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Because supermassive black holes are so massive and located at the center of galaxies, many people imagine them as being a bit like the Sun in the solar system. | [
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Instead, it's the gravitational effect of dark matter which holds them together. | [
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Many supermassive black holes aren't gentle giants, especially when they're feeding on the clouds of mass in their galaxy. | [
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The one at the center of the BL Lacerty galaxy is devouring so much material that it produces jets of plasma accelerated to nearly the speed of light. | [
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If Earth were orbiting this huge body, it would seem 115 times larger than our Sun in the sky and we'd be burnt to a crisp in seconds by its glowing hot accretion disk. | [
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At this point, black holes become so large that stars seem ridiculously tiny compared to them. | [
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The galaxy Cygnus A has a supermassive black hole with 2.5 billion solar masses and 14.7 billion kilometers wide, | [
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which would mean that if it took the place of our Sun, it would swallow all the planets and stretch halfway to the edge of our solar system. | [
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The billions of stars in galaxies are not gravitationally bound to them. | [
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But this is a misconception. | [
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While the Sun makes up 99.86% of all the mass in the solar system, supermassive black holes usually only have 0.001% of the mass of their galaxy. | [
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That's two and a half Milky Ways wide. | [
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Another pretty large supermassive black hole sits in the galaxy Messier 87. | [
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This sphere of darkness is so large that it covers our entire solar system. | [
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These black holes have eaten so much that they've grown to tens of billions of solar masses, | [
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The ultramassive black hole at the center of galaxy OJ 287 is 18 billion solar masses. | [
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It's so big that it has a supermassive black hole nearly 40 times larger than Sagittarius A star orbiting it. | [
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This thing defies imagination and is really hard to compare to anything. | [
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It can comfortably fit three solar systems side by side inside of it. | [
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Let's end this insane competition and get to the king of kings. | [
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TON 618, a black hole that we can observe consuming galaxies worth of matter, is shining with the brightness of a hundred trillion stars, visible from 18 billion light years away. | [
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About 11 solar systems could sit inside of it side by side. | [
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It may very well be the largest single body in the universe, but in reality it's probably even larger. | [
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Since TON 618 is so far away, we only see what it looked like 10 billion years ago. | [
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In any case, black holes are scary and mysterious and gigantic. | [
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They'll be here after everything else dies and growing larger and larger. | [
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Okay, now let's do the trip again. | [
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Let's try something new today. | [
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We can call it Behind the Lies, a short behind the scenes bit about the necessary inaccuracies in this video. | [
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Well, while we've cataloged millions of stars, we really only have good data on a couple of dozen black holes. | [
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That's because black hole gazing wasn't really a thing until 50 years ago, and technically still isn't because we can't see black holes. | [
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We can only derive their properties from studying their gravitational effects on the matter around them, like the orbit of stars that come close to them. | [
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This effect depends on the mass of the black hole, which we can approximate at the most basic level with Kepler's laws. | [
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So some of the black holes we talked about here may be way smaller or way bigger. | [
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We shimmied around this problem by comparing different sources with different kinds of values and using different mass calculations to arrive at a standardized list | [
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You can look at all of this in our source doc. | [
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As a result, this script was written with the tears of experts we drove crazy with our obsession for the best values they could live with. | [
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We've created a lot of black hole merch, spanning the whole range from somewhat bonkers to more serious. | [
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This way, we get to explore a topic from different angles. | [
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And you get to continue having fun with black holes after this video ends. | [
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What is the largest star in the universe? | [
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We begin our journey with Earth, not to learn anything, just to get a vague sense of scale. | [
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The smallest things that have some star-like properties are large gas giants or sub-brown dwarfs. | [
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The transition towards stars begins with brown dwarfs, failed stars that are a huge disappointment to their mums. | [
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They have between 13 and 90 times the mass of Jupiter. | [
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This increases the pressure in the core enough to make certain nuclear fusion reactions happen slowly and the object glow a little. | [
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But we want to talk about stars, not failed wannabe stars, so let's move on. | [
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Once large gas balls pass a certain mass threshold, their cores become hot and dense enough to ignite. | [
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Hydrogen is fused to helium in their cores, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. | [
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Stars that do that are called main sequence stars. | [
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The more massive a main sequence star is, the hotter and brighter it burns and the shorter its life is. | [
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Once the hydrogen burning phase is over, stars grow, up to hundreds of thousands of times their original size. | [
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This doesn't make them less impressive, but maybe it's good to keep in mind that we'll be comparing babies to adults. | [
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The smallest real stars are red dwarfs, about 100 times the mass of Jupiter, barely massive enough to fuse hydrogen to helium. | [
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Because they are not very massive, they are small, not very hot, and shine pretty dimly. | [
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Red dwarfs are by far the most abundant type in the universe. | [
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Because they burn their fuel very slowly, it lasts them up to 10 trillion years, a thousand times the current age of the universe. | [
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For example, one of the closest stars to Earth is a red dwarf star, Barnard's star, but it shines too dimly to be seen without a telescope. | [
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We made a whole video on red dwarfs if you want to learn more. | [
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The next stage are stars like our sun. | [
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To say the sun dominates the solar system is not doing it justice, since it makes up 99.86% of all its mass. | [
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It burns far hotter and brighter than red dwarfs, which reduces its lifetime to about 10 billion years. | [
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The sun is 7 times more massive than Barnard's star, but that makes it nearly 300 times brighter with twice its surface temperature. | [
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Let's go bigger. | [
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Small changes in mass produce enormous changes in a main sequence star's brightness. | [
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The brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, is two solar masses with a radius 1.7 times that of the sun, but its surface is nearly 10,000 degrees Celsius, making it shine 25 times brighter. | [
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Burning that hot reduces its total lifespan by 4 times to 2.5 billion years. | [
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Stars close to 10 times the mass of our sun have surface temperatures near 25,000 degrees Celsius. | [
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Beta Centauri contains two of these massive stars, each shining with about 20,000 times the power of the sun. | [
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That's a lot of power coming from something only 13 times larger, but they'll only burn for about 20 million years. | [
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Entire generations of these blue stars die in the time it takes the sun to orbit the galaxy once. | [
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So is this the formula? | [
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The most massive star that we know is R136a1. | [
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It has 315 solar masses and is nearly 9 million times brighter than the sun. | [
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And yet, despite its tremendous mass and power, it's barely 30 times the size of the sun. | [
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The star is so extreme and barely held together by gravity that it loses 321,000 billion tons of material through its stellar wind. | [
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Stars of this sort are extremely rare because they break the rules of star formation a tiny bit. | [
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When supermassive stars are born, they burn extremely hot and bright, and this blows away any extra gas that could make them more massive. | [
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