polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

kouylekov-magnini-2006-building

Building a Large-Scale Repository of Textual Entailment Rules

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1439/

Kouylekov, Milen and Magnini, Bernardo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Entailment rules are rules where the left hand side (LHS) specifies some knowledge which entails the knowledge expressed n the RHS of the rule, with some degree of confidence. Simple entailment rules can be combined in complex entailment chains, which n turn are at the basis of entailment-based reasoning, which has been recently proposed as a pervasive and application independent approach to Natural Language Understanding. We present the first elease of a large-scale repository of entailment rules at the lexical level, which have been derived from a number of available resources, including WordNet and a word similarity database. Experiments on the PASCAL-RTE dataset show that this resource plays a crucial role in recognizing textual entailment.

null

88,108

inproceedings

moschitti-basili-2006-tree

A Tree Kernel approach to Question and Answer Classification in Question Answering Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1440/

Moschitti, Alessandro and Basili, Roberto

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A critical step in Question Answering design is the definition of the models for question focus identification and answer extraction. In case of factoid questions, we can use a question classifier (trained according to a target taxonomy) and a named entity recognizer. Unfortunately, this latter cannot be applied to generate answers related to non-factoid questions. In this paper, we tackle such problem by designing classifiers of non-factoid answers. As the feature design for this learning task is very complex, we take advantage of tree kernels to generate large feature set from the syntactic parse trees of passages relevant to the target question. Such kernels encode syntactic and lexical information in Support Vector Machines which can decide if a sentence focuses on a target taxonomy subject. The experiments with SVMs on the TREC 10 dataset show that our approach is an interesting future research.

null

88,109

inproceedings

de-mareuil-etal-2006-joint

A joint intelligibility evaluation of {F}rench text-to-speech synthesis systems: the {E}va{S}y {SUS}/{ACR} campaign

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1441/

de Mare{\"uil, Philippe Boula and d{'Alessandro, Christophe and Raake, Alexander and Bailly, G{\'erard and Garcia, Marie-Neige and Morel, Michel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The EVALDA/EvaSy project is dedicated to the evaluation of text-to-speech synthesis systems for the French language. It is subdivided into four components: evaluation of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion module (Boula de Mare{\"uil et al., 2005), evaluation of prosody (Garcia et al., 2006), evaluation of intelligibility, and global evaluation of the quality of the synthesised speech. This paper reports on the key results of the intelligibility and global evaluation of the synthesised speech. It focuses on intelligibility, assessed on the basis of semantically unpredictable sentences, but a comparison with absolute category rating in terms of e.g. pleasantness and naturalness is also provided. Three diphone systems and three selection systems have been evaluated. It turns out that the most intelligible system (diphone-based) is far from being the one which obtains the best mean opinion score.

null

88,110

inproceedings

anderson-kotze-2006-finite

Finite state tokenisation of an orthographical disjunctive agglutinative language: The verbal segment of {N}orthern {S}otho

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1442/

Anderson, Winston N and Kotz{\'e}, Petronella M

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Tokenisation is an important first pre-processing step required to adequately test finite-state morphological analysers. In agglutinative languages each morpheme is concatinatively added on to form a complete morphological structure. Disjunctive agglutinative languages like Northern Sotho write these morphemes, for certain morphological categories only, as separate words separated by spaces or line breaks. These breaks are, by their nature, different from breaks that separate words that are written conjunctively. A tokeniser is required to isolate categories, like a verb, from raw text before they can be correctly morphologically analysed. The authors have successfully produced a finite state tokeniser for Northern Sotho, where verb segments are written disjunctively but nominal segments conjunctively. The authors show that since reduplication in the Northern Sotho language does not affect the pre-processing tokeniser, the disjunctive standard verbal segment as a construct in Northern Sotho is deterministic, finite-state and a regular Type 0 language in the Chomsky hierarchy and that the copulative verbal segment, due to its semi-disjunctivism, is ambiguously non-deterministic.

null

88,111

inproceedings

couturier-etal-2006-applying

Applying Lexical Constraints on Morpho-Syntactic Patterns for the Identification of Conceptual-Relational Content in Specialized Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1443/

Couturier, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Neuvel, Sylvain and Drouin, Patrick

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we describe a formal constraint mechanism, which we label Conceptual Constraint Variables (CCVs), introduced to restrict surface patterns during automated text analysis with the objective of increasing precision in the representation of informational contents. We briefly present, and exemplify, the various types of CCVs applicable to the English texts of our corpora, and show how these constraints allow us to resolve some of the problems inherent to surface pattern recognition, more specifically, those related to the resolution of conceptual or syntactic ambiguities introduced by the most frequent English prepositions.

null

88,112

inproceedings

pastra-2006-beyond

Beyond Multimedia Integration: corpora and annotations for cross-media decision mechanisms

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1444/

Pastra, Katerina

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we look into the notion of cross-media decision mechanisms, focussing on ones that work within multimedia documents for a variety of applications, such as the generation of intelligent multimedia presentations and multimedia indexing. In order for these mechanisms to go beyond the identification of semantic equivalence relations between media, which is what integration does, appropriate corpora and annotations are needed. Drawing from our experience in the REVEAL THIS project, we indicate the characteristics that such corpora should have, and suggest a number of annotations that would allow for training/designing such mechanisms. We conclude with a view on the suitability of two related markup languages (MPEG-7 and EMMA) for accommodating the suggested annotations.

null

88,113

inproceedings

nitta-etal-2006-building

Building Carefully Tagged Bilingual Corpora to Cope with Linguistic Idiosyncrasy

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1445/

Nitta, Yoshihiko and Saraki, Masashi and Ikehara, Satoru

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We illustrate the effectiveness of medium-sized carefully tagged bilingual core corpus, that is, semantic typology patterns in our term together with some examples to give concrete evidence of its usefulness. The most important characteristic of these semantic typology patterns is the bridging mechanism between two languages which is based on sequences syntactic codes and semantic codes. This characteristic gives both wide coverage and flexible applicability of core bilingual core corpus though its volume size is not so large. A further work is to be done for grasping some intuitive feeling of pertinent coarseness and fineness of patterns. Here coarseness feeling is concerning the generalization in phrase-level and clause-level semantic patterns and fineness is concerning word-level semantic patterns. Based on this feeling we will complete the core tagged bilingual corpora while enhancing the necessary support functions and utilities.

null

88,114

inproceedings

sauri-etal-2006-slinket

{S}link{ET}: A Partial Modal Parser for Events

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1446/

Saur{\'i}, Roser and Verhagen, Marc and Pustejovsky, James

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present SlinkET, a parser for identifying contexts of event modality in text developed within the TARSQI (Temporal Awareness and Reasoning Systems for Question Interpretation) research framework. SlinkET is grounded on TimeML, a specification language for capturing temporal and event related information in discourse, which provides an adequate foundation to handle event modality. SlinkET builds on top of a robust event recognizer, and provides each relevant event with a value that specifies the degree of certainty about its factuality; e.g., whether it has happened or holds (factive or counter-factive), whether it is being reported or witnessed by somebody else (evidential), or if it is introduced as a possibility (modal). It is based on well-established technology in the field (namely, finite-state techniques), and informed with corpus-induced knowledge that relies on basic information, such as morphological features, POS, and chunking. SlinkET is under continuing development and it currently achieves a performance ratio of 70{\%} F1-measure.

null

88,115

inproceedings

cieri-liberman-2006-data

More Data and Tools for More Languages and Research Areas: A Progress Report on {LDC} Activities

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1447/

Cieri, Christopher and Liberman, Mark

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This presentation reports on recent progress the Linguistic Data Consortium has made in addressing the needs of multiple research communities by collecting, annotating and distributing, simplifying access and developing standards and tools. Specifically, it describes new trends in publication, a sample of recent projects and significant improvements to LDC Online that improve access to LDC data especially for those with limited computing support.

null

88,116

inproceedings

bonafonte-etal-2006-tc

{TC}-{STAR}:Specifications of Language Resources and Evaluation for Speech Synthesis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1448/

Bonafonte, A. and H{\"oge, H. and Kiss, I. and Moreno, A. and Ziegenhain, U. and van den Heuvel, H. and Hain, H.-U. and Wang, X. S. and Garcia, M. N.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In the framework of the EU funded project TC-STAR (Technology and Corpora for Speech to Speech Translation),research on TTS aims on providing a synthesized voice sounding like the source speaker speaking the target language. To progress in this direction, research is focused on naturalness, intelligibility, expressivity and voice conversion both, in the TC-STAR framework. For this purpose, specifications on large, high quality TTS databases have been developed and the data have been recorded for UK English, Spanish and Mandarin. The development of speech technology in TC-STAR is evaluation driven. Assessment of speech synthesis is needed to determine how well a system or technique performs in comparison to previous versions as well as other approaches (systems {\&} methods). Apart from testing the whole system, all components of the system will be evaluated separately. This approach grants better assesment of each component as well as identification of the best techniques in the different speech synthesisprocesses.This paper describes the specifications of Language Resources for speech synthesis and the specifications for evaluation of speech synthesis activities.

null

88,117

inproceedings

voghera-cutugno-2006-observatory

An observatory on Spoken {I}talian linguistic resources and descriptive standards.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1449/

Voghera, Miriam and Cutugno, Francesco

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present the national project Parlare italiano: osservatorio degli usi linguistici, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, Scientific Research and University (PRIN 2004). Ten research groups participate to the project from various Italian universities. The project has four fundamental objectives: 1) to plan a national website that collects the most recent theoretical and applied results on spoken language; 2) to create an observatory of the linguistic usages of the Italian spoken language; 3) to delineate and implement standard and formalized methods and procedures for the study of spoken language; 4) to develop a training program for young researchers. The website will be accessible starting from November 2006.

null

88,118

inproceedings

smaili-etal-2006-linguistic

Linguistic features modeling based on Partial New Cache

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1450/

Sma{\"ili, Kamel and Lavecchia, Caroline and Haton, Jean-Paul

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The agreement in gender and number is a critical problem in statistical language modeling. One of the main problems in the speech recognition of French language is the presence of misrecognized words due to the bad agreement (in gender and number) between words. Statistical language models do not treat this phenomenon directly. This paper focuses on how to handle the issue of agreements. We introduce an original model called Features-Cache (FC) to estimate the gender and the number of the word to predict. It is a dynamic variable-length Features-Cache for which the size is determined in accordance to syntagm delimitors. This model does not need any syntactic parsing, it is used as any other statistical language model. Several models have been carried out and the best one achieves an improvement of more than 8 points in terms of perplexity.

null

88,119

inproceedings

schulz-etal-2006-semantic

Semantic Atomicity and Multilinguality in the Medical Domain: Design Considerations for the {M}orpho{S}aurus Subword Lexicon

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1451/

Schulz, Stefan and Mark{\'o}, Korn{\'e}l and Daumke, Philipp and Hahn, Udo and Hanser, Susanne and Nohama, Percy and de Andrade, Roosewelt Leite and Pacheco, Edson and Romacker, Martin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present the lexico-semantic foundations underlying a multilingual lexicon the entries of which are constituted by so-called subwords. These subwords reflect semantic atomicity constraints in the medical domain which diverge from canonical lexicological understanding in NLP. We focus here on criteria to identify and delimit reasonable subword units, to group them into functionally adequate synonymy classes and relate them by two types of lexical relations. The lexicon we implemented on the basis of these considerations forms the lexical backbone for MorphoSaurus, a cross-language document retrieval engine for the medical domain.

null

88,120

inproceedings

salmenkivi-2006-finding

Finding representative sets of dialect words for geographical regions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1452/

Salmenkivi, Marko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We investigate a corpus of geographical distributions of 17,126 Finnish dialect words. Our goal is to automatically find sets of words characteristic to geographical regions. Though our approach is related to the problem of dividing the investigation area into linguistically (and geographically) relatively coherent dialect regions, we do not aim at constructing more or less questionable dialect regions. Instead, we let the boundaries of the regions overlap to get insight to the degree of lexical change between adjacent areas. More concretely, we study the applicability of data clustering approaches to find sets of words with tight spatial distributions, and to cluster the extracted distributions according to their distribution areas. The extracted words belonging to the same cluster can then be utilized as a means to characterize the lexicon of the region. We also automatically pick up words with occurrences appearing in two or more areas that are geographically far from each other. These words may give valuable insight to, e.g., the study of cultural history and history of settlement.

null

88,121

inproceedings

uryupina-2006-coreference

Coreference Resolution with and without Linguistic Knowledge

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1453/

Uryupina, Olga

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

State-of-the-art statistical approaches to the Coreference Resolution task rely on sophisticated modeling, but very few (10-20) simple features. In this paper we propose to extend the standard feature set substantially, incorporating more linguistic knowledge. To investigate the usability of linguistically motivated features, we evaluate our system for a variety of machine learners on the standard dataset (MUC-7) with the traditional learning set-up.

null

88,122

inproceedings

miller-vanni-2006-formal

Formal v. Informal: Register-Differentiated {A}rabic {MT} Evaluation in the {PLATO} Paradigm

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1454/

Miller, Keith J. and Vanni, Michelle

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Tasks performed on machine translation (MT) output are associated with input text types such as genre and topic. Predictive Linguistic Assessments of Translation Output, or PLATO, MT Evaluation (MTE) explores a predictive relationship between linguistic metrics and the information processing tasks reliably performable on output. PLATO assigns a linguistic signature, which cuts across the task-based and automated metric paradigms. Here we report on PLATO assessments of clarity, coherence, morphology, syntax, lexical robustness, name-rendering, and terminology in a comparison of Arabic MT engines in which register differentiates the input. With a team of 10 assessors employing eight linguistic tests, we analyzed the results of five systems processing of 10 input texts from two distinct linguistic registers: a total we analyzed 800 data sets. The analysis pointed to specific areas, such as general lexical robustness, where system performance was comparable on both types of input. Divergent performance, however, was observed on clarity and name-rendering assessments. These results suggest that, while systems may be considered reliable regardless of input register for the lexicon-dependent triage task, register may have an affect on the suitability of MT systems output for relevance judgment and information extraction tasks, which rely on clearness and proper named-entity rendering. Further, we show that the evaluation metrics incorporated in PLATO differentiate between MT systems performance on a text type for which they are presumably optimized and one on which they are not.

null

88,123

inproceedings

hamon-rajman-2006-x

{X}-Score: Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Grammaticality

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1455/

Hamon, O. and Rajman, M.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we report an experiment of an automated metric used to analyse the grammaticality of machine translation output. The approach (Rajman, Hartley, 2001) is based on the distribution of the linguistic information within a translated text, which is supposed similar between a learning corpus and the translation. This method is quite inexpensive, since it does not need any reference translation. First we describe the experimental method and the different tests we used. Then we show the promising results we obtained on the CESTA data, and how they correlate well with human judgments.

null

88,124

inproceedings

navigli-2006-reducing

Reducing the Granularity of a Computational Lexicon via an Automatic Mapping to a Coarse-Grained Sense Inventory

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1456/

Navigli, Roberto

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

WordNet is the reference sense inventory of most of the current Word Sense Disambiguation systems. Unfortunately, it encodes too fine-grained distinctions, making it difficult even for humans to solve the ambiguity of words in context. In this paper, we present a method for reducing the granularity of the WordNet sense inventory based on the mapping to a manually crafted dictionary encoding sense groups, namely the Oxford Dictionary of English. We assess the quality of the mapping and discuss the potential of the method.

null

88,125

inproceedings

gibbon-etal-2006-blark

A {BLARK} extension for temporal annotation mining

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1457/

Gibbon, Dafydd and Fernandes, Flaviane Romani and Trippel, Thorsten

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The Basic Language Resource Kit (BLARK) proposed by Krauwer is designed for the creation of initial textual resources. There are a number of toolkits for the development of spoken language resources and systems, but tools for second level resources, that is, resources which are the result of processing primary level speech resources such as speech recordings. Typically, processing of this kind in phonetics is done manually, with the aid of spreadsheets multi-purpose statistics software. We propose a Basic Language and Speech Kit (BLAST) as an extension to BLARK and suggest a strategy for integrating the kit into the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). The prototype kit is evaluated in an application to examining temporal properties of spoken Brazilian Portuguese.

null

88,126

inproceedings

schiehlen-spranger-2006-mass

The Mass-Count Distinction: Acquisition and Disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1458/

Schiehlen, Michael and Spranger, Kristina

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

At least in the realm of fast parsing, the masscount distinction has led the life of a wallflower. We argue in this paper that this should not be so. In particular, we argue, both theoretical linguistics and computational linguistics can gain by a corpus-based investigation of this distinction: Computational linguists get more accurate parses; the knowledge extracted from these parses becomes more reliable; theoretical linguists are presented with new data in a field that has been intensely discussed and yet remains in a state that is not satisfactory from a practical point of view.

null

88,127

inproceedings

cole-2006-corpus

Corpus Development and Publication

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1459/

Cole, Andrew W.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper will discuss issues relevant to corpus development and publication at the LDC and will illustrate those issues by examining the history of three LDC corpora. This paper will also briefly examine alternative corpus creation and distribution methods and their challenges. The intent of this paper is to increase the available linguistic resources by describing the regulatory and technical environment and thus improving the understanding and interaction between corpus providers and distributors.

null

88,128

inproceedings

gibbon-tseng-2006-discourse

Discourse functions of duration in {M}andarin: resource design and implementation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1460/

Gibbon, Dafydd and Tseng, Shu-Chuan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A dedicated resource, consisting of annotated speech tools, and workflow design, was developed for the detailed investigation of discourse phenomena in Taiwan Mandarin. The discourse phenomena have functions which are associated with positions in utterances, and temporal properties, and include discourse markers (NAGE, NA, e.g. hesitation, utterance initiation), discourse particles (A, e.g. utterance finality, utterance continuity, focus, etc.), and fillers (UHN, hesitation). The distribution of particles in relation to their position in utterances and the temporal properties of particles are investigated. The results of the investigation diverge considerably from claims in existing grammars of Mandarin with respect to utterance position, and show in general greater length than for regular syllables. These properties suggest the possibility of developing an automatic discourse item tagger.

null

88,129

inproceedings

lesmo-robaldo-2006-natural

From Natural Language to Databases via Ontologies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1461/

Lesmo, Leonardo and Robaldo, Livio

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes an approach to Natural Language access to databases based on ontologies. Their role is to make the central part of the translation process independent both of the specific language and of the particular database schema. The input sentence is parsed and the parse tree is semantically annotated via references to the ontology describing the application. This first step is, of course, language dependent: the parsing process depends on the syntax of the language and the annotation depends on the meaning of words, expressed as links between words and concepts in the ontology. Then, the annotated tree is used to produce an ontological query, i.e. a query expressed in terms of paths on the ontology. This second step is entirely language- and DB-independent. Finally, the ontological query is translated into a standard SQL query, on the basis of a concept-to-DB mapping, specifying how each concept and relation is mapped onto the database.

null

88,130

inproceedings

nazarenko-etal-2006-alvis

The {ALVIS} Format for Linguistically Annotated Documents

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1462/

Nazarenko, A. and Alphonse, E. and Derivi{\`e}re, J. and Hamon, T. and Vauvert, G. and Weissenbacher, D.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper describes the ALVIS annotation format and discusses the problems that we encountered for the indexing of large collections of documents for topic specific search engines. This paper is exemplified on the biological domain and on MedLine abstracts, as developing a specialized search engine for biologist is one of the ALVIS case studies. The ALVIS principle for linguistic annotations is based on existing works and standard propositions. We made the choice of stand-off annotations rather than inserted mark-up, and annotations are encoded as XML elements which form the linguistic subsection of the document record.

null

88,131

inproceedings

raake-katz-2006-us

{US}-based Method for Speech Reception Threshold Measurement in {F}rench

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1463/

Raake, Alexander and Katz, Brian FG

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We propose a new method for measuring the threshold of 50{\%} sentence intelligibility in noisy or multi-source speech communication situations (Speech Reception Threshold, SRT). Our SRT-test complements those available e.g. for English, German, Dutch, Swedish and Finnish by a French test method. The approach we take is based on semantically unpredictable sentences (SUS), which can principally be created for various languages. This way, the proposed method enables better cross-language comparisons of intelligibility tests. As a starting point for the French language, a set of 288 sentences (24 lists of 12 sentences each) was created. Each of the 24 lists is optimized for homogeneity in terms of phoneme-distribution as compared to average French, and for word occurrence frequency of the employed monosyllabic keywords as derived from French language databases. Based on the optimized text material, a speech target sentence database has been recorded with a trained speaker. A test calibration was carried out to yield uniform measurement results over the set of target sentences. First intelligibility measurements show good reliability of the method.

null

88,132

inproceedings

strassel-etal-2006-integrated

Integrated Linguistic Resources for Language Exploitation Technologies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1464/

Strassel, Stephanie and Cieri, Christopher and Cole, Andrew and Dipersio, Denise and Liberman, Mark and Ma, Xiaoyi and Maamouri, Mohamed and Maeda, Kazuaki

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Linguistic Data Consortium has recently embarked on an effort to create integrated linguistic resources and related infrastructure for language exploitation technologies within the DARPA GALE (Global Autonomous Language Exploitation) Program. GALE targets an end-to-end system consisting of three major engines: Transcription, Translation and Distillation. Multilingual speech or text from a variety of genres is taken as input and English text is given as output, with information of interest presented in an integrated and consolidated fashion to the end user. GALE`s goals require a quantum leap in the performance of human language technology, while also demanding solutions that are more intelligent, more robust, more adaptable, more efficient and more integrated. LDC has responded to this challenge with a comprehensive approach to linguistic resource development designed to support GALE`s research and evaluation needs and to provide lasting resources for the larger Human Language Technology community.

null

88,133

inproceedings

ma-2006-champollion

{C}hampollion: A Robust Parallel Text Sentence Aligner

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1465/

Ma, Xiaoyi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes Champollion, a lexicon-based sentence aligner designed for robust alignment of potential noisy parallel text. Champollion increases the robustness of the alignment by assigning greater weights to less frequent translated words. Experiments on a manually aligned Chinese English parallel corpus show that Champollion achieves high precision and recall on noisy data. Champollion can be easily ported to new language pairs. Its freely available to the public.

null

88,134

inproceedings

papageorgiou-etal-2006-adding

Adding multi-layer semantics to the {G}reek Dependency Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1467/

Papageorgiou, Harris and Desipri, Elina and Koutsombogera, Maria and Pouli, Kanella and Prokopidis, Prokopis

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we give an overview of the approach adopted to add a layer of semantic information to the Greek Dependency Treebank [GDT]. Our ultimate goal is to come up with a large corpus, reliably annotated with rich semantic structures. To this end, a corpus has been compiled encompassing various data sources and domains. This collection has been preprocessed, annotated and validated on the basis of dependency representation. Taking into account multi-layered annotation schemes designed to provide deeper representations of structure and meaning, we describe the methodology followed as regards the semantic layer, we report on the annotation process and the problems faced and we conclude with comments on future work and exploitation of the resulting resource.

null

88,136

inproceedings

bosco-lombardo-2006-comparing

Comparing linguistic information in treebank annotations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1468/

Bosco, Cristina and Lombardo, Vincenzo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper investigates the issue of portability of methods and results over treebanks in different languages and annotation formats. In particular, it addresses the problem of converting an Italian treebank, the Turin University Treebank (TUT), developed in dependency format, into the Penn Treebank format, in order to possibly exploit the tools and methods already developed and compare the adequacy of information encoding in the two formats. We describe the procedures for converting the two annotation formats and we present an experiment that evaluates some linguistic knowledge extracted from the two formats, namely sub-categorization frames.

null

88,137

inproceedings

cucurullo-etal-2006-dialectal

Dialectal resources on-line: the {ALT}-Web experience

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1469/

Cucurullo, Nella and Montemagni, Simonetta and Paoli, Matilde and Picchi, Eugenio and Sassolini, Eva

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents an on-line dialectal resource, ALT-Web, which gives access to the linguistic data of the Atlante Lessicale Toscano, a specially designed linguistic atlas in which lexical data have both a diatopic and diastratic characterisation. The paper focuses on: the dialectal data representation model; the access modalities to the ALT dialectal corpus; ontology-based search.

null

88,138

inproceedings

ma-cieri-2006-corpus

Corpus Support for Machine Translation at {LDC}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1470/

Ma, Xiaoyi and Cieri, Christopher

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes LDC`s efforts in collecting, creating and processing different types of linguistic data, including lexicons, parallel text, multiple translation corpora, and human assessment of translation quality, to support the research and development in Machine Translation. Through a combination of different procedures and core technologies, the LDC was able to create very large, high quality, and cost-efficient corpora, which have contributed significantly to recent advances in Machine Translation. Multiple translation corpora and human assessment together facilitate, validate and improve automatic evaluation metrics, which are vital to the development of MT systems. The Bilingual Internet Text Search (BITS) and Champollion sentence aligner enable the finding and processing of large quantities of parallel text. All specifications and tools used by LDC and described in the paper are or will be available to the general public.

null

88,139

inproceedings

bies-etal-2006-linguistic

Linguistic Resources for Speech Parsing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1471/

Bies, Ann and Strassel, Stephanie and Lee, Haejoong and Maeda, Kazuaki and Kulick, Seth and Liu, Yang and Harper, Mary and Lease, Matthew

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We report on the success of a two-pass approach to annotating metadata, speech effects and syntactic structure in English conversational speech: separately annotating transcribed speech for structural metadata, or structural events, (fillers, speech repairs ( or edit dysfluencies) and SUs, or syntactic/semantic units) and for syntactic structure (treebanking constituent structure and shallow argument structure). The two annotations were then combined into a single representation. Certain alignment issues between the two types of annotation led to the discovery and correction of annotation errors in each, resulting in a more accurate and useful resource. The development of this corpus was motivated by the need to have both metadata and syntactic structure annotated in order to support synergistic work on speech parsing and structural event detection. Automatic detection of these speech phenomena would simultaneously improve parsing accuracy and provide a mechanism for cleaning up transcriptions for downstream text processing. Similarly, constraints imposed by text processing systems such as parsers can be used to help improve identification of disfluencies and sentence boundaries. This paper reports on our efforts to develop a linguistic resource providing both spoken metadata and syntactic structure information, and describes the resulting corpus of English conversational speech.

null

88,140

inproceedings

obrebski-stolarski-2006-uam

{UAM} Text Tools - a flexible {NLP} architecture

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1472/

Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz and Stolarski, Micha{\l}

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents a new language processing toolkit developed at Adam Mickiewicz University. Its functionality includes currently tokenization, sentence splitting, dictionary-based morphological analysis, heuristic morphological analysis of unknown words, spelling correction, pattern search, and generation of concordances. It is organized as a collection of command-line programs, each performing one operation. The components may be connected in various ways to provide various text processing services. Also new user-deoned components may be easily incorporated into the system. The toolkit is destined for processing raw (not annotated) text corpora. The system was originally intended for Polish, but its adaptation to other languages is possible.

null

88,141

inproceedings

geilfuss-milde-2006-sam

{SAM} - an annotation editor for parallel texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1473/

Geilfuss, Markus and Milde, Jan-Torsten

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Annotated parallel texts are an important resource for quantitative and qualitative linguistic research. Creating parallel corpora enables the generation of (bilingual) lexica, provides a basis for the extraction of data used for translation memories, makes is possible to describe the differences between text versions simply allows scientists to create texts in cooperation. We describe the design and implementation of an interactive editor allowing the user to annotate parallel texts: SAM, the Script Annotation Manager.

null

88,142

inproceedings

uszkoreit-etal-2006-pragmatic

The pragmatic combination of different crosslingual resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1474/

Uszkoreit, Hans and Xu, Feiyu and Steffen, J{\"org and Aslan, Ilhan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We will describe new cross-lingual strategies for the development multilingual information services on mobile devices. The novelty of our approach is the intelligent modeling of cross-lingual application domains and the combination of textual translation with speech generation. The final system helps users to speak foreign languages and communicate with the local people in relevant situations, such as restaurant, taxi and emergencies. The advantage of our information services is that they are robust enough for the use in real-world situations. They are developed for the Beijing Olympic Games 2008, where most foreigners will have to rely on translation assistance. Their deployment is foreseen as part of the planned ubiquitous mobile information system of the Olympic Games.

null

88,143

inproceedings

habash-etal-2006-design

Design, Construction and Validation of an {A}rabic-{E}nglish Conceptual Interlingua for Cross-lingual Information Retrieval

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1475/

Habash, Nizar and Mah, Clinton and Imran, Sabiha and Calistri-Yeh, Randy and Sheridan, P{\'a}raic

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the issues involved in extending a trans-lingual lexicon, the TextWise Conceptual Interlingua (CI), with Arabic terms. The Conceptual Interlingua is based on the Princeton English WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998). It is a central component in the cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) system CINDOR (Conceptual INterlingua for DOcument Retrieval). Arabic has a rich morphological system combining templatic and affixational paradigms for both inflectional and derivational morphology. This rich morphology poses a major challenge to the design and building of the Arabic CI and also its validation. This is because the available resources for Arabic, whether manually constructed bilingual lexicons or lexicons automatically derived from bilingual parallel corpora, exist at different levels of morphological representation. We describe here the issues and decisions made in the design and construction of the Arabic-English CI using different types of manual and automatic resources. We also present the results of an extensive validation of the Arabic CI and briefly discuss the evaluation of its use for CLIR on the TREC Arabic Benchmark collection.

null

88,144

inproceedings

vetulani-etal-2006-syntactic

Syntactic Lexicon of {P}olish Predicative Nouns

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1476/

Vetulani, Gra{\.z}yna and Vetulani, Zygmunt and Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In the paper we report realization of SyntLex project aiming at construction of a full lexicon grammar for Polish. The lexicon-grammar based paradigm in computer linguistics is derived from the predicate logic and attributes a central role to the predicative constructions. An important class of syntactic constructions in many languages (French, English, Polish and other Slavonic languages in particular) are those based on verbo-nominal collocations, with the verb playing a support role with respect to the noun considered as carrying the predicative information. In this paper we refer to the former research by one of the authors aiming at full description of verbo-nominal predicative constructions for Polish in the form of an electronic resource for LI applications. We describe procedures to complete and corpus-validate the resource obtained so far.

null

88,145

inproceedings

alonge-2006-italian

The {I}talian Metaphor Database

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1477/

Alonge, Antonietta

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the main features of the Italian Metaphor Database, buing built at the University of Perugia (Italy). The database is being developed as a resource to be used both as a knowledge base on conceptual metaphors in Italian and their lexical expressions, and to enrich general lexical resources. The reason to develop such a database is that most NLP systems have to deal with metaphorical expressions sooner or later but, as previous research has shown, existing lexical resources for Italian do not contain complete and consistent data on metaphors, empirically derived but theoretically motivated. Thus, by referring to the Cognitive Theory of metaphor, conceptual metaphors instantiated in Italian are being represented in the resource, together with data on the way they are expressed in the language (i.e., through lexical units or multiword expressions), examples of them found within a corpus, and data on metaphorical linguistic expressions encoded/missing within ItalWordNet.

null

88,146

inproceedings

iria-ciravegna-2006-methodology

A Methodology and Tool for Representing Language Resources for Information Extraction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1478/

Iria, Jos{\'e} and Ciravegna, Fabio

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In recent years there has been a growing interest in clarifying the process of Information Extraction (IE) from documents, particularly when coupled with Machine Learning. We believe that a fundamental step forward in clarifying the IE process would be to be able to perform comparative evaluations on the use of different representations. However, this is difficult because most of the time the way information is represented is too tightly coupled with the algorithm at an implementation level, making it impossible to vary representation while keeping the algorithm constant. A further motivation behind our work is to reduce the complexity of designing, developing and testing IE systems. The major contribution of this work is in defining a methodology and providing a software infrastructure for representing language resources independently of the algorithm, mainly for Information Extraction but with application in other fields - we are currently evaluating its use for ontology learning and document classification.

null

88,147

inproceedings

halpin-2006-automatic

Automatic Evaluation and Composition of {NLP} Pipelines with Web Services

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1479/

Halpin, Harry

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe the innovative use of describing an existing natural language pipeline using the Semantic Web, and focus on how the performance and results of the components may be described. Earlier work has shown how NLP Web Services can be automatically composed via Semantic Web Service composition, and once the results of NLP components can be stored directly, they can also be used to direct the composition, leading to advances in the sharing and evaluation of NLP resources.

null

88,148

inproceedings

bunt-schiffrin-2006-methodological

Methodological Aspects of Semantic Annotation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1480/

Bunt, Harry and Schiffrin, Amanda

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper constitutes a preliminary report on the work carried out on semantic content annotation in the LIRICS project, in close collaboration with the activities of ISO TC 37/SC 4/TDG 31. This consists primarily of: (1) identifying commonalities in alternative approaches to the annotation and representation of various types of semantic information; and (2) developing methodological principles and concepts for identifying and characterising representational concepts for semantic content. The LIRICS project does not aim to develop a standard format for the annotation and representation of semantic content, but at providing well-defined descriptive concepts. In particular, the aim is to build an on-line registry of definitions of such concepts, called data categories, in accordance with ISO standard 12620. These semantic data categories are abstract concepts, whose use is not restricted to any particular format or representation language. We advocate the use of the metamodel as a tool to extract the most important of these abstract overarching concepts, with examples from dialogue act, temporal, reference and semantic role annotation.

null

88,149

inproceedings

gegg-harrison-byron-2006-pycot

{PYCOT}: An {O}ptimality {T}heory-based Pronoun Resolution Toolkit

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1481/

Gegg-Harrison, Whitney and Byron, Donna K.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we present PYCOT, a pronoun resolution toolkit. This toolkit is written in the Python programming language and is intended to be an addition to the open-source NLTK collection of natural language processing tools. We discuss the design of the module as well as studies of its performance on pronoun resolution in English and in Korean.

null

88,150

inproceedings

barker-etal-2006-simulating

Simulating Cub Reporter Dialogues: The collection of naturalistic human-human dialogues for information access to text archives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1482/

Barker, Emma and Higashinaka, Ryuichiro and Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Gaizauskas, Robert and Walker, Marilyn and Foster, Jonathan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes a dialogue data collection experiment and resulting corpus for dialogues between a senior mobile journalist and a junior cub reporter back at the office. The purpose of the dialogue is for the mobile journalist to collect background information in preparation for an interview or on-the-site coverage of a breaking story. The cub reporter has access to text archives that contain such background information. A unique aspect of these dialogues is that they capture information-seeking behavior for an open-ended task against a large unstructured data source. Initial analyses of the corpus show that the experimental design leads to real-time, mixedinitiative, highly interactive dialogues with many interesting properties.

null

88,151

inproceedings

ko-etal-2006-exploiting

Exploiting Multiple Semantic Resources for Answer Selection

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1483/

Ko, Jeongwoo and Hiyakumoto, Laurie and Nyberg, Eric

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the utility of semantic resources such as the Web, WordNet and gazetteers in the answer selection process for a question-answering system. In contrast with previous work using individual semantic resources to support answer selection, our work combines multiple resources to boost the confidence scores assigned to correct answers and evaluates different combination strategies based on unweighted sums, weighted linear combinations, and logistic regression. We apply our approach to select answers from candidates produced by three different extraction techniques of varying quality, focusing on TREC questions whose answers represent locations or proper-names. Our experimental results demonstrate that the combination of semantic resources is more effective than individual resources for all three extraction techniques, improving answer selection accuracy by as much as 32.35{\%} for location questions and 72{\%} for proper-name questions. Of the combination strategies tested, logistic regression models produced the best results for both location and proper-name questions.

null

88,152

inproceedings

maeda-etal-2006-low

Low-cost Customized Speech Corpus Creation for Speech Technology Applications

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1484/

Maeda, Kazuaki and Cieri, Christopher and Walker, Kevin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Speech technology applications, such as speech recognition, speech synthesis, and speech dialog systems, often require corpora based on highly customized specifications. Existing corpora available to the community, such as TIMIT and other corpora distributed by LDC and ELDA, do not always meet the requirements of such applications. In such cases, the developers need to create their own corpora. The creation of a highly customized speech corpus, however, could be a very expensive and time-consuming task, especially for small organizations. It requires multidisciplinary expertise in linguistics, management and engineering as it involves subtasks such as the corpus design, human subject recruitment, recording, quality assurance, and in some cases, segmentation, transcription and annotation. This paper describes LDC`s recent involvement in the creation of a low-cost yet highly-customized speech corpus for a commercial organization under a novel data creation and licensing model, which benefits both the particular data requester and the general linguistic data user community.

null

88,153

inproceedings

niekrasz-gruenstein-2006-nomos

{NOMOS}: A Semantic Web Software Framework for Annotation of Multimodal Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1485/

Niekrasz, John and Gruenstein, Alexander

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present NOMOS, an open-source software framework for annotation, processing, and analysis of multimodal corpora. NOMOS is designed for use by annotators, corpus developers, and corpus consumers, emphasizing configurability for a variety of specific annotation tasks. Its features include synchronized multi-channel audio and video playback, compatibility with several corpora, platform independence, and mixed display of capabilities and a well-defined method for layering datasets. Second, we describe how the system is used. For corpus development and annotation we present a typical use scenario involving the creation of a schema and specialization of the user interface. For processing and analysis we describe the GUI- and Java-based methods available, including a GUI for query construction and execution, and an automatically generated schema-conforming Java API for processing of annotations. Additionally, we present some specific annotation and research tasks for which NOMOS has been specialized and used, annotation and research tasks for which NOMOS has been specialized and used, including topic segmentation and decision-point annotation of meetings.

null

88,154

inproceedings

benzmuller-etal-2006-corpus

A corpus of tutorial dialogs on theorem proving; the influence of the presentation of the study-material

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1486/

Benzm{\"uller, Christoph and Horacek, Helmut and Lesourd, Henri and Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana and Schiller, Marvin and Wolska, Magdalena

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present a new corpus of tutorial dialogs on mathematical theorem proving that was collected in a Wizard-of-Oz setup. Our study is a follow up on a previous experiment conducted in a similar simulated environment. A major difference between the current and the previous experimental setup was that in this study we varied the presentation of the study-material with which the subjects were provided. One sub-group of the subjects was presented with a highly formalized presentation consisting mainly of formulas, while the other with a presentation mainly in natural language. Our goal was to obtain more data on the kind of mixed-language that is characteristic of informal mathematical discourse. We hypothesized that the language style of the subjects' interaction with the simulated system will reflect the style of presentation of the study-material. In the paper we briefly present the experimental setup, the corpus, and a preliminary quantitative result of the corpus analysis.

null

88,155

inproceedings

laoudi-etal-2006-task

Task-based {MT} Evaluation: From Who/When/Where Extraction to Event Understanding

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1487/

Laoudi, Jamal and Tate, Calandra R. and Voss, Clare R.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Task-based machine translation (MT) evaluation asks, how well do people perform text-handling tasks given MT output? This method of evaluation yields an extrinsic assessment of an MT engine, in terms of users task performance on MT output. While this method is time-consuming, its key advantage is that MT users and stakeholders understand how to interpret the assessment results. Prior experiments showed that subjects can extract individual who-, when-, and where-type elements of information from MT output passages that were not especially fluent. This paper presents the results of a pilot study to assess a slightly more complex task: when given such wh-items already identified in an MT output passage, how well can subjects properly select from and place these items into wh-typed slots to complete a sentence-template about the passages event? The results of the pilot with nearly sixty subjects, while only preliminary, indicate that this task was extremely challenging: given six test templates to complete, half of the subjects had no completely correct templates and 42{\%} had exactly one completely correct template. The provisional interpretation of this pilot study is that event-based template completion defines a task ceiling, against which to evaluate future improvements on MT engines.

null

88,156

inproceedings

maeda-etal-2006-new

A New Phase in Annotation Tool Development at the {L}inguistic {D}ata {C}onsortium: The Evolution of the Annotation Graph Toolkit

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1488/

Maeda, Kazuaki and Lee, Haejoong and Medero, Julie and Strassel, Stephanie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) has created various annotated linguistic data for a variety of common task evaluation programs and projects to create shared linguistic resources. The majority of these annotated linguistic data were created with highly customized annotation tools developed at LDC. The Annotation Graph Toolkit (AGTK) has been used as a primary infrastructure for annotation tool development at LDC in recent years. Thanks to the direct feedback from annotation task designers and annotators in-house, annotation tool development at LDC has entered a new, more mature and productive phase. This paper describes recent additions to LDC`s annotation tools that are newly developed or significantly improved since our last report at the Fourth International Conference on Language Resource and Evaluation Conference in 2004. These tools are either directly based on AGTK or share a common philosophy with other AGTK tools.

null

88,157

inproceedings

shima-etal-2006-modular

Modular Approach to Error Analysis and Evaluation for Multilingual Question Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1489/

Shima, Hideki and Wang, Mengqiu and Lin, Frank and Mitamura, Teruko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Multilingual Question Answering systems are generally very complex, integrating several sub-modules to achieve their result. Global metrics (such as average precision and recall) are insufficient when evaluating the performance of individual sub-modules and their influence on each other. In this paper, we present a modular approach to error analysis and evaluation; we use manually-constructed, gold-standard input for each module to obtain an upper-bound for the (local) performance of that module. This approach enables us to identify existing problem areas quickly, and to target improvements accordingly.

null

88,158

inproceedings

ko-etal-2006-analyzing

Analyzing the Effects of Spoken Dialog Systems on Driving Behavior

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1490/

Ko, Jeongwoo and Murase, Fumihiko and Mitamura, Teruko and Nyberg, Eric and Tateishi, Masahiko and Akahori, Ichiro

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents an evaluation of a spoken dialog system for automotive environments. Our overall goal was to measure the impact of user-system interaction on the users driving performance, and to determine whether adding context-awareness to the dialog system might reduce the degree of user distraction during driving. To address this issue, we incorporated context-awareness into a spoken dialog system, and implemented three system features using user context, network context and dialog context. A series of experiments were conducted under three different configurations: driving without a dialog system, driving while using a context-aware dialog system, and driving while using a context-unaware dialog system. We measured the differences between the three configurations by comparing the average car speed, the frequency of speed changes and the angle between the cars direction and the centerline on the road. These results indicate that context-awareness could reduce the degree of user distraction when using a dialog system during driving.

null

88,159

inproceedings

balasubramanya-etal-2006-collaborative

Collaborative Annotation that Lasts Forever: Using Peer-to-Peer Technology for Disseminating Corpora and Language Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1491/

Balasubramanya, Magesh and Higgins, Michael and Lucas, Peter and Senn, Jeff and Widdows, Dominic

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes a peer-to-peer architecture for representing and disseminating linguistic corpora, linguistic annotation, and resources such as lexical databases and gazetteers. The architecture is based upon a Universal Database technology in which all information is represented in globally identified, extensible bundles of attribute-value pairs. These objects are replicated at will between peers in the network, and the business rules that implement replication involve checking digital signatures and proper attribution of data, to avoid information being tampered with or abuse of copyright. Universal identifiers enable comprehensive standoff annotation and commentary. A carefully constructed publication mechanism is described that enables different users to subscribe to material provided by trusted publishers on recognized topics or themes. Access to content and related annotation is provided by distributed indexes, represented using the same underlying data objects as the rest of the database.

null

88,160

inproceedings

rus-graesser-2006-look

The Look and Feel of a Confident Entailer

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1492/

Rus, Vasile and Graesser, Art

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents a software system that embodies a lexico-syntactic approach to the task of Textual Entailment. Although the approach is based on a minimal set of resources it is highly confident. The architecture of the system is open and can be easily expanded with more and deeper processing modules. Results on a standard data set are presented.

null

88,161

inproceedings

marton-katz-2006-using

Using Semantic Overlap Scoring in Answering {TREC} Relationship Questions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1493/

Marton, Gregory and Katz, Boris

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A first step in answering complex questions, such as those in the Relationship' task of the Text REtrieval Conference`s Question Answering track (TREC/QA), is finding passages likely to contain pieces of the answer---passage retrieval. We introduce semantic overlap scoring, a new passage retrieval algorithm that facilitates credit assignment for inexact matches between query and candidate answer. Our official submission ranked best among fully automatic systems, at 23{\%} F-measure, while the best system, with manual input, reached 28{\%}. We use our Nuggeteer tool to robustly evaluate each component of our Relationship system post hoc. Ablation studies show that semantic overlap scoring achieves significant performance improvements over a standard passage retrieval baseline.

null

88,162

inproceedings

harabagiu-bejan-2006-answer

An Answer Bank for Temporal Inference

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1495/

Harabagiu, Sanda and Bejan, Cosmin Adrian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Answering questions that ask about temporal information involves several forms of inference. In order to develop question answering capabilities that benefit from temporal inference, we believe that a large corpus of questions and answers that are discovered based on temporal information should be available. This paper describes our methodology for creating AnswerTime-Bank, a large corpus of questions and answers on which Question Answering systems can operate using complex temporal inference.

null

88,164

inproceedings

morarescu-2006-principles

Principles for annotating and reasoning with spatial information

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1496/

Mor{\u{a}}rescu, Paul C.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present the first phase of the ongoing SpaceBank project that attempts to create a linguistic resource for annotating and reasoning with spatial information from text. SpaceBank is the spatial counterpart of TimeBank, an electronic resource for temporal semantics and reasoning. The paper focuses on building an ontology of lexicalized spatial concepts. The textual occurrences of the concepts in this ontology will be annotated using the SpaceML language, briefly described here. SpaceBank is designed to be integrated with TimeBank, for a spatio-temporal model of the textual information.

null

88,165

inproceedings

li-etal-2006-interaction

Interaction between Lexical Base and Ontology with Formal Concept Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1497/

Li, Sujian and Lu, Qin and Li, Wenjie and Xu, Ruifeng

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

An ontology describes conceptual knowledge in a specific domain. A lexical base collects a repository of words and gives independent definition of concepts. In this paper, we propose to use FCA as a tool to help constructing an ontology through an existing lexical base. We mainly address two issues. The first issue is how to select attributes to visualize the relations between lexical terms. The second issue is how to revise lexical definitions through analysing the relations in the ontology. Thus the focus is on the effect of interaction between a lexical base and an ontology for the purpose of good ontology construction. Finally, experiments have been conducted to verify our ideas.

null

88,166

inproceedings

kongkachandra-chamnongthai-2006-semantic

Semantic-Based Keyword Recovery Function for Keyword Extraction System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1498/

Kongkachandra, Rachada and Chamnongthai, Kosin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The goal of implementing a keyword extraction system is to increase as near as 100{\%} of precision and recall. These values are affected by the amount of extracted keywords. There are two groups of errors happened i.e. false-rejected and false-accepted keywords. To improve the performance of the system, false-rejected keywords should be recovered and the false-accepted keywords should be reduced. In this paper, we enhance the conventional keyword extraction systems by attaching the keyword recovery function. This function recovers the previously false-rejected keywords by comparing their semantic information with the contents of each relevant document. The function is automated in three processes i.e. Domain Identification, Knowledge Base Generation and Keyword Determination. Domain identification process identifies domain of interest by searching domains from domain knowledge base by using extracted keywords. The most general domains are selected and then used subsequently. To recover the false-rejected keywords, we match them with keywords in the identified domain within the domain knowledge base rely on their semantics by keyword determination process. To semantically recover keywords, definitions of false-reject keywords and domain knowledge base are previously represented in term of conceptual graph by knowledge base generator process. To evaluate the performance of the proposed function, EXTRACTOR, KEA and our keyword-database-mapping based keyword extractor are compared. The experiments were performed in two modes i.e. training and recovering. In training mode, we use four glossaries from the Internet and 60 articles from the summary sections of IEICE transaction. While in the recovering mode, 200 texts from three resources i.e. summary section of 15 chapters in a computer textbook and articles from IEICE and ACM transactions are used. The experimental results revealed that our proposed function improves the precision and recall rates of the conventional keyword extraction systems approximately 3-5{\%} of precision and 6-10{\%} of recall, respectively.

null

88,167

inproceedings

xu-etal-2006-design

The Design and Construction of A {C}hinese Collocation Bank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1499/

Xu, Ruifeng and Lu, Qin and Li, Sujian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents an annotated Chinese collocation bank developed at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The definition of collocation with good linguistic consistency and good computational operability is first discussed and the properties of collocations are then presented. Secondly, based on the combination of different properties, collocations are classified into four types. Thirdly, the annotation guideline is presented. Fourthly, the implementation issues for collocation bank construction are addressed including the annotation with categorization, dependency and contextual information. Currently, the collocation bank is completed for 3,643 headwords in a 5-million-word corpus.

null

88,168

inproceedings

ruimy-2006-merging

Merging two Ontology-based Lexical Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1500/

Ruimy, Nilda

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

ItalWordNet (IWN) and PAROLE/SIMPLE/CLIPS (PSC), the two largest electronic, general-purpose lexical resources of Italian language present many compatible aspects although they are based on two different lexical models having their own underlying principles and peculiarities. Such compatibility prompted us to study the feasibility of semi-automatically linking and eventually merging the two lexicons. To this purpose, the mapping of the ontologies on which basis both lexicons are structured was performed and the sets of semantic relations enabling to relate lexical units were compared. An overview of this preliminary phase is provided in this paper. The linking methodology and related problematic issues are described. Beyond the advantage for the end user to dispose of a more exhaustive and in-depth lexical information combining the potentialities and most outstanding features offered by the two lexical models, resulting benefits and enhancements for the two resources are illustrated that definitely legitimize the soundness of this linking and merging initiative.

null

88,169

inproceedings

nimaan-etal-2006-towards

Towards automatic transcription of {S}omali language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1501/

Nimaan, Abdillahi and Nocera, Pascal and Bonastre, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Most African countries follow an oral tradition system to transmit their cultural, scientific and historic heritage through generations. This ancestral knowledge accumulated during centuries is today threatened of disappearing. This paper presents the first steps in the building of an automatic speech to text transcription for African oral patrimony, particularly the Djibouti cultural heritage. This work is dedicated to process Somali language, which represents half of the targeted Djiboutian audio archives. The main problem is the lack of annotated audio and textual resources for this language. We describe the principal characteristics of audio (10 hours) and textual (3M words) training corpora collected. Using the large vocabulary speech recognizer engine, Speeral, developed at the Laboratoire Informatique dAvignon (LIA) (computer science laboratory of Avignon), we obtain about 20.9{\%} word error rate (WER). This is an encouraging result, considering the small size of our corpora. This first recognizer of Somali language will serve as a reference and will be used to transcribe some Djibouti cultural archives. We will also discuss future ways of research like sub-words indexing of audio archives, related to the specificities of the Somali language.

null

88,170

inproceedings

burger-etal-2006-competitive

Competitive Evaluation of Commercially Available Speech Recognizers in Multiple Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1502/

Burger, Susanne and Sloane, Zachary A. and Yang, Jie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Recent improvements in speech recognition technology have resulted in products that can now demonstrate commercial value in a variety of applications. Many vendors are marketing products which combine ASR applications including continuous dictation, command-and-control interfaces, and transcription of recorded speech at an accuracy of 98{\%}. In this study, we measured the accuracy of certain commercially available desktop speech recognition engines in multiple languages. Using word error rate as a benchmark, this work compares recognition accuracy across eight languages and the products of three manufacturers. Results show that two systems performed almost the same while a third system recognized at lower accuracy, although none of the systems reached the claimed accuracy. Read speech was recognized better than spontaneous speech. The systems for US-English, Japanese and Spanish showed higher accuracy than the systems for UK-English, German, French and Chinese.

null

88,171

inproceedings

laskowski-burger-2006-annotation

Annotation and Analysis of Emotionally Relevant Behavior in the {ISL} Meeting Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1503/

Laskowski, Kornel and Burger, Susanne

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present an annotation scheme for emotionally relevant behavior at the speaker contribution level in multiparty conversation. The scheme was applied to a large, publicly available meeting corpus by three annotators, and subsequently labeled with emotional valence. We report inter-labeler agreement statistics for the two schemes, and explore the correlation between speaker valence and behavior, as well as that between speaker valence and the previous speaker`s behavior. Our analyses show that the co-occurrence of certain behaviors and valence classes significantly deviates from what is to be expected by chance; in isolated cases, behaviors are predictive of valence.

null

88,172

inproceedings

elkateb-etal-2006-building

Building a {W}ord{N}et for {A}rabic

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1504/

Elkateb, Sabri and Black, William and Rodr{\'i}guez, Horacio and Alkhalifa, Musa and Vossen, Piek and Pease, Adam and Fellbaum, Christiane

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper introduces a recently initiated project that focuses on building a lexical resource for Modern Standard Arabic based on the widely used Princeton WordNet for English (Fellbaum, 1998). Our aim is to develop a linguistic resource with a deep formal semantic foundation in order to capture the richness of Arabic as described in Elkateb (2005). Arabic WordNet is being constructed following methods developed for EuroWordNet (Vossen, 1998). In addition to the standard wordnet representation of senses, word meanings are also being defined with a machine understandable semantics in first order logic. The basis for this semantics is the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology and its associated domain ontologies (Niles and Pease, 2001). We will greatly extend the ontology and its set of mappings to provide formal terms and definitions for each synset. Tools to be developed as part of this effort include a lexicographer`s interface modeled on that used for EuroWordNet, with added facilities for Arabic script, following Black and Elkateb`s earlier work (2004).

null

88,173

inproceedings

sagot-boullier-2006-deep

Deep non-probabilistic parsing of large corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1505/

Sagot, Beno{\^i}t and Boullier, Pierre

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper reports a large-scale non-probabilistic parsing experiment with a deep LFG parser. We briefly introduce the parser we used, named SXLFG, and the resources that were used together with it. Then we report quantitative results about the parsing of a multi-million word journalistic corpus. We show that we can parse more than 6 million words in less than 12 hours, only 6.7{\%} of all sentences reaching the 1s timeout. This shows that deep large-coverage non-probabilistic parsers can be efficient enough to parse very large corpora in a reasonable amount of time.

null

88,174

inproceedings

brekke-etal-2006-automatic

Automatic Term Extraction from Knowledge Bank of Economics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1506/

Brekke, Magnar and Innselset, Kai and Kristiansen, Marita and {\O}vsthus, Kari

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

KB-N is a web-accessible searchable Knowledge Bank comprising A) a parallel corpus of quality assured and calibrated English and Norwegian text drawn from economic-administrative knowledge domains, and B) a domain-focused database representing that knowledge universe in terms of defined concepts and their respective bilingual terminological entries. A central mechanism in connecting A and B is an algorithm for the automatic extraction of term candidates from aligned translation pairs on the basis of linguistic, lexical and statistical filtering (first ever for Norwegian). The system is designed and programmed by Paul Meurer at Aksis (UiB). An important pilot application of the term base is subdomain and collocations based word-sense disambiguation for LOGON, a system for Norwegian-to-English MT currently being developed.

null

88,175

inproceedings

klassmann-etal-2006-comparison

Comparison of Resource Discovery Methods

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1507/

Klassmann, Alex and Offenga, Freddy and Broeder, Daan and Skiba, Romuald and Wittenburg, Peter

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

It is an ongoing debate whether categorical systems created by some experts are an appropriate way to help users finding useful resources in the internet. However for the much more restricted domain of language documentation such a category system might still prove reasonable if not indispensable. This article gives an overview over the particular IMDI category set and presents a rough evaluation of its practical use at the Max-Planck-Institute Nijmegen.

null

88,176

inproceedings

lucas-etal-2006-information

The Information Commons Gazetteer

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1508/

Lucas, Peter and Balasubramanya, Magesh and Widdows, Dominic and Higgins, Michael

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Advances in location aware computing and the convergence of geographic and textual information systems will require a comprehensive, extensible, information rich framework called the Information Commons Gazetteer that can be freely disseminated to small devices in a modular fashion. This paper describes the infrastructure and datasets used to create such a resource. The Gazetteer makes use of MAYA Design`s Universal Database Architecture; a peer-to-peer system based upon bundles of attribute-value pairs with universally unique identity, and sophisticated indexing and data fusion tools. The Gazetteer primarily constitutes publicly available geographic information from various agencies that is organized into a well-defined scalable hierarchy of worldwide administrative divisions and populated places. The data from various sources are imported into the commons incrementally and are fused with existing data in an iterative process allowing for rich information to evolve over time. Such a flexible and distributed public resource of the geographic places and place names allows for both researchers and practitioners to realize location aware computing in an efficient and useful way in the near future by eliminating redundant time consuming fusion of disparate sources.

null

88,177

inproceedings

sagot-etal-2006-lefff

The Lefff 2 syntactic lexicon for {F}rench: architecture, acquisition, use

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1509/

Sagot, Beno{\^i}t and Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel and Villemonte de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric and Boullier, Pierre

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we introduce a new lexical resource for French which is freely available as the second version of the Lefff (Lexique des formes fl{\'e}chies du fran{\c{c}}ais - Lexicon of French inflected forms). It is a wide-coverage morphosyntactic and syntactic lexicon, whose architecture relies on properties inheritance, which makes it more compact and more easily maintainable and allows to describe lexical entries independantly from the formalisms it is used for. For these two reasons, we define it as a meta-lexicon. We describe its architecture, several automatic or semi-automatic approaches we use to acquire, correct and/or enrich such a lexicon, as well as the way it is used both with an LFG parser and with a TAG parser based on a meta-grammar, so as to build two large-coverage parsers for French. The web site of the Lefff is \url{http://www.lefff.net/}.

null

88,178

inproceedings

ruimy-2006-structuring

Structuring a Domain Vocabulary in a General Knowledge Environment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1510/

Ruimy, Nilda

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The study which is reported here aims at investigating the extent to which the conceptual and representational tools provided by a lexical model designed for the semantic representation of general language may suit the requirements of knowledge modelling in a domain-specific perspective. A general linguistic ontology and a set of semantic links, which allow classifying, describing and interconnecting word senses, play a central role in structuring and representing such knowledge. The health and medicine vocabulary has been taken as a case study for this investigation.

null

88,179

inproceedings

geyken-schrader-2006-lexikonet

{L}exiko{N}et - a lexical database based on type and role hierarchies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1511/

Geyken, Alexander and Schrader, Norbert

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper LexikoNet, a large lexical ontology of German nouns is presented. Unlike GermaNet and the Princeton WordNet, LexikoNet has distinguished type and role hypernyms right from the outset and organizes those lexemes in a parallel, independent hierarchy. In addition to roles and types, LexikoNet uses meronymic and holonymic relations as well as the instance relation. LexikoNet is based on a conceptual hierarchy of currently 1,470 classes to which approximately 90,000 word senses taken from a large German monolingual dictionary, the W{\textbackslash}``orterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache (WDG), are attached. The conceptual classes provide a useful degree of abstraction for the lexicographic description of selectional restrictions, thus making LexikoNet a useful filtering tool for corpus based lexicographic analysis. LexikoNet is currently used in-house as a filter for lexicographic extraction tasks in the DWDS project. Furthermore, it is used as a classification tool of the words of the week provided for the newspaper Die ZEIT on www.zeit.de

null

88,180

inproceedings

mostefa-etal-2006-evaluation

Evaluation of Automatic Speech Recognition and Speech Language Translation within {TC}-{STAR}:Results from the first evaluation campaign

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1512/

Mostefa, Djamel and Hamon, Olivier and Choukri, Khalid

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper reports on the evaluation activities conducted in the first year of the TC-STAR project. The TC-STAR project, financed by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Program, is envisaged as a long-term effort to advance research in the core technologies of Speech-to-Speech Translation (SST). SST technology is a combination of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Spoken Language Translation (SLT) and Text To Speech (TTS).

null

88,181

inproceedings

mostefa-etal-2006-evaluation-multimodal

Evaluation of multimodal components within {CHIL}: The evaluation packages and results

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1513/

Mostefa, Djamel and Garcia, Marie-Neige and Choukri, Khalid

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This article describes the first CHIL evaluation campaign in which 12 technologies were evaluated. The major outcomes of the first evaluation campaign are the so-called Evaluation Packages. An evaluation package is the full documentation (definition and description of the evaluation methodologies, protocols and metrics) alongside the data sets and software scoring tools, which an organisation needs in order to perform the evaluation of one or more systems for a given technology. These evaluation packages will be made available to the community through ELDA General Catalogue.

null

88,182

inproceedings

magnini-etal-2006-multilingual

The Multilingual Question Answering Track at {CLEF}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1515/

Magnini, Bernardo and Giampiccolo, Danilo and Aunimo, Lili and Ayache, Christelle and Osenova, Petya and Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo and de Rijke, Maarten and Sacaleanu, Bogdan and Santos, Diana and Sutcliffe, Richard

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents an overview of the Multilingual Question Answering evaluation campaigns which have been organized at CLEF (Cross Language Evaluation Forum) since 2003. Over the years, the competition has registered a steady increment in the number of participants and languages involved. In fact, from the original eight groups which participated in 2003 QA track, the number of competitors in 2005 rose to twenty-four. Also, the performances of the systems have steadily improved, and the average of the best performances in the 2005 saw an increase of 10{\%} with respect to the previous year.

null

88,184

inproceedings

garcia-etal-2006-joint

A joint prosody evaluation of {F}rench text-to-speech synthesis systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1516/

Garcia, Marie-Neige and d{'Alessandro, Christophe and Bailly, G{\'erard and Boula de Mare{\"uil, Philippe and Morel, Michel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper reports on prosodic evaluation in the framework of the EVALDA/EvaSy project for text-to-speech (TTS) evaluation for the French language. Prosody is evaluated using a prosodic transplantation paradigm. Intonation contours generated by the synthesis systems are transplanted on a common segmental content. Both diphone based synthesis and natural speech are used. Five TTS systems are tested along with natural voice. The test is a paired preference test (with 19 subjects), using 7 sentences. The results indicate that natural speech obtains consistently the first rank (with an average preference rate of 80{\%}), followed by a selection based system (72{\%}) and a diphone based system (58{\%}). However, rather large variations in judgements are observed among subjects and sentences, and in some cases synthetic speech is preferred to natural speech. These results show the remarkable improvement achieved by the best selection based synthesis systems in terms of prosody. In this way; a new paradigm for evaluation of the prosodic component of TTS systems has been successfully demonstrated.

null

88,185

inproceedings

van-noord-2006-last

At Last Parsing Is Now Operational

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-invite.2/

van Noord, Gertjan

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Conf{\'e}rences invit{\'e}es

20--42

Natural language analysis systems which combine knowledge-based and corpus-based methods are now becoming accurate enough to be used in various applications. We describe one such parsing system for Dutch, known as Alpino, and we show how corpus-based methods are essential to obtain accurate knowledge-based parsers. In particular we show a variety of cases where large amounts of parser output are used to improve the parser.

null

88,371

inproceedings

alemu-argaw-asker-2006-increased

Increased Retrieval Performance using Word Sense Discrimination

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-long.1/

Alemu Argaw, Atelach and Asker, Lars

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Articles longs

43--52

We show that Mutual Information between word pairs can be successfully used to discriminate between word senses in the query translation step of Cross Language Information Retrieval. The experiment is conducted in the context of Amharic to French Cross Language Information Retrieval. We have performed a number of retrieval experiments in which we compare the performance of the sense discriminated and non-discriminated set of query terms against a ranked document collection. The results show an increased performance for the discriminated queries compared to the alternative approach, which uses the fully expanded set of terms.

null

88,373

inproceedings

santini-2006-identifying

Identifying Genres of Web Pages

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-long.28/

Santini, Marina

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Articles longs

308--317

In this paper, we present an inferential model for text type and genre identification of Web pages, where text types are inferred using a modified form of Bayes' theorem, and genres are derived using a few simple if-then rules. As the genre system on the Web is a complex phenomenon, and Web pages are usually more unpredictable and individualized than paper documents, we propose this approach as an alternative to unsupervised and supervised techniques. The inferential model allows a classification that can accommodate genres that are not entirely standardized, and is more capable of reading a Web page, which is mixed, rarely corresponding to an ideal type and often showing a mixture of genres or no genre at all. A proper evaluation of such a model remains an open issue.

null

88,400

inproceedings

semmar-etal-2006-using

Using Stemming in Morphological Analysis to Improve {A}rabic Information Retrieval

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-long.29/

Semmar, Nasredine and Laib, Meriama and Fluhr, Christian

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Articles longs

318--327

Information retrieval (IR) consists in finding all relevant documents for a user query in a collection of documents. These documents are ordered by the probability of being relevant to the user`s query. The highest ranked document is considered to be the most likely relevant document. Natural Language Processing (NLP) for IR aims to transform the potentially ambiguous words of queries and documents into unambiguous internal representations on which matching and retrieval can take place. This transformation is generally achieved by several levels of linguistic analysis, morphological, syntactic and so forth. In this paper, we present the Arabic linguistic analyzer used in the LIC2M cross-lingual search engine. We focus on the morphological analyzer and particularly the clitic stemmer which segments the input words into proclitics, simple forms and enclitics. We demonstrate that stemming improves search engine recall and precision.

null

88,401

inproceedings

antunes-etal-2006-corpus

Corpus-based extraction and identification of {P}ortuguese Multiword Expressions

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-poster.2/

Antunes, Sandra and Fernanda Bacelar do Nascimento, Maria and Miguel Casteleiro, Jo{\~a}o and Mendes, Am{\'a}lia and Pereira, Lu{\'i}sa and S{\'a}, Tiago

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters

389--397

This presentation reports on an on-going project aimed at building a large lexical database of corpus-extracted multiword (MW) expressions for the Portuguese language. MW expressions were automatically extracted from a balanced 50 million word corpus compiled for this project, furthermore these were statistically interpreted using lexical association measures, followed by a manual validation process. The lexical database covers different types of MW expressions, from named entities to lexical associations with different degrees of cohesion, ranging from totally frozen idioms to favoured co-occurring forms, such as collocations. We aim to achieve two main objectives with this resource. Firstly to build on the large set of data of different types of MW expressions, thus revising existing typologies of collocations and integrating them in a larger theory of MW units. Secondly, to use the extensive hand-checked data as training data to evaluate existing statistical lexical association measures.

null

88,409

inproceedings

bel-enguix-dolores-jimenez-lopez-2006-ambiguous

Ambiguous Turn-Taking Games in Conversations

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-poster.3/

Bel-Enguix, Gemma and Jim{\'e}nez-L{\'o}pez, Maria Dolores

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters

398--406

Human-computer interfaces require models of dialogue structure that capture the variability and unpredictability within dialogue. Semantic and pragmatic context are continuously evolving during conversation, especially by the distribution of turns that have a direct effect in dialogue exchanges. In this paper we use a formal language paradigm for modelling multi-agent system conversations. Our computational model combines pragmatic minimal units {--}speech acts{--} for constructing dialogues. In this framework, we show how turn-taking distribution can be ambiguous and propose an algorithm for solving it, considering turn coherence, trajectories and turn pairing. Finally, we suggest overlapping as one of the possible phenomena emerging from an unresolved turn-taking.

null

88,410

inproceedings

nguyen-thanh-bui-doan-2006-word

Word Segmentation for {V}ietnamese Text Categorization An {I}nternet-based Statistic and Genetic Algorithm Approach

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-poster.20/

Nguyen Thanh, Hung and Bui Doan, Khanh

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters

561--570

This paper suggests a novel Vietnamese segmentation approach for text categorization. Instead of using an annotated training corpus or a lexicon which are still lacking in Vietnamese, we use both statistical information extracted directly from a commercial search engine and a genetic algorithm to find the optimal routes to segmentation. The extracted information includes document frequency and n-gram mutual information. Our experiment results obtained on the segmentation and categorization of online news abstracts are very promising. It matches near 80 {\%} human judgment on segmentation and over 90 {\%} micro-averaging F1 in categorization. The processing time is less than one second per document when statistical information is cached.

null

88,427

inproceedings

m-sastre-martinez-2006-computer

Computer Tools for the Management of Lexicon-Grammar Databases

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-poster.24/

M. Sastre Mart{\'i}nez, Javier

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters

600--608

Lexicon grammar is a systematic method for the analysis and the representation of the elementary sentence structures of a natural language producing large collections of syntactic electronic dictionaries or lexicongrammar tables (LGTs). In order to describe a language, very long term collaborative work is required. However, the current computer tools for the management of LGTs do not fulfill key requirements including automatic integration of multisource data, data coherence and version control, filtering and sorting, exchange formats, coupled management of data and documentation, dedicated graphical interfaces (GUIs) and user management and access control. In this paper we propose a solution based on PostgreSQL and/or MySQL (open source database management systems), Swing (a GUI toolkit for Java), JDBC (the API for Java database connectivity) and StAX (an API for the analysis and generation of XML documents).

null

88,431

inproceedings

peirsman-2006-unsupervised

Unsupervised approaches to metonymy recognition

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-recital.7/

Peirsman, Yves

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. REncontres jeunes Chercheurs en Informatique pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues

709--718

To this day, the automatic recognition of metonymies has generally been addressed with supervised approaches. However, these require the annotation of a large number of training instances and hence, hinder the development of a wide-scale metonymy recognition system. This paper investigates if this knowledge acquisition bottleneck in metonymy recognition can be resolved by the application of unsupervised learning. Although the investigated technique, Sch{\"utze`s (1998) algorithm, enjoys considerable popularity in Word Sense Disambiguation, I will show that it is not yet robust enough to tackle the specific case of metonymy recognition. In particular, I will study the influence on its performance of four variables{---the type of data set, the size of the context window, the application of SVD and the type of feature selection.

null

88,445

inproceedings

van-de-cruys-2006-application

The Application of Singular Value Decomposition to {D}utch Noun-Adjective Matrices

Mertens, Piet and Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Dister, Anne and Watrin, Patrick

apr

2006

Leuven, Belgique

ATALA

https://aclanthology.org/2006.jeptalnrecital-recitalposter.7/

Van de Cruys, Tim

Actes de la 13{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. REncontres jeunes Chercheurs en Informatique pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues (Posters)

767--772

Automatic acquisition of semantics from text has received quite some attention in natural language processing. A lot of research has been done by looking at syntactically similar contexts. For example, semantically related nouns can be clustered by looking at the collocating adjectives. There are, however, two major problems with this approach : computational complexity and data sparseness. This paper describes the application of a mathematical technique called singular value decomposition, which has been succesfully applied in Information Retrieval to counter these problems. It is investigated whether this technique is also able to cluster nouns according to latent semantic dimensions in a reduced adjective space.

null

88,454

inproceedings

rozovskaya-etal-2006-challenges

Challenges in Processing Colloquial {A}rabic

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.1/

Rozovskaya, Alla and Sproat, Richard and Benmamoun, Elabbas

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

4--14

Processing of Colloquial Arabic is a relatively new area of research, and a number of interesting challenges pertaining to spoken Arabic dialects arise. On the one hand, a whole continuum of Arabic dialects exists, with linguistic differences on phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical levels. On the other hand, there are inter-dialectal similarities that need be explored. Furthermore, due to scarcity of dialect-specific linguistic resources and availability of a wide range of resources for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), it is desirable to explore the possibility of exploiting MSA tools when working on dialects. This paper describes challenges in processing of Colloquial Arabic in the context of language modeling for Automatic Speech Recognition. Using data from Egyptian Colloquial Arabic and MSA, we investigate the question of improving language modeling of Egyptian Arabic with MSA data and resources. As part of the project, we address the problem of linguistic variation between Egyptian Arabic and MSA. To account for differences between MSA and Colloquial Arabic, we experiment with the following techniques of data transformation: morphological simplification (stemming), lexical transductions, and syntactic transformations. While the best performing model remains the one built using only dialectal data, these techniques allow us to obtain an improvement over the baseline MSA model. More specifically, while the effect on perplexity of syntactic transformations is not very significant, stemming of the training and testing data improves the baseline perplexity of the MSA model trained on words by 51{\%}, and lexical transductions yield an 82{\%} perplexity reduction. Although the focus of the present work is on language modeling, we believe the findings of the study will be useful for researchers involved in other areas of processing Arabic dialects, such as parsing and machine translation.

null

88,527

inproceedings

elkateb-etal-2006-arabic

{A}rabic {W}ord{N}et and the Challenges of {A}rabic

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.2/

Elkateb, Sabri and Black, William and Vossen, Piek and Farwell, David and Rodr{\'i}guez, Horacio and Pease, Adam and Alkhalifa, Musa and Fellbaum, Christiane

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

15--24

Arabic WordNet is a lexical resource for Modern Standard Arabic based on the widely used Princeton WordNet for English (Fellbaum, 1998). Arabic WordNet (AWN) is based on the design and contents of the universally accepted Princeton WordNet (PWN) and will be mappable straightforwardly onto PWN 2.0 and EuroWordNet (EWN), enabling translation on the lexical level to English and dozens of other languages. We have developed and linked the AWN with the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), where concepts are defined with machine interpretable semantics in first order logic (Niles and Pease, 2001). We have greatly extended the ontology and its set of mappings to provide formal terms and definitions for each synset. The end product would be a linguistic resource with a deep formal semantic foundation that is able to capture the richness of Arabic as described in Elkateb (2005). Tools we have developed as part of this effort include a lexicographer`s interface modeled on that used for EuroWordNet, with added facilities for Arabic script, following Black and Elkateb`s earlier work (2004). In this paper we describe our methodology for building a lexical resource in Arabic and the challenge of Arabic for lexical resources.

null

88,528

inproceedings

smrz-2006-tips

Tips and Tricks of the {P}rague {A}rabic Dependency Treebank

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.3/

Smr{\v{z}}, Otakar

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

25--34

In this paper, we report on several software implementations that we have developed within Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank or some other projects concerned with Arabic Natural Language Processing. We try to guide the reader through some essential tasks and note the solutions that we have designed and used. We as well point to third-party computational systems that the research community might exploit in the future work in this field.

null

88,529

inproceedings

maamouri-etal-2006-diacritization

Diacritization: A Challenge to {A}rabic Treebank Annotation and Parsing

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.4/

Maamouri, Mohamed and Kulick, Seth and Bies, Ann

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

35--47

Arabic diacritization (referred to sometimes as vocalization or vowelling), defined as the full or partial representation of short vowels, shadda (consonantal length or germination), tanween (nunation or definiteness), and hamza (the glottal stop and its support letters), is still largely understudied in the current NLP literature. In this paper, the lack of diacritics in standard Arabic texts is presented as a major challenge to most Arabic natural language processing tasks, including parsing. Recent studies (Messaoudi, et al. 2004; Vergyri {\&} Kirchhoff 2004; Zitouni, et al. 2006 and Maamouri, et al. forthcoming) about the place and impact of diacritization in text-based NLP research are presented along with an analysis of the weight of the missing diacritics on Treebank morphological and syntactic analyses and the impact on parser development.

null

88,530

inproceedings

attia-2006-ambiguity

An Ambiguity-Controlled Morphological Analyzer for {M}odern {S}tandard {A}rabic Modeling Finite State Networks

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.5/

Attia, Mohammed A.

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

48--67

Morphological ambiguity is a major concern for syntactic parsers, POS taggers and other NLP tools. For example, the greater the number of morphological analyses given for a lexical entry, the longer a parser takes in analyzing a sentence, and the greater the number of parses it produces. Xerox Arabic Finite State Morphology and Buckwalter Arabic Morphological Analyzer are two of the best known, well documented, morphological analyzers for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Yet there are significant problems with both systems in design as well as coverage that increase the ambiguity rate. This paper shows how an ambiguity-controlled morphological analyzer for Arabic is built in a rule-based system that takes the stem as the base form using finite state technology. The paper also points out sources of legal and illegal ambiguities in MSA, and how ambiguity in the new system is reduced without compromising precision. At the end, an evaluation of Xerox, Buckwalter, and our system is conducted, and the performance is compared and analyzed.

null

88,531

inproceedings

kadri-nie-2006-effective

Effective Stemming for {A}rabic Information Retrieval

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.6/

Kadri, Youssef and Nie, Jian-Yun

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

68--75

Arabic has a very rich and complex morphology. Its appropriate morphological processing is very important for Information Retrieval (IR). In this paper, we propose a new stemming technique that tries to determine the stem of a word representing the semantic core of this word according to Arabic morphology. This method is compared to a commonly used light stemming technique which truncates a word by simple rules. Our tests on TREC collections show that the new stemming technique is more effective than the light stemming.

null

88,532

inproceedings

kashani-etal-2006-automatic

Automatic Transliteration of Proper Nouns from {A}rabic to {E}nglish

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.7/

Kashani, Mehdi M. and Popowich, Fred and Sadat, Fatiha

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

76--83

After providing a brief introduction to the transliteration problem, and highlighting some issues specific to Arabic to English translation, a three phase algorithm is introduced as a computational solution to the problem. The algorithm is based on a Hidden Markov Model approach, but also leverages information available in on-line databases. The algorithm is then evaluated, and shown to achieve accuracy approaching .80{\%}

null

88,533

inproceedings

al-raheb-etal-2006-dcu

{DCU} 250 {A}rabic Dependency Bank: An {LFG} Gold Standard Resource for the {A}rabic {P}enn {T}reebank

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.10/

Al-Raheb, Yafa and Akrout, A. and van Genabith, J.

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

105--117

This paper describes the construction of a dependency bank gold standard for Arabic, DCU 250 Arabic Dependency Bank (DCU 250), based on the Arabic Penn Treebank Corpus (ATB) (Bies and Maamouri, 2003; Maamouri and Bies, 2004) within the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). For parsing and automatically extracting grammatical and lexical resources from treebanks, it is necessary to evaluate against established gold standard resources. Gold standards for various languages have been developed, but to our knowledge, such a resource has not yet been constructed for Arabic. The construction of the DCU 250 marks the first step towards the creation of an automatic LFG f-structure annotation algorithm for the ATB, and for the extraction of Arabic grammatical and lexical resources.

null

88,536

inproceedings

izwaini-2006-problems

Problems of {A}rabic Machine Translation: Evaluation of Three Systems

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.11/

Izwaini, Sattar

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

118--148

The paper describes the translations of three online systems: Google, Sakhr, and Systran, using two sets of texts (Arabic and English) as input. It diagnoses the faults and attempts to detect the reasons, trying to shed light on the areas where the right translation solution is missed. Flaws and translation problems are categorized and analyzed, and recommendations are given. The two modes of translation (from and into Arabic) face a wide range of common linguistic problems as well as mode-specific problems. These problems are discussed and examples of output are given. The paper raises questions whose answers should help in the improvement of MT systems. The questions deal with establishing equivalents, lexical environment, and collocation. Cases that triggered these questions are illustrated and discussed.

null

88,537

inproceedings

shaalan-etal-2006-mapping

Mapping Interlingua Representations to Feature Structures of {A}rabic Sentences

null

oct # " 23"

2006

London, UK

null

https://aclanthology.org/2006.bcs-1.12/

Shaalan, Khaled and Monem, Azza Abdel and Rafea, Ahmed and Baraka, Hoda

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Challenge of Arabic for NLP/MT

149--159

The interlingua approach to Machine Translation (MT) aims to achieve the translation task in two independent steps. First, the meanings of source language sentences are represented in an intermediate (interlingua) representation. Then, sentences of the target language are generated from those meaning representations. In the generation of the target sentence, determining sentence structures becomes more difficult, especially when the interlingua does not contain any syntactic information. Hence, the sentence structures cannot be transferred exactly from the interlingua representations. In this paper, we present a mapping approach for task- oriented interlingua-based spoken dialogue that transforms an interlingua representation, so-called Interchange Format (IF), into a feature structure (FS) that reflects the syntactic structure of the target Arabic sentence. This approach addresses the handling of the problem of Arabic syntactic structure determination in the interlingua approach. A mapper is developed primarily within the framework of the NESPOLE! (NEgotiating through SPOken Language in E-commerce) multilingual speech-to-speech MT project. The IF-to-Arabic FS mapper is implemented in SICStus Prolog. Examples of Arabic syntactic mapping, using the output from the English analyzer provided by Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), will illustrate how the system works.

null

88,538

inproceedings

abdelali-etal-2006-guarani

{G}uarani: A Case Study in Resource Development for Quick Ramp-Up {MT}

null

aug # " 8-12"

2006

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2006.amta-papers.1/

Abdelali, Ahmed and Cowie, James and Helmreich, Steve and Jin, Wanying and Milagros, Maria Pilar and Ogden, Bill and Rad, Mansouri and Zacharski, Ron

Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

1--9

In this paper we describe a set of processes for the acquisition of re{\-}sources for quick ramp{\-}up machine translation (MT) from any language lacking significant machine tracta{\-}ble resources into English, using the Paraguayan indigenous lan{\-}guage Guarani as well as Amharic and Chechen, as examples. Our task is to develop a 250,000 mono{\-}lingual corpus, a 250,000 bilingual parallel corpus, and smaller corpora tagged with part of speech, named entity, and morphological annota{\-}tions.

null

88,540

inproceedings

birch-etal-2006-constraining-phrase

Constraining the Phrase-Based, Joint Probability Statistical Translation Model

null

aug # " 8-12"

2006

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2006.amta-papers.2/

Birch, Alexandra and Callison-Burch, Chris and Osborne, Miles

Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

10--18

The Joint Probability Model proposed by Marcu and Wong (2002) provides a probabilistic framework for modeling phrase-based statistical machine transla- tion (SMT). The model`s usefulness is, however, limited by the computational complexity of estimating parameters at the phrase level. We present a method of constraining the search space of the Joint Probability Model based on statistically and linguistically motivated word align- ments. This method reduces the complexity and size of the Joint Model and allows it to display performance superior to the standard phrase-based models for small amounts of training material.

null

88,541

inproceedings

carbonell-etal-2006-context

Context-Based Machine Translation

null

aug # " 8-12"

2006

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2006.amta-papers.3/

Carbonell, Jaime and Klein, Steve and Miller, David and Steinbaum, Mike and Grassiany, Tomer and Frei, Jochen

Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

19--28

Context-Based Machine TranslationTM (CBMT) is a new paradigm for corpus-based translation that requires no parallel text. Instead, CBMT relies on a lightweight translation model utilizing a fullform bilingual dictionary and a sophisticated decoder using long-range context via long n-grams and cascaded overlapping. The translation process is enhanced via in-language substitution of tokens and phrases, both for source and target, when top candidates cannot be confirmed or resolved in decoding. Substitution utilizes a synonym and near-synonym generator implemented as a corpus-based unsupervised learning process. Decoding requires a very large target-language-only corpus, and while substitution in target can be performed using that same corpus, substitution in source requires a separate (and smaller) source monolingual corpus. Spanish-to-English CBMT was tested on Spanish newswire text, achieving a BLEU score of 0.6462 in June 2006, the highest BLEU reported for any language pair. Further testing also shows that quality increases above the reported score as the target corpus size increases and as dictionary coverage of source words and phrases becomes more complete.

null

88,542

inproceedings

crego-marino-2006-integration

Integration of {POS}tag-based Source Reordering into {SMT} Decoding by an Extended Search Graph

null

aug # " 8-12"

2006

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2006.amta-papers.4/

Crego, Josep M. and Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.

Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

29--36

This paper presents a reordering framework for statistical machine translation (SMT) where source-side reorderings are integrated into SMT decoding, allowing for a highly constrained reordered search graph. The monotone search is extended by means of a set of reordering patterns (linguistically motivated rewrite patterns). Patterns are automatically learnt in training from word-to-word alignments and source-side Part-Of-Speech (POS) tags. Traversing the extended search graph, the decoder evaluates every hypothesis making use of a group of widely used SMT models and helped by an additional Ngram language model of source-side POS tags. Experiments are reported on the Euparl task (Spanish-to-English and English-to- Spanish). Results are presented regarding translation accuracy (using human and automatic evaluations) and computational efficiency, showing significant improvements in translation quality for both translation directions at a very low computational cost.

null

88,543

inproceedings

ding-palmer-2006-better

Better Learning and Decoding for Syntax Based {SMT} Using {PSDIG}

null

aug # " 8-12"

2006

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

https://aclanthology.org/2006.amta-papers.5/

Ding, Yuan and Palmer, Martha

Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

37--45

As an approach to syntax based statistical machine translation (SMT), Probabilistic Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars (PSDIG), introduced in (Ding and Palmer, 2005), are a version of synchronous grammars defined on dependency trees. In this paper we discuss better learning and decoding algorithms for a PSDIG MT system. We introduce two new grammar learners: (1) an exhaustive learner combining different heuristics, (2) an n-gram based grammar learner. Combining the grammar rules learned from the two learners improved the performance. We introduce a better decoding algorithm which incorporates a tri-gram language model. According to the Bleu metric, the PSDIG MT system performance is significantly better than IBM Model 4, while on par with the state-of-the-art phrase based system Pharaoh (Koehn, 2004). The improved integration of syntax on both source and target languages opens door to more sophisticated SMT processes.

null

88,544