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inproceedings | williams-etal-2006-tools | Tools and resources for speech synthesis arising from a {W}elsh {TTS} project | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1232/ | Williams, Briony and Jones, Rhys James and Uemlianin, Ivan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The WISPR project (``Welsh and Irish Speech Processing Resources'') has been building text-to-speech synthesis systems for Welsh and for Irish, as well as building links between the developers and potential users of the software. The Welsh half of the project has encountered various challenges, in the areas of the tokenisation of input text, the formatting of letter-to-sound rules, and the implementation of the ``greedy algorithm'' for text selection. The solutions to these challenges have resulted in various tools which may be of use to other developers using Festival for TTS for other languages. These resources are made freely available. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,903 |
inproceedings | declerck-etal-2006-multilingual | Multilingual Lexical Semantic Resources for Ontology Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1233/ | Declerck, Thierry and P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n G{\'o}mez and Vela, Ovidiu and Gantner, Zeno and Manzano-Macho, David | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe the integration of some multilingual language resources in ontological descriptions, with the purpose of providing ontologies, which are normally using concept labels in just one (natural) language, with multilingual facility in their design and use in the context of Semantic Web applications, supporting both the semantic annotation of textual documents with multilingual ontology labels and ontology extraction from multilingual text sources. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,904 |
inproceedings | alex-etal-2006-impact | The Impact of Annotation on the Performance of Protein Tagging in Biomedical Text | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1235/ | Alex, Beatrice and Nissim, Malvina and Grover, Claire | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we discuss five different corpora annotated forprotein names. We present several within- and cross-dataset proteintagging experiments showing that different annotation schemes severelyaffect the portability of statistical protein taggers. By means of adetailed error analysis we identify crucial annotation issues thatfuture annotation projects should take into careful consideration. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,905 |
inproceedings | wellner-vilain-2006-leveraging | Leveraging Machine Readable Dictionaries in Discriminative Sequence Models | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1236/ | Wellner, Ben and Vilain, Marc | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Many natural language processing tasks make use of a lexicon typically the words collected from some annotated training data along with their associated properties. We demonstrate here the utility of corpora-independent lexicons derived from machine readable dictionaries. Lexical information is encoded in the form of features in a Conditional Random Field tagger providing improved performance in cases where: i) limited training data is made available ii) the data is case-less and iii) the test data genre or domain is different than that of the training data. We show substantial error reductions, especially on unknown words, for the tasks of part-of-speech tagging and shallow parsing, achieving up to 20{\%} error reduction on Penn TreeBank part-of-speech tagging and up to a 15.7{\%} error reduction for shallow parsing using the CoNLL 2000 data. Our results here point towards a simple, but effective methodology for increasing the adaptability of text processing systems by training models with annotated data in one genre augmented with general lexical information or lexical information pertinent to the target genre (or domain). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,906 |
inproceedings | hasan-etal-2006-creating | Creating a Large-Scale {A}rabic to {F}rench Statistical {M}achine{T}ranslation System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1237/ | Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a and Isbihani, Anas El and Ney, Hermann | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this work, the creation of a large-scale Arabic to French statistical machine translation system is presented. We introduce all necessary steps from corpus aquisition, preprocessing the data to training and optimizing the system and eventual evaluation. Since no corpora existed previously, we collected large amounts of data from the web. Arabic word segmentation was crucial to reduce the overall number of unknown words. We describe the phrase-based SMT system used for training and generation of the translation hypotheses. Results on the second CESTA evaluation campaign are reported. The setting was inthe medical domain. The prototype reaches a favorable BLEU score of40.8{\%}. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,907 |
inproceedings | chen-etal-2006-study | A Study on Terminology Extraction Based on Classified Corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1238/ | Chen, Yirong and Lu, Qin and Li, Wenjie and Sui, Zhifang and Ji, Luning | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Algorithms for automatic term extraction in a specific domain should consider at least two issues, namely Unithood and Termhood (Kageura, 1996). Unithood refers to the degree of a string to occur as a word or a phrase. Termhood (Chen Yirong, 2005) refers to the degree of a word or a phrase to occur as a domain specific concept. Unlike unithood, study on termhood is not yet widely reported. In classified corpora, the class information provides the cue to the nature of data and can be used in termhood calculation. Three algorithms are provided and evaluated to investigate termhood based on classified corpora. The three algorithms are based on lexicon set computing, term frequency and document frequency, and the strength of the relation between a term and its document class respectively. Our objective is to investigate the effects of these different termhood measurement features. After evaluation, we can find which features are more effective and also, how we can improve these different features to achieve the best performance. Preliminary results show that the first measure can effectively filter out independent terms or terms of general use. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,908 |
inproceedings | estelles-etal-2006-retrieving | Retrieving Terminological Data from the {T}xt{C}eram Tagged Domain Corpus: A First Step towards a Terminological Ontology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1239/ | Estell{\'e}s, Anna and Alcina, Amparo and Soler, Victoria | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we will focus on corpora as a resource for researching language processing for terminological purposes. Based on the TEI guide, we present the templates used to tag our TxtCeram corpus and its features when working with WordSmith, a text analysis tool. We present an experiment for studying the frequency of hyperonyms in the introduction section of texts, while testing WordSmiths suitability to work with our tagged corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,909 |
inproceedings | cavalli-sforza-soudi-2006-imorphe | {IMORPH{\={E}}}: An Inheritance and Equivalence Based Morphology Description Compiler | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1240/ | Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta and Soudi, Abdelhadi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | IMORPH{\={E}} is a significantly extended version of MORPHE, a morphology description compiler. MORPHEs morphology description language is based on two constructs: 1) a morphological form hierarchy, whose nodes relate and differentiate surface forms in terms of the common and distinguishing inflectional features of lexical items; and 2) transformational rules, attached to leaf nodes of the hierarchy, which generate the surface form of an item from the base form stored in the lexicon. While MORPHEs approach to morphology description is intuitively appealing and was successfully used for generating the morphology of several European languages, its application to Modern Standard Arabic yielded morphological descriptions that were highly complex and redundant. Previous modifications and enhancements attempted to capture more elegantly and concisely different aspects of the complex morphology of Arabic, finding theoretical grounding in Lexeme-Based Morphology. Those extensions are being incorporated in a more flexible and less ad hoc fashion in IMORPHE, which retains the unique features of our previous work but embeds them in an inheritance-based framework in order to achieve even more concise and modular morphology descriptions and greater runtime efficiency, and lays the groundwork for IMORPHE to become an analyzer as well as a generator. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,910 |
inproceedings | sitbon-bellot-2006-tools | Tools and methods for objective or contextual evaluation of topic segmentation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1241/ | Sitbon, Laurianne and Bellot, Patrice | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we discuss the way of evaluating topic segmentation, from mathematical measures on variously constructed reference corpus to contextual evaluation depending on different topic segmentation usages. We present an overview of the different ways of building reference corpora and of mathematically evaluating segmentation methods, and then we focus on three tasks which may involve a topic segmentation: text extraction, information retrieval and document presentation. We have developed two graphical interfaces, one for an intrinsic comparison, and the other one dedicated to an evaluation in an information retrieval context. These tools will be very soon distributed under GPL licences on the Technolangue project web page. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,911 |
inproceedings | devillers-etal-2006-real | Real life emotions in {F}rench and {E}nglish {TV} video clips: an integrated annotation protocol combining continuous and discrete approaches | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1242/ | Devillers, L. and Cowie, R. and Martin, J-C. and Douglas-Cowie, E. and Abrilian, S. and McRorie, M. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | A major barrier to the development of accurate and realistic models of human emotions is the absence of multi-cultural / multilingual databases of real-life behaviours and of a federative and reliable annotation protocol. QUB and LIMSI teams are working towards the definition of an integrated coding scheme combining their complementary approaches. This multilevel integrated scheme combines the dimensions that appear to be useful for the study of real-life emotions: verbal labels, abstract dimensions and contextual (appraisal based) annotations. This paper describes this integrated coding scheme, a protocol that was set-up for annotating French and English video clips of emotional interviews and the results (e.g. inter-coder agreement measures and subjective evaluation of the scheme). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,912 |
inproceedings | popovic-ney-2006-pos | {POS}-based Word Reorderings for Statistical Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1243/ | Popovi{\'c}, Maja and Ney, Hermann | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Translation In this work we investigate new possibilities for improving the quality of statistical machine translation (SMT) by applying word reorderings of the source language sentences based on Part-of-Speech tags. Results are presented on the European Parliament corpus containing about 700k sentences and 15M running words. In order to investigate sparse training data scenarios, we also report results obtained on about 1{\textbackslash}{\%} of the original corpus. The source languages are Spanish and English and target languages are Spanish, English and German. We propose two types of reorderings depending on the language pair and the translation direction: local reorderings of nouns and adjectives for translation from and into Spanish and long-range reorderings of verbs for translation into German. For our best translation system, we achieve up to 2{\textbackslash}{\%} relative reduction of WER and up to 7{\textbackslash}{\%} relative increase of BLEU score. Improvements can be seen both on the reordered sentences as well as on the rest of the test corpus. Local reorderings are especially important for the translation systems trained on the small corpus whereas long-range reorderings are more effective for the larger corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,913 |
inproceedings | vilar-etal-2006-error | Error Analysis of Statistical Machine Translation Output | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1244/ | Vilar, David and Xu, Jia and D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando and Ney, Hermann | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Evaluation of automatic translation output is a difficult task. Several performance measures like Word Error Rate, Position Independent Word Error Rate and the BLEU and NIST scores are widely use and provide a useful tool for comparing different systems and to evaluate improvements within a system. However the interpretation of all of these measures is not at all clear, and the identification of the most prominent source of errors in a given system using these measures alone is not possible. Therefore some analysis of the generated translations is needed in order to identify the main problems and to focus the research efforts. This area is however mostly unexplored and few works have dealt with it until now. In this paper we will present a framework for classification of the errors of a machine translation system and we will carry out an error analysis of the system used by the RWTH in the first TC-STAR evaluation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,914 |
inproceedings | castellon-etal-2006-sensem | The Sensem Corpus: a Corpus Annotated at the Syntactic and Semantic Level | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1245/ | Castell{\'o}n, Irene and Fern{\'a}ndez-Montraveta, Ana and V{\'a}zquez, Gloria and Alonso Alemany, Laura and Capilla, Joan Antoni | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The primary aim of the project SENSEM (Sentence Semantics, BFF2003-06456) is the construction of a Lexical Data Base illustrating the syntactic and semantic behavior of each of the senses of the 250 most frequent verbs of Spanish. With this objective in mind, we are currently building an annotated corpus consisting of sentences extracted from the electronic version of the newspaper El Peri{\'o}dico de Catalunya, totalling approximately 1 million words, with 100 examples of each verb. By the time of the conference, we will be about to complete the annotation of 25,000 sentences, which means roughly a corpus of 800,000 words. Approximately 400,000 of them will have been revised. We expect to make the corpus publicly available by the end of 2006. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,915 |
inproceedings | perez-bonafonte-2006-gaia | {GAIA}: Common Framework for the Development of Speech Translation Technologies | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1246/ | P{\'e}rez, Javier and Bonafonte, Antonio | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present here an open-source software platform for the integration of speech translation components. This tool is useful to integrate into a common framework different automatic speech recognition, spoken language translation and text-to-speech synthesis solutions, as demonstrated in the evaluation of the European LC-STAR project, and during the development of the national ALIADO project. Gaia operates with great flexibility, and it has been used to obtain the text and speech corpora needed when performing speech translation. The platform follows a modular distributed approach, with a specifically designed extensible network protocol handling the communication with the different modules. A well defined and publicly available API facilitates the integration of existing solutions into the architecture. Completely functional audio and text interfaces together with remote monitoring tools are provided. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,916 |
inproceedings | novak-2006-morphological | Morphological Tools for Six Small {U}ralic Languages | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1247/ | Nov{\'a}k, Attila | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This article presents a set of morphological tools for six small endangered minority languages belonging to the Uralic language family, Udmurt, Komi, Eastern Mari, Northern Mansi, Tundra Nenets and Nganasan. Following an introduction to the languages, the two sets of tools used in the project (MorphoLogic`s Humor tools and the Xerox Finite State Tool) are described and compared. The article is concluded by a comparison of the six computational morphologies. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,917 |
inproceedings | perez-etal-2006-ecess | {ECESS} Inter-Module Interface Specification for Speech Synthesis | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1248/ | P{\'e}rez, Javier and Bonafonte, Antonio and Hain, Horst-Udo and Keller, Eric and Breuer, Stefan and Tian, Jilei | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The newly founded European Centre of Excellence for Speech Synthesis (ECESS) is an initiative to promote the development of the European research area (ERA) in the field of Language Technology. ECESS focuses on the great challenge of high-quality speech synthesis which is of crucial importance for future spoken-language technologies. The main goals of ECESS are to achieve the critical mass needed to promote progress in TTS technology substantially, to integrate basic research know-how related to speech synthesis and to attract public and private funding. To this end, a common system architecture based on exchangeable modules supplied by the ECESS members is to be established. The XML-based interface that connects these modules is the topic of this paper. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,918 |
inproceedings | nemec-2006-tree | Tree Searching/Rewriting Formalism | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1249/ | N{\v{e}}mec, Petr | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present a formalism capable of searching and optionally replacing forests of subtrees within labelled trees. In particular, the formalism is developed to process linguistic treebanks. When used as a substitution tool, the interpreter processes rewrite rules consisting of left and right side. The left side specifies a forest of subtrees to be searched for within a tree by imposing a set of constraints encoded as a query formula. The right side contains the respective substitutions for these subtrees. In the search mode only the left side is present. The formalism is fully implemented. The performance of the implemented tool allows to process even large linguistic corpora in acceptable time. The main contribution of the presented work consists of the expressiveness of the query formula, in the elegant and intuitive way the rules are written (and their easy reversibility), and in the performance of the implemented tool. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,919 |
inproceedings | taboada-etal-2006-methods | Methods for Creating Semantic Orientation Dictionaries | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1250/ | Taboada, Maite and Anthony, Caroline and Voll, Kimberly | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe and compare different methods for creating a dictionary of words with their corresponding semantic orientation (SO). We tested how well different dictionaries helped determine the SO of entire texts. To extract SO for each individual word, we used a common method based on pointwise mutual information. Mutual information between a set of seed words and the target words was calculated using two different methods: a NEAR search on the search engine Altavista (since discontinued); an AND search on Google. These two dictionaries were tested against a manually annotated dictionary of positive and negative words. The results show that all three methods are quite close, and none of them performs particularly well. We discuss possible further avenues for research, and also point out some potential problems in calculating pointwise mutual information using Google. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,920 |
inproceedings | itagaki-etal-2006-detecting | Detecting Inter-domain Semantic Shift using Syntactic Similarity | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1251/ | Itagaki, Masaki and Aue, Anthony and Aikawa, Takako | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This poster is a preliminary report of our experiments for detecting semantically shifted terms between different domains for the purposes of new concept extraction. A given term in one domain may represent a different concept in another domain. In our approach, we quantify the degree of similarity of words between different domains by measuring the degree of overlap in their domain-specific semantic spaces. The domain-specific semantic spaces are defined by extracting families of syntactically similar words, i.e. words that occur in the same syntactic context. Our method does not rely on any external resources other than a syntactic parser. Yet it has the potential to extract semantically shifted terms between two different domains automatically while paying close attention to contextual information. The organization of the poster is as follows: Section 1 provides our motivation. Section 2 provides an overview of our NLP technology and explains how we extract syntactically similar words. Section 3 describes the design of our experiments and our method. Section 4 provides our observations and preliminary results. Section 5 presents some work to be done in the future and concluding remarks. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,921 |
inproceedings | boril-etal-2006-methodology | Methodology of {L}ombard Speech Database Acquisition: Experiences with {CLSD} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1252/ | Bo{\v{r}}il, Hynek and Bo{\v{r}}il, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}} and Poll{\'a}k, Petr | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, process of the Czech Lombard Speech Database (CLSD`05) acquisition is presented. Feature analyses have proven a strong appearance of Lombard effect in the database. In the small vocabulary recognition task, significant performance degradation was observed for the Lombard speech recorded in the database. Aim of this paper is to describe the hardware platform, scenarios and recording tool used for the acquisition of CLSD`05. During the database recording and processing, several difficulties were encountered. The most important question was how to adjust the level of speech feedback for the speaker. A method for minimization of the speech attenuation introduced to the speaker by headphones is proposed in this paper. Finally, contents and corpus of the database are presented to outline it`s suitability for analysis and modeling of Lombard effect. The whole CLSD`05 database with a detailed documentation is now released for public use. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,922 |
inproceedings | bunt-2006-dimensions | Dimensions in Dialogue Act Annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1253/ | Bunt, Harry | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper is concerned with the fundamentals of multidimensional dialogue act annotation, i.e. with what it means to annotate dialogues with information about the communicative acts that are performed with the utterances, taking various `dimensions' into account. Two ideas seem to be prevalent in the literature concerning the notion of dimension: (1) dimensions correspond to different types of information; and (2) a dimension is formed by a set of mutually exclusive tags. In DAMSL, for instance, the terms dimension and layer are used sometimes in the sense of (1) and sometimes in that of (2). We argue that being mutually exclusive is not a good criterion for a set of dialogue act types to constitute a dimension, even though the description of an object in a multidimensional space should never assign more than one value per dimension. We define a dimension of dialogue act annotation as an aspect of participating in a dialogue that can be addressed independently by means of dialogue acts. We show that DAMSL dimensions such as Info-request, Statement, and Answer do not qualify as proper dimensions, and that the communicative functions in these categories do not fall in any specific dimension, but should be considered as general-purpose in the sense that they can be used in any dimension. We argue that using the notion of dimension that we propose, a multidimensional taxonomy of dialogue acts emerges that optimally supports multidimensional dialogue act annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,923 |
inproceedings | baude-etal-2006-interoperability | Interoperability of audio corpora : the case of the {F}rench corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1254/ | Baude, Olivier and Jacobson, Michel and Tchobanov, Atanas and Walter, Richard | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present here the choices which were made within the framework of three oral corpora projects: Socio-linguistics studies on Orleans (ESLO), Phonology of the Contemporary French (PFC), the Archivage corpus of the LACITO lab. This comparative presentation of three corpora of audio linguistic resources comes from a analysis about the options the project have to operate to describe them for discovery purposes and to compare the contents. The aim is to illustrate the interest to think the interoperability and the methodology of codings and the metadata. Through this step, we want to simplify the technical creation of audio corpora and thus the constitution of linguistic resources, usable by enlarged academic and industrial communities. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,924 |
inproceedings | bernardi-etal-2006-multilingual | Multilingual Search in Libraries. The case-study of the Free {U}niversity of {B}ozen-{B}olzano | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1255/ | Bernardi, R. and Calvanese, D. and Dini, L. and Di Tomaso, V. and Frasnelli, E. and Kugler, U. and Plank, B. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents an on-going project aiming at enhancing the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) search system of the Library of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano with multilingual access. The Multilingual search system (MUSIL), we have developed, integrates advanced linguistic technologies in a user friendly interface and bridges the gap between the world of free text search and the world of conceptual librarian search. In this paper we present the architecture of the system, its interface and preliminary evaluations of the precision of the search results. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,925 |
inproceedings | langkilde-geary-betteridge-2006-factored | A Factored Functional Dependency Transformation of the {E}nglish {P}enn {T}reebank for Probabilistic Surface Generation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1256/ | Langkilde-Geary, Irene and Betteridge, Justin | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a featurized functional dependency corpus automatically derived from the Penn Treebank. Each word in the corpus is associated with over three dozen features describing the functional syntactic structure of a sentence as well as some shallow morphology. The corpus was created for use in probabilistic surface generation, but could also be useful as a resource for the study of English and the development of other NLP applications. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,926 |
inproceedings | talley-2006-bootstrapping | Bootstrapping New Language {ASR} Capabilities: Achieving Best Letter-to-Sound Performance under Resource Constraints | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1257/ | Talley, Jim | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | One of the most critical components in the process of building automatic speech recognition (ASR) capabilities for a new language is the lexicon, or pronouncing dictionary. For practical reasons, it is desirable to manually create only the minimal lexicon using available native-speaker phonetic expertise and, then, use the resulting seed lexicon for machine learning based induction of a high-quality letter-to-sound (L2S) model for generation of pronunciations for the remaining words of the language. This paper examines the viability of this scenario, specifically investigating three possible strategies for selection of lexemes (words) for manual transcription choosing the most frequent lexemes of the language, choosing lexemes randomly, and selection of lexemes via an information theoretic diversity measure. The relative effectiveness of these three strategies is evaluated as a function of the number of lexemes to be transcribed to create a bootstrapping lexicon. Generally, the newly developed orthographic diversity based selection strategy outperforms the others for this scenario where a limited number of lexemes can be transcribed. The experiments also provide generally useful insight into expected L2S accuracy sacrifice as a function of decreasing training set size. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,927 |
inproceedings | hovy-etal-2006-automated | Automated Summarization Evaluation with Basic Elements. | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1258/ | Hovy, Eduard and Lin, Chin-Yew and Zhou, Liang and Fukumoto, Junichi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | As part of evaluating a summary automati-cally, it is usual to determine how much of the contents of one or more human-produced ideal summaries it contains. Past automated methods such as ROUGE compare using fixed word ngrams, which are not ideal for a variety of reasons. In this paper we describe a framework in which summary evaluation measures can be instantiated and compared, and we implement a specific evaluation method using very small units of content, called Basic Elements that address some of the shortcomings of ngrams. This method is tested on DUC 2003, 2004, and 2005 systems and produces very good correlations with human judgments. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,928 |
inproceedings | kaji-watanabe-2006-automatic | Automatic Construction of {J}apanese {W}ord{N}et | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1259/ | Kaji, Hiroyuki and Watanabe, Mariko | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Although WordNets have been developed for a number of languages, no attempts to construct a Japanese WordNet have been known to exist. Taking this into account, we launched a project to automatically translate the Princeton WordNet into Japanese by a method of unsupervised word-sense disambiguation using bilingual comparable corpora. The method we propose aligns English word associations with those in Japanese and iteratively calculates a correlation matrix of Japanese translations of an English word versus its associated words. It then determines the Japanese translation for the English word in a synset by calculating scores for translation candidates according to the correlation matrix and the associated words appearing in the gloss appended to the synset. This method is not robust because a gloss only contains a few associated words. To overcome this difficulty, we extended the method so that it retrieves texts by using the gloss as a query and uses the retrieved texts as well as the gloss to calculate scores for translation candidates. A preliminary experiment using Wall Street Journal and Nihon Keizai Shimbun corpora demonstrated that the proposed method is promising for constructing a Japanese WordNet. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,929 |
inproceedings | de-marneffe-etal-2006-generating | Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1260/ | de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine and MacCartney, Bill and Manning, Christopher D. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a system for extracting typed dependency parses of English sentences from phrase structure parses. In order to capture inherent relations occurring in corpus texts that can be critical in real-world applications, many NP relations are included in the set of grammatical relations used. We provide a comparison of our system with Minipar and the Link parser. The typed dependency extraction facility described here is integrated in the Stanford Parser, available for download. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,930 |
inproceedings | frota-etal-2006-frep | {F}re{P}: An electronic tool for extracting frequency information of phonological units from {P}ortuguese written text | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1261/ | Frota, S. and Vig{\'a}rio, M. and Martins, F. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The importance of frequency for phonological phenomena has long been noticed in the literature. However, frequency information available for phonological units in Portuguese is scarce, non-replicable, corpus dependent, and hard to obtain due to the non-existence of a free tool for public use. This paper describes FreP, a new electronic tool that provides frequency counts of phonological units at the word-level and below from Portuguese written text: namely, major classes of segments, syllables and syllable types, phonological clitics, clitic types and size, prosodic words and their shape, word stress location, and syllable type by position within the word and/or status relative to word stress. Useful applications of FreP in general linguistics, phonology, language acquisition and development, speech evaluation and therapy are also described. Forthcoming extensions of the tool include the ability to extract frequency information for different varieties of Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese in particular, and the ability to provide a SAMPA output from the written text, together with the frequency of segmental features, like manner, place of articulation and laryngeal features. Updated information on FreP can be found at \url{http://www.fl.ul.pt/LaboratorioFonetica/FreP}. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,931 |
inproceedings | petersen-2006-querying | Querying Both Parallel And Treebank Corpora: Evaluation Of A Corpus Query System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1262/ | Petersen, Ulrik | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The last decade has seen a large increase in the number of available corpus query systems. Some of these are optimized for a particular kind of linguistic annotation (e.g., time-aligned, treebank, word-oriented, etc.). In this paper, we report on our own corpus query system, called Emdros. Emdros is very generic, and can be applied to almost any kind of linguistic annotation using almost any linguistic theory. We describe Emdros and its query language, showing some of the benfits that linguists can derive from using Emdros for their corpora. We then describe the underlying database model of Emdros, and show how two corpora can be imported into the system. One of the two is a parallel corpus of Hungarian and English (the Hunglish corpus), while the other is a treebank of German (the TIGER Corpus). In order to evaluate the performance of Emdros, we then run some performance tests. It is shown that Emdros has extremely good performance on small corpora (less than 1 million words), and that it scales well to corpora of many millions of words. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,932 |
inproceedings | zhou-etal-2006-summarizing | Summarizing Answers for Complicated Questions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1263/ | Zhou, Liang and Lin, Chin-Yew and Hovy, Eduard | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Recent work in several computational linguistics (CL) applications (especially question answering) has shown the value of semantics (in fact, many people argue that the current performance ceiling experienced by so many CL applications derives from their inability to perform any kind of semantic processing). But the absence of a large semantic information repository that provides representations for sentences prevents the training of statistical CL engines and thus hampers the development of such semantics-enabled applications. This talk refers to recent work in several projects that seek to annotate large volumes of text with shallower or deeper representations of some semantic phenomena. It describes one of the essential problemscreating, managing, and annotating (at large scale) the meanings of words, and outlines the Omega ontology, being built at ISI, that acts as term repository. The talk illustrates how one can proceed from words via senses to concepts, and how the annotation process can help verify good concept decisions and expose bad ones. Much of this work is performed in the context of the OntoNotes project, joint with BBN, the Universities of Colorado and Pennsylvania, and ISI, that is working to build a corpus of about 1M words (English, Chinese, and Arabic), annotated for shallow semantics, over the next few years. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,933 |
inproceedings | monachini-etal-2006-unified | Unified Lexicon and Unified Morphosyntactic Specifications for Written and Spoken {I}talian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1265/ | Monachini, Monica and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Friedrich, Jochen and Maltese, Giulio and Mammini, Michele and Odijk, Jan and Ulivieri, Marisa | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The goal of this paper is (1) to illustrate a specific procedure for merging different monolingual lexicons, focussing on techniques for detecting and mapping equivalent lexical entries, and (2) to sketch a production model that enables one to obtain lexical resources via unification of existing data. We describe the creation of a Unified Lexicon (UL) from a common sample of the Italian PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS phonological lexicon and of the Italian LCSTAR pronunciation lexicon. We expand previous experiments carried out at ILC-CNR: based on a detailed mechanism for mapping grammatical classifications of candidate UL entries, a consensual set of Unified Morphosyntactic Specifications (UMS) shared by lexica for the written and spoken areas is proposed. The impact of the UL on cross-validation issues is analysed: by looking into conflicts, mismatches and diverging classifications can be detected in both resources. The work presented is in line with the activities promoted by ELRA towards the development of methods for packaging new language resources by combining independently created resources, and was carried out as part of the ELRA Production Committee activities. ELRA aims to exploit the UL experience to carry out such merging activities for resources available on the ELRA catalogue in order to fulfill the users' needs. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,934 |
inproceedings | melz-etal-2006-compiling | Compiling large language resources using lexical similarity metrics for domain taxonomy learning | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1266/ | Melz, Ronny and Ryu, Pum-Mo and Choi, Key-Sun | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this contribution we present a new methodology to compile large language resources for domain-specific taxonomy learning. We describe the necessary stages to deal with the rich morphology of an agglutinative language, i.e. Korean, and point out a second order machine learning algorithm to unveil term similarity from a given raw text corpus. The language resource compilation described is part of a fully automatic top-down approach to construct taxonomies, without involving the human efforts which are usually required. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,935 |
inproceedings | pirvan-tufis-2006-tagset | Tagset Mapping and Statistical Training Data Cleaning-up | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1267/ | P{\^i}rvan, Felix and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper describes a general method (as well as its implementation and evaluation) for deriving mapping systems for different tagsets available in existing training corpora (gold standards) for a specific language. For each pair of corpora (tagged with different tagsets), one such mapping system is derived. This mapping system is then used to improve the tagging of each of the two corpora with the tagset of the other (this process will be called cross-tagging). By reapplying the algorithm to the newly obtained corpora, the accuracy of the underlying training corpora can also be improved. Furthermore, comparing the results with the gold standards makes it possible to assess the distributional adequacy of various tagsets used in processing the language in case. Unlike other methods, such as those reported in (Brants, 1995) or (Tufis {\&} Dragomirescu, 2004), which assume a subsumption relation between the considered tagsets, and as such they aim at minimizing the tagsets by eliminating the feature-value redundancy, this method is applicable for completely unrelated tagsets. Although the experiments were focused on morpho-syntactic (POS) tagging, the method is applicable to other types of tagging as well. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,936 |
inproceedings | tufis-irimia-2006-roco | {R}o{C}o-News: A Hand Validated Journalistic Corpus of {R}omanian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1268/ | Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and Irimia, Elena | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper briefly describes the RoCo project and, in details, one of its first outcomes, the RoCo-News corpus. RoCo-News is a middle-sized journalistic corpus of Romanian, abundant in proper names, numerals and named entities. The initially raw text was previously segmented with MtSeg segmenter, then POS annotated with TNT tagger. RoCo-News was further lemmatized and validated. Because of limited human resources, time constraints and the dimension of the corpus, hand validation of each individual token was out of question. The validation stage required a coherent methodology for automatically identifying as many POS annotation and lemmatization errors as possible. The hand validation process was focused on these automatically spotted possible errors. This methodology relied on three main techniques for automatic detection of potential errors: 1. when lemmatizing the corpus, we extracted all the triples that were not found in the word-form lexicon; 2. we checked the correctness of POS annotation for closed class lexical categories, technique described by (Dickinson {\&} Meurers, 2003); 3. we exploited the hypothesis (Tufi{\textordmasculine}, 1999) according to which an accurately tagged text, re-tagged with the language model learnt from it (biased evaluation) should have more than 98{\%} tokens identically tagged. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,937 |
inproceedings | bick-2006-turning | Turning a Dependency Treebank into a {PSG}-style Constituent Treebank | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1269/ | Bick, Eckhard | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we present and evaluate a new method to convert Constraint Grammar (CG) parses of running text into Constituent Treebanks. The conversion is two-step - first a grammar-based method is used to bridge the gap between raw CG annotation and full dependency structure, then phrase structure bracketing and non-terminal nodes are introduced by clustering sister dependents, effectively building one syntactic treebank on top of another. The method is compared with another approach (Bick 2003-2), where constituent structures are arrived at by employing a function-tag based Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG). Results are evaluated on a small reference corpus for both raw and revised CG input, with bracketing F-Scores of 87.5{\%} for raw text and 97.1{\%} for revised CG input, and a raw text edge label accuracy of 95.9{\%} for forms and 86{\%} for functions, or 99.7{\%} and 99.4{\%}, respectively, for revised CG. By applying the tools to the CG-only part of the Danish Arboretum treebank we were able to increase the size of the treebank by 86{\%}, from 197.400 to 367.500 words. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,938 |
inproceedings | stefanescu-tufis-2006-aligning | Aligning Multilingual Thesauri | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1270/ | {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The aligning and merging of ontologies with overlapping information are actual one of the most active domain of investigation in the Semantic Web community. Multilingual lexical ontologies thesauri are fundamental knowledge sources for most NLP projects addressing multilinguality. The alignment of multilingual lexical knowledge sources has various applications ranging from knowledge acquisition to semantic validation of interlingual equivalence of presumably the same meaning express in different languages. In this paper, we present a general method for aligning ontologies, which was used to align a conceptual thesaurus, lexicalized in 20 languages with a partial version of it lexicalized in Romanian. The objective of our work was to align the existing terms in the Romanian Eurovoc to the terms in the English Eurovoc and to automatically update the Romanian Eurovoc. The general formulation of the ontology alignment problem was set up along the lines established by Heterogeneity group of the KnowledgeWeb consortium, but the actual case study was motivated by the needs of a specific NLP project. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,939 |
inproceedings | ion-etal-2006-dependency | Dependency-Based Phrase Alignment | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1271/ | Ion, Radu and Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Phrase alignment is the task that requires the constituent phrases of two halves of a bitext to be aligned. In order to align phrases, one must discover them first and this article presents a method of aligning phrases that are discovered automatically. Here, the notion of a `phrase' will be understood as being given by a subtree of a dependency-like structure of a sentence called linkage. To discover phrases, we will make use of two distinct, language independent methods: the IBM-1 model (Brown et al., 1993) adapted to detect linkages and Constrained Lexical Attraction Models (Ion {\&} Barbu Mititelu, 2006). The methods will be combined and the resulted model will be used to annotate the bitext. The accuracy of phrase alignment will be evaluated by obtaining word alignments from link alignments and then by checking the F-measure of the latter word aligner. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,940 |
inproceedings | ceausu-etal-2006-acquis | {A}cquis {C}ommunautaire Sentence Alignment using Support Vector Machines | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1272/ | Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru and {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Sentence alignment is a task that requires not only accuracy, as possible errors can affect further processing, but also requires small computation resources and to be language pair independent. Although many implementations do not use translation equivalents because they are dependent on the language pair, this feature is a requirement for the accuracy increase. The paper presents a hybrid sentence aligner that has two alignment iterations. The first iteration is based mostly on sentences length, and the second is based on a translation equivalents table estimated from the results of the first iteration. The aligner uses a Support Vector Machine classifier to discriminate between positive and negative examples of sentence pairs. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,941 |
inproceedings | grover-tobin-2006-rule | Rule-Based Chunking and Reusability | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1273/ | Grover, Claire and Tobin, Richard | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we discuss a rule-based approach to chunking implemented using the LT-XML2 and LT-TTT2 tools. We describe the tools and the pipeline and grammars that have been developed for the task of chunking. We show that our rule-based approach is easy to adapt to different chunking styles and that the mark-up of further linguistic information such as nominal and verbal heads can be added to the rules at little extra cost. We evaluate our chunker against the CoNLL 2000 data and discuss discrepancies between our output and the CoNLL mark-up as well as discrepancies within the CoNLL data itself. We contrast our results with the higher scores obtained using machine learning and argue that the portability and flexibility of our approach still make it a more practical solution. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,942 |
inproceedings | hughes-etal-2006-reconsidering | Reconsidering Language Identification for Written Language Resources | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1274/ | Hughes, Baden and Baldwin, Timothy and Bird, Steven and Nicholson, Jeremy and MacKinlay, Andrew | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The task of identifying the language in which a given document (ranging from a sentence to thousands of pages) is written has been relatively well studied over several decades. Automated approachesto written language identification are used widely throughout research and industrial contexts, over both oral and written source materials. Despite this widespread acceptance, a review of previous research in written language identification reveals a number of questions which remain openand ripe for further investigation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,943 |
inproceedings | senda-etal-2006-automatic | Automatic Terminology Intelligibility Estimation for Readership-oriented Technical Writing | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1275/ | Senda, Yasuko and Sinohara, Yasusi and Okumura, Manabu | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes automatic terminology intelligibility estimation for readership-oriented technical writing. We assume that the term frequency weighted by the types of documents can be an indicator of the term intelligibility for a certain readership. From this standpoint, we analyzed the relationship between the following: average intelligibility levels of 46 technical terms that were rated by about 120 laymen; numbers of documents that an Internet search | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,944 |
inproceedings | lundalv-etal-2006-symbered | {SYMBERED} - a Symbol-Concept Editing Tool | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1276/ | Lund{\"alv, Mats and M{\"uhlenbock, Katarina and Farre, Bengt and Br{\"annstr{\"om, Annika | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The aim of the Nordic SYMBERED project - funded by NUH (the Nordic Development Centre for Rehabilitation Technology) - is to develop a user friendly editing tool that makes use of concept coding to produce web pages with flexible graphical symbol support targeted towards people with Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) needs. Documents produced with the editing tool will be in XML/XHTML format, well suited for publishing on the Internet. These documents will then contain natural language text, such as Swedish or English. Some, or all, of the words in the text will be marked with a concept code defining its meaning. The coded words/concepts may then easily be represented by alternative kinds of graphical symbols and by additional text representations in alternative languages. Thus, within one web document created by the author with the SYMBERED tool, one symbol language can easily be swapped for another. This means that a Bliss and a PCS symbol user can each have his/her preferred kind of symbol support. The SYMBERED editing tool will initially support a limited vocabulary in four to five Nordic languages plus English, and three to four symbol systems, with built-in extensibility to cover more languages and symbol systems. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,945 |
inproceedings | zhang-kordoni-2006-automated | Automated Deep Lexical Acquisition for Robust Open Texts Processing | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1277/ | Zhang, Yi and Kordoni, Valia | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we report on methods to detect and repair lexical errors for deep grammars. The lack of coverage has for long been the major problem for deep processing. The existence of various errors in the hand-crafted large grammars prevents their usage in real applications. The manual detection and repair of errors requires asignificant amount of human effort. An experiment with the British National Corpus shows about 70{\%} of the sentences contain unknownword(s) for the English Resource Grammar. With the help of error mining methods, many lexical errors are discovered, which cause a large part of the parsing failures. Moreover, with a lexical type predictor based on a maximum entropy model, new lexical entries are automatically generated. The contribution of various features for the model is evaluated. With the disambiguated full parsing results, the precision of the predictor is enhanced significantly. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,946 |
inproceedings | martin-etal-2006-manual | Manual Annotation and Automatic Image Processing of Multimodal Emotional Behaviours: Validating the Annotation of {TV} Interviews | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1278/ | Martin, J.-C. and Caridakis, G. and Devillers, L. and Karpouzis, K. and Abrilian, S. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | There has been a lot of psychological researches on emotion and nonverbal communication. Yet, these studies were based mostly on acted basic emotions. This paper explores how manual annotation and image processing can cooperate towards the representation of spontaneous emotional behaviour in low resolution videos from TV. We describe a corpus of TV interviews and the manual annotations that have been defined. We explain the image processing algorithms that have been designed for the automatic estimation of movement quantity. Finally, we explore how image processing can be used for the validation of manual annotations. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,947 |
inproceedings | krstev-etal-2006-ws4lr | {WS}4{LR}: A Workstation for Lexical Resources | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1279/ | Krstev, Cvetana and Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka and Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko and Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we describe WS4LR, the workstation for lexical resources, a software tool developed within the Human Language Technology Group at the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade. The tool is aimed at manipulating heterogeneous lexical resources, and the need for such a tool came from the large volume of resources the Group has developed in the course of many years and within different projects. The tool handles morphological dictionaries, wordnets, aligned texts and transducers equally and has already proved very useful for various tasks. Although it has so far been used mainly for Serbian, WS4LR is not language dependent and can be successfully used for resources in other languages provided that they follow the described formats and methodologies. The tool operates on the .NET platform and runs on a personal computer under Windows 2000/XP/2003 operating system with at least 256MB of internal memory. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,948 |
inproceedings | kipper-etal-2006-extending | Extending {V}erb{N}et with Novel Verb Classes | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1280/ | Kipper, Karin and Korhonen, Anna and Ryant, Neville and Palmer, Martha | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Lexical classifications have proved useful in supporting various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The largest verb classification for English is Levin`s (1993) work which defined groupings of verbs based on syntactic properties. VerbNet - the largest computational verb lexicon currently available for English - provides detailed syntactic-semantic descriptions of Levin classes. While the classes included are extensive enough for some NLP use, they are not comprehensive. Korhonen and Briscoe (2004) have proposed a significant extension of Levin`s classification which incorporates 57 novel classes for verbs not covered (comprehensively) by Levin. This paper describes the integration of these classes into VerbNet. The result is the most extensive Levin-style classification for English verbs which can be highly useful for practical applications. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,949 |
inproceedings | pustejovsky-etal-2006-towards | Towards a Generative Lexical Resource: The {B}randeis Semantic Ontology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1281/ | Pustejovsky, James and Havasi, Catherine and Littman, Jessica and Rumshisky, Anna and Verhagen, Marc | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we describe the structure and development of the Brandeis Semantic Ontology (BSO), a large generative lexicon ontology and lexical database. The BSO has been designed to allow for more widespread access to Generative Lexicon-based lexical resources and help researchers in a variety of computational tasks. The specification of the type system used in the BSO largely follows that proposed by the SIMPLE specification (Busa et al., 2001), which was adopted by the EU-sponsored SIMPLE project (Lenci et al., 2000). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,950 |
inproceedings | dybkjaer-dybkjaer-2006-act | Act-Topic Patterns for Automatically Checking Dialogue Models | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1282/ | Dybkj{\ae}r, Hans and Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | When dialogue models are evaluated today, this is normally done by using some evaluation method to collect data, often involving users interacting with the system model, and then subsequently analysing the collected data. We present a tool called DialogDesigner that enables automatic evaluation performed directly on the dialogue model and that does not require any data collection first. DialogDesigner is a tool in support of rapid design and evaluation of dialogue models. The first version was developed in 2005 and enabled developers to create an electronic dialogue model, get various graphical views of the model, run a Wizard-of-Oz (WOZ) simulation session, and extract different presentations in HTML. The second version includes extensions in terms of support for automatic dialogue model evaluation. Various aspects of dialogue model well-formedness can be automatically checked. Some of the automatic analyses simply perform checks based on the state and transition structure of the dialogue model while the core part are based on act-topic annotation of prompts and transitions in the dialogue model and specification of act-topic patterns. This paper focuses on the version 2 extensions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,951 |
inproceedings | rojas-aikawa-2006-predicting | Predicting {MT} Quality as a Function of the Source Language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1283/ | Rojas, David M. and Aikawa, Takako | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes one phase of a large-scale machine translation (MT) quality assurance project. We explore a novel approach to discriminating MT-unsuitable source sentences by predicting the expected quality of the output. The resources required include a set of source/MT sentence pairs, human judgments on the output, a source parser, and an MT system. We extract a number of syntactic, semantic, and lexical features from the source sentences only and train a classifier that we call the Syntactic, Semantic, and Lexical Model (SSLM) (cf. Gamon et al., 2005; Liu {\&} Gildea, 2005; Rajman {\&} Hartley, 2001). Despite the simplicity of the approach, SSLM scores correlate with human judgments and can help determine whether sentences are suitable or unsuitable for translation by our MT system. SSLM also provides information about which source features impact MT quality, connecting this work with the field of controlled language (CL) (cf. Reuther, 2003; Nyberg {\&} Mitamura, 1996). With a focus on the input side of MT, SSLM differs greatly from evaluation approaches such as BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002), NIST (Doddington, 2002) and METEOR (Banerjee {\&} Lavie, 2005) in that these other systems compare MT output with reference sentences for evaluation and do not provide feedback regarding potentially problematic source material. Our method bridges the research areas of CL and MT evaluation by addressing the importance of providing MT-suitable English input to enhance output quality. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,952 |
inproceedings | mazur-dale-2006-named | Named Entity Extraction with Conjunction Disambiguation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1284/ | Mazur, Pawe{\l} and Dale, Robert | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The recognition of named entities is now a well-developed area, with a range of symbolic and machine learning techniques that deliver high accuracy extraction and categorisation of a variety of entity types. However, there are still some named entity phenomena that present problems for existing techniques; in particular, relatively little work has explored the disambiguation of conjunctions appearing in candidate named entity strings. We demonstrate that there are in fact four distinct uses of conjunctions in the context of named entities; we present some experiments using machine-learned classifiers to disambiguate the different uses of the conjunction, with 85{\%} of test examples being correctly classified. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,953 |
inproceedings | boekestein-etal-2006-functioning | Functioning of the Centre for {D}utch Language and Speech Technology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1285/ | Boekestein, Michel and Depoorter, Griet and van Veenendaal, Remco | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The TST Centre manages a broad collection of Dutch digital language resources. It is an initiative of the Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie), and is meant to reinforce research in the area of language and speech technology. It does this by stimulating the reuse of these language resources. The TST Centre keeps these resources up to date, facilitates their availability, and offers services such as providing information, documentation, online access, offering catalogues, custom-made data, etc. Also, the TST Centre strives for a uniformised, if not standardised, treatment of language resources of the same nature. A well-thought, structured administration system is needed to manage the various language resources, their updates, derived products, IPR, user administration, etc. We will discuss the organisation, tasks and services of the TST Centre, and the language resources it maintains. Also, we will look into practical data management solutions, IPR issues, and our activities in standardisation and linking language resources. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,954 |
inproceedings | maegaard-etal-2006-mulinco | The {MULINCO} corpus and corpus platform | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1286/ | Maegaard, Bente and Offersgaard, Lene and Henriksen, Lina and Jansen, Hanne and Lepetit, Xavier and Navarretta, Costanza and Povlsen, Claus | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The MULINCO project (MUltiLINgual Corpus of the University of Copenhagen) started early 2005. The purpose of this cross-disciplinary project is to create a corpus platform for education and research in monolingual and translation studies. The project covers two main types of corpus texts: literary and non-literary. The platform is being developed using available tools as far as possible, and integrating them in a very open architecture. In this paper we describe the current status and future developments of both the text and tool side of the corpus platform, and we show some examples of student exercises taking advantage of tagged and aligned texts. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,955 |
inproceedings | soria-etal-2006-moving | Moving to dynamic computational lexicons with {L}e{XF}low | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1287/ | Soria, Claudia and Tesconi, Maurizio and Bertagna, Francesca and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Marchetti, Andrea and Monachini, Monica | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present LeXFlow, a web application framework where lexicons already expressed in standardised format semi-automatically interact by reciprocally enriching themselves. LeXFlow is intended for, on the one hand, paving the way to the development of dynamic multi-source lexicons; and on the other, for fostering the adoption of standards. Borrowing from techniques used in the domain of document workflows, we model the activity of lexicon management as a particular case of workflow instance, where lexical entries move across agents and become dynamically updated. To this end, we have designed a lexical flow (LF) corresponding to the scenario where an entry of a lexicon A becomes enriched via basically two steps. First, by virtue of being mapped onto a corresponding entry belonging to a lexicon B, the entry(LA) inherits the semantic relations available in lexicon B. Second, by resorting to an automatic application that acquires information about semantic relations from corpora, the relations acquired are integrated into the entry and proposed to the human encoder. As a result of the lexical flow, in addition, for each starting lexical entry(LA) mapped onto a corresponding entry(LB) the flow produces a new entry representing the merging of the original two. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,956 |
inproceedings | sporleder-etal-2006-identifying | Identifying Named Entities in Text Databases from the Natural History Domain | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1288/ | Sporleder, Caroline and van Erp, Marieke and Porcelijn, Tijn and van den Bosch, Antal and Arntzen, Pim | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to bootstrap a named entity tagger for textual databases by exploiting the database structure to automatically generate domain and database-specific gazetteer lists. We compare three tagging strategies: (i) using the extracted gazetteers in a look-up tagger, (ii) using the gazetteers to automatically extract training data to train a database-specific tagger, and (iii) using a generic named entity tagger. Our results suggest that automatically built gazetteers in combination with a look-up tagger lead to a relatively good performance and that generic taggers do not perform particularly well on this type of data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,957 |
inproceedings | somers-etal-2006-developing | Developing Speech Synthesis for Under-Resourced Languages by {\textquotedblleft}Faking it{\textquotedblright}: An Experiment with {S}omali | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1289/ | Somers, Harold and Evans, Gareth and Mohamed, Zeinab | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Speech synthesis or text-to-speech (TTS) systems are currently available for a number of the world`s major languages, but for thousands of other, unsupported, languages no such technology is available. While awaiting the development of such technology, we propose using an existing TTS system for a major language (the base language, BL) to ``fake'' TTS for an unsupported language (the target language, TL). This paper describes the factors which determine the choice of a suitable BL for a given TL, and describe an experiment with a fake Somali TTS system evaluated in the real-life situation of a doctorpatient dialogue. 28 Somali participants were asked to judge the comprehensibility of 25 short Somali sentences recorded with a German TTS system. Results suggest that ``faking it'' provides reasonable stop-gap TTS for unsupported languages. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,958 |
inproceedings | ciobanu-etal-2006-using | Using Richly Annotated Trilingual Language Resources for Acquiring Reading Skills in a Foreign Language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1290/ | Ciobanu, Drago{\c{s}} and Hartley, Tony and Sharoff, Serge | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In an age when demand for innovative and motivating language teaching methodologies is at a very high level, TREAT - the Trilingual REAding Tutor - combines the most advanced natural language processing (NLP) techniques with the latest second and third language acquisition (SLA/TLA) research in an intuitive and user-friendly environment that has been proven to help adult learners (native speakers of L1) acquire reading skills in an unknown L3 which is related to (cognate with) an L2 they know to some extent. This corpus-based methodology relies on existing linguistic resources, as well as materials that are easy to assemble, and can be adapted to support other pairs of L2-L3 related languages, as well. A small evaluation study conducted at the Leeds University Centre for Translation Studies indicates that, when using TREAT, learners feel more motivated to study an unknown L3, acquire significant linguistic knowledge of both the L3 and L2 rapidly, and increase their performance when translating from L3 into L1. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,959 |
inproceedings | maegaard-etal-2006-kunsti | {KUNSTI} - Knowledge Generation for {N}orwegian Language Technology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1292/ | Maegaard, Bente and Fenstad, Jens-Erik and Ahrenberg, Lars and Kvale, Knut and M{\"uhlenbock, Katarina and Heid, Bernt-Erik | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | KUNSTI is the Norwegian national language technology programme, running 2001-2006 inclusive. The goal of the programme is to boost Norwegian language technology research. In this paper we describe the background, the objectives, the methodology applied in the management of the programme, the projects selected, and our first conclusions. We also describe national programmes form Sweden, France and Germany and compare objectives and methods. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,961 |
inproceedings | halacsy-etal-2006-using | Using a morphological analyzer in high precision {POS} tagging of {H}ungarian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1293/ | Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter and Kornai, Andr{\'a}s and Oravecz, Csaba and Tr{\'o}n, Viktor and Varga, D{\'a}niel | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper presents an evaluation of maxent POS disambiguation systems that incorporate an open source morphological analyzer to constrain the probabilistic models. The experiments show that the best proposed architecture, which is the first application of the maximum entropy framework in a Hungarian NLP task, outperforms comparable state of the art tagging methods and is able to handle out of vocabulary items robustly, allowing for efficient analysis of large (web-based) corpora. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,962 |
inproceedings | widdows-etal-2006-ongoing | Ongoing Developments in Automatically Adapting Lexical Resources to the Biomedical Domain | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1294/ | Widdows, Dominic and Toumouh, Adil and Dorow, Beate and Lehireche, Ahmed | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a range of experiments using empirical methods to adapt theWordNet noun ontology for specific use in the biomedical domain. Our basic technique is to extract relationships between terms using the Ohsumed corpus, a large collection of abstracts from PubMed, and to compare the relationships extracted with those that would be expected for medical terms, given the structure of the WordNet ontology. The linguistic methods involve the use of a variety of lexicosyntactic patterns that enable us to extract pairs of coordinate noun terms, and also related groups of adjectives and nouns, using Markov clustering. This enables us in many cases to analyse ambiguous words and select the correct meaning for the biomedical domain. While results are often encouraging, the paper also highlights evident problems and drawbacks with the method, and outlines suggestions for future work. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,963 |
inproceedings | savy-etal-2006-multilevel | Multilevel corpus analysis: generating and querying an {AG}set of spoken {I}talian ({S}p{I}t-{MD}b). | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1295/ | Savy, Renata and Cutugno, Francesco and Crocco, Claudia | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present an application of AGTK to a corpus of spoken Italian annotated at many different linguistic levels. The work consists of two parts: a) the presentation of AG-SpIt, a toolkit devoted to corpus data management that we developed according to AGTK proposals; b) the presentation of corpus structure together with some examples and results of cross-level linguistic analyses obtained querying the database (SpIt-MDb). As this work is still an ongoing investigation, results must be considered preliminary, as a demo illustrating the potentiality of the tool and the advantages it introduces to validate linguistic theories and annotation systems. Currently, SpIt-MDb is a linguistic resource under development; it represents one of the first attempts to create an Italian corpus labelled at various linguistic levels (from acoustic/sub-phonetic, to textual/pragmatic ones) which can be queried in the interrelations among levels. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,964 |
inproceedings | hughes-etal-2006-feature | Feature-based Encoding and Querying Language Resources with Character Semantics | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1296/ | Hughes, Baden and Gibbon, Dafydd and Trippel, Thorsten | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we discuss the explicit representation of character features pertaining to written language resources, which we argue are critically necessary in the long term of archiving language data. Much focus on the creation of language resources and their associated preservation is at the level of the corpus itself; however it is generally accepted that long term interpretation of these language resources requires more than a best practice data format. In particular, where language resources are created in linguistic fieldwork, and especially for minority languages, the need for preservation not only of the resource itself, but of additional metadata which allows for the resource to be accurately interpreted in the future is becoming a topic of research in itself. In this paper we extend earlier work on semantically based character decomposition to include representation of character properties in a variety of models, and a mechanism for exploiting these properties through queries. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,965 |
inproceedings | subba-etal-2006-building | Building lexical resources for {P}rinc{P}ar, a large coverage parser that generates principled semantic representations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1297/ | Subba, Rajen and Di Eugenio, Barbara and Terenzi, Elena | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Parsing, one of the more successful areas of Natural Language Processing has mostly been concerned with syntactic structure. Though uncovering the syntactic structure of sentences is very important, in many applications a meaningrepresentation for the input must be derived as well. We report on PrincPar, a parser that builds full meaning representations. It integrates LCFLEX, a robust parser, with alexicon and ontology derived from two lexical resources, VerbNet and CoreLex that represent the semantics of verbs and nouns respectively. We show that these two different lexical resources that focus on verbs and nouns can be successfully integrated. We report parsing results on a corpus of instructional text and assess the coverage of those lexical resources. Our evaluation metric is the number of verb frames that are assigned a correct semantics: 72.2{\%} verb frames are assigned a perfect semantics, and another 10.9{\%} are assigned a partially correctsemantics. Our ultimate goal is to develop a (semi)automatic method to derive domain knowledge from instructional text, in the form of linguistically motivated action schemes. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,966 |
inproceedings | uchimoto-etal-2006-automatic | Automatic Detection and Semi-Automatic Revision of Non-Machine-Translatable Parts of a Sentence | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1298/ | Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Hayashida, Naoko and Ishida, Toru and Isahara, Hitoshi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We developed a method for automatically distinguishing the machine-translatable and non-machine-translatable parts of a given sentence for a particular machine translation (MT) system. They can be distinguished by calculating the similarity between a source-language sentence and its back translation for each part of the sentence. The parts with low similarities are highly likely to be non-machine-translatable parts. We showed that the parts of a sentence that are automatically distinguished as non-machine-translatable provide useful information for paraphrasing or revising the sentence in the source language to improve the quality of the translation by the MT system. We also developed a method of providing knowledge useful to effectively paraphrasing or revising the detected non-machine-translatable parts. Two types of knowledge were extracted from the EDR dictionary: one for transforming a lexical entry into an expression used in the definition and the other for conducting the reverse paraphrasing, which transforms an expression found in a definition into the lexical entry. We found that the information provided by the methods helped improve the machine translatability of the originally input sentences. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,967 |
inproceedings | maks-boelhouwer-2006-exploring | Exploring opportunities for Comparability and Enrichment by Linking lexical databases | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1299/ | Maks, Isa and Boelhouwer, Bob | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Results are presented of an ongoing project of the Dutch TST-centre for language and speech technology aiming at linking of various lexical databases. The project involves four Dutch monolingual lexicons: WlNT05, e-Lex, RBN and RBBN. These databases differ in organisational structure and content. To enable linkage between these lexicons, we developed a common feature value set and a common organisational structure. Both are based upon existing standards for the creation and reusability of lexicons: the Lexical Markup Framework and the EAGLES standard. Examples of the content and structure of each of the lexical databases are presented in their original form. Also, the structure and content is shown when mapped onto the common framework and feature value set. Thus, the commonalities and the complementarity of the lexical databases are more readily apparent. Besides, this elaboration of the databases opens up the opportunity for mutual enrichment. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,968 |
inproceedings | saggion-2006-multilingual | Multilingual Multidocument Summarization Tools and Evaluation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1300/ | Saggion, Horacio | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe a number of experiments carried out to address the problem of creating summaries from multiple sources in multiple languages. A centroid-based sentence extraction system has been developed which decides the content of the summary using texts in different languages and uses sentences from English sources alone to create the final output. We describe the evaluation of the system in the recent Multilingual Summarization Evaluation MSE 2005 using the pyramids and ROUGE methods. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,969 |
inproceedings | ferret-2006-building | Building a network of topical relations from a corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1301/ | Ferret, Olivier | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Lexical networks such as WordNet are known to have a lack of topical relations although these relations are very useful for tasks such as text summarization or information extraction. In this article, we present a method for automatically building from a large corpus a lexical network whose relations are preferably topical ones. As it does not rely on resources such as dictionaries, this method is based on self-bootstrapping: a network of lexical cooccurrences is first built from a corpus and then, is filtered by using the words of the corpus that are selected by the initial network. We report an evaluation about topic segmentation showing that the results got with the filtered network are the same as the results got with the initial network although the first one is significantly smaller than the second one. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,970 |
inproceedings | bouquet-etal-2006-role | The role of lexical resources in matching classification schemas | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1302/ | Bouquet, P. and Serafini, L. and Zanobini, S. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we describe the role and the use of WORDNET as an external lexical resource in a methodology for matching hierarchical classification schemas. The main difference between our methodology and others which were presented is that we pay a lot of effort in eliciting the meaning of the structures we match, and we do this by using extensively lexical knowledge about the words occurring in labels. The result of this elicitation process is encoded in a formal language, called WDL (WORDNET Description Logic), which is our proposal for injecting lexical semantics into more standard knowledge representation languages. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,971 |
inproceedings | maragoudakis-etal-2006-dealing | Dealing with Imbalanced Data using {B}ayesian Techniques | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1303/ | Maragoudakis, Manolis and Kermanidis, Katia and Garbis, Aristogiannis and Fakotakis, Nikos | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | For the present work, we deal with the significant problem of high imbalance in data in binary or multi-class classification problems. We study two different linguistic applications. The former determines whether a syntactic construction (environment) co-occurs with a verb in a natural text corpus consists a subcategorization frame of the verb or not. The latter is called Name Entity Recognition (NER) and it concerns determining whether a noun belongs to a specific Name Entity class. Regarding the subcategorization domain, each environment is encoded as a vector of heterogeneous attributes, where a very high imbalance between positive and negative examples is observed (an imbalance ratio of approximately 1:80). In the NER application, the imbalance between a name entity class and the negative class is even greater (1:120). In order to confront the plethora of negative instances, we suggest a search tactic during training phase that employs Tomek links for reducing unnecessary negative examples from the training set. Regarding the classification mechanism, we argue that Bayesian networks are well suited and we propose a novel network structure which efficiently handles heterogeneous attributes without discretization and is more classification-oriented. Comparing the experimental results with those of other known machine learning algorithms, our methodology performs significantly better in detecting examples of the rare class. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,972 |
inproceedings | benedi-etal-2006-design | Design and acquisition of a telephone spontaneous speech dialogue corpus in {S}panish: {DIHANA} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1304/ | Bened{\'i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel and Lleida, Eduardo and Varona, Amparo and Castro, Mar{\'i}a-Jos{\'e} and Galiano, Isabel and Justo, Raquel and L{\'o}pez de Letona, I{\~n}igo and Miguel, Antonio | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In the framework of the DIHANA project, we present the acquisitionprocess of a spontaneous speech dialogue corpus in Spanish. Theselected application consists of information retrieval by telephone for nationwide trains. A total of 900 dialogues from 225 users were acquired using the Wizard of Oz technique. In this work, we present the design and planning of the dialogue scenes and the wizard strategy used for the acquisition of the corpus. Then, we also present the acquisition tools and a description of the acquisition process. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,973 |
inproceedings | osswald-etal-2006-representation | The Representation of {G}erman Prepositional Verbs in a Semantically Based Computer Lexicon | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1305/ | Osswald, Rainer and Helbig, Hermann and Hartrumpf, Sven | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe the treatment of verbs with prepositional complements inHaGenLex, a semantically based computer lexicon for German.Prepositional verbs such as bestehen auf (insist on) subcategorize for a prepositional phrase where the preposition usually has no independent meaning of its own. The lexical semantic information inHaGenLex is specified by means of MultiNet, a full-fledged knowledge representation formalism, which proves to be particularly useful for representing the semantics of verbs with prepositional complements. We indicate how the semantic representation in HaGenLex can be used to define semantic classes of prepositional verbs and briefly discuss the relation of these classes to Levin`s verb classes. Moreover, wepresent first results on the automatic identification of prepositionalverbs by corpus-based methods. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,974 |
inproceedings | chiao-etal-2006-evaluation | Evaluation of multilingual text alignment systems: the {ARCADE} {II} project | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1306/ | Chiao, Yun-Chuang and Kraif, Olivier and Laurent, Dominique and Nguyen, Thi Minh Huyen and Semmar, Nasredine and Stuck, Fran{\c{c}}ois and V{\'e}ronis, Jean and Zaghouani, Wajdi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the ARCADE II project, concerned with the evaluation of parallel text alignment systems. The ARCADE II project aims at exploring the techniques of multilingual text alignment through a fine evaluation of the existing techniques and the development of new alignment methods. The evaluation campaign consists of two tracks devoted to the evaluation of alignment at sentence and word level respectively. It differs from ARCADE I in the multilingual aspect and the investigation of lexical alignment. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,975 |
inproceedings | bertagna-2006-representation | Representation and Inference for Open-Domain {QA}: Strength and Limits of two {I}talian Semantic Lexicons | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1307/ | Bertagna, Francesca | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper reports on the results of the exploitation of two Italian lexicons (ItalWordNet and SIMPLE-CLIPS) in an Open-Domain Question Answering application for Italian. The intent is to analyse the behavior of the lexicons in application in order to understand what are their limits and points of strength. The final aim of the paper is contributing to the debate about usefulness of computational lexicons in NLP, by providing evidence from the point of view of a particular application. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,976 |
inproceedings | abdelsapor-etal-2006-building | Building a Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Collection of Printed {A}rabic Documents | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1308/ | Abdelsapor, Abdelrahim and Adly, Noha and Darwish, Kareem and Emam, Ossama and Magdy, Walid and Nagi, Magdi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the development of an Arabic document image collection containing 34,651 documents from 1,378 different books and 25 topics with their relevance judgments. The books from which the collection is obtained are a part of a larger collection 75,000 books being scanned for archival and retrieval at the bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA). The documents in the collection vary widely in topics, fonts, and degradation levels. Initial baseline experiments were performed to examine the effectiveness of different index terms, with and without blind relevance feedback, on Arabic OCR degraded text. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,977 |
inproceedings | luz-etal-2006-gathering | Gathering a corpus of multimodal computer-mediated meetings | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1309/ | Luz, Saturnino and Bouamrane, Matt-Mouley and Masoodian, Masood | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we describe the gathering of a corpus of synchronised speech and text interaction over the network. The data collection scenarios characterise audio meetings with a significant textual component. Unlike existing meeting corpora, the corpus described in this paper emphasises temporal relationships between speech and text media streams. This is achieved through detailed logging and timestamping of text editing operations, actions on shared user interface widgets and gesturing, as well as generation of speech activity profiles. A set of tools has been developed specifically for these purposes which can be used as a data collection platform for the development of meeting browsers. The data gathered to date consists of nearly 30 hours of recorded audio and time stamped editing operations and gestures. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,978 |
inproceedings | athanassia-lida-aimilios-2006-language | Language identification from suprasegmental cues: Speech synthesis of {G}reek utterances from different dialectal variations. | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1310/ | Athanassia Lida, Dimou and Aimilios, Chalamandaris | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present the continuation of our research on the ability of native Greek adults to identify their mother tongue from synthesized stimuli which contain only prosodic - melodic and rhythmic - information. In the first section we present the ideas that underlie our theory, together with a brief review of our preliminary results. In the second section the detailed description of our experimental approach is given, as well as the results and their statistical analysis. In the final two sections we provide the conclusions derived from our experiments and the future work we are planning to carry out. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,979 |
inproceedings | levy-andrew-2006-tregex | Tregex and Tsurgeon: tools for querying and manipulating tree data structures | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1311/ | Levy, Roger and Andrew, Galen | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | With syntactically annotated corpora becoming increasingly available for a variety of languages and grammatical frameworks, tree query tools have proven invaluable to linguists and computer scientists for both data exploration and corpus-based research. We provide a combined engine for tree query (Tregex) and manipulation (Tsurgeon) that can operate on arbitrary tree data structures with no need for preprocessing. Tregex remedies several expressive and implementational limitations of existing query tools, while Tsurgeon is to our knowledge the most expressive tree manipulation utility available. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,980 |
inproceedings | gillard-etal-2006-question | Question Answering Evaluation Survey | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1312/ | Gillard, L. and Bellot, P. and El-B{\`e}ze, M. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Evaluating Question Answering (QA) Systems is a very complex task: state-of-the-art systems involve processing whose influences and contributions on the final result are not clear and need to be studied. We present some key points on different aspects of the QA Systems (QAS) evaluation: mainly, as performed during large-scale campaigns, but also with clues on the evaluation of QAS typical software components; the last part of this paper, is devoted to a brief presentation of the French QA campaign EQueR and presents two issues: inter-annotator agreement during campaign and the reuse of reference patterns. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,981 |
inproceedings | magnini-etal-2006-cab | {I}-{CAB}: the {I}talian Content Annotation Bank | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1313/ | Magnini, B. and Pianta, E. and Girardi, C. and Negri, M. and Romano, L. and Speranza, M. and Bartalesi Lenzi, V. and Sprugnoli, R. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present work in progress for the creation of the Italian Content Annotation Bank (I-CAB), a corpus of Italian news annotated with semantic information at different levels. The first level is represented by temporal expressions, the second level is represented by different types of entities (i.e. person, organizations, locations and geo-political entities), and the third level is represented by relations between entities (e.g. the affiliation relation connecting a person to an organization). So far I-CAB has been manually annotated with temporal expressions, person entities and organization entities. As we intend I-CAB to become a benchmark for various automatic Information Extraction tasks, we followed a policy of reusing already available markup languages. In particular, we adopted the annotation schemes developed for the ACE Entity Detection and Time Expressions Recognition and Normalization tasks. As the ACE guidelines have originally been developed for English, part of the effort consisted in adapting them to the specific morpho-syntactic features of Italian. Finally, we have extended them to include a wider range of entities, such as conjunctions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,982 |
inproceedings | maegaard-etal-2006-blark | The {BLARK} concept and {BLARK} for {A}rabic | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1314/ | Maegaard, Bente and Krauwer, Steven and Choukri, Khalid and J{\o}rgensen, Lise Damsgaard | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The EU project NEMLAR (Network for Euro-Mediterranean LAnguage Resources) on Arabic language resources carried out two surveys on the availability of Arabic LRs in the region, and on industrial requirements. The project also worked out a BLARK (Basic Language Resource Kit) for Arabic. In this paper we describe the further development of the BLARK concept made during the work on a BLARK for Arabic, as well as the results for Arabic. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,983 |
inproceedings | pardelli-etal-2006-natural | Natural Language Processing: A Terminological and Statistical Approach | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1315/ | Pardelli, Gabriella and Sassi, Manuela and Goggi, Sara and Orsolini, Paola | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The aim of this article is to provide a statistical representation of significant terms used in the field of Natural Language Processing from the 1960s till nowadays, in order to draft a survey on the most significant research trends in that period. By retrieving these keywords it should be possible to highlight the ebb and flow of some thematic topics. The NLP terminological sample derives from a database created for this purpose using the DBT software (Textual Data Base, ILC patent). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,984 |
inproceedings | verberne-etal-2006-data | Data for question answering: The case of why | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1316/ | Verberne, Suzan and Boves, Lou and Oostdijk, Nelleke and Coppen, Peter-Arno | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | For research and development of an approach for automatically answering why-questions (why-QA) a data collection was created. The data set was obtained by way of elicitation and comprises a total of 395 why-questions. For each question, the data set includes the source document and one or two user-formulated answers. In addition, for a subset of the questions, user-formulated paraphrases are available. All question-answer pairs have been annotated with information on topic and semantic answer type. The resulting data set is of importance not only for our research, but we expect it to contribute to and stimulate other research in the field of why-QA. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,985 |
inproceedings | simov-osenova-2006-shallow | Shallow Semantic Annotation of {B}ulgarian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1317/ | Simov, Kiril and Osenova, Petya | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper discusses shallow semantic annotation of Bulgarian treebank. Our goal is to construct the next layer of linguistic interpretation over the morphological and syntactic layers that have already been encoded in the treebank. The annotation is called shallow because it encodes only the senses for the non-functional words and the relations between the semantic indices connected to them. We do not encode quantifiers and scope information. An ontology is employed as a stock of the concepts and relations that form the word senses. Our lexicon is based on the Generative Lexicon (GL) model (Pustejovsky 1995) as it was implemented in the SIMPLE project (Lenci et. al. 2000). GL defines the way in which the words are connected to the concepts and the relations in the ontology. Also it provides mechanisms for literal sense changes like type-coercion, metonymy, and similar. Some of these phenomena are presented in the annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,986 |
inproceedings | abrilian-etal-2006-annotation | Annotation of Emotions in Real-Life Video Interviews: Variability between Coders | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1319/ | Abrilian, S. and Devillers, L. and Martin, J-C. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Research on emotional real-life data has to tackle the problem of their annotation. The annotation of emotional corpora raises the issue of how different coders perceive the same multimodal emotional behaviour. The long-term goal of this paper is to produce a guideline for the selection of annotators. The LIMSI team is working towards the definition of a coding scheme integrating emotion, context and multimodal annotations. We present the current defined coding scheme for emotion annotation, and the use of soft vectors for representing a mixture of emotions. This paper describes a perceptive test of emotion annotations and the results obtained with 40 different coders on a subset of complex real-life emotional segments selected from the EmoTV Corpus collected at LIMSI. The results of this first study validate previous annotations of emotion mixtures and highlight the difference of annotation between male and female coders. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,988 |
inproceedings | chou-huang-2006-hantology | Hantology-A Linguistic Resource for {C}hinese Language Processing and Studying | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1320/ | Chou, Ya-Min and Huang, Chu-Ren | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Hantology, a character-based Chinese language resource is created to provide an infrastructure for language processing and research on the writing system. Unlike alphabetic or syllabic writing systems, the ideographic writing system of Chinese poses both a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that a totally different resources structure must be created to represent and process speakers conventionalization of the language. The rare opportunity is that the structure itself is enriched with conceptual classification and can be utilized for ontology building. We describe the contents and possible applications of Hantology in this paper. The applications of Hantology include: (1) an account for the diachronic development of Chinese lexica (2) character-based language processing, (3) a study of conceptual structure differences in Chinese and English, and (4) comparisons of different ideographic writing systems. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,989 |
inproceedings | gavrilidou-etal-2006-language | Language Resources Production Models: the Case of the {INTERA} Multilingual Corpus and Terminology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1321/ | Gavrilidou, Maria and Labropoulou, Penny and Piperidis, Stelios and Giouli, Voula and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Monachini, Monica and Soria, Claudia and Choukri, Khalid | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper reports on the multilingual Language Resources (MLRs), i.e. parallel corpora and terminological lexicons for less widely digitally available languages, that have been developed in the INTERA project and the methodology adopted for their production. Special emphasis is given to the reality factors that have influenced the MLRs development approach and their final constitution. Building on the experience gained in the project, a production model has been elaborated, suggesting ways and techniques that can be exploited in order to improve LRs production taking into account realistic issues. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,990 |
inproceedings | kanzaki-etal-2006-semantic | Semantic Analysis of Abstract Nouns to Compile a Thesaurus of Adjectives | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1322/ | Kanzaki, Kyoko and Ma, Qing and Yamamoto, Eiko and Isahara, Hitoshi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Aiming to compile a thesaurus of adjectives, we discuss how to extract abstract nouns categorizing adjectives, clarify the semantic and syntactic functions of these abstract nouns, and manually evaluate the capability to extract the instance-category relations. We focused on some Japanese syntactic structures and utilized possibility of omission of abstract noun to decide whether or not a semantic relation between an adjective and an abstract noun is an instance-category relation. For 63{\%} of the adjectives (57 groups/90 groups) in our experiments, our extracted categories were found to be most suitable. For 22 {\%} of the adjectives (20/90), the categories in the EDR lexicon were found to be most suitable. For 14{\%} of the adjectives (13/90), neither our extracted categories nor those in EDR were found to be suitable, or examinees own categories were considered to be more suitable. From our experimental results, we found that the correspondence between a group of adjectives and their category name was more suitable in our method than in the EDR lexicon. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,991 |
inproceedings | erk-pado-2006-shalmaneser | Shalmaneser - A Toolchain For Shallow Semantic Parsing | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1323/ | Erk, Katrin and Pad{\'o}, Sebastian | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents Shalmaneser, a software package for shallow semantic parsing, the automatic assignment of semantic classes and roles to free text. Shalmaneser is a toolchain of independent modules communicating through a common XML format. System output can be inspected graphically. Shalmaneser can be used either as a black box to obtain semantic parses for new datasets (classifiers for English and German frame-semantic analysis are included), or as a research platform that can be extended to new parsers, languages, or classification paradigms. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,992 |
inproceedings | tablan-etal-2006-user | User-friendly ontology authoring using a controlled language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1324/ | Tablan, Valentin and Polajnar, Tamara and Cunningham, Hamish and Bontcheva, Kalina | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In recent years, following the rapid development in the Semantic Web and Knowledge Management research, ontologies have become more in demand in Natural Language Processing. An increasing number of systems use ontologies either internally, for modelling the domain of the application, or as data structures that hold the output resulting from the work of the system, in the form of knowledge bases. While there are many ontology editing tools aimed at expert users, there are very few which are accessible to users wishing to create simple structures without delving into the intricacies of knowledge representation languages. The approach described in this paper allows users to create and edit ontologies simply by using a restricted version of the English language. The controlled language described within is based on an open vocabulary and a restricted set of grammatical constructs. Sentences written in this language unambiguously map into a number of knowledge representation formats including OWL and RDF-S to allow round-trip ontology management. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,993 |
inproceedings | hasler-etal-2006-nps | {NP}s for Events: Experiments in Coreference Annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1325/ | Hasler, Laura and Orasan, Constantin and Naumann, Karin | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a pilot project which developed a methodology for NP and event coreference annotation consisting of detailed annotation schemes and guidelines. In order to develop this, a small sample annotated corpus in the domain of terrorism/security was built. The methodology developed can be used as a basis for large-scale annotation to produce much-needed resources. In contrast to related projects, ours focused almost exclusively on the development of annotation guidelines and schemes, to ensure that future annotations based on this methodology capture the phenomena both reliably and in detail. The project also involved extensive discussions in order to redraft the guidelines, as well as major extensions to PALinkA, our existing annotation tool, to accommodate event as well as NP coreference annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,994 |
inproceedings | mendes-etal-2006-combina | {COMBINA}-{PT}: A Large Corpus-extracted and Hand-checked Lexical Database of {P}ortuguese Multiword Expressions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1326/ | Mendes, Am{\'a}lia and Antunes, Sandra and Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do and Casteleiro, Jo{\~a}o Miguel and Pereira, Lu{\'i}sa and S{\'a}, Tiago | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents the COMBINA-PT project, a study of corpus-extracted Portuguese Multiword (MW) expressions. The objective of this on-going project is to compile a large lexical database of multiword (MW) units of the Portuguese language, automatically extracted from a balanced 50 million word corpus, and manually validated with the help of lexical association measures. MW expressions considered in the database include named entities and lexical associations with different degrees of cohesion, ranging from frozen groups, which undergo little or no variation, to lexical collocations composed of words that tend to occur together and that constitute syntactic dependencies, although with a low degree of fixedness. This new resource has a two-fold objective: (i) to be an important research tool which supports the development of MW expressions typologies and their lexicographic treatment; (ii) to be of major help in developing and evaluating language processing tools able of dealing with MW expressions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,995 |
inproceedings | graff-etal-2006-lexicon | Lexicon Development for Varieties of Spoken Colloquial {A}rabic | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1327/ | Graff, David and Buckwalter, Tim and Maamouri, Mohamed and Jin, Hubert | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In Arabic speech communities, there is a diglossic gap between written/formal Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and spoken/casual colloquial dialectal Arabic (DA): the common spoken language has no standard representation in written form, while the language observed in texts has limited occurrence in speech. Hence the task of developing language resources to describe and model DA speech involves extra work to establish conventions for orthography and grammatical analysis. We describe work being done at the LDC to develop lexicons for DA, comprising pronunciation, morphology and part-of-speech labeling for word forms in recorded speech. Components of the approach are: (a) a two-layer transcription, providing a consonant-skeleton form and a pronunciation form; (b) manual annotation of morphology, part-of-speech and English gloss, followed by development of automatic word parsers modeled on the Buckwalter Morphological Analyzer for MSA; (c) customized user interfaces and supporting tools for all stages of annotation; and (d) a relational database for storing, emending and publishing the transcription corpus as well as the lexicon. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,996 |
inproceedings | patry-etal-2006-mood | {MOOD}: A Modular Object-Oriented Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1328/ | Patry, Alexandre and Gotti, Fabrizio and Langlais, Philippe | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present an Open Source framework called MOOD developed in order tofacilitate the development of a Statistical Machine Translation Decoder.MOOD has been modularized using an object-oriented approach which makes itespecially suitable for the fast development of state-of-the-art decoders. Asa proof of concept, a clone of the pharaoh decoder has been implemented andevaluated. This clone named ramses is part of the current distribution of MOOD. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,997 |
inproceedings | maamouri-etal-2006-developing | Developing and Using a Pilot Dialectal {A}rabic Treebank | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1329/ | Maamouri, Mohamed and Bies, Ann and Buckwalter, Tim and Diab, Mona and Habash, Nizar and Rambow, Owen and Tabessi, Dalila | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we describe the methodological procedures and issues that emerged from the development of a pilot Levantine Arabic Treebank (LATB) at the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) and its use at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Center for Language and Speech Processing workshop on Parsing Arabic Dialects (PAD). This pilot, consisting of morphological and syntactic annotation of approximately 26,000 words of Levantine Arabic conversational telephone speech, was developed under severe time constraints; hence the LDC team drew on their experience in treebanking Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) text. The resulting Levantine dialect treebanked corpus was used by the PAD team to develop and evaluate parsers for Levantine dialect texts. The parsers were trained on MSA resources and adapted using dialect-MSA lexical resources (some developed especially for this task) and existing linguistic knowledge about syntactic differences between MSA and dialect. The use of the LATB for development and evaluation of syntactic parsers allowed the PAD team to provide feedbasck to the LDC treebank developers. In this paper, we describe the creation of resources for this corpus, as well as transformations on the corpus to eliminate speech effects and lessen the gap between our pre-existing MSA resources and the new dialectal corpus | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,998 |
inproceedings | megyesi-etal-2006-building | Building a {S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1330/ | Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta Bandmann and Hein, Anna S{\r{a}}gvall and Johanson, {\'E}va Csat{\'o} | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present a SwedishTurkish Parallel Corpus aimed to be used in linguistic research, teaching, and applications in natural language processing, primarily machine translation. The corpus being under development is built by using a Basic LAnguage Resource Kit (BLARK) for the two languages which is then used in the automatic alignment phase to improve alignment accuracy. The corpus is balanced with respect to source and target language and is automatically processed using the Uplug toolkit. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 87,999 |
inproceedings | medero-etal-2006-efficient | An Efficient Approach to Gold-Standard Annotation: Decision Points for Complex Tasks | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1332/ | Medero, Julie and Maeda, Kazuaki and Strassel, Stephanie and Walker, Christopher | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Inter-annotator consistency is a concern for any corpus building effort relying on human annotation. Adjudication is as effective way to locate and correct discrepancies of various kinds. It can also be both difficult and time-consuming. This paper introduces Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC)s model for decision point-based annotation and adjudication, and describes the annotation tools developed to enable this approach for the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) Program. Using a customized user interface incorporating decision points, we improved adjudication efficiency over 2004 annotation rates, despite increased annotation task complexity. We examine the factors that lead to more efficient, less demanding adjudication. We further discuss how a decision point model might be applied to annotation tools designed for a wide range of annotation tasks. Finally, we consider issues of annotation tool customization versus development time in the context of a decision point model. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,001 |
inproceedings | klatt-2006-corpus | A Corpus-based Approach to the Interpretation of Unknown Words with an Application to {G}erman | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1333/ | Klatt, Stefan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Usually a high portion of the different word forms in a corpusreceive no reading by the lexical and/or morphological analysis. These unknown words constitute a huge problem for NLP analysis tasks likePOS-tagging or syntactic parsing. We present a parameterizable (in principle language-independent) corpus-basedapproach for the interpretation of unknown words that only needs a tokenizedcorpus and can be used in both offline and online applications. In combination with a few linguistic (language-dependent) rules unknown verbs, adjectives, nouns, multiword units etc. are identified. Depending on the recognized word class(es), more detailed morphosyntactic and semantic information is additionally identified in opposite to the majority ofother unknown word guessing methods,which only uses a very narrow decision window to assign an unknown wordits correct reading respective Part-of-Speech tag in a given text. We tested our approach by experiments with German data and received very promising results. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,002 |
inproceedings | rosset-petel-2006-ritel | The Ritel Corpus - An annotated Human-Machine open-domain question answering spoken dialog corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1334/ | Rosset, Sophie and Petel, Sandra | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present a real (as opposed to Wizard-of-Oz) Human-Computer QA-oriented spoken dialog corpus collected with our Ritel platform. This corpus has been orthographically transcribed and annotated in terms of Specific Entities and Topics. Twelve main topics have been chosen. They are refined into 22 sub-topics. The Specific Entities are from five categories and cover Named Entities, linguistic entities, topic-defining entities, general entities and extended entities. The corpus contains 582 dialogs for 6 hours of user speech. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,003 |
inproceedings | feldman-etal-2006-cross | A Cross-language Approach to Rapid Creation of New Morpho-syntactically Annotated Resources | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1335/ | Feldman, Anna and Hana, Jirka and Brew, Chris | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We take a novel approach to rapid, low-cost development of morpho-syntactically annotated resources without using parallel corpora or bilingual lexicons. The overall research question is how to exploit language resources and properties to facilitate and automate the creation of morphologically annotated corpora for new languages. This portability issue is especially relevant to minority languages, for which such resources are likely to remain unavailable in the foreseeable future. We compare the performance of our system on languages that belong to different language families (Romance vs. Slavic), as well as different language pairs within the same language family (Portuguese via Spanish vs. Catalan via Spanish). We show that across language families, the most difficult category is the category of nominals (the noun homonymy is challenging for morphological analysis and the order variation of adjectives within a sentence makes it challenging to create a realiable model), whereas different language families present different challenges with respect to their morpho-syntactic descriptions: for the Slavic languages, case is the most challenging category; for the Romance languages, gender is more challenging than case. In addition, we present an alternative evaluation metric for our system, where we measure how much human labor will be needed to convert the result of our tagging to a high precision annotated resource. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,004 |
inproceedings | michailidis-etal-2006-greek | {G}reek Named Entity Recognition using Support Vector Machines, Maximum Entropy and Onetime | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1336/ | Michailidis, Ionas and Diamantaras, Konstantinos and Vasileiadis, Spiros and Fr{\`e}re, Yannick | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe our work on Greek Named Entity Recognition using comparatively three different machine learning techniques: (i) Support Vector Machines (SVM), (ii) Maximum Entropy and (iii) Onetime, a shortcut method based on previous work of one of the authors. The majority of our systems features use linguistic knowledge provided by: morphology, punctuation, position of the lexical units within a sentence and within a text, electronic dictionaries, and the outputs of external tools (a tokenizer, a sentence splitter, and a Hellenic version of Brills Part of Speech Tagger). After testing we observed that the application of a few simple Post Testing Classification Correction (PTCC) rules created after the observation of output errors, improved the results of the SVM and the Maximum Entropy systems output. We achieved very good results with the three methods. Our best configurations (Support Vector Machines with a second degree polynomial kernel and Maximum Entropy) achieved both after the application of PTCC rules an overall F-measure of 91.06. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,005 |
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