polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

bejan-harabagiu-2008-linguistic

A Linguistic Resource for Discovering Event Structures and Resolving Event Coreference

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1554/

Bejan, Cosmin and Harabagiu, Sanda

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we present a linguistic resource that annotates event structures in texts. We consider an event structure as a collection of events that interact with each other in a given situation. We interpret the interactions between events as event relations. In this regard, we propose and annotate a set of six relations that best capture the concept of event structure. These relations are: subevent, reason, purpose, enablement, precedence and related. A document from this resource can encode multiple event structures and an event structure can be described across multiple documents. In order to unify event structures, we also annotate inter- and intra-document event coreference. Moreover, we provide methodologies for automatic discovery of event structures from texts. First, we group the events that constitute an event structure into event clusters and then, we use supervised learning frameworks to classify the relations that exist between events from the same cluster

null

83,943

inproceedings

ohara-2008-lexicon

Lexicon, Grammar, and Multilinguality in the {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1555/

Ohara, Kyoko

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses findings of a frame-based contrastive text analysis, using the large-scale and precise descriptions of semantic frames provided by the FrameNet project (Baker, 2006; Fillmore, 2006). It points out that even though the existing FrameNet methodology allows us to compare languages at a more detailed level than previous studies (e.g. Talmy, 2003; Slobin, 2004), in order to investigate how different languages encode the same events, it is also necessary to make cross-references to grammatical constructions rather than limiting ourselves to analyzing the semantics of frame-bearing predicates. Based on a contrastive text analysis of an English-Japanese aligned parallel corpus and on the lexicon-building project of Japanese FrameNet (Ohara et al., 2006), the paper attempts to represent interactions between lexical units and constructions of Japanese sentences in terms of the combined lexicon and constructicon, currently being developed in FrameNet (Fillmore, 2006). By applying the idea to the analysis of Japanese in Japanese FrameNet, it is hoped that the study will give support to working out the details of the new FrameNet directions.

null

83,944

inproceedings

ruimy-toral-2008-semantic

More Semantic Links in the {SIMPLE}-{CLIPS} Database

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1556/

Ruimy, Nilda and Toral, Antonio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Notwithstanding its acknowledged richness, the SIMPLE semantic model does not offer the representational vocabulary for encoding some conceptual links holding between events and their participants and among co-participants in events. Although critical for boosting performance in many NLP application tasks, such deep lexical information is therefore only partially encoded in the SIMPLE-CLIPS Italian semantic database. This paper reports on the enrichment of the SIMPLE relation set by some expressive means, namely semantic relations, borrowed from the EuroWordNet model and their implementation in the SIMPLE-CLIPS lexicon. The original situation existing in the database, as to the expression of this type of information is described and the loan descriptive vocabulary presented. Strategies based on the exploitation of the source lexicon data were adopted to induce new information: a wide range of semantic - but also syntactic - information was investigated for singling out word senses candidate to be linked by the new relations. The lexicon enrichment by 5,000 new relations instantiated so far has therefore been carried out as a largely automated, low-effort and cost-free process, with no heavy human intervention. The redundancy set off by such an extension of information is being addressed by the implementation of inheritance in the SIMPLE-CLIPS database (Del Gratta et al., 2008).

null

83,945

inproceedings

del-gratta-etal-2008-simple

Simple-Clips ongoing research: more information with less data by implementing inheritance

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1557/

Del Gratta, Riccardo and Ruimy, Nilda and Toral, Antonio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents the application of inheritance to the formal taxonomy (is-a) of a semantically rich Language Resource based on the Generative Lexicon theory, SIMPLE-CLIPS. The aim is to lighten the representation of its semantic layer by reducing the number of encoded relations. A prediction calculation on the impact of introducing inheritance regarding space occupancy is carried out, yielding a significant space reduction of 22{\%}. This is corroborated by its actual application, which reduces the number of explicitly encoded relations in this lexicon by 18.4{\%}. Later on, we study the issues that inheritance poses to the Language Resources, and discuss sensitive solutions to tackle each of them, including examples. Finally, we present a discussion on the application of inheritance, from which two side effect advantages arise: consistency enhancement and inference capabilities.

null

83,946

inproceedings

davis-etal-2008-linguistically

Linguistically Light Lexical Extensions for Ontologies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1558/

Davis, Brian and Handschuh, Siegfried and Troussov, Alexander and Judge, John and Sogrin, Mikhail

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The identification of class instances within unstructured text for either the purposes of Ontology population or semantic annotation are usually limited to term mentions of Proper Noun and Personal Noun or fixed Key Phrases within Text Analytics or Ontology based Information Extraction(OBIE) applications. These systems do not generalize to cope with compound nominal classes of multi word expressions. Computational Linguistics approaches involving deep analysis tend to suffer from idiomaticity and overgeneration problems while the shallower words with spaces approach frequently employed in Information Extraction(IE) and Industrial Text Analytics systems lacks flexibility and is prone to lexical proliferation. We outline a representation for encoding light linguistic features of Compound Nominal term mentions of Concepts within an Ontology as well as a lightweight semantic annotator which complies the above linguistic information into efficient Dictionary formats to drive large scale identification and semantic annotation of the aforementioned concepts.

null

83,947

inproceedings

weiser-etal-2008-automatic

Automatic Identification of Temporal Information in Tourism Web Pages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1559/

Weiser, St{\'e}phanie and Laublet, Philippe and Minel, Jean-Luc

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents our work on the detection of temporal information in web pages. The pages examined within the scope of this study were taken from the tourism sector and the temporal information in question is thus particular to this area. The differences that exist between extraction from plain textual data and extraction from the web are brought to light. These differences mainly concern the spatial arrangement of the text, the use of punctuation and the respect of traditional syntactic rules. The temporal expressions to be extracted are classified into two kinds: temporal information that concerns one particular event and repetitive temporal information. We adopt a symbolic approach relying on patterns and rules for the detection, extraction and annotation of temporal expressions; our method is based on the use of transducers. First evaluations have shown promising results. Since the visual structure of a web page is very important and often informs the user before he has even read the text, a semiotic study is also presented in this paper.

null

83,948

inproceedings

gottwald-etal-2008-tapping

Tapping Huge Temporally Indexed Textual Resources with {WCTA}nalyze

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1560/

Gottwald, Sebastian and Richter, Matthias and Heyer, Gerhard and Scheuermann, Gerik

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

WCTAnalyze is a tool for storing, accessing and visually analyzing huge collections of temporally indexed data. It is motivated by applications in media analysis, business intelligence etc. where higher level analysis is performed on top of linguistically and statistically processed unstructured textual data. WCTAnalyze combines fast access with economically storage behaviour and appropriates a lot of built in visualization options for result presentation in detail as well as in contrast. So it enables an efficient and effective way to explore chronological text patterns of word forms, their co-occurrence sets and co-occurrence set intersections. Digging deep into co-occurrences of the same semantic or syntactic describing wordforms, some entities can be recognized as to be temporal related, whereas other differ significantly. This behaviour motivates approaches in interactive discovering events based on co-occurrence subsets.

null

83,949

inproceedings

schuurman-2008-spatiotemporal

Spatiotemporal Annotation Using {M}ini{STE}x: how to deal with Alternative, Foreign, Vague and/or Obsolete Names?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1561/

Schuurman, Ineke

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We are currently developing MiniSTEx, a spatiotemporal annotation system to handle temporal and/or geospatial information directly and indirectly expressed in texts. In the end the aim is to locate all eventualities in a text on a time axis and/or a map to ensure an optimal base for automatic temporal and geospatial reasoning. MiniSTEx was originally developed for Dutch, keeping in mind that it should also be useful for other European languages, and for multilingual applications. In order to meet these desiderata we need the MiniSTEx system to be able to draw the conclusions human readers would also draw, e.g. based on their (spatiotemporal) world knowledge, i.e. the common knowledge such readers share. Therefore, notions like background knowledge, intended audience, and present-day user play a major role in our approach. The world knowledge MiniSTEx uses is contained in interconnected tables in a database. At the moment it is used for Dutch and English. Special attention will be paid to the problems we face when looking at older texts or recent historical or encyclopedic texts, i.e. texts with lots of references to times and locations that are not compatible with our current maps and calendars.

null

83,950

inproceedings

vicente-diez-etal-2008-empirical

An Empirical Approach to a Preliminary Successful Identification and Resolution of Temporal Expressions in {S}panish News Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1562/

Vicente-D{\'i}ez, Mar{\'i}a Teresa and Samy, Doaa and Mart{\'i}nez, Paloma

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Dating of contents is relevant to multiple advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, such as Information Retrieval or Question Answering. These could be improved by using techniques that consider a temporal dimension in their processes. To achieve it, an accurate detection of temporal expressions in data sources must be firstly done, dealing with them in an appropriated standard format that captures the time value of the expressions once resolved, and allows reasoning without ambiguity, in order to increase the range of search and the quality of the results to be returned. These tasks are completely necessary for NLP applications if an efficient temporal reasoning is afterwards expected. This work presents a typology of time expressions based on an empirical inductive approach, both from a structural perspective and from the point of view of their resolution. Furthermore, a method for the automatic recognition and resolution of temporal expressions in Spanish contents is provided, obtaining promising results when it is tested by means of an evaluation corpus.

null

83,951

inproceedings

puscasu-mititelu-2008-annotation

Annotation of {W}ord{N}et Verbs with {T}ime{ML} Event Classes

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1563/

Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana and Mititelu, Verginica Barbu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper reports on the annotation of all English verbs included in WordNet 2.0 with TimeML event classes. Two annotators assign each verb present in WordNet the most relevant event class capturing most of that verbs meanings. At the end of the annotation process, inter-annotator agreement is measured using kappa statistics, yielding a kappa value of 0.87. The cases of disagreement between the two independent annotations are clarified by obtaining a third, and in some cases, a fourth opinion, and finally each of the 11,306 WordNet verbs is mapped to a unique event class. The resulted annotation is then employed to automatically assign the corresponding class to each occurrence of a finite or non-finite verb in a given text. The evaluation performed on TimeBank reveals an F-measure of 86.43{\%} achieved for the identification of verbal events, and an accuracy of 85.25{\%} in the task of classifying them into TimeML event classes.

null

83,952

inproceedings

claveau-2008-automatic

Automatic Translation of Biomedical Terms by Supervised Machine Learning

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1564/

Claveau, Vincent

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we present a simple yet efficient automatic system to translate biomedical terms. It mainly relies on a machine learning approach able to infer rewriting rules from pair of terms in two languages. Given a new term, these rules are then used to transform the initial term into its translation. Since conflicting rules may produce different translations, we also use language modeling to single out the best candidate. We report experiments on different language pairs (including Czech, English, French, Italian, German, Portuguese, Spanish and even Russian); our approach yields good results (varying according to the considered languages) and outperforms existing ones for the French-English pair.

null

83,953

inproceedings

badia-etal-2008-rapid

Rapid Deployment of a New {METIS} Language Pair: {C}atalan-{E}nglish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1565/

Badia, Toni and Melero, Maite and Valent{\'i}n, Oriol

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We show here the viability of a rapid deployment of a new language pair within the METIS architecture. In order to do it, we have benefited from the approach of our existing Spanish-English system, which is particularly generation intensive. Contrarily to other SMT or EBMT systems, the METIS architecture allows us to forgo parallel texts, which for many language pairs, such as Catalan-English are hard to obtain. In this experiment, we have successfully built a Catalan-English prototype by simply plugging a POS tagger for Catalan and a bilingual Catalan-English dictionary to the English generation part of the system already developed for other language pairs.

null

83,954

inproceedings

vandeghinste-etal-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of a Machine Translation System for Low Resource Languages: {METIS}-{II}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1566/

Vandeghinste, Vincent and Dirix, Peter and Schuurman, Ineke and Markantonatou, Stella and Sofianopoulos, Sokratis and Vassiliou, Marina and Yannoutsou, Olga and Badia, Toni and Melero, Maite and Boleda, Gemma and Carl, Michael and Schmidt, Paul

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we describe the METIS-II system and its evaluation on each of the language pairs: Dutch, German, Greek, and Spanish to English. The METIS-II system envisaged developing a data-driven approach in which no parallel corpus is required, and in which no full parser or extensive rule sets are needed. We describe evalution on a development test set and on a test set coming from Europarl, and compare our results with SYSTRAN. We also provide some further analysis, researching the impact of the number and source of the reference translations and analysing the results according to test text type. The results are expectably lower for the METIS system, but not at an unatainable distance from a mature system like SYSTRAN.

null

83,955

inproceedings

costa-jussa-etal-2008-using

Using Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation based on Alignment Block Classification

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1567/

Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R. and Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R. and Monte, Enric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is based on alignment models which learn from bilingual corpora the word correspondences between source and target language. These models are assumed to be capable of learning reorderings of sequences of words. However, the difference in word order between two languages is one of the most important sources of errors in SMT. This paper proposes a Recursive Alignment Block Classification algorithm (RABCA) that can take advantage of inductive learning in order to solve reordering problems. This algorithm should be able to cope with swapping examples seen during training; it should infer properties that might permit to reorder pairs of blocks (sequences of words) which did not appear during training; and finally it should be robust with respect to training errors and ambiguities. Experiments are reported on the EuroParl task and RABCA is tested using two state-of-the-art SMT systems: a phrased-based and an Ngram-based. In both cases, RABCA improves results.

null

83,956

inproceedings

johannessen-etal-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Linguistics-Based Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1568/

Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Nordg{\r{a}}rd, Torbj{\o}rn and Nygaard, Lars

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report on the evaluation of the Norwegian-English MT prototype system LOGON. The system is rule-based and makes use of well-established frameworks for analysis and generation (LFG and HPSG). Minimal Recursion Semantics is the glue which performs transfer from source to target language and serves as the information vehicle between LFG and HPSG. The project-internal testing uses material from the training data sources from the domain guidebooks for mountain hiking in the summer season in Southern Norway. This testing, involving eight external assessors, yielded 57 {\%} translated sentences, with acceptable fidelity measures, but with less than acceptable fluency measures. Additional test 1: The LOGON system is sensitive to vocabulary, so we were interested to see to what extent the system would be able to carry over to new texts from the same narrow domain. With only 22 {\%} acceptable translations, this test had disappointing results. Additional test 2: Given the grammatical backbone of the system, we found it important to test it on a syntactic test-suite with only known vocabulary. Here, 55 {\%} of the sentences had good translations. The tests show that even within a very narrow semantic domain, vocabulary sensitivity is the most crucial obstacle for this approach.

null

83,957

inproceedings

zhang-etal-2008-word

Word Alignment Annotation in a {J}apanese-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1569/

Zhang, Yujie and Wang, Zhulong and Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Ma, Qing and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Parallel corpora are critical resources for machine translation research and development since parallel corpora contain translation equivalences of various granularities. Manual annotation of word {\&} phrase alignment is of significance to provide gold-standard for developing and evaluating both example-based machine translation model and statistical machine translation model. This paper presents the work of word {\&} phrase alignment annotation in the NICT Japanese-Chinese parallel corpus, which is constructed at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). We describe the specification of word alignment annotation and the tools specially developed for the manual annotation. The manual annotation on 17,000 sentence pairs has been completed. We examined the manually annotated word alignment data and extracted translation knowledge from the word {\&} phrase aligned corpus.

null

83,958

inproceedings

ma-etal-2008-selection

Selection of {J}apanese-{E}nglish Equivalents by Integrating High-quality Corpora and Huge Amounts of Web Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1570/

Ma, Qing and Nakao, Koichi and Murata, Masaki and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

As a first step to developing systems that enable non-native speakers to output near-perfect English sentences for given mixed English-Japanese sentences, we propose new approaches for selecting English equivalents by using the number of hits for various contexts in large English corpora. As the large English corpora, we not only used the huge amounts of Web data but also the manually compiled large, high-quality English corpora. Using high-quality corpora enables us to accurately select equivalents, and using huge amounts of Web data enables us to resolve the problem of the shortage of hits that normally occurs when using only high-quality corpora. The types and lengths of contexts used to select equivalents are variable and optimally determined according to the number of hits in the corpora, so that performance can be further refined. Computer experiments showed that the precision of our methods was much higher than that of the existing methods for equivalent selection.

null

83,959

inproceedings

megyesi-etal-2008-swedish

{S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1571/

Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta and Dahlqvist, Bengt and Pettersson, Eva and Nivre, Joakim

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we describe our work on building a parallel treebank for a less studied and typologically dissimilar language pair, namely Swedish and Turkish. The treebank is a balanced syntactically annotated corpus containing both fiction and technical documents. In total, it consists of approximately 160,000 tokens in Swedish and 145,000 in Turkish. The texts are linguistically annotated using different layers from part of speech tags and morphological features to dependency annotation. Each layer is automatically processed by using basic language resources for the involved languages. The sentences and words are aligned, and partly manually corrected. We create the treebank by reusing and adjusting existing tools for the automatic annotation, alignment, and their correction and visualization. The treebank was developed within the project supporting research environment for minor languages aiming at to create representative language resources for language pairs dissimilar in language structure. Therefore, efforts are put on developing a general method for formatting and annotation procedure, as well as using tools that can be applied to other language pairs easily.

null

83,960

inproceedings

trushkina-etal-2008-sentence

Sentence Alignment in {DPC}: Maximizing Precision, Minimizing Human Effort

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1572/

Trushkina, Julia and Macken, Lieve and Paulussen, Hans

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

A wide spectrum of multilingual applications have aligned parallel corpora as their prerequisite. The aim of the project described in this paper is to build a multilingual corpus where all sentences are aligned at very high precision with a minimal human effort involved. The experiments on a combination of sentence aligners with different underlying algorithms described in this paper showed that by verifying only those links which were not recognized by at least two aligners, an error rate can be reduced by 93.76{\%} as compared to the performance of the best aligner. Such manual involvement concerned only a small portion of all data (6{\%}). This significantly reduces a load of manual work necessary to achieve nearly 100{\%} accuracy of alignment.

null

83,961

inproceedings

kaji-etal-2008-automatic

Automatic Construction of a {J}apanese-{C}hinese Dictionary via {E}nglish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1573/

Kaji, Hiroyuki and Tamamura, Shin{'}ichi and Erdenebat, Dashtseren

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper proposes a method of constructing a dictionary for a pair of languages from bilingual dictionaries between each of the languages and a third language. Such a method would be useful for language pairs for which wide-coverage bilingual dictionaries are not available, but it suffers from spurious translations caused by the ambiguity of intermediary third-language words. To eliminate spurious translations, the proposed method uses the monolingual corpora of the first and second languages, whose availability is not as limited as that of parallel corpora. Extracting word associations from the corpora of both languages, the method correlates the associated words of an entry word with its translation candidates. It then selects translation candidates that have the highest correlations with a certain percentage or more of the associated words. The method has the following features. It first produces a domain-adapted bilingual dictionary. Second, the resulting bilingual dictionary, which not only provides translations but also associated words supporting each translation, enables contextually based selection of translations. Preliminary experiments using the EDR Japanese-English and LDC Chinese-English dictionaries together with Mainichi Newspaper and Xinhua News Agency corpora demonstrate that the proposed method is viable. The recall and precision could be improved by optimizing the parameters.

null

83,962

inproceedings

spreyer-etal-2008-identification

Identification of Comparable Argument-Head Relations in Parallel Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1574/

Spreyer, Kathrin and Kuhn, Jonas and Schrader, Bettina

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present the machine learning framework that we are developing, in order to support explorative search for non-trivial linguistic configurations in low-density languages (languages with no or few NLP tools). The approach exploits advanced existing analysis tools for high-density languages and word-aligned multi-parallel corpora to bridge across languages. The goal is to find a methodology that minimizes the amount of human expert intervention needed, while producing high-quality search and annotation tools. One of the main challenges is the susceptibility of a complex system combining various automatic analysis components to hard-to-control noise from a number of sources. We present systematic experiments investigating to what degree the noise issue can be overcome by (i) exploiting more than one perspective on the target language data by considering multiple translations in the parallel corpus, and (ii) using minimally supervised learning techniques such as co-training and self-training to take advantage of a larger pool of data for generalization. We observe that while (i) does help in the training individual machine learning models, a cyclic bootstrapping process seems to suffer too much from noise. A preliminary conclusion is that in a practical approach, one has to rely on a higher degree of supervision or on noise detection heuristics.

null

83,963

inproceedings

kurella-etal-2008-corpus

Corpus-Based Tools for Computer-Assisted Acquisition of Reading Abilities in Cognate Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1575/

Kurella, Svitlana and Sharoff, Serge and Hartley, Anthony

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents an approach to computer-assisted teaching of reading abilities using corpus data. The approach is supported by a set of tools for automatically selecting and classifying texts retrieved from the Internet. The approach is based on a linguistic model of textual cohesion which describes relations between larger textual units that go beyond the sentence level. We show that textual connectors that link such textual units reliably predict different types of texts, such as information and opinion: using only textual connectors as features, an SVM classifier achieves an F-score of between 0.85 and 0.93 for predicting these classes. The tools are used in our project on teaching reading skills in a cognate foreign language (L3) which is cognate to a known foreign language (L2).

null

83,964

inproceedings

tiedemann-2008-synchronizing

Synchronizing Translated Movie Subtitles

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1576/

Tiedemann, J{\"org

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper addresses the problem of synchronizing movie subtitles, which is necessary to improve alignment quality when building a parallel corpus out of translated subtitles. In particular, synchronization is done on the basis of aligned anchor points. Previous studies have shown that cognate filters are useful for the identification of such points. However, this restricts the approach to related languages with similar alphabets. Here, we propose a dictionary-based approach using automatic word alignment. We can show an improvement in alignment quality even for related languages compared to the cognate-based approach.

null

83,965

inproceedings

abekawa-kageura-2008-constructing

Constructing a Corpus that Indicates Patterns of Modification between Draft and Final Translations by Human Translators

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1577/

Abekawa, Takeshi and Kageura, Kyo

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In human translation, translators first make draft translations and then modify and edit them. In the case of experienced translators, this process involves the use of wide-ranging expert knowledge, which has mostly remained implicit so far. Describing the difference between draft and final translations, therefore, should contribute to making this knowledge explicit. If we could clarify the expert knowledge of translators, hopefully in a computationally tractable way, we would be able to contribute to the automatic notification of awkward translations to assist inexperienced translators, improving the quality of MT output, etc. Against this backdrop, we have started constructing a corpus that indicates patterns of modification between draft and final translations made by human translators. This paper reports on our progress to date.

null

83,966

inproceedings

prince-chauche-2008-building

Building a Bilingual Representation of the {R}oget Thesaurus for {F}rench to {E}nglish Machine Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1578/

Prince, Violaine and Chauch{\'e}, Jacques

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes a solution to lexical transfer as a trade-off between a dictionary and an ontology. It shows its association to a translation tool based on morpho-syntactical parsing of the source language. It is based on the English Roget Thesaurus and its equivalent, the French Larousse Thesaurus, in a computational framework. Both thesaurii are transformed into vector spaces, and all monolingual entries are represented as vectors, with 1,000 components for English and 873 for French. The indexing concepts of the respective thesaurii are the generation families of the vector spaces. A bilingual data structure transforms French entries into vectors in the English space, by using their equivalencies representations. Word sense disambiguation consists in choosing the appropriate vector among these bilingual vectors, by computing the contextualized vector of a given word in its source sentence, wading it in the English vector space, and computing the closest distance to the different entries in the bilingual data structure beginning with the same source string (i.e. French word). The process has been experimented on a 20,000 words extract of a French novel, Le Petit Prince, and lexical transfer results were found quite encouraging with a recall of 71{\%} and a precision of 86{\%}.

null

83,967

inproceedings

nerima-wehrli-2008-generating

Generating Bilingual Dictionaries by Transitivity

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1579/

Nerima, Luka and Wehrli, Eric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recently the LATL has undertaken the development of a multilingual translation system based on a symbolic parsing technology and on a transfer-based translation model. A crucial component of the system is the lexical database, notably the bilingual dictionaries containing the information for the lexical transfer from one language to another. As the number of necessary bilingual dictionaries is a quadratic function of the number of languages considered, we will face the problem of getting a large number of dictionaries. In this paper we discuss a solution to derive a bilingual dictionary by transitivity using existing ones and to check the generated translations in a parallel corpus. Our first experiments concerns the generation of two bilingual dictionaries and the quality of the entries are very promising. The number of generated entries could however be improved and we conclude the paper with the possible ways we plan to explore.

null

83,968

inproceedings

tavernier-etal-2008-holy

Holy {M}oses! Leveraging Existing Tools and Resources for Entity Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1580/

Tavernier, Jean and Cowan, Rosa and Vanni, Michelle

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recently, there has been an emphasis on creating shared resources for natural language processing applications. This has resulted in the development of high-quality tools and data, which can then be leveraged by the research community as components for novel systems. In this paper, we reuse an open source machine translation framework to create an Arabic-to-English entity translation system. The system first translates known entity mentions using a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation framework, which is then reused to perform name transliteration on unknown mentions. In order to transliterate names more accurately, we introduce an algorithm to augment a names database with name origin and frequency information from existing data resources. Origin information is used to learn name origin classifiers and origin-specific transliteration models, while frequency information is used to select amongst n-best transliteration candidates. This work demonstrates the feasibility and benefit of adapting such data resources and shows how off-the-shelf tools and data resources can be repurposed to rapidly create a system outside their original domain.

null

83,969

inproceedings

monson-etal-2008-linguistic

Linguistic Structure and Bilingual Informants Help Induce Machine Translation of Lesser-Resourced Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1581/

Monson, Christian and Font Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna and Ambati, Vamshi and Levin, Lori and Lavie, Alon and Alvarez, Alison and Aranovich, Roberto and Carbonell, Jaime and Frederking, Robert and Peterson, Erik and Probst, Katharina

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Producing machine translation (MT) for the many minority languages in the world is a serious challenge. Minority languages typically have few resources for building MT systems. For many minor languages there is little machine readable text, few knowledgeable linguists, and little money available for MT development. For these reasons, our research programs on minority language MT have focused on leveraging to the maximum extent two resources that are available for minority languages: linguistic structure and bilingual informants. All natural languages contain linguistic structure. And although the details of that linguistic structure vary from language to language, language universals such as context-free syntactic structure and the paradigmatic structure of inflectional morphology, allow us to learn the specific details of a minority language. Similarly, most minority languages possess speakers who are bilingual with the major language of the area. This paper discusses our efforts to utilize linguistic structure and the translation information that bilingual informants can provide in three sub-areas of our rapid development MT program: morphology induction, syntactic transfer rule learning, and refinement of imperfect learned rules.

null

83,970

inproceedings

maeda-etal-2008-creating

Creating Sentence-Aligned Parallel Text Corpora from a Large Archive of Potential Parallel Text using {BITS} and Champollion

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1582/

Maeda, Kazuaki and Ma, Xiaoyi and Strassel, Stephanie

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Parallel text is one of the most valuable resources for development of statistical machine translation systems and other NLP applications. The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) has supported research on statistical machine translations and other NLP applications by creating and distributing a large amount of parallel text resources for the research communities. However, manual translations are very costly, and the number of known providers that offer complete parallel text is limited. This paper presents a cost effective approach to identify parallel document pairs from sources that provide potential parallel text - namely, sources that may contain whole or partial translations of documents in the source language - using the BITS and Champollion parallel text alignment systems developed by LDC.

null

83,971

inproceedings

isahara-etal-2008-application

Application of Resource-based Machine Translation to Real Business Scenes

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1583/

Isahara, Hitoshi and Utiyama, Masao and Yamamoto, Eiko and Terada, Akira and Abe, Yasunori

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

As huge quantities of documents have become available, services using natural language processing technologies trained by huge corpora have emerged, such as information retrieval and information extraction. In this paper we verify the usefulness of resource-based, or corpus-based, translation in the aviation domain as a real business situation. This study is important from both a business perspective and an academic perspective. Intuitively, manuals for similar products, or manuals for different versions of the same product, are likely to resemble each other. Therefore, even with only a small training data, a corpus-based MT system can output useful translations. The corpus-based approach is powerful when the target is repetitive. Manuals for similar products, or manuals for different versions of the same product, are real-world documents that are repetitive. Our experiments on translation of manual documents are still in a beginning stage. However, the BLEU score from very small number of training sentences is already rather high. We believe corpus-based machine translation is a player full of promise in this kind of actual business scene.

null

83,972

inproceedings

wentland-etal-2008-building

Building a Multilingual Lexical Resource for Named Entity Disambiguation, Translation and Transliteration

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1584/

Wentland, Wolodja and Knopp, Johannes and Silberer, Carina and Hartung, Matthias

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we present HeiNER, the multilingual Heidelberg Named Entity Resource. HeiNER contains 1,547,586 disambiguated English Named Entities together with translations and transliterations to 15 languages. Our work builds on the approach described in (Bunescu and Pasca, 2006), yet extends it to a multilingual dimension. Translating Named Entities into the various target languages is carried out by exploiting crosslingual information contained in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. In addition, HeiNER provides linguistic contexts for every NE in all target languages which makes it a valuable resource for multilingual Named Entity Recognition, Disambiguation and Classification. The results of our evaluation against the assessments of human annotators yield a high precision of 0.95 for the NEs we extract from the English Wikipedia. These source language NEs are thus very reliable seeds for our multilingual NE translation method.

null

83,973

inproceedings

apidianaki-2008-translation

Translation-oriented Word Sense Induction Based on Parallel Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1585/

Apidianaki, Marianna

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an intermediate task that serves as a means to an end defined by the application in which it is to be used. However, different applications have varying disambiguation needs which should have an impact on the choice of the method and of the sense inventory used. The tendency towards application-oriented WSD becomes more and more evident, mostly because of the inadequacy of predefined sense inventories and the inefficacy of application-independent methods in accomplishing specific tasks. In this article, we present a data-driven method of sense induction, which combines contextual and translation information coming from a bilingual parallel training corpus. It consists of an unsupervised method that clusters semantically similar translation equivalents of source language (SL) polysemous words. The created clusters are projected on the SL words revealing their sense distinctions. Clustered equivalents describing a sense of a polysemous word can be considered as more or less commutable translations for an instance of the word carrying this sense. The resulting sense clusters can thus be used for WSD and sense annotation, as well as for lexical selection in translation applications.

null

83,974

inproceedings

arnaudov-mitkov-2008-smarty

Smarty - Extendable Framework for Bilingual and Multilingual Comprehension Assistants

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1586/

Arnaudov, Todor and Mitkov, Ruslan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses a framework for development of bilingual and multilingual comprehension assistants and presents a prototype implementation of an English-Bulgarian comprehension assistant. The framework is based on the application of advanced graphical user interface techniques, WordNet and compatible lexical databases as well as a series of NLP preprocessing tasks, including POS-tagging, lemmatisation, multiword expressions recognition and word sense disambiguation. The aim of this framework is to speed up the process of dictionary look-up, to offer enhanced look-up functionalities and to perform a context-sensitive narrowing-down of the set of translation alternatives proposed to the user.

null

83,975

inproceedings

halacsy-etal-2008-parallel

Parallel Creation of {G}igaword Corpora for Medium Density Languages - an Interim Report

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1587/

Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter and Kornai, Andr{\'a}s and N{\'e}meth, P{\'e}ter and Varga, D{\'a}niel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

For increased speed in developing gigaword language resources for medium resource density languages we integrated several FOSS tools in the HUN* toolkit. While the speed and efficiency of the resulting pipeline has surpassed our expectations, our experience in developing LDC-style resource packages for Uzbek and Kurdish makes clear that neither the data collection nor the subsequent processing stages can be fully automated.

null

83,976

inproceedings

hobbs-etal-2008-mtriage

{MT}riage: Web-enabled Software for the Creation, Machine Translation, and Annotation of Smart Documents

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1588/

Hobbs, Reginald and Laoudi, Jamal and Voss, Clare

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Progress in the Machine Translation (MT) research community, particularly for statistical approaches, is intensely data-driven. Acquiring source language documents for testing, creating training datasets for customized MT lexicons, and building parallel corpora for MT evaluation require translators and non-native speaking analysts to handle large document collections. These collections are further complicated by differences in format, encoding, source media, and access to metadata describing the documents. Automated tools that allow language professionals to quickly annotate, translate, and evaluate foreign language documents are essential to improving MT quality and efficacy. The purpose of this paper is present our research approach to improving MT through pre-processing source language documents. In particular, we will discuss the development and use of MTriage, an application environment that enables the translator to markup documents with metadata for MT parameterization and routing. The use of MTriage as a web-enabled front end to multiple MT engines has leveraged the capabilities of our human translators for creating lexicons from NFW (Not-Found-Word) lists, writing reference translations, and creating parallel corpora for MT development and evaluation.

null

83,977

inproceedings

voss-etal-2008-exploitation

Exploitation of an {A}rabic Language Resource for Machine Translation Evaluation: using {B}uckwalter-based Lookup Tool to Augment {CMU} Alignment Algorithm

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1589/

Voss, Clare and Laoudi, Jamal and Micher, Jeffrey

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Voss et al. (2006) analyzed newswire translations of three DARPA GALE Arabic-English MT systems at the segment level in terms of subjective judgmen+F925t scores, automated metric scores, and correlations among these different score types. At this level of granularity, the correlations are weak. In this paper, we begin to reconcile the subjective and automated scores that underlie these correlations by explicitly grounding MT output with its Reference Translation (RT) prior to subjective or automated evaluation. The first two phases of our approach annotate {\{}MT, RT{\}} pairs with the same types of textual comparisons that subjects intuitively apply, while the third phase (not presented here) entails scoring the pairs: (i) automated calculation of MT-RT hits using CMU aligner from METEOR, (ii) an extension phase where our Buckwalter-based Lookup Tool serves to generate six other textual comparison categories on items in the MT output that the CMU aligner does not identify, and (iii) given the fully categorized RT {\&} MT pair, a final adequacy score is assigned to the MT output, either by an automated metric based on weighted category counts and segment length, or by a trained human judge.

null

83,978

inproceedings

frunza-2008-trainable

A Trainable Tokenizer, solution for multilingual texts and compound expression tokenization

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1590/

Frunza, Oana

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Tokenization is one of the initial steps done for almost any text processing task. It is not particularly recognized as a challenging task for English monolingual systems but it rapidly increases in complexity for systems that apply it for different languages. This article proposes a supervised learning approach to perform the tokenization task. The method presented in this article is based on character transitions representation, a representation that allows compound expressions to be recognized as a single token. Compound tokens are identified independent of the character that creates the expression. The method automatically learns tokenization rules from a pre-tokenized corpus. The results obtained using the trainable system show that for Romanian and English a statistical significant improvement is obtained over a baseline system that tokenizes texts on every non-alphanumeric character.

null

83,979

inproceedings

megerdoomian-parvaz-2008-low

Low-Density Language Bootstrapping: the Case of Tajiki {P}ersian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1591/

Megerdoomian, Karine and Parvaz, Dan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Low-density languages raise difficulties for standard approaches to natural language processing that depend on large online corpora. Using Persian as a case study, we propose a novel method for bootstrapping MT capability for a low-density language in the case where it relates to a higher density variant. Tajiki Persian is a low-density language that uses the Cyrillic alphabet, while Iranian Persian (Farsi) is written in an extended version of the Arabic script and has many computational resources available. Despite the orthographic differences, the two languages have literary written forms that are almost identical. The paper describes the development of a comprehensive finite-state transducer that converts Tajik text to Farsi script and runs the resulting transliterated document through an existing Persian-to-English MT system. Due to divergences that arise in mapping the two writing systems and phonological and lexical distinctions, the system uses contextual cues (such as the position of a phoneme in a word) as well as available Farsi resources (such as a morphological analyzer to deal with differences in the affixal structures and a lexicon to disambiguate the analyses) to control the potential combinatorial explosion. The results point to a valuable strategy for the rapid prototyping of MT packages for languages of similar uneven density.

null

83,980

inproceedings

lemnitzer-etal-2008-enriching

Enriching {G}erma{N}et with verb-noun relations - a case study of lexical acquisition

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1592/

Lemnitzer, Lothar and Wunsch, Holger and Gupta, Piklu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we will focus on the lexical-semantic relations in the German wordnet GermaNet. It has been shown that wordnets suffer from the relatively small number of relations between their lexical objects. It is assumed that applications in NLP and IR, in particular those relying on word sense disambiguation, can be boosted by a higher relational density of the lexical resource. We report on research and experiments in the lexical acquisition of a new type of relation from a large annotated German newspaper corpus, i.e. the relation between the verbal head of a predicate and the nominal head of its argument. We investigate how the insertion of instances of this relation into the German wordnet GermaNet affects the overall structure of the wordnet as well as the neighbourhood of the nodes which are connected by an instance of the new relation.

null

83,981

inproceedings

santos-etal-2008-whats

What`s in a Colour? Studying and Contrasting Colours with {COMPARA}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1593/

Santos, Diana and do Ros{\'a}rio Silva, Maria and In{\'a}cio, Susana

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present contrastive colour studies done using COMPARA, the largest edited parallel corpus in the world (as far as we know). The studies were the result of semantic annotation of the corpus in this domain. We chose to start with colour because it is a relatively contained lexical category and the subject of many arguments in linguistics. We begin by explaining the criteria involved in the annotation process, not only for the colour categories but also for the colour groups created in order to do finer-grained analyses, presenting also some quantitative data regarding these categories and groups. We proceed to compare the two languages according to the diversity of available lexical items, morphological and syntactic properties, and then try to understand the translation of colour. We end by explaining how any user who wants to do serious studies using the corpus can collaborate in enhancing the corpus and making their semantic annotations widely available as well.

null

83,982

inproceedings

trawinski-soehn-2008-multilingual

A Multilingual Database of Polarity Items

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1594/

Trawi{\'n}ski, Beata and Soehn, Jan-Philipp

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents three electronic collections of polarity items: (i) negative polarity items in Romanian, (ii) negative polarity items in German, and (iii) positive polarity items in German. The presented collections are a part of a linguistic resource on lexical units with highly idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. The motivation for collecting and documenting polarity items was to provide a solid empirical basis for linguistic investigations of these expressions. Our databe provides general information about the collected items, specifies their syntactic properties, and describes the environment that licenses a given item. For each licensing context, examples from various corpora and the Internet are introduced. Finally, the type of polarity (negative or positive) and the class (superstrong, strong, weak or open) associated with a given item is specified. Our database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and flexible access.

null

83,983

inproceedings

de-luca-lonneker-rodman-2008-integrating

Integrating Metaphor Information into {RDF}/{OWL} {E}uro{W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1595/

De Luca, Ernesto William and L{\"onneker-Rodman, Birte

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we discuss the integration of metaphor information into the RDF/OWL representation of EuroWordNet. First, the lexical database WordNet and its variants are presented. After a brief description of the Hamburg Metaphor Database, examples of its conversion into the RDF/OWL representation of EuroWordNet are discussed. The metaphor information is added to the general EuroWordNet data and the new resulting RDF/OWL structure is shown in LexiRes, a visualization tool developed and adapted for handling structures of ontological and lexical databases. We show how LexiRes can be used to further edit the newly added metaphor information, and explain some problems with this new type of information on the basis of examples.

null

83,984

inproceedings

johansson-nugues-2008-comparing

Comparing Dependency and Constituent Syntax for Frame-semantic Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1596/

Johansson, Richard and Nugues, Pierre

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We address the question of which syntactic representation is best suited for role-semantic analysis of English in the FrameNet paradigm. We compare systems based on dependencies and constituents, and a dependency syntax with a rich set of grammatical functions with one with a smaller set. Our experiments show that dependency-based and constituent-based analyzers give roughly equivalent performance, and that a richer set of functions has a positive influence on argument classification for verbs.

null

83,985

inproceedings

aparicio-etal-2008-ancora

{A}n{C}ora-Verb: A Lexical Resource for the Semantic Annotation of Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1597/

Aparicio, Juan and Taul{\'e}, Mariona and Mart{\'i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present two large-scale verbal lexicons, AnCora-Verb-Ca for Catalan and AnCora-Verb-Es for Spanish, which are the basis for the semantic annotation with arguments and thematic roles of AnCora corpora. In AnCora-Verb lexicons, the mapping between syntactic functions, arguments and thematic roles of each verbal predicate it is established taking into account the verbal semantic class and the diatheses alternations in which the predicate can participate. Each verbal predicate is related to one or more semantic classes basically differentiated according to the four event classes -accomplishments, achievements, states and activities-, and on the diatheses alternations in which a verb can occur. AnCora-Verb-Es contains a total of 1,965 different verbs corresponding to 3,671 senses and AnCora-Verb-Ca contains 2,151 verbs and 4,513 senses. These figures correspond to the total of 500,000 words contained in each corpus, AnCora-Ca and AnCora-Es. The lexicons and the annotated corpora constitute the richest linguistic resources of this kind freely available for Spanish and Catalan. The big amount of linguistic information contained in both resources should be of great interest for computational applications and linguistic studies. Currently, a consulting interface for these lexicons is available at (\url{http://clic.ub.edu/ancora/}).

null

83,986

inproceedings

buscaldi-rosso-2008-geo

Geo-{W}ord{N}et: Automatic Georeferencing of {W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1598/

Buscaldi, Davide and Rosso, Paolo

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

WordNet has been used extensively as a resource for the Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) task, both as a sense inventory and a repository of semantic relationships. Recently, we investigated the possibility to use it as a resource for the Geographical Information Retrieval task, more specifically for the toponym disambiguation task, which could be considered a specialization of WSD. We found that it would be very useful to assign to geographical entities inWordNet their coordinates, especially in order to implement geometric shapebased disambiguation methods. This paper presents Geo-WordNet, an automatic annotation of WordNet with geographical coordinates. The annotation has been carried out by extracting geographical synsets from WordNet, together with their holonyms and hypernyms, and comparing them to the entries in the Wikipedia-World geographical database. A weight was calculated for each of the candidate annotations, on the basis of matches found between the database entries and synset gloss, holonyms and hypernyms. The resulting resource may be used in Geographical Information Retrieval related tasks, especially for toponym disambiguation.

null

83,987

inproceedings

miguel-buitelaar-2008-domain

Domain-Specific {E}nglish-To-{S}panish Translation of {F}rame{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1599/

Miguel, Mario Crespo and Buitelaar, Paul

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper is motivated by the demand for more linguistic resources for the study of languages and the improvement of those already existing. The first step in our work is the selection of the most significant frames in the English FrameNet according to a representative medical corpus. These frames were subsequently attached to different EuroWordNet synsets and translated into Spanish. Results show how the translation was made with high accuracy (95.9 {\%} of correct words). In addition to that, the original English lexical units were augmented with new units by 120{\%}

null

83,988

inproceedings

furstenau-2008-enriching

Enriching Frame Semantic Resources with Dependency Graphs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1600/

F{\"urstenau, Hagen

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We propose two general and robust methods for enriching resources annotated in the Frame Semantic paradigm with syntactic dependency graphs, which can provide useful additional information for applications such as semantic role labeling methods. One method incorporates information of a dependency parser, while the other one assumes the resource to be based on a treebank and uses dependency graphs converted from phrase structure trees. Coverage and accuracy of the methods are evaluated on the English FrameNet and German SALSA corpora. It is shown that large proportions of those resources can be accurately enriched by mapping their annotations onto dependency graphs. Failures to do so are found to be largely due to parser errors and can therefore be seen as an indicator of incorrect parses, which helps to improve parse selection. The remaining failures are analyzed and an outlook on ways of improving the results by adaptation to specific resources is given.

null

83,989

inproceedings

dias-da-silva-etal-2008-automatic

The Automatic Mapping of {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et Lexical-Conceptual Relations onto the {B}razilian {P}ortuguese {W}ord{N}et Database

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1601/

Dias-da-Silva, Bento Carlos and Di Felippo, Ariani and das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe Nunes, Maria

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Princeton WordNet (WN.Pr) lexical database has motivated efficient compilations of bulky relational lexicons since its inception in the 1980{\textasciiacute}s. The EuroWordNet project, the first multilingual initiative built upon WN.Pr, opened up ways of building individual wordnets, and inter-relating them by means of the so-called Inter-Lingual-Index, an unstructured list of the WN.Pr synsets. Other important initiative, relying on a slightly different method of building multilingual wordnets, is the MultiWordNet project, where the key strategy is building language specific wordnets keeping as much as possible of the semantic relations available in the WN.Pr. This paper, in particular, stresses that the additional advantage of using WN.Pr lexical database as a resource for building wordnets for other languages is to explore possibilities of implementing an automatic procedure to map the WN.Pr conceptual relations as hyponymy, co-hyponymy, troponymy, meronymy, cause, and entailment onto the lexical database of the wordnet under construction, a viable possibility, for those are language-independent relations that hold between lexicalized concepts, not between lexical units. Accordingly, combining methods from both initiatives, this paper presents the ongoing implementation of the WN.Br lexical database and the aforementioned automation procedure illustrated with a sample of the automatic encoding of the hyponymy and co-hyponymy relations.

null

83,990

inproceedings

morante-2008-semantic

Semantic Role Labeling Tools Trained on the {C}ast3{LB}-{C}o{NNL}-{S}em{R}ol Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1602/

Morante, Roser

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present the Cast3LB-CoNLL-SemRol corpus, currently the only corpus of Spanish annotated with dependency syntax and semantic roles, and the tools that have been trained on the corpus: an ensemble of parsers and two dependency-based semantic role labelers that are the only semantic role labelers based on dependency syntax available for Spanish at this moment. One of the systems uses information from gold standard syntax, whereas the other one uses information from predicted syntax. The results of the first system (86 F1) are comparable to current state of the art results for constituent-based semantic role labeling of Spanish. The results of the second are 11 points lower. This work has been carried out as part of the project T{\'e}cnicas semiautom{\'a}ticas para el etiquetado de roles sem{\'a}nticos en corpus del espa{\~n}ol.

null

83,991

inproceedings

marzelou-etal-2008-building

Building a {G}reek corpus for Textual Entailment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1603/

Marzelou, Evi and Zourari, Maria and Giouli, Voula and Piperidis, Stelios

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper reports on completed work aimed at the creation of a resource, namely, the Greek Textual Entailment Corpus (GTEC) that is appropriate for guiding training and evaluation of a system that recognizes Textual Entailment in Greek texts. The corpus of textual units was collected in view of a range of NLP applications, where semantic interpretation is of paramount importance, and it was manually annotated at the level of Textual Entailment. Moreover, a number of linguistic annotations were also integrated that were deemed useful for prospect system developers. The critical issue was the development of a final resource that is re-usable and adaptable to different NLP systems, in order to either enhance their accuracy or to evaluate their output. We are hereby focusing on the methodological issues underpinning data selection and annotation. An initial approach towards the development of a system catering for the automatic Recognition of Textual Entailment in Greek is also presented and preliminary results are reported.

null

83,992

inproceedings

kanzaki-etal-2008-extraction

Extraction of Attribute Concepts from {J}apanese Adjectives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1604/

Kanzaki, Kyoko and Bond, Francis and Tomuro, Noriko and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe various syntactic and semantic conditions for finding abstractnouns which refer to concepts of adjectives from a text, in an attempt to explore the creation of a thesaurus from text. Depending on usages, six kinds of syntactic patterns are shown. In the syntactic and semantic conditions an omission of an abstract noun is mainly used, but in addition, various linguistic clues are needed. We then compare our results with synsets of Japanese WordNet. From a viewpoint of Japanese WordNet, the degree of agreement of ?Attribute? between our data and Japanese WordNet was 22{\%}. On the other hand, the total number of differences of obtained abstract nouns was 267. From a viewpoint of our data,the degree of agreement of abstract nouns between our data and Japanese WordNet was 54{\%}.

null

83,993

inproceedings

roventini-ruimy-2008-mapping

Mapping Events and Abstract Entities from {PAROLE}-{SIMPLE}-{CLIPS} to {I}tal{W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1605/

Roventini, Adriana and Ruimy, Nilda

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In the few last years, due to the increasing importance of the web, both computational tools and resources need to be more and more visible and easily accessible to a vast community of scholars, students and researchers. Furthermore, high quality lexical resources are crucially required for a wide range of HLT-NLP applications, among which word sense disambiguation. Vast and consistent electronic lexical resources do exist which can be further enhanced and enriched through their linking and integration. An ILC project dealing with the link of two large lexical semantic resources for the Italian language, namely ItalWordNet and PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS, fits this trend. Concrete entities were already linked and this paper addresses the semi-automatic mapping of events and abstract entities. The lexical models of the two resources, the mapping strategy and the tool that was implemented to this aim are briefly outlined. Special focus is put on the results of the linking process: figures are reported and examples are given which illustrate both the linking and harmonization of the resources but also cases of discrepancies, mainly due to the different underlying semantic models.

null

83,994

inproceedings

picca-etal-2008-supersense

Supersense Tagger for {I}talian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1606/

Picca, Davide and Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano and Ciaramita, Massimiliano

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present the procedure we followed to develop the Italian Super Sense Tagger. In particular, we adapted the English SuperSense Tagger to the Italian Language by exploiting a parallel sense labeled corpus for training. As for English, the Italian tagger uses a fixed set of 26 semantic labels, called supersenses, achieving a slightly lower accuracy due to the lower quality of the Italian training data. Both taggers accomplish the same task of identifying entities and concepts belonging to a common set of ontological types. This parallelism allows us to define effective methodologies for a broad range of cross-language knowledge acquisition tasks

null

83,995

inproceedings

pazienza-stellato-2008-clustering

Clustering of Terms from Translation Dictionaries and Synonyms Lists to Automatically Build more Structured Linguistic Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1607/

Pazienza, Maria Teresa and Stellato, Armando

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Building a Linguistic Resource (LR) is a task requiring a huge quantitative of means, human resources and funds. Though finalization of the development phase and assessment of the produced resource, necessarily require human involvement, a computer aided process for building the resources initial structure would greatly reduce the overall effort to be undertaken. We present here a novel approach for automatizing the process of building structured (possibly multilingual) LRs, starting from already available LRs and exploiting simple vocabularies of synonyms and/or translations for different languages. A simple algorithm for clustering terms, according to their shared senses, is presented in two versions, both for separating flat list of synonyms and flat lists of translations. The algorithm is then motivated against two possible exploitations: reducing the cost for producing new LRs, and linguistically enriching the content of existing semantic resources, like SW ontologies and knowledge bases. Empirical results are provided for two experimental setups: automatic term clustering for English synonyms list, and for Italian translations of English terms

null

83,996

inproceedings

walter-2008-linguistic

Linguistic Description and Automatic Extraction of Definitions from {G}erman Court Decisions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1608/

Walter, Stephan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses the use of computational linguistic technology to extract definitions from a large corpus of German court decisions. We present a corpus-based survey of definition structures used in this kind of document. We then evaluate the results of a definition extraction system that uses patterns identified in this survey to extract from dependency parsed text. We show how an automatically induced ranking function improves the quality of the search results of this system, and we discuss methods for the acquisition of further extraction rules.

null

83,997

inproceedings

vincze-etal-2008-hungarian

{H}ungarian Word-Sense Disambiguated Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1609/

Vincze, Veronika and Szarvas, Gy{\"orgy and Alm{\'asi, Attila and Szauter, D{\'ora and Orm{\'andi, R{\'obert and Farkas, Rich{\'ard and Hatvani, Csaba and Csirik, J{\'anos

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

To create the first Hungarian WSD corpus, 39 suitable word form samples were selected for the purpose of word sense disambiguation. Among others, selection criteria required the given word form to be frequent in Hungarian language usage, and to have more than one sense considered frequent in usage. HNC and its Heti Vil{\'a}ggazdas{\'a}g subcorpus provided the basis for corpus text selection. This way, each sample has a relevant context (whole article), and information on the lemma, POS-tagging and automatic tokenization is also available. When planning the corpus, 300-500 samples of each word form were to be annotated. This size makes it possible that the subcorpora prepared for the individual word forms can be compared to data available for other languages. However, the finalized database also contains unannotated samples and samples with single annotation, which were annotated only by one of the linguists. The corpus follows the ACLs SensEval/SemEval WSD tasks format. The first version of the corpus was developed within the scope of the project titled The construction Hungarian WordNet Ontology and its application in Information Extraction Systems (Hatvani et al., 2007). The corpus for research and educational purposes is available and can be downloaded free of charge.

null

83,998

inproceedings

lashevskaja-shemanaeva-2008-semantic

Semantic Annotation Layer in {R}ussian National Corpus: Lexical Classes of Nouns and Adjectives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1610/

Lashevskaja, Olga N. and Shemanaeva, Olga Yu.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The paper describes the project held within Russian National Corpus (\url{http://www.ruscorpora.ru}). Beside such obligatory constituents of a linguistic corpus as POS (parts of speech) and morphological tagging RNC contains semantic annotation. Six classifications are involved in the tagging: category, taxonomy, mereology, topology, evaluation and derivational classes. The operating of the context semantic rules is shown by applying them to various polysemous nouns and adjectives. Our results demonstrate semantic tags incorporated in the context to be highly effective for WSD.

null

83,999

inproceedings

attia-etal-2008-compact

A Compact {A}rabic Lexical Semantics Language Resource Based on the Theory of Semantic Fields

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1611/

Attia, Mohamed and Rashwan, Mohsen and Ragheb, Ahmed and Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed and Al-Basoumy, Husein

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Applications of statistical Arabic NLP in general, and text mining in specific, along with the tools underneath perform much better as the statistical processing operates on deeper language factorization(s) than on raw text. Lexical semantic factorization is very important in that aspect due to its feasibility, high level of abstraction, and the language independence of its output. In the core of such a factorization lies an Arabic lexical semantic DB. While building this LR, we had to go beyond the conventional exclusive collection of words from dictionaries and thesauri that cannot alone produce a satisfactory coverage of this highly inflective and derivative language. This paper is hence devoted to the design and implementation of an Arabic lexical semantics LR that enables the retrieval of the possible senses of any given Arabic word at a high coverage. Instead of tying full Arabic words to their possible senses, our LR flexibly relates morphologically and PoS-tags constrained Arabic lexical compounds to a predefined limited set of semantic fields across which the standard semantic relations are defined. With the aid of the same large-scale Arabic morphological analyzer and PoS tagger in the runtime, the possible senses of virtually any given Arabic word are retrievable.

null

84,000

inproceedings

samy-gonzalez-ledesma-2008-pragmatic

Pragmatic Annotation of Discourse Markers in a Multilingual Parallel Corpus ({A}rabic- {S}panish-{E}nglish)

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1612/

Samy, Doaa and Gonz{\'a}lez-Ledesma, Ana

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Discourse structure and coherence relations are one of the main inferential challenges addressed by computational pragmatics. The present study focuses on discourse markers as key elements in guiding the inferences of the statements in natural language. Through a rule-based approach for the automatic identification, classification and annotation of the discourse markers in a multilingual parallel corpus (Arabic-Spanish-English), this research provides a valuable resource for the community. Two main aspects define the novelty of the present study. First, it offers a multilingual computational processing of discourse markers, grounded on a theoritical framework and implemented in a XML tagging scheme. The XML scheme represents a set of pragmatic and grammatical attributes, considered as basic features for the different kinds of discourse markers. Besides, the scheme provides a typology of discourse markers based on their discursive functions including hypothesis, co-argumentation, cause, consequence, concession, generalization, topicalization, reformulation, enumeration, synthesis, etc. Second, Arabic language is addressed from a computational pragmatic perspective where the identification, classification and annotation processes are carried out using the information provided from the tagging of Spanish discourse markers and the alignments.

null

84,001

inproceedings

varasai-etal-2008-building

Building an Annotated Corpus for Text Summarization and Question Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1613/

Varasai, Patcharee and Pechsiri, Chaveevan and Sukvari, Thana and Satayamas, Vee and Kawtrakul, Asanee

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe ongoing work in semi-automatic annotating corpus, with the goal to answer why-question in question answering system and give a construction of the coherent tree for text summarization. In this paper we present annotation schemas for identifying the discourse relations that hold between the parts of text as well as the particular textual of span that are related via the discourse relation. Furthermore, we address several tasks in building the annotated corpus in discourse level, namely creating annotated guidelines, ensuring annotation accuracy and evaluating.

null

84,002

inproceedings

sjobergh-araki-2008-multi

A Multi-Lingual Dictionary of Dirty Words

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1614/

Sj{\"obergh, Jonas and Araki, Kenji

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present a multi-lingual dictionary of dirty words. We have collected about 3,200 dirty words in several languages and built a database of these. The language with the most words in the database is English, though there are several hundred dirty words in for instance Japanese too. Words are classified into their general meaning, such as what part of the human anatomy they refer to. Words can also be assigned a nuance label to indicate if it is a cute word used when speaking to children, a very rude word, a clinical word etc. The database is available online and will hopefully be enlarged over time. It has already been used in research on for instance automatic joke generation and emotion detection.

null

84,003

inproceedings

sjobergh-araki-2008-poorly

What is poorly Said is a Little Funny

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1615/

Sj{\"obergh, Jonas and Araki, Kenji

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We implement several different methods for generating jokes in English. The common theme is to intentionally produce poor utterances by breaking Grices maxims of conversation. The generated jokes are evaluated and compared to human made jokes. They are in general quite weak jokes, though there are a few high scoring jokes and many jokes that score higher than the most boring human joke.

null

84,004

inproceedings

bestgen-2008-building

Building Affective Lexicons from Specific Corpora for Automatic Sentiment Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1616/

Bestgen, Yves

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Automatic sentiment analysis in texts has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Most of the approaches developed to classify texts or sentences as positive or negative rest on a very specific kind of language resource: emotional lexicons. To build these resources, several automatic techniques have been proposed. Some of them are based on dictionaries while others use corpora. One of the main advantages of the corpora techniques is that they can build lexicons that are tailored for a specific application simply by using a specific corpus. Currently, only anecdotal observations and data from other areas of language processing plead in favour of the utility of specific corpora. This research aims to test this hypothesis. An experiment based on 702 sentences evaluated by judges shows that automatic techniques developed for estimating the valence from relatively small corpora are more efficient if the corpora used contain texts similar to the one that must be evaluated.

null

84,005

inproceedings

xu-etal-2008-opinion

Opinion Annotation in On-line {C}hinese Product Reviews

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1617/

Xu, Ruifeng and Xia, Yunqing and Wong, Kam-Fai and Li, Wenjie

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents the design and construction of a Chinese opinion corpus based on the online product reviews. Based on the observation on the characteristics of opinion expression in Chinese online product reviews, which is quite different from in the formal texts such as news, an annotation framework is proposed to guide the construction of the first Chinese opinion corpus based on online product reviews. The opinionated sentences are manually identified from the review text. Furthermore, for each comment in the opinionated sentence, its 13 describing elements are annotated including the expressions related to the interested product attributes and user opinions as well as the polarity and degree of the opinions. Currently, 12,724 comments are annotated in 10,935 sentences from review text. Through statistical analysis on the opinion corpus, some interesting characteristics of Chinese opinion expression are presented. This corpus is shown helpful to support systematic research on Chinese opinion analysis.

null

84,006

inproceedings

cheng-xu-2008-fine

Fine-grained Opinion Topic and Polarity Identification

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1618/

Cheng, Xiwen and Xu, Feiyu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents OMINE, an opinion mining system which aims to identify concepts such as products and their attributes, and analyze their corresponding polarities. Our work pioneers at linking extracted topic terms with domain-specific concepts. Compared with previous work, taking advantage of ontological techniques, OMINE achieves 10{\%} higher recall with the same level precision on the topic extraction task. In addition, making use of opinion patterns for sentiment analysis, OMINE improves the performance of the backup system (NGram) around 6{\%} for positive reviews and 8{\%} for negative ones.

null

84,007

inproceedings

sadamitsu-etal-2008-sentiment

Sentiment Analysis Based on Probabilistic Models Using Inter-Sentence Information

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1619/

Sadamitsu, Kugatsu and Sekine, Satoshi and Yamamoto, Mikio

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper proposes a new method of the sentiment analysis utilizing inter-sentence structures especially for coping with reversal phenomenon of word polarity such as quotation of others opinions on an opposite side. We model these phenomenon using Hidden Conditional Random Fields(HCRFs) with three kinds of features: transition features, polarity features and reversal (of polarity) features. Polarity features and reversal features are doubly added to each word, and each weight of the features are trained by the common structure of positive and negative corpus in, for example, assuming that reversal phenomenon occured for the same reason (features) in both polarity corpus. Our method achieved better accuracy than the Naive Bayes method and as good as SVMs.

null

84,008

inproceedings

guerini-etal-2008-valentino

{V}alentino: A Tool for Valence Shifting of Natural Language Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1620/

Guerini, Marco and Strapparava, Carlo and Stock, Oliviero

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper a first implementation of a tool for valence shifting of natural language texts, named Valentino (VALENced Text INOculator), is presented. Valentino can modify existing textual expressions towards more positively or negatively valenced versions. To this end we built specific resources gathering various valenced terms that are semantically or contextually connected, and implemented strategies that uses these resources for substituting input terms.

null

84,009

inproceedings

rocha-chaves-machado-rino-2008-mitkov

The Mitkov algorithm for anaphora resolution in {P}ortuguese

B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Bonastre, Jean-Francois

jun

2008

Avignon, France

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2008.jeptalnrecital-long.1/

Rocha-Chaves, Amanda and Machado-Rino, Lucia-Helena

Actes de la 15{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Articles longs

1--10

This paper reports on the use of the Mitkov ́s algorithm for pronoun resolution in texts written in Brazilian Portuguese. Third person pronouns are the only ones focused upon here, with noun phrases as antecedents. A system for anaphora resolution in Brazilian Portuguese texts was built that embeds most of the Mitkov`s features. Some of his resolution factors were directly incorporated into the system; others had to be slightly modified for language adequacy. The resulting approach was intrinsically evaluated on hand-annotated corpora. It was also compared to Lappin {\&} Leass`s algorithm for pronoun resolution, also customized to Portuguese. Success rate was the evaluation measure used in both experiments. The results of both evaluations are discussed here.

null

84,668

inproceedings

hearne-etal-2008-comparing

Comparing Constituency and Dependency Representations for {SMT} Phrase-Extraction

B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Bonastre, Jean-Francois

jun

2008

Avignon, France

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2008.jeptalnrecital-court.14/

Hearne, Mary and Ozdowska, Sylwia and Tinsley, John

Actes de la 15{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Articles courts

131--140

We consider the value of replacing and/or combining string-basedmethods with syntax-based methods for phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT), and we also consider the relative merits of using constituency-annotated vs. dependency-annotated training data. We automatically derive two subtree-aligned treebanks, dependency-based and constituency-based, from a parallel English{--}French corpus and extract syntactically motivated word- and phrase-pairs. We automatically measure PB-SMT quality. The results show that combining string-based and syntax-based word- and phrase-pairs can improve translation quality irrespective of the type of syntactic annotation. Furthermore, using dependency annotation yields greater translation quality than constituency annotation for PB-SMT.

null

84,712

inproceedings

paul-2008-overview

Overview of the {IWSLT} 2008 evaluation campaign.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.1/

Paul, Michael

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

1--7

This paper gives an overview of the evaluation campaign results of the International1Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2008 . In this workshop, we focused on the translation of spontaneous speech recorded in a real situation and the feasability of pivot-language-based translation approaches. The translation directions were English into Chinese and vice versa for the Challenge Task, Chinese into English and English into Spanish for the Pivot Task, and Arabic, Chinese, Spanish into English for the standard BTEC Task. In total, 19 research groups building 58 MT engines participated in this year`s event. Automatic and subjective evaluations were carried out in order to investigate the impact of spontaneity aspects of field data experiments on automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) system performance as well as the robustness of state-of-the-art MT systems towards speech-to-speech translation in real environments.

null

84,737

inproceedings

zollmann-etal-2008-cmu

The {CMU} syntax-augmented machine translation system: {SAMT} on Hadoop with n-best alignments.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.2/

Zollmann, Andreas and Venugopal, Ashish and Vogel, Stephan

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

18--25

We present the CMU Syntax Augmented Machine Translation System that was used in the IWSLT-08 evaluation campaign. We participated in the Full-BTEC data track for Chinese-English translation, focusing on transcript translation. For this year`s evaluation, we ported the Syntax Augmented MT toolkit [1] to the Hadoop MapReduce [2] parallel processing architecture, allowing us to efficiently run experiments evaluating a novel {\textquotedblleft}wider pipelines{\textquotedblright} approach to integrate evidence from N -best alignments into our translation models. We describe each step of the MapReduce pipeline as it is implemented in the open-source SAMT toolkit, and show improvements in translation quality by using N-best alignments in both hierarchical and syntax augmented translation systems.

null

84,738

inproceedings

ma-etal-2008-exploiting

Exploiting alignment techniques in {MATREX}: the {DCU} machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.3/

Ma, Yanjun and Tinsley, John and Hassan, Hany and Du, Jinhua and Way, Andy

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

26--33

In this paper, we give a description of the machine translation (MT) system developed at DCU that was used for our third participation in the evaluation campaign of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT 2008). In this participation, we focus on various techniques for word and phrase alignment to improve system quality. Specifically, we try out our word packing and syntax-enhanced word alignment techniques for the Chinese{--}English task and for the English{--}Chinese task for the first time. For all translation tasks except Arabic{--}English, we exploit linguistically motivated bilingual phrase pairs extracted from parallel treebanks. We smooth our translation tables with out-of-domain word translations for the Arabic{--}English and Chinese{--}English tasks in order to solve the problem of the high number of out of vocabulary items. We also carried out experiments combining both in-domain and out-of-domain data to improve system performance and, finally, we deploy a majority voting procedure combining a language model-based method and a translation-based method for case and punctuation restoration. We participated in all the translation tasks and translated both the single-best ASR hypotheses and the correct recognition results. The translation results confirm that our new word and phrase alignment techniques are often helpful in improving translation quality, and the data combination method we proposed can significantly improve system performance.

null

84,739

inproceedings

bertoldi-etal-2008-fbk

{FBK} @ {IWSLT}-2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.4/

Bertoldi, Nicola and Cattoni, Roldano and Federico, Marcello and Barbaiani, Madalina

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

34--38

This paper reports on the participation of FBK at the IWSLT 2008 Evaluation. Main effort has been spent on the Chinese-Spanish Pivot task. We implemented four methods to perform pivot translation. The results on the IWSLT 2008 test data show that our original method for generating training data through random sampling outperforms the best methods based on coupling translation systems. FBK also participated in the Chinese-English Challenge task and the Chinese-English and Chinese-Spanish BTEC tasks, employing the standard state-of-the-art MT system Moses Toolkit.

null

84,740

inproceedings

lepage-etal-2008-greyc

The {GREYC} machine translation system for the {IWSLT} 2008 evaluation campaign.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.5/

Lepage, Yves and Lardilleux, Adrien and Gosme, Julien and Manguin, Jean-Luc

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

39--45

This year`s GREYC machine translation (MT) system presents three major changes relative to the system presented during the previous campaign, while, of course, remaining a pure example-based MT system that exploits proportional analogies. Firstly, the analogy solver has been replaced with a truly non-deterministic one. Secondly, the engine has been re-engineered and a better control has been introduced. Thirdly, the data used for translation were the data provided by the organizers plus alignments obtained using a new alignment method. This year we chose to have the engine run with the word as the processing unit on the contrary to previous years where the processing unit used to be the character. The tracks the system participated in are all classic BTEC tracks (Arabic-English, Chinese-English and Chinese-Spanish) plus the so-called PIVOT task, where the test set had to be translated from Chinese into Spanish by way of English.

null

84,741

inproceedings

chen-etal-2008-i2r

{I}2{R} multi-pass machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.6/

Chen, Boxing and Xiong, Deyi and Zhang, Min and Aw, Aiti and Li, Haizhou

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

46--51

In this paper, we describe the system and approach used by the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) for the IWSLT 2008 spoken language translation evaluation campaign. In the system, we integrate various decoding algorithms into a multi-pass translation framework. The multi-pass approach enables us to utilize various decoding algorithm and to explore much more hypotheses. This paper reports our design philosophy, overall architecture, each individual system and various system combination methods that we have explored. The performance on development and test sets are reported in detail in the paper. The system has shown competitive performance with respect to the BLEU and METEOR measures in Chinese-English Challenge and BTEC tasks.

null

84,742

inproceedings

liu-etal-2008-ict

The {ICT} system description for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.7/

Liu, Yang and He, Zhongjun and Mi, Haitao and Huang, Yun and Feng, Yang and Jiang, Wenbin and Lu, Yajuan and Liu, Qun

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

52--57

This paper presents a description for the ICT systems involved in the IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign. This year, we participated in Chinese-English and English-Chinese translation directions. Four statistical machine translation systems were used: one linguistically syntax-based, two formally syntax-based, and one phrase-based. The outputs of the four SMT systems were fed to a sentence-level system combiner, which was expected to produce better translations than single systems. We will report the results of the four single systems and the combiner on both the development and test sets.

null

84,743

inproceedings

besacier-etal-2008-lig

The {LIG} {A}rabic/{E}nglish speech translation system at {IWSLT}08.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.8/

Besacier, L. and Ben-Youssef, A. and Blanchon, H.

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

58--62

This paper is a description of the system presented by the LIG laboratory to the IWSLT08 speech translation evaluation. The LIG participated, for the second time this year, in the Arabic to English speech translation task. For translation, we used a conventional statistical phrase-based system developed using the moses open source decoder. We describe chronologically the improvements made since last year, starting from the IWSLT 2007 system, following with the improvements made for our 2008 submission. Then, we discuss in section 5 some post-evaluation experiments made very recently, as well as some on-going work on Arabic / English speech to text translation. This year, the systems were ranked according to the (BLEU+METEOR)/2 score of the primary ASR output run submissions. The LIG was ranked 5th/10 based on this rule.

null

84,744

inproceedings

schwenk-etal-2008-lium

The {LIUM} {A}rabic/{E}nglish statistical machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.9/

Schwenk, Holger and Est{\`e}ve, Yannick and Abdul Rauf, Sadaf

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

63--68

This paper describes the system developed by the LIUM laboratory for the 2008 IWSLT evaluation. We only participated in the Arabic/English BTEC task. We developed a statistical phrase-based system using the Moses toolkit and SYSTRAN`s rule-based translation system to perform a morphological decomposition of the Arabic words. A continuous space language model was deployed to improve the modeling of the target language. Both approaches achieved significant improvements in the BLEU score. The system achieves a score of 49.4 on the test set of the 2008 IWSLT evaluation.

null

84,745

inproceedings

shen-etal-2008-mit

The {MIT}-{LL}/{AFRL} {IWSLT}-2008 {MT} system.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.10/

Shen, Wade and Delaney, Brian and Anderson, Tim and Slyh, Ray

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

69--76

This paper describes the MIT-LL/AFRL statistical MT system and the improvements that were developed during the IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign. As part of these efforts, we experimented with a number of extensions to the standard phrase-based model that improve performance for both text and speech-based translation on Chinese and Arabic translation tasks. We discuss the architecture of the MIT-LL/AFRL MT system, improvements over our 2007 system, and experiments we ran during the IWSLT-2008 evaluation. Specifically, we focus on 1) novel segmentation models for phrase-based MT, 2) improved lattice and confusion network decoding of speech input, 3) improved Arabic morphology for MT preprocessing, and 4) system combination methods for machine translation.

null

84,746

inproceedings

utiyama-etal-2008-nict

The {NICT}/{ATR} speech translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.11/

Utiyama, Masao and Finch, Andrew and Okuma, Hideo and Paul, Michael and Cao, Hailong and Yamamoto, Hirofumi and Yasuda, Keiji and Sumita, Eiichiro

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

77--84

This paper describes the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology/Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (NICT/ATR) statistical machine translation (SMT) system used for the IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign. We participated in the Chinese{--}English (Challenge Task), English{--}Chinese (Challenge Task), Chinese{--}English (BTEC Task), Chinese{--}Spanish (BTEC Task), and Chinese{--}English{--}Spanish (PIVOT Task) translation tasks. In the English{--}Chinese translation Challenge Task, we focused on exploring various factors for the English{--}Chinese translation because the research on the translation of English{--}Chinese is scarce compared to the opposite direction. In the Chinese{--}English translation Challenge Task, we employed a novel clustering method, where training sentences similar to the development data in terms of the word error rate formed a cluster. In the pivot translation task, we integrated two strategies for pivot translation by linear interpolation.

null

84,747

inproceedings

he-etal-2008-casia

The {CASIA} statistical machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.12/

He, Yanqing and Zhang, Jiajun and Li, Maoxi and Fang, Licheng and Chen, Yufeng and Zhou, Yu and Zong, Chengqing

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

85--91

This paper describes our statistical machine translation system (CASIA) used in the evaluation campaign of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2008. In this year`s evaluation, we participated in challenge task for Chinese-English and English-Chinese, BTEC task for Chinese-English. Here, we mainly introduce the overview of our system, the primary modules, the key techniques, and the evaluation results.

null

84,748

inproceedings

sudoh-etal-2008-ntt

{NTT} statistical machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.13/

Sudoh, Katsuhito and Watanabe, Taro and Suzuki, Jun and Tsukada, Hajime and Isozaki, Hideki

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

92--97

The NTT Statistical Machine Translation System consists of two primary components: a statistical machine translation decoder and a reranker. The decoder generates k-best translation canditates using a hierarchical phrase-based translation based on synchronous context-free grammar. The decoder employs a linear feature combination among several real-valued scores on translation and language models. The reranker reorders the k-best translation candidates using Ranking SVMs with a large number of sparse features. This paper describes the two components and presents the results for the evaluation campaign of IWSLT 2008.

null

84,749

inproceedings

lee-lee-2008-postech

{POSTECH} machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008 evaluation campaign.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.14/

Lee, Jonghoon and Lee, Gary Geunbae

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

98--103

In this paper, we describe POSTECH system for IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign. The system is based on phrase based statistical machine translation. We set up a baseline system using well known freely available software. A preprocessing method and a language modeling method have been applied to the baseline system in order to improve machine translation quality. The preprocessing method is to identify and remove useless tokens in source texts. And the language modeling method models phrase level n-gram. We have participated in the BTEC tasks to see the effects of our methods.

null

84,750

inproceedings

carter-etal-2008-theqmul

{T}he{QMUL} system description for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.15/

Carter, Simon and Monz, Christof and Yahyaei, Sirvan

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

104--107

The QMUL system to the IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign is a phrase-based statistical MT system implemented in C++. The decoder employs a multi-stack architecture, and uses a beam to manage the search space. We participated in both BTEC Arabic {\textrightarrow} English and Chinese {\textrightarrow} English tracks, as well as the PIVOT task. In our first submission to IWSLT, we are particularly interested in seeing how our SMT system performs with speech input, having so far only worked with and translated newswire data sets.

null

84,751

inproceedings

vilar-etal-2008-rwth

The {RWTH} machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.16/

Vilar, David and Stein, Daniel and Zhang, Yuqi and Matusov, Evgeny and Mauser, Arne and Bender, Oliver and Mansour, Saab and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

108--115

RWTH`s system for the 2008 IWSLT evaluation consists of a combination of different phrase-based and hierarchical statistical machine translation systems. We participated in the translation tasks for the Chinese-to-English and Arabic-to-English language pairs. We investigated different preprocessing techniques, reordering methods for the phrase-based system, including reordering of speech lattices, and syntax-based enhancements for the hierarchical systems. We also tried the combination of the Arabic-to-English and Chinese-to-English outputs as an additional submission.

null

84,752

inproceedings

khalilov-etal-2008-talp-i2r

The {TALP}{\&}{I}2{R} {SMT} systems for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.17/

Khalilov, Maxim and Costa-juss{\`a}, Maria R. and Q., Carlos A. Henr{\'i}quez and Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R. and H., Adolfo Hern{\'a}ndez and Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B. and Banchs, Rafael E. and Boxing, Chen and Zhang, Min and Aw, Aiti and Li, Haizhou

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

116--123

This paper gives a description of the statistical machine translation (SMT) systems developed at the TALP Research Center of the UPC (Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya) for our participation in the IWSLT`08 evaluation campaign. We present Ngram-based (TALPtuples) and phrase-based (TALPphrases) SMT systems. The paper explains the 2008 systems' architecture and outlines translation schemes we have used, mainly focusing on the new techniques that are challenged to improve speech-to-speech translation quality. The novelties we have introduced are: improved reordering method, linear combination of translation and reordering models and new technique dealing with punctuation marks insertion for a phrase-based SMT system. This year we focus on the Arabic-English, Chinese-Spanish and pivot Chinese-(English)-Spanish translation tasks.

null

84,753

inproceedings

wang-etal-2008-tch

The {TCH} machine translation system for {IWSLT} 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.18/

Wang, Haifeng and Wu, Hua and Hu, Xiaoguang and Liu, Zhanyi and Li, Jianfeng and Ren, Dengjun and Niu, Zhengyu

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

124--131

This paper reports on the first participation of TCH (Toshiba (China) Research and Development Center) at the IWSLT evaluation campaign. We participated in all the 5 translation tasks with Chinese as source language or target language. For Chinese-English and English-Chinese translation, we used hybrid systems that combine rule-based machine translation (RBMT) method and statistical machine translation (SMT) method. For Chinese-Spanish translation, phrase-based SMT models were used. For the pivot task, we combined the translations generated by a pivot based statistical translation model and a statistical transfer translation model (firstly, translating from Chinese to English, and then from English to Spanish). Moreover, for better performance of MT, we improved each module in the MT systems as follows: adapting Chinese word segmentation to spoken language translation, selecting out-of-domain corpus to build language models, using bilingual dictionaries to correct word alignment results, handling NE translation and selecting translations from the outputs of multiple systems. According to the automatic evaluation results on the full test sets, we top in all the 5 tasks.

null

84,754

inproceedings

murakami-etal-2008-statistical

Statistical machine translation without long parallel sentences for training data.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.19/

Murakami, Jin{'}ichi and Tokuhisa, Masato and Ikehara, Satoru

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

132--137

In this study, we paid attention to the reliability of phrase table. We have been used the phrase table using Och`s method[2]. And this method sometimes generate completely wrong phrase tables. We found that such phrase table caused by long parallel sentences. Therefore, we removed these long parallel sentences from training data. Also, we utilized general tools for statistical machine translation, such as {\textquotedblright}Giza++{\textquotedblright}[3], {\textquotedblright}moses{\textquotedblright}[4], and {\textquotedblright}training-phrase-model.perl{\textquotedblright}[5]. We obtained a BLEU score of 0.4047 (TEXT) and 0.3553(1-BEST) of the Challenge-EC task for our proposed method. On the other hand, we obtained a BLEU score of 0.3975(TEXT) and 0.3482(1-BEST) of the Challenge-EC task for a standard method. This means that our proposed method was effective for the Challenge-EC task. However, it was not effective for the BTECT-CE and Challenge-CE tasks. And our system was not good performance. For example, our system was the 7th place among 8 system for Challenge-EC task.

null

84,755

inproceedings

mermer-etal-2008-tubitak

The {T{\"UB{\'ITAK-{UEKAE statistical machine translation system for {IWSLT 2008.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-evaluation.20/

Mermer, Co{\c{skun and Kaya, Hamza and G{\"une{\c{s, {\"Omer Farukhan and Do{\u{gan, Mehmet U{\u{gur

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Evaluation Campaign

138--142

We present the T{\"UB{\.ITAK-UEKAE statistical machine translation system that participated in the IWSLT 2008 evaluation campaign. Our system is based on the open-source phrase-based statistical machine translation software Moses. Additionally, phrase-table augmentation is applied to maximize source language coverage; lexical approximation is applied to replace out-of-vocabulary words with known words prior to decoding; and automatic punctuation insertion is improved. We describe the preprocessing and postprocessing steps and our training and decoding procedures. Results are presented on our participation in the classical Arabic-English and Chinese-English tasks as well as the new Chinese-Spanish direct and Chinese-English-Spanish pivot translation tasks.

null

84,756

inproceedings

bertoldi-etal-2008-phrase

Phrase-based statistical machine translation with pivot languages.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.1/

Bertoldi, Nicola and Barbaiani, Madalina and Federico, Marcello and Cattoni, Roldano

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

143--149

Translation with pivot languages has recently gained attention as a means to circumvent the data bottleneck of statistical machine translation (SMT). This paper tries to give a mathematically sound formulation of the various approaches presented in the literature and introduces new methods for training alignment models through pivot languages. We present experimental results on Chinese-Spanish translation via English, on a popular traveling domain task. In contrast to previous literature, we report experimental results by using parallel corpora that are either disjoint or overlapped on the pivot language side. Finally, our original method for generating training data through random sampling shows to perform as well as the best methods based on the coupling of translation systems.

null

84,757

inproceedings

bond-etal-2008-improving

Improving statistical machine translation by paraphrasing the training data.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.2/

Bond, Francis and Nichols, Eric and Scott Appling, Darren and Paul, Michael

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

150--157

Large amounts of training data are essential for training statistical machine translations systems. In this paper we show how training data can be expanded by paraphrasing one side. The new data is made by parsing then generating using a precise HPSG based grammar, which gives sentences with the same meaning, but minor variations in lexical choice and word order. In experiments with Japanese and English, we showed consistent gains on the Tanaka Corpus with less consistent improvement on the IWSLT 2005 evaluation data.

null

84,758

inproceedings

kao-etal-2008-rapid

Rapid development of an {E}nglish/{F}arsi speech-to-speech translation system.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.4/

Kao, C.-L. and Saleem, S. and Prasad, R. and Choi, F. and Natarajan, P. and Stallard, David and Krstovski, K. and Kamali, M.

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

166--173

Significant advances have been achieved in Speech-to-Speech (S2S) translation systems in recent years. However, rapid configuration of S2S systems for low-resource language pairs and domains remains a challenging problem due to lack of human translated bilingual training data. In this paper, we report on an effort to port our existing English/Iraqi S2S system to the English/Farsi language pair in just 90 days, using only a small amount of training data. This effort included developing acoustic models for Farsi, domain-relevant language models for English and Farsi, and translation models for English-to-Farsi and Farsi-to-English. As part of this work, we developed two novel techniques for expanding the training data, including the reuse of data from different language pairs, and directed collection of new data. In an independent evaluation, the resulting system achieved the highest performance of all systems.

null

84,760

inproceedings

kolss-etal-2008-simultaneous

Simultaneous {G}erman-{E}nglish lecture translation.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.5/

Kolss, Muntsin and W{\"olfel, Matthias and Kraft, Florian and Niehues, Jan and Paulik, Matthias and Waibel, Alex

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

174--181

In an increasingly globalized world, situations in which people of different native tongues have to communicate with each other become more and more frequent. In many such situations, human interpreters are prohibitively expensive or simply not available. Automatic spoken language translation (SLT), as a cost-effective solution to this dilemma, has received increased attention in recent years. For a broad number of applications, including live SLT of lectures and oral presentations, these automatic systems should ideally operate in real time and with low latency. Large and highly specialized vocabularies as well as strong variations in speaking style {--} ranging from read speech to free presentations suffering from spontaneous events {--} make simultaneous SLT of lectures a challenging task. This paper presents our progress in building a simultaneous German-English lecture translation system. We emphasize some of the challenges which are particular to this language pair and propose solutions to tackle some of the problems encountered.

null

84,761

inproceedings

schwenk-2008-investigations

Investigations on large-scale lightly-supervised training for statistical machine translation.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.6/

Schwenk, Holger

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

182--189

Sentence-aligned bilingual texts are a crucial resource to build statistical machine translation (SMT) systems. In this paper we propose to apply lightly-supervised training to produce additional parallel data. The idea is to translate large amounts of monolingual data (up to 275M words) with an SMT system, and to use those as additional training data. Results are reported for the translation from French into English. We consider two setups: first the intial SMT system is only trained with a very limited amount of human-produced translations, and then the case where we have more than 100 million words. In both conditions, lightly-supervised training achieves significant improvements of the BLEU score.

null

84,762

inproceedings

vilar-etal-2008-analysing

Analysing soft syntax features and heuristics for hierarchical phrase based machine translation.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.7/

Vilar, David and Stein, Daniel and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

190--197

Similar to phrase-based machine translation, hierarchical systems produce a large proportion of phrases, most of which are supposedly junk and useless for the actual translation. For the hierarchical case, however, the amount of extracted rules is an order of magnitude bigger. In this paper, we investigate several soft constraints in the extraction of hierarchical phrases and whether these help as additional scores in the decoding to prune unneeded phrases. We show the methods that help best.

null

84,763

inproceedings

zens-ney-2008-improvements

Improvements in dynamic programming beam search for phrase-based statistical machine translation.

null

oct # " 20-21"

2008

Waikiki, Hawaii

null

https://aclanthology.org/2008.iwslt-papers.8/

Zens, Richard and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers

195--205

Search is a central component of any statistical machine translation system. We describe the search for phrase-based SMT in detail and show its importance for achieving good translation quality. We introduce an explicit distinction between reordering and lexical hypotheses and organize the pruning accordingly. We show that for the large Chinese-English NIST task already a small number of lexical alternatives is sufficient, whereas a large number of reordering hypotheses is required to achieve good translation quality. The resulting system compares favorably with the current stateof-the-art, in particular we perform a comparison with cube pruning as well as with Moses.

null

84,764

inproceedings

alegria-etal-2008-spanish

{S}panish-to-{B}asque {M}ulti{E}ngine Machine Translation for a Restricted Domain

null

oct # " 21-25"

2008

Waikiki, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2008.amta-papers.1/

Alegria, I{\~n}aki and Casillas, Arantza and Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza and Igartua, Jon and Labaka, Gorka and Lersundi, Mikel and Mayor, Aingeru and Sarasola, Kepa

Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Research Papers

37--45

We present our initial strategy for Spanish-to-Basque MultiEngine Machine Translation, a language pair with very different structure and word order and with no huge parallel corpus available. This hybrid proposal is based on the combination of three different MT paradigms: Example-Based MT, Statistical MT and Rule- Based MT. We have evaluated the system, reporting automatic evaluation metrics for a corpus in a test domain. The first results obtained are encouraging.

null

84,796

inproceedings

brown-2008-exploiting

Exploiting Document-Level Context for Data-Driven Machine Translation

null

oct # " 21-25"

2008

Waikiki, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2008.amta-papers.2/

Brown, Ralf

Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Research Papers

46--55

This paper presents a method for exploiting document-level similarity between the documents in the training corpus for a corpus-driven (statistical or example-based) machine translation system and the input documents it must translate. The method is simple to implement, efficient (increases the translation time of an example-based system by only a few percent), and robust (still works even when the actual document boundaries in the input text are not known). Experiments on French-English and Arabic-English showed relative gains over the same system without using document-level similarity of up to 7.4{\%} and 5.4{\%}, respectively, on the BLEU metric.

null

84,797

inproceedings

cettolo-etal-2008-shallow

Shallow-Syntax Phrase-Based Translation: Joint versus Factored String-to-Chunk Models

null

oct # " 21-25"

2008

Waikiki, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2008.amta-papers.3/

Cettolo, Mauro and Federico, Marcello and Pighin, Daniele and Bertoldi, Nicola

Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Research Papers

56--64

This work extends phrase-based statistical MT (SMT) with shallow syntax dependencies. Two string-to-chunks translation models are proposed: a factored model, which augments phrase-based SMT with layered dependencies, and a joint model, that extends the phrase translation table with microtags, i.e. per-word projections of chunk labels. Both rely on n-gram models of target sequences with different granularity: single words, micro-tags, chunks. In particular, n-grams defined over syntactic chunks should model syntactic constraints coping with word-group movements. Experimental analysis and evaluation conducted on two popular Chinese-English tasks suggest that the shallow-syntax joint-translation model has potential to outperform state-of-the-art phrase-based translation, with a reasonable computational overhead.

null

84,798

inproceedings

cherry-quirk-2008-discriminative

Discriminative, Syntactic Language Modeling through Latent {SVM}s

null

oct # " 21-25"

2008

Waikiki, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2008.amta-papers.4/

Cherry, Colin and Quirk, Chris

Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Research Papers

65--74

We construct a discriminative, syntactic language model (LM) by using a latent support vector machine (SVM) to train an unlexicalized parser to judge sentences. That is, the parser is optimized so that correct sentences receive high-scoring trees, while incorrect sentences do not. Because of this alternative objective, the parser can be trained with only a part-of-speech dictionary and binary-labeled sentences. We follow the paradigm of discriminative language modeling with pseudo-negative examples (Okanohara and Tsujii, 2007), and demonstrate significant improvements in distinguishing real sentences from pseudo-negatives. We also investigate the related task of separating machine-translation (MT) outputs from reference translations, again showing large improvements. Finally, we test our LM in MT reranking, and investigate the language-modeling parser in the context of unsupervised parsing.

null

84,799