動させることで、彼に対して災難が降りかかる形。\n\nFirst, 作動する is almost always intransitive, whereas English _run_ is both\ntransitive and intransitive. In English, you can safely say both \"the system\nruns\" and \"run the system\". In Japanese, you can say システムが作動する but usually not\nシステムを作動する. (Actually, 作動する may be occasionally used transitively by some\npeople, but it must be fairly uncommon. I checked the first 200 examples of 作動\non BCCWJ Corpus and found no example of 作動する used as a transitive verb.)\n\nWhen you want to make a causative form, for most intransitive verbs, the agent\n(or \"causee\") must be marked with を. [See\nthis](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/33515/5010) if you're not familiar\nwith causation in Japanese.\n\nSo 仕掛けを作動させる in this sentence literally means \"(I) make the device\nrun/function\", not \"(I) run the device\". The subject of the verb (作動させる) is\nthe speaker, which is omitted in this sentence, as usual.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T01:02:50.713",
"id": "38594",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 38583 | 38594 | 38594 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38589",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This phrase from a song \"Deja Vu anata to wa\" is translated as \"Deja Vu with\nyou\"\n\nDoes \"To wa\" translates as \"with you\" or the entire phrase was adapted? And if\nso, is that the only use of \"to wa\" ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T22:34:58.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38586",
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"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "\"to wa\" Particle? とは?",
"view_count": 2007
} | [
{
"body": "It's 「と」 that means \"with\". The 「は」here is also just the normal topic marker.\nSee [here](http://www.punipunijapan.com/japanese-particle-to/) for some\ninformation on the usage of 「と」.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-19T22:55:35.757",
"id": "38589",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 38586 | 38589 | 38589 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38592",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "交番{こうばん}, meaning \"police box,\" is listed as both a noun and a する-verb in\n[JMdictDB](http://www.edrdg.org/jmdictdb/cgi-\nbin/entr.py?svc=jmdict&sid=&e=1916716). I'm curious as to what「交番する」would\nmean. Literal translation doesn't make any sense to me, and I can't find any\nexample sentences with this usage. Is it something along the lines of \"to\npolice\"? Or does it have another meaning?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T22:40:46.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38588",
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"owner_user_id": "15875",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Using 交番 as a する-verb",
"view_count": 187
} | [
{
"body": "デジタル大辞泉, a monolingual dictionary, [also says 交番 can be used as a suru-\nverb](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/74788/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> こう‐ばん〔カウ‐〕【交番】 \n> ［名］ **(スル)** \n> １ 交替で番に当たること。また、役割・位置などが入れ替わること。「世代―」\n\nBut when you click the [例文\ntab](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/74788/example/m0u/%E4%BA%A4%E7%95%AA/),\nyou can see there is no real example of 交番する in the list, so it must be (and\nhave been) rare.\n\nPersonally, I haven't heard or seen 交番する, either. But I found\n[憲兵条例](https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=E5X8jFd0ji4C&lpg=PA181&ots=tXtb6XLLBi&dq=%22%E4%BA%A4%E7%95%AA%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%22&hl=ja&pg=PA181#v=onepage&q&f=false)\nwhich took effect in 1881 uses 交番する like this:\n\n> 第6条 憲兵の常務を分つて二種とす 昼夜 **交番して** 非違を視察するを巡察とし臨時に探偵逮捕する為めに派遣するを検察とす\n\nAnd apparently this 交番する means the same as 交替する. This more or less aligns with\nthe usage of 交番する in physics, where it means \"(for an electric current,\nmagnetic field, etc) to switch direction periodically\":\n\n>\n> 電磁調理器では、インバータにより商用電力から変換して得た数十kHzの交流電流を、電磁調理器の天板の内部に近接して配置されたコイル（通常は視認できない）に流し、その電流と同じ周波数で\n> **交番する** 磁束を生成する。 (from [電磁調理器 on\n> Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%AA%BF%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8))",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T00:24:35.557",
"id": "38592",
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"score": 9
},
{
"body": "According to wikipedia: \nThe name kōban derives from the name of the earliest structure built in 1874,\nwhich were indeed simple boxes meant for standing watch (立番 tachiban) in\nrotation (交替 kōtai), thus creating a compound word consisting of kō (交) and\nban (番). \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dban>\n\nSo the first kōbans were very similar to the British Royal guards, where the\npoliceman had to stay standing for several hours and then be replaced by\nanother policeman. \nThe policemen would \"rotate shifts\", which is what 交番 literally means. \n<https://kathrynwarmstrong.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/changing-of-the-\nguard.jpg>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-10-24T16:18:15.620",
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]
| 38588 | 38592 | 38592 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Related: [Particles after time expressions like\n\"三週間\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38529/particles-after-\ntime-expressions-like-%e4%b8%89%e9%80%b1%e9%96%93)\n\n> 【衝撃】 たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ！皆さん、普段の生活の中で意識して”水”を飲...\n\n 1. Can you explain what's wrong with the に in 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」?\n\nand/or\n\n 2. Can you modify/rewrite it to make it better?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-19T23:32:07.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38590",
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"owner_user_id": "16344",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"modification"
],
"title": "Misplaced(?) に in たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ！",
"view_count": 421
} | [
{
"body": "There is nothing wrong with this Japanese sentence, although it sounds\ninformal. The key difference is \" _for_ three weeks\" (continuously) vs \"\n_within/in/after_ three weeks\". To say the former you don't need any particle\nafter 週間:\n\n> * 3週間日本にいる be in Japan _for_ three weeks\n> * 3週間水を飲み続ける keep drinking water _for_ three weeks\n> * 3週間のあいだ水を飲み続ける keep drinking water _for_ three weeks \n> (sounds a bit redundant, but it can be heard)\n>\n\nCompare:\n\n> * 3週間のあいだに変化する change _within_ three weeks\n> * 3週間以内に変化する change _within_ three weeks\n> * 3週間で帰宅する return home _in_ three weeks\n> * 3週間後に改善する improve _after_ three weeks\n>\n\nIn this sentence, the focus is the _change_ happened to this person _only\nwithin_ four weeks, so saying たった4週間のあいだに is okay. Without the word 変化,\n[*]たった4週間の間に水を飲み続ける (\"keep drinking water only within four weeks\"?) doesn't\nreally make sense.\n\nI feel 「○週間の間【あいだ】に」 (=within ○ weeks) is not wrong but a bit redundant and\nclumsy. When you write formally, I would suggest you use ○週間以内に or ○週間で\ninstead.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T00:03:50.580",
"id": "38591",
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{
"body": "It's very tempting to put a NI after [... 週間の間], but it changes the meaning.\n\n> 【緊急】 一週間ダイエット！ 増えた体重を簡単に落とす方法 ｜ ダイエットで ... \n> そんな食べ過ぎで増えてしまった体重を落とすには「一週間ダイエット」が効果的！ 一週間の間にあることをすれば、簡単に体重を落とすことができるんですよ。\n> ということで今回は、一週間ダイエットで増えた体重を落とす方法をご紹介します。\n```\n\n 一週間の間に あることをすれば、簡単に体重を落とすことができるんですよ。 \n \n```\n\nThis is an (or another) example of redundant NI.\n\nThe sentence is not ungrammatical per se, but is incorrect == The writer means\n:\n\n * 一週間の間あることをすれば、 --- [ you have to do something continuously for 1 week, ]\n\nand not :\n\n * 一週間の間に あることをすれば、--- [ you (only) have to do something by the end of that 1 week, ]",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-20T00:29:08.943",
"id": "38593",
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{
"body": "※ 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」 を変に思わない人がいるらしい。 不思議！ （でも、数日間考えたら、かなり分かった）\n\n※(withカッコ) 「たった4週間の間に （ 毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n\nカッコの中を短くしていくと変なのに気が付くはず ：\n\n> 「たった4週間の間に （ 毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に （ 水を飲み続けた女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に （ 水を飲んだ女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に （ 女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n\n* * *\n\n※ 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」 を変に思わない人がいるらしいので、その理由を推理する。\n\n（ ↓ 以下の文なら、おかしくない。）\n\n> 「たった4週間で現れた毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間で起きた毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に起きた毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に起こった毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の変化がヤバすぎ」\n\n \n\n「たった4週間の間に （ 毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性に ） 現れた 変化がヤバすぎ」\n\n> 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性に現れた変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性に起きた変化がヤバすぎ」\n>\n> 「たった4週間の間に毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性に起こった変化がヤバすぎ」\n\n（ ↑ 以上の文なら、おかしくない。）\n\n※(withカッコ) 「たった4週間の間に （ 毎日3Lの水を飲み続けた女性の ） 変化がヤバすぎ」\n\n※ を変に思わない人は、上のカッコの中を読んでる間に 「現れた／起きた／起こった」 を探しているのを忘れるか、脳内補充してるんだろう。\n\nまたは、「変化」という表現の中に、暗黙の「変化した」（変化ナリ）を感じ取ってるとか？",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-28T05:44:51.247",
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}
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| 38590 | null | 38591 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38600",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have been listening to\n[にじいろ／絢香](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybzsKec_cW0) and started to\ntranslate some of the lyrics but I got stuck with this part: **ずっと長く道は続くよ。**\nThe whole sentence is like this:\n\n> これからはじまるあなたの物語 \n> ずっと長く道は続くよ \n> にじいろの雨降り注げば \n> 空は高鳴る\n\nMy question is: What is the purpose of the **は** here? What I know about は is\nthat we use it to introduce the topic. So if the **長く道** here is the topic,\nand **続く** is the verb, what exactly did it do to the topic since we use **は**\ninstead of を which I learned that we use with verbs.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T10:52:35.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "16011",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of は here?",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "続く is an intransitive verb. It doesn't take an object and so doesn't take the\nparticle を. This verb is used when something continues without an explicit\nagent i.e\n\n> いい天気はつづく \n> The good weather continues\n\nNobody continued it. It just continued on its own.\n\nThe equivalent transitive verb is 続ける. This is used when somebody is actively\ncontinuing something and requires an object marked by を:\n\n> 話を続ける \n> I continue my story.\n\nJapanese has many of these transitive/intransitive verb pairings.\n\nSo in your example, the road (the topic) continues. If you used 道を続ける that\nwouldn't make much sense. Not sure about Japanese but if you 'continued the\nroad' in English that would imply that you were still building it.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T12:59:12.497",
"id": "38600",
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{
"body": "Because 続ける is intransitive your other choice would not be を but rather が、as\nin 長く道が続く.\n\nI'm not native so I'd love to know if that is unnatural or not. My intuition\nis that は is much more natural than が, because:\n\n 1. が puts too much attention on the subject (\"the **road** is the thing that will continue\") which is unnatural\n\n 2. 道 is basically the same thing as これから始まるあなたの物語 which has already been talked about (and is a universal thing like the sun or the sky), so using は is the normal choice",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T00:15:02.960",
"id": "38605",
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]
| 38597 | 38600 | 38600 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38599",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Which word should I use for fermented mare's milk ([Japanese\nwikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B9%B3%E9%85%92),\n[English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumis))?\n\n馬乳酒 represents the kanji form, literally \"horse milk alcoholic beverage\",\nwhile \"クミス\" is gairaigo based on what most languages call it (\"kumis\"), and\n\"アイラグ\" is based on what Mongolians call it (\"airag\").\n\nWhich form should I use? The kanji form has the advantage of being easily\nunderstood when written down, and it was the form used by Wikipedia, but I\ndon't know when to use kanji, and when to use katakana. Also, does Japan have\ncloser ties with Mongolia than with other central Asian countries like\nKazakhstan, meaning that it's more likely to use アイラグ than クミス?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": "91",
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"food"
],
"title": "Should I use \"馬乳酒\", \"クミス\", or \"アイラグ\" for fermented mare's milk?",
"view_count": 155
} | [
{
"body": "If you are generally referring to fermented mare's milk, I'll definitely go\nwith 馬乳酒. The katakana form would be appropriate when you are specifically\nreferring to that culture's particular style of fermented mare's milk.\n\n> Also, does Japan have closer ties with Mongolia than with other central\n> Asian countries like Kazakhstan\n\nNot really. I'd say Korea and China are the only countries that we have a\n\"special cultural relationship\". So for example one might explain\nピクルスはキムチみたいなもん or 西洋の餃子. But I guess this is really simply because the foreign\nword is already widely used, rather than because of close ties. If it's in\nkanji then words may be used even if they are not widely used yet (e.g. if 馬乳酒\nwere used in either countries, it can be understood by both).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-20T11:42:04.110",
"id": "38599",
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}
]
| 38598 | 38599 | 38599 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38618",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I would like to know the difference between these words, please write some\nexample sentences.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T15:31:54.910",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38601",
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between あく and ひらく",
"view_count": 3863
} | [
{
"body": "> 開く（あく）to be opened\n>\n> その店は開く This shop is opened\n>\n> 開く（ひらく）to open\n>\n> 私は窓を開く I open a window",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-20T15:49:08.343",
"id": "38602",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17579",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "As in Flaw's comment, あく is intransitive and ひらく can be both. The transitive\nform of あく is 開ける（あける）. And don't confuse 開くwith 空く（あく）which means to become\nvacant.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T07:30:51.867",
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| 38601 | 38618 | 38602 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38606",
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"body": "I understand this may be a silly question, but I'm currently trying to teach\nmyself Japanese and don't have access to many resources. Am I right in\nthinking - 私は, 明日街に歩く - means 'I will walk to town tomorrow\"? I have not\nlearned about polite forms yet so I am assuming this is just the plain casual\nform. If it is wrong, would you please be able to show me what I have done\nwrong?\n\nFinally, does anyone have any idea on what I should do next? I am currently\nusing Tae Kim's Grammar guide, is it worth getting the Genki textbooks and\nusing them as well?\n\nThank you all for taking the time to read this.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Is 私は, 明日街に歩く correct?",
"view_count": 420
} | [
{
"body": "Unfortunately 私は、明日街に歩く is not grammatical. To say \"to walk to the town\", some\npossible options are:\n\n * 街 **へ** 歩く\n * 街 **まで** 歩く\n * 街 **に** 歩いて **行く**\n\nParticles に and へ are similar in purpose (both can mark a destination) and\nactually interchangeable in many cases, but in this case, using に with 歩く is\nnot a natural option. In the last example, I combined 行く using the te-form of\n歩く, and 行く can safely take both に and へ without changing the meaning.\n\n* * *\n\nNote that questions seeking resources or advice about learning Japanese are\noff-topic here. But there is a list of [resources for learning\nJapanese](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/756/resources-for-\nlearning-japanese) in our meta site.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T00:43:22.457",
"id": "38606",
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"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "38603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 38603 | 38606 | 38606 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example, in a novel, do we use プロローグ or 序章?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T02:49:48.413",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38607",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-21T06:41:30.397",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-21T05:24:40.890",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Prologue is プロローグ or 序章?",
"view_count": 959
} | [
{
"body": "As a Japanese I think both are ok because プロローグ is already common in many\ntranslated books, especially among young people. In my impression プロローグ gives\na modern, western image and 序章 gives a classical, formal and of a long-story\nimage. And I tend to think プロローグ is something extra to main chapters and\nexpect it shorter, on the other hand 序章 is a part of the main chapters.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T06:41:30.397",
"id": "38616",
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"owner_user_id": "17601",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
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| 38607 | null | 38616 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38610",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "From よつばと！vol. 1 ch. 6 p. 15:\n\n> ジャンボ： 近｛ちか｝づく途中｛とちゅう｝で **鳴｛な｝きやんだら** 警戒｛けいかい｝してるんだ その時｛とき｝はじっと\n> 鳴｛な｝き出｛だ｝すのを待｛ま｝つ\n\nThis is translated in the English edition as such:\n\n> If it stops buzzing as you approach, that means it's looking out for you. So\n> wait until it's buzzing a lot before you try and catch it.\n\nI understand 鳴｛な｝きやんだら is 鳴く (sing), but how do you get from the dictionary\nform to that?\n\nBy the way, I would appreciate if you could also give a more literal\ntranslation of the sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T03:05:41.017",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38608",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-21T15:51:09.173",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "13634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"compound-verbs"
],
"title": "What is this verb form? 鳴きやんだら",
"view_count": 558
} | [
{
"body": "> 鳴きやんだら\n\nIt's a hypothetical form of 鳴きやむ, \"stop buzzing/chirping\". \n(The だら is the hypothetical form of the auxiliary た.) \n鳴きやむ is a compound verb consisting of 鳴く + やむ(止む).\n\n* * *\n\nA more literal translation would be like...\n\n近づく途中で -- while [you are] approaching \n鳴きやんだら -- if [it] stops buzzing, \n警戒してるんだ -- it's that [it] is being cautious. \nその時は -- in that case, \nじっと -- patiently / quietly / standing still \n鳴き出すのを待つ -- [you] wait for it to start buzzing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T03:37:24.227",
"id": "38610",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "なきやむ【鳴き止む】 means \"to stop crying\" (for an animal) \n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/163651/meaning/m0u/%E9%B3%B4%E3%81%8D%E6%AD%A2%E3%82%80/>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-10-24T15:26:28.807",
"id": "40273",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-24T15:33:55.147",
"last_edit_date": "2016-10-24T15:33:55.147",
"last_editor_user_id": "18157",
"owner_user_id": "18157",
"parent_id": "38608",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 38608 | 38610 | 38610 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38613",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have searched through a few dictionaries and through google but i can't seem\nto find an answer. from the fact that it's not found in any standard\ndictionary indicates it's an abbreviation but because of that i don't know the\noriginal word. so can't find it.\n\none sentence example:\n\n>\n> 「その辺は問題ないわ。私達神々の親切サポートによって、異世界に行く際にあなたの脳に負荷を掛けて、一瞬で習得できるわ。もちろん文字だって読めるよ？副作用として、運が悪いと\n> **パー** になるかもだけれど。・・・だから、後は凄い能力か装備を選ぶだけね」\n\nExample 2:\n\n> もしかしたら **パー** になるかもという恐怖はあるが、自慢ではないが運の強さに関してだけは、子供の頃から自信がある。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T03:40:00.100",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38611",
"last_activity_date": "2016-12-20T05:23:46.517",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-21T04:10:39.743",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "12353",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can't find the meaning of 「パー」",
"view_count": 1115
} | [
{
"body": "You might be having trouble finding it because it's apparently listed as ぱあ in\ndictionaries. See definition #3 for the meaning of パー in your examples.\n\n[From デジタル大辞泉 definition on\nKotobank:](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B1%E3%81%82-597837)\n\n> ぱあ\n>\n> ［名・形動］\n>\n> １ じゃんけんで、5本の指をすべて開いた形。かみ。「ぐう、ちょき、ぱあ」\n>\n> ２ 持っていた金品がすっかりなくなること。それまで苦労したことが全くむだになること。また、そのさま。「台風で旅行の計画がぱあになる」\n>\n> ３ 間抜けなこと。また、そのさま。ばか。「あいつぱあなんじゃないか」",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T03:55:20.210",
"id": "38613",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-21T05:08:33.513",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "13937",
"parent_id": "38611",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
},
{
"body": "Not so sure about the context, but from reading your example, most likely the\ndirect translation would be \"screwed up\". It's not a formal word, rather used\nconversationally.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T07:12:07.887",
"id": "38617",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-21T07:12:07.887",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17602",
"parent_id": "38611",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "“パー” as popular slang means “idiocy.” For example, we say:\n\n> * 僕たちの言うことが全く解らない。あいつはパーだ – He is really an idiot! He doesn’t understand\n> what we are saying at all.\n>\n> * 彼はまたばかなことをした。ほんとにパーだな – He made the same mistake again. He is a damn\n> idiot.\n>\n>\n\nTherefore 「パーになる」 means “become an idiot, or imbecile.\"\n\nSo, the line, “副作用として、運が悪いとパーになるかもだけれど” can be interpreted as:\n\n> “If you are unlucky, you may become an idiot as a side effect of the\n> operation by imposing a heavy load to your brain.”\n\nand, “もしかしたらパーになるかもという恐怖はあるが” as:\n\n> “Though I have a fear that I may turn into an idiot, if it didn’t work.”\n\n* * *\n\n「パーになる」 also means “come to nothing,” and “end in a total failure.” We say:\n\n> * 市のソニー組み立て工場誘致計画はパーになった – The City’s plan to solicit Sony’s assembly\n> factory was busted.\n>\n> * 彼の会社は倒産して、あれほどあった資産もパーになった – His company went bankrupt. All assets that\n> rose above have gone.\n>\n>",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T21:32:54.383",
"id": "38722",
"last_activity_date": "2016-12-20T05:23:46.517",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "38611",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 38611 | 38613 | 38613 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38620",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to say:\n\n> The rules on throwing away rubbish/garbage\n\nI thought of three possibilities:\n\n> 1) ごみを捨てる **ことの** 規則 \n> 2) ごみを捨てる **のの** 規則 \n> 3) ごみを捨てる **の** 規則\n\nI'm favouring option 1. I think option 3 is just wrong. What about 2? Is that\ngrammatical? Does it sound weird?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T08:31:07.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38619",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-25T02:03:17.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Use of consecutive particle の",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "I think #2 and #3 are ungrammatical. I think #1 is grammatical, but I would\nprobably say more like...\n\n> 「ごみを｛捨てる/出す｝ **ときの** ｛規則/決まり/ルール｝」 \n> 「ごみを｛捨てる/出す｝ **際の** ｛規則/決まり/ルール｝」\n\nor more simply (and probably more commonly)...\n\n> 「ゴミ出しのルール」\n\nTo use the nominalizer こと, you would sound more natural if you said:\n\n> 「ごみを捨てること｛ **についての** or **に関する** ｝｛規則/決まり/ルール｝」\n\nbut this might be a bit lengthy...",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T10:15:23.147",
"id": "38620",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-25T02:03:17.760",
"last_edit_date": "2016-10-25T02:03:17.760",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "38619",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "All three are wrong. Well, the first one is not wrong but is redundant. You\nshould say: \nごみを捨てる規則 \nor to be more exact: \nごみを捨てる為の規則",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-10-24T15:18:11.357",
"id": "40272",
"last_activity_date": "2016-10-24T15:18:11.357",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18157",
"parent_id": "38619",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 38619 | 38620 | 38620 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38622",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Occasionally I want to look up a word on [Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/) from a\ndevice where it is inconvenient to use a Japanese keyboard. The default is to\ninterpret an input as romaji if possible, so that's usually not a problem, but\na word like 音{おん}韻{いん} would be romanized as _onin_ , which Jisho parses as\nおにん, not おんいん, and does not find the word I am looking for.\n\nWhen actually entering the text, I would enter o-n-n-i-n-n, but _onnin_ ,\nwould be the romanization of おんにん. Is there a standard way to differentiate\nbetween んい and に in situations like this?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T17:58:03.937",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38621",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-22T11:41:45.013",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-21T18:52:22.277",
"last_editor_user_id": "12091",
"owner_user_id": "12091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "How to differentiate between んい and に in romaji?",
"view_count": 481
} | [
{
"body": "It is not easy to input the right romaji to find a Japanese word especially\nwhen 'ん' is in the middle.\n\nIn the case of 'onin', you should place an apostrophe after the first 'n' to\nseparate 'on' and 'in' and if you type \"on'in\", the\n[jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%20on'in) will show it as [音韻]{おんいん}.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T18:13:12.673",
"id": "38622",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-21T18:13:12.673",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "12259",
"parent_id": "38621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 13
},
{
"body": "If we go by what Japanese people use in practice, the standard way _when\ntyping into an IME_ is in fact exactly what you said. Double the \"n\" and type\n\"onninn\".\n\nLinguists will probably frown at it, but it is what people do in practice. For\ninstance, a Japanese mobile QWERTY keyboard with limited space will likely not\neven have an `'` key. You sometimes even see people do the double \"n\" when not\nusing an IME because they're accustomed to it, and many people never bother\nlearning \"easy to read romanization for foreigners\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-22T11:41:45.013",
"id": "38631",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-22T11:41:45.013",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20",
"parent_id": "38621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 38621 | 38622 | 38622 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38625",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A friend recently showed me her name in Kanji. It was 梶原｛かじわら｝。I'm trying to\nfigure out how I would say that \"I knew that Kanji (原), but not that reading\n(わら)\". If I was shown the Kanji first I would have guessed either はら or ばら.\n\nThis is what I came up with:\n\n> 漢字の「原」は知っているが読み方は「わら」だと知りませんでした。",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T18:27:11.627",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38623",
"last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T19:35:17.903",
"last_edit_date": "2021-08-30T19:35:17.903",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "17606",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "How to say \"I knew that Kanji, but not that reading\"",
"view_count": 372
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation sounds very good already (I'm a native speaker). If I force\nmyself to come up with a variation of it, I got:\n\n「原」という漢字は知っていましたが、「わら」と読むとは知りませんでした。\n\nThe most significant difference here is the use of 「～しました」 for the first 「知る」;\nsince you use 「～でした」 for the second 「知る」, it sounds more natural to use\n「～します・しました」 form there. (Use of the past tense is just a matter of taste.)\n\n**UPDATE**\n\nSince I can't comment yet, I'm answering to the comments here;\n\n@user4092 Yes, that's more correct; I missed it. Omitting 「は」 from 「だとは」 makes\nyou sound more casual. But 「は」 here also gives another implication. See below.\n\n@Flaw In that case, I usually say something like 「この/その漢字を『わら』と読むとは知りませんでした」.\n\nCombining the two points, you can say:\n\n「この/その/『原』という漢字を『わら』と読むとは知りませんでした」\n\nHere, 「知っていましたが」 is now omitted. 「とは」 in 「読むとは知りませんでした」 implies that you know\nsomething about the kanji other than how to _read_ it. In this case, how to\n_write_ it or that you have _seen_ it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T19:35:12.723",
"id": "38625",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-22T11:03:59.427",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-22T11:03:59.427",
"last_editor_user_id": "17467",
"owner_user_id": "17467",
"parent_id": "38623",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 38623 | 38625 | 38625 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38628",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just learned about this construction as detailed [here](http://www.learn-\njapanese-adventure.com/te-form-cause-reason.html). Wondering if I have it\nright. I understand that one use case is when what comes after the て-form verb\ndescribes a feeling, so I assume 欲しい counts?\n\n「これはいいとよく言われて、野村さんが使って欲しいです。」\n\n\"It's often said that this is good, so I want Nomura-san to use it.\"\n\nOr would 「これはいいとよく言われるから、野村さんが使って欲しいです。」 be more natural?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-21T22:41:32.953",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38626",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-22T10:26:05.060",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-21T23:20:47.920",
"last_editor_user_id": "14406",
"owner_user_id": "14406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"て-form"
],
"title": "て-form for a cause/reason",
"view_count": 812
} | [
{
"body": "「これはいいとよく言われて、野村さんが使って欲しいです」 doesn't sound natural to me, probably because the\nlast part of this sentence is a kind of invitation. The linked page says:\n\n> 2. Expressions containing volition/intention (will, order, invitation,\n> request, permission, prohibition, etc) are not used in Sentence 2 _(=result\n> part)_. When it contains volition/intention, the phrase with te-form\n> (て-form) cannot be used and instead the phrase with から (kara) is used.\n>\n\n>> 危なくて、機械に触らないでください。 X \n> abunakute, kikai ni sawaranaide kudasai X\n>\n>\n\nAnd it's better to use the progressive form (te-form + いる) in the first part.\nPlus, when you say \"I want _someone_ to do something\", the person has to be\nmarked with に (see [this\npage](http://japanese.about.com/od/Grammar/a/Expressions-Of-Desire.htm) for\nexamples). So some possible expressions are:\n\n> first part\n>\n> * これはいいとよく言われていますから、…… (polite)\n> * これはいいとよく言われているので、……\n> * これはいいとよく言われてるんで、…… (casual; いる is [contracted to\n> る](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18159/5010) and ので is changed to んで)\n>\n\n>\n> last part\n>\n> * ……野村さん **に** 使って欲しいです。\n> * ……野村さん **も** 使って欲しいです。 (if you are also using it)\n> * ……野村さん **にも** 使って欲しいです。 (if you are also using it)\n>\n\nIf there is no \"intention\" concerned, saying 「これはいいとよく言われていて (or\n言われてて)、私も毎日使っています」, for example, is natural.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-22T00:23:12.757",
"id": "38628",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-22T10:26:05.060",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 38626 | 38628 | 38628 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38630",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When expressing a superlative meaning (\"the most ...\"), what is the difference\nbetween the usage of もっとも and 一番？ (e.g. もっとも大きい vs. 一番大きい)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "Difference between もっとも and 一番",
"view_count": 2208
} | [
{
"body": "Simply, 一番 is colloquial/casual, and 最も is formal/technical. Oh, this is one\nof the rare cases where 漢語 words are more informal than the 和語 versions.\n\nIn addition, 最も can only function as a modifier, while 一番 can work as a noun\nwhich means _number one_.\n\n> * 私が一番だ。: OK\n> * 私が最もだ。: NG\n>",
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"body": "When expressing superlative, both もっとも and 一番 have the same meaning.\n\nHere are the definitions of\n[もっとも](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/219473/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%82%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82/)\nand\n[一番](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/12710/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%B0%E3%82%93/)\naccording to デジタル大辞泉.",
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| 38627 | 38630 | 38630 |
{
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"body": "# English\n\nI sometimes see both 桃色 and ピンク translated to \"pink.\"\n\nIn Japanese, are 桃色 and ピンク the same colors, or do they refer to similar but\ndifferent colors?\n\n# Japanese\n\nたまに「桃色」と「ピンク」が英語の「pink」に訳されているのを見かけます。\n\n日本語だと、桃色とピンクはまったく同じ色ですか、あるいは似ているけれど違う色ですか。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-22T12:43:59.367",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Are 桃色 and ピンク the same color or are they slightly different colors?",
"view_count": 847
} | [
{
"body": "I think mostly Japanese people think 桃色 and ピンク(pink) are same color and I\nthought so, but their color seem to be a bit different after my searching.\n\nPink is a color of flowers of dianthus. 桃色 is a color of flowers of peach.\nPeach is close to a color of meat of peach. So, that is to say, 桃色 is more\nclose to a color of peach blossom than pink, isn't it?\n\nSource <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%83%E8%89%B2>",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-22T15:57:34.830",
"id": "38636",
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"body": "I'm not sure there is an exact answer for this, much like if you asked someone\nif \"indigo\" and \"purple\" were different colors. From what I can see, 桃色 and\nピンク are practically interchangeable.\n\n[This color\nchart](http://image.space.rakuten.co.jp/lg01/31/0000284131/82/img32a0d1b9ey2zz3.png)\nshows both colors as different. ピンク is standard pink and 桃色 is closer to peach\ncolor. However, a 桃 isn't like a Western peach, it has many shades, many of\nwhich are like the Western pink color.\n\n[This chart](http://www.geocities.co.jp/HeartLand/8819/webjpcol.html) doesn't\nhave a 桃色 entry at all, only ピンク. You'll notice it has a ピーチ entry as well.\n\nColor naming is not scientific, except for RGB, CMYK, etc systems. It's\nsubjective, so much like \"scarlet\" and \"red\", 桃色 and ピンク appear to be\ninterchangeable.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hrv8c.png)\n\nFrom my (subjective) understanding, the bag on the left is both 桃色 and ピンク (or\n明るいピンク), while the bag on the right is ピンク (or 濃いピンク,\n[ショッキングピンク](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/111691/meaning/m0u/)) but not 桃色.\n\n桃色 is usually associated with a _juvenile_ , _girly_ , or _cute_ image (cf.\n[桃色片思い](http://www.kasi-time.com/item-9609.html)). ピンク also has a cute image,\nbut ピンク is a color with various images, and one of them is _adult_ and _sexy_\n(eg. ピンク街 is \"red-light district\" in Japanese).",
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"body": "If you use 桃色 and ピンク to describe color they are mostly same. But in Japanese\nwe sometime use these color to express emotion or attitude. For example if I\nsay お前の頭の中ピンク色過ぎ。 This means you always think sexual things. so ピンク sometimes\nused to explain something related to sexual thing.",
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| 38632 | 38636 | 38643 |
{
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"body": "How to form a comparative adjective in Japanese (e.g. colder, warmer, deeper,\nhigher)? Does it need to be compared to something?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-22T13:00:04.343",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"nouns"
],
"title": "How to form a comparative adjective?",
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} | [
{
"body": "You can use より and it does usually need words to be compared to.\n\nFor example, 今日は、昨日より寒い (Today is colder than yesterday), あのビルは、このビルより高い (That\nbuilding is higher than this building).\n\nIn addition you can say that without something to compare it to like より良い場所,\nit means \" a nicer place than here\" though.",
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"body": "You can also use の方{ほう}が + adj for doing comparisons. It doesn't explicitly\nneed another item to be compared to:\n\n> これのほうが高いです \n> This one is more expensive\n\nIf you do need something to compare to, it can be used in conjunction with より:\n\n> りんごのほうがオレンジよりおいしいです \n> Apples taste better than oranges\n\nOr you can even leave のほうが out, like Yuuichi Tam's answer says, in order to\nimply the superior object and just state which object was inferior.\n\nYou also can use the adverb もっと to make an adjective comparative, but this\njust means \"to a higher degree\"; it's not used to compare to other things.\n\n> もっと速く! \n> Faster!",
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| 38633 | 38635 | 38635 |
{
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"body": "I came across a sentence recently which uses the word (or \"words\", I'm unsure)\nそつなく and was wondering at what exactly it means and how it is used, as I can't\nfind it described as a structure anywhere and searching it on jisho.org comes\nup with the unhelpful translation of a \"slip up\" and the verb \"cry\" or \"bird\nsong\".\n\nThe sentence is:\n\nさまざまな才能に恵まれて、なんでもそつなくこなす姉にとって、平々凡々たる俺の存在はひどく許せないものらしい。\n\nAnd is translated as: For my multi-talented sister, able do anything with\nease, it seems that my commonplace self is something whose existence she finds\nvery hard to forgive.\n\nI assume the そつなく part means \"with ease\" but I was hoping someone could\nexplain to me what words this is derived from whether it is a separate\nstructure, or just an idiom, and how it fits into the sentence structurally?\n(as my googling hasn't turned up much that is helpful.)",
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"creation_date": "2016-08-22T18:15:13.017",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"idioms"
],
"title": "そつなく meaning? Idiom or structure?",
"view_count": 247
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{
"body": "> さまざまな才能に恵まれて、なんでも そつなく こなす姉にとって、平々凡々たる俺の存在はひどく許せないものらしい。\n\nFor this sentence (above), i guess these definitions are enough.\n\n<http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F>\n\n```\n\n 1. without a flaw; accurately\n \n 1. to handle flawlessly\n \n```\n\n<http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84>\n\n> . cautious; careful; shrewd; without error; without slip, ... See also そつがない\n> -- Other forms ソツのない\n\n* * *\n\nソツがない usually have very subtle negative connotations. (too shrewd, clever, too\nsquare, ... (boring) )\n\n> <https://www.facebook.com/Daijisen/posts/851874638192072:0> ◆【抜け目がない】\n> 注意深く、やることに抜けたところがない。また、自分の利益になりそうだと見れば、その機会を逃さない。\n>\n> ――――――――――――――――\n> この「自分の利益に…」のあたり、ちょっとクセ物ですよね。これの影響かどうか、【そつが無い】にも、「小利口だ」「優等生的すぎる」といったニュアンスを感じ取る人もいるようです。",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 38638 | 38640 | 38640 |
{
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"body": "I noticed that while 「…、電話が切れた」 sounds just like a neutral phrase (\"... and\nthe call got cut off.\"), 「…、電話は切れた」 sounds more like you were negatively\naffected / that the person on the other side intentionally cut off the call.\n\n 1. Are there any other examples where changing が→は causes something similar?\n 2. Is there a grammatical explanation for why this is the case?\n\n## Example 1\n\nThis is the sentence which first made me think this:\n\n> 「そうですか。わかりました。失礼します！」 \n> 一方的に三浦は吐き捨てて、電話は切れた。\n\n池井戸潤『空飛ぶタイヤ（上）』、講談社文庫、p. 353\n\nI felt that は flowed marginally better here -- my initial thought was that\nit's because it was an adversarial situation, but perhaps it's for another\nreason.\n\n## Example 2\n\nAfter some Google searching, I found [a document which actually includes both\nphrases](http://www.mii.jp/blog/biz/media/111/20121205-1354670538.pdf), and I\nthink it's interesting:\n\n> 大分市内在住 82 歳男性宅に、「7 月分の高額療養費の支 給が 35,000 円ある。手続きは今日まで。お客様番号を伝\n> えるので、保健所に電話するように。お客様番号は 998-573」との電話があった。不審に思い「市役所に出 向けばよいのか？」と聞くと\n> **電話は切れた** 。\n\nvs\n\n> 平成２４年１０月１１日午後、大分市に住む７８歳（女 性）の被保険者宅に、支所の職員を名乗る男から電話がか\n> かり「保険料の還付が３万円程度ある。８月に緑色の封筒 で通知を送っているが見たか？」と尋ねられた。また番号\n> （９９８７４５）を告げられ、これをメモに控えようとし た被保険者が何回か聞き返しているうちに **電話が切れた** 。\n\nTo me, the first passage seems to feel like the call was cut in response to\nthe question, while the second passage is more like the call just cuts at that\npoint in time (as opposed to being initiated by a human in response to\nsomething).",
"comment_count": 7,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Why does 「電話は切れた」 sound more adversarial than 「電話が切れた」?",
"view_count": 1017
} | [
{
"body": "The most important difference is the same as the difference between 太郎は笑った and\n太郎が笑った. From now, let's assume 太郎 is always in \"the universe of discourse\"\n(i.e., everyone in the conversation understands who 太郎 is).\n\n太郎は笑った is typically used in novels, news articles and any other written\ndocuments to describe what happened in the scene, more or less in an objective\nmanner. However, a sentence like this is unlikely to appear in conversations.\n\n太郎が笑った is typically said by someone who just saw Taro laugh (e.g, \"Look, Taro\nsmiled!\"). Even when you say this to Taro's mother holding him, saying 太郎は笑った\nin this situation is unnatural, probably because it's an \"(unexpected) new\nevent\". Likewise you may say aloud to yourself \"冷蔵庫 **が** 壊れた\", \"先生 **が** 怒った\"\nand so on the moment you realized these events happened.\n\nI'm not sure, but is this explanation on [the most-voted question on this\nsite](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010) relevant?\n\n> neutral description ( _ga_ ) only works with action verbs, existential\n> verbs, and adjectives/nominal adjectives that represent state change.\n> \"Sentences of neutral description present an objectively observable action,\n> existence, or temporary state **as a new event**.\"\n\nThe same thing can be said for 電話は切れた and 電話が切れた, too. 電話は切れた would be\nperfectly natural in novels, news articles, personal diaries and such, but I\nwould not use 電話は切れた in speech. When I realize a phone call is unexpectedly\ninterrupted, I would always say 電話が切れた! (or maybe just 切れた), regardless of the\nreason. Or I may say 切られた instead when I'm sure the person on the other side\nof the line intentionally hang up (cf.\n[迷惑の受け身](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1777/5010)).\n\nI know my answer is imperfect because this does not explain why が is used in\nthe \"聞き返しているうちに電話 **が** 切れた\" example. は is probably the more common choice in\nthis sentence, too, but I vaguely feel the use of が makes the sentence a bit\n\"vivid and lively\".",
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"body": "<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1044002655>\n\n> 「AがBである」の時は、Aに重点がある。 .......... 「AはBである」の時はBに重点がある。 ..........\n>\n> その法則をあてはめると、\n>\n> 「わたしが行く」 は、「わたし」に重点があり、「ほかの者ではなく、わたしが行く」 というニュアンス。\n>\n> 「わたしは行く」 は、「行く」に重点があり、「ほかの行為でなく、行くという行為をしている」 というニュアンス。\n\n（リンク先のすぐ下の回答者も同じ事を言ってる。）\n\nこれを応用すると、 「・・・、電話は切れた」 は「切れた」に重点があり、 「通話途中なのに切れた」 「相手が怒って切った？」\nという意外性を示唆してるのかもしれない。\n\n* * *\n\n私の感覚では、 「電話が切れた」 (standing by itself) は淡々と状況を記述してるだけの文言。\n\n「・・・、電話は切れた」 という表現は、最近のミステリー小説に頻発する。\n余韻を残したつもりのような、含みを持たせたつもりのような、ちょっとクサイ文体なんだが、さすがにベテラン作家が使ってる例では、それほど違和感は感じさせない。\n\n日本における初期のミステリー小説では、私が好きなのは 江戸川乱歩、夢野久作、松本清張 なんだが、彼らも、こういうクサイ文体を使ってたのだろうか？\n\n* * *\n\nMy first impression was: [ It's not clear to me which one sounds more like the\nother party intentionally cut off the call. The same for ____ 音信が絶えた **vs.**\n音信は絶えた ]\n\nWithout any further explanation of the context, one (「・・・、電話は切れた」) suggests\n(or is more likely to suggest) intentional hanging up by the other party,\nwhich comes as a mild surprise to the speaker / narrator.\n\nWhen the reader already knows that the other party is angry or upset, then\n「電話が切れた」 is more often used.\n\nHere's an example:\n\n> 週刊文春 - 第 44 巻、第 30～33 号 - 166 ページ\n> <https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=RxcuAAAAMAAJ>\n>\n> 2002 -- 今回は外務省改革について忌憚のない意見をお聞きしたいと存じます」手紙を読んだ大臣がそれを渡して言った。 ...\n> だからわかるだろう」「自信がありません」私が名前を言わないので、電話のむこうで大臣はいらいらして荒れ狂っていたが、突然電話が切れた。",
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| 38639 | null | 38766 |
{
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"body": "What's the difference between ～得ない【えない】, as in, say, 届き【とどき】得ない【えない】, and\n～eない, as in 届けない【とどけない】? As far as I can tell they both mean \"it can't be\ndone,\" \"it's impossible\", but is there a difference in connotation or a subtle\ndifference?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-22T21:08:56.887",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Different ways of saying \"impossible\" - -得ない vs. -eない",
"view_count": 310
} | [
{
"body": "届けない doesn't mean \"something can't reach\" but \"to not deliver something\" as\nchocolate says.\n\nSince 届くis an intransitive verb that doesn't stand for one's volitional\naction, 届く doesn't have the potential form.\n\nAs for difference between ～得ない and potential forms, the former stands for\npossibility under a certain condition while the latter does one's ability or\ncapability. So you can't use potential forms when the subject of a sentence is\nlinguistically inanimate like plants or something that doesn't move by itself,\nin other words, you can say この木は大きくなり得ない or …大きくならない for \"this tree can grow\nbig\" but not この木は大きくなれない (in average people's sense).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T10:36:35.507",
"id": "38677",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
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| 38641 | 38677 | 38677 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38646",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "As far as I know \"koko ni oide\" means \"come here\", but what does \"to\" add to\nthe sentence \"koko ni oide to\". The context of the phrase is\n\n> 今、 あなたの声が聴こえる \n> ｢ここにおいで｣と",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T02:34:02.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38645",
"last_activity_date": "2020-09-04T04:04:06.910",
"last_edit_date": "2020-09-04T04:04:06.910",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-と",
"word-order",
"anastrophe"
],
"title": "What does と mean in 「ここにおいで」と?",
"view_count": 1352
} | [
{
"body": "This と is a simple\n[quotative-と](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative#Japanese), and this\nsentence is a typical example of a rhetoric device called 転置法\n([hyperbaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaton)) or 倒置法 (anastrophe).\nThis is very common in Japanese poetry/slogans/lyrics because the grammatical\nrole of a word is mainly expressed by the particle type rather than the word\norder.\n\n * [Does word order change the meaning of a sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19433/5010)\n\nSemantically this sentence is the same as 今、 ｢ここにおいで｣とあなたの声が聴こえる, where ここにおいで\nis the content of the voice which was heard by the speaker. The original\nsentence sounds more dramatic because of the reversed word order.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T03:48:33.487",
"id": "38646",
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"score": 9
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| 38645 | 38646 | 38646 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38648",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the ending for the anime \"Kumamiko: Girl Meets Bear\", there's a line where\nthe backup singers (aka the residents of Kumade Village) say\n\nいず ぬっ さん すう でーじぇーへーうぃーごー\n\nWhich I haven't seen translated, but it's pretty clearly \"One, two, three,\nfour, DJ here we go\" to my ears. [YouTube clip for\nreference](https://youtu.be/L1BWdO7ypJM?t=45s)\n\nI'm curious as to what dialect they're using for the numbers - the show is set\nin a presumably fictional town in northern Honshu, so I would assume some\nvariant of Tōhoku-ben or similar?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T04:11:20.040",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38647",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-23T04:33:11.403",
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"owner_user_id": "16022",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"dialects",
"numbers"
],
"title": "What dialect are these numbers from?",
"view_count": 632
} | [
{
"body": "This sounds like typical 東北弁 (Tōhoku dialect) to me, in that\n\n * Standard [i] sounds like [u].\n * Many unvoiced consonants become voiced.\n\nTypically, わたし sounds closer to わだす in 東北弁.\n\nSee [Tōhoku dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect) on\nWikipedia. [This answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/680/5010) also\nexplains the characteristics of 東北弁 well.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-23T04:33:11.403",
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"score": 5
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| 38647 | 38648 | 38648 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Could someone please explain how the Japanese would read the 〜 if they came\nacross a range expressed like this:\n\n> [１２歳]{じゅうにさい}〜[１４歳]｛じゅうよんさい｝",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T12:34:51.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38651",
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"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"abbreviations"
],
"title": "How to pronounce １２歳〜１４歳",
"view_count": 79
} | []
| 38651 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38654",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The sentence is taken from a visual novel and it translates to\n\nDid I take too much of your time ?\n\n私が 余計に時間を取らせてしまったかしら\n\nWhat I'm confused about is that the causative is \"make someone do\nsomething/let someone do something\"\n\nSo how does it work in this case ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T18:21:25.147",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38652",
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"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of 取らせて in this sentence",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "私が（キミに）余計に時間を取らせてしまったかしら <-- implicit object\n\nThink about it as: \"Did I make you take too much of your time?\" which if you\nmake it more English-like would translate to what you have above.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T18:51:30.290",
"id": "38654",
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| 38652 | 38654 | 38654 |
{
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"body": "Context: 18:40 to 19:10 from video below\n\n<http://up.b9dm.com/index.php/video/index/87933/series/1/plid/2813>\n\nI don't understand what the person speaking who says 「これでおしまいに？」 is referring\nto.\n\nThe two people afterwards both respond with まさか (i.e. they are denying what\nthe previous person said), and then say that he (the king) has become a king\nwho is able to forgive.\n\nMy problem is that I really have no idea what is being referred to by これでおしまい.\nWhat is he suggesting is coming to an end or is over?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T18:31:41.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "17625",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of これでおしまいに？ in this context",
"view_count": 109
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not 100% sure, but from the context I feel 1) これでおしまい refers to this\naffair including the punishment process (punch), and 2) まさか in this case is\nnot actually denying anything.\n\nまさか is often translated as \"It can't be!\", \"Impossible!\", etc., because this\nadverb is usually used in negative sentences. In this case, however, these old\nmen are obviously welcoming the King and Queen's decision, so I think this まさか\nis working as an interjection like \"(Considering the King's usual attitude,)\nThis was improbable, but it actually happened!\"\n\nIf I'm not mistaken, English \"No way!\" also can work in both ways (i.e.,\n\"Impossible!\" and \"Incredible!\"), although I don't know if this fits this\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-24T00:53:50.347",
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| 38653 | null | 38661 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm mostly a self-learner, i have never learned anything from taking courses\nor educational institutions. But instead, i have always managed to figure out\n\"how to learn things\" by either asking or researching and then i do the rest\non my own.\n\nFrom what i have read so far about learning japanese, i figured it would be a\nbad idea to waste time learning things too early or too late or even learn\nthings that i don't understand quite right.\n\nSo, my actual question is,\n\nWhat exactly is japanese? Was it originated from another language? What does\nit consist of, entirely?\n\nWhat is kana? I know it is a modern thing which means that you can learn the\nlanguage without it, right! So why should i do learn it? What are other forms\nlike it? And what are they used for?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T19:40:55.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38655",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17626",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -4,
"tags": [
"learning",
"academic-japanese",
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "What is japanese?",
"view_count": 163
} | [
{
"body": "I'd suggest reading the introduction of Tae Kim' Guide to Japanese.:\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/introduction>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T23:21:24.287",
"id": "38659",
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| 38655 | null | 38659 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38754",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When making a statement like:\n\n> I thought I had gone to the cinema.\n\nDo you say:\n\n> 映画館{えいがかん}に行った{いった}と思いました{おもいました}。\n\nor:\n\n> 映画館{えいがかん}に行った{いった}か思いました{おもいました}。\n\nAnd how does it work with other verbs that are not like thinking, considering,\nsaying? Which one am I supposed to use then?",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-23T23:15:04.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38658",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-27T11:54:52.490",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-24T10:24:14.967",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17627",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と",
"particle-か",
"subordinate-clauses"
],
"title": "「か」 or 「と」 as a subordinate clause?",
"view_count": 396
} | [
{
"body": "To say \"think that (some sentence here)\", 思う always takes the quotative\nparticle, と. So 映画館に行ったか思いました is ungrammatical.\n\nThe following two sentences are grammatical:\n\n> * 映画館に行ったと思いました。 \n> I thought (someone) went to the cinema.\n> * 映画館に行ったかと思いました。 \n> I thought (someone) perhaps went to the cinema. / I wondered if (someone)\n> went to the cinema.\n>\n\nThe か in the latter sentence is a question marker, which in this case\nintroduces some uncertainty to the sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-27T11:54:52.490",
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| 38658 | 38754 | 38754 |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to translate the following text, but I'm not sure about the meaning\nof 放学. Please let me know if my translation sounds right or if you have any\nsuggestions!\n\n美校は予備科を三度つとめた。洋画科にやっと入ったに三年目に二年やって放学となった。\n\n\"I tried to take the art school preparatory course three times. The third\ntime, I finally got into the youga (western painting) course. I was repeating\nmy second year, and I left school.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T00:51:26.623",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38660",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-24T01:17:42.277",
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"owner_user_id": "17561",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Translation of 放学",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "放学 is an uncommon word, but according to Wikipedia, it's a synonym for 退学\n(=expulsion from school). The article says 放学 is a even heavier type of\npunishment than 退学 in some schools, but 放学 seems to be used exactly in the\nsame way as 退学 in your case.\n\nApparently this school makes it a rule to automatically expel students who\nwere held back three times. He was already held back in 予備科 twice, and he\ncould not advance to the fourth grade of 洋画科, which was his third time\ncumulatively.\n\n> ### [退学](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%80%E5%AD%A6)\n>\n>\n> 懲戒退学（ちょうかいたいがく）とは、犯罪・非行・過度の原級留置[2]（いわゆる「留年」）など、「本人に非のある」理由で、強制的に退学させる懲戒処分の一種であり、退学処分（たいがくしょぶん）、放校（ほうこう）、\n> **放学** （ほうがく）などともいう。 \n>\n> 懲戒退学は、校長（大学にあっては、学長の委任を受けた学部長を含む[3]）が行う。一般に「学校をやめさせられる」とはこのことを指す。放校・放学は「退学処分」の意味で用いられることも多いが、学校によっては退学処分よりも重いもので、「在校生であった事実」そのものが抹消されて、その後の復学も認められなくなることもある。",
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| 38660 | null | 38662 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38666",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm trying to say something like \"how much EXP do you get for defeating that\nmonster?\" Is there a particle I should be using here?\n\nMy attempt is this:\n\nそのモンスターを倒したらどれくらいの経験値が貰えるの？\n\nBut at least to my native-English-speaking brain, this feels more like \"how\nmuch EXP do you get IF you defeat that monster?\" whereas I'm looking more for\nsomething that takes the monster-defeating as a given. But perhaps I'm just\nthinking too much from an English perspective here, so I'd appreciate any\nclarification. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T01:26:47.627",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38663",
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"owner_user_id": "14406",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particles",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Expressing \"for/in exchange for\"",
"view_count": 235
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation attempt looks already perfect to me, but if you want to\ntranslate even more literally, you can say:\n\n> そのモンスターを **倒すことで** どれくらいの経験値が貰えるの？\n\nこと after a verb is a _nominalizer_ , which turns verbs into nouns, like `-ing`\nin English. で is the particle which corresponds to `by` or `for` in this case.\n\nOptionally you can also say:\n\n> そのモンスターを\n> **倒すこと[によって](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%AB%E5%9B%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6)**どれくらいの経験値が貰えるの？\n\n...but this may be a bit too stiff in a sentence like this.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T01:33:56.417",
"id": "38664",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-24T01:33:56.417",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "\"How much EXP do you get for defeating that monster?\"\n\n```\n\n --------> \n \n```\n\n 1. そのモンスター撃退で得られる経験値は？ \n``` そのモンスター撃退によって得られる経験値は？ \n \n そのモンスター撃退により ........\n \n```\n\nMy favorite:\n\n 2. そのモンスターを撃退して得られる経験値は？ \n\n( [1.で] and [2.て] are both Te-forms ) . . . [1.で] is a Te-form, the same as\nthe example (6) below.\n\nSee: [What is the role of\nあるいて?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38564/what-is-the-role-\nof-%e3%81%82%e3%82%8b%e3%81%84%e3%81%a6/38582#38582)\n\n```\n\n (5) a. 公園でポピーに会って, ヒューはとても喜んだ｡ \n b. [Bumping into] Poppy in the park, [Hugh] was very pleased.\n Having bumped into ... , \n \n (6) a. 今日は土曜日で, ヒューは学校がある｡ \n b. Today being Saturday, [Hugh] has school.\n \n (7) a. 正直に言って, クーは太りすぎだ｡ \n b. Honestly speaking, Koo is overweight.\n \n```\n\n* * *\n\nP.S. --- I think Mr. Chocolate is correct in pointing out that the DE in [\nそのモンスター撃退で得られる経験値は？ ] is not a Te-form.\n\nI think the following examples use the Te-form. (Ok, maybe not the last two.)\nSo the distinction is pretty tricky.\n\n * そのモンスター撃退で経験値は何点来る？ \n\n * そのモンスター撃退で 経験値は何点 得られるの？ \n\n * そのモンスター撃沈で どれだけ経験値が得られる？ \n\n * そのモンスター撃沈で何点の経験値をゲット？ \n\n * そのモンスター撃沈で増える経験値は？ ---- ( or 貰える ) \n\n * そのモンスター撃退で来る経験値は何点？",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T02:02:22.713",
"id": "38666",
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| 38663 | 38666 | 38664 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38673",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Im having a bit of trouble understanding the passive\n\nI would like to translate\n\n\"You really want me to say that I'm weak don't you ?\"\n\n> 俺は弱いって かなり言われてほしいですね\n\nIs this right?\n\nAnother line that I'd like translated is \"Why do you want x to hate me so\nmuch?\"\n\n> なんで x で あんまり きらわれて ほしい の\n\nI sure both my translations are wrong\n\nCan someone explain how to use the particles with the passive form ?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T05:14:10.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38670",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-24T09:43:35.270",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-24T05:37:23.707",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Can someone explain how to use the passive here",
"view_count": 182
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{
"body": "I translated sentence 1 as あなたは、本当に私に、私は弱いと言ってほしいの? and sentence 2 as\nなぜ、あなたはXに私をそんなに嫌ってほしいの?\n\nThe phrase \"want x to do something\" is translated as \"Xに～してほしい\". If you want\nto make the phrase passive form, I think it become \"～が、Xによってされてほしい(されることを望む)\",\nbut it is circumlocutory though.\n\nSo, if my translations are correct, I think the passive form of sentence 2 is\n\"なぜ、あなたは、私がXにそんなに嫌われてほしいの?\". I don't come up with the passive form of sentence\n1.",
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"body": "\"You really want me to say that I'm weak don't you ?\" translates to\n（あなたは）本当は私に弱いと言われたい…のだろう？ / …んだよね？ using passive voice.\n\nIf you don't stick to passive, \"Why do you want x to hate me so much?\" can be\nなぜ（あなたは）そんなにXに私を嫌わせたいの？, as some users comment. If you stick to it, you can't\navoid wordy expressions as Yuuichi Tam's example shows.",
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| 38670 | 38673 | 38673 |
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"body": "I am trying to understand the correct usage of this grammar. I have been\ntaught that ばかりか means 'not only A but also B.'\n\nA Japanese friend mentioned that it is only used to talk about negative\nthings?\n\nI have seen many examples that don't fit this description. \nFor example:\n\n> 私は英語ばかりか日本語も話せる。 \n> 彼女は美しいばかりか、心もやさしく、しかも聡明である。\n\nSo I tried to practise this grammar by making my own sentences and made many\nmistakes.\n\n> 1. あなたは美しいばかりか、動物にやさしく、しかも聡明である.\n>\n\nI was told this was wrong...and was changed to and I only changed the subject\nand one description (from the example sentence above)\n\n> あなたは美しいだけでなく、動物にやさしく、しかも聡明である\n\nI won't go through all of them but here are my (bad) sentences. Maybe you can\nsee what my problem is:\n\n> １．私は水を飲めないばかりか、アイスクリームも食べられない。 \n> ２．あなたは美しいばかりか、動物にやさしく、しかも聡明である。 \n> ４．私は日本に行ったことあるばかりでなく、中国も行ったことあります。 \n> ５．私の国は安いばかりでなく、食べ物もおいしいですよ。 \n> ６．私は日本に行きたいばかりか、中国も行きたいですよ。 \n> ７．大学で日本語を勉強したばかりか、中国も勉強しました。 \n> ８．そればかりか、彼は私を安心させたいばかりに、そんな嘘をおっしゃるのね。 \n> ９．リンゴは安いばかりか、ひふにやさしいです。 \n> １０．私は漢字を書くことが下手ばかりか、発音も上手じゃない。\n\nWhy did they all get changed to だけでなく?\n\nThank you so so much for your help!",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Correct way to use ばかりか・ばかりでなく",
"view_count": 2817
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{
"body": "I would say ばかりか is more emphatic than simple \"not only ～ but also ～\", and\nthus should be used sparingly. Perhaps this construction sounds more like \"and\nwhat's more/worse...\". It's probably true that it tends to be used in negative\nsituations (ie., \"what's worse\"), but you can use it in positive sentences,\ntoo.\n\nI feel ばかりでなく is not as emphatic as ばかりか, but still somewhat more emphatic\nthan だけでなく. だけでなく is safe and neutral.\n\n> 私は英語ばかりか日本語も話せる。\n\nThis perfectly makes sense, but sounds like you're fairly proud of being able\nto speak the two languages -- perhaps to the point where you may sound a bit\narrogant in business settings. Likewise, Sentences 6 and 7 sound a bit too\nselfish or confident to me.\n\n> あなたは美しいばかりか、動物にやさしく、しかも聡明である。\n\nUm, I think this sentence is perfect as far as the usage of ばかりか goes. You\ncannot praise a woman too much.\n\n> 私は水を飲めないばかりか、アイスクリームも食べられない\n\nThis is grammatically correct but semantically awkward because the \"what's\nworse\" part should come after ばかりか. It's hard to imagine a situation where a\nsick person cannot drink water but can eat ice cream.\n\"アイスクリームを食べられないばかりか、水も飲めない\" is good.\n\n> 私は漢字を書くことが下手ばかりか、発音も上手じゃない。\n\nな or である is required after 下手 (ie 下手なばかりか or 下手であるばかりか). And this doesn't\nsound natural either, because \"being bad at pronunciation\" is not really a\nworse thing than \"being bad at writing kanji\".\n\n> 私の国は安いばかりでなく、食べ物もおいしいですよ。\n\nAdd 物価が or 物【もの】が before 安い; a country cannot be cheap. Otherwise the sentence\nlooks perfect to me.\n\nRegarding Sentence 8, そればかりか at the beginning of the sentence is a valid way\nof saying \"what's more\". ばかりに in 安心させたいばかりに is [a different\nidiom](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=bakarini).",
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"body": "According to \"A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar\", page 8: \nばかりか...(さえ): a compound particle/conjunction which is used to connect two\nnouns or two sentences, the first of which is normally expected, and the\nsecond is normally unexpected.\n\nSo in the sentence AばかりかB, A needs to be something expected, while B needs to\nbe something unexpected.\n\nExamples: \n日本では子供ばかりか大人さえ漫画を読んでいる。 \nIn Japan not only children but even adults are reading comic books.",
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"body": "On a more general note, the use of か as a negativizer - in this case ばかり\n(just, only) into \"not only\" - is quite a forceful negativizer.\n\nThere are several expressions that use this and they are all quite strong (I\nwould except the sentence ender じゃないか which is saying that something _is_ so\nby double-negative since this is so common that it lacks much force).\n\nIf you think of that か as creating a very condensed rhetorical question \"and\nyou think that was all?\" I think it becomes clearer why would come across too\nstrong too self-confident. too critical etx. in cases where a less forceful\nnegative would be in order.",
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"body": "This is a hard to explain question, but if someone found this board through\nstackoverflow (I guess that happened to many of us) he/she will understand\nbetter what I'm asking (moreover if once you had to make a compiler). Is there\na list with all the valid Japanese syntactic structures? (well, I guess\ntranslators have to work with that, so it has to exist?)\n\nFor example, one structure (\"rule\") would be subject-wa-object-verb . And this\nwould be useful to check if you are writting or saying rightly any sentence\nwhen you have doubts.\n\nFor example, a common question is, where can I add a word that refers to time?\nis there only one place? (today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.). What are the\nrules that prevent me from doing so? **I.e. What is the set of syntax rules\nthat inform me if a particular modification to the sentence is valid?**\n\nI know real languages are more complex than programming languages but yet\nmaybe all these set of rules can be written and someone did.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"programming"
],
"title": "What are the grammatically valid sentence structures for Japanese?",
"view_count": 218
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{
"body": "```\n\n [programming] tag, BNF\n fundamental rule(s) of a Japanese sentence\n \n```\n\nThis (below) seems pretty good. If there's a similar version (rules for Jp\nsentence) in English, i'd like to see it.\n\nFrom <http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~shu-sato/nihonbun.htm>:\n\n> 日本語の文の構造\n>\n> （１） 文 ＝ （連用句）＋（体言句）＋ 用言句\n>\n> （２） 用言句 ＝（連用句）＋ \n> ｛動詞 または \n> 形容詞 または \n> 形容動詞 または \n> ［名詞句 ＋（助詞）＋「だ」等の助動詞］｝ \n> ＋（助動詞）＋（終助詞）\n>\n> （３） 体言句 ＝ 名詞句 ＋（格助詞）＋（副助詞）\n>\n> （４） 名詞句 ＝ （連体句）＋ \n> ｛名詞 または \n> ［文・用言句 ＋（準体助詞）］\n>\n> （５） 連用句 ＝ ｛副詞 または \n> 用言句（連用形） または \n> ［文・用言句 ＋（接続助詞）］｝ \n> ＋（副助詞）\n>\n> （６） 連体句 ＝ ..................\n\n* * *\n\nKnowing these rules immediately helped me parse these sentences:\n\n 1. そのモンスター撃退で経験値は何点来る？ \n\n 2. そのモンスター撃退で来る経験値は何点？ \n``` （１） 文 ＝ （連用句）＋（体言句）＋ [用言句]\n\n \n```\n\n 1. （連用句）( そのモンスター撃退で ) ＋ （体言句）(経験値は) ＋（体言句）(何点) ＋ [用言句][来る]？ \n\n 2. （体言句）( そのモンスター撃退で来る経験値は ) ＋（体言句）(何点)？ -- ( [用言句] [ですか]? is probably omitted)",
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| 38679 | 38697 | 38697 |
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"body": "Is it 言う{いう}?\n\nExample sentence:\n\n> My city is called [＿＿].\n\nHow should I construct this sentence? Can I simply say:\n\n> 私の町は[＿＿]です。",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"syntax"
],
"title": "What is 'called' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 8657
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{
"body": "This is a case where you don't necessarily need to do a direct translation\nfrom English and include every word. You _can_ just say\n\n> 私の町は「name of your city」です。\n\nIf your \"city\" is fairly well-known (ニューヨーク、ロス、マイアミ、etc.), it's fine to leave\nit at that. (Although in this case, you'd probably want to use 都市 instead of\n町).\n\nIf your \"city\" is not uncommon, but maybe the listener won't know it, you\ncould use [larger area]の[city name].\n\n> 私の町はアリゾナ州のツーソンです。 → My city is Tucson, Arizona.\n\nIf your \"city\" is a real hole in the wall, and not even people from your own\nstate/country would know it (let alone a Japanese listener), _then_ you'd want\nto emphasize \"called\"; 「name」というところ・場所.\n\n> 私の町はラスクルーセスというところです。 → My city is a place called \"Las Cruces\".",
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"body": "Is it 言う? \nYes!\n\nSo you can say: \nMy city is called [＿＿]. \n私の町は[＿＿]と言います。",
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"body": "I was introduced to jisho.org a few days ago and I find it a really good tool\nto use while using the Heisig method to learn the readings as I learn the\nwriting and understanding of kanji. I noticed 2 different symbols used when\nthey present the kunyomi. So far I haven't seen them used in onyomi so I think\nthey are not used in them. The \".\"(dot) and the \"-\"(dash). From what I gather\nI believe I got what they basically mean but please correct me if I'm wrong:\n\n * \".\" - the dot is used to show where the kanji stops and after it the following is written in kana. I think the trailing kana had a name but I really can't remember it now. Is this **always** the case? When I see a dot should I always assume it's only kana after it? Or can there be kanji as well in some compounds?\n\n * \"-\" - the dash is used to show that the word is allowed to form compounds only on the side where the dash is shown. \n\nTake 一 for an example. Its 2 kun readings are: ひと-, ひと.つ so if I got this\ncorrectly:\n\n一つ - this is how you write it according to the second reading.\n\nOther thing I noticed is that there are times you can use a kanji instead of a\ntrailing kana. I noticed this when I saw the other example compound on jisho\n一月 Is this a common thing and does it have a term defining it so I can\nresearch further on my own?\n\n一人 - this is really the only compound I could think of but the way I see it if\nthe dash does what I think it does that means there will never be a compound\nword that has ひと somewhere elsewhere in the word apart from the beginning.",
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"score": 9,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings",
"punctuation",
"kana-usage"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of dots and dashes in kunyomi readings?",
"view_count": 4363
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{
"body": "The upshot is that you should try to look at the explanatory notes of the\ndictionary you use and **try not to get too attached to a particular\nnotation**. Knowing that _kanji_ have a main reading, possibly with\n_okurigana_ is usually all you need to know to make sense of a dictionary\nentry.\n\nHere are some examples, which are frequently encountered:\n\n * ### KANJIDIC\n\nThe _kanji_ search function on jisho.org uses\n[KANJIDIC](http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/%7Ejwb/kanjidic.html) as its base.\nIndeed it looks as though the Western period `.` is used to separate the\nreading of the _kanji_ from its _okurigana_ and the Western hyphen `-` is used\nto indicate possible readings in compounds.\n\n * ### Official list of _jōyō kanji_\n\nThe official _jōyō kanji_ list\n([PDF](http://kokugo.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf))\npublished by the Agency of Cultural Affairs gives the readings as follows\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZfWiZ.png)\n\n(no `.`, no `-`).\n\n * ### Wikipedia\n\nWikipedia uses a Western hyphen where KANJIDIC uses a Western period.\n\n * ### Monolingual dictionaries\n\nMonolingual dictionaries usually list the word in _kana_ and give _kanji_\nreadings in brackets `【】`, e.g. _Daijirin_ has\n\n> **ひと つ** [2] 【一つ】\n\nwhere a space was used between the _kanji_ reading and the _okurigana_.\n\n * ### Other dictionaries\n\nThe _Shin Kanwa Daijiten_ uses the _nakaguro_ to separate the different\nreadings and uses **`bold`** readings and `regular` _okurigana_ :\n\n> ## 【一】\n>\n> **イチ** ・ **イツ** ・ **ひと** ・ **ひと** つ\n\n* * *\n\nAs for compounds like 一月, these are either regular words (listed in a\ndictionary) or in this case [number]+[counter word], although you may also\nencounter other words like [word]+[suffix], of which only [word] and [suffix]\nare listed in the dictionary (and not the combination [word]+[suffix]).\n\n* * *\n\nAs you suspected there are no _okurigana_ for _on'yomi_. There are also no\ngood rules for when which _on'yomi_ gets read how, depending on position in a\ncompound, so the notation `.` and `-` in KANJIDIC will only be used for\n_kun'yomi_.",
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"body": "I came across the sentence\n\n> 入って{はいって}いいのかな\n\nand I wasn't able to translate it into English.\n\nIf I'm not mistaken the first Kanji is read as \"Hai\" annd this should mean\n\"enter\" right ? Then it goes on with \"tsute\" which is supposed to mean\nsomething like \"if\". \"ii\" means \"good\" so and \"no\" indicates a question. The\nlast two hiragana should mean \"I wonder\" or \"Wonder\" but if I put all of this\ninto one sentence I would come to \"I wonder if it will be good if I enter\".\nBut somehow that makes no sense to me.\n\nIt would be nice if someone could explain it to me.",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"expressions",
"て-form"
],
"title": "How to translate 入っていいのかな?",
"view_count": 256
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{
"body": "～て(も)いい is a fixed pattern to say \"it's okay if ...\" or ask (in a question)\n\"is it okay if ...\", which derives from the more general ～ても \"even if\", so\nthat we have something like\n\n> ～て(も)いい \n> it's okay if ... \n> _lit._ even if ... it's good.\n\nIn your example\n\n> 入って(も)いいかな \n> I wonder if it's okay if [I] enter\n\nConsidering that you don't know how to conjugate verbs, your guess was pretty\ngood. Reading <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation> you\nwill learn that って is the _okurigana_ for the _te_ -form of 入る \"to enter\",\ni.e. 入って is a conjugation of the verb 入る.",
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"body": "This is taken from a songs lyrics\n\n> 罪は忘れさられた\n\nIt translates to\n\nThe crime was forgotten\n\nSo I'd say this is in passive form except what is the さ doing there ?\n\nShouldn't it be 忘れられた ?\n\nThen why is the さ there?",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can someone explain this verb conjugation?",
"view_count": 73
} | [
{
"body": "I reckon that is a compound word, not just a conjugation. It is not 忘れる, but\n[忘{わす}れ去る{さる}](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%BF%98%E3%82%8C%E3%81%95%E3%82%8B),\nmeaning \"to forget completely\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T15:36:43.317",
"id": "38686",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 38684 | 38686 | 38686 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm struggling to understand what 言えば in a question. The sentence is:\n\n> お前ら 何度言えば分かるんだ\n\nI understand the general idea of what is being said, but I don't know which\npart 言えば relates to and I'm feeling rather confused.\n\nPlease can you help me understand / translate the sentence",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T15:30:26.893",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38685",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T02:17:07.563",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "17642",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-usage",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Please help me understand 言えば",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "Try breaking it down, note there is an implicit question in this sentence:\n\n分かるんだ - (You) understand (it)\n\n言えば分かるんだ - If I say it, you will understand\n\n何度言えば分かるんだ - How many times if it is said, will you understand ->> How many\ntimes do I have to say it until you understand\n\nお前ら 何度言えば分かるんだ - You guys, how many times do I have to say it until you\nunderstand?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T00:09:39.360",
"id": "38702",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 38685 | null | 38702 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38705",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I was reading a textbook and found this sentence:\n\n> 海や山もあれるそうです。\n\nI don't understand what the や is doing there with も.\n\nThe full piece where it comes from is:\n\n> あさっての夕方ごろからくずれるそうです。気温も下がるそうです。海や山もあれるそうです。\n\nAnd the person was answering to a question about weather forecasts.\n\nIs that supposed to mean something like \"Both the sea and the mountain...\" or\nis it just a typo?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T16:59:52.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38688",
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"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": "17529",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Use of particle や with も",
"view_count": 392
} | [
{
"body": "It tells that the weather is going bad from around afternoon the day after\ntomorrow, and the sea and mountains will also have bad weather.\n\nや and も is used to add sea and mountain, to indicate the bad weather is not\njust there but also has wider scope and impact stretching over sea and\nmountains.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T19:12:15.150",
"id": "38692",
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{
"body": "や is being used here as the \"incomplete\" list particle. It implies there are\nother things which could be included in the list. Contrast this with と、which\nis used for \"complete\" lists.\n\nFor example:\n\n私の好物はスープやハンバーガーです。 My favorite foods are soup and hamburgers [among other\nthings].\n\n私の好物はスープとハンバーガーです。 My favorite foods are soup and hamburgers [and nothing\nelse].\n\nAs for も, it is being used to emphasize that _both_ the sea and mountains are\ngoing to be rough.\n\n[EDIT] I'm not a native, but to me if it had said 「海も山も」that would seem to\ndownplay whether or not there are other things that will be rough, and\nemphasize even more strongly that it is both that will be rough.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-24T20:48:10.820",
"id": "38695",
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{
"body": "> あさっての夕方ごろからくずれるそうです。気温 **も** 下がるそうです。海 **や** 山 **も** あれるそうです。\n\nIt's using 山 **も** to say \"Adding to / Beside くずれる(=雨が降る/it will rain) and\n気温が下がる(temperature will drop), 海や山 will _also_ be rough.\"\n\nThe も in 気温 **も** is being used in the same way: \"Adding to / Beside くずれる(the\nrain), the temperature will drop, _too_.\"\n\nThe や implies that places/areas other than 海と山 will also be rough. Compare:\n\n> 海と山が荒れる -- (Just) The sea and mountains will be rough. \n> 海と山 **も** 荒れる -- Also, the sea and mountains will be rough. \n> 海 **も** 山 **も** 荒れる -- (Also,) Both the sea and mountains will be rough. \n> 海 **や** 山が荒れる -- The sea and mountains and other places will be rough. \n> 海 **や** 山 **も** 荒れる -- Also, the sea and mountains and other places will be\n> rough.",
"comment_count": 0,
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}
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| 38688 | 38705 | 38705 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38691",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 美人だときく **や** 友藏{ともぞう}もヒロシも身を乗り出した。 \n> _When?_ they heard that she was a beautiful women both 友藏 and ヒロシ leaned\n> forward.\n\nI have no idea what the や in bold is. It seems like it ought to be とき, but\nI've never seen や used to mean 'when'.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T17:48:49.637",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38690",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-や"
],
"title": "Meaning of や in this sentence",
"view_count": 835
} | [
{
"body": "I think this や is closer to the phrase \"as soon as\" than \"when\". See the first\ndefinition (classified as 接助 = conjunctive particle) in this link.\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/220994/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%84/>\n\nAnd this usage of や is very literary. I have not ever heard that in\nconversation.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T18:02:14.857",
"id": "38691",
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{
"body": "や is short for やいなや which means \"as soon as\", \"no sooner than\". \n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/je/4173/meaning/m0u/%E5%90%A6%E3%82%84/>\n\nSo the translation becomes: \n美人だときくや \nAs soon as they heard that she was a beautiful woman",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-10-23T16:30:29.130",
"id": "40252",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38690 | 38691 | 38691 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38704",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 宜野座{ぎのざ}君、ここは口を開くほど墓穴を掘る局面ではないかね\n\nHow this ほど work in this sentence?\n\nFor example, I can understand that in a sentence like this one:\n\n> 人が死ぬほど酷い状況です。\n\n人が死ぬ is how much the situation is 酷い.\n\nThis sentence makes sense to me withouth the need for a translation or even\nconsciusly \"thinking about it\".\n\nI was looking up online the meaning of \"to the extent that\" since I tought\nthat I could have understood it wrong. So I found this sentence and the\nexplanation:\n\n> That memory was engraved into his life to the extent that he hasn't been\n> able to stop thinking of it all the time.\n>\n> The clause after 'to the extent that' is applied to explain how much that\n> memory has affected his life\n\nSo would it be wrong to think that when I found ほど it could be like this:\n\nXほどYをする \nDoing Y to the amount of X. \nOr \nX is how much I do Y.\n\nSo the sentence could be: \n口を開くほど墓穴を掘る \nI dig my own grave as much as I talk.\n\nCould someone give me a better explanation of this ほど?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T19:46:21.990",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38693",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T01:23:10.313",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-ほど"
],
"title": "ほど clarification in this sentence",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "This ほど is the same ほど used in the\n[～すれば～するほど](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%B0%E3%81%BB%E3%81%A9-bahodo/) (\"the more ～, (the more\n--)\") pattern. In this pattern, the \"～すれば\" part can be omitted without\nchanging the meaning. Taking some of the examples in the link, the following\ntwo sentences are semantically equal.\n\n> 経済が成長すればするほど貧富の差が広がっていく。 \n> 経済が成長するほど貧富の差が広がっていく。 \n> The more developed the economy is, the bigger the disparity of wealth\n> becomes. \n> (× The disparity of wealth becomes bigger to the point where the economy is\n> developed)\n>\n> 甘いものを食べれば食べるほど太っていく。 \n> 甘いものを食べるほど太っていく。 \n> The more sweet stuff I eat the fatter I become. \n> (× I become fatter to the point where I eat sweet stuff)\n\nSo the original sentence literally means \"The more you speak, the more you\n[dig your\ngrave](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%A2%93%E7%A9%B4%E3%82%92%E6%8E%98%E3%82%8B)\".\nHe basically says \"silence is golden\".\n\nYou will typically see \"adjective + くなる\", \"te-form + いく\" or \"te-form + くる\" in\nthe following clause, which serves as the hint that this pattern is used. That\nis not the case with your sentence in question, so you have to get the correct\nmeaning from the context.\n\nSee also:\n\n * [How does ほど work in the 〜すれば〜するほど construction?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1522/5010)",
"comment_count": 2,
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}
]
| 38693 | 38704 | 38704 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "40251",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I have a question about the difference between とおり and ように.\n\n> 先生が言った **ように** 、試験は難しかった \n> 先生が言った **とおり** 、試験は難しかった",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T20:44:50.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38694",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-24T21:09:47.490",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "「とおり」と「ように」の違いは何ですか",
"view_count": 3954
} | [
{
"body": "* 先生が言ったように、試験は難しかった\n\nAs the teacher had said, the exam was hard.\n\n( In keeping with what the teacher had told us, ... )\n\n \n\n * ... とおり､ carries a stronger sense. \"Just as he said\" \n\nIt sounds like a prediction : あなたの言ったとおりになる（マルコ 11:22 -24）。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-25T18:16:47.827",
"id": "38718",
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},
{
"body": "The difference is small, but ～ように is more akin to \"like ～\", while ～とおり is \"as\n～\". In your example sentences, the difference may be too subtle. But basically\nusing ～ように allows a small difference from the original, while ～とおり implies\nsomething is done exactly in the same way.\n\nFor example, 彼が言ったように言う sounds like \"to speak/talk like him\", while\n彼が言ったとおりに言う sounds like you reproduce what he said, word by word.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-27T12:12:58.907",
"id": "38755",
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{
"body": "「先生が言ったように、試験は難しかった」 can be translated as “The exam was difficult as the\nteacher had told me (predicted it),” and I don’t find any difference from\n「先生が言ったとおり、試験は難しかった」.\n\nBoth 「通り/とおり」 and 「ように」 mean “as” and “like, and ”are saying the same thing to\nme.\n\nBy the way, when I say this phrase to my English teacher, I would use polite\nexpression, and say 「先生がおっしゃった通り、試験は難しかった(です)」\n\nTo me they are interchangeable. However, if I’m forced to tell the difference\nbetween “ように” and “とおり,” ”ようにsound a bit softer than ”“とおり、通り” as you see in\nthe following examples. But it could be just a ”気持ちの問題 – a matter of your\ntaste,” as we call.\n\nように：\n\n好きなようにカットしてください- Cut it as you like.\n\n彼女はまるで見てきたように話した – She told as she has seen it.\n\nみんなで決めたように行動しよう – Let’s do as we’ve agreed on.\n\nとおり：\n\n法の定める通り – according to / abiding with the law.\n\n約束（規則）通り – according to one’s promise.\n\n予想（予定）通り – as planned, per schedule\n\n定刻通り - in an exact time as decided.\n\n計算通り – as calculated, as considered\n\nみんなで決めた通りに行動しよう - Let’s act as per we’ve agreed on.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-27T21:24:48.520",
"id": "38771",
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{
"body": "According to \"A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar\", page 517: \nIn some contexts, ように, the adverb form of ようだ, also expresses the idea \"in\nsuch a way\"(just like とおり). \nHowever, Xように basically means that the way someone does something or something\ntakes place is like X, while Xとおり means that the way someone does something or\nsomething takes place is the same as X. \nThus, in contexts where the way is practically the same as X, ように and とおり are\nalmost interchangeable.\n\nSo: \n先生が言ったように: like the teacher said \n先生が言ったとおり: exactly as the teacher said",
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]
| 38694 | 40251 | 38755 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am writing a cold-email template to engage with Japanese companies. I would\nlike to say in formal Japanese:\n\n> Thank you for taking the time to read my email",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T21:20:15.680",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38696",
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"score": -1,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "How to say \"thank you for taking the time to read my email\" in formal business Japanese",
"view_count": 6449
} | [
{
"body": "How about:\n\n> お忙しい中目を通して頂き、ありがとうございます。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-24T21:57:24.147",
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| 38696 | null | 38698 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38700",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "As far as I know, for expressing you want to do something, you have to just\nattach たい to the verb stem like in カニを食べたい。\n\nThen, what's the rule for saying \"I don't want to\". I've seen in this phrase\n怖い映画は、見たくないよ , they added \"たくない\" to the verb stem, but is that always so, or\nhow is it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T22:27:13.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38699",
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"last_edit_date": "2018-07-22T18:02:25.437",
"last_editor_user_id": "9878",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"auxiliaries"
],
"title": "What's the rule for expressing \"I don't want to\"",
"view_count": 29500
} | [
{
"body": "Yup, that's exactly right.\n\nV-stem + たい \"Want to V\"\n\nV-stem + たくない \"(I) don't want to V\"\n\n[Source](http://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/japanese-expression-\ndesire.html)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-24T23:06:53.287",
"id": "38700",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "Adding to @ishikun's answer, you need to note that\n[たい](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84) is an (auxiliary) adjective\nwhich uses 'adjective stem (い removed from い adjective) + くない' to [negate\nit](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/adjectives).\n\nI would say\n\n> They added \"くない\" to the adjective stem.\n\nrather than\n\n> They added \"たくない\" to the verb stem.\n\nYou will find the linked question interesting. [In what way is the negative\nform of a verb an\nadjective?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4746/in-what-way-is-\nthe-negative-form-of-a-verb-an-adjective/5110#5110)",
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},
{
"body": "To add to the other answers, if you want to make a contrastive/emphatic\nstatement, you can of course add a は or も before the ない.\n\n> * 朝食を抜きたく **は** ないけど、今出かけないと電車に間に合わないよ。 → I don't _want_ to skip\n> breakfast, but if I don't leave now I'll miss the train.\n> * 行きたく **も** 残りたく **も** ない → I don't want to stay or go.\n> * ライブを見逃したく **は** ないけど、おばあさんの面倒を見ないとだめだから、行きようがない。 → It's not that I want\n> to miss the concert, but I have to take care of my grandmother, so there's\n> no way I can go.\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T15:43:38.273",
"id": "38714",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T16:16:56.240",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T16:16:56.240",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "38699",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 38699 | 38700 | 38709 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have a quick question about giving a reason for asking for a letter of\nrecommendation. I'd like to ask for a letter of rec from a Japanese language\nteacher and also explain that I need it for a scholarship. This is not the\nentire letter I will be writing, just a single sentence.\n\nI was thinking:\n\n> 私は奨学金が欲しいので、推薦状をお願いいたします。\n\nI would like it to sound as natural as possible. Please let me know how I\nmight improve it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-24T23:11:26.070",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38701",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T07:27:36.173",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T07:27:36.173",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "17646",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"keigo"
],
"title": "Giving a reason for asking for a letter of recommendation",
"view_count": 2927
} | [
{
"body": "Respectful language is in part about indirection, so rather than saying\n\"Because I want a scholarship please write me a letter\" (which to me as a\nnative speaker of English who has written recommendation letters for students\nsounds pretty rude), I'd say \"I am planning to apply for the X scholarship,\nand I was wondering if you could write me a letter\".\n\nMy attempt is:\n\n> 私はXの奨学金に応募しようと考えています。先生から推薦状を書いていただけないでしょうか。\n\nor\n\n> 私はXの奨学金に応募したいと考えています。先生から推薦状を書いていただけないでしょうか。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T00:55:59.010",
"id": "38703",
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},
{
"body": "this is coming rather late and i'm sure you've already asked for the letter\nbut for anyone else here to see the answers, I think it's pretty important to\nstate that you're better off asking for a letter of recommendation in person\n(if at all possible), especially if the professor in question is a native of\nJapan. Some may perceive requesting such a favor through email as extremely\nrude (I've actually heard of someone getting thoroughly reprimanded by a\nprofessor from Tokyo at my University for doing this). Just a word of caution!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T17:33:32.243",
"id": "54492",
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},
{
"body": "I'm in late on this one. The most natural way, as I've learned, is to approach\nthis by the back route on the subject. That is, rather than ask for a letter\nof recommendation brusquely, use your tact to speak with them about the\nscholarship. Therefore, when you write your email, don't make it about the\nletter of recommendation, instead, make it about your specific goals, what\nyou're trying to achieve.\n\nOnce you're meeting with your professor in person, hint at the fact that a\nletter of recommendation from them would be beneficial to your cause. Let them\ndecide that they can help you, and express gratitude at the fact that they\nwould be willing to help you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T22:01:17.117",
"id": "54498",
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"owner_user_id": "21684",
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}
]
| 38701 | null | 38703 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38708",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Specifically when transcribing foreign words into katakana, it is often\nimplied that half of a letter is dropped in pronunciation.\n\nTake for example メルボルン, the Japanese import of the Australian city name\nMelbourne. The rōmaji for this is _Meruborun_. However, it is pronounced\n_Merborn_. Therefore, the latter half of _ru_ is intuitively dropped in both\nof its instances within the word.\n\nIs there a symbol which denotes that only the first half of the preceding\ncharacter should be used? Or is the conversion between orthoëpy and lexicon\nusually intuitive?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T03:39:42.050",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38706",
"last_activity_date": "2020-05-08T06:49:40.007",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T06:58:59.733",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "15822",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"katakana",
"loanwords",
"pitch-accent"
],
"title": "Omitting half of a letter in Japanese",
"view_count": 486
} | [
{
"body": "Loanwords are pronounced exactly the way they are transcribed. Depending on\nthe circumstances of the transcription (which are often unknown), the\ntranscription is based on a mix of actual pronunciation, its alphabet\nrepresentation and the weather.\n\nIf \"Melbourne\" becomes メルボルン, then it will be pronounced exactly like\n//meruboruɴ//, no matter whether it's far from or close to the original\npronunciation. (It could also have been メルボーン.)\n\nThe insertion of the extra vowels follows some loose rules: the default is\n_u_. However since _t_ + _u_ becomes [[tsu]], after _t_ you usually use _o_\ninstead of _u_ , as in アート _āto_ \"art\". However this may be broken if _tsu_ is\nperceived to be a similarly good fit, e.g. ピーナツ _pīnatsu_ \"peanut\" or \"peanut\n**s** \". Sometimes the choice is also just taken to be the same as the vowel\nthat follows it: for example in a syllable with two consonants and the vowel\n_i_ , the default _u_ that would be \"inserted\" after the first consonant may\nalso become _i_ , to avoid the contrast _–u–i_ , as in キリスト _k **i** risuto_\n\"Christ\".\n\nThere have been efforts to include phonemes from other languages, such as //va\nvi vu ve vo//, transcribed as ヴァ ヴィ ヴ ヴェ ヴォ, but by many still pronounced [[ba\nbi bu be bo]]. (For example, ヴィオラ vs. ビオラ. Also see [Do Japanese actually\npronounce the \"v\" sound?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24498/1628))\n\nThe introduction of スィ ([[si]] rather than [[ɕi]]) or ディ ([[di]] rather than\n[[dʑi]]) has been successful. For example, older sources use エジンバラ _Ejinbara_\nfor Edinburgh, but エディンバラ _Edinbara_ now seems to be standard and most people\ndo pronounce ディ as [[di]].\n\nHaving to introduce extra vowels into loanwords, like _Mer **u** bor **u** n_\ncan lead to curious effects when actually pronounced. For example プロ from\n\"pro(fessional)\" has pitch accent プロ【HL】, which sounds like the first vowel in\n_p **u** ro_ (which shouldn't be there) is stressed.\n\nSo, unlike in English (or French), in Japanese everything that is written is\npronounced — sometimes even with a pitch accent that sounds like vowels which\nweren't present in the original word are stressed.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T06:58:31.397",
"id": "38708",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-05-08T06:49:40.007",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 38706 | 38708 | 38708 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is a sentence said by a little boy.\n\nジョー兄いも気の毒 **になあ** 見ろよ 目にはいるものといえばつめたい石のかべと鉄ごうしばかりじゃねえか\n\nI would like to know if it is a colloquial form or alternated form from a\ncertain word or it just has specific meaning by itself.\n\nSupposed that it is a combined particle consisting of「に」and emphasizing\nparticle 「なあ」, is the purpose of the word just to emphasizing the word 「気の毒」?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T06:51:29.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38707",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T07:54:29.353",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"particle-に",
"colloquial-language",
"manga",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "What does the word 「になあ」mean?",
"view_count": 205
} | [
{
"body": "The `に` part is the same `に` as in these set phrases:\n\n```\n\n お大事に\n お可哀そうに\n お体を大切に\n \n```\n\nThey simply are used so much, they have been shortened from the longer forms:\n\n```\n\n お大事に(なさってください)\n お可哀そうに(思います)\n お体を大切に(してください)\n \n```\n\n`なあ` is just an emphasis like you said.\n\nYou can find\n[お気の毒に](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8A%E6%B0%97%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%92%E3%81%AB)\nin the dictionary since it is so common.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T07:54:29.353",
"id": "38710",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T07:54:29.353",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1217",
"parent_id": "38707",
"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 38707 | null | 38710 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am a beginner. I know\n\n> Did he open the window? \n> かれはまどをあけましたか。\n\nI just don't know where to insert the \"why\" in the sentence.\n\n**Update:** I forgot it is あけました because of \"did\". I can construct simple\nquestions of when, where, why, who, what. So, this can be どうしてかれはまどをあけましたか。for\n\"Why did he open the window?\"?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T08:24:25.387",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38711",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-28T00:09:48.777",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-28T00:09:48.777",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "17650",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"questions"
],
"title": "かれはまどをあけますか — How to convert it to \"Why did he open the window?\"",
"view_count": 180
} | [
{
"body": "> I know Did he open the window? - かれはまどをあけますか。\n\nかれはまどをあけま **す** か is the present tense, \"Does/Will he open the window?\"\n\nTo say \" **Did** he open the window?\", you say かれはまどをあけま **した** か。\n\n> I just don't know where to insert the \"why\" in the sentence.\n\nJust put it anywhere and you'd be understood most of the time, but I think we\nusually put it at the beginning of the sentence or right after the subject, so\nyou get:\n\n> **どうして** かれはまどをあけましたか。 \n> かれは **どうして** まどをあけましたか。 \n> **なぜ** かれはまどをあけましたか。 \n> かれは **なぜ** まどをあけましたか。\n\nThese above sentences make sense and are grammatically correct (I believe),\nbut I think it'd be more natural (in real life, at least) to say:\n\n> どうしてかれはまどをあけた **んですか** 。 \n> かれはどうしてまどをあけた **んですか** 。 \n> なぜかれはまどをあけた **んですか** 。 \n> かれはなぜまどをあけた **んですか** 。\n\n... ending with んですか (which is the contracted form of のですか), using the\nexplanatory の.\n\nどうして is more casual than なぜ, as you might know.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-27T03:34:14.533",
"id": "38747",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-27T04:05:16.673",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-27T04:05:16.673",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "38711",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 38711 | null | 38747 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38715",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could someone please explain the use of **か** and **よう** in the second\nsentence below from an article about the recent terrorist attack in Turkey?\n\n> トルコの警察は、 **爆弾を使ったテロだ** と考えています。１２歳〜１４歳ぐらいの子どもが、持っている爆弾を自分で爆発させた **か**\n> 、誰かがリモコンで爆発させた **よう** だと説明しています。\n\nMy best translation (please correct if it is not accurate):\n\n> The Turkish police consider the use of the bomb an act of terrorism. They\n> explained that an approximately 12 - 14 year old child detonated the bomb\n> (made the bomb explode) he was holding by himself or someone (else)\n> detonated the bomb by remote control.\n\nMy main concern is the **use of か pointed out in bold**. Could someone please\nelaborate on this usage. I was under the impression that か cannot be used to\nlink two independent clauses but I am evidently wrong. I translated it as \"or\"\ndue to the context but it was basically a guess.\n\nI'm also interested in **why よう was used** in the と clause and how the meaning\nchanges if it is omitted (させたと説明 rather than させたようだと説明).\n\nFinally, less importantly, what is the subject of 使った in this sentence from\nabove 爆弾を使ったテロだ? I'm fairly certain my translation is accurate in meaning but\nthe use of a relative clause in the Japanese confuses me. I would have\nexpected this to be expressed with こと like 爆弾を使うことがテロだ or maybe some noun that\nexpresses a specific incident rather than a general concept.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T14:05:30.223",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38712",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T16:26:48.977",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "か connecting independent clauses and ようだと",
"view_count": 254
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, the か in bold is \"(either) ～ **or** ～\". You can safely use this type of か\nbetween two clauses. To explicitly say \"either A or B\", `AかBか` is the basic\npattern, but the second か tends to be omitted under certain situations... I'm\nafraid I can't fully explain when it's safe to omit the second か, but the\nsecond か is omitted at least before ようだ.\n\n> * 生きるか死ぬか、それが問題だ。 To be or not to be, that is the question.\n> * 隕石は海に落下したか、空中で燃え尽きたようだ。 \n> Apparently the meteor either fell to the sea or burnt up in the atmosphere.\n>\n\nAnd this ようだ in bold just means \"appears\", \"looks like\". This ようだ is a part of\nthe quotation (because it's placed before the quotative-と), and implies the\nTurkish police themselves are not sure how the explosion was triggered.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T16:26:48.977",
"id": "38715",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T16:26:48.977",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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]
| 38712 | 38715 | 38715 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I've been told おもしろい can mean interesting.\n\nおもしろい can apparently be written:【面白い】.\n\nHow does 面白 (face-white?) equate to interesting?\n\nAre white faces interesting?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T15:11:33.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38713",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T15:28:15.003",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T15:28:15.003",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "5518",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why does face-white (面白い) mean interesting (おもしろい)?",
"view_count": 127
} | []
| 38713 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38717",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is actually more than one question but they are connected, I dont know\nhow to post them separated and make sense.\n\nI was reading a translation of ゆめの続きはどこだ!? as \"Where Does the Dream Continue?!\n\nNow I knew one of the use of の is similar to the \"'s\" of english. But the \"'s\"\nis used only with nouns and here it's used to connect a noun with a verb. is\nhere the verb used as a noun and a more literal translation would be \"where\ndoes the dream's continuation is?\" and the translation was adapted to sound\nmore natural? (correct me if I'm wrong) . And the other question is, when I\nwant to join a noun with a verb with the の particle, do I have to put the verb\nin infinitive?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T16:51:23.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38716",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T17:18:46.177",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T16:56:07.310",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "can の as \"'s\" be used with verbs?",
"view_count": 208
} | [
{
"body": "You're absolutely right!\n\n[続き｛つづき｝](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%B6%9A%E3%81%8D&ref=sa) here is a\nnoun form of the verb 続く｛つづく｝meaning \"continuation\" or \"sequel\".\n\nゆめの続き - The dream's continuation\n\nゆめの続きはどこだ - The dream's continuation is where? (literal translation)\n\n==> Correct for fluency: \"Where Does the Dream Continue?!\" <-- your\ntranslation :)\n\n* * *\n\nAs for verb --> noun changes, it works for some verbs, but not all. Here are\nsome examples\n\n違う｛ちがう｝ To differ, disagree --> 違い Difference\n\n答える｛こたえる｝To answer --> 答え (an) Answer\n\n悲しむ｛かなしむ｝To be sad --> 悲しみ Sadness\n\nBut this doesn't apply to all cases like,\n\n食べる to eat -> 食べ (an eat?)\n\n数える to count - > 数え (a count?)\n\nIn these cases, it all depends on the word, some of these words just use their\nkanjis for the noun form. (食 as in 日本食、数 as in 点数 etc.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T17:05:38.543",
"id": "38717",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T17:18:46.177",
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"owner_user_id": "3916",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 38716 | 38717 | 38717 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38759",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What are the more subtle messages held in [Aoi\nShiori](http://www.animelyrics.com/anime/anohana/aoishiori.htm)? I think the\nEnglish translation lacks a bit of the deeper undertones of the Japanese song.\nPlease answer the following questions:\n\n 1. What is the meaning of this?\n\n> どれか一つをえらべば 音をたてて壊れる\n>\n> If you choose any one, it will break with a sound - That is what love is, I\n> joked, and you laughed.\n\n 2. Is it known what \"the two of you\" refers to? In the Japanese lyrics, is it known if \"the two of you\" refers to the \"narrator\" and the person he's singing about? Or is it the person he's singing about and someone else?\n\nI'm trying to learn some vocabulary from songs and answers would be awesome.\nIf there's any other subtext that I'm missing please don't hesitate to add it\nonto your answer.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T19:37:52.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38719",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-27T14:04:46.647",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15761",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What is the message of the song Aoi Shiori?",
"view_count": 5433
} | [
{
"body": "The original Japanese lyrics are pretty vague, and they are full of puzzling\nand suggestive expressions. That said, apparently this song is about an\nindescribable anxiety of the boy (= 僕 = \"I\"), who probably is in love with\neach other (with 君 = \"you\") for now, but is worried because their current\nrelationship is fragile for some reason. Even though they're happy today, he\ncan't help worrying about the future, and that's why he keeps saying どうかしてるみたい\n(\"There must be something wrong with me.\")\n\nThe fantranslation in the link is pretty good overall, but seemingly there are\na few flaws.\n\n> どれか一つをえらべば 音をたてて壊れる \n> \"If you choose any one, it will break with a sound. \n> それが愛だなんて おどけて君は笑ってた \n> That is love.\" -- (saying so,) you were playfully laughing.\n\nI think it is not 僕 (\"I\") but 君 (\"you\") who were joking here. The girl is\n(jokingly) saying something like \"If you decide to gain someone's love, it can\nnever be achieved\". Taking the context into consideration, I feel this implies\nsomething along the lines of \"You can never control someone's mind, so take it\neasy, what happens happens.\" She doesn't seem to be as worried as the boy.\n\nRegarding your second question, I think there are only two people in this\nsong, which are 僕 (= \"I\") and 君 (= \"you\"). So this 二人 (lit. \"two people\")\nshould have been translated as \"the two of _us_.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-27T13:10:14.507",
"id": "38759",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-27T14:04:46.647",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-27T14:04:46.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
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"parent_id": "38719",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 38719 | 38759 | 38759 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38721",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found this phrase\n\n> 約束リゾートへ! ベジータが家族旅行!\n\ntranslated as\n\n> Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip?!\n\nI was wondering if here 旅行 is a verb or a noun. Is the literal translation of\nthis phrase \"Vegeta goes on a family trip?\" and the \"goes\" is assumed, is\n\"Vegeta (and) family travels?\" or is the literal translation something\ndifferent to the former options?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T20:22:01.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38720",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T23:02:33.170",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T21:21:43.813",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"verbs",
"nouns"
],
"title": "ベジータが家族旅行! is 旅行 here a verb or a noun?",
"view_count": 157
} | [
{
"body": "Titles (and advertisements) often employ 体言止め, i.e. ending a sentence with a\nnoun. The rules are flexible, but often the 体言 can be understood as the noun\nof a する-verb and the almost superfluous する is omitted.\n\n> オバマが来日\n\nIn ベジータが家族旅行, 旅行する is a common する-verb, and 家族旅行をする and 家族旅行する are all about\nequally common (130→485, 116→478 in Google results). In any case, less\nimportant than determining which verb could have been omitted in 体言止め is that\nthe sentence is clear without any verb.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-25T20:48:11.597",
"id": "38721",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-25T23:02:33.170",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T23:02:33.170",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "38720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 38720 | 38721 | 38721 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38725",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "By credit, I mean to properly write the name of the contributor on a project.\nLike how to tell that something is Made in ___, we use -製{せい} as in\n日本製{にほんせい}.\n\nHere is one case... In English we can use: \n1. Author: John \n2. Written by: John\n\nPoint 1 in Japanese might be 作家：John . I guess point 2 would be John によって書かれた\n(but it sounds like a sentence and not something that is written as a credit.\nI mean... it's quite long)\n\nAnd that case only cover about books, how about a broader case such as: \n- Originated from: \n- Edited by: \n- Created by: \n- Translated by: \nIs there a pattern we could use as a basic guidance?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T05:10:22.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38724",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T07:17:46.777",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T05:26:49.737",
"last_editor_user_id": "13611",
"owner_user_id": "13611",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to write credit in Japanese",
"view_count": 1383
} | [
{
"body": "It's a customary to use _active voice_ when we refer to a work with its\ncontributors for general purposes e.g. on the book cover.\n\n> 地底――地球深部探求の歴史 デイビッド・ホワイトハウス **著** 江口あとか **訳** \n> _[Bookname] **by** David Whitehouse, **translated by** Atoka Eguchi_ (seems\n> to be [this book](https://www.amazon.co.jp/Journey-Centre-Earth-Remarkable-\n> Scientific/dp/0297608800))\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/YJxlC.jpg) \n([source](http://nejiport.tumblr.com/post/135155486448/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BA%95-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E6%B7%B1%E9%83%A8%E6%8E%A2%E6%B1%82%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2-%E3%83%87%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9-%E8%91%97-%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%A3%E3%81%82%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8B-%E8%A8%B3-%E8%A3%85%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%89%9Buna))\n\nBut for credit use, we prefer noun prefix style (your #1) to indicate them.\nThere's no #2 equivalent with passive voice prefix, because it's grammatically\nimpossible.\n\n> 時計じかけのオレンジ _A Clockwork Orange_ \n> 著者：アントニイ・バージェス _Author: Anthony Burgess_ \n> 訳者：乾 信一郎 _Translator: Shin'ichiro Inui_\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/H7yK1.jpg) \n([source](http://d.hatena.ne.jp/soorce/20070105))\n\n> ガルム・ウォーズ _Garm Wars_ \n> 原作・脚本・監督：押井守 _Original work/Scenario/Director: Mamoru Oshii_ \n> 日本語版プロデューサー：鈴木敏夫 _JP Producer: Toshio Suzuki_ \n> 宣伝コピー：虚淵玄 _Copywriting: Gen Urobuchi_ \n> ︙\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/M7kLX.jpg) \n([source](http://garmwars-movie.com/jp/))\n\n* * *\n\n**PS**\n\nThe word 作家 means \"writer\" as one's profession rather than the role in\nrelation to a work. If what you mean is \"author of the work\", you have to use\n作者 or 著者 (particularly for books/papers). The same applies to 翻訳家 vs. 訳者\n(translator), 編集者 vs 編者 (editor) etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T05:50:11.060",
"id": "38725",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T06:54:09.710",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T06:54:09.710",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "I think\n\n\"Author\" is 作者、著者.\n\n\"Written by\" is 著、著作.\n\n\"Originated from\" is 原作.\n\n\"Edited by\" is 編集.\n\n\"Translated by\" is 訳、翻訳.\n\n\"Created by\" may be 制作 but I am not sure. They may be producers or publishers\nor something else.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T06:43:08.857",
"id": "38726",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T07:17:46.777",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T07:17:46.777",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "38724",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 38724 | 38725 | 38725 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38729",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If you make plans to meat with someone, what's the best way to confirm the\nplans are still on. Something like \"We're still meeting up tonight, right?\"\n\nWould anything like the following work, or is there a set phrase for this type\nof situation?\n\nまだ今晩会いますね。\n\nまだ今晩会いたいでしょう。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T08:47:25.537",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38727",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T09:49:39.230",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17606",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "How to confirm plans?",
"view_count": 2009
} | [
{
"body": "First, まだ doesn't get along with instantaneous verbs like 会う while it does\nwith ones that stand for state like 会いたい, 会うつもりだ or 会える. Something like\nまた(again) is better.\n\nWhen you confirm something you are not fully sure of, 今晩また会います **よね？** works.\nIf you say …会いますね, you are 100% sure that it's scheduled.\n\n今でも まだ会いたいでしょう **？** works when you point out that the opponent still miss you\nin reality.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T09:49:39.230",
"id": "38729",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T09:49:39.230",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "38727",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 38727 | 38729 | 38729 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38733",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Hello I'm trying to understand something about kanji readings. As far as I\nunderstand each Kanji character has multiple readings and each of these\nreadings can be used alone or in conjunction with different kanji.\n\nMy question is, how is it that sometimes I see words that do not use any\nspecified reading of the kanji, for example:\n\n日 can be read as ひ, -び, -か，ニチ, ジツ\n\nbut in the word いっぴ (一日) it is used as ぴ",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T08:53:04.550",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38728",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T12:54:51.050",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9793",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings",
"multiple-readings"
],
"title": "Kanji that don't use their specified readings",
"view_count": 1224
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, be aware that 一日 is usually read _ichinichi_ , to count one day,\nor _tsuitachi_ , when it refers to the first day of a month (as in \"April the\n1st\"). But the phenomenon you spotted in _ippi_ also happens to other words,\nso let's talk about that.\n\nThe simple explanation of _ippi_ is that, when you join a ち (like いち) to ひ,\nthe sequence ち-ひ usually becomes っぴ. So you see, the 日 is using its common ひ\nreading, after all. It's just that ぴ is considered to be a transformation of ひ\n(in this case, triggered by ち). More details follow.\n\nThe change from ひ to ぴ is an example of a _sound change_ or _euphony_\n(Japanese: 音便{おんびん}). There are two important types of sound change which may\nhappen when linking words into a compound:\n\n**Sequential voicing** (連濁{れんだく}): The first kana character of the _second_\nword may get a _dakuten_ ゛ mark. For example, 棚 たな → 本棚 ほん **だ** な. (In\nlinguistics terms, the second word becomes\n[voiced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_\\(phonetics\\)), except if it\nbegins with an /h/, which becomes /b/. That's because /h/ was /p/ in Old\nJapanese, and a voiced /p/ is a /b/.)\n\nIf the _kana_ cannot normally be written with a _dakuten_ ゛, then no sound\nchange happens. Even if it can, sometimes it doesn't change. It's a bit hard\nto predict when will _rendaku_ occur ([see\nhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku)). Just be aware that it does\nhappen, and with time you'll get a feel for it.\n\n**Gemination** (促音便{そくおんびん}): When two words are linked, the first consonant\nof the _second_ word may become doubled ( _gemini_ is Latin for \"twins\"). The\ndoubled or \"long\" consonants are easier to see in rōmaji:\n\n * 発 _hatsu_ + 達 _tatsu_ → _ha **tt** atsu_\n * 一 _ichi_ + 個 _ko_ → _i **kk** o_\n * 真 _ma_ + 白 _shiro_ = _ma **ss** hiro_\n\nGemination is often triggered by the first word ending with a つ or ち. In this\ncase, the trailing つ or ち will become a \"small _tsu_ \" (that is, the syllable\nwill disappear, being subsumed into the new geminated consonant):\n\n * 発 はつ + 達 たつ → 発達 は **っ** たつ\n * 一 いち + 個 こ → 一個 い **っ** こ\n\nA sequence of /k/ sounds also gets geminated, with one /k/-kana becoming a\nsmall _tsu_ :\n\n * 悪 あく + 化 か → 悪化 あっか \n\nSometimes no character becomes a small _tsu_ ; the small _tsu_ seemingly pops\nout of nowhere:\n\n * 真 ま + 白 しろ → 真っ白 まっしろ\n\nFinally, /h/-sounds (は,ひ,ふ,へ,ほ) are special. Whenever a /h/-sound gets\ngeminated, it becomes a /pp/ sound; that is, the はひふへほ kana get a _handakuten_\n゜ mark, becoming ぱぴぷぺぽ. (Again, this is because /h/ used to be /p/ in Old\nJapanese). This is what happened to 一日 as いっぴ, and it happens often for\ncounters starting with 一 いち:\n\n * 一発 いっぱつ\n * 一匹 いっぴき\n * 一夫 いっぷ\n * 一片 いっぺん\n * 一本 いっぽん",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T11:17:42.227",
"id": "38733",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T12:54:51.050",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T12:54:51.050",
"last_editor_user_id": "622",
"owner_user_id": "622",
"parent_id": "38728",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 38728 | 38733 | 38733 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "そのころ、この広州は南海貿易のもっとも殷賑をきわめた港であった。古く漢代に番禺と呼ばれていたころから、この港には犀角、象牙、瑇瑁、珠璣、翡翠、琥珀、沈香、銀、銅、\n**果布** が多くあつまり．．． What is **果布**? (from 澁澤龍彦『高丘親王航海記』）",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T12:26:38.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38734",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T12:49:05.160",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15728",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does \"果布\" mean?",
"view_count": 242
} | [
{
"body": "Found some evidence from internet that `果布` means\n[Dipterocarpaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae)\n\n * [The Indonesian Word (果布) in the Chinese Texts (史記) and (漢書)](http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110008004516.pdf?id=ART0009595481&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1472215371&cp=)\n * [“果布”是马来语呼龙脑香“果布婆律”的音译。](http://www.gzsdfz.org.cn/qnsd/smxz/201608/t20160804_51819.html)(Chinese)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T12:49:05.160",
"id": "38735",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T12:49:05.160",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3227",
"parent_id": "38734",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 38734 | null | 38735 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Sometimes instead of \"kara\" which I understand it mostly translates as \"from\"\nI see written \"kara no\", which it seems to have a similar meaning to \"kara\"\nalone. What's the difference or what does it mean? Here it's the specific case\n\n\"Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose! Uchū kara no chōsenjō!!\"",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T14:05:01.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38737",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T14:55:16.210",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T14:55:16.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "9878",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "what does kara no mean?",
"view_count": 1567
} | []
| 38737 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38743",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been learning Japanese for the past month and I have a few problems\npronouncing the ひ sound (being a native Hebrew speaker and fluent in English I\ndon't believe that sound exists in those languages).\n\nI've found that sometimes I would hear (or miss hear) the sound as a shi sound\nlike in the sentence `いいひですね` - I would hear `iishidesune`\n\nCould anyone give me a few pointers on how to correctly pronounce this sound?\n\nAlso does this happen only on the shi sound or does it also happen with the\nha, ho, he sounds ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T17:15:17.153",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38738",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T21:41:40.463",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T18:30:25.893",
"last_editor_user_id": "9793",
"owner_user_id": "9793",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "Pronouncing the ひ sound correctly",
"view_count": 2305
} | [
{
"body": "I think you are confused and in standard Japanese (not in a dialect), the\nsound of ひ is very close to 'he' in 'Hebrew' or the personal pronoun 'he' in\nEnglish.\n\nYou can watch the linked YouTube video to hear how it sounds. [Hiragana\nPronunciation Practice はひふへほ (ha hi hu he\nho)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOkueY7RjOs)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T17:27:30.030",
"id": "38740",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T17:27:30.030",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12259",
"parent_id": "38738",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "In standard Japanese, 'h' before 'i' or 'y' is pronounced a bit differently\n([source](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB#.E5.AD.90.E9.9F.B3)).\nIn the International Phonetic Alphabet, this sound is written as\n[[ç]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative#Palatal). This\nis the sound you're hearing as kinda like a し. However, it's still distinct\nfrom し (which is pronounced as\n[[ɕ]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant)).\n\nThe ひ consonant, [ç], _does_ occur in some varieties of English – e.g. British\nEnglish _hue_ ; but, from looking at the Wikipedia article on Hebrew\nphonology, it looks like you guys don't have it. To understand Japanese, it's\nimportant that you get used to _hearing_ the difference between these two\nsounds. The Google text-to-speech system you posted will do nicely; [listen\ncarefully](https://translate.google.com/#ja/en/%E3%81%84%E3%81%84%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E6%B0%8F%E3%80%82).\nNotice how ひ sounds softer and closer to English 'h', whereas し sounds noisier\nand closer to English 'sh'.\n\n_Pronouncing_ this sound in a Japanese way is not vitally important. You can\njust use English 'he' and 'she' in your accent, and the Japanese will hear it\nas ひ and し. If you want to perfect your Japanese accent, try to do this:\n_whisper_ the vowel /i/ forcefully, then change the whisper to the voiced\nvowel. (While whispering, be sure to have your tongue already in the /i/\nposition).\n\nBy the way, if you want to pronounce the し in a more Japanese manner, try\nsticking the tip of your tongue behind your _lower_ front teeth.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T21:36:05.747",
"id": "38743",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-26T21:41:40.463",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-26T21:41:40.463",
"last_editor_user_id": "622",
"owner_user_id": "622",
"parent_id": "38738",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 38738 | 38743 | 38743 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38744",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is from a visual novel.\n\nA dude is talking to his underlings:\n\n> さって本日よりきさまらに新たな命令が下されるわけだが\n\nIt translates to\n\n> \"Well now I’m calling you to give new orders\"\n\nI was under the impression that the passive form works like this:\n\n> A が/は B に passive form\n\nWhich means: A is affected by B’s action (directly or indirectly depending\nwhether it's a transitive or intransitive verb)\n\nHowever I don’t see how that works here. From what I can tell the sentence is\nconstructed like this:\n\n> A が/は B に passive form\n\nSo the speaker should be the one being adversely affected by the verb (orders)\nhowever in this case he is the one doing the action (verb).\n\nA should be affected by B's action. However A is the one doing the action\ntowards B.\n\nCan someone help?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-26T17:25:28.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "38739",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-02T00:23:01.940",
"last_edit_date": "2016-09-02T00:21:49.070",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "16352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "How does the passive form work here?",
"view_count": 346
} | [
{
"body": "> きさまら **に** 新たな命令 **が** 下される \n> (= 新たな命令がきさまらに下される)\n\nThe に here doesn't mark the agent (subject), but the target (indirect object)\nof 下す. きさまらに here means \"to you\", not \"by you\".\n\n> 「上層部が **貴様らに** 新たな命令 **を** 下す」 -- active voice \n> (They) give new orders **to you**. \n> ↓ \n> 「新たな命令 **が** (上層部によって/から*) **貴様らに** 下される」 -- passive voice \n> New orders are given **to you** (by them).\n\n*によって or から is preferred, avoiding repeating に, since 「上層部 **に** 貴様ら **に** 」 would sound confusing.\n\n下す (give) takes two objects, a direct object (marked by を) and an indirect\nobject (marked by に), so the sentence can be converted to another passive\nvoice form:\n\n> 「貴様ら **が** (上層部に/から/によって)新たな命令 **を** 下される」 \n> You are given new orders (by them).\n\n* * *\n\nAnother example:\n\n> 「私が **あなたに** １万円を渡す」 I give **you** 10,000 yen. \n> ↓ \n> 「１万円が(私によって/から) **あなたに** 渡される」 10,000 yen is given **to you** (by me). \n> 「あなたが(私に/によって/から)１万円を渡される」 You are given 10,000 yen (by me).\n\n... So, 「山田さん **に** 渡された１万円」 would be quite ambiguous: \"10,000 yen that was\ngiven **to** Yamada, or **by** Yamada.\" (In the case of \"by~~\", you can\nusually avoid confusion by using から instead.)\n\n* * *\n\nSo, logically speaking, 「～に下される」「～に与えられる」「～に渡される」「～に教えられる」「～に託される」「～に依頼される」\netc. can mean either \"be given/taught/entrusted **to** ~~\" or \"be\ngiven/taught/entrusted **by** ~~\", and you should see the context to tell\nwhich meaning a に is being used for.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-27T00:47:41.023",
"id": "38744",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-02T00:23:01.940",
"last_edit_date": "2016-09-02T00:23:01.940",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "38739",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 38739 | 38744 | 38744 |
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