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So the mass limit for such a star is around 150 times the sun. | [
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Stars like R136a1 are probably formed through the merger of several high-mass stars in dense star-forming regions and burn their core hydrogen in only a few million years. | [
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So this means they are rare and short-lived. | [
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From here, the trick to going bigger isn't adding more mass. | [
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To make the biggest stars, we have to kill them. | [
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When main-sequence stars begin to exhaust the hydrogen in their core, it contracts, making it hotter and denser. | [
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This leads to hotter and faster fusion, which pushes back against gravity and makes the outer layers swell in a giant phase. | [
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And these stars become truly giant indeed. | [
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Only 30% more massive than the sun, it has swollen to about 84 times its radius. | [
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Still, when the sun enters the last stage of its life, it will swell and become even bigger, 200 times its current radius. | [
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In this final phase of its life, it will swallow the inner planets. | [
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And if you think that's impressive, let's finally introduce the largest stars in the universe, Hypergiants. | [
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Hypergiants are the giant phase of the most massive stars in the universe. | [
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They have an enormous surface area that can radiate an insane amount of light. | [
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Being so large, they're basically blowing themselves apart, as gravity at the surface is too weak to hold on to the hot mass, which is lifted away in powerful stellar winds. | [
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Pistol Star is 25 solar masses, but 300 times the radius of the sun, a blue hypergiant aptly named for its energetic blue starlight. | [
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It's hard to say exactly how long Pistol Star will live, but probably just a few million years. | [
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Even larger than the blue hypergiants are the yellow hypergiants. | [
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The most well-studied is Rho Cassiopeia, a star so bright it can be seen with the naked eye although it's thousands of light-years from Earth. | [
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At 40 solar masses, this star is around 500 times the radius of the sun and 500,000 times brighter. | [
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If the Earth were as close to Rho Cassiopeia as it is to the sun, it'd be incited and you would be very dead. | [
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Yellow hypergiants are very rare though, only 15 are known. | [
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This means they're likely just a short-lived intermediate state, as a star grows or shrinks between other phases of hypergiantness. | [
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With red hypergiants, we reach the largest stars known to us, probably the largest stars even possible. | [
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So who's the winner of this insane contest? | [
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Well, the truth is, we don't know. | [
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Red hypergiants are extremely bright and far away, which means that even tiny uncertainties in our measurements can give us a huge margin of error for their size. | [
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Worse still, red hypergiants are solar system-sized behemoths that are blowing themselves apart, which makes them harder to measure. | [
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As we do more science and our instruments improve, whatever the largest star is will change. | [
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The star that is currently thought to be among the largest we've found is Stephenson 218. | [
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It was probably born as a main-sequence star a few tens of times the mass of the sun and has likely lost about half its mass by now. | [
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While typical red hypergiants are 1,500 times the size of the sun, the largest rough estimate places Stephenson 218 at 2,150 solar radii and shining with almost half a million times the power of the sun. | [
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By comparison, the sun seems like a grain of dust. | [
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Our brains don't really have a way of grasping this kind of scale. | [
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Even at light speed, it would take you 8.7 hours to travel around it once. | [
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The fastest plane on Earth would take around 500 years. | [
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Dropped on the sun, it would fill Saturn's orbit. | [
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If you want to play a bit more with size stuff, we have good news. | [
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The app is inspired by the Scale of the Universe website by the Huang Twins that we spent a lot of time with when it came out years ago, and felt that it was finally time to create a Wait But Why and Kurzgesagt version. | [
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Kurzgesagt and all the projects we do are mostly funded by viewers like you. | [
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Thank you for watching. | [
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Rapid climate change, political division, our greed and failings make it hard to look at our species with a lot of optimism, and so many people think our end is in sight. | [
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But humans have always thought they lived in the end times. | [
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Every generation assumes they're important enough to witness the apocalypse, and then life just goes on. | [
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This is a problem because it leads to short-term thinking and prevents us from creating the best world for ourselves and our descendants. | [
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What makes this worse is that we may actually be living at an extremely critical moment in human history. | [
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To understand why, let's look at the temporal window of humanity and ask, when will the last human be born, and how many people will there ever be? | [
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These sorts of estimates come with a lot of uncertainties, so please take them with a gigantic grain of salt. | [
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To get a sense of how many people there will be, let's see how many people have already lived. | [
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Modern humans arose some 200,000 years ago. | [
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They were uniquely good at making tools, telling stories, thinking abstractly, planning and working together in large groups beyond their close family. | [
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Still, there were not that many of us. | [
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Surpluses of food were scarce, survival was hard, life expectancy was low. | [
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It took us 150,000 years to grow to a population of 2 million. | [
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Improvements were gradual and eventually led to the agricultural revolution, arguably the biggest change in our history. | [
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This was when our numbers really started growing. | [
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It took 10,000 more years to get to 300 million. | [
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But that increase was dwarfed by the industrial revolution. | [
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In 1800, there were a billion of us. | [
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The human population doubled in just 120 years, and then again in 50. | [
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Today, we number around 8 billion. | [
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In total, over the last 200,000 years, about 117 billion humans were born and lived, and 109 billion also died. | [
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We discovered antibiotics, but also carry diseases across the globe in a matter of days. | [
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If things go badly, our end could come suddenly. | [
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So every day we don't destroy ourselves may mean life for an unfathomable number of humans. | [
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Scenario 1, Humans will never leave Earth. | [
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If we stay on our home planet, a good metric to look at is the extinction rate of animals that we get from the fossil record. | [
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The average lifespan of mammalian species is in the region of 1 million years, with some surviving up to 10 million years. | [
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Our close relative Homo erectus survived for about 1.9 million years. | [
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Let's be conservative and assume that humans will survive for a million years, which leaves us 800,000 more years to dawdle away. | [
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Assuming a stable birth rate of 125 million people each year, this means there are roughly 100 trillion humans waiting to be born. | [
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