polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

amdal-svendsen-2006-fondat1

{F}on{D}at1: A Speech Synthesis Corpus for {N}orwegian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1030/

Amdal, Ingunn and Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the Norwegian speech database FonDat1 designedfor development and assessment of Norwegian unit selection speechsynthesis. The quality of unit selection speech synthesis systems depends highly on the database used. The database should contain sufficient phonemicand prosodic coverage. High quality unit selection synthesis alsorequires that the database is annotated with accurate information about identity and position of the units. Traditionally this involves much manual work, either by hand labelingthe entire database or by correcting automatic annotations. We are working on methods for a complete automation of the annotationprocess. To validate these methods a realistic unit selectionsynthesis database is needed. In addition to serve as a testbed for annotation tools and synthesisexperiments, the process of producing the database using automaticmethods is in itself an important result. FonDat1 contains studio recordings of approximately 2000 sentencesread by two professional speakers, one male and one female. 10{\%} ofthe database is manually annotated.

null

87,702

inproceedings

itai-etal-2006-computational

A Computational Lexicon of Contemporary {H}ebrew

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1031/

Itai, Alon and Wintner, Shuly and Yona, Shlomo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Computational lexicons are among the most important resources for natural language processing (NLP). Their importance is even greater in languages with rich morphology, where the lexicon is expected to provide morphological analyzers with enough information to enable themto correctly process intricately inflected forms. We describe the Haifa Lexicon of Contemporary Hebrew, the broadest-coverage publicly available lexicon of Modern Hebrew, currently consisting of over 20,000 entries. While other lexical resources of Modern Hebrew have been developed in the past, this is the first publicly available large-scale lexicon of the language. In addition to supporting morphological processors (analyzers and generators), which was our primary objective, thelexicon is used as a research tool in Hebrew lexicography and lexical semantics. It is open for browsing on the web and several search tools and interfaces were developed which facilitate on-line access to its information. The lexicon is currently used for a variety of NLP applications.

null

87,703

inproceedings

ivanovska-naskova-2006-development

Development of the First {LR}s for {M}acedonian: Current Projects

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1032/

Ivanovska-Naskova, Ruska

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents in brief several ongoing projects whose aim is to develop the first LRs for Macedonian, in particular the raw corpus compiled by Prof. George Mitrevski at the Auburn University, the preparation for the compilation of a reference corpus for the Macedonian written language at the MASA (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts), the first small annotated corpus of the Macedonian translation of the Orwells 1984, the electronic dictionary of simple words created by Aleksandar Petrovski for the Macedonian module in the frame of the corpus processing system Intex/Nooj and the Morphological dictionary developed by the LTRC (Language Technology Research Center). Further we discuss the importance of the development of the basic LRs for Macedonian as a means of preservation and a prerequisite for the creation of the first commercial language products for this Slavic language.

null

87,704

inproceedings

rapp-vide-2006-example

Example-Based Machine Translation Using a Dictionary of Word Pairs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1033/

Rapp, Reinhard and Vide, Carlos Martin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Machine translation systems, whether rule-based, example-based, or statistical, all rely on dictionaries that are in essence mappings between individual words of the source and the target language. Criteria for the disambiguation of ambiguous words and for differences in word order between the two languages are not accounted for in the lexicon. Instead, these important issues are dealt with in the translation engines. Because the engines tend to be compact and (even with data-oriented approaches) do not fully reflect the complexity of the problem, this approach generally does not account for the more fine grained facets of word behavior. This leads to wrong generalizations and, as a consequence, translation quality tends to be poor. In this paper we suggest to approach this problem by using a new type of lexicon that is not based on individual words but on pairs of words. For each pair of consecutive words in the source language the lexicon lists the possible translations in the target language together with information on order and distance of the target words. The process of machine translation is then seen as a combinatorial problem: For all word pairs in a source sentence all possible translations are retrieved from the lexicon and then those translations are discarded that lead to contradictions when constructing the target sentence. This process implicitly leads to word sense disambiguation and to language specific reordering of words.

null

87,705

inproceedings

el-hadi-etal-2006-terminological

Terminological Resources Acquisition Tools: Toward a User-oriented Evaluation Model

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1034/

El Hadi, Widad Mustafa and Timimi, Ismail and Dabbadie, Marianne and Choukri, Khalid and Hamon, Olivier and Chiao, Yun-Chuang

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the CESART project which deals with the evaluation of terminological resources acquisition tools. The objective of the project is to propose and validate an evaluation protocol allowing one to objectively evaluate and compare different systems for terminology application such as terminological resource creation and semantic relation extraction. The project also aims to create quality-controlled resources such as domain-specific corpora, automatic scoring tool, etc.

null

87,706

inproceedings

bel-etal-2006-new

New tools for the encoding of lexical data extracted from corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1035/

Bel, N{\'u}ria and Espeja, Sergio and Marimon, Montserrat

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the methodology and tools that are the basis of our platform AAILE.4 AAILE has been built for supplying those working in the construction of lexicons for syntactic parsing with more efficient ways of visualizing and analyzing data extracted from corpus. The platform offers support using techniques such as similarity measures, clustering and pattern classification.

null

87,707

inproceedings

braga-etal-2006-progmatica

{P}rogmatica: A Prosodic Database for {E}uropean {P}ortuguese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1036/

Braga, Daniela and Coelho, Lu{\'i}s and Teixeira, Jo{\~a}o P. and Freitas, Diamantino

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this work, a spontaneous speech corpus of broadcasted television material in European Portuguese (EP) is presented. We decided to name it ProGmatica as it is meant to combine prosody information under a pragmatic framework. Our purpose is to analyse, describe and predict the prosodic patterns that are involved in speech acts and discourse events. It is also our goal to relate both prosody and pragmatics to emotion, style and attitude. In future developments, we intend, by this way, to provide EP TTS systems with pragmatic and emotional dimensions. From the whole recorded material we selected, extracted and saved prototypical speech acts with the help of speech analysis tools. We have a multi-speaker corpus, where linguistic, paralinguistic and extra linguistic information are labelled and related to each other. The paper is organized as follows. In section one, a brief state-of-the-art for the available EP corpora containing prosodic information is presented. In section two, we explain the pragmatic criteria used to structure this database. Then, we describe how the speech signal was labelled and which information layers were considered. In section three, we propose a prosodic prediction model to be applied to each speech act in future. In section four, some of the main problems we went through are discussed and future work is presented.

null

87,708

inproceedings

gimenez-amigo-2006-iqmt

{I}qmt: A Framework for Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1037/

Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s and Amig{\'o}, Enrique

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present the IQMT Framework for Machine Translation Evaluation Inside QARLA. IQMT offers a common workbench in which existing evaluation metrics can be utilized and combined. It provides i) a measure to evaluate the quality of any set of similarity metrics (KING), ii) a measure to evaluate the quality of a translation using a set of similarity metrics (QUEEN), and iii) a measure to evaluate the reliability of a test set (JACK). The first release of the IQMT package is freely available for public use. Current version includes a set of 26 metrics from 7 different well-known metric families, and allows the user to supply its own metrics. For future releases, we are working on the design of new metrics that are able to capture linguistic aspects of translation beyond lexical ones.

null

87,709

inproceedings

caselli-prodanof-2006-annotating

Annotating Bridging Anaphors in {I}talian: in Search of Reliability

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1038/

Caselli, Tommaso and Prodanof, Irina

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The aim of this work is the presentation and preliminary evaluation of an XML annotation scheme for marking bridging anaphors of the form definite article + N in Italian. The scheme is based on a corpus-study. The data we collected from the evaluation experiment seem to support the reliability of the scheme, although some problems still remain open.

null

87,710

inproceedings

van-den-heuvel-etal-2006-tc

{TC}-{STAR}: New language resources for {ASR} and {SLT} purposes

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1039/

van den Heuvel, Henk and Choukri, Khalid and Gollan, Christian and Moreno, Asuncion and Mostefa, Djamel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In TC-STAR a variety of Language Resources (LR) is being produced. In this contribution we address the resources that have been created for Automatic Speech Recrognition and Spoken Language Translation. As yet, these are 14 LR in total: two training SLR for ASR (English and Spanish), three development LR and three evaluation LR for ASR (English, Spanish, Mandarin), and three development LR and three evaluation LR for SLT (English-Spanish, Spanish-English, Mandarin-English). In this paper we describe the properties, validation, and availability of these resources.

null

87,711

inproceedings

xia-etal-2006-constructing

Constructing A {C}hinese Chat Language Corpus with A Two-Stage Incremental Annotation Approach

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1040/

Xia, Yunqing and Wong, Kam-Fai and Li, Wenjie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Chat language refers to the special human language widely used in the community of digital network chat. As chat language holds anomalous characteristics in forming words, phrases, and non-alphabetical characters, conventional natural language processing tools are ineffective to handle chat language text. Previous research shows that knowledge based methods perform less effectively in proc-essing unseen chat terms. This motivates us to construct a chat language corpus so that corpus-based techniques of chat language text processing can be developed and evaluated. However, creating the corpus merely by hand is difficult. One, this work is manpower consuming. Second, annotation inconsistency is serious. To minimize manpower and annotation inconsistency, a two-stage incre-mental annotation approach is proposed in this paper in constructing a chat language corpus. Experiments conducted in this paper show that the performance of corpus annotation can be improved greatly with this approach.

null

87,712

inproceedings

hughes-2006-searching

Searching for Language Resources on the Web: User Behaviour in the Open Language Archives Community

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1041/

Hughes, Baden

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

While much effort is expended in the curation of language resources, such investment is largely irrelevant if users cannot locate resourcesof interest. The Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) was established to define standards for the description of language resources and providecore infrastructure for a virtual digital library, thus addressing the resource discovery issue. In this paper we consider naturalistic user search behaviour in the Open Language Archives Community. Specifically, we have collected the query logs from the OLAC Search Engine over a 2 year period, collecting in excess of 1.2 million queries, in over 450K user search sessions. Subsequently we have mined these to discover user search patterns of various types, all pertaining to the discovery of language resources.A number of interesting observations can be made based on this analysis, in this paper we report on a range of properties and behaviours based on empirical evidence.

null

87,713

inproceedings

ohishi-etal-2006-statistical

Statistical Analysis for Thesaurus Construction using an Encyclopedic Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1042/

Ohishi, Yasunori and Itou, Katunobu and Takeda, Kazuya and Fujii, Atsushi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper proposes a discrimination method for hierarchical relationsbetween word pairs. The method is a statistical one using an encyclopedic corpus' extracted and organized from Web pages. In the proposed method, we use the statistical naturethat hyponyms' descriptionstend to include hypernyms whereas hypernyms' descriptions do notinclude all of the hyponyms.Experimental results show that the method detected 61.7{\%} of therelations in an actual thesaurus.

null

87,714

inproceedings

havasi-etal-2006-bulb

{BULB}: A Unified Lexical Browser

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1043/

Havasi, Catherine and Pustejovsky, James and Verhagen, Marc

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Natural language processing researchers currently have access to a wealth of information about words and word senses. This presents problems as well as resources, as it is often difficult to search through and coordinate lexical information across various data sources. We have approached this problem by creating a shared environment for various lexical resources. This browser, BULB (Brandeis Unified Lexical Browser) and its accompanying front-end provides the NLP researcher with a coordinated display from many of the available lexical resources, focusing, in particular, on a newly developed lexical database, the Brandeis Semantic Ontology (BSO). BULB is a module-based browser focusing on the interaction and display of modules from existing NLP tools. We discuss the BSO, PropBank, FrameNet, WordNet, and CQP, as well as other modules which will extend the system. We then outline future extensions to this work and present a release schedule for BULB.

null

87,715

inproceedings

schafer-beck-2006-automatic

Automatic Testing and Evaluation of Multilingual Language Technology Resources and Components

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1044/

Sch{\"afer, Ulrich and Beck, Daniel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe SProUTomat, a tool for daily building, testing and evaluating a complex general-purpose multilingual natural language text processor including its linguistic resources (lingware). Software and lingware are developed, maintained and extended in a distributed manner by multiple authors and projects, i.e., the source code stored in a version control system is modified frequently. The modular design of different, dedicated lingware modules like tokenizers, morphology, gazetteers, type hierarchy, rule formalism on the one hand increases flexibility and re-usability, but on the other hand may lead to fragility with respect to changes. Therefore, frequent testing as known from software engineering is necessary also for lingware to warrant a high level of quality and overall stability of the system. We describe the build, testing and evaluation methods for LT software and lingware we have developed on the basis of the open source, platform-independent Apache Ant tool and the configurable evaluation tool JTaCo.

null

87,716

inproceedings

grishina-2006-spoken

Spoken {R}ussian in the {R}ussian National Corpus ({RNC})

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1045/

Grishina, Elena

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The RNC now it is a 120 million-word collection of Russian text, thus, it is the most representative and authoritative corpus of the Russian language. It is available in the Internet at www.ruscorpora.ru. The RNC contains texts of all genres and types, which covers Russian from 19 up to 21 centuries. The practice of national corpora constructing has revealed that it`s indispensable to include in the RNC the sub-corpora of spoken language. Therefore, the constructors of the RNC have an intention to include in it about 10 million words of Spoken Russian. Oral speech in the Corpus is represented in the standard Russian orthography. Although this decision made impossible any phonetic exploration of the Spoken Russian Corpus, but studying Spoken Russian from any other linguistic point of view is completely available. In addition to traditional annotations (metatextual and morphological), in Spoken Sub-corpus there is sociological annotation. Unlike the standard oral speech, which is spontaneous and isn`t intended to be reproduced, Multimedia Spoken Russian (MSR) is otherwise in great deal premeditated and evidently meant to be reproduced. MSR is also to be included in the RNC: first of all we plan to make the very interesting and provocative part of the RNC from the textual ingredient of about 300 Russian films.

null

87,717

inproceedings

buitelaar-etal-2006-ontology

Ontology-based Information Extraction with {SOBA}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1046/

Buitelaar, Paul and Cimiano, Philipp and Racioppa, Stefania and Siegel, Melanie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we describe SOBA, a sub-component of the SmartWeb multi-modal dialog system. SOBA is a component for ontologybased information extraction from soccer web pages for automatic population of a knowledge base that can be used for domainspecific question answering. SOBA realizes a tight connection between the ontology, knowledge base and the information extraction component. The originality of SOBA is in the fact that it extracts information from heterogeneous sources such as tabular structures, text and image captions in a semantically integrated way. In particular, it stores extracted information in a knowledge base, and in turn uses the knowledge base to interpret and link newly extracted information with respect to already existing entities.

null

87,718

inproceedings

dutoit-2006-alexandria

{A}lexandria: A Powerful Multilingual Resource for Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1047/

Dutoit, Dominique

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper is dealing with a new web interface to display linguistic data on the web. This new web interface is a general proposal for the web. Its present name is Alexandria. Alexandria is an amazing tool that can be downloaded free of charge, under certain conditions. Although the initial idea was hatched six or seven years ago, its technical realization has only been feasible for the past two years. If you want to read the HTML page, for instance \url{http://www.memodata.com}, double click on any word at random and you`ll see a window open with a definition of the word followed by a list of synonyms and expressions using the word. If not, your browser is not in French. Then, you have to use the menu to modify the target language and choice the French between 22 languages.

null

87,719

inproceedings

maas-wrede-2006-bitt

{BITT}: A Corpus for Topic Tracking Evaluation on Multimodal Human-Robot-Interaction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1048/

Maas, Jan Frederik and Wrede, Britta

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Our research is concerned with the development of robotic systems which can support people in household environments, such as taking care of elderly people. A central goal of our research consists in creating robot systems which are able to learn and communicate about a given environment without the need of a specially trained user. For the communication with such users it is necessary that the robot is able to communicate multimodally, which especially includes the ability to communicate in natural language. Our research is concerned with the development of robotic systems which can support people in household environments, such as taking care of elderly people. A central goal of our research consists in creating robot systems which are able to learn and communicate about a given environment without the need of a specially trained user. For the communication with such users it is necessary that the robot is able to communicate multimodally, which especially includes the ability to communicate in natural language. We believe that the ability to communicate naturally in multimodal communication must be supported by the ability to access contextual information, with topical knowledge being an important aspect of this knowledge. Therefore, we currently develop a topic tracking system for situated human-robot communication on our robot systems. This paper describes the BITT (Bielefeld Topic Tracking) corpus which we built in order to develop and evaluate our system. The corpus consists of human-robot communication sequences about a home-like environment, delivering access to the information sources a multimodal topic tracking system requires.

null

87,720

inproceedings

dalianis-jongejan-2006-hand

Hand-crafted versus Machine-learned Inflectional Rules: The Euroling-{S}ite{S}eeker Stemmer and {CST}`s Lemmatiser

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1049/

Dalianis, Hercules and Jongejan, Bart

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The Euroling stemmer is developed for a commercial web site and intranet search engine called SiteSeeker. SiteSeeker is basically used in the Swedish domain but to some extent also for the English domain. CST`s lemmatiser comes from the Center for Language Technology, University of Copenhagen and was originally developed as a research prototype to create lemmatisation rules from training data. In this paper we compare the performance of the stemmer that uses handcrafted rules for Swedish, Danish and Norwegian as well one stemmer for Greek with CST`s lemmatiser that uses training data to extract lemmatisation rules for Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Greek. The performances of the two approaches are about the same with around 10 percent errors. The handcrafted rule based stemmer techniques are easy to get started with if the programmer has the proper linguistic knowledge. The machine trained sets of lemmatisation rules are very easy to produce without having linguistic knowledge given that one has correct training data.

null

87,721

inproceedings

rohrer-forst-2006-improving

Improving coverage and parsing quality of a large-scale {LFG} for {G}erman

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1050/

Rohrer, Christian and Forst, Martin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe experiments in parsing the German TIGER Treebank. In parsing the complete treebank, 86.44{\%} of the sentences receive full parses; 13.56{\%} receive fragment parses. We discuss the methods used to enhance coverage and parsing quality and we present an evaluation on a gold standard, to our knowledge the first one for a deep grammar of German. Considering the selection performed by our current version of a stochastic disambiguation component, we achieve an f-score of 84.2{\%}, the upper and lower bounds being 87.4{\%} and 82.3{\%} respectively.

null

87,722

inproceedings

schrader-2006-non

Non-probabilistic alignment of rare {G}erman and {E}nglish nominal expressions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1051/

Schrader, Bettina

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present an alignment strategy that specifically deals with the correct alignment of rare German nominal compounds to their English multiword translations. It recognizes compounds and multiwords based on their character lengths and on their most frequent POS-patterns, and aligns them based on their length ratios. Our approach is designed on the basis of a data analysis on roughly 500 German hapax legomena, and as it does not use any frequency or co-occurrence information, it is well-suited to align rare compounds, but also achieves good results for more frequent expressions. Experiment results show that the strategy is able to correctly identify correct translations for 70{\%} of the compound hapaxes in our data set. Additionally, we checked on 700 randomly chosen entries in the dictionary that was automatically generated by our alignment tool. Results of this experiment also indicate that our strategy works for non-hapaxes as well, including finding multiple correct translations for the same head compound.

null

87,723

inproceedings

chesley-salmon-alt-2006-automatic

Automatic extraction of subcategorization frames for {F}rench

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1052/

Chesley, Paula and Salmon-Alt, Susanne

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the automatic extraction of French subcategorization frames from corpora. The subcategorization frames have been acquired via VISL, a dependency-based parser (Bick 2003), whose verb lexicon is currently incomplete with respect to subcategorization frames. Therefore, we have implemented binomial hypothesis testing as a post-parsing filtering step. On a test set of 104 frequent verbs we achieve lower bounds on type precision at 86.8{\%} and on token recall at 54.3{\%}. These results show that, contra (Korhonen et al. 2000), binomial hypothesis testing can be robust for determining subcategorization frames given corpus data. Additionally, we estimate that our extracted subcategorization frames account for 85.4{\%} of all frames in French corpora. We conclude that using a language resource, such as the VISL parser, with a currently unevaluated (and potentially high) error rate can yield robust results in conjunction with probabilistic filtering of the resource output.

null

87,724

inproceedings

irie-etal-2006-layered

Layered Speech-Act Annotation for Spoken Dialogue Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1053/

Irie, Yuki and Matsubara, Shigeki and Kawaguchi, Nobuo and Yamaguchi, Yukiko and Inagaki, Yasuyoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the design of speech act tags for spoken dialogue corpora and its evaluation. Compared with the tags used for conventional corpus annotation, the proposed speech intention tag is specialized enough to determine system operations. However, detailed information description increases tag types. This causes an ambiguous tag selection. Therefore, we have designed an organization of tags, with focusing attention on layered tagging and context-dependent tagging. Over 35,000 utterance units in the CIAIR corpus have been tagged by hand. To evaluate the reliability of the intention tag, a tagging experiment was conducted. The reliability of tagging is evaluated by comparing the tagging among some annotators using kappa value. As a result, we confirmed that reliable data could be built. This corpus with speech intention tag could be widely used from basic research to applications of spoken dialogue. In particular, this would play an important role from the viewpoint of practical use of spoken dialogue corpora.

null

87,725

inproceedings

ahmad-etal-2006-visual

Visual Surveillance and Video Annotation and Description

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1054/

Ahmad, Khurshid and Bennett, Craig and Oliver, Tim

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The effectiveness of CCTV surveillance networks is in part determined by their ability to perceive possible threats. Our traditional means for determining a level of threat has been to manually observe a situation through the network and take action as appropriate. The increasing scale of such surveillance networks has however made such an approach untenable, leading us look for a means by which processes may be automated. Here we investigate the language used by security experts in an attempt to look for patterns in the way in which they describe events as observed through a CCTV camera. It is suggested that natural language based descriptions of events may provide the basis for an index which may prove an important component for future automated surveillance systems.

null

87,726

inproceedings

mangeot-chalvin-2006-dictionary

Dictionary Building with the Jibiki Platform: the {GDEF} case

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1055/

Mangeot, Mathieu and Chalvin, Antoine

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents the use of the {\^a}Jibiki{\^a} generic dictionary online development platform in the case of the GDEF Estonian-French bilingual dictionary building project. This platform has been developed mainly by Mathieu Mangeot and Gilles S{\~A}{\^A}{\textcopyright}rasset based on their research work in the domain. The platform is generic and thus can be used in (almost) any kind of dictionary development project from simple monolingual lexicons to complex multilingual pivot dictionaries as well as terminological resources. The platform is available online, thus it allows entry writers to work and collaborate from any part of the world. It consists in two main modules and data management tools. There is one module for elaborating complex queries on the data and one module for editing entries online. The editing modules generate automatically an interface from the XML structure of the entry.

null

87,727

inproceedings

ohno-etal-2006-syntactically

A Syntactically Annotated Corpus of {J}apanese Spoken Monologue

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1056/

Ohno, Tomohiro and Matsubara, Shigeki and Kashioka, Hideki and Kato, Naoto and Inagaki, Yasuyoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Recently, monologue data such as lecture and commentary by professionals have been considered as valuable intellectual resources, and have been gathering attention. On the other hand, in order to use these monologue data effectively and efficiently, it is necessary for the monologue data not only just to be accumulated but also to be structured. This paper describes the construction of a Japanese spoken monologue corpus in which dependency structure is given to each utterance. Spontaneous monologue includes a lot of very long sentences composed of two or more clauses. In these sentences, there may exist the subject or the adverb common to multi-clauses, and it may be considered that the subject or adverb depend on multi-predicates. In order to give the dependency information in a real fashion, our research allows that a bunsetsu depends on multiple bunsetsus.

null

87,728

inproceedings

gros-etal-2006-si

{SI}-{PRON}: A Pronunciation Lexicon for {S}lovenian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1057/

Gros, Jerneja {\v{Z}}ganec and Cvetko-Ore{\v{s}}nik, Varja and Jakopin, Primo{\v{z}} and Miheli{\v{c}}, Ale{\v{s}}

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present the efforts involved in designing SI-PRON, a comprehensive machine-readable pronunciation lexicon for Slovenian. It has been built from two sources and contains all the lemmas from the Dictionary of Standard Slovenian (SSKJ), the most frequent inflected word forms found in contemporary Slovenian texts, and a first pass of inflected word forms derived from SSKJ lemmas. The lexicon file contains the orthography, corresponding pronunciations, lemmas and morphosyntactic descriptors of lexical entries in a format based on requirements defined by the W3C Voice Browser Activity. The current version of the SI-PRON pronunciation lexicon contains over 1.4 million lexical entries. The word list determination procedure, the generation and validation of phonetic transcriptions, and the lexicon format are described in the paper. Along with Onomastica, SI-PRON presents a valuable language resource for linguistic studies and research of speech technologies for Slovenian. The lexicon is already being used by the AlpSynth Slovenian text-to-speech synthesis system and for generating audio samples of the SSKJ word list.

null

87,729

inproceedings

cinkova-2006-propbank

From {P}rop{B}ank to {E}ng{V}al{L}ex: Adapting the {P}rop{B}ank-Lexicon to the Valency Theory of the Functional Generative Description

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1058/

Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

EngValLex is the name of an FGD-compliant valency lexicon of English verbs, built from the PropBank-Lexicon and following the structure of Vallex, the FGD-based lexicon of Czech verbs. EngValLex is interlinked with the PropBank-Lexicon, thus preserving the original links between the PropBank-Lexicon and the PropBank-Corpus. Therefore it is also supposed to be part of corpus annotation. This paper describes the automatic conversion of the PropBank-Lexicon into Pre-EngValLex, as well as the progress of its subsequent manual refinement (EngValLex). At the start, the Propbank-arguments were automatically re-labeled with functors (semantic labels of FGD) and the PropBank-rolesets were split into the respective example sentences, which became FGD-valency frames of Pre-EngValLex. Human annotators check and correct the labels and make the preliminary valency frames FGD-compliant. The most essential theoretical difference between the original and EngValLex is the syntactic alternations used by the PropBank-Lexicon, not yet employed within the Czech framework. The alternation-based approach substantially affects the conception of the frame, making in very different from the one applied within the FGD-framework. Preserving the valuable alternation information required special linguistic rules for keeping, altering and re-merging the automatically generated preliminary valency frames.

null

87,730

inproceedings

wandmacher-antoine-2006-training

Training Language Models without Appropriate Language Resources: Experiments with an {AAC} System for Disabled People

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1059/

Wandmacher, Tonio and Antoine, Jean-Yves

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Statistical Language Models (LM) are highly dependent on their training resources. This makes it not only difficult to interpret evaluation results, it also has a deteriorating effect on the use of an LM-based application. This question has already been studied by others. Considering a specific domain (text prediction in a communication aid for handicapped people) we want to address the problem from a different point of view: the influence of the language register. Considering corpora from five different registers, we want to discuss three methods to adapt a language model to its actual language resource ultimately reducing the effect of training dependency: (a) A simple cache model augmenting the probability of the n last inserted words; (b) a user dictionary, keeping every unseen word; and (c) a combined LM interpolating a base model with a dynamically updated user model. Our evaluation is based on the results obtained from a text prediction system working on a trigram LM.

null

87,731

inproceedings

roark-etal-2006-sparseval

{SP}arseval: Evaluation Metrics for Parsing Speech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1060/

Roark, Brian and Harper, Mary and Charniak, Eugene and Dorr, Bonnie and Johnson, Mark and Kahn, Jeremy and Liu, Yang and Ostendorf, Mari and Hale, John and Krasnyanskaya, Anna and Lease, Matthew and Shafran, Izhak and Snover, Matthew and Stewart, Robin and Yung, Lisa

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

While both spoken and written language processing stand to benefit from parsing, the standard Parseval metrics (Black et al., 1991) and their canonical implementation (Sekine and Collins, 1997) are only useful for text. The Parseval metrics are undefined when the words input to the parser do not match the words in the gold standard parse tree exactly, and word errors are unavoidable with automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. To fill this gap, we have developed a publicly available tool for scoring parses that implements a variety of metrics which can handle mismatches in words and segmentations, including: alignment-based bracket evaluation, alignment-based dependency evaluation, and a dependency evaluation that does not require alignment. We describe the different metrics, how to use the tool, and the outcome of an extensive set of experiments on the sensitivity.

null

87,732

inproceedings

lin-chen-2006-constructing

Constructing a Named Entity Ontology from Web Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1061/

Lin, Ming-Shun and Chen, Hsin-Hsi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper proposes a named entity (NE) ontology generation engine, called XNE-Tree engine, which produces relational named entities by given a seed. The engine incrementally extracts high co-occurring named entities with the seed by using a common search engine. In each iterative step, the seed will be replaced by its siblings or descendants, which form new seeds. In this way, XNE-Tree engine will build a tree structure with the original seed as a root incrementally. Two seeds, Chinese transliteration names of Nicole Kidman (a famous actress) and Ernest Hemingway (a famous writer), are experimented to evaluate the performance of the XNE-Tree.{\textexclamdown}@{\textexclamdown}@For test the applicability of the ontology, we employ it to a phoneme-character conversion system, which convert input phoneme syllable sequences to text strings. Total 100 Chinese transliteration names, including 50 person names and 50 location names are used as test data. We derive an ontology composed of 7,642 named entities. The results of phoneme-character conversion show that both the recall rate and the MRR are improved from 0.79 and 0.50 to 0.84 to 0.55, respectively.

null

87,733

inproceedings

bustamante-diaz-2006-spelling

Spelling Error Patterns in {S}panish for Word Processing Applications

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1062/

Bustamante, Flora Ram{\'i}rez and D{\'i}az, Enrique L{\'o}pez

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper reports findings from the elaboration of a typology of spelling errors for Spanish. It also discusses previous generalizations about spelling error patterns found in other studies and offers new insights on them. The typology is based on the analysis of around 76K misspellings found in real-life texts produced by humans. The main goal of the elaboration of the typology was to help in the im-plementation of a spell checker that detects context-independent misspellings in general unrestricted texts with the most common con-fusion pairs (i.e. error/correction pairs) to improve the set of ranked correction candidates for misspellings. We found that spelling er-rors are language dependent and are closely related to the orthographic rules of each language. The statistical data we provide on spell-ing error patterns in Spanish and their comparison with other data in other related works are the novel contribution of this paper. In this line, this paper shows that some of the general statements found in the literature about spelling error patterns apply mainly to English and cannot be extrapolated to other languages.

null

87,734

inproceedings

noklestad-etal-2006-developing

Developing a re-usable web-demonstrator for automatic anaphora resolution with support for manual editing of coreference chains

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1063/

N{\o}klestad, Anders and Reigem, {\O}ystein and Johansson, Christer

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Automatic markup and editing of anaphora and coreference is performed within one system. The processing is trained using memory based learning, and representations derive from various lexical resources. The current model reaches an expected combined precision and recall of F=62. The further improvement of the coreference detection is work in progress. Editing of coreference is separated into a module working on an xml-file. The editing mechanism can thus be reused in other projects. The editor is designed to store a copy on the server of all files that are edited over the internet using our demonstrator. This might help us to expand our database of texts annotated for anaphora and coreference. Further research includes creating high coverage lexical resources, and modules for other languages. The current system is trained on Norwegian bokm{\textdegree}al, but we hope to extend this to other languages with available tools (e.g. POS-taggers).

null

87,735

inproceedings

tohyama-matsubara-2006-collection

Collection of Simultaneous Interpreting Patterns by Using Bilingual Spoken Monologue Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1064/

Tohyama, Hitomi and Matsubara, Shigeki

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The manual quantitative analysis of CIAIR simultaneous interpretation corpus and the collection of interpreting patterns This paper provides an investigation of simultaneous interpreting patterns using a bilingual spoken monologue corpus. 4,578 pairs of English-Japanese aligned utterances in CIAIR simultaneous interpretation database were used. This investigation is the largest scale as the observation of simultaneous interpreting speech. The simultaneous interpreters are required to generate the target speech simultaneously with the source speech. Therefore, they have various kinds of strategies to raise simultaneity. In this investigation, the simultaneous interpreting patterns with high frequency and high flexibility were extracted from the corpus. As a result, we collected 203 cases out of aligned utterances in which simultaneous interpretersf strategies for raising simultaneity were observed. These 203 cases could be categorized into 12 types of interpreting pattern. It was clarified that 4.5 percent of the English-Japanese monologue data were fitted in those interpreting patterns. These interpreting patterns can be expected to be used as interpreting rules of simultaneous machine interpretation.

null

87,736

inproceedings

itahashi-etal-2006-oriental

Oriental {COCOSDA}: Past, Present and Future

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1065/

Itahashi, Shuichi and Tseng, Chiu-yu and Nakamura, Satoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The purpose of Oriental COCOSDA is to exchange ideas, to share information and to discuss regional matters on creation, utilization, dissemination of spoken language corpora of oriental languages and also on the assessment methods of speech recognition/synthesis systems as well as to promote speech research on oriental languages. A series of International Workshop on East Asian Language Resources and Evaluation (EALREW) or Oriental COCOSDA Workshop has been held annually since the preparatory meeting held in 1997. After that, we have had a series of workshops every year in Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, India and Indonesia. The Oriental COCOSDA is managed by a convener, three advisory members, and 21 representatives from ten regions in Oriental countries. We need much more Pan-Asia collaboration with research organizations and consortia, though there are some domestic activities in Oriental countries. We note that speech research has become popular gradually in Oriental countries including Malaysia, Vietnam, Xinjang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, etc. We plan to hold future Oriental COCOSDA meetings in these places in order to promote speech research there.

null

87,737

inproceedings

storrer-wellinghoff-2006-automated

Automated detection and annotation of term definitions in {G}erman text corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1066/

Storrer, Angelika and Wellinghoff, Sandra

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe an approach to automatically detect and annotate definitions for technical terms in German text corpora. This approach focuses on verbs that typically appear in definitions (= definitor verbs). We specify search patterns based on the valency frames of these definitor verbs and use them (1) to detect and delimit text segments containing definitions and (2) to annotate their main functional components: the definiendum (the term that is defined) and the definiens (meaning postulates for this term). On the basis of these annotations we aim at automatically extracting WordNet-style semantic relations that hold between the head nouns of the definiendum and the head nouns of the definiens. In this paper, we will describe our annotation scheme for definitions and report on two studies: (1) a pilot study that evaluates our definition extraction approach using a German corpus with manually annotated definitions as a gold standard. (2) A feasibility study that evaluates the possibility to extract hypernym, hyponym and holonym relations from these annotated definitions.

null

87,738

inproceedings

yaseen-etal-2006-building

Building Annotated Written and Spoken {A}rabic {LR}s in {NEMLAR} Project

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1067/

Yaseen, M. and Attia, M. and Maegaard, B. and Choukri, K. and Paulsson, N. and Haamid, S. and Krauwer, S. and Bendahman, C. and Fers{\o}e, H. and Rashwan, M. and Haddad, B. and Mukbel, C. and Mouradi, A. and Al-Kufaishi, A. and Shahin, M. and Chenfour, N. and Ragheb, A.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The NEMLAR project: Network for Euro-Mediterranean LAnguage Resource and human language technology development and support (www.nemlar.org) was a project supported by the EC with partners from Europe and Arabic countries, whose objective is to build a network of specialized partners to promote and support the development of Arabic Language Resources (LRs) in the Mediterranean region. The project focused on identifying the state of the art of LRs in the region, assessing priority requirements through consultations with language industry and communication players, and establishing a protocol for developing and identifying a Basic Language Resource Kit (BLARK) for Arabic, and to assess first priority requirements. The BLARK is defined as the minimal set of language resources that is necessary to do any pre-competitive research and education, in addition to the development of crucial components for any future NLP industry. Following the identification of high priority resources the NEMLAR partners agreed to focus on, and produce three main resources, which are 1) Annotated Arabic written corpus of about 500 K words, 2) Arabic speech corpus for TTS applications of 2x5 hours, and 3) Arabic broadcast news speech corpus of 40 hours Modern Standard Arabic. For each of the resources underlying linguistic models and assumptions of the corpus, technical specifications, methodologies for the collection and building of the resources, validation and verification mechanisms were put and applied for the three LRs.

null

87,739

inproceedings

dzeroski-etal-2006-towards

Towards a {S}lovene Dependency Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1068/

D{\v{z}}eroski, Sa{\v{s}}o and Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}} and Ledinek, Nina and Pajas, Petr and {\v{Z}}abokrtsky, Zdenek and {\v{Z}}ele, Andreja

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents the initial release of the Slovene Dependency Treebank, currently containing 2000 sentences or 30.000 words. Ourapproach to annotation is based on the Prague Dependency Treebank, which serves as an excellent model due to the similarity of the languages, the existence of a detailed annotation guide and an annotation editor. The initial treebank contains a portion of theMULTEXT-East parallel word-level annotated corpus, namely the firstpart of the Slovene translation of Orwell`s 1984. This corpus was first parsed automatically, to arrive at the initial analytic level dependency trees. These were then hand corrected using the tree editorTrEd; simultaneously, the Czech annotation manual was modified forSlovene. The current version is available in XML/TEI, as well asderived formats, and has been used in a comparative evaluation using the MALT parser, and as one of the languages present in the CoNLL-Xshared task on dependency parsing. The paper also discusses further work, in the first instance the composition of the corpus to be annotated next.

null

87,740

inproceedings

kruengkrai-etal-2006-conditional

A Conditional Random Field Framework for {T}hai Morphological Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1069/

Kruengkrai, Canasai and Sornlertlamvanich, Virach and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents a framework for Thai morphological analysis based on the theoretical background of conditional random fields. We formulate morphological analysis of an unsegmented language as the sequential supervised learning problem. Given a sequence of characters, all possibilities of word/tag segmentation are generated, and then the optimal path is selected with some criterion. We examine two different techniques, including the Viterbi score and the confidence estimation. Preliminary results are given to show the feasibility of our proposed framework.

null

87,741

inproceedings

kato-etal-2006-corpus

A Corpus Search System Utilizing Lexical Dependency Structure

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1070/

Kato, Yoshihide and Matsubara, Shigeki and Inagaki, Yasuyoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents a corpus search system utilizing lexical dependency structure. The user`s query consists of lexical dependency structure. The user`s query consists of a sequence of keywords. For a given query, the system automatically generates the dependency structure patterns which consist of keywords in the query, and returns the sentences whose dependency structures match the generated patterns. The dependency structure patterns are generated by using two operations: combining and interpolation, which utilize dependency structures in the searched corpus. The operations enable the system to generate only the dependency structure patterns that occur in the corpus. The system achieves simple and intuitive corpus search and it is enough linguistically sophisticated to utilize structural information.

null

87,742

inproceedings

berck-russel-2006-annex

{ANNEX} - a web-based Framework for Exploiting Annotated Media Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1071/

Berck, Peter and Russel, Albert

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Manual annotation of various media streams, time series data and also text sequences is still a very time consuming work that has to be carried out in many areas of linguistics and beyond. Based on many theoretical discussions and practical experiences professional tools have been deployed such as ELAN that support the researcher in his/her work. Most of these annotation tools operate on local computers. However, since more and more language resources are stored in web-accessible archives, researchers want to take profit from the new possibilities. ANNEX was developed to fill this gap, since it allows web-based analysis of complex annotated media streams, i.e., the users dont have to download resources and dont have to download and install programs. By simply using a normal web-browser they can start their linguistic work. Yet, due to the architecture of the Internet, ANNEX does not offer the options to create annotations, but this feature will come. However, users have to be aware of the fact that media streaming does not offer that high accuracy as on local computers.

null

87,743

inproceedings

erjavec-2006-english

The {E}nglish-{S}lovene {ACQUIS} corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1072/

Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents the SVEZ-IJS corpus, a large parallel annotated English-Slovene corpus containing translated legal texts of the European Union, the ACQUIS Communautaire. The corpus contains approx. 2 x 5 million words and was compiled from the translation memory obtained from the Translation Unit of the Slovene Government Office for European Affairs. The corpus is encoded in XML, accordingto the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines TEI P4, where each translation memory unit contains useful metadata and the two aligned segments (sentences). Both the Slovene and English text islinguistically annotated at the word-level, by context disambiguatedlemmas and morphosyntactic descriptions, which follow the MULTEXTguidelines. The complete corpus is freely available for research, either via an on-line concordancer, or for downloading from the corpushome page at \url{http://nl.ijs.si/svez/}.

null

87,744

inproceedings

broeder-etal-2006-lamus

{LAMUS}: the Language Archive Management and Upload System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1073/

Broeder, Daan and Claus, Andreas and Offenga, Freddy and Skiba, Romuald and Trilsbeek, Paul and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Language Archiving, Resource Management LAMUS is a web-based service that allows researchers to deposit their language resources into a language resources archive. It was developed at the MPI for Psycholinguistics for stricter control of the archive coherence and consistency and allowing wider use of the archiving facilities without increasing the workload for archive and corpus managers. LAMUS is based on the use of IMDI metadata standard for language resources and offers metadata search and browsing over the archive.

null

87,745

inproceedings

broeder-etal-2006-technologies

Technologies for a Federation of Language Resource Archives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1074/

Broeder, Daan and Offenga, Freddy and Wittenburg, Peter and van der Kamp, Peter and Nathan, David and Str{\"omqvist, Sven

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The DAM-LR project aims at virtually integrating various European language resource archives that allow users to navigate and operate in a single unified domain of language resources. This type of integration introduces Grid technology to the humanities disciplines and forms a federation of archives. It is the basis for establishing a research infrastructure for language resources which will finally enable eHumanities. Currently, the complete architecture is designed based on a few well-known components and some components are already tested. Based on the technological insights gathered and due to discussions within the international DELAMAN network the ethical and organizational basis for such a federation is defined.

null

87,746

inproceedings

kemps-snijders-etal-2006-api

An {API} for accessing the Data Category Registry

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1075/

Kemps-Snijders, Marc and Ducret, Julien and Romary, Laurent and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Central Ontologies are increasingly important to manage interoperability between different types of language resources. This was the reason for ISO to set up a new committee ISO TC37/SC4 taking care of language resource management issues. Central to the work of this committee is the definition of a framework for a central registry of data categories that are important in the domain of language resources. This paper describes an application programming interface that was designed to request services from this data category registry. The DCR is operational and the described API has already been tested from a lexicon application.

null

87,747

inproceedings

wittenburg-etal-2006-foundations

Foundations of Modern Language Resource Archives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1076/

Wittenburg, Peter and Broeder, Daan and Klein, Wolfgang and Levinson, Stephen and Romary, Laurent

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A number of serious reasons will convince an increasing amount of researchers to store their relevant material in centers which we will call ``language resource archives''. They combine the duty of taking care of long-term preservation as well as the task to give access to their material to different user groups. Access here is meant in the sense that an active interaction with the data will be made possible to support the integration of new data, new versions or commentaries of all sorts. Modern Language Resource Archives will have to adhere to a number of basic principles to fulfill all requirements and they will have to be involved in federations to create joint language resource domains making it even simpler for the researchers to access the data. This paper makes an attempt to formulate the essential pillars language resource archives have to adhere to.

null

87,748

inproceedings

offenga-etal-2006-metadata

Metadata Profile in the {ISO} Data Category Registry

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1077/

Offenga, Freddy and Broeder, Daan and Wittenburg, Peter and Ducret, Julien and Romary, Laurent

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Metadata descriptions of language resources become an increasing necessity since the shear amount of language resources is increasing rapidly and especially since we are now creating infrastuctures to access these resources via the web through integrated domains of language resource archives. Yet, the metadata frameworks offered for the domain of language resources (IMDI and OLAC), although mature, are not as widely accepted as necessary. The lack of confidence in the stability and persistence of the concepts and formats introduced by these metadata sets seems to be one argument for people to not invest the time needed for metadata creation. The introduction of these concepts into an ISO standardization process may convince contributors to make use of the terminology. The availability of the ISO Data Category Registry that includes a metadata profile will also offer the opportunity for researchers to construct their own metadata set tailored to the needs of the project at hand, but nevertheless supporting interoperability.

null

87,749

inproceedings

kemps-snijders-etal-2006-lexus

{LEXUS}, a web-based tool for manipulating lexical resources lexicon

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1078/

Kemps-Snijders, Marc and Nederhof, Mark-Jan and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

LEXUS provides a flexible framework for the maintaining lexical structure and content. It is the first implementation of the Lexical Markup Framework model currently being developed at ISO TC37/SC4. Amongst its capabilities are the possibility to create lexicon structures, manipulate content and use of typed relations. Integration of well established Data Category Registries is supported to further promote interoperability by allowing access to well established linguistic concepts. Advanced linguistic functionality is offered to assist users in cross lexica operations such as search and comparison and merging of lexica. To enable use within various user groups the look and feel of each lexicon may be customized. In the near future more functionality will be added including integration with other tools accessing lexical content.

null

87,750

inproceedings

erjavec-fiser-2006-building

Building {S}lovene {W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1079/

Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}} and Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A WordNet is a lexical database in which nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are organized in a conceptual hierarchy, linking semantically and lexically related concepts. Such semantic lexicons have become oneof the most valuable resources for a wide range of NLP research and applications, such as semantic tagging, automatic word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval and document summarisation. Following the WordNet design for the English languagedeveloped at Princeton, WordNets for a number of other languages havebeen developed in the past decade, taking the idea into the domain ofmultilingual processing. This paper reports on the prototype SloveneWordNet which currently contains about 5,000 top-level concepts. Theresource has been automatically translated from the Serbian WordNet, with the help of a bilingual dictionary, synset literals ranked according to the frequency of corpus occurrence, and results manually corrected. The paper presents the results obtained, discusses some problems encountered along the way and points out some possibilitiesof automated acquisition and refinement of synsets in the future.

null

87,751

inproceedings

bordoni-mazzoli-2006-towards

Towards an Ontology for Art and Colours

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1080/

Bordoni, Luciana and Mazzoli, Tiziana

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

To meet a variety of needs in information modeling, software development and integration as well as knowledge management and reuse, various groups within industry, academia, and government have been developing and deploying sharable and reusable models known as ontologies. Ontologies play an important role in knowledge representation. In this paper, we address the problem of capturing knowledge needed for indexing and retrieving art resources. We describe a case study in which we attempt to construct an ontology for a subset of art. The aim of the present ontology is to build an extensible repository of knowledge and information about artists, their works and materials used in artistic creations. Influenced by the recent interest in colours and colouring materials, mainly shared by French researchers and linguists, an ontology prototype has been developed using Prot{\'e}g{\'e}. It allows to organize and catalog information about artists, art works, colouring materials and related colours.

null

87,752

inproceedings

johansson-nugues-2006-construction

Construction of a {F}rame{N}et Labeler for {S}wedish Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1081/

Johansson, Richard and Nugues, Pierre

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe the implementation of a FrameNet-based semantic role labeling system for Swedish text. To train the system, we used a semantically annotated corpus that was produced by projection across parallel corpora. As part of the system, we developed two frame element bracketing algorithms that are suitable when no robust constituent parsers are available. Apart from being the first such system for Swedish, this is, as far as we are aware, the first semantic role labeling system for a language for which no role-semantic annotated corpora are available. The estimated accuracy of classification of pre-segmented frame elements is 0.75, and the precision and recall measures for the complete task are 0.67 and 0.47, respectively.

null

87,753

inproceedings

wittenburg-etal-2006-elan

{ELAN}: a Professional Framework for Multimodality Research

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1082/

Wittenburg, Peter and Brugman, Hennie and Russel, Albert and Klassmann, Alex and Sloetjes, Han

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Utilization of computer tools in linguistic research has gained importance with the maturation of media frameworks for the handling of digital audio and video. The increased use of these tools in gesture, sign language and multimodal interaction studies has led to stronger requirements on the flexibility, the efficiency and in particular the time accuracy of annotation tools. This paper describes the efforts made to make ELAN a tool that meets these requirements, with special attention to the developments in the area of time accuracy. In subsequent sections an overview will be given of other enhancements in the latest versions of ELAN that makes it a useful tool in multimodality research.

null

87,754

inproceedings

berck-etal-2006-ontology

Ontology-based Language Archive Utilization

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1083/

Berck, Peter and Bibiko, Hans-J{\"org and Kemps-Snijders, Marc and Russel, Albert and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

At the MPI for Psycholinguistics a large archive with language resources has been created with contributions from many different individual researchers and research projects. All of these resources, in particular annotated media streams and multimedia lexica, are accessible via the web and can be utilized with the help of web-based utilization frameworks. Therefore, the archive lends itself to motivate users to operate across the boundaries of single corpora and to support cross-language work. This, however, can only be done when the problems of interoperability, in particular at the level of linguistic encoding, can be solved in an efficient way. Two Max-Planck-Institutes are cooperating to build a framework that allows users to easily create their own practical ontologies and if wanted to relate their concepts to central ontologies.

null

87,755

inproceedings

nivre-etal-2006-maltparser

{M}alt{P}arser: A Data-Driven Parser-Generator for Dependency Parsing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1084/

Nivre, Joakim and Hall, Johan and Nilsson, Jens

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We introduce MaltParser, a data-driven parser generator for dependency parsing. Given a treebank in dependency format, MaltParser can be used to induce a parser for the language of the treebank. MaltParser supports several parsing algorithms and learning algorithms, and allows user-defined feature models, consisting of arbitrary combinations of lexical features, part-of-speech features and dependency features. MaltParser is freely available for research and educational purposes and has been evaluated empirically on Swedish, English, Czech, Danish and Bulgarian.

null

87,756

inproceedings

zgank-etal-2006-sinod

{SINOD} - {S}lovenian non-native speech database

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1085/

{\v{Zgank, Andrej and Verdonik, Darinka and Marku{\v{s, Aleksandra Z{\"ogling and Ka{\v{ci{\v{c, Zdravko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents the SINOD database, which is the first Slovenian non-native speech database. It will be used to improve the performance of large vocabulary continuous speech recogniser for non-native speakers. The main quality impact is expected for acoustic models and recognisers vocabulary. The SINOD database is designed as supplement to the Slovenian BNSI Broadcast News database. The same BN recommendations were used for both databases. Two interviews with non-native Slovenian speakers were incorporated in the set. Both non-native speakers were female, whereas the journalist was Slovenian native male speaker. The transcription approach applied in the production phase is presented. Different statistics and analyses of database are given in the paper.

null

87,757

inproceedings

van-assem-etal-2006-conversion

Conversion of {W}ord{N}et to a standard {RDF}/{OWL} representation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1086/

van Assem, Mark and Gangemi, Aldo and Schreiber, Guus

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents an overview of the work in progress at the W3C to produce a conversion of WordNet to the RDF/OWL representation language in use in the Semantic Web community. Such a standard representation is useful to provide application developers a high-quality resource and to promote interoperability. Important requirements in this conversion process are that it should be complete and should stay close to WordNet`s conceptual model. The paper explains the steps taken to produce the conversion and details design decisions such as the composition of the class hierarchy and properties, the addition of suitable OWL semantics and the chosen format of the URIs. Additional topics include a strategy to incorporate OWL and RDFS semantics in one schema such that both RDF(S) infrastructure and OWL infrastructure can interpret the information correctly, problems encountered in understanding the Prolog source files and the description of the two versions that are provided (Basic and Full) to accommodate different usages of WordNet.

null

87,758

inproceedings

van-den-bosch-etal-2006-transferring

Transferring {P}o{S}-tagging and lemmatization tools from spoken to written {D}utch corpus development

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1087/

van den Bosch, Antal and Schuurman, Ineke and Vandeghinste, Vincent

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe a case study in the reuse and transfer of tools in language resource development, from a corpus of spoken Dutch to a corpus of written Dutch. Once tools for a particular language have been developed, it is logical, but not trivial to reuse them for other types or registers of the language than the tools were originally designed for. This paper reviews the decisions and adaptations necessary to make this particular transfer from spoken to written language, focusing on a part-of-speech tagger and a lemmatizer. While the lemmatizer can be transferred fairly straightforwardly, the tagger needs to be adaptated considerably. We show how it can be adapted without starting from scratch. We describe how the part-of-speech tagset was adapted and how the tagger was retrained to deal with written-text phenomena it had not been trained on earlier.

null

87,759

inproceedings

przybocki-etal-2006-edit

Edit Distance: A Metric for Machine Translation Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1088/

Przybocki, Mark and Sanders, Gregory and Le, Audrey

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

NIST has coordinated machine translation (MT) evaluations for several years using an automatic and repeatable evaluation measure. Under the Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) program, NIST is tasked with implementing an edit-distance-based evaluation of MT. Here edit distance is defined to be the number of modifications a human editor is required to make to a system translation such that the resulting edited translation contains the complete meaning in easily understandable English, as a single high-quality human reference translation. In preparation for this change in evaluation paradigm, NIST conducted two proof-of-concept exercises specifically designed to probe the data space, to answer questions related to editor agreement, and to establish protocols for the formal GALE evaluations. We report here our experimental design, the data used, and our findings for these exercises.

null

87,760

inproceedings

bernsen-etal-2006-h

{H}. {C}. Andersen Conversation Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1089/

Bernsen, Niels Ole and Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila and Kiilerich, Svend

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the design, collection and current status of the Hans Christian Andersen (HCA) conversation corpus. The corpus consists of five separate corpora and represents transcription and annotation of some 57 hours of English spoken and deictic gesture user-system interaction recorded mainly with children 2002-2005. The corpora were collected as part of the development and evaluation process of two consecutive research prototypes. The set-up used to collect each corpus is described as well as our use of each corpus in system development. We describe the annotation of each corpus and briefly present various uses we have made of the corpora so far. The HCA corpus was made publicly available at \url{http://www.niceproject.com/data/} in March 2006.

null

87,761

inproceedings

sahlgren-2006-towards

Towards pertinent evaluation methodologies for word-space models

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1090/

Sahlgren, Magnus

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper discusses evaluation methodologies for a particular kind of meaning models known as word-space models, which use distributional information to assemble geometric representations of meaning similarities. Word-space models have received considerable attention in recent years, and have begun to see employment outside the walls of computational linguistics laboratories. However, the evaluation methodologies of such models remain infantile, and lack efforts at standardization. Very few studies have critically assessed the methodologies used to evaluate word spaces. This paper attempts to fill some of this void. It is the central goal of this paper to answer the question how can we determine whether a given word space is a good word space?

null

87,762

inproceedings

popescu-belis-etal-2006-model

A Model for Context-Based Evaluation of Language Processing Systems and its Application to Machine Translation Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1091/

Popescu-Belis, Andrei and Estrella, Paula and King, Margaret and Underwood, Nancy

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we propose a formal framework that takes into account the influence of the intended context of use of an NLP system on the procedure and the metrics used to evaluate the system. We introduce in particular the notion of a context-dependent quality model and explain how it can be adapted to a given context of use. More specifically, we define vector-space representations of contexts of use and of quality models, which are connected by a generic contextual quality model (GCQM). For each domain, experts in evaluation are needed to build a GCQM based on analytic knowledge and on previous evaluations, using the mechanism proposed here. The main inspiration source for this work is the FEMTI framework for the evaluation of machine translation, which implements partly the present model, and which is described briefly along with insights from other domains.

null

87,763

inproceedings

forst-kaplan-2006-importance

The importance of precise tokenizing for deep grammars

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1092/

Forst, Martin and Kaplan, Ronald M.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present a non-deterministic finite-state transducer that acts as a tokenizer and normalizer for free text that is input to a broad-coverage LFG of German. We compare the basic tokenizer used in an earlier version of the grammar and the more sophisticated tokenizer that we now use. The revised tokenizer increases the coverage of the grammar in terms of full parses from 68.3{\%} to 73.4{\%} on sentences 8,001 through 10,000 of the TiGer Corpus.

null

87,764

inproceedings

sandrelli-bendazzoli-2006-tagging

Tagging a Corpus of Interpreted Speeches: the {E}uropean Parliament Interpreting Corpus ({EPIC})

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1093/

Sandrelli, Annalisa and Bendazzoli, Claudio

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The performance of three different taggers (Treetagger, Freeling and GRAMPAL) is evaluated on three different languages, i.e. English, Italian and Spanish. The materials are transcripts from the European Parliament Interpreting Corpus (EPIC), a corpus of original (source) and simultaneously interpreted (target) speeches. Owing to the oral nature of our materials and to the specific characteristics of spoken language produced in simultaneous interpreting, the chosen taggers have to deal with non-standard word order, disfluencies and other features not to be found in written language. Parts of the tagged sub-corpora were automatically extracted in order to assess the success rate achieved in tagging and lemmatisation. Errors and problems are discussed for each tagger, and conclusions are drawn regarding future developments.

null

87,765

inproceedings

suzuki-kacmarcik-2006-refref

{R}ef{R}ef: A Tool for Viewing and Exploring Coreference Space

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1094/

Suzuki, Hisami and Kacmarcik, Gary

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present RefRef, a tool for viewing and exploring coreference space, which is publicly available for research purposes. Unlike similar tools currently available whose main goal is to assist the annotation process of coreference links, RefRef is dedicated for viewing and exploring coreference-annotated data, whether manually tagged or automatically resolved. RefRef is also highly customizable, as the tool is being made available with the source code. In this paper we describe the main functionalities of RefRef as well as some possibilities for customization to meet the specific needs of the users of such coreference-annotated text.

null

87,766

inproceedings

andrassy-hoege-2006-human

Human and machine recognition as a function of {SNR}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1095/

Andrassy, Bernt and Hoege, Harald

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In-car automatic speech recognition (ASR) is usually evaluated behaviour for different levels of noise. Yet this is interesting for car manufacturers in order to predict system performances for different speeds and different car models and thus allow to design speech based applications in a better way. It therefore makes sense to split the single WER into SNR dependent WERs, where SNR stands for the signal to noise ratio, which is an appropriate measure for the noise level. In this paper a SNR measure based on the concept of the Articulation Index is developed, which allows the direct comparison with human recognition performance.

null

87,767

inproceedings

manurung-etal-2006-building

Building a Lexical Database for an Interactive Joke-Generator

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1096/

Manurung, R. and O{'}Mara, D. and Pain, H. and Ritchie, G. and Waller, A.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

As part of a project to construct an interactive program which will encourage children to play with language by building jokes, we have developed a large lexical database, closely based on WordNet. As well as the standard WordNet information about part of speech, synonymy, hyponymy, etc, we have added phonetic representations and symbolic links allowing attachment of pictures. All information is represented in a relational database, allowing powerful searches using SQL via a Java API. The lexicon has a facility to label subsets of the lexicon with symbolic names, and we are working to incorporate some educationally relevant word lists as sublexicons. This should also allow us to improve the familiarity ratings which the lexicon assigns to words.

null

87,768

inproceedings

cartoni-2006-dealing

Dealing with unknown words by simple decomposition: feasibility studies with {I}talian prefixes.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1097/

Cartoni, Bruno

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this article, we present an experiment that aims to evaluate the feasibility of a superficial morphological analysis, to analyse unknown constructed neologisms. For any morphosyntactic analyser, lexical incompleteness is a real problem. This lack of information is partly due to lexical creativity, and more especially to the productivity of some morphological processes. We present here a set of word formation rules based on constructional morphology principles that can be used to improve the performance of an Italian morphosyntactic analyser. These rules use only simple computing techniques in order to ensure efficiency because any improvements in coverage must not slow down the entire system. In the second part of this paper, we describe a method for constraining the rules, and an evaluation of these constraints in terms of performance. Great improvements are achieved in reducing the number of incorrect analyses of unknown neologisms (noise), although this is at the cost of some increase in silence (correct analyses which are no longer produced). This classic trade-off between noise and silence, however, can hardly be avoided and we believe that this experiment successfully demonstrates the feasibility of superficial analysis in improving performance and points the way to other avenues of research.

null

87,769

inproceedings

sharoff-2006-uniform

A Uniform Interface to Large-Scale Linguistic Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1098/

Sharoff, Serge

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In the paper we address two practical problems concerning the use of corpora in translation studies. The first stems from the limited resources available for targeted languages and genres within languages, whereas translation researchers and students need: sufficiently large modern corpora, either reflecting general language or specific to a problem domain. The second problem concerns the lackof a uniform interface for accessing the resources, even when the yexist. We deal with the first problem by developing a framework for semi-automatic acquisition of large corpora from the Internet for the languages relevant for our research and training needs. We outline the methodology used and discuss the composition of Internet-derived corpora. We deal with the second problem by developing a uniform interface to our corpora. In addition to standard options for choosingcorpora and sorting concordance lines, the interface can compute the list of collocations and filter the results according touser-specified patterns in order to detect language-specific syntacticstructures.

null

87,770

inproceedings

strapparava-etal-2006-affective

The Affective Weight of Lexicon

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1099/

Strapparava, Carlo and Valitutti, Alessandro and Stock, Oliviero

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents resources and functionalities for the recognition and selection of affective evaluative terms. An affective hierarchy as an extension of the WordNet-Affect lexical database was developed in the first place. The second phase was the development of a semantic similarity function, acquired automatically in an unsupervised way from a large corpus of texts, which allows us to put into relation concepts and emotional categories. The integration of the two components is a key element for several applications.

null

87,771

inproceedings

lisowska-underwood-2006-rote

{ROTE}: A Tool to Support Users in Defining the Relative Importance of Quality Characteristics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1100/

Lisowska, Agnes and Underwood, Nancy L.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the Relative Ordering Tool for Evaluation (ROTE) which is designed to support the process of building a parameterised quality model for evaluation. It is a very simple tool which enables users to specify the relative importance of quality characteristics (and associated metrics) to reflect the users' particular requirements. The tool allows users to order any number of quality characteristics by comparing them in a pair-wise fashion. The tool was developed in the context of a collaborative project developing a text mining system. A full scale evaluation of the text mining system was designed and executed for three different users and the ROTE tool was successfully applied by those users during that process. The tool will be made available for general use by the evaluation community.

null

87,772

inproceedings

sharoff-etal-2006-using

Using collocations from comparable corpora to find translation equivalents

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1101/

Sharoff, Serge and Babych, Bogdan and Hartley, Anthony

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present a tool for finding appropriate translation equivalents for words from the general lexicon using comparable corpora. For a phrase in the source language the tool suggests arange of possible expressions used in similar contexts in target language corpora. In the paper we discuss the method and present results of human evaluation of the performance of the tool.

null

87,773

inproceedings

de-vriend-etal-2006-unified

A Unified Structure for {D}utch Dialect Dictionary Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1102/

de Vriend, Folkert and Boves, Lou and van den Heuvel, Henk and van Hout, Roeland and Kruijsen, Joep and Swanenberg, Jos

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The traditional dialect vocabulary of the Netherlands and Flanders is recorded and researched in several Dutch and Belgian research institutes and universities. Most of these distributed dictionary creation and research projects collaborate in the Permanent Overlegorgaan Regionale Woordenboeken (ReWo). In the project digital databases and digital tools for WBD and WLD (D-square) the dialect data published by two of these dictionary projects (Woordenboek van de Brabantse Dialecten and Woordenboek van de Limburgse Dialecten) is being digitised. One of the additional goals of the D-square project is the development of an infrastructure for electronic access to all dialect dictionaries collaborating in the ReWo. In this paper we will firstly reconsider the nature of the core data types - form, sense and location - present in the different dialect dictionaries and the ways these data types are further classified. Next we will focus on the problems encountered when trying to unify this dictionary data and their classifications and suggest solutions. Finally we will look at several implementation issues regarding a specific encoding for the dictionaries.

null

87,774

inproceedings

ui-dhonnchadha-van-genabith-2006-part

A Part-of-speech tagger for {I}rish using Finite-State Morphology and Constraint Grammar Disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1103/

U{\'i} Dhonnchadha, E. and Van Genabith, J.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the methodology used to develop a part-of-speech tagger for Irish, which is used to annotate a corpus of 30 million words of text with part-of-speech tags and lemmas. The tagger is evaluated using a manually disambiguated test corpus and it currently achieves 95{\%} accuracy on unrestricted text. To our knowledge, this is the first part-of-speech tagger for Irish.

null

87,775

inproceedings

moriceau-2006-language

Language Challenges for Data Fusion in Question-Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1104/

Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Search engines on the web and most existing question-answering systems provide the user with a set of hyperlinks and/or web page extracts containing answer(s) to a question. These answers are often incoherent to a certain degree (equivalent, contradictory, etc.). It is then quite difficult for the user to know which answer is the correct one. In this paper, we present an approach which aims at providing synthetic numerical answers in a question-answering system. These answers are generated in natural language and, in a cooperative perspective, the aim is to explain to the user the variation of numerical values when several values, apparently incoherent, are extracted from the web as possible answers to a question. We present in particular how lexical resources are essential to answer extraction from the web, to the characterization of the variation mode associated with the type of information and to answer generation in natural language.

null

87,776

inproceedings

sarmento-2006-baco

{BACO} - A large database of text and co-occurrences

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1105/

Sarmento, Lu{\'i}s

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we introduce a public resource named BACO (Base de Co-Ocorr{\^e}ncias), a very large textual database built from the WPT03 collection, a publicly available crawl of the whole Portuguese web in 2003. BACO uses a generic relational database engine to store 1.5 million web documents in raw text (more than 6GB of plain text), corresponding to 35 million sentences, consisting of more than 1000 million words. BACO comprises four lexicon tables, including a standard single token lexicon, and three n-gram tables (2-grams, 3-grams and 4-grams) with several hundred million entries, and a table containing 780 million co-occurrence pairs. We describe the design choices and explain the preparation tasks involved in loading the data in the relational database. We present several statistics regarding storage requirements and we demonstrate how this resource is currently used.

null

87,777

inproceedings

schafer-2006-ontonerdie

{O}nto{NER}d{IE} {--} Mapping and Linking Ontologies to Named Entity Recognition and Information Extraction Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1106/

Sch{\"afer, Ulrich

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Semantic Web and NLP We describe an implemented offline procedure that maps OWL/RDF-encoded ontologies with large, dynamically maintained instance data to named entity recognition (NER) and information extraction (IE) engine resources, preserving hierarchical concept information and links back to the ontology concepts and instances. The main motivations are (i) improving NER/IE precision and recall in closed domains, (ii) exploiting linguistic knowledge (context, inflection, anaphora) for identifying ontology instances in texts more robustly, (iii) giving full access to ontology instances and concepts in natural language processing results, e.g. for subsequent ontology queries, navigation or inference, (iv) avoiding duplication of work in development and maintenance of similar resources in independent places, namely lingware and ontologies. We show an application in hybrid deep-shallow natural language processing that is e.g. used for question analysis in closed domains. Further applications could be automatic hyperlinking or other innovative semantic-web related applications.

null

87,778

inproceedings

fiscus-etal-2006-multiple

Multiple Dimension {L}evenshtein Edit Distance Calculations for Evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition Systems During Simultaneous Speech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1107/

Fiscus, Jonathan G. and Ajot, Jerome and Radde, Nicolas and Laprun, Christophe

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Since 1987, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been providing evaluation infrastructure for the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), and more recently referred to as the Speech-To-Text (STT), research community. From the first efforts in the Resource Management domain to the present research, the NIST SCoring ToolKit (SCTK) has formed the tool set for system developers to make continued progress in many domains; Wall Street Journal, Conversational Telephone Speech (CTS), Broadcast News (BN), and Meetings (MTG) to name a few. For these domains, the community agreed to declared sections of simultaneous speech as not scoreable. While this had minor impact on most of these domains, the highly interactive nature of Meeting speech rendered a very large fraction of the test material not scoreable. This paper documents a multi-dimensional extension of the Dynamic Programming solution to Levenshtein Edit Distance calculations capable of evaluating STT systems during periods of overlapping, simultaneous speech.

null

87,779

inproceedings

atserias-etal-2006-freeling

{F}ree{L}ing 1.3: Syntactic and semantic services in an open-source {NLP} library

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1108/

Atserias, J. and Casas, B. and Comelles, E. and Gonz{\'a}lez, M. and Padr{\'o}, L. and Padr{\'o}, M.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes version 1.3 of the FreeLing suite of NLP tools. FreeLing was first released in February 2004 providing morphological analysis and PoS tagging for Catalan, Spanish, and English. From then on, the package has been improved and enlarged to cover more languages (i.e. Italian and Galician) and offer more services: Named entity recognition and classification, chunking, dependency parsing, and WordNet based semantic annotation. FreeLing is not conceived as end-user oriented tool, but as library on top of which powerful NLP applications can be developed. Nevertheless, sample interface programs are provided, which can be straightforwardly used as fast, flexible, and efficient corpus processing tools. A remarkable feature of FreeLing is that it is distributed under a free-software LGPL license, thus enabling any developer to adapt the package to his needs in order to get the most suitable behaviour for the application being developed.

null

87,780

inproceedings

semecky-2006-automatic

On Automatic Assignment of Verb Valency Frames in {C}zech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1109/

Semeck{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'i}

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Many recent NLP applications, including machine translation and information retrieval, could benefit from semantic analysis of language data on the sentence level. This paper presents a method for automatic disambiguation of verb valency frames on Czech data. For each verb occurrence, we extracted features describing its local context. We experimented with diverse types of features, including morphological, syntax-based, idiomatic, animacy and WordNet-based features. The main contribution of the paper lies in determining which ones are most useful for the disambiguation task. The considered features were classified using decision trees, rule-based learning and a Na{\"ive Bayes classifier. We evaluated the methods using 10-fold cross-validation on VALEVAL, a manually annotated corpus of frame annotations containing 7,778 sentences. Syntax-based features have shown to be the most effective. When we used the full set of features, we achieved an accuracy of 80.55{\% against the baseline 67.87{\% obtained by assigning the most frequent frame.

null

87,781

inproceedings

medlock-2006-introduction

An Introduction to {NLP}-based Textual Anonymisation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1110/

Medlock, Ben

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We introduce the problem of automatic textual anonymisation and present a new publicly-available, pseudonymised benchmark corpus of personal email text for the task, dubbed ITAC (Informal Text Anonymisation Corpus). We discuss the method by which the corpus was constructed, and consider some important issues related to the evaluation of textual anonymisation systems. We also present some initial baseline results on the new corpus using a state of the art HMM-based tagger. We introduce the problem of automatic textual anonymisation and present a new publicly-available, pseudonymised benchmark corpus of personal email text for the task, dubbed ITAC (Informal Text Anonymisation Corpus). We discuss the method by which the corpus was constructed, and consider some important issues related to the evaluation of textual anonymisation systems. We also present some initial baseline results on the new corpus using a state of the art HMM-based tagger.

null

87,782

inproceedings

brugman-etal-2006-web

A Web Based General Thesaurus Browser to Support Indexing of Television and Radio Programs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1111/

Brugman, Hennie and Malais{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique and Gazendam, Luit

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Documentation and retrieval processes at the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision are organized around a common thesaurus. To help improve the quality of these processes the thesaurus was transformed into a RDF/OWL ontology and extended on basis of implicit information and external resources. A thesaurus browser web application was designed, implemented and tested on future users.

null

87,783

inproceedings

feliu-etal-2006-skeleton

{SKELETON}: Specialised knowledge retrieval on the basis of terms and conceptual relations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1112/

Feliu, Judit and Vivaldi, Jorge and Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The main goal of this paper is to present a first approach to an automatic detection of conceptual relations between two terms in specialised written text. Previous experiments on the basis of the manual analysis lead the authors to implement an automatic query strategy combining the term candidates proposed by an extractor together with a list of verbal syntactic patterns used for the relations refinement. Next step on the research will be the integration of the results into the term extractor in order to attain more restrictive pieces of information directly reused for the ontology building task.

null

87,784

inproceedings

cramer-etal-2006-building

Building an Evaluation Corpus for {G}erman Question Answering by Harvesting {W}ikipedia

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1113/

Cramer, Irene and Leidner, Jochen L. and Klakow, Dietrich

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The growing interest in open-domain question answering is limited by the lack of evaluation and training resources. To overcome this resource bottleneck for German, we propose a novel methodology to acquire new question-answer pairs for system evaluation that relies on volunteer collaboration over the Internet. Utilizing Wikipedia, a popular free online encyclopedia available in several languages, we show that the data acquisition problem can be cast as a Web experiment. We present a Web-based annotation tool and carry out a distributed data collection experiment. The data gathered from the mostly anonymous contributors is compared to a similar dataset produced in-house by domain experts on the one hand, and the German questions from the from the CLEF QA 2004 effort on the other hand. Our analysis of the datasets suggests that using our novel method a medium-scale evaluation resource can be built at very small cost in a short period of time. The technique and software developed here is readily applicable to other languages where free online encyclopedias are available, and our resulting corpus is likewise freely available.

null

87,785

inproceedings

fliedner-2006-towards

Towards Natural Interactive Question Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1114/

Fliedner, Gerhard

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Interactive question answering systems should allow users to lead a coherent information seeking dialogue. Compared with systems that only locally evaluate a question, interactive systems facilitate the information seeking process and provide a more natural feel. We show that by extending a QA system to handle several types of anaphora and ellipsis, the naturalness of the interaction can be considerably improved. We describe an implementation in our prototype QA system for German and give a walk-through example of the enhanced interaction capabilities.

null

87,786

inproceedings

waldron-etal-2006-preprocessing

Preprocessing and Tokenisation Standards in {DELPH}-{IN} Tools

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1115/

Waldron, Benjamin and Copestake, Ann and Sch{\"afer, Ulrich and Kiefer, Bernd

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We discuss preprocessing and tokenisation standards within DELPH-IN, a large scale open-source collaboration providing multiple independent multilingual shallow and deep processors. We discuss (i) a component-specific XML interface format which has been used for some time to interface preprocessor results to the PET parser, and (ii) our implementation of a more generic XML interface format influenced heavily by the (ISO working draft) Morphosyntactic Annotation Framework (MAF). Our generic format encapsulates the information which may be passed from the preprocessing stage to a parser: it uses standoff-annotation, a lattice for the representation of structural ambiguity, intra-annotation dependencies and allows for highly structured annotation content. This work builds on the existing Heart of Gold middleware system, and previous work on Robust Minimal Recursion Semantics (RMRS) as part of an inter-component interface. We give examples of usage with a number of the DELPH-IN processing components and deep grammars.

null

87,787

inproceedings

apresjan-etal-2006-syntactically

A Syntactically and Semantically Tagged Corpus of {R}ussian: State of the Art and Prospects

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1116/

Apresjan, Juri and Boguslavsky, Igor and Iomdin, Boris and Iomdin, Leonid and Sannikov, Andrei and Sizov, Victor

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe a project aimed at creating a deeply annotated corpus of Russian texts. The annotation consists of comprehensive morphological marking, syntactic tagging in the form of a complete dependency tree, and semantic tagging within a restricted semantic dictionary. Syntactic tagging is using about 80 dependency relations. The syntactically annotated corpus counts more than 28,000 sentences and makes an autonomous part of the Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru). Semantic tagging is based on an inventory of semantic features (descriptors) and a dictionary comprising about 3,000 entries, with a set of tags assigned to each lexeme and its argument slots. The set of descriptors assigned to words has been designed in such a way as to construct a linguistically relevant classification for the whole Russian vocabulary. This classification serves for discovering laws according to which the elements of various lexical and semantic classes interact in the texts. The inventory of semantic descriptors consists of two parts, object descriptors (about 90 items in total) and predicate descriptors (about a hundred). A set of semantic roles is thoroughly elaborated and contains about 50 roles.

null

87,788

inproceedings

hassel-sjobergh-2006-towards

Towards Holistic Summarization {--} Selecting Summaries, Not Sentences

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1117/

Hassel, Martin and Sj{\"obergh, Jonas

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present a novel method for automatic text summarization through text extraction, using computational semantics. The new idea is to view all the extracted text as a whole and compute a score for the total impact of the summary, instead of ranking for instance individual sentences. A greedy search strategy is used to search through the space of possible summaries and select the summary with the highest score of those found. The aim has been to construct a summarizer that can be quickly assembled, with the use of only a very few basic language tools, for languages that lack large amounts of structured or annotated data or advanced tools for linguistic processing. The proposed method is largely language independent, though we only evaluate it on English in this paper, using ROUGE-scores on texts from among others the DUC 2004 task 2. On this task our method performs better than several of the systems evaluated there, but worse than the best systems.

null

87,789

inproceedings

schaden-jekosch-2006-casselberveetovallarga

{\textquotedblleft}Casselberveetovallarga{\textquotedblright} and other Unpronounceable Places: The {C}ross{T}owns Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1118/

Schaden, Stefan and Jekosch, Ute

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents a corpus of non-native speech that contains pronunciation variants of European city names from fivecountries spoken by speakers of four native languages. It was originally designed as a research tool for the study ofpronunciation errors by non-native speakers in the pronunciation of foreign city names. The corpus has now been released. Followinga brief sketch of the research context in which this data collection was established, the first part of this paper describes the contents and technical specifications of the corpus (design, speakers, language material, recording conditions).Compared to corpora of native speech, non-native speech compilations raise a number of additional difficulties that requirespecific attention and methodology. Therefore, the second part of the paper aims to point out some of these general issuesfrom the perspective of the experience gained in our research. Strategies to deal with these difficulties will be exploredalong with their specific benefits and shortfalls, concluding that non-native speech corpora require a number of specificdesign guidelines which are often difficult to put into practice.

null

87,790

inproceedings

kokkinakis-dannells-2006-recognizing

Recognizing Acronyms and their Definitions in {S}wedish Medical Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1119/

Kokkinakis, Dimitrios and Dann{\'e}lls, Dana

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper addresses the task of recognizing acronym-definition pairs in Swedish (medical) texts as well as the compilation of a freely available sample of such manually annotated pairs. A material suitable not only for supervised learning experiments, but also as a testbed for the evaluation of the quality of future acronym-definition recognition systems. There are a number of approaches to the identification described in the literature, particularly within the biomedical domain, but none of those addresses the variation and complexity exhibited in a language other than English. This is realized by the fact that we can have a mixture of two languages in the same document and/or sentence, i.e. Swedish and English; that Swedish is a compound language that significantly deteriorates the performance of previous approaches (without adaptations) and, most importantly, the fact that there is a large variation of possible acronym-definition permutations realized in the analysed corpora, a variation that is usually ignored in previous studies.

null

87,791

inproceedings

ku-etal-2006-tagging

Tagging Heterogeneous Evaluation Corpora for Opinionated Tasks

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1120/

Ku, Lun-Wei and Liang, Yu-Ting and Chen, Hsin-Hsi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Opinion retrieval aims to tell if a document is positive, neutral or negative on a given topic. Opinion extraction further identifies the supportive and the non-supportive evidence of a document. To evaluate the performance of technologies for opinionated tasks, a suitable corpus is necessary. This paper defines the annotations for opinionated materials. Heterogeneous experimental materials are annotated, and the agreements among annotators are analyzed. How human can monitor opinions of the whole is also examined. The corpus can be employed to opinion extraction, opinion summarization, opinion tracking and opinionated question answering.

null

87,792

inproceedings

nivre-etal-2006-talbanken05

{T}albanken05: A {S}wedish Treebank with Phrase Structure and Dependency Annotation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1121/

Nivre, Joakim and Nilsson, Jens and Hall, Johan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We introduce Talbanken05, a Swedish treebank based on a syntactically annotated corpus from the 1970s, Talbanken76, converted to modern formats. The treebank is available in three different formats, besides the original one: two versions of phrase structure annotation and one dependency-based annotation, all of which are encoded in XML. In this paper, we describe the conversion process and exemplify the available formats. The treebank is freely available for research and educational purposes.

null

87,793

inproceedings

postolache-etal-2006-transferring

Transferring Coreference Chains through Word Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1122/

Postolache, Oana and Cristea, Dan and Orasan, Constantin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper investigates the problem of automatically annotating resources with NP coreference information using a parallel corpus, English-Romanian, in order to transfer, through word alignment, coreference chains from the English part to the Romanian part of the corpus. The results show that we can detect Romanian referential expressions and coreference chains with over 80{\%} F-measure, thus using our method as a preprocessing step followed by manual correction as part of an annotation effort for creating a large Romanian corpus with coreference information is worthwhile.

null

87,794

inproceedings

tummarello-etal-2006-novel

A novel Textual Encoding paradigm based on Semantic Web tools and semantics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1123/

Tummarello, G. and Morbidoni, C. and Kepler, F. and Piazza, F. and Puliti, P.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we perform a preliminary evaluation on how Semantic Web technologies such as RDF and OWL can be used to perform textual encoding. Among the potential advantages, we notice how RDF, given its conceptual graph structure, appears naturally suited to deal with overlapping hierarchies of annotations, something notoriously problematic using classic XML based markup. To conclude, we show how complex querying can be performed using slight modifications of already existing Semantic Web query tools.

null

87,795

inproceedings

bogacka-etal-2006-general

General and Task-Specific Corpus Resources for {P}olish Adult Learners of {E}nglish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1124/

Bogacka, Anna and Dziubalska-Ko{\l}aczyk, Katarzyna and Krynicki, Grzegorz and Pietrala, Dawid and Wypych, Miko{\l}aj

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper offers a comparison of two resources for Polish adult learners of English. The first has been designed for Polish-English Literacy Tutor (PELT), a multimodal system for foreign language learning, as training input to speech recognition system for highly accented, strongly variable second language speech. The second corpus is a task-specific resource designed in the PELT framework to investigate the vowel space of English produced by Poles. Presented are linguistically and technologically challenging aspects of the two ventures and their complementary character.

null

87,796

inproceedings

medelyan-etal-2006-language

Language Specific and Topic Focused Web Crawling

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1125/

Medelyan, Olena and Schulz, Stefan and Paetzold, Jan and Poprat, Michael and Mark{\'o}, Korn{\'e}l

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe an experiment on collecting large language and topic specific corpora automatically by using a focused Web crawler. Our crawler combines efficient crawling techniques with a common text classification tool. Given a sample corpus of medical documents, we automatically extract query phrases and then acquire seed URLs with a standard search engine. Starting from these seed URLs, the crawler builds a new large collection consisting only of documents that satisfy both the language and the topic model. The manual analysis of acquired English and German medicine corpora reveals the high accuracy of the crawler. However, there are significant differences between both languages.

null

87,797

inproceedings

reynaert-2006-corpus

Corpus-Induced Corpus Clean-up

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1126/

Reynaert, Martin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We explore the feasibility of using only unsupervised means to identify non-words, i.e. typos, in a frequency list derived from a large corpus of Dutch and to distinguish between these non-words and real-words in the language. We call the system we built and evaluate in this paper ciccl, which stands for Corpus-Induced Corpus Clean-up. The algorithm on which ciccl is primarily based is the anagram-key hashing algorithm introduced by (Reynaert, 2004). The core correction mechanism is a simple and effective method which translates the actual characters which make up a word into a large natural number in such a way that all the anagrams, i.e. all the words composed of precisely the same subset of characters, are allocated the same natural number. In effect, this constitutes a novel approximate string matching algorithm for indexed text search. This is because by simple addition, subtraction or a combination of both, all variants within reach of the range of numerical values defined in the alphabet are retrieved by iterating over the alphabet. ciccl`s input consists primarily of corpus derived frequency lists, from which it derives valuable morphological information by performing frequency counts over the substrings of the words, which are then used to perform decompounding, as well as for distinguishing between most likely correctly spelled words and typos.

null

87,798

inproceedings

popescu-belis-georgescul-2006-tqb

{TQB}: Accessing Multimodal Data Using a Transcript-based Query and Browsing Interface

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1127/

Popescu-Belis, Andrei and Georgescul, Maria

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This article describes an interface for searching and browsing multimodal recordings of group meetings. We provide first an overall perspective of meeting processing and retrieval applications, and distinguish between the media/modalities that are recorded and the ones that are used for browsing. We then proceed to describe the data and the annotations that are stored in a meeting database. Two scenarios of use for the transcript-based query and browsing interface (TQB) are then outlined: search and browse vs. overview and browse. The main functionalities of TQB, namely the database backend and the multimedia rendering solutions are described. An outline of evaluation perspectives is finally provided, with a description of the user interaction features that will be monitored.

null

87,799

inproceedings

pan-etal-2006-annotated

An Annotated Corpus of Typical Durations of Events

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1128/

Pan, Feng and Mulkar, Rutu and Hobbs, Jerry R.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we present our work on generating an annotated corpus for extracting information about the typical durations of events from texts. We include the annotation guidelines, the event classes we categorized, the way we use normal distributions to model vague and implicit temporal information, and how we evaluate inter-annotator agreement. The experimental results show that our guidelines are effective in improving the inter-annotator agreement.

null

87,800

inproceedings

patel-radev-2006-lexical

Lexical similarity can distinguish between automatic and manual translations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1129/

Patel, Agam and Radev, Dragomir R.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We consider the problem of identifying automatic translations from manual translations of the same sentence. Using two different similarity metrics (BLEU and Levenshtein edit distance), we found out that automatic translations are closer to each other than they are to manual translations. We also use phylogenetic trees to provide a visual representation of the distances between pairs of individual sentences in a set of translations. The differences in lexical distance are statistically significant, both for Chinese to English and for Arabic to English translations.

null

87,801