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inproceedings | korhonen-etal-2006-large | A Large Subcategorization Lexicon for Natural Language Processing Applications | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1337/ | Korhonen, Anna and Krymolowski, Yuval and Briscoe, Ted | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We introduce a large computational subcategorizationlexicon which includes subcategorization frame (SCF) and frequencyinformation for 6,397 English verbs. This extensive lexicon was acquiredautomatically from five corpora and the Web using the current version of the comprehensive subcategorization acquisition system of Briscoe and Carroll (1997). The lexicon is provided freely for research use, along with a script which can be used to filter and build sub-lexicons suited for different natural languageprocessing (NLP) purposes. Documentation is also provided whichexplains each sub-lexicon option and evaluates its accuracy. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,006 |
inproceedings | ide-suderman-2006-integrating | Integrating Linguistic Resources: The {A}merican National Corpus Model | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1338/ | Ide, Nancy and Suderman, Keith | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the architecture of the American National Corpus and the design decisions we have made in order to make the corpus easy to use with a variety of existing tools with varying functionality, and to allow for layering multiple annotations over the data. The overall goal of the ANC project is to provide an open linguistic infrastructure for American English, consisting of as many self-generated or contributed annotations of the data as possible together with derived. The availability of a wide variety of annotations for the same data and in a common format should significantly simplify the processing required to extract annotations from different sources and enable use of the ANC and its annotations with off-the-shelf software. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,007 |
inproceedings | ide-romary-2006-representing | Representing Linguistic Corpora and Their Annotations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1339/ | Ide, Nancy and Romary, Laurent | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | A Linguistic Annotation Framework (LAF) is being developed within the International Standards Organization Technical Committee 37 Sub-committee on Language Resource Management (ISO TC37 SC4). LAF is intended to provide a standardized means to represent linguistic data and its annotations that is defined broadly enough to accommodate all types of linguistic annotations, and at the same time provide means to represent precise and potentially complex linguistic information. The general principles informing the design of LAF have been previously reported (Ide and Romary, 2003; Ide and Romary, 2004a). This paper describes some of the more technical aspects of the LAF design that have been addressed in the process of finalizing the specifications for the standard. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,008 |
inproceedings | huang-etal-2006-open | An Open Source Prosodic Feature Extraction Tool | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1340/ | Huang, Zhongqiang and Chen, Lei and Harper, Mary | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | There has been an increasing interest in utilizing a wide variety of knowledge sources in order to perform automatic tagging of speech events, such as sentence boundaries and dialogue acts. In addition to the word spoken, the prosodic content of the speech has been proved quite valuable in a variety of spoken language processing tasks such as sentence segmentation and tagging, disfluency detection, dialog act segmentation and tagging, and speaker recognition. In this paper, we report on an open source prosodic feature extraction tool based on Praat, with a description of the prosodic features and the implementation details, as well as a discussion of its extension capability. We also evaluate our tool on a sentence boundary detection task and report the system performance on the NIST RT04 CTS data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,009 |
inproceedings | andreevskaia-bergler-2006-semantic | Semantic Tag Extraction from {W}ord{N}et Glosses | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1341/ | Andreevskaia, Alina and Bergler, Sabine | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We propose a method that uses information from WordNet glosses to assign semantic tags to individual word meanings, rather than to entire words. The produced lists of annotated words will be used in sentiment annotation of texts and phrases and in other NLP tasks. The method was implemented in the Semantic Tag Extraction Program (STEP) and evaluated on the category of sentiment (positive, negative or neutral) using two human-annotated lists. The lists were first compared to each other and then used to assess the accuracy of the proposed system. We argue that significant disagreement on sentiment tags between the two human-annotated lists reflects a naturally occurring ambiguity of words located on the periphery of the category of sentiment. The category of sentiment, thus, is believed to be structured as a fuzzy set. Finally, we evaluate the generalizability of STEP to other semantic categories on the example of the category of words denoting increase/decrease in magnitude, intensity or quality of some state or process. The implications of this study for both semantic tagging system development and for performance evaluation practices are discussed. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,010 |
inproceedings | kuroda-etal-2006-getting | Getting Deeper Semantics than {B}erkeley {F}rame{N}et with {MSFA} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1342/ | Kuroda, Kow and Utiyama, Masao and Isahara, Hitoshi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper illustrates relevant details of an on-going semantic-role annotation work based on a framework called MULTILAYERED/DIMENSIONAL SEMANTIC FRAME ANALYSIS (MSFA for short) (Kuroda and Isahara, 2005b), which is inspired by, if not derived from, Frame Semantics/Berkeley FrameNet approach to semantic annotation (Lowe et al., 1997; Johnson and Fillmore, 2000). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,011 |
inproceedings | alfonseca-etal-2006-wraetlic | The wraetlic {NLP} suite | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1343/ | Alfonseca, Enrique and Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio and Guirao, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'i}a and Ruiz-Casado, Mar{\'i}a | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we describe the second release of a suite of language analysers, developed over the last five years, called wraetlic, which includes tools for several partial parsing tasks, both for English and Spanish. It has been successfully used in fields such as Information Extraction, thesaurus acquisition, Text Summarisation and Computer Assisted Assessment. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,012 |
inproceedings | ohta-etal-2006-linguistic | Linguistic and Biological Annotations of Biological Interaction Events | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1344/ | Ohta, Tomoko and Tateisi, Yuka and Kim, Jin-Dong and Yakushiji, Akane and Tsujii, Jun-ichi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper discusses an augmentation of a corpus ofresearch abstracts in biomedical domain (the GENIA corpus) with two kinds of annotations: tree annotation and event annotation. The tree annotation identifies the linguistic structure that encodes the relations among entities. The event annotation reveals the semantic structure of the biological interaction events encoded in the text. With these annotations we aim to provide a link between the clue and the target of biological event information extraction. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,013 |
inproceedings | tenfjord-etal-2006-ask | The {ASK} Corpus - a Language Learner Corpus of {N}orwegian as a Second Language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1345/ | Tenfjord, Kari and Meurer, Paul and Hofland, Knut | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In our paper we present the design and interface of ASK, a language learner corpus of Norwegian as a second language which contains essays collected from language tests on two different proficiency levels as well as personal data from the test takers. In addition, the corpus also contains texts and relevant personal data from native Norwegians as control data. The texts as well as the personal data are marked up in XML according to the TEI Guidelines. In order to be able to classify errors in the texts, we have introduced new attributes to the TEI corr and sic tags. For each error tag, a correct form is also in the text annotation. Finally, we employ an automatic tagger developed for standard Norwegian, the Oslo-Bergen Tagger, together with a facility for manual tag correction. As corpus query system, we are using the Corpus Workbench developed at the University of Stuttgart together with a web search interface developed at Aksis, University of Bergen. The system allows for searching for combinations of words, error types, grammatical annotation and personal data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,014 |
inproceedings | kruijff-korbayova-etal-2006-annotation | Annotation Guidelines for {C}zech-{E}nglish Word Alignment | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1346/ | Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana and Chv{\'a}talov{\'a}, Kl{\'a}ra and Postolache, Oana | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We report on our experience with manual alignment of Czech and English parallel corpus text. We applied existing guidelines for English and French and augmented them to cover systematically occurring cases in our corpus. We describe the main extensions covered in our guidelines and provide examples. We evaluated both intra- and inter-annotator agreement and obtained very good results of Kappa well above 0.9 and agreement of 95{\%} and 93{\%}, respectively. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,015 |
inproceedings | segouat-etal-2006-sign | Sign Language corpus analysis: Synchronisation of linguistic annotation and numerical data | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1347/ | Segouat, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie and Braffort, Annelies and Martin, Emilie | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents a study on synchronization of linguistic annotation and numerical data on a video corpus of French Sign Language. We detail the methodology and sketches out the potential observations that can be provided by such a kind of mixed annotation. The corpus is composed of three views: close-up, frontal and top. Some image processing has been performed on each video in order to provide global information on the movement of the signers. That consists of the size and position of a bounding box surrounding the signer. Linguists have studied this corpus and have provided annotations on iconic structures, such as ``personal transfers'' (role shifts). We used an annotation software, ANVIL, to synchronize linguistic annotation and numerical data. This new approach of annotation seems promising for automatic detection of linguistic phenomena, such as classification of the signs according to their size in the signing space, and detection of some iconic structures. Our first results must be consolidated and extended on the whole corpus. The next step will consist of designing automatic processes in order to assist SL annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,016 |
inproceedings | francopoulo-etal-2006-lexical | Lexical Markup Framework ({LMF}) | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1348/ | Francopoulo, Gil and George, Monte and Calzolari, Nicoletta and Monachini, Monica and Bel, Nuria and Pet, Mandy and Soria, Claudia | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Optimizing the production, maintenance and extension of lexical resources is one the crucial aspects impacting Natural Language Processing (NLP). A second aspect involves optimizing the process leading to their integration in applications. With this respect, we believe that the production of a consensual specification on lexicons can be a useful aid for the various NLP actors. Within ISO, the purpose of LMF is to define a standard for lexicons. LMF is a model that provides a common standardized framework for the construction of NLP lexicons. The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation and use of lexical resources, to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources, and to enable the merging of large number of individual electronic resources to form extensive global electronic resources. In this paper, we describe the work in progress within the sub-group ISO-TC37/SC4/WG4. Various experts from a lot of countries have been consulted in order to take into account best practices in a lot of languages for (we hope) all kinds of NLP lexicons. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,017 |
inproceedings | pouliquen-etal-2006-geocoding | Geocoding Multilingual Texts: Recognition, Disambiguation and Visualisation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1349/ | Pouliquen, Bruno and Kimler, Marco and Steinberger, Ralf and Ignat, Camelia and Oellinger, Tamara and Blackler, Ken and Fluart, Flavio and Zaghouani, Wajdi and Widiger, Anna and Forslund, Ann-Charlotte and Best, Clive | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We are presenting a method to recognise geographical references in free text. Our tool must work on various languages with a minimum of language-dependent resources, except a gazetteer. The main difficulty is to disambiguate these place names by distinguishing places from persons and by selecting the most likely place out of a list of homographic place names world-wide. The system uses a number of language-independent clues and heuristics to disambiguate place name homographs. The final aim is to index texts with the countries and cities they mention and to automatically visualise this information on geographical maps using various tools. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,018 |
inproceedings | pedersen-2006-query | Query Expansion on Compounds | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1350/ | Pedersen, Bolette Sandford | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Compounds constitute a specific issue in search, in particular in languages where they are written in one word, as is the case for Danish and the other Scandinavian languages. For such languages, expansion of the query compound into separate lemmas is a way of finding the often frequent alternative synonymous phrases in which the content of a compound can also be expressed. However, it is crucial to note that the number of irrelevant hits is generally very high when using this expansion strategy. The aim of this paper is to examine how we can obtain better search results on split compounds, partly by looking at the internal structure of the original compound, partly by analyzing the context in which the split compound occurs. We perform an NP analysis and introduce a new, linguistically based threshold for retrieved hits. The results obtained by using this strategy demonstrate that compound splitting combined with a shallow linguistic analysis focusing on the recognition of NPs can improve search by bringing down the number of irrelevant hits. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,019 |
inproceedings | charoenporn-etal-2006-word | Word Knowledge Acquisition for Computational Lexicon Construction | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1351/ | Charoenporn, Thatsanee and Kruengkrai, Canasai and Theeramunkong, Thanaruk and Sornlertlamvanich, Virach and Isahara, Hitoshi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The growing of multilingual information processing technology has created the need of linguistic resources, especially lexical database. Many attempts were put to alter the traditional dictionary to computational dictionary, or widely named as computational lexicon. TCLs Computational Lexicon (TCLLEX) is a recent development of a large-scale Thai Lexicon, which aims to serve as a fundamental linguistic resource for natural language processing research. We design either terminology or ontology for structuring the lexicon based on the idea of computability and reusability. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,020 |
inproceedings | peters-etal-2006-lois | The {LOIS} Project | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1352/ | Peters, Wim and Sagri, Maria Teresa and Tiscornia, Daniela and Castagnoli, Sara | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The LOIS (Lexical Ontologies for legal Information Sharing) project The legal knowledge base resulting from the LOIS (Lexical Ontologies for legal Information Sharing) (Lexical Ontologies for legal Information Sharing) project consists of legal WordNets in six languages (Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, German, Czech, English). Its architecture is based on the EuroWordNet (EWN) framework (Vossen et al, 1997). Using the EWN framework assures compatibility of the LOIS WordNets with EWN, allowing them to function as an extension of EWN for the legal domain. For each legal system, the document-derived legal concepts are integrated into a taxonomy, which links into existing formal ontologies. These give the legal wordnets a first formal backbone, which can, in future, be further extended. The database consists of 33,000 synsets, and is aimed to be used in information retrieval, where it provides mono- and multi-lingual access to European legal databases for legal experts as well as for laymen. The LOIS knowledge base also provides a flexible, modular architecture that allows integration of multiple classification schemes, and enables the comparison of legal systems by exploring translation, equivalence and structure across the different legal wordnets. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,021 |
inproceedings | vaneyghen-etal-2006-mixed | A mixed word / morphological approach for extending {CELEX} for high coverage on contemporary large corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1353/ | Vaneyghen, Joris and De Pauw, Guy and Van Compernolle, Dirk and Daelemans, Walter | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes an alternative approach to morphological language modeling, which incorporates constraints on the morphological production of new words. This is done by applying the constraints as a preprocessing step in which only one morphological production rule can be applied to an extended lexicon of knownmorphemes, lemmas and word forms. This approach is used to extend the CELEX Dutch morphological database, so that a higher coverage can be reached on a largecorpus of Dutch newspaper articles. We present experimental results on the coverage of this extended database and use the extension to further evaluate our morphologicalsystem, as well as the impact of the constraints on the coverage of out-of-vocabulary words. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,022 |
inproceedings | roventini-2006-linking | Linking Verbal Entries of Different Lexical Resources | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1354/ | Roventini, Adriana | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In the field of Computational Linguistics, many lexical resources have been developed which aim at encoding complex lexical semantic information according to different linguistic models (WordNet, Frame Semantics, Generative Lexicon, etc.). However, these resources are often not easily accessible nor available in their entirety. Yet, from the point of view of the continuous growth of technology (Semantic Web), their visibility, availability and integration are becoming of utmost importance. ItalWordNet and PAROLE/SIMPLE/CLIPS are two resources which, tackling lexical semantics from different perspectives and being at least partially complementary, can profit from linking each other. In this paper we address the issue of the linking of these resources focusing on the most problematic part of the lexicon: the second order entities. In particular, after a brief description of the two resources, their different approaches to the verb semantics are described; an accurate comparison of a set of verbal entries belonging to Speech Act semantic class is carried out aiming at evaluate the possibilities and the advantages of a semiautomatic link. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,023 |
inproceedings | hamon-etal-2006-cesta | {CESTA}: First Conclusions of the Technolangue {MT} Evaluation Campaign | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1355/ | Hamon, O. and Popescu-Belis, A. and Choukri, K. and Dabbadie, M. and Hartley, A. and Mustafa El Hadi, W. and Rajman, M. and Timimi, I. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This article outlines the evaluation protocol and provides the main results of the French Evaluation Campaign for Machine Translation Systems, CESTA. Following the initial objectives and evaluation plans, the evaluation metrics are briefly described: along with fluency and adequacy assessed by human judges, a number of recently proposed automated metrics are used. Two evaluation campaigns were organized, the first one in the general domain, and the second one in the medical domain. Up to six systems translating from English into French, and two systems translating from Arabic into French, took part in the campaign. The numerical results illustrate the differences between classes of systems, and provide interesting indications about the reliability of the automated metrics for French as a target language, both by comparison to human judges and using correlations between metrics. The corpora that were produced, as well as the information about the reliability of metrics, constitute reusable resources for MT evaluation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,024 |
inproceedings | meur-derouin-2006-lemma | Lemma-oriented dictionaries, concept-oriented terminology and translation memories | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1356/ | Meur, Andr{\'e} Le and Derouin, Marie-Jeanne | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Market surveys have pointed out translators demand for integrated specialist dictionaries in translation memory tools which they could use in addition to their own compiled dictionaries or stored translated parts of text. For this purpose the German specialist dictionary publisher, Langenscheidt Fachverlag in Munich has developed a method and tools together with experts from the University Rennes 2 in France and well known Translation Memory Providers. The conversion-tools of dictionary entries (lemma-oriented) in terminological entries (concept-oriented) are based on lexicographical and terminological ISO standards: ISO 1951 for dictionaries and ISO 16642 for terminology. The method relies on the analysis of polysemic structures into a set of data categories that can be recombined into monosemic entries compatible with most of the terminology management engines on the market. The whole process is based on the TermBridge semantic repository (\url{http://www.genetrix.org} ) for terminology and machine readable dictionaries and on a XML model LexTerm which is a subset of Geneter (ISO 16642 Annex C). It illustrates the interest for linguistic applications to define data elements in semantic repositories so that they are reusable in various contexts. This operation is fully integrated in the editorial XML workflow and applies to a series of specialist dictionaries which are now available. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,025 |
inproceedings | umbert-etal-2006-spanish | {S}panish Synthesis Corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1357/ | Umbert, Mart{\'i and Moreno, Asunci{\'on and Ag{\"uero, Pablo and Bonafonte, Antonio | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper deals with the design of a synthesis database for a high quality corpus-based Speech Synthesis system in Spanish. The database has been designed for speech synthesis, speech conversion and expressive speech. The design follows the specifications of TC-STAR project and has been applied to collect equivalent English and Mandarin synthesis databases. The sentences of the corpus have been selected mainly from transcribed speech and novels. The selection criterion is a phonetic and prosodic coverage. The corpus was completed with sentences specifically designed to cover frequent phrases and words. Two baseline speakers and four bilingual speakers were recorded. Recordings consist of 10 hours of speech for each baseline speaker and one hour of speech for each voice conversion bilingual speaker. The database is labelled and segmented. Pitch marks and phonetic segmentation was done automatically and up to 50{\%} manually supervised. The database will be available at ELRA. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,026 |
inproceedings | ircing-etal-2006-exploiting | Exploiting Linguistic Knowledge in Language Modeling of {C}zech Spontaneous Speech | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1358/ | Ircing, Pavel and Hoidekr, Jan and Psutka, Josef | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In our paper, we present a method for incorporating available linguistic information into a statistical language model that is used in ASR system for transcribing spontaneous speech. We employ the class-based language model paradigm and use the morphological tags as the basis for world-to-class mapping. Since the number of different tags is at least by one order of magnitude lower than the number of words even in the tasks with moderately-sized vocabularies, the tag-based model can be rather robustly estimated using even the relatively small text corpora. Unfortunately, this robustness goes hand in hand with restricted predictive ability of the class-based model. Hence we apply the two-pass recognition strategy, where the first pass is performed with the standard word-based n-gram and the resulting lattices are rescored in the second pass using the aforementioned class-based model. Using this decoding scenario, we have managed to moderately improve the word error rate in the performed ASR experiments. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,027 |
inproceedings | slavcheva-2006-semantic | Semantic Descriptors: The Case of Reflexive Verbs | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1359/ | Slavcheva, Milena | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents a semantic classification of reflexive verbs in Bulgarian, augmenting the morphosyntactic classes of verbs in the large Bulgarian Lexical Data Base - a language resource utilized in a number of Language Engineering (LE) applications. Thesemantic descriptors conform to the Unified Eventity Representation (UER), developed by Andrea Schalley. The UER is a graphical formalism, introducing the object-oriented system design to linguistic semantics. Reflexive/non-reflexive verb pairs are analyzed where the non-reflexive member of the opposition, a two-place predicate, is considered the initial linguistic entity from which the reflexive correlate is derived. The reflexive verbs are distributed into initial syntactic-semantic classes which serve as the basis for defining the relevant semantic descriptors in the form of EVENTITY FRAME diagrams. The factors that influence the categorization of the reflexives are the lexical paradigmaticapproach to the data, the choice of only one reading for each verb, top level generalization of the semantic descriptors. The language models described in this paper provide the possibility for building linguistic components utilizable in knowledge-driven systems. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,028 |
inproceedings | neumann-crysmann-2006-exploring | Exploring {HPSG}-based Treebanks for Probabilistic Parsing {HPSG} grammar extraction | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1360/ | Neumann, G{\"unter and Crysmann, Berthold | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe a method for the automatic extraction of a Stochastic Lexicalized Tree Insertion Grammar from a linguistically rich HPSG Treebank. The extraction method is strongly guided by HPSG-based head and argument decomposition rules. The tree anchors correspond to lexical labels encoding fine-grained information. The approach has been tested with a German corpus achieving a labeled recall of 77.33{\%} and labeled precision of 78.27{\%}, which is competitive to recent results reported for German parsing using the Negra Treebank. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,029 |
inproceedings | marinelli-bindi-2006-proper | Proper Names and Linguistic Dynamics | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1361/ | Marinelli, Rita and Bindi, Remo | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Pragmatics is the study of how people exchange meanings through the use of language. In this paper we describe our experience with regard to texts belonging to a large contemporary corpus of written language, in order to verify the uses, changes and flexibility of the meaning of Proper Names (PN). As a matter of fact, while building the lexical semantic database ItalWordNet (IWN), a considerable set of PN (up to now, about 4,000) has been inserted and studied. We give prominence to the polysemy of PN and their shifting or moving from one class to another as an example of the extensibility of language and the possibility of change considering meaning as a dynamic process. Many examples of the sense shifting phenomenon can be evidenced by textual corpora. By comparing the percentages regarding the texts belonging to two different periods of time, an increasing use of the PN with sense extension has been verified. This evidence could confirm the tendency to consider the derived or extended senses as more salient and prevailing on the base senses, confirming a gradual fixation of meaning during the time. The object of our study (in progress) is to observe the uses of sense extensions also examining in detail freshly coined examples and taking into account their relationship with meta representational capacity and human creativity and the ways in which linguistic dynamics can activate the meaning potential of the words. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,030 |
inproceedings | bosch-etal-2006-towards | Towards machine-readable lexicons for {S}outh {A}frican {B}antu languages | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1362/ | Bosch, Sonja E. and Pretorius, Laurette and Jones, Jackie | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Lexical information for South African Bantu languages is not readily available in the form of machine-readable lexicons. At present the availability of lexical information is restricted to a variety of paper dictionaries. These dictionaries display considerable diversity in the organisation and representation of data. In order to proceed towards the development of reusable and suitably standardised machine-readable lexicons for these languages, a data model for lexical entries becomes a prerequisite. In this study the general purpose model as developed by Bell {\&} Bird (2000) is used as a point of departure. Firstly, the extent to which the Bell {\&} Bird (2000) data model may be applied to and modified for the above-mentioned languages is investigated. Initial investigations indicate that modification of this data model is necessary to make provision for the specific requirements of lexical entries in these languages. Secondly, a data model in the form of an XML DTD for the languages in question, based on our findings regarding (Bell {\&} Bird, 2000) and (Weber, 2002) is presented. Included in this model are additional particular requirements for complete and appropriate representation of linguistic information as identified in the study of available paper dictionnaries. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,031 |
inproceedings | lechenadec-etal-2006-creation | Creation of a corpus of multimodal spontaneous expressions of emotions in Human-Machine Interaction | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1363/ | Lechenadec, G. and Maffiolo, V. and Chateau, N. and Colletta, J.M. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents an experience in laboratory dealing with the constitution of a corpus of multimodal spontaneous expressions of emotions. The originality of this corpus resides in its characteristics (interactions between a virtual actor and humans learning a theater text), in its content (multimodal spontaneous expressions of emotions) and in its two sources of characterization (by the participant and by one of his/her close relation). The corpus collection is part of a study on the fusion of multimodal information (verbal, facial, gestural, postural, and physiological) to improve the detection and characterization of expressions of emotions in human-machine interaction (HMI). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,032 |
inproceedings | hayashi-ishida-2006-dictionary | A Dictionary Model for Unifying Machine Readable Dictionaries and Computational Concept Lexicons | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1364/ | Hayashi, Yoshihiko and Ishida, Toru | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The Language Grid, recently proposed by one of the authors, is a language infrastructure available on the Internet. It aims to resolve the problems of accessibility and usability inherent in the currently available language services. The infrastructure will accommodate an operational environment in which a user and/or a software agent can develop a language service that is tailored to specific requirements derived from the various situations of intercultural communication. In order to effectively operate the infrastructure, each atomic language service has to be discovered by the planner of a composite service and incorporated into the composite service scenario. Meta-description of an atomic service is crucial to accomplish the planning process. This paper focuses on dictionary access services and proposes an abstract dictionary model that is vital for the accurate meta-description of such a service. In principle, the proposed model is based on the organization compatible with Princeton WordNet. Computational lexicons, including the EDR dictionary, as well as a range of human monolingual/bilingual dictionaries are uniformly organized into a WordNet-like lexical concept system. A modeling example with a few dictionary instances demonstrates the fundamental validity of the model. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,033 |
inproceedings | marinelli-etal-2006-using | Using Core Ontology for Domain Lexicon Structuring | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1365/ | Marinelli, Rita and Roventini, Adriana and Spadoni, Giovanni | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The users demand has determined the need to manage the growing new technical maritime terminology which includes very different domains such as the juridical or commercial ones. A terminological database was built by exploiting the computational tools of ItalWordNet (IWN) and its lexical-semantic model (EuroWordNet).This paper concerns the development of database structure and data coding, relevance of the concepts of term and domain, information potential of the terms, complexity of this domain and detailed ontology structuring recently undertaken and still in progress. Our domain structure is described defining a core set of terms representing the two main sub-domains specified in technical-nautical and maritime transport terminology. These terms are sufficiently general to be the root nodes of the core ontology we are developing. They are mostly domain-dependent, but the link with the Top Ontology of IWN remains, endorsing either general and foundation information, or detailed description directly connected with the specific domain. Through the semantic relations linking the synsets, every term inherits the top ontology definitions and becomes itself an integral part of the structure. While codifying a term in the maritime database, the reference is at the same time allowed to the Base Concepts of the terminological ontology embedding the term in the semantic network, showing that upper and core ontologies make it possible for the framework to integrate different views on the same domain in a meaningful way. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,034 |
inproceedings | abramowicz-etal-2006-linguistic | Linguistic Suite for {P}olish Cadastral System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1366/ | Abramowicz, Witold and Filipowska, Agata and Piskorski, Jakub and W{\k{e}}cel, Krzysztof and Wieloch, Karol | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper reports on an endeavour of creating basic linguistic resources for geo-referencing of Polish free-text documents. We have defined a fine-grained named entity hierarchy, produced an exhaustive gazetteer, and developed named-entity grammars for Polish. Additionally, an annotated corpus for the cadastral domain was prepared for evaluation purposes. Our baseline approach to geo-referencing is based on application of aforementioned resources and a lightweight co-referencing technique which utilizes string-similarity metric of Jaro-Winkler. We carried out a detailed evaluation of detecting locations, organizations and persons, which revealed that best results are obtained via application of a combined grammar for all types. The application of lightweight co-referencing for organizations and persons improves recall but deteriorates precision, and no gain is observed for locations. The paper is accompanied by a demo, a geo-referencing application capable of: (a) finding documents and text fragments based on named entities and (b) populating the spatial ontology from texts. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,035 |
inproceedings | kawanami-etal-2006-long | Long-term Analysis of Prosodic Features of Spoken Guidance System User Speech | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1367/ | Kawanami, Hiromichi and Kitamura, Takahiro and Shikano, Kiyohiro | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | As a practical information guidance system, we have been developing a speech-oriented system named ``Takemaru-kun''. The system has been operated on a public space since Nov. 2002. The system answers to user`s question about the hall facilities, sightseeing, transportation, weather information around the city, etc. All triggered inputs to the system have been recorded since the operation started. And all system inputs during 22 months are manually transcribed and labelled for speakers gender and age category. In this paper, we conduct a long-term prosody analysis of user speech to find a clue to obtain users attitude from a users speech. In this preliminary analysis, it is observed that F0 decreases regardless of age and gender category when the stability of the dialogue system is not established. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,036 |
inproceedings | novacek-etal-2006-text | Text Mining for Semantic Relations as a Support Base of a Scientific Portal Generator | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1368/ | Nov{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, V{\'i}t and Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel and Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Current Semantic Web implementation efforts pose a number of challenges. One of the big ones among them is development and evolution of specific resources --- the ontologies --- as a base for representation of the meaning of the web. This paper deals with the automatic acquisition of semantic relations from the text of scientific publications (journal articles, conference papers, project descriptions, etc.). We also describe the process of building of corresponding ontological resources and their application for semi--automatic generation of scientific portals. Extracted relations and ontologies are crucial for the structuring of the information at the portal pages, automatic classification of the presented documents as well as for personalisation at the presentation level. Besides a general description of the portal generating system, we give also a detailed overview of extraction of semantic relations in the form of a domain--specific ontology. The overview consists of presentation of an architecture of the ontology extraction system, description of methods used for mining of semantic relations and analysis of selected results and examples. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,037 |
inproceedings | bernardi-etal-2006-pos | {POS} tagset design for {I}talian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1369/ | Bernardi, Raffaella and Bolognesi, Andrea and Seidenari, Corrado and Tamburini, Fabio | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We aim to automatically induce a PoS tagset for Italian by analysing the distributional behaviour of Italian words. To this end, we propose an algorithm that (a) extracts information from loosely labelled dependency structures that encode only basic and broadly accepted syntactic relations, namely Head/Dependent and the distinction of dependents into Argument vs. Adjunct, and (b) derives a possible set of word classes. The paper reports on some preliminary experiments carried out using the induced tagset in conjunction with state-of-the-art PoS taggers. The method proposed to design a proper tagset exploits little, if any, language-specific knowledge: hence it is in principle applicable to any language. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,038 |
inproceedings | inui-etal-2006-augmenting | Augmenting a Semantic Verb Lexicon with a Large Scale Collection of Example Sentences | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1370/ | Inui, Kentaro and Hirano, Toru and Iida, Ryu and Fujita, Atsushi and Matsumoto, Yuji | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | One of the crucial issues in semantic parsing is how to reduce costs of collecting a sufficiently large amount of labeled data. This paper presents a new approach to cost-saving annotation of example sentences with predicate-argument structure information, taking Japanese as a target language. In this scheme, a large collection of unlabeled examples are first clustered and selectively sampled, and for each sampled cluster, only one representative example is given a label by a human annotator. The advantages of this approach are empirically supported by the results of our preliminary experiments, where we use an existing similarity function and naive sampling strategy. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,039 |
inproceedings | onelli-etal-2006-diacoris | The {D}ia{CORIS} project: a diachronic corpus of written {I}talian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1371/ | Onelli, C. and Proietti, D. and Seidenari, C. and Tamburini, F. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The DiaCORIS project aims at the construction of a diachronic corpus comprising written Italian texts produced between 1861 and 1945, extending the structure and the research possibilities of the synchronic 100-million word corpus CORIS/CODIS. A preliminary in depth study has been performed in order to design a representative and well balanced sample of the Italian language over a time period that contains all the main events of contemporary Italian history from the National Unification to the end of the Second World War. The paper describes in detail such design processes as the definition of the main subcorpora and their proportions, the type of documents inserted in each part of the corpus, the document annotation schema and the technological infrastructure designed to manage the corpus access as well as the web interface to corpus data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,040 |
inproceedings | agirre-etal-2006-preliminary | A Preliminary Study for Building the {B}asque {P}rop{B}ank | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1372/ | Agirre, Eneko and Aldezabal, Izaskun and Etxeberria, Jone and Pociello, Eli | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents a methodology for adding a layer of semantic annotation to a syntactically annotated corpus of Basque (EPEC), in terms of semantic roles. The proposal we make here is the combination of three resources: the model used in the PropBank project (Palmer et al., 2005), an in-house database with syntactic/semantic subcategorization frames for Basque verbs (Aldezabal, 2004) and the Basque dependency treebank (Aduriz et al., 2003). In order to validate the methodology and to confirm whether the PropBank model is suitable for Basque and our treebank design, we have built lexical entries and labelled all argument and adjuncts occurring in our treebank for 3 Basque verbs. The result of this study has been very positive, and has produced a methodology adapted to the characteristics of the language and the Basque dependency treebank. Another goal of this study was to study whether semi-automatic tagging was possible. The idea is to present the human taggers a pre-tagged version of the corpus. We have seen that many arguments could be automatically tagged with high precision, given only the verbal entries for the verbs and a handful of examples. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,041 |
inproceedings | yamamoto-etal-2006-detection | Detection of inconsistencies in concept classifications in a large dictionary {---} Toward an improvement of the {EDR} electronic dictionary {---} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1373/ | Yamamoto, Eiko and Kanzaki, Kyoko and Isahara, Hitoshi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The EDR electronic dictionary is a machine-tractable dictionary developed for advanced computer-based processing of natural lan-guage. This dictionary comprises eleven sub-dictionaries, including a concept dictionary, word dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, co-occurrence dictionaries, and a technical terminology dictionary. In this study, we focus on the concept dictionary and aim to revise the arrangement of concepts for improving the EDR electronic dictionary. We believe that unsuitable concepts in a class differ from other concepts in the same class from an abstract perspective. From this notion, we first try to automatically extract those concepts unsuited to the class. We then try semi-automatically to amend the concept explications used to explain the meanings to human users and rearrange them in suitable classes. In the experiment, we try to revise those concepts that are the lower-concepts of the concept human in the concept hierarchy and that are directly arranged under concepts with concept explications such as person as defined by and person viewed from . We analyze the result and evaluate our approach. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,042 |
inproceedings | agirre-etal-2006-methodology | A methodology for the joint development of the {B}asque {W}ord{N}et and Semcor | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1374/ | Agirre, Eneko and Aldezabal, Izaskun and Etxeberria, Jone and Izagirre, Eli and Mendizabal, Karmele and Pociello, Eli and Quintian, Mikel | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the methodology adopted to jointly develop the Basque WordNet and a hand annotated corpora (the Basque Semcor). This joint development allows for better motivated sense distinctions, and a tighter coupling between both resources. The methodology involves edition, tagging and refereeing tasks. We are currently half way through the nominal part of the 300.000 word corpus (roughly equivalent to a 500.000 word corpus for English). We present a detailed description of the task, including the main criteria for difficult cases in the edition of the senses and the tagging of the corpus, with special mention to multiword entries. Finally we give a detailed picture of the current figures, as well as an analysis of the agreement rates. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,043 |
inproceedings | hoidekr-etal-2006-benefit | Benefit of a Class-based Language Model for Real-time Closed-captioning of {TV} Ice-hockey Commentaries | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1375/ | Hoidekr, Jan and Psutka, J.V. and Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}} and Psutka, Josef | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This article describes the real-time speech recognition system for closed-captioning of TV ice-hockey commentaries. Automatic transcription of TV commentary accompanying an ice-hockey match is usually a hard task due to the spontaneous speech of a commentator put often into a very loud background noise created by the public, music, siren, drums, whistle, etc. Data for building this system was collected from 41 matches that were played during World Championships in years 2000, 2001, and 2002 and were transmitted by the Czech TV channels. The real-time closed-captioning system is based on the class-based language model designed after careful analysis of training data and OOV words in new (till now unseen) commentaries with the goal to decrease an OOV (Out-Of-Vocabulary) rate and increase recognition accuracy. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,044 |
inproceedings | anstein-etal-2006-identifying | Identifying and Classifying Terms in the Life Sciences: The Case of Chemical Terminology | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1376/ | Anstein, Stefanie and Kremer, Gerhard and Reyle, Uwe | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Facing the huge amount of textual and terminological data in the life sciences, we present a theoretical basis for the linguistic analysis of chemical terms. Starting with organic compound names, we conduct a morpho-semantic deconstruction into morphemes and yield a semantic representation of the terms' functional and structural properties. These semantic representations imply both the molecular structure of the named molecules and their class membership. A crucial feature of this analysis, which distinguishes it from all similar existing systems, is its ability to deal with terms that do not fully specify a structure as well as terms for generic classes of chemical compounds. Such `underspecified' terms occur very frequently in scientific literature. Our approach will serve for the support of manual database curation and as a basis for text processing applications. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,045 |
inproceedings | lafourcade-2006-conceptual | Conceptual Vector Learning - Comparing Bootstrapping from a Thesaurus or Induction by Emergence | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1377/ | Lafourcade, Mathieu | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In the framework of the Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and lexical transfer in Machine Translation (MT), the representation of word meanings is one critical issue. The conceptual vector model aims at representing thematic activations for chunks of text, lexical entries, up to whole documents. Roughly speaking, vectors are supposed to encode ideas associated to words or expressions. In this paper, we first expose the conceptual vectors model and the notions of semantic distance and contextualization between terms. Then, we present in details the text analysis process coupled with conceptual vectors, which is used in text classification, thematic analysis and vector learning. The question we focus on is whether a thesaurus is really needed and desirable for bootstrapping the learning. We conducted two experiments with and without a thesaurus and are exposing here some comparative results. Our contribution is that dimension distribution is done more regularly by an emergent procedure. In other words, the resources are more efficiently exploited with an emergent procedure than with a thesaurus terms (concepts) as listed in a thesaurus somehow relate to their importance in the language but nor to their frequency in usage neither to their power of discrimination or representativeness. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,046 |
inproceedings | de-luca-nurnberger-2006-rebuilding | Rebuilding Lexical Resources for Information Retrieval using Sense Folder Detection and Merging Methods | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1378/ | De Luca, Ernesto William and N{\"urnberger, Andreas | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we discuss the problem of sense disambiguation using lexical resources like ontologies or thesauri with a focus on the application of sense detection and merging methods in information retrieval systems. For an information retrieval task it is important to detect the meaning of a query word for retrieving the related relevant documents. In order to recognize the meaning of a search word, lexical resources, like WordNet, can be used for word sense disambiguation. But, analyzing the WordNet structure, we see that this ontology is fraught with different problems. The too fine grained distinction between word senses, for example, is unfavorable for a usage in information retrieval. We describe related problems and present four implemented online methods to merge SynSets based on relations like hypernyms and hyponyms, and further context information like glosses and domain. Afterwards we show a first evaluation of our approach, compare the different merging methods and discuss briefly future work. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,047 |
inproceedings | smrz-2006-automatic | Automatic Acquisition of Semantics-Extraction Patterns | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1379/ | Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper examines the use of parallel and comparable corpora for automatic acquisition of semantics-extraction patterns. It presents a new method of the pattern extraction which takes advantage of parallel texts to ``port'' text mining solutions from a source language to a target language. It is shown thatthe technique can help in situations when the extraction procedure is to beapplied in a language (languages) with a limited set of available resources,e.g. domain-specific thesauri. The primary motivation of our work lies in a particular multilingual e-learning system. For testing purposes, other applications of the given approach were implemented. They include pattern extraction from general texts (tested on wordnet relations), acquisition of domain-specific patterns from large parallel corpus of legal EU documents, and mining of subjectivity expressions for multilingual opinion extraction system. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,048 |
inproceedings | cyrus-2006-building | Building a resource for studying translation shifts | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1380/ | Cyrus, Lea | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes an interdisciplinary approach which brings together the fields of corpus linguistics and translation studies. It presents ongoing work on the creation of a corpus resource in which translation shifts are explicitly annotated. Translation shifts denote departures from formal correspondence between source and target text, i.e. deviations that have occurred during the translation process. A resource in which such shifts are annotated in a systematic way will make it possible to study those phenomena that need to be addressed if machine translation output is to resemble human translation. The resource described in this paper contains English source texts (parliamentary proceedings) and their German translations. The shift annotation is based on predicate-argument structures and proceeds in two steps: first, predicates and their arguments are annotated monolingually in a straightforward manner. Then, the corresponding English and German predicates and arguments are aligned with each other. Whenever a shift - mainly grammatical or semantic - has occurred, the alignment is tagged accordingly. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,049 |
inproceedings | draxler-jansch-2006-speech | Speech Recordings in Public Schools in {G}ermany - the Perfect Show Case for Web-based Recordings and Annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1381/ | Draxler, Christoph and J{\"ansch, Klaus | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In the Ph@ttSessionz project, geographically distributed high-bandwidth recordings of adolescent speakers are performed in public schools all over Germany. To achieve a consistent technical signal quality, a standard configuration of recording equipment is sent to the participating schools. The recordings are made using the SpeechRecorder software for prompted speech recordings via the WWW. During a recording session, prompts are downloaded from a server, and the speech data is uploaded to the server in a background process. This paper focuses on the technical aspects of the distributed Ph@ttSessionz speech recordings and their annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,050 |
inproceedings | tsou-etal-2006-court | Court Stenography-To-Text ({\textquotedblleft}{STT}{\textquotedblright}) in {H}ong {K}ong: A Jurilinguistic Engineering Effort | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1382/ | Tsou, Benjamin K. and Lai, Tom B.Y. and Sin, K.K. and Cheung, Lawrence Y.L. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Implementation of legal bilingualism in Hong Kong after 1997 has necessitated the production of voluminous and extensive court proceedings and judgments in both Chinese and English. For the former, Cantonese, a dialect of Chinese, is the home language of more than 90{\%} of the population in Hong Kong and so used in the courts. To record speech in Cantonese verbatim, a Chinese Computer-Aided Transcription system has been developed. The transcription system converts stenographic codes into Chinese text, i.e. from phonetic to orthographic representation of the language. The main challenge lies in the resolution of the sever ambiguity resulting from homocode problems in the conversion process. Cantonese Chinese is typified by problematic homonymy, which presents serious challenges. The N-gram statistical model is employed to estimate the most probable character string of the input transcription codes. Domain-specific corpora have been compiled to support the statistical computation. To improve accuracy, scalable techniques such as domain-specific transcription and special encoding are used. Put together, these techniques deliver 96{\%} transcription accuracy. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,051 |
inproceedings | reidsma-etal-2006-annotating | Annotating Emotions in Meetings | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1384/ | Reidsma, Dennis and Heylen, Dirk and Ordelman, Roeland | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present the results of two trials testing procedures for the annotation of emotion and mental state of the AMI corpus. The first procedure is an adaptation of the FeelTrace method, focusing on a continuous labelling of emotion dimensions. The second method is centered around more discrete labeling of segments using categorical labels. The results reported are promising for this hard task. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,053 |
inproceedings | bonneau-maynard-etal-2006-results | Results of the {F}rench Evalda-Media evaluation campaign for literal understanding | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1385/ | Bonneau-Maynard, H. and Ayache, C. and Bechet, F. and Denis, A. and Kuhn, A. and Lefevre, F. and Mostefa, D. and Quignard, M. and Rosset, S. and Servan, C. and Villaneau, J. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The aim of the Media-Evalda project is to evaluate the understanding capabilities of dialog systems. This paper presents the Media protocol for speech understanding evaluation and describes the results of the June 2005 literal evaluation campaign. Five systems, both symbolic or corpus-based, participated to the evaluation which is based on a common semantic representation. Different scorings have been performed on the system results. The understanding error rate, for the Full scoring is, depending on the systems, from 29{\%} to 41.3{\%}. A diagnosis analysis of these results is proposed. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,054 |
inproceedings | kuhn-jellinghaus-2006-multilingual | Multilingual parallel treebanking: a lean and flexible approach | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1386/ | Kuhn, Jonas and Jellinghaus, Michael | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We propose a bootstrapping approach to creating a phrase-level alignment over a sentence-aligned parallel corpus, reporting concrete treebank annotation work performed on a sample of sentence tuples from the Europarl corpus, currently for English, French, German, and Spanish. The manually annotated seed data will be used as the basis for automatically labelling the rest of the corpus. Some preliminary experiments addressing the bootstrapping aspects are presented. The representation format for syntactic correspondence across parallel text that we propose as the starting point for a process of successive refinement emphasizes correspondences of major constituents that realize semantic arguments or modifiers; language-particular details of morphosyntactic realization are intentionally left largely unlabelled. We believe this format is a good basis for training NLPtools for multilingual application contexts in which consistency across languages is more central than fine-grained details in specific languages (in particular, syntax-based statistical Machine Translation). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,055 |
inproceedings | mauclair-etal-2006-automatic | Automatic Detection of Well Recognized Words in Automatic Speech Transcriptions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1387/ | Mauclair, Julie and Est{\`e}ve, Yannick and Petit-Renaud, Simon and Del{\'e}glise, Paul | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This work adresses the use of confidence measures for extracting well recognized words with very low error rate from automatically transcribed segments in a unsupervised way. We present and compare several confidence measures and propose a method to merge them into a new one. We study its capabilities on extracting correct recognized word-segments compared to the amount of rejected words. We apply this fusion measure to select audio segments composed of words with a high confidence score. These segments come from an automatic transcription of french broadcast news given by our speech recognition system based on the CMU Sphinx3.3 decoder. Injecting new data resulting from unsupervised treatments of raw audio recordings in the training corpus of acoustic models gives statistically significant improvement (95{\%} confident interval) in terms of word error rate. Experiments have been carried out on the corpus used during ESTER, the french evaluation campaign. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,056 |
inproceedings | calzolari-etal-2006-next | Next Generation Language Resources using Grid | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1388/ | Calzolari, Federico and Sassolini, Eva and Sassi, Manuela and Cucurullo, Sebastiana and Picchi, Eugenio and Bertagna, Francesca and Enea, Alessandro and Monachini, Monica and Soria, Claudia and Calzolari, Nicoletta | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents a case study concerning the challenges and requirements posed by next generation language resources, realized as an overall model of open, distributed and collaborative language infrastructure. If a sort of new paradigm for language resource sharing is required, we think that the emerging and still evolving technology connected to Grid computing is a very interesting and suitable one for a concrete realization of this vision. Given the current limitations of Grid computing, it is very important to test the new environment on basic language analysis tools, in order to get the feeling of what are the potentialities and possible limitations connected to its use in NLP. For this reason, we have done some experiments on a module of the Linguistic Miner, i.e. the extraction of linguistic patterns from restricted domain corpora. The Grid environment has produced the expected results (reduction of the processing time, huge storage capacity, data redundancy) without any additional cost for the final user. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,057 |
inproceedings | nimb-2006-lexadv | {LEXADV} - a multilingual semantic Lexicon for Adverbs | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1389/ | Nimb, Sanni | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Topic: lexical ressources, international project Abstract: The LEXADV-project is a Scandinavian research project (2004-2006, financed by Nordplus Sprog) with the aim of extending three Scandinavian semantic lexicons building on the SIMPLE lexicon model (Lenci et al., 2000) with the word class of adverbs. In the lexicons of approx. 400 Danish, Norwegian and Swedish adverbs the different senses are described with a semantic type and a set of semantic features. A classification covering the many meanings that adverbs can have has been established and integrated in the original SIMPLE ontology. Similarly new features have been added to the model in order to describe the adverb senses. The working method of the project builds on the fact that the vocabularies of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are closely related. An encoding tool has been developed with the special purpose of permitting easy transfer of semantic types and features between entries in the three languages. The Danish adverb senses have been described first, based on the definition in a modern, comprehensive Danish dictionary. Afterwards the lemmas have been translated and the semantic data have been copied into the Swedish as well as into the Norwegian equivalent entry. Finally these copies have been evaluated and when necessary adjusted by native speakers. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,058 |
inproceedings | giouli-etal-2006-multi | Multi-domain Multi-lingual Named Entity Recognition: Revisiting {\&} Grounding the resources issue | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1390/ | Giouli, Voula and Konstandinidis, Alexis and Desypri, Elina and Papageorgiou, Harris | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper reports on the development methodology of a system aimed at multi-domain multi-lingual recognition and classification of names in texts, the focus being on the linguistic resources used for training and testing purposes. The corpus presented here has been collected and annotated in the framework of different projects the critical issue being the development of a final resource that is homogenous, re-usable and adaptable to different domains and languages with a view to robust multi-domain and multi-lingual NERC. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,059 |
inproceedings | passonneau-etal-2006-inter | Inter-annotator Agreement on a Multilingual Semantic Annotation Task | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1391/ | Passonneau, Rebecca and Habash, Nizar and Rambow, Owen | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Six sites participated in the Interlingual Annotation of Multilingual Text Corpora (IAMTC) project (Dorr et al., 2004; Farwell et al., 2004; Mitamura et al., 2004). Parsed versions of English translations of news articles in Arabic, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean and Spanish were annotated by up to ten annotators. Their task was to match open-class lexical items (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) to one or more concepts taken from the Omega ontology (Philpot et al., 2003), and to identify theta roles for verb arguments. The annotated corpus is intended to be a resource for meaning-based approaches to machine translation. Here we discuss inter-annotator agreement for the corpus. The annotation task is characterized by annotators freedom to select multiple concepts or roles per lexical item. As a result, the annotation categories are sets, the number of which is bounded only by the number of distinct annotator-lexical item pairs. We use a reliability metric designed to handle partial agreement between sets. The best results pertain to the part of the ontology derived from WordNet. We examine change over the course of the project, differences among annotators, and differences across parts of speech. Our results suggest a strong learning effect early in the project. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,060 |
inproceedings | passonneau-2006-measuring | Measuring Agreement on Set-valued Items ({MASI}) for Semantic and Pragmatic Annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1392/ | Passonneau, Rebecca | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Annotation projects dealing with complex semantic or pragmatic phenomena face the dilemma of creating annotation schemes that oversimplify the phenomena, or that capture distinctions conventional reliability metrics cannot measure adequately. The solution to the dilemma is to develop metrics that quantify the decisions that annotators are asked to make. This paper discusses MASI, distance metric for comparing sets, and illustrates its use in quantifying the reliability of a specific dataset. Annotations of Summary Content Units (SCUs) generate models referred to as pyramids which can be used to evaluate unseen human summaries or machine summaries. The paper presents reliability results for five pairs of pyramids created for document sets from the 2003 Document Understanding Conference (DUC). The annotators worked independently of each other. Differences between application of MASI to pyramid annotation and its previous application to co-reference annotation are discussed. In addition, it is argued that a paradigmatic reliability study should relate measures of inter-annotator agreement to independent assessments, such as significance tests of the annotated variables with respect to other phenomena. In effect, what counts as sufficiently reliable intera-annotator agreement depends on the use the annotated data will be put to. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,061 |
inproceedings | akiba-2006-exploiting | Exploiting Dynamic Passage Retrieval for Spoken Question Recognition and Context Processing towards Speech-driven Information Access Dialogue | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1393/ | Akiba, Tomoyosi | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Speech interfaces and dialogue processing abilities have promise for improving the utility of open-domain question answering (QA).We propose a novel method of resolving disambiguation problems arisen in those speech and dialogue enhanced QA tasks. The proposed method exploits passage retrieval, which is one of main components common in many QA systems. The basic idea of the method is that the similarity with some passage in the target documents can be used to select the appropriate question from the candidates. In this paper, we applied the method to solve two subtasks of QA, which are (1) N-best rescoring of LVCSR outputs, which selects a most appropriate candidate as a question sentence, in speech-driven QA (SDQA) task and (2) context processing, which compose a complete question sentence from a submitted incomplete one by using the elements appeared in the dialogue context, in information access dialogue (IAD) task. For both tasks, a dynamic passage retrieval is introduced to further improve the performance. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is quite effective in order to improve the performance of QA in both two tasks. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,062 |
inproceedings | verhagen-etal-2006-annotation | Annotation of Temporal Relations with Tango | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1394/ | Verhagen, Marc and Knippen, Robert and Mani, Inderjeet and Pustejovsky, James | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Temporal annotation is a complex task characterized by low markup speed and low inter-annotator agreements scores. Tango is a graphical annotation tool for temporal relations. It is developed for the TimeML annotation language and allows annotators to build a graph that resembles a timeline. Temporal relations are added by selecting events and drawing labeled arrows between them. Tango is integrated with a temporal closure component and includes features like SmartLink, user prompting and automatic linking of time expressions. Tango has been used to create two corpora with temporal annotation, TimeBank and the AQUAINT Opinion corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,063 |
inproceedings | paggio-2006-annotating | Annotating Information Structure in a Corpus of Spoken {D}anish | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1395/ | Paggio, Patrizia | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents the work done to annotate a corpus of spoken Danish with information structure tags, and describes a preliminary study in which the corpus has been used to investigate the relation between focus and intra-clausal pauses. The study indicates that the pauses that do fall within the focus domain tend to precede property-expressing words by which the object in focus is distinguished from other similar ones. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,064 |
inproceedings | quasthoff-etal-2006-corpus | Corpus Portal for Search in Monolingual Corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1396/ | Quasthoff, Uwe and Richter, Matthias and Biemann, Christian | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | A simple and flexible schema for storing and presenting monolingual language resources is proposed. In this format, data for 18 different languages is already available in various sizes. The data is provided free of charge for online use and download. The main target is to ease the application of algorithms for monolingual and interlingual studies. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,065 |
inproceedings | vanrullen-etal-2006-constraint | Constraint-Based Parsing as an Efficient Solution: Results from the Parsing Evaluation Campaign {EAS}y | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1397/ | Vanrullen, Tristan and Blache, Philippe and Balfourier, Jean-Marie | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the unfolding of the EASy evaluation campaign for french parsers as well as the techniques employed for the participation of laboratory LPL to this campaign. Three symbolic parsers based on a same resource and a same formalism (Property Grammars) are described and evaluated. The first results of this evaluation are analyzed and lead to the conclusion that symbolic parsing in a constraint-based formalism is efficient and robust. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,066 |
inproceedings | eisele-2006-parallel | Parallel Corpora and Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation for New Language Pairs via Multiple Intermediaries | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1398/ | Eisele, Andreas | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We present a large parallel corpus of texts published by the United Nations Organization, which we exploit for the creation ofphrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) systems for new language pairs. We present a setup where phrase tables for these language pairs are used for translation between languages for which parallel corpora of sufficient size are so far not available. We give some preliminary results for this novel application of SMT and discuss further refinements. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,067 |
inproceedings | rambow-etal-2006-parallel | Parallel Syntactic Annotation of Multiple Languages | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1399/ | Rambow, Owen and Dorr, Bonnie and Farwell, David and Green, Rebecca and Habash, Nizar and Helmreich, Stephen and Hovy, Eduard and Levin, Lori and Miller, Keith J. and Mitamura, Teruko and Reeder, Florence and Siddharthan, Advaith | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes an effort to investigate the incrementally deepening development of an interlingua notation, validated by human annotation of texts in English plus six languages. We begin with deep syntactic annotation, and in this paper present a series of annotation manuals for six different languages at the deep-syntactic level of representation. Many syntactic differences between languages are removed in the proposed syntactic annotation, making them useful resources for multilingual NLP projects with semantic components. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,068 |
inproceedings | galliano-etal-2006-corpus | Corpus description of the {ESTER} Evaluation Campaign for the Rich Transcription of {F}rench Broadcast News | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1400/ | Galliano, S. and Geoffrois, E. and Gravier, G. and Bonastre, J.-F. and Mostefa, D. and Choukri, K. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper presents the audio corpus developed in the framework of the ESTER evaluation campaign of French broadcast news transcription systems. This corpus includes 100 hours of manually annotated recordings and 1,677 hours of non transcribed data. The manual annotations include the detailed verbatim orthographic transcription, the speaker turns and identities, information about acoustic conditions, and name entities. Additional resources generated by automatic speech processing systems, such as phonetic alignments and word graphs, are also described. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,069 |
inproceedings | soler-etal-2006-usability | Usability evaluation of 3{G} multimodal services in Telef{\'o}nica M{\'o}viles Espa{\~n}a | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1401/ | Soler, Juan Jos{\'e} Rodr{\'i}guez and Cerezo, Pedro Concejero and {\'A}vila, Carlos L{\'a}zaro and Merino, Daniel Tapias | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Third generation (3G) services boost mobile multimodal interaction offering users richer communication alternatives for accessing different applications and information services. These 3G services provide more interaction alternatives as well as active learning possibilities than previous technologies but, at the same time, these facts increase the complexity of user interfaces. Therefore, usability in multimodal interfaces has become a key factor in the service design process. In this paper we present the work done to evaluate the usability of automatic video services based on avatars with real potential users of a video-voice mail service. We describe the methodology, the tests carried out and the results and conclusions of the study. This study addresses UMTS/3G problems like the interface model, the voice-image synchronization and the user attention and memory. All the user tests have been carried out using a mobile device to take into account the constraints imposed by the screen size and the presentation and interaction limitations of a current mobile phone. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,070 |
inproceedings | mihaltz-pohl-2006-exploiting | Exploiting Parallel Corpora for Supervised Word-Sense Disambiguation in {E}nglish-{H}ungarian Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1402/ | Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton and Pohl, G{\'a}bor | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present an experiment to automatically generate annotated training corpora for a supervised word sense disambiguation module operating in an English-Hungarian and a Hungarian-English machine translation system. Training examples for the WSD module of the MT system are produced by annotating ambiguous lexical items in the source language (words having several possible translations) with their proper target language translations. Since manually annotating training examples is very costly, we are experimenting with a method to produce examples automatically from parallel corpora. Our algorithm relies on monolingual and bilingual lexicons and dictionaries in addition to statistical methods in order to annotate examples extracted from a large English-Hungarian parallel corpus accurately aligned at sentence level. In the paper, we present an experiment with the English noun state, where we categorized the different occurrences in the Hunglish parallel corpus. For this noun, most of the examples were covered by multiword lexical items originating from our lexical sources. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,071 |
inproceedings | filipe-mamede-2006-framework | A Framework to Integrate Ubiquitous Knowledge Modeling | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1403/ | Filipe, Porf{\'i}rio and Mamede, Nuno | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes our contribution to let end users configure mixed-initiative spoken dialogue systems to suit their personalized goals. The main problem that we want to address is the reconfiguration of spoken language dialogue systems to deal with generic plug and play artifacts. Such reconfiguration can be seen as a portability problem and is a critical research issue. In order to solve this problem we describe a hybrid approach to design ubiquitous domain models that allows the dialogue system to perform recognition of available tasks on the fly. Our approach considers two kinds of domain knowledge: the global knowledge and the local knowledge. The global knowledge, that is modeled using a top-down approach, is associated at design time with the dialogue system itself. The local knowledge, that is modeled using a bottom-up approach, is defined with each one of the artifacts. When an artifact is activated or deactivated, a bilateral process, supported by a broker, updates the domain knowledge considering the artifact local knowledge. We assume that everyday artifacts are augmented with computational capabilities and semantic descriptions supported by their own knowledge model. A case study focusing a microwave oven is depicted. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,072 |
inproceedings | dellorletta-etal-2006-searching | Searching treebanks for functional constraints: cross-lingual experiments in grammatical relation assignment | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1404/ | Dell{'}Orletta, Felice and Lenci, Alessandro and Montemagni, Simonetta and Pirrelli, Vito | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper reports on a detailed quantitative analysis of distributional language data of both Italian and Czech, highlighting the relative contribution of a number of distributed grammatical factors to sentence-based identification of subjects and direct objects. The work is based on a Maximum Entropy model of stochastic resolution of grammatical conflicting constraints, and is demonstrably capable of putting explanatory theoretical accounts to the challenging test of an extensive, usage-based empirical verification. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,073 |
inproceedings | declerck-2006-synaf | {S}yn{AF}: Towards a Standard for Syntactic Annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1405/ | Declerck, Thierry | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In the paper we present the actual state of development of an international standard for syntactic annotation, called SynAF. This standard is being prepared by the Technical Committee ISO/TC 37 (Terminology and Other Language Resources), Subcommittee SC 4 (Language Resource Management), in collaboration with the European eContent Project LIRICS (Linguistic Infrastructure for Interoperable Resources and Systems). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,074 |
inproceedings | ayache-etal-2006-equer | {EQ}ue{R}: the {F}rench Evaluation campaign of Question-Answering Systems | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1406/ | Ayache, Christelle and Grau, Brigitte and Vilnat, Anne | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes the EQueR-EVALDA Evaluation Campaign, the French evaluation campaign of Question-Answering (QA) systems. The EQueR Evaluation Campaign included two tasks of automatic answer retrieval: the first one was a QA task over a heterogeneous collection of texts - mainly newspaper articles, and the second one a specialised one in the Medical field over a corpus of medical texts. In total, seven groups participated in the General task and five groups participated in the Medical task. For the General task, the best system obtained 81.46{\%} of correct answers during the evalaution of the passages, while it obtained 67.24{\%} during the evaluation of the short answers. We describe herein the specifications, the corpora, the evaluation, the phase of judgment of results, the scoring phase and the results for the two different types of evaluation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,075 |
inproceedings | nascimento-etal-2006-african | The {A}frican Varieties of {P}ortuguese: Compiling Comparable Corpora and Analyzing Data-Derived Lexicon | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1407/ | Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Jos{\'e} Bettencourt and Pereira, Lu{\'i}sa and Estrela, Ant{\'o}nia and Pereira, Afonso and Santos, Rui and Oliveira, Sancho M. | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Linguistic Resources for the Study of the Portuguese African Varieties is an ongoing project that aims at the constitution, treatment, analysis and availability of a corpus of the African varieties of Portuguese, with 3 million words of written and spoken texts, constituted by five comparable subcorpora, corresponding to the varieties of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe. This material will allow intra and intercorpora comparative studies, which will make visible variations that result from discursive and pragmatic differences of each corpus and aspects of linguistic unity or diversity that characterise the spoken Portuguese of this referred five African countries. The five corpora are comparable in size (600,000 words each), in chronology (the last 30 years) and in types and genres (24,000 spoken words and c. 580,000 written words, the last belonging to newspapers, literature and varia). The corpus is automatically annotated and after the extraction of alphabetical lists of lexical forms, these data will be automatically lemmatised. Five separated lists of vocabulary for each variety will be established. A tool for word extraction and preferential calculus according to predefined indexes in order to achieve lexicon comparison of the African Portuguese Varieties is being developed. Concordances extraction will be also performed. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,076 |
inproceedings | tsou-kwong-2006-toward | Toward a Pan-{C}hinese Thesaurus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1408/ | Tsou, Benjamin K. and Kwong, Oi Yee | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we propose a corpus-based approach to the construction of a Pan-Chinese lexical resource, starting out with the aim to enrich existing Chinese thesauri in the Pan-Chinese context. The resulting thesaurus is thus expected to contain not only the core senses and usages of Chinese lexical items but also usages specific to individual Chinese speech communities. We introduce the ideas behind the construction of the resource, outline the steps to be taken, and discuss some preliminary analyses. The work is backed up by a unique and large Chinese synchronous corpus containing textual data from various Chinese speech communities including Hong Kong, Beijing, Taipei and Singapore. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,077 |
inproceedings | oostdijk-boves-2006-user | User requirements analysis for the design of a reference corpus of written {D}utch | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1409/ | Oostdijk, Nelleke and Boves, Lou | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The Dutch Language Corpus Initiative (D-Coi) project aims to specify the design of a 500-million-word reference corpus of written Dutch, and to put the tools and procedures in place that are needed to actually construct such a corpus. One of the tasks in the project is to conduct a user requirements study that should provide the basis for the eventual design of the 500-million-word reference corpus. The present paper outlines the user requirements analysis and reports the results so far. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,078 |
inproceedings | grau-etal-2006-frasques | {FRASQUES}: A Question Answering system in the {EQ}ue{R} evaluation campaign | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1410/ | Grau, Brigitte and Ligozat, Anne-Laure and Robba, Isabelle and Vilnat, Anne and Monceaux, Laura | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Question-answering (QA) systems aim at providing either a small passage or just the answer to a question in natural language. We have developed several QA systems that work on both English and French. This way, we are able to provide answers to questions given in both languages by searching documents in both languages also. In this article, we present our French monolingual system FRASQUES which participated in the EQueR evaluation campaign of QA systems for French in 2004. First, the QA architecture common to our systems is shown. Then, for every step of the QA process, we consider which steps are language-independent, and for those that are language-dependent, the tools or processes that need to be adapted to switch for one language to another. Finally, our results at EQueR are given and commented; an error analysis is conducted, and the kind of knowledge needed to answer a question is studied. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,079 |
inproceedings | hodasz-2006-evaluation | Evaluation Methods of a Linguistically Enriched Translation Memory System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1411/ | Hod{\'a}sz, G{\'a}bor | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper gives an overview of the evaluation methods of memory-based translation systems: Translation Memories (TM) and Example Based Machine Translation (EBMT) systems. After a short comparison with the well-discussed methods of evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) Systems we give a brief overview of current methodology on memory-based applications. We propose a new aspect, which takes the content of memory into account: a measure to describe the correspondence between the memory and the current segment to translate. We also offer a brief survey of a linguistically enriched translation memory on which these new methods will be tested. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,080 |
inproceedings | amsalu-2006-data | Data-driven {A}mharic-{E}nglish Bilingual Lexicon Acquisition | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1413/ | Amsalu, Saba | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a simple approach of statistical language modelling for bilingual lexicon acquisition from Amharic-English parallel corpora. The goal is to induce a seed translation lexicon from sentence-aligned corpora. The seed translation lexicon contains matches of Amharic lexemes to weekly inflected English words. Purely statistical measures of term distribution are used as the basis for finding correlations between terms. An authentic scoring scheme is codified based on distributional properties of words. For low frequency terms a two step procedure of: first a rough alignment; and then an automatic filtering to sift the output and improve the precision is made. Given the disparity of the languages and the small size of corpora used the results demonstrate the viability of the approach. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,082 |
inproceedings | tiedemann-2006-isa | {ISA} {\&} {ICA} - Two Web Interfaces for Interactive Alignment of Bitexts alignment of parallel texts | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1414/ | Tiedemann, J{\"org | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | ISA and ICA are two web interfaces for interactive alignment of parallel texts. ISA provides an interface for automatic and manual sentence alignment. It includes cognate filters and uses structural markup to improve automatic alignment and provides intuitive tools for editing them. Alignment results can be saved to disk or sent via e-mail. ICA provides an interface to the clue aligner from the Uplug toolbox. It allows one to set various parameters and visualizes alignment results in a two-dimensional matrix. Word alignments can be edited and saved to disk. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,083 |
inproceedings | strauss-etal-2006-wizard | {W}izard-of-{O}z Data Collection for Perception and Interaction in Multi-User Environments | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1415/ | Strau{\ss, Petra-Maria and Hoffman, Holger and Minker, Wolfgang and Neumann, Heiko and Palm, G{\"unther and Scherer, Stefan and Schwenker, Friedhelm and Traue, Harald and Walter, Welf and Weidenbacher, Ulrich | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present the setup of an extensive Wizard-of-Oz environment used for the data collection and the development of a dialogue system. The envisioned Perception and Interaction Assistant will act as an independent dialogue partner. Passively observing the dialogue between the two human users with respect to a limited domain, the system should take the initiative and get meaningfully involved in the communication process when required by the conversational situation. The data collection described here involves audio and video data. We aim at building a rich multi-media data corpus to be used as a basis for our research which includes, inter alia, speech and gaze direction recognition, dialogue modelling and proactivity of the system. We further aspire to obtain data with emotional content to perfom research on emotion recognition, psychopysiological and usability analysis. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,084 |
inproceedings | underwood-lisowska-2006-evolution | The Evolution of an Evaluation Framework for a Text Mining System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1416/ | Underwood, Nancy L. and Lisowska, Agnes | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The Parmenides project developed a text mining application applied in three different domains exemplified by case studies for the three user partners in the project. During the lifetime of the project (and in parallel with the development of the system itself) an evaluation framework was developed by the authors in conjunction with the users, and was eventually applied to the system. The object of the exercise was two-fold: firstly to develop and perform a complete user-centered evaluation of the system to assess how well it answered the users' requirements and, secondly, to develop a general framework which could be applied in the context of other users' requirements and (with some modification) to similar systems. In this paper we describe not only the framework but the process of building and parameterising the quality model for each case study and, perhaps most interestingly, the way in which the quality model and users' requirements and expectations evolved over time. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,085 |
inproceedings | westerhout-monachesi-2006-pilot | A pilot study for a Corpus of {D}utch Aphasic Speech ({C}o{DAS}) | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1417/ | Westerhout, Eline and Monachesi, Paola | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, a pilot study for the development of a corpus of Dutch Aphasic Speech (CoDAS) is presented. Given the lack of resources of this kind not only for Dutch but also for other languages, CoDAS will be able to set standards and will contribute to the future research in this area. Given the special character of the speech contained in CoDAS, we cannot simply carry over the design and annotation protocols of existing corpora, such as the Corpus Gesproken Nederlands or CHILDES. However, they have been assumed as starting point. We have investigated whether and how the procedures and protocols for the annotation (part-of-speech tagging) and transcription (orthographic and phonetic) used for the CGN should be adapted in order to annotate and transcribe aphasic speech properly. Besides, we have established the basic requirements with respect to text types, metadata, and annotation levels that CoDAS should fulfill. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,086 |
inproceedings | bungeroth-etal-2006-german | A {G}erman {S}ign {L}anguage Corpus of the Domain Weather Report | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1418/ | Bungeroth, Jan and Stein, Daniel and Dreuw, Philippe and Zahedi, Morteza and Ney, Hermann | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | All systems for automatic sign language translation and recognition, in particular statistical systems, rely on adequately sized corpora. For this purpose, we created the Phoenix corpus that is based on German television weather reports translated into German Sign Language. It comes with a rich annotation of the video data, a bilingual text-based sentence corpus and a monolingual German corpus. All systems for automatic sign language translation and recognition, in particular statistical systems, rely on adequately sized corpora. For this purpose, we created the Phoenix corpus that is based on German television weather reports translated into German Sign Language. It comes with a rich annotation of the video data, a bilingual text-based sentence corpus and a monolingual German corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,087 |
inproceedings | bartolini-etal-2006-creation | Creation and Use of Lexicons and Ontologies for {NL} Interfaces to Databases | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1419/ | Bartolini, Roberto and Caracciolo, Caterina and Giovanetti, Emiliano and Lenci, Alessandro and Marchi, Simone and Pirrelli, Vito and Renso, Chiara and Spinsanti, Laura | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present an original approach to natural language query interpretation which has been implemented withinthe FuLL (Fuzzy Logic and Language) Italian project of BC S.r.l. In particular, we discuss here the creation of linguisticand ontological resources, together with the exploitation of existing ones, for natural language-driven database access andretrieval. Both the database and the queries we experiment with are Italian, but the methodology we broach naturally extends to other languages. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,088 |
inproceedings | mulloni-pekar-2006-automatic | Automatic Detection of Orthographics Cues for Cognate Recognition | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1420/ | Mulloni, Andrea and Pekar, Viktor | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Present-day machine translation technologies crucially depend on the size and quality of lexical resources. Much of recent research in the area has been concerned with methods to build bilingual dictionaries automatically. In this paper we propose a methodology for the automatic detection of cognates between two languages based solely on the orthography of words. From a set of known cognates, the method induces rules capturing regularities of orthographic mutations that a word undergoes when migrating from one language into the other. The rules are then applied as a preprocessing step before measuring the orthographic similarity between putative cognates. As a result, the method allows to achieve an improvement in the F-measure of 11,86{\%} in comparison with detecting cognates based only on the edit distance between them. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,089 |
inproceedings | baldwin-awab-2006-open | Open Source Corpus Analysis Tools for {M}alay | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1421/ | Baldwin, Timothy and Awab, Su{'}ad | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Tokenisers, lemmatisers and POS taggers are vital to the linguistic and digital furtherment of any language. In this paper, we present an open source toolkit for Malay incorporating a word and sentence tokeniser, a lemmatiser and a partial POS tagger, based on heavy reuse of pre-existing language resources. We outline the software architecture of each component, and present an evaluation of each over a 26K word sample of Malay text. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,090 |
inproceedings | ibekwe-sanjuan-2006-task | A task-oriented framework for evaluating theme detection systems: A discussion paper | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1422/ | Ibekwe-Sanjuan, Fidelia | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper discusses the inherent difficulties in evaluating systems for theme detection. Such systems are based essentially on unsupervised clustering aiming to discover the underlying structure in a corpus of texts. As the structures are precisely unknown beforehand, it is difficult to devise a satisfactory evaluation protocol. Several problems are posed by cluster evaluation: determining the optimal number of clusters, cluster content evaluation, topology of the discovered structure. Each of these problems has been studied separately but some of the proposed metrics portray significant flaws. Moreover, no benchmark has been commonly agreed upon. Finally, it is necessary to distinguish between task-oriented and activity-oriented evaluation as the two frameworks imply different evaluation protocols. Possible solutions to the activity-oriented evaluation can be sought from the data and text mining communities. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,091 |
inproceedings | moreno-etal-2006-generation | Generation of Language Resources for the Development of Speech Technologies in {C}atalan | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1423/ | Moreno, A. and Febrer, Albert and M{\'a}rquez, Lluis | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes a joint initiative of the Catalan and Spanish Government to produce Language Resources for the Catalan language. A similar methodology to the Basic Language Resource Kit (BLARK) concept was applied to determine the priorities on the production of the Language Resources. The paper shows the LR and tools currently available for the Catalan Language both for Language and Speech technologies. The production of large databases for Automatic Speech Recognition purposes already started. All the resources generated in the project follow EU standards, will be validated by an external centre and will be free and public available through ELRA. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,092 |
inproceedings | puscasu-mitkov-2006-establishing | If {\textquotedblleft}it{\textquotedblright} were {\textquotedblleft}then{\textquotedblright}, then when was {\textquotedblleft}it{\textquotedblright}? Establishing the anaphoric role of {\textquotedblleft}then{\textquotedblright} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1424/ | Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana and Mitkov, Ruslan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The adverb ``then'' is among the most frequent Englishtemporal adverbs, being also capable of filling a variety of semantic roles. The identification of anaphoric usages of ``then``is important for temporal expression resolution, while thetemporal relationship usage is important for event ordering. Given that previous work has not tackled the identification and temporal resolution of anaphoric ``then'', this paper presents a machine learning approach for setting apart anaphoric usages and a rule-based normaliser that resolves it with respect to an antecedent. The performance of the two modules is evaluated. The present paper also describes the construction of an annotated corpus and the subsequent derivation of training data required by the machine learning module. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,093 |
inproceedings | tron-etal-2006-morphdb | {M}orphdb.hu: {H}ungarian lexical database and morphological grammar | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1425/ | Tr{\'o}n, Viktor and Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter and Rebrus, P{\'e}ter and Rung, Andr{\'a}s and Vajda, P{\'e}ter and Simon, Eszter | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes morphdb.hu, a Hungarian lexical database and morphological grammar. Morphdb.hu is the outcome of a several-year collaborative effort and represents the resource with the widest coverage and broadest range of applicability presently available for Hungarian. The grammar resource is the formalization of well-founded theoretical decisions handling inflection and productive derivation. The lexical database was created by merging three independent lexical databases, and the resulting resource was further extended. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,094 |
inproceedings | le-etal-2006-lexicalized | A {L}exicalized {T}ree-{A}djoining {G}rammar for {V}ietnamese | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1426/ | Le, H. Phuong and Nguyen, T. M. Huyen and Romary, Laurent and Roussanaly, Azim | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper, we present the first sizable grammar built for Vietnamese using LTAG, developed over the past two years, named vnLTAG. This grammar aims at modelling written language and is general enough to be both application- and domain-independent. It can be used for the morpho-syntactic tagging and syntactic parsing of Vietnamese texts, as well as text generation. We then present a robust parsing scheme using vnLTAG and a parser for the grammar. We finish with an evaluation using a test suite. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,095 |
inproceedings | cinkova-etal-2006-semi | Semi-automatic Building of {S}wedish Collocation Lexicon | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1427/ | Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie and Pecina, Pavel and Podvesk{\'y}, Petr and Schlesinger, Pavel | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This work focuses on semi-automatic extraction of verb-noun collocations from a corpus, performed to provide lexical evidence for the manual lexicographical processing of Support Verb Constructions (SVCs) in the Swedish-Czech Combinatorial Valency Lexicon of Predicate Nouns. Efficiency of pure manual extractionprocedure is significantly improved by utilization of automatic statistical methods based lexical association measures. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,096 |
inproceedings | oliver-szklanny-2006-creation | Creation and analysis of a {P}olish speech database for use in unit selection synthesis | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1428/ | Oliver, Dominika and Szklanny, Krzysztof | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The main aim of this study is to describe the process of creating a speech database to be used in corpus based text-to-speech synthesis. To help achieve natural sounding speech synthesis, the database construction was aimed at rich phonetic and prosodic coverage based on variable length units (phoneme, diphone, triphone) from different phonetic and prosodic contexts. Following previous work on determining the optimal coverage (Szklanny and Oliver, 2005), text selection was based on the existing text corpus containing parliamentary statements. Corpus balancing was followed by recording of the material. Automatic segmentation was performed, followed by both an automatic and manual check of the data to determine speaker specific phenomena and correct the labelling. Additionally, prosodic annotation involving assignment of the intonation contours was performed in order to assess the accent realisation and determine the prosodic coverage of the database. The prototype speech synthesiser was built to determine the validity of the above steps and test the resulting voice quality. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,097 |
inproceedings | kinoshita-etal-2006-cogroo | {C}o{G}r{OO}: a {B}razilian-{P}ortuguese Grammar Checker based on the {CETENFOLHA} Corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1429/ | Kinoshita, Jorge and Salvador, La{\'i}s do Nascimento and de Menezes, Carlos Eduardo Dantas | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | This paper describes an ongoing Portuguese Language grammar checker project, called CoGrOO1-Corretor Gramatical para OpenOffice (Grammar Checker for OpenOffice), based on CETENFOLHA, a Brazilian Portuguese morphosyntactic annotated Corpus. Two of its features are highlighted: - hybrid architecture, mixing rules and statistics; - free software project. This project aims at checking grammatical errors such as nominal and verbal agreement, crase (the coalescence of preposition a (to) + definitive singular determiner a yielding {\`a}), nominal and verbal government and other common errors in Brazilian Portuguese Language. We also present some empirical results based on the implemented techniques. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,098 |
inproceedings | schaden-2006-evaluation | Evaluation of Automatically Generated Transcriptions of Non-Native Pronunciations using a Phonetic Distance Measure | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1430/ | Schaden, Stefan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The paper reports on the evaluation of a rule-based technique to model prototypical non-native pronunciation variants on the symbolic transcription level. This technique was developed to explore the possibility of an automatic generation of adapted pronunciation lexicons for different non-native speaker groups. The rule sets, which are currently available for nine language directions, are based on non-native speech data compiled specifically for this purpose. Since manual phonetic annotations are available for the speech data, the evaluation was performed on the transcription level by measuring the phonetic distance of the automatically generated pronunciations variants and actual pronunciations of non-native speakers. One of the central questions to be addressed by the evaluation is whether the rules have any predictive value: It has to be determined if and to what degree the rules are capable of generating realistic pronunciation variants for previously unseen speakers. Secondly, the rules should not only represent the pronunciations of individual speakers adequately; instead, they should be representative of speaker groups (cross-speaker representation). The paper outlines the evaluation methodology and presents results for selected language directions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,099 |
inproceedings | chiari-2006-slips | Slips and errors in spoken data transcription | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1431/ | Chiari, Isabella | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The present work illustrates the main results of an experiment on errors and repairs in spoken language transcription, with significant relevance for the evaluation of validity, reliability and correctness of transcriptions of speech belonging to several different typologies, set for the annotation of spoken corpora. In particular, we dealt with errors and repair strategies that appear on the first drafts of the transcription process that are not easily detectable with automatic post-editing procedures. 20 participants were asked to give an accurate transcription of 22 short utterances, repeated from one to four times, belonging two non-spontaneous (10) and spontaneous conversation (10). Error analysis suggests a general preference for meaning preservation even after the alteration of the original form, and for the preference for certain error patterns and repair strategies. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,100 |
inproceedings | ueyama-2006-evaluation | Evaluation of Web-based Corpora: Effects of Seed Selection and Time Interval | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1432/ | Ueyama, Motoko | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Recently, there have been efforts to construct written corpora by using the WWW. A promising approach to build Web corpora is to run automated queries to search engines and download pages found in this way. This makes it possible to build corpora rapidly and economically, but we cannot control what are contained in resulting corpora. Under these circumstances, it is important to verify the general nature of Web corpora. This study, in particular, investigated effects of two essential factors on three Japanese corpora that we built: seed terms used for queries; and time interval between different corpus construction sessions, which measures the stability of query results over time. We evaluated the corpora qualitatively, in terms of domains, genres and typical lexical items. Results show these two patterns: 1) both seed selection and time interval affect the distribution of text and lexicon; 2) the effect of seed selection is much stronger. The prominent effect of seed selection suggests that a good understanding of the cause-and-effect relation between seeds and retrieved documents is an important step to gain some control over the characteristics of Web corpora, in particular, for the construction of general corpora meant to represent a language as a whole. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,101 |
inproceedings | iria-etal-2006-incremental | An Incremental Tri-Partite Approach To Ontology Learning | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1433/ | Iria, Jos{\'e} and Brewster, Christopher and Ciravegna, Fabio and Wilks, Yorick | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | In this paper we present a new approach to ontology learning. Its basis lies in a dynamic and iterative view of knowledge acquisition for ontologies. The Abraxas approach is founded on three resources, a set of texts, a set of learning patterns and a set of ontological triples, each of which must remain in equilibrium. As events occur which disturb this equilibrium various actions are triggered to re- establish a balance between the resources. Such events include acquisition of a further text from external resources such as the Web or the addition of ontological triples to the ontology. We develop the concept of a knowledge gap between the coverage of an ontology and the corpus of texts as a measure triggering actions. We present an overview of the algorithm and its functionalities. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,102 |
inproceedings | pellegrini-lamel-2006-experimental | Experimental detection of vowel pronunciation variants in {A}mharic | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1434/ | Pellegrini, Thomas and Lamel, Lori | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | The pronunciation lexicon is a fundamental element in an automatic speech transcription system. It associates each lexical entry (usually a grapheme), with one or more phonemic or phone-like forms, the pronunciation variants. Thorough knowledge of the target language is a priori necessary to establish the pronunciation baseforms and variants. The reliance on human expertise can pose difficulties in developing a system for a language where such knowledge may not be readily available. In this article a speech recognizer is used to help select pronunciation variants in Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, focusing on alternate choices for vowels. This study is carried out using an audio corpus composed of 37 hours of speech from radio broadcasts which were orthographically transcribed by native speakers. Since the corpus is relatively small for estimating pronunciation variants, a first set of studies were carried out at a syllabic level. Word lexica were then constructed based on the observed syllable occurences. Automatic alignments were compared for lexica containing different vowel variants, with both context-independent and context-dependent acoustic models sets. The variant2+ measure proposed in (Adda-Decker and Lamel, 1999) is used to assess the potential need for pronunciation variants. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,103 |
inproceedings | catizone-etal-2006-evaluating | Evaluating Automatically Generated Timelines from the Web | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1435/ | Catizone, Roberta and Dalli, Angelo and Wilks, Yorick | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | As web searches increase, there is a need to represent the search results in the most comprehensible way possible. In particular, we focus on search results from queries about people and places. The standard method for presentation of search results is an ordered list determined by the Web search engine. Although this is satisfactory in some cases, when searching for people and places, presenting the information indexed by time may be more desirable. We are developing a system called Cronopath, which generates a timeline of web search engine results by determining the time frame of each document in the collection and linking elements in the timeline to the relevant articles. In this paper, we propose evaluation guidelines for judging the quality of automatically generated timelines based on a set of common features. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,104 |
inproceedings | kruijff-korbayova-etal-2006-sammie | The {SAMMIE} Corpus of Multimodal Dialogues with an {MP}3 Player | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1436/ | Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana and Becker, Tilman and Blaylock, Nate and Gerstenberger, Ciprian and Kai{\ss}er, Michael and Poller, Peter and Rieser, Verena and Schehl, Jan | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | We describe a corpus of multimodal dialogues with an MP3player collected in Wizard-of-Oz experiments and annotated with a richfeature set at several layers. We are using the Nite XML Toolkit (NXT) to represent and further process the data. We designed an NXTdata model, converted experiment log file data and manualtranscriptions into NXT, and are building tools for additionalannotation using NXT libraries. The annotated corpus will be used to (i) investigate various aspects of multimodal presentation andinteraction strategies both within and across annotation layers; (ii) design an initial policy for reinforcement learning of multimodalclarification requests. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,105 |
inproceedings | passonneau-etal-2006-climb | {CL}i{MB} {T}ool{K}it: A Case Study of Iterative Evaluation in a Multidisciplinary Project | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1437/ | Passonneau, Rebecca and Blitz, Roberta and Elson, David and Giral, Angela and Klavans, Judith | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Digital image collections in libraries and other curatorial institutions grow too rapidly to create new descriptive metadata for subject matter search or browsing. CLiMB (Computational Linguistics for Metadata Building) was a project designed to address this dilemma that involved computer scientists, linguists, librarians, and art librarians. The CLiMB project followed an iterative evaluation model: each next phase of the project emerged from the results of an evaluation. After assembling a suite of text processing tools to be used in extracting metada, we conducted a formative evaluation with thirteen participants, using a survey in which we varied the order and type of four conditions under which respondents would propose or select image search terms. Results of the formative evaluation led us to conclude that a CLiMB ToolKit would work best if its main function was to propose terms for users to review. After implementing a prototype ToolKit using a browser interface, we conducted an evaluation with ten experts. Users found the ToolKit very habitable, remained consistently satisfied throughout a lengthy evaluation, and selected a large number of terms per image. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,106 |
inproceedings | rumshisky-pustejovsky-2006-inducing | Inducing Sense-Discriminating Context Patterns from Sense-Tagged Corpora | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel | may | 2006 | Genoa, Italy | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L06-1438/ | Rumshisky, Anna and Pustejovsky, James | Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06) | null | Traditionally, context features used in word sense disambiguation are based on collocation statistics and use only minimal syntactic and semantic information. Corpus Pattern Analysis is a technique for producing knowledge-rich context features that capture sense distinctions. It involves (1) identifying sense-carrying context patterns and using the derived context features to discriminate between the unseen instances. Both stages require manual seeding. In this paper, we show how to automate inducing sense-discriminating context features from a sense-tagged corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 88,107 |
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