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Human Health Impacts 6
Economic Impacts 7
IV. “DRIVERS” OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FLORIDA’S OCEAN
AND COASTAL RESOURCES 9
DRIVER: Increasing Greenhouse Gases 9
Effect: Increases in Ocean Acidification 10
DRIVER: Increasing Air Temperature and Water Vapor 11
Effect: Altered Rainfall and Runoff Patterns 12
Effect: Altered Frequency and Intensity of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes 13
DRIVER: Increasing Ocean Temperature 14
Effect: Increases in Coral Bleaching and Disease 15
Effect: Increases in Fish Diseases, Sponge Die­offs, and Loss of Marine Life 16
Effect: Changes in the Distribution of Native and Exotic Species 17
Effect: Changes in Nutrient Supply, Recycling, and Food Webs 18
Effect: Harmful Algal Blooms 19
Effect: Hypoxia 20
DRIVER: Increasing Sea Level 21
Effect: Changes in Estuaries, Tidal Wetlands, and Tidal Rivers 22
Effect: Changes in Beaches, Barrier Islands, and Inlets 23
Effect: Reduced Coastal Water Supplies 24
V: CLIMATE CHANGE: PRIORITIES FOR FLORIDA’S OCEAN AND COASTAL RESEARCH 25
REFERENCES 28
iii
iv
This document was produced by the Florida Oceans and Coastal Council, in cooperation
with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Members of the Florida Oceans and Coastal Council are as follows:
Acknowledgments
EX OF F ICIO M E M B E R S
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Co­chair: Mike Sole, Secretary
Designee: Bob Ballard, Deputy Secretary,
Land and Recreation
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Co­chair: Ken Haddad, Executive Director
Designee: Gil McRae, Director, Fish and
Wildlife Research Institute
Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services
Charles Bronson, Commissioner
Designee: Sherman Wilhelm, Director,
Division of Aquaculture
AP POINT ED M E M B E R S
Florida Department of Environmental Protection Appointees:
Karl Havens, Director, Florida Sea Grant
John C. Ogden, Director, Florida Institute of
Oceanography and Professor of Biology,
University of South Florida
Peter Ortner, Director, Cooperative Institute for
Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University
of Miami
Lisa Robbins, Senior Scientist, Center for
Coastal and Watershed Studies, U.S.
Geological Survey
Thomas D. Waite, Dean, College of
Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Appointees:
James Cato, Senior Associate Dean and
Director, School of Natural Resources and
Environment, University of Florida
Billy Causey, Regional Director, Southeast
Region, National Marine Sanctuary Program
Holly Greening, Executive Director, Tampa
Bay Estuary Program
Jerome Lorenz, Research Director, Tavernier
Science Center, National Audubon Society
Shirley Pomponi, Executive Director, Harbor
Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University
Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services Appointees:
Jane Davis, Aquarium Director, The Living
Seas, Walt Disney World’s Epcot®
Ernest Estevez, Director, Center for Coastal
Ecology, Mote Marine Laboratory
Jim Gray, Member, Coastal Conservation
Association Florida
Jerry Sansom, Executive Director, Organized
Fishermen of Florida
Jody Thomas, Director, South Florida Region,
The Nature Conservancy
CONTRIBUTORS & REVIEWERS
The following individuals also provided
input and contributed to the preparation
of this report:
Ricardo A. Alvarez, Florida Atlantic University
Lora Fleming, Medical School and Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami
Laura Geselbracht, The Nature Conservancy
Roy R. “Robin” Lewis, III, Lewis Environmental
Services
George Maul, Marine and Environmental
Systems, Florida Institute of Technology
Lisa Osterman, U.S. Geological Survey
Nathaniel Plant, U.S. Geological Survey
Dick Poore, U.S. Geological Survey
Kim Ritchie, Mote Marine Laboratory
Kris Serbesoff­King, The Nature Conservancy
Jyotika Virmani, Florida Institute of Oceanography, Florida Coastal Ocean Observing