polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

ritz-etal-2008-annotation

Annotation of Information Structure: an Evaluation across different Types of Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1354/

Ritz, Julia and Dipper, Stefanie and G{\"otze, Michael

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report on the evaluation of information structural annotation according to the Linguistic Information Structure Annotation Guidelines (LISA, (Dipper et al., 2007)). The annotation scheme differentiates between the categories of information status, topic, and focus. It aims at being language-independent and has been applied to highly heterogeneous data: written and spoken evidence from typologically diverse languages. For the evaluation presented here, we focused on German texts of different types, both written texts and transcriptions of spoken language, and analyzed the annotation quantitatively and qualitatively.

null

83,743

inproceedings

dinh-etal-2008-word

Word Segmentation of {V}ietnamese Texts: a Comparison of Approaches

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1355/

{\DJ}inh, Quang Thắng and L{\^e}, Hồng Phương and Nguyễn, Thị Minh Huyền and Nguyễn, Cẩm T{\'u} and Rossignol, Mathias and V{\~{u}}, Xu{\^a}n Lương

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present in this paper a comparison between three segmentation systems for the Vietnamese language. Indeed, the majority of Vietnamese words is built by semantic composition from about 7,000 syllables, which also have a meaning as isolated words. So the identification of word boundaries in a text is not a simple task, and ambiguities often appear. Beyond the presentation of the tested systems, we also propose a standard definition for word segmentation in Vietnamese, and introduce a reference corpus developed for the purpose of evaluating such a task. The results observed confirm that it can be relatively well treated by automatic means, although a solution needs to be found to take into account out-of-vocabulary words.

null

83,744

inproceedings

bosco-etal-2008-comparing

Comparing {I}talian parsers on a common Treebank: the {EVALITA} experience

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1356/

Bosco, Cristina and Mazzei, Alessandro and Lombardo, Vincenzo and Attardi, Giuseppe and Corazza, Anna and Lavelli, Alberto and Lesmo, Leonardo and Satta, Giorgio and Simi, Maria

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The EVALITA 2007 Parsing Task has been the first contest among parsing systems for Italian. It is the first attempt to compare the approaches and the results of the existing parsing systems specific for this language using a common treebank annotated using both a dependency and a constituency-based format. The development data set for this parsing competition was taken from the Turin University Treebank, which is annotated both in dependency and constituency format. The evaluation metrics were those standardly applied in CoNLL and PARSEVAL. The results of the parsing results are very promising and higher than the state-of-the-art for dependency parsing of Italian. An analysis of such results is provided, which takes into account other experiences in treebank-driven parsing for Italian and for other Romance languages (in particular, the CoNLL X {\&} 2007 shared tasks for dependency parsing). It focuses on the characteristics of data sets, i.e. type of annotation and size, parsing paradigms and approaches applied also to languages other than Italian.

null

83,745

inproceedings

magnini-etal-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Natural Language Tools for {I}talian: {EVALITA} 2007

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1357/

Magnini, Bernardo and Cappelli, Amedeo and Tamburini, Fabio and Bosco, Cristina and Mazzei, Alessandro and Lombardo, Vincenzo and Bertagna, Francesca and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Toral, Antonio and Bartalesi Lenzi, Valentina and Sprugnoli, Rachele and Speranza, Manuela

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

EVALITA 2007, the first edition of the initiative devoted to the evaluation of Natural Language Processing tools for Italian, provided a shared framework where participants systems had the possibility to be evaluated on five different tasks, namely Part of Speech Tagging (organised by the University of Bologna), Parsing (organised by the University of Torino), Word Sense Disambiguation (organised by CNR-ILC, Pisa), Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalization (organised by CELCT, Trento), and Named Entity Recognition (organised by FBK, Trento). We believe that the diffusion of shared tasks and shared evaluation practices is a crucial step towards the development of resources and tools for Natural Language Processing. Experiences of this kind, in fact, are a valuable contribution to the validation of existing models and data, allowing for consistent comparisons among approaches and among representation schemes. The good response obtained by EVALITA, both in the number of participants and in the quality of results, showed that pursuing such goals is feasible not only for English, but also for other languages.

null

83,746

inproceedings

pazienza-etal-2008-bottom

A Bottom-up Comparative Study of {E}uro{W}ord{N}et and {W}ord{N}et 3.0 Lexical and Semantic Relations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1358/

Pazienza, Maria Teresa and Stellato, Armando and Tudorache, Alexandra

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper presents a comparative study of semantic and lexical relations defined and adopted in WordNet and EuroWordNet. This document describes the experimental observations achieved through the analysis of data from different WordNet versions and EuroWordNet distributions for different languages, during the development of JMWNL (Java Multilingual WordNet Library), an extensible multilingual library for accessing WordNet-like resources in different languages and formats. The goal of this work was to realize an operative mapping between the relations defined in the two lexical resources and to unify library access and content navigation methods for both WordNet and EuroWordNet. The analysis focused on similarities, differences, semantic overlaps or inclusions, factual misinterpretations and inconsistencies between the intended and practical use of each single relation defined in these two linguistic resources. The paper details with examples the produced mapping, discussing required operations which implied merging, extending or simply keeping separate the examined relations

null

83,747

inproceedings

scerri-etal-2008-evaluating

Evaluating the Ontology underlying s{M}ail - the Conceptual Framework for Semantic Email Communication

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1359/

Scerri, Simon and Mencke, Myriam and Davis, Brian and Handschuh, Siegfried

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The lack of structure in the content of email messages makes it very hard for data channelled between the sender and the recipient to be correctly interpreted and acted upon. As a result, the purposes of messages frequently end up not being fulfilled, prompting prolonged communication and stalling the disconnected workflow that is characteristic of email. This problem could be partially solved by extending the current email model to support light-weight semantics pertaining to the intents of the sender and the expectations from the recipient(s), thus leaving no room for ambiguity. Semantically-aware email clients will then be able to support the user with the workflow of email-generated tasks. In line with this thinking, we present the sMail Conceptual Framework. At its core, this framework has an Email Speech Act Model. Given this model, email content can be categorized into a set of speech acts, each carrying specific expectations. In this paper we present and discuss the methodology and results of this model?s statistical evaluation. By performing the same evaluation on another existing model, we demonstrate our model?s higher sophistication. After careful observations, we perform changes to the model and subsequently accommodate the changes in the revised sMail Conceptual Framework.

null

83,748

inproceedings

novak-hall-2008-inter

Inter-sentential Coreferences in Semantic Networks: An Evaluation of Manual Annotation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1360/

Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav and Hall, Keith

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present an evaluation of inter-sentential coreference annotation in the context of manually created semantic networks. The semantic networks are constructed independently be each annotator and require an entity mapping priori to evaluating the coreference. We introduce a model used for mapping the semantic entities as well as an algorithm used for our evaluation task. Finally, we report the raw statistics for inter-annotator agreement and describe the inherent difficulty in evaluating coreference in semantic networks.

null

83,749

inproceedings

maamouri-etal-2008-diacritic

Diacritic Annotation in the {A}rabic Treebank and its Impact on Parser Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1361/

Maamouri, Mohamed and Kulick, Seth and Bies, Ann

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The Arabic Treebank (ATB), released by the Linguistic Data Consortium, contains multiple annotation files for each source file, due in part to the role of diacritic inclusion in the annotation process. The data is made available in both vocalized and unvocalized forms, with and without the diacritic marks, respectively. Much parsing work with the ATB has used the unvocalized form, on the basis that it more closely represents the real-world situation. We point out some problems with this usage of the unvocalized data and explain why the unvocalized form does not in fact represent real-world data. This is due to some aspects of the treebank annotation that to our knowledge have never before been published.

null

83,750

inproceedings

enguehard-naroua-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Virtual Keyboards for {W}est-{A}frican Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1362/

Enguehard, Chantal and Naroua, Harouna

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

West African languages are written with alphabets that comprize non classical Latin characters. It is possible to design virtual keyboards which allow the writing of such special characters with a combination of keys. During the last decade, many different virtual keyboards had been created, without any standardization to fix the correspondence between each character and the keys to press to obtain it. We define a grid to evaluate such keyboards and apply it to five virtual keyboards in relation with the five main languages of Niger (Fulfulde, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhai-Zarma, Tamashek), Bambara and Soninke from Mali and Dyoula from Burkina Faso. We conclude hat the African LLACAN keyboard should be recommended in Niger because it covers all the characters used in the alphabets of the main languages of this country, it produces valid Unicode codes and it minimizes the number of keys to be pressed.

null

83,751

inproceedings

orasan-etal-2008-anaphora

Anaphora Resolution Exercise: an Overview

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1363/

Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin and Cristea, Dan and Mitkov, Ruslan and Branco, Ant{\'o}nio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Evaluation campaigns have become an established way to evaluate automatic systems which tackle the same task. This paper presents the first edition of the Anaphora Resolution Exercise (ARE) and the lessons learnt from it. This first edition focused only on English pronominal anaphora and NP coreference, and was organised as an exploratory exercise where various issues were investigated. ARE proposed four different tasks: pronominal anaphora resolution and NP coreference resolution on a predefined set of entities, pronominal anaphora resolution and NP coreference resolution on raw texts. For each of these tasks different inputs and evaluation metrics were prepared. This paper presents the four tasks, their input data and evaluation metrics used. Even though a large number of researchers in the field expressed their interest to participate, only three institutions took part in the formal evaluation. The paper briefly presents their results, but does not try to interpret them because in this edition of ARE our aim was not about finding why certain methods are better, but to prepare the ground for a fully-fledged edition.

null

83,752

inproceedings

santos-simoes-2008-portuguese

{P}ortuguese-{E}nglish Word Alignment: some Experiments

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1364/

Santos, Diana and Sim{\~o}es, Alberto

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we describe some studies of Portuguese-English word alignment, focusing on (i) measuring the importance of the coupling between dictionaries and corpus; (ii) assessing the relevance of using syntactic information (POS and lemma) or just word forms, and (iii) taking into account the direction of translation. We first provide some motivation for the studies, as well as insist in separating type from token anlignment. We then briefly describe the resources employed: the EuroParl and COMPARA corpora, and the alignment tools, NATools, introducing some measures to evaluate the two kinds of dictionaries obtained. We then present the results of several experiments, comparing sizes, overlap, translation fertility and alignment density of the several bilingual resources built. We also describe preliminary data as far as quality of the resulting dictionaries or alignment results is concerned.

null

83,753

inproceedings

schuler-etal-2008-system

System Evaluation on a Named Entity Corpus from Clinical Notes

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1365/

Schuler, Karin and Kaggal, Vinod and Masanz, James and Ogren, Philip and Savova, Guergana

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents the evaluation of the dictionary look-up component of Mayo Clinics Information Extraction system. The component was tested on a corpus of 160 free-text clinical notes which were manually annotated with the named entity disease. This kind of clinical text presents many language challenges such as fragmented sentences and heavy use of abbreviations and acronyms. The dictionary used for this evaluation was a subset of SNOMED-CT with semantic types corresponding to diseases/disorders without any augmentation. The algorithm achieves an F-score of 0.56 for exact matches and F-scores of 0.76 and 0.62 for right and left-partial matches respectively. Machine learning techniques are currently under investigation to improve this task.

null

83,754

inproceedings

ogren-etal-2008-constructing

Constructing Evaluation Corpora for Automated Clinical Named Entity Recognition

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1366/

Ogren, Philip and Savova, Guergana and Chute, Christopher

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report on the construction of a gold-standard dataset consisting of annotated clinical notes suitable for evaluating our biomedical named entity recognition system. The dataset is the result of consensus between four human annotators and contains 1,556 annotations on 160 clinical notes using 658 unique concept codes from SNOMED-CT corresponding to human disorders. Inter-annotator agreement was calculated on annotations from 100 of the documents for span (90.9{\%}), concept code (81.7{\%}), context (84.8{\%}), and status (86.0{\%}) agreement. Complete agreement for span, concept code, context, and status was 74.6{\%}. We found that creating a consensus set based on annotations from two independently-created annotation sets can reduce inter-annotator disagreement by 32.3{\%}. We found little benefit to pre-annotating the corpus with a third-party named entity recognizer.

null

83,755

inproceedings

ringger-etal-2008-assessing

Assessing the Costs of Machine-Assisted Corpus Annotation through a User Study

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1367/

Ringger, Eric and Carmen, Marc and Haertel, Robbie and Seppi, Kevin and Lonsdale, Deryle and McClanahan, Peter and Carroll, James and Ellison, Noel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Fixed, limited budgets often constrain the amount of expert annotation that can go into the construction of annotated corpora. Estimating the cost of annotation is the first step toward using annotation resources wisely. We present here a study of the cost of annotation. This study includes the participation of annotators at various skill levels and with varying backgrounds. Conducted over the web, the study consists of tests that simulate machine-assisted pre-annotation, requiring correction by the annotator rather than annotation from scratch. The study also includes tests representative of an annotation scenario involving Active Learning as it progresses from a na{\"ive model to a knowledgeable model; in particular, annotators encounter pre-annotation of varying degrees of accuracy. The annotation interface lists tags considered likely by the annotation model in preference to other tags. We present the experimental parameters of the study and report both descriptive and inferential statistics on the results of the study. We conclude with a model for estimating the hourly cost of annotation for annotators of various skill levels. We also present models for two granularities of annotation: sentence at a time and word at a time.

null

83,756

inproceedings

allauzen-bonneau-maynard-2008-training

Training and Evaluation of {POS} Taggers on the {F}rench {MULTITAG} Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1368/

Allauzen, Alexandre and Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The explicit introduction of morphosyntactic information into statistical machine translation approaches is receiving an important focus of attention. The current freely available Part of Speech (POS) taggers for the French language are based on a limited tagset which does not account for some flectional particularities. Moreover, there is a lack of a unified framework of training and evaluation for these kinds of linguistic resources. Therefore in this paper, three standard POS taggers (Treetagger, Brills tagger and the standard HMM POS tagger) are trained and evaluated in the same conditions on the French MULTITAG corpus. This POS-tagged corpus provides a tagset richer than the usual ones, including gender and number distinctions, for example. Experimental results show significant differences of performance between the taggers. According to the tagging accuracy estimated with a tagset of 300 items, taggers may be ranked as follows: Treetagger (95.7{\%}), Brills tagger (94.6{\%}), HMM tagger (93.4{\%}). Examples of translation outputs illustrate how considering gender and number distinctions in the POS tagset can be relevant.

null

83,757

inproceedings

baroni-etal-2008-cleaneval

{C}leaneval: a Competition for Cleaning Web Pages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1369/

Baroni, Marco and Chantree, Francis and Kilgarriff, Adam and Sharoff, Serge

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Cleaneval is a shared task and competitive evaluation on the topic of cleaning arbitrary web pages, with the goal of preparing web data for use as a corpus for linguistic and language technology research and development. The first exercise took place in 2007. We describe how it was set up, results, and lessons learnt

null

83,758

inproceedings

arehart-miller-2008-ground

A Ground Truth Dataset for Matching Culturally Diverse {R}omanized Person Names

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1370/

Arehart, Mark and Miller, Keith J.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the development of a ground truth dataset of culturally diverse Romanized names in which approximately 70,000 names are matched against a subset of 700. We ran the subset as queries against the complete list using several matchers, created adjudication pools, adjudicated the results, and compiled two versions of ground truth based on different sets of adjudication guidelines and methods for resolving adjudicator conflicts. The name list, drawn from publicly available sources, was manually seeded with over 1500 name variants. These names include transliteration variation, database fielding errors, segmentation differences, incomplete names, titles, initials, abbreviations, nicknames, typos, OCR errors, and truncated data. These diverse types of matches, along with the coincidental name similarities already in the list, make possible a comprehensive evaluation of name matching systems. We have used the dataset to evaluate several open source and commercial algorithms and provide some of those results.

null

83,759

inproceedings

fujii-etal-2008-producing

Producing a Test Collection for Patent Machine Translation in the Seventh {NTCIR} Workshop

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1371/

Fujii, Atsushi and Utiyama, Masao and Yamamoto, Mikio and Utsuro, Takehito

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In aiming at research and development on machine translation, we produced a test collection for Japanese-English machine translation in the seventh NTCIR Workshop. This paper describes details of our test collection. From patent documents published in Japan and the United States, we extracted patent families as a parallel corpus. A patent family is a set of patent documents for the same or related invention and these documents are usually filed to more than one country in different languages. In the parallel corpus, we aligned Japanese sentences with their counterpart English sentences. Our test collection, which includes approximately 2,000,000 sentence pairs, can be used to train and test machine translation systems. Our test collection also includes search topics for cross-lingual patent retrieval and the contribution of machine translation to a patent retrieval task can also be evaluated. Our test collection will be available to the public for research purposes after the NTCIR final meeting.

null

83,760

inproceedings

amoia-gardent-2008-test

A Test Suite for Inference Involving Adjectives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1372/

Amoia, Marilisa and Gardent, Claire

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recently, most of the research in NLP has concentrated on the creation of applications coping with textual entailment. However, there still exist very few resources for the evaluation of such applications. We argue that the reason for this resides not only in the novelty of the research field but also and mainly in the difficulty of defining the linguistic phenomena which are responsible for inference. As the TSNLP project has shown test suites provide optimal diagnostic and evaluation tools for NLP applications, as contrary to text corpora they provide a deep insight in the linguistic phenomena allowing control over the data. Thus in this paper, we present a test suite specifically developed for studying inference problems shown by English adjectives. The construction of the test suite is based on the deep linguistic analysis and following classification of entailment patterns of adjectives and follows the TSNLP guidelines on linguistic databases providing a clear coverage, systematic annotation of inference tasks, large reusability and simple maintenance. With the design of this test suite we aim at creating a resource supporting the evaluation of computational systems handling natural language inference and in particular at providing a benchmark against which to evaluate and compare existing semantic analysers.

null

83,761

inproceedings

nishiura-etal-2008-evaluation

Evaluation Framework for Distant-talking Speech Recognition under Reverberant Environments: newest Part of the {CENSREC} Series -

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1373/

Nishiura, Takanobu and Nakayama, Masato and Denda, Yuki and Kitaoka, Norihide and Yamamoto, Kazumasa and Yamada, Takeshi and Tsuge, Satoru and Miyajima, Chiyomi and Fujimoto, Masakiyo and Takiguchi, Tetsuya and Tamura, Satoshi and Kuroiwa, Shingo and Takeda, Kazuya and Nakamura, Satoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recently, speech recognition performance has been drastically improved by statistical methods and huge speech databases. Now performance improvement under such realistic environments as noisy conditions is being focused on. Since October 2001, we from the working group of the Information Processing Society in Japan have been working on evaluation methodologies and frameworks for Japanese noisy speech recognition. We have released frameworks including databases and evaluation tools called CENSREC-1 (Corpus and Environment for Noisy Speech RECognition 1; formerly AURORA-2J), CENSREC-2 (in-car connected digits recognition), CENSREC-3 (in-car isolated word recognition), and CENSREC-1-C (voice activity detection under noisy conditions). In this paper, we newly introduce a collection of databases and evaluation tools named CENSREC-4, which is an evaluation framework for distant-talking speech under hands-free conditions. Distant-talking speech recognition is crucial for a hands-free speech interface. Therefore, we measured room impulse responses to investigate reverberant speech recognition. The results of evaluation experiments proved that CENSREC-4 is an effective database suitable for evaluating the new dereverberation method because the traditional dereverberation process had difficulty sufficiently improving the recognition performance. The framework was released in March 2008, and many studies are being conducted with it in Japan.

null

83,762

inproceedings

hamon-mostefa-2008-experimental

An Experimental Methodology for an End-to-End Evaluation in Speech-to-Speech Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1374/

Hamon, Olivier and Mostefa, Djamel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the evaluation methodology used to evaluate the TC-STAR speech-to-speech translation (SST) system and the results from the third year of the project. It follows the results presented in Hamon (2007), dealing with the first end-to-end evaluation of the project. In this paper, we try to experiment with the methodology and the protocol during a second end-to-end evaluation, by comparing outputs from the TC-STAR system with interpreters from the European parliament. For this purpose, we test different criteria of evaluation and type of questions within a comprehension test. The results show that interpreters do not translate all the information (as opposed to the automatic system), but the quality of SST is still far from that of human translation. The experimental comprehension test used provides new information to study the quality of automatic systems, but without settling the issue of which protocol is the best. This depends on what the evaluator wants to know about the SST: either to have a subjective end-user evaluation or a more objective one.

null

83,763

inproceedings

martinez-hinarejos-tamarit-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Different Segmentation Techniques for Dialogue Turns

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1375/

Mart{\'i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos D. and Tamarit, Vicent

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In dialogue systems, it is necessary to decode the user input into semantically meaningful units. These semantical units, usually Dialogue Acts (DA), are used by the system to produce the most appropriate response. The user turns can be segmented into utterances, which are meaningful segments from the dialogue viewpoint. In this case, a single DA is associated to each utterance. Many previous works have used DA assignation models on segmented dialogue corpora, but only a few have tried to perform the segmentation and assignation at the same time. The knowledge of the segmentation of turns into utterances is not common in dialogue corpora, and knowing the quality of the segmentations provided by the models that simultaneously perform segmentation and assignation would be interesting. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of the segmentation offered by this type of model. The evaluation is done on a Spanish dialogue system on a railway information task. The results reveal that one of these techniques provides a high quality segmentation for this corpus.

null

83,764

inproceedings

griol-etal-2008-acquisition

Acquisition and Evaluation of a Dialog Corpus through {WO}z and Dialog Simulation Techniques

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1376/

Griol, David and Hurtado, Llu{\'i}s F. and Segarra, Encarna and Sanchis, Emilio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we present a comparison between two corpora acquired by means of two different techniques. The first corpus was acquired by means of the Wizard of Oz technique. A dialog simulation technique has been developed for the acquisition of the second corpus. A random selection of the user and system turns has been used, defining stop conditions for automatically deciding if the simulated dialog is successful or not. We use several evaluation measures proposed in previous research to compare between our two acquired corpora, and then discuss the similarities and differences between the two corpora with regard to these measures.

null

83,765

inproceedings

robinson-etal-2008-ask

What would you Ask a conversational Agent? Observations of Human-Agent Dialogues in a Museum Setting

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1377/

Robinson, Susan and Traum, David and Ittycheriah, Midhun and Henderer, Joe

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Embodied Conversational Agents have typically been constructed for use in limited domain applications, and tested in very specialized environments. Only in recent years have there been more cases of moving agents into wider public applications (e.g.Bell et al., 2003; Kopp et al., 2005). Yet little analysis has been done to determine the differing needs, expectations, and behavior of human users in these environments. With an increasing trend for virtual characters to go public, we need to expand our understanding of what this entails for the design and capabilities of our characters. This paper explores these issues through an analysis of a corpus that has been collected since December 2006, from interactions with the virtual character Sgt Blackwell at the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York. The analysis includes 82 hierarchical categories of user utterances, as well as specific observations on user preferences and behaviors drawn from interactions with Blackwell.

null

83,766

inproceedings

toney-etal-2008-evaluation

An Evaluation of Spoken and Textual Interaction in the {RITEL} Interactive Question Answering System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1378/

Toney, Dave and Rosset, Sophie and Max, Aur{\'e}lien and Galibert, Olivier and Bilinski, Eric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The RITEL project aims to integrate a spoken language dialogue system and an open-domain information retrieval system in order to enable human users to ask a general question and to refine their search for information interactively. This type of system is often referred to as an Interactive Question Answering (IQA) system. In this paper, we present an evaluation of how the performance of the RITEL system differs when users interact with it using spoken versus textual input and output. Our results indicate that while users do not perceive the two versions to perform significantly differently, many more questions are asked in a typical text-based dialogue.

null

83,767

inproceedings

amar-etal-2008-classification

Classification Procedures for Software Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1379/

Amar, Muriel and David, Sophie and Panckhurst, Rachel and Whistlecroft, Lisa

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We outline a methodological classification for evaluation approaches of software in general. This classification was initiated partly owing to involvement in a biennial European competition (the European Academic Software Award, EASA) which was held for over a decade. The evaluation grid used in EASA gradually became obsolete and inappropriate in recent years, and therefore needed to be revised. In order to do this, it was important to situate the competition in relation to other software evaluation procedures. A methodological perspective for the classification is adopted rather than a conceptual one, since a number of difficulties arise with the latter. We focus on three main questions: What to evaluate? How to evaluate? and Who does evaluate? The classification is therefore hybrid: it allows one to account for the most common evaluation approaches and is also an observatory. Two main approaches are differentiated: system and usage. We conclude that any evaluation always constructs its own object, and the objects to be evaluated only partially determine the evaluation which can be applied to them. Generally speaking, this allows one to begin apprehending what type of knowledge is objectified when one or another approach is chosen.

null

83,768

inproceedings

ozdowska-2008-cross

Cross-Corpus Evaluation of Word Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1380/

Ozdowska, Sylwia

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present the procedures we implemented to carry out system oriented evaluation of a syntax-based word aligner, ALIBI. While cross-corpus evaluation is still relatively rare in NLP, we take the approach of regarding cross-corpus evaluation as part of system oriented evaluation. Our hypothesis is that the granularity of alignments and the level of syntactic correspondence depend on corpus type; our objective is to assess how this impacts on alignment quality. We test our system on three English-French parallel corpora. The evaluation procedures are defined in accordance with state-of-the-art word alignment evaluation principles. They include, for each corpus, the creation of a reference set containing multiple annotations of the same data, the assessment of inter-annotator agreement rates and an analysis of the reference set obtained. We show that alignment performance varies across corpora according to the multiple reference annotations produced and further motivate our choice of preserving all reference annotations without solving disagreements between annotators.

null

83,769

inproceedings

maynard-etal-2008-evaluating

Evaluating Evaluation Metrics for Ontology-Based Applications: Infinite Reflection

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1381/

Maynard, Diana and Peters, Wim and Li, Yaoyong

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we discuss methods of measuring the performance of ontology-based information extraction systems. We focus particularly on the Balanced Distance Metric (BDM), a new metric we have proposed which aims to take into account the more flexible nature of ontologically-based applications. We first examine why traditional Precision and Recall metrics, as used for flat information extraction tasks, are inadequate when dealing with ontologies. We then describe the Balanced Distance Metric (BDM) which takes ontological similarity into account. Finally, we discuss a range of experiments designed to test the accuracy and usefulness of the BDM when compared with traditional metrics and with a standard distance-based metric.

null

83,770

inproceedings

mccarthy-2008-lexical

Lexical Substitution as a Framework for Multiword Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1382/

McCarthy, Diana

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we analyse data from the SemEval lexical substitution task in those cases where the annotators indicated that the target word was part of a phrase before substituting the target with a synonym. We classify the types of phrases that were provided in this way by the annotators in order to evaluate the utility of the method as a means of producing a gold-standard for multiword evaluation. Multiword evaluation is a difficult area because lexical resources are not complete and peoples judgments on multiwords vary. Whilst we do not believe lexical substitution is necessarily a panacea for multiword evaluation, we do believe it is a useful methodology because the annotator is focused on the task of substitution. Following the analysis, we make some recommendations which would make the data easier to classify.

null

83,771

inproceedings

emms-2008-tree

Tree Distance and Some Other Variants of Evalb

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1383/

Emms, Martin

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Some alternatives to the standard evalb measures for parser evaluation are considered, principally the use of a tree-distance measure, which assigns a score to a linearity and ancestry respecting mapping between trees, in contrast to the evalb measures, which assign a score to a span preserving mapping. Additionally, analysis of the evalb measures suggests some further variants, concerning different normalisations, the portions of a tree compared and whether scores should be micro or macro averaged. The outputs of 6 parsing systems on Section 23 of the Penn Treebank were taken. It is shown that the ranking of the parsing systems varies as the alternative evaluation measures are used. For a fixed parsing system, it is also shown that the ranking of the parses from best to worst will vary according to whether the evalb or tree-distance measure is used. It is argued that the tree-distance measure ameliorates a problem that has been noted concerning over-penalisation of attachment errors.

null

83,772

inproceedings

tantug-etal-2008-bleu

{BLEU}+: a Tool for Fine-Grained {BLEU} Computation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1384/

Tantuǧ, A. C{\"uneyd and Oflazer, Kemal and El-Kahlout, Ilknur Durgar

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present a tool, BLEU+, which implements various extension to BLEU computation to allow for a better understanding of the translation performance, especially for morphologically complex languages. BLEU+ takes into account both closeness in morphological structure, closeness of the root words in the WordNet hierarchy while comparing tokens in the candidate and reference sentence. In addition to gauging performance at a finer level of granularity, BLEU+ also allows the computation of various upper bound oracle scores: comparing all tokens considering only the roots allows us to get an upper bound when all errors due to morphological structure are fixed, while comparing tokens in an error-tolerant way considering minor morpheme edit operations, allows us to get a (more realistic) upper bound when tokens that differ in morpheme insertions/deletions and substitutions are fixed. We use BLEU+ in the fine-grained evaluation of the output of our English-to-Turkish statistical MT system.

null

83,773

inproceedings

graham-etal-2008-elicited

Elicited Imitation as an Oral Proficiency Measure with {ASR} Scoring

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1385/

Graham, C. Ray and Lonsdale, Deryle and Kennington, Casey and Johnson, Aaron and McGhee, Jeremiah

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses development and evaluation of a practical, valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the spoken language abilities of second-language (L2) learners of English. First we sketch the theory and history behind elicited imitation (EI) tests and the renewed interest in them. Then we present how we developed a new test based on various language resources, and administered it to a few hundred students of varying levels. The students were also scored using standard evaluation techniques, and the EI results were compared to more traditionally derived scores. We also sketch how we developed a new integrated tool that allows the session recordings of the EI data to be analyzed with a widely-used automatic speech recognition (ASR) engine. We discuss the promising results of the ASR engines processing of these files and how they correlated with human scoring of the same items. We indicate how the integrated tool will be used in the future. Further development plans and prospects for follow-on work round out the discussion.

null

83,774

inproceedings

concejero-etal-2008-methodology

Methodology for Evaluating the Usability of User Interfaces in Mobile Services

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1386/

Concejero, Pedro and Tapias, Daniel and Rodr{\'i}guez, Juan Jos{\'e} and Luengo, Juan Carlos and S{\'a}nchez, Sebasti{\'a}n

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present a usability measure adapted to mobile services, which is based on the well-known theoretical framework defined in the ISO 9241-11 standard. This measure is then applied to a representative set of services of the Telef{\'o}nicas portfolio for residential customers. The user tests that we present were carried out by a total of 327 people. Additionally, we describe the detailed application of the methodology to a particular service and present the results of all the experiments that were carried out with the different services. These results show highly significant differences in the three usability measures considered (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction), though all of them have the same trend. The worst performers in all cases were the WAP and i-mode user interfaces (UI), while the best performers were the SMS and web based UIs closely followed by the voice UI. Finally, we also analyse the results and present our conclusions.

null

83,775

inproceedings

geoffrois-2008-economic

An Economic View on Human Language Technology Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1387/

Geoffrois, Edouard

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper analyses some general issues about human language technology evaluation, focusing on economic aspects. It first provides a scientific rationale for the need to organize evaluation in the form of campaigns, by relating this need to some basic characteristics of human language technologies, namely that they involve learning to process information in a way which reproduces human capabilities. It then reviews the benefits and constraints of these evaluation campaigns. Borrowing concepts from the field of economics, it also provides an analysis of the economic incentives to organize evaluation campaigns. It entails from this analysis that fitting evaluation campaigns to the needs of scientific research requires a strong implication in term of research policy and public funding.

null

83,776

inproceedings

alex-2008-comparing

Comparing Corpus-based to Web-based Lookup Techniques for Automatic {E}nglish Inclusion Detection

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1388/

Alex, Beatrice

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The influence of English as a global language continues to grow to an extent that its words and expressions permeate the original forms of other languages. This paper evaluates a modular Web-based sub-component of an existing English inclusion classifier and compares it to a corpus-based lookup technique. Both approaches are evaluated on a German gold standard data set. It is demonstrated to what extent the Web-based approach benefits from the amount of data available online and the fact that this data is constantly updated.

null

83,777

inproceedings

hasler-2008-centering

Centering Theory for Evaluation of Coherence in Computer-Aided Summaries

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1389/

Hasler, Laura

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper investigates a new evaluation method for assessing the coherence of computer-aided summaries, justified by the inappropriacy of existing evaluation methods for this task. It develops a metric for Centering Theory (CT), a theory of local coherence and salience, to measure coherence in pairs of extracts and abstracts produced in a computer-aided summarisation environment. 100 news text summaries (50 pairs of extracts and their corresponding abstracts) are analysed using CT and the metric is applied to obtain a score for each summary; the summary with the higher score out of a pair is considered more coherent. Human judgement is also obtained to allow a comparison with the CT evaluation to assess the validity of the development of CT as a useful evaluation metric in computer-aided summarisation.

null

83,778

inproceedings

strassel-etal-2008-linguistic

Linguistic Resources and Evaluation Techniques for Evaluation of Cross-Document Automatic Content Extraction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1390/

Strassel, Stephanie and Przybocki, Mark and Peterson, Kay and Song, Zhiyi and Maeda, Kazuaki

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The NIST Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) Evaluation expands its focus in 2008 to encompass the challenge of cross-document and cross-language global integration and reconciliation of information. While past ACE evaluations have been limited to local (within-document) detection and disambiguation of entities, relations and events, the current evaluation adds global (cross-document and cross-language) entity disambiguation tasks for Arabic and English. This paper presents the 2008 ACE XDoc evaluation task and associated infrastructure. We describe the linguistic resources created by LDC to support the evaluation, focusing on new approaches required for data selection, data processing, annotation task definitions and annotation software, and we conclude with a discussion of the metrics developed by NIST to support the evaluation.

null

83,779

inproceedings

bos-2008-lets

Let`s not Argue about Semantics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1391/

Bos, Johan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Whats the best way to assess the performance of a semantic component in an NLP system? Tradition in NLP evaluation tells us that comparing output against a gold standard is a good idea. To define a gold standard, one first needs to decide on the representation language, and in many cases a first-order language seems a good compromise between expressive power and efficiency. Secondly, one needs to decide how to represent the various semantic phenomena, in particular the depth of analysis of quantification, plurals, eventualities, thematic roles, scope, anaphora, presupposition, ellipsis, comparatives, superlatives, tense, aspect, and time-expressions. Hence it will be hard to come up with an annotation scheme unless one permits different level of semantic granularity. The alternative is a theory-neutral black-box type evaluation where we just look at how systems react on various inputs. For this approach, we can consider the well-known task of recognising textual entailment, or the lesser-known task of textual model checking. The disadvantage of black-box methods is that it is difficult to come up with natural data that cover specific semantic phenomena.

null

83,780

inproceedings

hardcastle-scott-2008-evaluate

Can we Evaluate the Quality of Generated Text?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1392/

Hardcastle, David and Scott, Donia

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Evaluating the output of NLG systems is notoriously difficult, and performing assessments of text quality even more so. A range of automated and subject-based approaches to the evaluation of text quality have been taken, including comparison with a putative gold standard text, analysis of specific linguistic features of the output, expert review and task-based evaluation. In this paper we present the results of a variety of such approaches in the context of a case study application. We discuss the problems encountered in the implementation of each approach in the context of the literature, and propose that a test based on the Turing test for machine intelligence offers a way forward in the evaluation of the subjective notion of text quality.

null

83,781

inproceedings

miller-etal-2008-infrastructure

An Infrastructure, Tools and Methodology for Evaluation of Multicultural Name Matching Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1393/

Miller, Keith J. and Arehart, Mark and Ball, Catherine and Polk, John and Rubenstein, Alan and Samuel, Kenneth and Schroeder, Elizabeth and Vecchi, Eva and Wolf, Chris

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes a Name Matching Evaluation Laboratory that is a joint effort across multiple projects. The lab houses our evaluation infrastructure as well as multiple name matching engines and customized analytical tools. Included is an explanation of the methodology used by the lab to carry out evaluations. This methodology is based on standard information retrieval evaluation, which requires a carefully-constructed test data set. The paper describes how we created that test data set, including the ground truth used to score the systems performance. Descriptions and snapshots of the labs various tools are provided, as well as information on how the different tools are used throughout the evaluation process. By using this evaluation process, the lab has been able to identify strengths and weaknesses of different name matching engines. These findings have led the lab to an ongoing investigation into various techniques for combining results from multiple name matching engines to achieve optimal results, as well as into research on the more general problem of identity management and resolution.

null

83,782

inproceedings

sitbon-etal-2008-evaluating

Evaluating Robustness Of A {QA} System Through A Corpus Of Real-Life Questions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1394/

Sitbon, Laurianne and Bellot, Patrice and Blache, Philippe

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents the sequential evaluation of the question answering system SQuaLIA. This system is based on the same sequential process as most statistical question answering systems, involving 4 main steps from question analysis to answer extraction. The evaluation is based on a corpus made from 20 questions taken in the set of an evaluation campaign and which were well answered by SQuaLIA. Each of the 20 questions has been typed by 17 native participants, non natives and dyslexics. They were vocally instructed the target of each question. Each of the 4 analysis steps of the system involves a loss of accuracy, until an average of 60 of right answers at the end of the process. The main cause of this loss seems to be the orthographic mistakes users make on nouns.

null

83,783

inproceedings

devitt-ahmad-2008-sentiment

Sentiment Analysis and the Use of Extrinsic Datasets in Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1395/

Devitt, Ann and Ahmad, Khurshid

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The field of automated sentiment analysis has emerged in recent years as an exciting challenge to the computational linguistics community. Research in the field investigates how emotion, bias, mood or affect is expressed in language and how this can be recognised and represented automatically. To date, the most successful applications have been in the classification of product reviews and editorials. This paper aims to open a discussion about alternative evaluation methodologies for sentiment analysis systems that broadens the scope of this new field to encompass existing work in other domains such as psychology and to exploit existing resources in diverse domains such as finance or medicine. We outline some interesting avenues for research which investigate the impact of affective text content on the human psyche and on external factors such as stock markets.

null

83,784

inproceedings

grouin-2008-certification

Certification and Cleaning up of a Text Corpus: Towards an Evaluation of the {\textquotedblleft}Grammatical{\textquotedblright} Quality of a Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1396/

Grouin, Cyril

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present in this article the methods we used for obtaining measures to ensure the quality and well-formedness of a text corpus. These measures allow us to determine the compatibility of a corpus with the treatments we want to apply on it. We called this method certification of corpus. These measures are based upon the characteristics required by the linguistic treatments we have to apply on the corpus we want to certify. Since the certification of corpus allows us to highlight the errors present in a text, we developed modules to carry out an automatic correction. By applying these modules, we reduced the number of errors. In consequence, it increases the quality of the corpus making it possible to use a corpus that a first certification would not have admitted.

null

83,785

inproceedings

blin-etal-2008-web

{WEB}-Based Listening Test System for Speech Synthesis and Speech Conversion Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1397/

Blin, Laurent and Boeffard, Olivier and Barreaud, Vincent

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this article, we propose a web based listening test system that can be used with a large range of listeners. Our main goals were to make the configuration of the tests as simple and flexible as possible, to simplify the recruiting of the testees and, of course, to keep track of the results using a relational database. This first version of our system can perform the most widely used listening tests in the speech processing community (AB-BA, ABX and MOS tests). It can also easily evolve and propose other tests implemented by the tester by means of a module interface. This scenario is explored in this article which proposes an implementation of a module for Comparison Mean Opinion Score (CMOS) tests and conduct of such an experiment. This test allowed us to extract from the BREF120 corpus a couple of voices of distinct supra-segmental characteristics. This system is offered to the speech synthesis and speech conversion community under free license.

null

83,786

inproceedings

dividino-etal-2008-semiotic

Semiotic-based Ontology Evaluation Tool ({S}-{O}nto{E}val)

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1398/

Dividino, Renata and Romanelli, Massimo and Sonntag, Daniel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The objective of the Semiotic-based Ontology Evaluation Tool (S-OntoEval) is to evaluate and propose improvements to a given ontological model. The evaluation aims at assessing the quality of the ontology by drawing upon semiotic theory, taking several metrics into consideration for assessing the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of ontology quality. We consider an ontology to be a semiotic object and we identify three main types of semiotic ontology evaluation levels: the structural level, assessing the ontology syntax and formal semantics; the functional level, assessing the ontology cognitive semantics and; the usability-related level, assessing the ontology pragmatics. The Ontology Evaluation Tool implements metrics for each semiotic ontology level: on the structural level by making use of reasoner such as the RACER System and Pellet to check the logical consistency of our ontological model (TBoxes and ABoxes) and graph-theory measures such as Depth; on the functional level by making use of a task-based evaluation approach which measures the quality of the ontology based on the adequacy of the ontological model for a specific task; and on the usability-profiling level by applying a quantitative analysis of the amount of annotation. Other metrics can be easily integrated and added to the respective evaluation level. In this work, the Ontology Evaluation Tool is used to test and evaluate the SWIntO Ontology of the SmartWeb project.

null

83,787

inproceedings

demetriou-etal-2008-annalist

{ANNALIST} - {ANN}otation {ALI}gnment and Scoring Tool

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1399/

Demetriou, George and Gaizauskas, Robert and Sun, Haotian and Roberts, Angus

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we describe ANNALIST (Annotation, Alignment and Scoring Tool), a scoring system for the evaluation of the output of semantic annotation systems. ANNALIST has been designed as a system that is easily extensible and configurable for different domains, data formats, and evaluation tasks. The system architecture enables data input via the use of plugins and the users can access the systems internal alignment and scoring mechanisms without the need to convert their data to a specified format. Although developed for evaluation tasks that involve the scoring of entity mentions and relations primarily, ANNALISTs generic object representation and the availability of a range of criteria for the comparison of annotations enable the system to be tailored to a variety of scoring jobs. The paper reports on results from using ANNALIST in real-world situations in comparison to other scorers which are more established in the literature. ANNALIST has been used extensively for evaluation tasks within the VIKEF (EU FP6) and CLEF (UK MRC) projects.

null

83,788

inproceedings

popescu-belis-etal-2008-task

Task-Based Evaluation of Meeting Browsers: from Task Elicitation to User Behavior Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1400/

Popescu-Belis, Andrei and Flynn, Mike and Wellner, Pierre and Baudrion, Philippe

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents recent results of the application of the task-based Browser Evaluation Test (BET) to meeting browsers, that is, interfaces to multimodal databases of meeting recordings. The tasks were defined by browser-neutral BET observers. Two groups of human subjects used the Transcript-based Query and Browsing interface (TQB), and attempted to solve as many BET tasks - pairs of true/false statements to disambiguate - as possible in a fixed amount of time. Their performance was measured in terms of precision and speed. Results indicate that the browsers annotation-based search functionality is frequently used, in particular the keyword search. A more detailed analysis of each test question for each participant confirms that despite considerable variation across strategies, the use of queries is correlated to successful performance.

null

83,789

inproceedings

estrella-etal-2008-improving

Improving Contextual Quality Models for {MT} Evaluation Based on Evaluators' Feedback

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1401/

Estrella, Paula and Popescu-Belis, Andrei and King, Maghi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The Framework for the Evaluation for Machine Translation (FEMTI) contains guidelines for building a quality model that is used to evaluate MT systems in relation to the purpose and intended context of use of the systems. Contextual quality models can thus be constructed, but entering into FEMTI the knowledge required for this operation is a complex task. An experiment has been set up in order to transfer knowledge from MT evaluation experts into the FEMTI guidelines, by polling experts about the evaluation methods they would use in a particular context, then inferring from the results generic relations between characteristics of the context of use and quality characteristics. The results of this hands-on exercise, carried out as part of a conference tutorial, have served to refine FEMTIs generic contextual quality model and to obtain feedback on the FEMTI guidelines in general.

null

83,790

inproceedings

weiss-etal-2008-performance

Performance Evaluation of Speech Translation Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1402/

Weiss, Brian and Schlenoff, Craig and Sanders, Greg and Steves, Michelle and Condon, Sherri and Phillips, Jon and Parvaz, Dan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

One of the most challenging tasks for uniformed service personnel serving in foreign countries is effective verbal communication with the local population. To remedy this problem, several companies and academic institutions have been funded to develop machine translation systems as part of the DARPA TRANSTAC (Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use) program. The goal of this program is to demonstrate capabilities to rapidly develop and field free-form, two-way translation systems that would enable speakers of different languages to communicate with one another in real-world tactical situations. DARPA has mandated that each TRANSTAC technology be evaluated numerous times throughout the life of the program and has tasked the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to lead this effort. This paper describes the experimental design methodology and test procedures from the most recent evaluation, conducted in July 2007, which focused on English to/from Iraqi Arabic.

null

83,791

inproceedings

mauser-etal-2008-automatic

Automatic Evaluation Measures for Statistical Machine Translation System Optimization

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1403/

Mauser, Arne and Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Evaluation of machine translation (MT) output is a challenging task. In most cases, there is no single correct translation. In the extreme case, two translations of the same input can have completely different words and sentence structure while still both being perfectly valid. Large projects and competitions for MT research raised the need for reliable and efficient evaluation of MT systems. For the funding side, the obvious motivation is to measure performance and progress of research. This often results in a specific measure or metric taken as primarily evaluation criterion. Do improvements in one measure really lead to improved MT performance? How does a gain in one evaluation metric affect other measures? This paper is going to answer these questions by a number of experiments.

null

83,792

inproceedings

tufis-etal-2008-racais

{RACAI}`s Linguistic Web Services

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1404/

Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and Ion, Radu and Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru and {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Nowadays, there are hundreds of Natural Language Processing applications and resources for different languages that are developed and/or used, almost exclusively with a few but notable exceptions, by their creators. Assuming that the right to use a particular application or resource is licensed by the rightful owner, the user is faced with the often not so easy task of interfacing it with his/her own systems. Even if standards are defined that provide a unified way of encoding resources, few are the cases when the resources are actually coded in conformance to the standard (and, at present time, there is no such thing as general NLP application interoperability). Semantic Web came with the promise that the web will be a universal medium for information exchange whatever its content. In this context, the present article outlines a collection of linguistic web services for Romanian and English, developed at the Research Institute for AI for the Romanian Academy (RACAI) which are ready to provide a standardized way of calling particular NLP operations and extract the results without caring about what exactly is going on in the background.

null

83,793

inproceedings

biber-etal-2008-words

Words in Contexts: Digital Editions of Literary Journals in the {\textquotedblleft}{AAC} - {A}ustrian Academy Corpus{\textquotedblright}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1405/

Biber, Hanno and Breiteneder, Evelyn and M{\"orth, Karlheinz

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper two highly innovative digital editions will be presented. For the creation and the implementation of these editions the latest developments within corpus research have been taken into account. The digital editions of the historical literary journals Die Fackel (published by Karl Kraus in Vienna from 1899 to 1936) and Der Brenner (published by Ludwig Ficker in Innsbruck from 1910 to 1954) have been developed within the corpus research framework of the AAC - Austrian Academy Corpus at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with other researchers and programmers in the AAC from Vienna together with the graphic designer Anne Burdick from Los Angeles. For the creation of these scholarly digital editions the AAC edition philosophy and edition principles have been applied whereby new corpus research methods have been made use of for questions of computational philology and textual studies in a digital environment. The examples of the digital online editions of the literary journals Die Fackel and Der Brenner will give insights into the potentials and the benefits of making corpus research methods and techniques available for scholarly research into language and literature.

null

83,794

inproceedings

biemann-etal-2008-asv

{ASV} Toolbox: a Modular Collection of Language Exploration Tools

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1406/

Biemann, Chris and Quasthoff, Uwe and Heyer, Gerhard and Holz, Florian

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

ASV Toolbox is a modular collection of tools for the exploration of written language data both for scientific and educational purposes. It includes modules that operate on word lists or texts and allow to perform various linguistic annotation, classification and clustering tasks, including language detection, POS-tagging, base form reduction, named entity recognition, and terminology extraction. On a more abstract level, the algorithms deal with various kinds of word similarity, using pattern-based and statistical approaches. The collection can be used to work on large real-world data sets as well as for studying the underlying algorithms. Each module of the ASV Toolbox is designed to work either on a plain text files or with a connection to a MySQL database. While it is especially designed to work with corpora of the Leipzig Corpora Collection, it can easily be adapted to other sources.

null

83,795

inproceedings

branco-etal-2008-lx

{LX}-Service: Web Services of Language Technology for {P}ortuguese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1407/

Branco, Ant{\'o}nio and Costa, Francisco and Martins, Pedro and Nunes, Filipe and Silva, Jo{\~a}o and Silveira, Sara

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In the present paper we report on the development of a cluster of web services of language technology for Portuguese that we named as LXService. These web services permit the direct interaction of client applications with language processing tools via the Internet. This way of making available language technology was motivated by the need of its integration in an eLearning environment. In particular, it was motivated by the development of new multilingual functionalities that were aimed at extending a Learning Management System and that needed to resort to the outcome of some of those tools in a distributed and remote fashion. This specific usage situation happens however to be representative of a typical and recurrent set up in the utilization of language processing tools in different settings and projects. Therefore, the approach reported here offers not only a solution for this specific problem, which immediately motivated it, but contributes also some first steps for what we see as an important paradigm shift in terms of the way language technology can be distributed and find a better way to unleash its full potential and impact.

null

83,796

inproceedings

pianta-etal-2008-textpro

The {T}ext{P}ro Tool Suite

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1408/

Pianta, Emanuele and Girardi, Christian and Zanoli, Roberto

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present TextPro, a suite of modular Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools for analysis of Italian and English texts. The suite has been designed so as to integrate and reuse state of the art NLP components developed by researchers at FBK. The current version of the tool suite provides functions ranging from tokenization to chunking and Named Entity Recognition (NER). The systems architecture is organized as a pipeline of processors wherein each stage accepts data from an initial input or from an output of a previous stage, executes a specific task, and sends the resulting data to the next stage, or to the output of the pipeline. TextPro performed the best on the task of Italian NER and Italian PoS Tagging at EVALITA 2007. When tested on a number of other standard English benchmarks, TextPro confirms that it performs as state of the art system. Distributions for Linux, Solaris and Windows are available, for both research and commercial purposes. A web-service version of the system is under development.

null

83,797

inproceedings

shawar-atwell-2008-ai

An {AI}-inspired intelligent agent/student architecture to combine Language Resources research and teaching

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1409/

Shawar, Bayan Abu and Atwell, Eric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes experimental use of the multi-agent architecture to integrate Natural Language and Information Systems research and teaching, by casting a group of students as intelligent agents to collect and analyse English language resources from around the world. Section 2 and section 3 describe the hybrid intelligent information systems experiments at the University of Leeds and the results generated, including several research papers accepted at international conferences, and a finalist entry in the British Computer Society Machine Intelligence contest. Our proposals for applying the multi-agent idea in other universities such as the Arab Open University are presented in section 4. The conclusion is presented in section 5: the success of hybrid intelligent information systems experiments in generating research papers within a limited time.

null

83,798

inproceedings

elenius-etal-2008-language

Language Resources and Tools for {S}wedish: A Survey

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1410/

Elenius, Kjell and Forsbom, Eva and Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Language resources and tools to create and process these resources are necessary components in human language technology and natural language applications. In this paper, we describe a survey of existing language resources for Swedish, and the need for Swedish language resources to be used in research and real-world applications in language technology as well as in linguistic research. The survey is based on a questionnaire sent to industry and academia, institutions and organizations, and to experts involved in the development of Swedish language resources in Sweden, the Nordic countries and world-wide.

null

83,799

inproceedings

nygaard-etal-2008-glossa

{G}lossa: a Multilingual, Multimodal, Configurable User Interface

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1411/

Nygaard, Lars and Priestley, Joel and N{\o}klestad, Anders and Johannessen, Janne Bondi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe a web-based corpus query system, Glossa, which combines the expressiveness of regular query languages with the user-friendliness of a graphical interface. Since corpus users are usually linguists with little interest in technical matters, we have developed a system where the user need not have any prior knowledge of the search system. Furthermore, no previous knowledge of abbreviations for metavariables such as part of speech and source text is needed. All searches are done using checkboxes, pull-down menus, or writing simple letters to make words or other strings. Querying for more than one word is simply done by adding an additional query box, and for parts of words by choosing a feature such as start of word. The Glossa system also allows a wide range of viewing and post-processing options. Collocations can be viewed and counted in a number of ways, and be viewed as different kinds of graphical charts. Further annotation and deletion of single results for further processing is also easy. The Glossa system is already in use for a number of corpora. Corpus administrators can easily adapt the system to a wide range of corpora, including multilingual corpora and corpora with audio and video content.

null

83,800

inproceedings

buyko-etal-2008-ontology

Ontology-Based Interface Specifications for a {NLP} Pipeline Architecture

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1412/

Buyko, Ekaterina and Chiarcos, Christian and Pareja Lora, Antonio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The high level of heterogeneity between linguistic annotations usually complicates the interoperability of processing modules within an NLP pipeline. In this paper, a framework for the interoperation of NLP components, based on a data-driven architecture, is presented. Here, ontologies of linguistic annotation are employed to provide a conceptual basis for the tagset-neutral processing of linguistic annotations. The framework proposed here is based on a set of structured OWL ontologies: a reference ontology, a set of annotation models which formalize different annotation schemes, and a declarative linking between these, specified separately. This modular architecture is particularly scalable and flexible as it allows for the integration of different reference ontologies of linguistic annotations in order to overcome the absence of a consensus for an ontology of linguistic terminology. Our proposal originates from three lines of research from different fields: research on annotation type systems in UIMA; the ontological architecture OLiA, originally developed for sustainable documentation and annotation-independent corpus browsing, and the ontologies of the OntoTag model, targeted towards the processing of linguistic annotations in Semantic Web applications. We describe how UIMA annotations can be backed up by ontological specifications of annotation schemes as in the OLiA model, and how these are linked to the OntoTag ontologies, which allow for further ontological processing.

null

83,801

inproceedings

broeder-etal-2008-foundation

Foundation of a Component-based Flexible Registry for Language Resources and Technology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1413/

Broeder, Daan and Declerck, Thierry and Hinrichs, Erhard and Piperidis, Stelios and Romary, Laurent and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Within the CLARIN e-science infrastructure project it is foreseen to develop a component-based registry for metadata for Language Resources and Language Technology. With this registry it is hoped to overcome the problems of the current available systems with respect to inflexible fixed schema, unsuitable terminology and interoperability problems. The registry will address interoperability needs by refering to a shared vocabulary registered in data category registries as they are suggested by ISO.

null

83,802

inproceedings

broeder-etal-2008-building

Building a Federation of Language Resource Repositories: the {DAM}-{LR} Project and its Continuation within {CLARIN}.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1414/

Broeder, Daan and Nathan, David and Str{\"omqvist, Sven and van Veenendaal, Remco

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The DAM-LR project aims at virtually integrating various European language resource archives that allow users to navigate and operate in a single unified domain of language resources. This type of integration introduces Grid technology to the humanities disciplines and forms a federation of archives. The complete architecture is designed based on a few well-known components .This is considered the basis for building a research infrastructure for Language Resources as is planned within the CLARIN project. The DAM-LR project was purposefully started with only a small number of participants for flexibility and to avoid complex contract negotiations with respect to legal issues. Now that we have gained insights into the basic technology issues and organizational issues, it is foreseen that the federation will be expanded considerably within the CLARIN project that will also address the associated legal issues.

null

83,803

inproceedings

trilsbeek-etal-2008-grid

A Grid of Regional Language Archives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1415/

Trilsbeek, Paul and Broeder, Daan and Valkenhoef, Tobias and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

About two years ago, the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, started an initiative to install regional language archives in various places around the world, particularly in places where a large number of endangered languages exist and are being documented. These digital archives make use of the LAT archiving framework that the MPI has developed over the past nine years. This framework consists of a number of web-based tools for depositing, organizing and utilizing linguistic resources in a digital archive. The regional archives are in principle autonomous archives, but they can decide to share metadata descriptions and language resources with the MPI archive in Nijmegen and become part of a grid of linked LAT archives. By doing so, they will also take advantage of the long-term preservation strategy of the MPI archive. This paper describes the reasoning behind this initiative and how in practice such an archive is set up.

null

83,804

inproceedings

tokunaga-etal-2008-adapting

Adapting International Standard for {A}sian Language Technologies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1416/

Tokunaga, Takenobu and Kaplan, Dain and Huang, Chu-Ren and Hsieh, Shu-Kai and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Monachini, Monica and Soria, Claudia and Shirai, Kiyoaki and Sornlertlamvanich, Virach and Charoenporn, Thatsanee and Xia, YingJu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Corpus-based approaches and statistical approaches have been the main stream of natural language processing research for the past two decades. Language resources play a key role in such approaches, but there is an insufficient amount of language resources in many Asian languages. In this situation, standardisation of language resources would be of great help in developing resources in new languages. This paper presents the latest development efforts of our project which aims at creating a common standard for Asian language resources that is compatible with an international standard. In particular, the paper focuses on i) lexical specification and data categories relevant for building multilingual lexical resources for Asian languages; ii) a core upper-layer ontology needed for ensuring multilingual interoperability and iii) the evaluation platform used to test the entire architectural framework.

null

83,805

inproceedings

shinzato-etal-2008-large

A Large-Scale Web Data Collection as a Natural Language Processing Infrastructure

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1417/

Shinzato, Keiji and Kawahara, Daisuke and Hashimoto, Chikara and Kurohashi, Sadao

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In recent years, language resources acquired from theWeb are released, and these data improve the performance of applications in several NLP tasks. Although the language resources based on the web page unit are useful in NLP tasks and applications such as knowledge acquisition, document retrieval and document summarization, such language resources are not released so far. In this paper, we propose a data format for results of web page processing, and a search engine infrastructure which makes it possible to share approximately 100 million Japanese web data. By obtaining the web data, NLP researchers are enabled to begin their own processing immediately without analyzing web pages by themselves.

null

83,806

inproceedings

del-gratta-etal-2008-ufra

{UFRA}: a {UIMA}-based Approach to Federated Language Resource Architecture

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1418/

Del Gratta, Riccardo and Bartolini, Roberto and Caselli, Tommaso and Monachini, Monica and Soria, Claudia and Calzolari, Nicoletta

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we address the issue of developing an interoperable infrastructure for language resources and technologies. In our approach, called UFRA, we extend the Federate Database Architecture System adding typical functionalities caming from UIMA. In this way, we capitalize the advantages of a federated architecture, such as autonomy, heterogeneity and distribution of components, monitored by a central authority responsible for checking both the integration of components and user rights on performing different tasks. We use the UIMA approach to manage and define one common front-end, enabling users and clients to query, retrieve and use language resources and technologies. The purpose of this paper is to show how UIMA leads from a Federated Database Architecture to a Federated Resource Architecture, adding to a registry of available components both static resources such as lexicons and corpora and dynamic ones such as tools and general purpose language technologies. At the end of the paper, we present a case-study that adopts this framework to integrate the SIMPLE lexicon and TIMEML annotation guidelines to tag natural language texts.

null

83,807

inproceedings

rehm-etal-2008-metadata

The Metadata-Database of a Next Generation Sustainability Web-Platform for Language Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1419/

Rehm, Georg and Schonefeld, Oliver and Witt, Andreas and Lehmberg, Timm and Chiarcos, Christian and Bechara, Hanan and Eishold, Florian and Evang, Kilian and Leshtanska, Magdalena and Savkov, Aleksandar and Stark, Matthias

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Our goal is to provide a web-based platform for the long-term preservation and distribution of a heterogeneous collection of linguistic resources. We discuss the corpus preprocessing and normalisation phase that results in sets of multi-rooted trees. At the same time we transform the original metadata records, just like the corpora annotated using different annotation approaches and exhibiting different levels of granularity, into the all-encompassing and highly flexible format eTEI for which we present editing and parsing tools. We also discuss the architecture of the sustainability platform. Its primary components are an XML database that contains corpus and metadata files and an SQL database that contains user accounts and access control lists. A staging area, whose structure, contents, and consistency can be checked using tools, is used to make sure that new resources about to be imported into the platform have the correct structure.

null

83,808

inproceedings

lendvai-hunt-2008-field

From Field Notes towards a Knowledge Base

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1420/

Lendvai, Piroska and Hunt, Steve

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe the process of converting plain text cultural heritage data to elements of a domain-specific knowledge base, using general machine learning techniques. First, digitised expedition field notes are segmented and labelled automatically. In order to obtain perfect records, we create an annotation tool that features selective sampling, allowing domain experts to validate automatically labelled text, which is then stored in a database. Next, the records are enriched with semi-automatically derived secondary metadata. Metadata enable fine-grained querying, the results of which are additionally visualised using maps and photos.

null

83,809

inproceedings

tohyama-etal-2008-construction-metadata

Construction of a Metadata Database for Efficient Development and Use of Language Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1421/

Tohyama, Hitomi and Kozawa, Shunsuke and Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Matsubara, Shigeki and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Nagoya University have been jointly constructing a large scale database named SHACHI by collecting detailed meta-information on language resources (LRs) in Asia and Western countries, for the purpose of effectively combining LRs. The purpose of this project is to investigate languages, tag sets, and formats compiled in LRs throughout the world, to systematically store LR metadata, to create a search function for this information, and to ultimately utilize all this for a more efficient development of LRs. This metadata database contains more than 2,000 compiled LRs such as corpora, dictionaries, thesauruses and lexicons, forming a large scale metadata of LRs archive. Its metadata, an extended version of OLAC metadata set conforming to Dublin Core, which contain detailed meta-information, have been collected semi-automatically. This paper explains the design and the structure of the metadata database, as well as the realization of the catalogue search tool. Additionally, the website of this database is now open to the public and accessible to all Internet users.

null

83,810

inproceedings

madsen-thomsen-2008-taxonomy

A Taxonomy of Lexical Metadata Categories

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1422/

Madsen, Bodil Nistrup and Thomsen, Hanne Erdman

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Metadata registries comprising sets of categories to be used in data collections exist in many fields. The purpose of a metadata registry is to facilitate data exchange and interoperability within a domain, and registries often contain definitions and examples. In this paper we will argue that in order to ensure completeness, consistency, user-friendliness and extensibility, metadata registries should be structured as taxonomies. Furthermore we will illustrate the usefulness of using terminological ontologies as the basis for developing metadata taxonomies. In this connection we will discuss the principles of developing ontologies and the differences between taxonomies and ontologies. The paper includes examples of initiatives for developing metadata standards within the field of language resources, more specifically lexical data categories, elaborated at international and national level. However, the principles that we introduce for the development of data category registries are relevant not only for metadata registries for lexical resources, but for all kinds of metadata registries.

null

83,811

inproceedings

itahashi-tseng-2008-2008

The 2008 Oriental {COCOSDA} Book Project: in Commemoration of the First Decade of Sustained Activities in {A}sia

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1423/

Itahashi, Shuichi and Tseng, Chiu-yu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The purpose of Oriental COCOSDA is to provide the Asian community a platform to exchange ideas, to share information and to discuss regional matters on creation, utilization, dissemination of spoken language corpora of oriental languages and also on the assessment methods of speech recognition/synthesis systems as well as to promote speech research on oriental languages. Since its preparatory meeting in Hong Kong in 1997, annual workshops have been organized and held in Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1998 onwards. The organization is managed by a convener, three advisory members, and 26 committee members from 13 regions in Oriental area. In order to commemorate 10 years of continued activities, the members have decided to publish a book which covers a wide range of speech research. Special focus will be on speech resources or speech corpora in Oriental countries and standardization of speech input/output systems performance evaluation methods on which key technologies for speech systems development are based. The book will also include linguistic outlines of oriental languages, annotation, labeling, and software tools for speech processing.

null

83,812

inproceedings

przepiorkowski-etal-2008-towards

Towards the {N}ational {C}orpus of {P}olish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1424/

Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam and G{\'o}rski, Rafa{\l} L. and Lewandowska-Tomaszyk, Barbara and {\L}azi{\'n}ski, Marek

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents a new corpus project, aiming at building a national corpus of Polish. What makes it different from a typical YACP (Yet Another Corpus Project) is 1) the fact that all four partners in the project have in the past constructed corpora of Polish, sometimes in the spirit of collaboration, at other times - in the spirit of competition, 2) the partners bring into the project varying areas of expertise and experience, so the synergy effect is anticipated, 3) the corpus will be built with an eye on specific applications in various fields, including lexicography (the corpus will be the empirical basis of a new large general dictionary of Polish) and natural language processing (a number of NLP tools will be constructed within the project).

null

83,813

inproceedings

meister-vilo-2008-strengthening

Strengthening the {E}stonian Language Technology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1425/

Meister, Einar and Vilo, Jaak

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper will give an overview of developments in Estonia in the field of Human Language Technologies. Despite of the fact that Estonian is one of the smallest official languages in EU and therefore in less favourable position in the HLT-market, the national initiatives are undertaken in order to promote HLT development in Estonia. The paper will introduce recent activities in Estonia, including National Programme for Estonian Language Technology (2006-2010).

null

83,814

inproceedings

maegaard-etal-2008-medar

{MEDAR}: Collaboration between {E}uropean and Mediterranean {A}rabic Partners to Support the Development of Language Technology for {A}rabic

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1426/

Maegaard, Bente and Atiyya, Mohammed and Choukri, Khalid and Krauwer, Steven and Mokbel, Chafic and Yaseen, Mustafa

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

After the successful completion of the NEMLAR project 2003-2005, a new opportunity for a project was opened by the European Commission, and a group of largely the same partners is now executing the MEDAR project. MEDAR will be updating the surveys and BLARK for Arabic already made, and will then focus on machine translation (and other tools for translation) and information retrieval with a focus on language resources, tools and evaluation for these applications. A very important part of the MEDAR project is to reinforce and extend the NEMLAR network and to create a cooperation roadmap for Human Language Technologies for Arabic. It is expected that the cooperation roadmap will attract wide attention from other parties and that it can help create a larger platform for collaborative projects. Finally, the project will focus on dissemination of knowledge about existing resources and tools, as well as actors and activities; this will happen through newsletter, website and an international conference which will follow up on the Cairo conference of 2004. Dissemination to user communities will also be important, e.g. through participation in translators? conferences. The goal of these activities is to create a stronger and lasting collaboration between EU countries and Arabic speaking countries.

null

83,815

inproceedings

krek-etal-2008-slovene

{S}lovene Terminology Web Portal and the {TBX}-Compatible Simplified {DTD}/schema

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1427/

Krek, Simon and Gorjanc, Vojko and Arhar, {\v{S}}pela

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper describes the project whose main purpose is the creation of the Slovene terminology web portal, funded by the Slovene Research Agency and the Amebis software company. It focuses on the DTD/schema used for the unification of different terminology resources in different input formats into one database available on the web. Two projects involving unification DTD/schemas were taken as the model for the resulting DTD/schema: the CONCEDE project and the TMF project. The final DTD/schema was tested on twenty different specialized dictionaries, both monolingual and bilingual, in various formats either without any existing markup or with complex XML structure. The result of the project will be an on-line terminology resource for Slovenian which will also include didactic material on terminology and free tools for uploading domain-specific text collections to be processed with NLP software, including a term extractor.

null

83,816

inproceedings

petukhova-bunt-2008-lirics

{LIRICS} Semantic Role Annotation: Design and Evaluation of a Set of Data Categories

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1428/

Petukhova, Volha and Bunt, Harry

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Semantic roles have often proved to be useful labels for stating linguistic generalisations of various sorts. There is, however, a lack of agreement on their defining criteria, which causes serious problems for semantic roles to be a useful classificatory device for predicate-argument relations. These criteria should (a) support the design of a semantic role set which is complete but does not contain redundant relations; (b) be based on semantic rather than morphological, lexical or syntactic properties; and (c) enable formal interpretation. In this paper we report on the analyses of alternative approaches to annotation and representation of semantic role information (such as FrameNet, PropBank and VerbNet) with respect to their models of description, granularity of semantic role sets, definitions of semantic roles concepts, consistency and reliability of annotations. We present methodological principles for characterising well-defined concepts which were developed within the LIRICS (Linguistic InfRastructure for Interoperable ResourCes and Systems; see \url{http://lirics.loria.fr}) project, as well as the designed set of semantic roles and their definitions in ISO 12620 format. We discuss evaluation results of the defined concepts for semantic role annotation concerning the redundancy and completeness of the tagset and the reliability of annotations in terms of inter-annotator agreement.

null

83,817

inproceedings

zeman-2008-reusable

Reusable Tagset Conversion Using Tagset Drivers

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1429/

Zeman, Daniel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Part-of-speech or morphological tags are important means of annotation in a vast number of corpora. However, different sets of tags are used in different corpora, even for the same language. Tagset conversion is difficult, and solutions tend to be tailored to a particular pair of tagsets. We propose a universal approach that makes the conversion tools reusable. We also provide an indirect evaluation in the context of a parsing task.

null

83,818

inproceedings

derouin-meur-2008-presentation

Presentation of the New {ISO}-Standard for the Representation of Entries in Dictionaries: {ISO} 1951

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1430/

Derouin, Marie-Jeanne and Meur, Andr{\'e} Le

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Times have changed over the last ten years in terms of dictionary production. With the introduction of digital support and networking, the lifespan of dictionaries has been considerably extended. The dictionary manuscript has become a unique data-source that can be reused and manipulated many times by numerous in-house and external experts. The traditional relationship between author, publisher and user has now been extended to include other partners: data-providers - either other publishers or institutions or industry-partners - , software developers, language-tool providers, etc. All these dictionary experts need a basic common language to optimize their work flow and to be able to co-operate in developing new products while avoiding time-consuming and expensive data manipulations. In this paper we will first of all present the ISO standardization for Lexicography which takes these new market needs into account, and then go on to describe the new standard ISO 1951: -Presentation/Representation of entries in dictionaries- which was published in March 2007. In conclusion, we will outline the benefits of standardization for the dictionary publishing industry.

null

83,819

inproceedings

kemps-snijders-etal-2008-isocat

{ISO}cat: Corralling Data Categories in the Wild

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1431/

Kemps-Snijders, Marc and Windhouwer, Menzo and Wittenburg, Peter and Wright, Sue Ellen

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

To achieve true interoperability for valuable linguistic resources different levels of variation need to be addressed. ISO Technical Committee 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, is developing a Data Category Registry. This registry will provide a reusable set of data categories. A new implementation, dubbed ISOcat, of the registry is currently under construction. This paper shortly describes the new data model for data categories that will be introduced in this implementation. It goes on with a sketch of the standardization process. Completed data categories can be reused by the community. This is done by either making a selection of data categories using the ISOcat web interface, or by other tools which interact with the ISOcat system using one of its various Application Programming Interfaces. Linguistic resources that use data categories from the registry should include persistent references, e.g. in the metadata or schemata of the resource, which point back to their origin. These data category references can then be used to determine if two or more resources share common semantics, thus providing a level of interoperability close to the source data and a promising layer for semantic alignment on higher levels.

null

83,820

inproceedings

maks-etal-2008-standardising

Standardising Bilingual Lexical Resources According to the Lexicon Markup Framework

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1432/

Maks, Isa and Tiberius, Carole and van Veenendaal, Remco

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The Dutch HLT agency for language and speech technology (known as TST-centrale) at the Institute for Dutch Lexicology is responsible for the maintenance, distribution and accessibility of (Dutch) digital language resources. In this paper we present a project which aims to standardise the format of a set of bilingual lexicons in order to make them available to potential users, to facilitate the exchange of data (among the resources and with other (monolingual) resources) and to enable reuse of these lexicons for NLP applications like machine translation and multilingual information retrieval. We pay special attention to the methods and tools we used and to some of the problematic issues we encountered during the conversion process. As these problems are mainly caused by the fact that the standard LMF model fails in representing the detailed semantic and pragmatic distinctions made in our bilingual data, we propose some modifications to the standard. In general, we think that a standard for lexicons should provide a model for bilingual lexicons that is able to represent all detailed and fine-grained translation information which is generally found in these types of lexicons.

null

83,821

inproceedings

declerck-2008-framework

A Framework for Standardized Syntactic Annotation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1433/

Declerck, Thierry

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This poster presents an ISO framework for the standardization of syntactic annotation (SynAF). The normative part SynAF is concerned with a metamodel for syntactic annotation that covers both dimensions of constituency and dependency, and propose thus a multi-layered annotation framework that allows the combined and interrelated annotation of language data along both lines of consideration. This standard is designed to be used in close conjuncion with the metamodel presented in the Linguistic Annotation Framework (LAF) and with ISO 12620, Terminology and other language resources - Data categories.

null

83,822

inproceedings

arranz-etal-2008-guide

A Guide for the Production of Reusable Language Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1434/

Arranz, Victoria and Gandcher, Franck and Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie and Choukri, Khalid

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The project described in this paper is funded by the French Ministry of Research. It aims at providing producers of Language Resources, and HLT players in general, with a guide which offers technical, legal and strategic recommendations/guidelines for the reuse of their Language Resources. The guide is dedicated in particular to academic laboratories which produce Language Resources and may benefit from further advice to start development, but also to any HLT player who wishes to follow the best practices in this field. The guidelines focus on different steps of a Language Resources life, i.e. specifications, production, validation, distribution, and maintenance. This paper gives a brief overview of the guide, and describes a) technical formats, standards and best practices which correspond to the current state of the art, for different types of resources, whether written or spoken, at different steps of the production line, b) legal issues and models/templates which can be used for the dissemination of Language Resources as widely as possible, c) strategic issues, by offering a dissemination plan which takes into account all types of constraints faced by HLT community players.

null

83,823

inproceedings

maurel-2008-prolexbase

{P}rolexbase: a Multilingual Relational Lexical Database of Proper Names

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1435/

Maurel, Denis

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper deals with a multilingual relational lexical database of proper name, Prolexbase, a free resource available on the CNRTL website. The Prolex model is based on two main concepts: firstly, a language independent pivot and, secondly, the prolexeme (the projection of the pivot onto particular language), that is a set of lemmas (names and derivatives). These two concepts model the variations of proper name: firstly, independent of language and, secondly, language dependent by morphology or knowledge. Variation processing is very important for NLP: the same proper name can be written in different instances, maybe in different parts of speech, and it can also be replaced by another one, a lexical anaphora (that reveals semantic link). The pivot represents different referents points of view, i.e. language independent variations of name. Pivots are linked by three semantic relations (quasi-synonymy, partitive relation and associative relation). The prolexeme is a set of variants (aliases), quasi-synonyms and morphosemantic derivatives. Prolexemes are linked to classifying contexts and reliability code.

null

83,824

inproceedings

hayashi-etal-2008-ontologizing

Ontologizing Lexicon Access Functions based on an {LMF}-based Lexicon Taxonomy

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1436/

Hayashi, Yoshihiko and Narawa, Chiharu and Monachini, Monica and Soria, Claudia and Calzolari, Nicoletta

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses ontologization of lexicon access functions in the context of a service-oriented language infrastructure, such as the Language Grid. In such a language infrastructure, an access function to a lexical resource, embodied as an atomic Web service, plays a crucially important role in composing a composite Web service tailored to a users specific requirement. To facilitate the composition process involving service discovery, planning and invocation, the language infrastructure should be ontology-based; hence the ontologization of a range of lexicon functions is highly required. In a service-oriented environment, lexical resources however can be classified from a service-oriented perspective rather than from a lexicographically motivated standard. Hence to address the issue of interoperability, the taxonomy for lexical resources should be ground to principled and shared lexicon ontology. To do this, we have ontologized the standardized lexicon modeling framework LMF, and utilized it as a foundation to stipulate the service-oriented lexicon taxonomy and the corresponding ontology for lexicon access functions. This paper also examines a possible solution to fill the gap between the ontological descriptions and the actual Web service API by adopting a W3C recommendation SAWSDL, with which Web service descriptions can be linked with the domain ontology.

null

83,825

inproceedings

barbu-2008-romanian

{R}omanian Lexical Data Bases: Inflected and Syllabic Forms Dictionaries

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1437/

Barbu, Ana-Maria

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents two lexical data bases for Romanian: RoMorphoDict, a dictionary of inflected forms and RoSyllabiDict, a dictionary of syllabified inflected forms. Each data basis is available in two Unicode formats: text and XML. An entry of RoMorphoDict, in text format, contains information on inflected form, its lemma, its morpho-syntactic description and the marking of the stressed vowel in pronunciation, while in XML format, an entry, representing the whole paradigm of a word, contains further informations about roots and paradigm class. An entry of RoSyllabiDict, in both formats, contains information about unsyllabified word, its syllabified correspondent, grammatical information and/or type of syllabification, if it is the case. The stressed vowel is also marked on the syllabified form. Each lexical data base includes the corresponding inflected forms of about 65,000 lemmas, that is, over 700,000 entries in RoMorphoDict, and over 500,000 entries in RoSyllabiDict. Both resources are available for free. The paper describes in detail the content of these data bases and the procedure of building them.

null

83,826

inproceedings

fujii-2008-producing

Producing an Encyclopedic Dictionary using Patent Documents

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1438/

Fujii, Atsushi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Although the World Wide Web has late become an important source to consult for the meaning of words, a number of technical terms related to high technology are not found on the Web. This paper describes a method to produce an encyclopedic dictionary for high-tech terms from patent information. We used a collection of unexamined patent applications published by the Japanese Patent Office as a source corpus. Given this collection, we extracted terms as headword candidates and retrieved applications including those headwords. Then, we extracted paragraph-style descriptions and categorized them into technical domains. We also extracted related terms for each headword. We have produced a dictionary including approximately 400,000 Japanese terms as headwords. We have also implemented an interface with which users can explore our dictionary by reading text descriptions and viewing a related-term graph.

null

83,827

inproceedings

de-vriend-etal-2008-evaluating

Evaluating the Relationship between Linguistic and Geographic Distances using a 3{D} Visualization

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1439/

de Vriend, Folkert and Kunst, Jan Pieter and ten Bosch, Louis and Giesbers, Charlotte and van Hout, Roeland

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we discuss how linguistic and geographic distances can be related using a 3D visualization. We will convert linguistic data for locations along the German-Dutch border to linguistic distances that can be compared directly to geographic distances. This enables us to visualize linguistic distances as real distances with the use of the third dimension available in 3D modelling software. With such a visualization we will test if descriptive dialect data support the hypothesis that the German-Dutch state border became a linguistic border between the German and Dutch dialects. Our visualization is implemented in the 3D modelling software SketchUp.

null

83,828

inproceedings

banski-moszczynski-2008-enhancing

Enhancing an {E}nglish-{P}olish Electronic Dictionary for Multiword Expression Research

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1440/

Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr and Moszczy{\'n}ski, Rados{\l}aw

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes a project aimed at converting a legacy representation of English idioms into an XML-based format. The project is set in the context of a large electronic English-Polish dictionary which contains several hundred formalized idiom descriptions and which has been released under the terms of a free license. In short, the project consists of three phases: cleaning up the dictionary markup, extracting the legacy idiom representations, and converting them into TEI P5 XML constrained by a RelaxNG grammar created for this purpose and constituting a module that can be included as part of the TEI P5 schema. The paper contains general descriptions of the individual phases and several examples of XML-encoded idioms. It also suggests some directions for further research, which include abstracting the XML-ized idiom representations into general syntactic patterns and using the representations to automatically identify idioms in tagged corpora.

null

83,829

inproceedings

brierley-atwell-2008-proposel-prosody

{P}ro{POSEL}: A Prosody and {POS} {E}nglish Lexicon for Language Engineering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1441/

Brierley, Claire and Atwell, Eric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

ProPOSEL is a prototype prosody and PoS (part-of-speech) English lexicon for Language Engineering, derived from the following language resources: the computer-usable dictionary CUVPlus, the CELEX-2 database, the Carnegie-Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary, and the BNC, LOB and Penn Treebank PoS-tagged corpora. The lexicon is designed for the target application of prosodic phrase break prediction but is also relevant to other machine learning and language engineering tasks. It supplements the existing record structure for wordform entries in CUVPlus with syntactic annotations from rival PoS-tagging schemes, mapped to fields for default closed and open-class word categories and for lexical stress patterns representing the rhythmic structure of wordforms and interpreted as potential new text-based features for automatic phrase break classifiers. The current version of the lexicon comes as a textfile of 104052 separate entries and is intended for distribution with the Natural Language ToolKit; it is therefore accompanied by supporting Python software for manipulating the data so that it can be used for Natural Language Processing (NLP) and corpus-based research in speech synthesis and speech recognition.

null

83,830

inproceedings

westerhout-monachesi-2008-creating

Creating Glossaries Using Pattern-Based and Machine Learning Techniques

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1442/

Westerhout, Eline and Monachesi, Paola

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

One of the aims of the Language Technology for eLearning project is to show that Natural Language Processing techniques can be employed to enhance the learning process. To this end, one of the functionalities that has been developed is a pattern-based glossary candidate detector which is capable of extracting definitions in eight languages. In order to improve the results obtained with the pattern-based approach, machine learning techniques are applied on the Dutch results to filter out incorrectly extracted definitions. In this paper, we discuss the machine learning techniques used and we present the results of the quantitative evaluation. We also discuss the integration of the tool into the Learning Management System ILIAS.

null

83,831

inproceedings

cahill-2008-using

Using Similarity Measures to Extend the {L}in{GO} Lexicon

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1443/

Cahill, Lynne

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Deep processing of natural language requires large scale lexical resources that have sufficient coverage at a sufficient level of detail and accuracy (i.e. both recall and precision). Hand-crafted lexicons are extremely labour-intensive to create and maintain, and require continuous updating and extension to retain their level of usability. In this paper we present a technique for extending lexicons using similarity measures that can be extracted from corpora. The technique involves creating lexical entries for unknown words based on entries for words that are known and that are deemed to be distributionally similar. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach by providing an extended lexicon for the LinGO system using similarity measures extracted from the BNC. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using such lexical extensions in different ways: principally either as part of the main lexicon or as a separate resource used only for last resort use.

null

83,832

inproceedings

adolphs-2008-acquiring

Acquiring a Poor Man`s Inflectional Lexicon for {G}erman

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1444/

Adolphs, Peter

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Many NLP modules and applications require the availability of a module for wide-coverage inflectional analysis. One way to obtain such analyses is to use a morphological analyser in combination with an inflectional lexicon. Since large text corpora nowadays are easily available and inflectional systems are in general well understood, it seems feasible to acquire lexical data from raw texts, guided by our knowledge of inflection. I present an acquisition method along these lines for German. The general idea can be roughly summarised as follows: first, generate a set of lexical entry hypotheses for each word-form in the corpus; then, select hypotheses that explain the word-forms found in the corpus best. To this end, I have turned an existing morphological grammar, cast in finite-state technology (Schmid et al. 2004), into a hypothesiser for lexical entries. Irregular forms are simply listed so that they do not interfere with the regular rules used in the hypothesiser. Running the hypothesiser on a text corpus yields a large number of lexical entry hypotheses. These are then ranked according to their validity with the help of a statistical model that is based on the number of attested and predicted word forms for each hypothesis.

null

83,833

inproceedings

bel-etal-2008-coldic

{COLDIC}, a Lexicographic Platform for {LMF} compliant lexica

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1445/

Bel, N{\'u}ria and Espeja, Sergio and Marimon, Montserrat and Villegas, Marta

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Despite of the importance of lexical resources for a number of NLP applications (Machine Translation, Information Extraction, Question Answering, among others), there has been a traditional lack of generic tools for the creation, maintenance and management of computational lexica. The most direct obstacle for the development of generic tools, independent of any particular application format, was the lack of standards for the description and encoding of lexical resources. The availability of the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) has changed this scenario and has made it possible the development of generic lexical platforms. COLDIC is a generic platform for working with computational lexica. The system has been designed to let the user concentrate on lexicographical tasks, but still being autonomous in the management of the tools. The creation and maintenance of the database, which is the core of the tool, demand no specific training in databases. A LMF compliant schema implemented in a Document Type Definition (DTD) describing the lexical resources is taken by the system to automatically configure the platform. Besides, the most standard web services for interoperability are also generated automatically. Other components of the platform include build-in functions supporting the most common tasks of the lexicographic work.

null

83,834

inproceedings

bamman-etal-2008-annotation

The Annotation Guidelines of the {L}atin Dependency Treebank and Index {T}homisticus Treebank: the Treatment of some specific Syntactic Constructions in {L}atin

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1446/

Bamman, David and Passarotti, Marco and Busa, Roberto and Crane, Gregory

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper describes the treatment of some specific syntactic constructions in two treebanks of Latin according to a common set of annotation guidelines. Both projects work within the theoretical framework of Dependency Grammar, which has been demonstrated to be an especially appropriate framework for the representation of languages with a moderately free word order, where the linear order of constituents is broken up with elements of other constituents. The two projects are the first of their kind for Latin, so no prior established guidelines for syntactic annotation are available to rely on. The general model for the adopted style of representation is that used by the Prague Dependency Treebank, with departures arising from the Latin grammar of Pinkster, specifically in the traditional grammatical categories of the ablative absolute, the accusative + infinitive, and gerunds/gerundives. Sharing common annotation guidelines allows us to compare the datasets of the two treebanks for tasks such as mutually checking annotation consistency, diachronically studying specific syntactic constructions, and training statistical dependency parsers.

null

83,835

inproceedings

tufis-etal-2008-unsupervised

Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition for Part of Speech Tagging

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1447/

Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and Irimia, Elena and Ion, Radu and Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

It is known that POS tagging is not very accurate for unknown words (words which the POS tagger has not seen in the training corpora). Thus, a first step to improve the tagging accuracy would be to extend the coverage of the taggers learned lexicon. It turns out that, through the use of a simple procedure, one can extend this lexicon without using additional, hard to obtain, hand-validated training corpora. The basic idea consists of merely adding new words along with their (correct) POS tags to the lexicon and trying to estimate the lexical distribution of these words according to similar ambiguity classes already present in the lexicon. We present a method of automatically acquire high quality POS tagging lexicons based on morphologic analysis and generation. Currently, this procedure works on Romanian for which we have a required paradigmatic generation procedure but the architecture remains general in the sense that given the appropriate substitutes for the morphological generator and POS tagger, one should obtain similar results.

null

83,836

inproceedings

todirascu-etal-2008-hybrid

A Hybrid Approach to Extracting and Classifying {V}erb+{N}oun Constructions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1448/

Todira{\c{s}}cu, Amalia and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and Heid, Ulrich and Gledhill, Christopher and {\c{S}}tefanescu, Dan and Weller, Marion and Rousselot, Fran{\c{c}}ois

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present the main findings and preliminary results of an ongoing project aimed at developing a system for collocation extraction based on contextual morpho-syntactic properties. We explored two hybrid extraction methods: the first method applies language-indepedent statistical techniques followed by a linguistic filtering, while the second approach, available only for German, is based on a set of lexico-syntactic patterns to extract collocation candidates. To define extraction and filtering patterns, we studied a specific collocation category, the Verb-Noun constructions, using a model inspired by the systemic functional grammar, proposing three level analysis: lexical, functional and semantic criteria. From tagged and lemmatized corpus, we identify some contextual morpho-syntactic properties helping to filter the output of the statistical methods and to extract some potential interesting VN constructions (complex predicates vs complex predicators). The extracted candidates are validated and classified manually.

null

83,837

inproceedings

lapshinova-koltunski-heid-2008-head

Head or Non-head? Semi-automatic Procedures for Extracting and Classifying Subcategorisation Properties of Compounds.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1449/

Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina and Heid, Ulrich

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we discuss an approach to the semi-automatic extraction and classification of the compounds extracted from German corpora. Compound nominals are semi-automatically extracted from text corpora along with their sentential complements. In this study we concentrate on that{\-}, wh{\-} or if subclauses although our methods can be applied to other complements as well. We elaborate an architecture using linguistic knowledge about the phenomena we extract, and aim at answering the following questions: how can data about subcategorisation properties of nominal compounds be extracted from text corpora, and how can compounds be classified according to their subcategorisation properties? Our classification is based on the relationships between the subcategorisation of nominal compounds, e.g. Grundfrage, Wettstreit and Beweismittel, and that of their constituent parts, such as Frage, Streit, Beweis, etc. We show that there are cases which do not match the commonly accepted assumption that the head of a compound is its valency bearer. Such cases should receive a specific treatment in NLP dictionary building. This calls for tools to identify and classify such cases by means of data extraction from corpora. We propose precision-oriented semi{\-}automatic extraction which can operate on tokenized, tagged and lemmatized texts. In the future, we are going to extend the kinds of extracted complements beyond subclauses and analyze the nature of the non-head valency-bearer of compounds, as well as an extension of the kinds of extracted complements beyond subclauses.

null

83,838

inproceedings

kountz-etal-2008-laf

A {LAF}/{G}r{AF} based Encoding Scheme for underspecified Representations of syntactic Annotations.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1450/

Kountz, Manuel and Heid, Ulrich and Eckart, Kerstin

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Data models and encoding formats for syntactically annotated text corpora need to deal with syntactic ambiguity; underspecified representations are particularly well suited for the representation of ambiguous data because they allow for high informational efficiency. We discuss the issue of being informationally efficient, and the trade-off between efficient encoding of linguistic annotations and complete documentation of linguistic analyses. The main topic of this article is a data model and an encoding scheme based on LAF/GrAF (Ide and Romary, 2006; Ide and Suderman, 2007) which provides a flexible framework for encoding underspecified representations. We show how a set of dependency structures and a set of TiGer graphs (Brants et al., 2002) representing the readings of an ambiguous sentence can be encoded, and we discuss basic issues in querying corpora which are encoded using the framework presented here.

null

83,839

inproceedings

erjavec-krek-2008-jos

The {JOS} Morphosyntactically Tagged Corpus of {S}lovene

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1451/

Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}} and Krek, Simon

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The JOSmorphosyntactic resources for Slovene consist of the specifications, lexicon, and two corpora: jos100k, a 100,000 word balanced monolingual sampled corpus annotated with hand validated morphosyntactic descriptions (MSDs) and lemmas, and jos1M, the 1 million-word partially hand validated corpus. The two corpora have been sampled from the 600M-word Slovene reference corpus FidaPLUS. The JOS resources have a standardised encoding, with the MULTEXT-East-type morphosyntactic specifications and the corpora encoded according to the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines P5. JOS resources are available as a dataset for research under the Creative Commons licence and are meant to facilitate developments of HLT for Slovene.

null

83,840

inproceedings

buczynski-przepiorkowski-2008-demo

♠ Demo: An Open Source Tool for Partial Parsing and Morphosyntactic Disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1452/

Buczy{\'n}ski, Aleksander and Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper presents Spejd, an Open Source Shallow Parsing and Disambiguation Engine. Spejd (abbreviated to ♠) is based on a fully uniform formalism both for constituency partial parsing and for morphosyntactic disambiguation - the same grammar rule may contain structure-building operations, as well as morphosyntactic correction and disambiguation operations. The formalism and the engine are more flexible than either the usual shallow parsing formalisms, which assume disambiguated input, or the usual unification-based formalisms, which couple disambiguation (via unification) with structure building. Current applications of Spejd include rule-based disambiguation, detection of multiword expressions, valence acquisition, and sentiment analysis. The functionality can be further extended by adding external lexical resources. While the examples are based on the set of rules prepared for the parsing of the IPI PAN Corpus of Polish, ♠ is fully language-independent and we hope it will also be useful in the processing of other languages.

null

83,841

inproceedings

scheible-2008-annotating

Annotating Superlatives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1453/

Scheible, Silke

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes a three-part annotation scheme for superlatives. The first identifies syntactic classes, since superlatives can serve different semantic purposes. The second and third only apply to superlatives that express straight-forward comparisons between targets and their comparison sets. The second form of annotation identifies the spans of each target and comparison set, which is of interest for relation extraction. The third form labels superlatives as facts or opinions, which has not yet been undertaken in the area of sentiment detection. The annotation scheme has been tested and evaluated on 500 tokens of superlatives, the results of which are presented in Section 5. In addition to providing a platform for investigating superlatives on a larger scale, this research also introduces a new text-based Wikipedia corpus which is especially suitable for linguistic research.

null

83,842