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A blue whale doesn't have bigger cells than a hummingbird, just a lot more of them. | [
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To get this energy, animal cells convert food and oxygen into usable chemical energy. | [
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This happens in our mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. | [
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They're like little coal engines that spit out tiny ATP batteries, which the cell can use for almost everything it needs to do. | [
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Just like an engine, mitochondria get really hot while working. | [
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In human skin cells, they reach a scorching 50 degrees Celsius. | [
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And some of our cells have up to 2,000 mitochondria which are radiating their heat into the cell. | [
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So being alive generates a lot of heat. | [
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The more cells you have, the more heat your body generates in total. | [
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If our bodies didn't find ways of losing this heat, we would be cooked from the inside and die. | [
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But this is a problem for bigger animals because of the way bodies change as living beings scale up. | [
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The thing that's hard to wrap your head around is that when things grow, their insides grow faster than their outsides. | [
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If you double the length of its sides, its surface and volume do not double. | [
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In fact, the surface is now four times the original size and the volume of the cube eight times the original size, | [
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So if we make our mouth the size of an elephant or 60 times longer, it has 3,600 times more surface from which to lose heat. | [
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But it has 216,000 times more volume filled with trillions and trillions of new hot mitochondria that produce more heat. | [
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Our mouse is very dead very fast. | [
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Elephant cells are much, much slower than mice cells. | [
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Things move at a nice, chill pace. | [
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So very tiny mammals came up with a very extreme solution. | [
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Meet the Etruscan shrew, the smallest mammal on Earth. | [
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Its tiny ovens are filled at maximum capacity. | [
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After only four hours without food, it starves to death. | [
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Thirty-six hours after birth, the baby's cells have the same activity rate as a mammal at size. | [
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In the Milky Way, billions of stars orbit the galactic center. | [
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Some like our sun are pretty consistent, keeping a distance of around 30,000 light-years from the galactic center, completing an orbit every 230 million years. | [
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This dance is not an orderly ballet, more like a skating rink filled with drunk toddlers. | [
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This chaos makes the galaxy dangerous. | [
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Our solar neighborhood is constantly changing, with stars moving hundreds of kilometers every second. | [
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Only the vast distances between objects protect us from the dangers out there. | [
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At some point, we could encounter a star-going supernova, or a massive object passing by and showering Earth with asteroids. | [
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Unless we move our whole solar system out of the way. | [
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To move the solar system, we need a stellar engine, a megastructure used to steer a star through the galaxy. | [
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It's the kind of thing that might be built by an advanced civilization with Dyson Sphere level technology that's thinking about their future millions of years ahead of time. | [
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But how do we possibly move the hundreds of thousands of objects in the solar system? | [
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The good news is, we can ignore all of that. | [
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We only need to move the Sun, all the other stuff is glued to it by gravity and will follow it wherever it decides to go. | [
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There are lots of ideas about what a stellar engine might look like and how it would work. | [
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We've picked two grounded in our current understanding of physics that could be built in theory. | [
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The simplest kind of stellar engine is the Shkadov thruster, a giant mirror. | [
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It works on the same principle as a rocket. | [
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Like rocket fuel, the photons released as solar radiation carry momentum. | [
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For example, if an astronaut turned on a flashlight in space, it would push them backwards very, very slowly. | [
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A stellar engine will work a little better than a flashlight because the Sun produces a lot of photons. | [
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The basic idea of the Shkadov thruster is to reflect up to half of the solar radiation to create thrust and slowly push the Sun where we want it to go. | [
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In order for the Shkadov thruster to work, it must be kept in the same place, not orbiting the Sun. | [
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Although the Sun's gravity will try to pull it in, it would be supported by radiation pressure which props the mirror up. | [
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This means the mirror would have to be very light, made of micron-thin reflecting foil from materials like aluminium alloys. | [
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The mirror's shape is important too. | [
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Enveloping the Sun in a giant spherical shell wouldn't work because that would refocus light back to the Sun, heating it up and creating all sorts of unpleasant problems. | [
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Instead, we use a parabola, which sends most of the photons around the Sun and in the same direction, which maximizes thrust. | [
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To prevent accidentally burning or freezing Earth with too much or too little sunlight, the only safe place to build a Shkadov thruster is over the Sun's poles. | [
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This means we can only move the Sun vertically in the plane of the solar system and one direction in the Milky Way, which limits our travel options a bit. | [
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But that is basically it. | [
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