polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

campbell-etal-2006-multimedia

Multimedia Database of Meetings and Informal Interactions for Tracking Participant Involvement and Discourse Flow

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1130/

Campbell, Nick and Sadanobu, Toshiyuki and Imura, Masataka and Iwahashi, Naoto and Noriko, Suzuki and Douxchamps, Damien

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

At ATR, we are collecting and analysing meetings data using a table-top sensor device consisting of a small 360-degree camera surrounded by an array of high-quality directional microphones. This equipment provides a stream of information about the audio and visual events of the meeting which is then processed to form a representation of the verbal and non-verbal interpersonal activity, or discourse flow, during the meeting. This paper describes the resulting corpus of speech and video data which is being collected for the abovere search. It currently includes data from 12 monthly sessions, comprising 71 video and 33 audio modules. Collection is continuingmonthly and is scheduled to include another ten sessions.

null

87,802

inproceedings

wang-etal-2006-towards

Towards Unified {C}hinese Segmentation Algorithm

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1131/

Wang, Fu Lee and Deng, Xiaotie and Zou, Feng

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

As Chinese is an ideographic character-based language, the words in the texts are not delimited by spaces. Indexing of Chinese documents is impossible without a proper segmentation algorithm. Many Chinese segmentation algorithms have been proposed in the past. Traditional segmentation algorithms cannot operate without a large dictionary or a large corpus of training data. Nowadays, the Web has become the largest corpus that is ideal for Chinese segmentation. Although the search engines do not segment texts into proper words, they maintain huge databases of documents and frequencies of character sequences in the documents. Their databases are important potential resources for segmentation. In this paper, we propose a segmentation algorithm by mining web data with the help from search engines. It is the first unified segmentation algorithm for Chinese language from different geographical areas. Experiments have been conducted on the datasets of a recent Chinese segmentation competition. The results show that our algorithm outperforms the traditional algorithms in terms of precision and recall. Moreover, our algorithm can effectively deal with the problem of segmentation ambiguity, new word (unknown word) detection, and stop words.

null

87,803

inproceedings

samy-etal-2006-building

Building a Parallel Multilingual Corpus ({A}rabic-{S}panish-{E}nglish)

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1132/

Samy, Doaa and Sandoval, Antonio Moreno and Guirao, Jos{\'e} M. and Alfonseca, Enrique

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents the results (1st phase) of the on-going research in the Computational Linguistics Laboratory at Aut{\'o}noma University of Madrid (LLI-UAM) aiming at the development of a multi-lingual parallel corpus (Arabic-Spanish-English) aligned on the sentence level and tagged on the POS level. A multilingual parallel corpus which brings together Arabic, Spanish and English is a new resource for the NLP community that completes the present panorama of parallel corpora. In the first part of this study, we introduce the novelty of our approach and the challenges encountered to create such a corpus. This introductory part highlights the main features of the corpus and the criteria applied during the selection process. The second part focuses on two main stages: basic processing (tokenization and segmentation) and alignment. Methodology of alignment is explained in detail and results obtained in the three different linguistic pairs are compared. POS tagging and tools used in this stage are discussed in the third part. The final output is available in two versions: the non-aligned version and the aligned one. The latter adopts the TMX (Translation Memory Exchange) standard format. At the end, the section dedicated to the future work points out the key stages concerned with extending the corpus and the studies that can benefit, directly or indirectly, from such a resource.

null

87,804

inproceedings

byron-fosler-lussier-2006-osu

The {OSU} Quake 2004 corpus of two-party situated problem-solving dialogs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1133/

Byron, Donna K. and Fosler-Lussier, Eric

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This report describes the Ohio State University Quake 2004 corpus of English spontaneous task-oriented two-person situated dialog. The corpus was collected using a first-person display of an interior space (rooms, corridors, stairs) in which the partners collaborate on a treasure hunt task. The corpus contains exciting new features such as deictic and exophoric reference, language that is calibrated against the spatial arrangement of objects in the world, and partial-observability of the task world imposed by the perceptual limitations inherent in the physical arrangement of the world. The corpus differs from prior dialog collections which intentionally restricted the interacting subjects from sharing any perceptual context, and which allowed one subject (the direction-giver or system) to have total knowledge of the state of the task world. The corpus consists of audio/video recordings of each person`s experience in the virtual world and orthographic transcriptions. The virtual world can also be used by other researchers who want to conduct additional studies using this stimulus.

null

87,805

inproceedings

islam-inkpen-2006-second

Second Order Co-occurrence {PMI} for Determining the Semantic Similarity of Words

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1134/

Islam, Md. Aminul and Inkpen, Diana

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents a new corpus-based method for calculating the semantic similarity of two target words. Our method, called Second Order Co-occurrencePMI (SOC-PMI), uses Pointwise Mutual Information to sort lists of important neighbor words of the two target words. Then we consider the words which are common in both lists and aggregate their PMI values (from the opposite list) to calculate the relative semantic similarity. Our method was empirically evaluated using Miller and Charlers (1991) 30 noun pair subset, Ruben-stein and Goodenoughs (1965) 65 noun pairs, 80 synonym test questions from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), and 50 synonym test questions from a collection of English as a Second Language (ESL) tests. Evaluation results show that our method outperforms several competing corpus-based methods.

null

87,806

inproceedings

kiyota-nakagawa-2006-domain

A Domain Ontology Production Tool Kit Based on Automatically Constructed Case Frames

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1135/

Kiyota, Yoji and Nakagawa, Hiroshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper proposes a tool kit to produce a domain ontology for text mining, based on case frames automatically constructed from a raw corpus of a specific domain. Since case frames are strongly related to implicit facts hidden in large domain-specific corpora, we can say that case frames are a promising device for text mining. The aim of the tool kit is to enable automatic analysis of event reports, from which implicit factors of the events are to be extracted. The tool kit enables us to produce a domain ontology by iterating associative retrieval of case frames and manual refinement. In this study, the tool kit is applied to the Japan Airlines pilot report collection, and a domain ontology of contributing factors in the civil aviation domain is experimentally produced. A lot of interesting examples are found in the ontology. In addition, a brief examination of the production process shows the efficiency of the tool kit.

null

87,807

inproceedings

taib-ruiz-2006-tangible

Tangible Objects for the Acquisition of Multimodal Interaction Patterns

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1136/

Taib, Ronnie and Ruiz, Natalie

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Multimodal user interfaces offer more intuitive interaction for end-users, however, usually only through predefined input schemes. This paper describes a user experiment for multimodal interaction pattern identification, using head gesture and speech inputs for a 3D graph manipulation. We show that a direct mapping between head gestures and the 3D object predominates, however even for such a simple task inputs vary greatly between users, and do not exhibit any clustering pattern. Also, in spite of the high degree of expressiveness of linguistic modalities, speech commands in particular tend to use a limited vocabulary. We observed a common set of verb and adverb compounds in a majority of users. In conclusion, we recommend that multimodal user interfaces be individually customisable or adaptive to users interaction preferences.

null

87,808

inproceedings

novak-hajic-2006-perspectives

Perspectives of Turning {P}rague Dependency Treebank into a Knowledge Base

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1137/

Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav and Haji{\v{c}}, Jan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Recently, the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 (PDT 2.0) has emerged as the largest text corpora annotated on the level of tectogrammatical representation (linguistic meaning) described in Sgall et al. (2004) and containing about 0.8 milion words (see Hajic (2004)). We hope that this level of annotation is so close to the meaning of the utterances contained in the corpora that it should enable us to automatically transform texts contained in the corpora to the form of knowledge base, usable for information extraction, question answering, summarization, etc. We can use Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks (MultiNet) described in Helbig (2006) as the target formalism. In this paper we discuss the suitability of such approach and some of the main issues that will arise in the process. In section 1, we introduce formalisms underlying PDT 2.0 and MultiNet, in section 2. We describe the role MultiNet can play in the system of Functional Generative Description (FGD), section 3 discusses issues of automatic conversion to MultiNet and section 4 gives some conclusions.

null

87,809

inproceedings

granfeldt-etal-2006-cefle

{CEFLE} and Direkt Profil: a New Computer Learner Corpus in {F}rench {L}2 and a System for Grammatical Profiling

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1138/

Granfeldt, Jonas and Nugues, Pierre and {\r{A}}gren, Malin and Thulin, Jonas and Persson, Emil and Schlyter, Suzanne

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The importance of computer learner corpora for research in both second language acquisition and foreign language teaching is rapidly increasing. Computer learner corpora can provide us with data to describe the learners interlanguage system at different points of its development and they can be used to create pedagogical tools. In this paper, we first present a new computer learner corpus in French. We then describe an analyzer called Direkt Profil, that we have developed using this corpus. The system carries out a sentence analysis based on developmental sequences, i.e. local morphosyntactic phenomena linked to a development in the acquisition of French as a foreign language. We present a brief introduction to developmental sequences and some examples in French. In the final section, we introduce and evaluate a method to optimize the definition and detection of learner profiles using machine-learning techniques.

null

87,810

inproceedings

yang-etal-2006-development

Development of a phoneme-to-phoneme (p2p) converter to improve the grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) conversion of names

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1139/

Yang, Qian and Martens, Jean-Pierre and Konings, Nanneke and van den Heuvel, Henk

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

It is acknowledged that a good phonemic transcription of proper names is imperative for the success of many modern speech-based services such as directory assistance, car navigation, etc. It is also known that state-of-the-art general-purpose grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) converters perform rather poorly on many name categories. This paper proposes to use a g2p-p2p tandem comprising a state-of-the-art general-purpose g2p converter that produces an initial transcription and a name category specific phoneme-to-phoneme (p2p) converter that aims at correcting the mistakes made by the g2p converter. The main body of the paper describes a novel methodology for the automatic construction of the p2p converter. The methodology is implemented in a software toolbox that will be made publicly available in a form that will permit the user to design a p2p converter for an arbitrary name category. To give a proof of concept, the toolbox was used for the development of three p2p converters for first names, surnames and geographical names respectively. The obtained systems are small (few rules) and effective: significant improvements (up to 50{\%} relative) of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion are obtained. These encouraging results call for a further development and improvement of the approach.

null

87,811

inproceedings

jung-etal-2006-recurrent

Recurrent {M}arkov Cluster ({RMCL}) Algorithm for the Refinement of the Semantic Network

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1140/

Jung, Jaeyoung and Miyake, Maki and Akam, Hiroyuki

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The purpose of this work is to propose a new methodology to ameliorate the Markov Cluster (MCL) Algorithm that is well known as an efficient way of graph clustering (Van Dongen, 2000). The MCL when applied to a graph of word associations has the effect of producing concept areas in which words are grouped into the similar topics or similar meanings as paradigms. However, since a word is determined to belong to only one cluster that represents a concept, Markov clusters cannot show the polysemy or semantic indetermination among the properties of natural language. Our Recurrent MCL (RMCL) allows us to create a virtual adjacency relationship among the Markov hard clusters and produce a downsized and intrinsically informative semantic network of word association data. We applied one of the RMCL algorithms (Stepping-stone type) to a Japanese associative concept dictionary and obtained a satisfactory level of performance in refining the semantic network generated from MCL.

null

87,812

inproceedings

cucchiarini-etal-2006-jasmin

{JASMIN}-{CGN}: Extension of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus with Speech of Elderly People, Children and Non-natives in the Human-Machine Interaction Modality

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1141/

Cucchiarini, Catia and Van hamme, Hugo and van Herwijnen, Olga and Smits, Felix

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Large speech corpora (LSC) constitute an indispensable resource for conducting research in speech processing and for developing real-life speech applications. In 2004 the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN) became available, a corpus of standard Dutch as spoken by adult natives in the Netherlands and Flanders. Owing to budget constraints, CGN does not include speech of children, non-natives, elderly people and recordings of speech produced in human-machine interactions. Since such recordings would be extremely useful for conducting research and for developing HLT applications for these specific groups of speakers of Dutch, a new project, JASMIN-CGN, was started which aims at extending CGN in different ways: by collecting a corpus of contemporary Dutch as spoken by children of different age groups, non-natives with different mother tongues and elderly people in the Netherlands and Flanders and, in addition, by collecting speech material in a communication setting that was not envisaged in CGN: human-machine interaction. We expect that the knowledge gathered from these data can be generalized to developing appropriate systems also for other speaker groups (i.e. adult natives). One third of the data will be collected in Flanders and two thirds in the Netherlands.

null

87,813

inproceedings

fairon-paumier-2006-framework

A framework for real-time dictionary updating

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1142/

Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Paumier, S{\'e}bastien

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present a framework that combines a web-based text acquisition tool, a term extractor and a two-level workflow management system tailored for facilitating dictionary updates. Our aim is to show that, thanks to such a methodology, it is possible to monitor data sources and rapidly review and code new dictionary entries. Once approved, these new entries can feed in real-time client dictionary-based applications that need to be continuously kept up to date.

null

87,814

inproceedings

alabau-martinez-2006-bilingual

Bilingual speech corpus in two phonetically similar languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1143/

Alabau, Vicente and Mart{\'i}nez, Carlos D.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

As Speech Recognition Systems improve, they become suitable for facingnew problems. Multilingual speech recognition is one such problems. In the present work, the case of the Comunitat Valenciana multilingual environment is studied. The official languages in the Comunitat Valenciana (Spanish and Valencian) share most of their acoustic units, and their vocabularies and syntax are quite similar. They have influenced each other for many years.A small corpus on an Information System task was developed for experimentationpurposes.This choice will make it possible to develop a working prototype in the future,and it is simple enough to build semi-automatic language models. The design of the acoustic corpus is discussed, showing that all combinations of accents have been studied (native, non-native speakers, male, female, etc.).

null

87,815

inproceedings

vandeghinste-etal-2006-metis

{METIS}-{II}: Machine Translation for Low Resource Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1144/

Vandeghinste, Vincent and Schuurman, Ineke and Carl, Michael and Markantonatou, Stella and Badia, Toni

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we describe a machine translation prototype in which we use only minimal resources for both the source and the target language. A shallow source language analysis, combined with a translation dictionary and a mapping system of source language phenomena into the target language and a target language corpus for generation are all the resources needed in the described system. Several approaches are presented.

null

87,816

inproceedings

dhalleweyn-etal-2006-dutch

The {D}utch-{F}lemish {HLT} Programme {STEVIN}: Essential Speech and Language Technology Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1145/

D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth and Odijk, Jan and Teunissen, Lisanne and Cucchiarini, Catia

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In 2004 a consortium of ministries and organizations in the Netherlands and Flanders launched the comprehensive Dutch-Flemish HLT programme STEVIN (a Dutch acronym for Essential Speech and Language Technology Resources). To guarantee its Dutch-Flemish character, this large-scale programme is carried out under the auspices of the intergovernmental Dutch Language Union (NTU). The aim of STEVIN is to contribute to the further progress of HLT for the Dutch language, by raising awareness of HLT results, stimulating the demand of HLT products, promoting strategic research in HLT, and developing HLT resources that are essential and are known to be missing. Furthermore, a structure was set up for the management, maintenance and distribution of HLT resources. The STEVIN programme, which will run from 2004 to 2009, resulted from HLT activities in the Dutch language area, which were reported on at previous LREC conferences (2000, 2002, 2004). In this paper we will explain how different activities are combined in one comprehensive programme. We will show how cooperation can successfully be realized between different parties (language and speech technology, Flanders and the Netherlands, academia, industry and policy institutions) so as to achieve one common goal: progress in HLT.

null

87,817

inproceedings

suzuki-etal-2006-web

On the Web Trilingual Sign Language Dictionary to Learn the foreign Sign Language without Learning a Target Spoken Language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1146/

Suzuki, Emiko and Suzuki, Tomomi and Kakihana, Kyoko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes a trilingual sign language dictionary (Japanese Sign Language and American Sign Language, and Korean Sign Language) which helps those who learn each sign language directly from their mother sign language. Our discussion covers two main points. The first describes the necessity of a trilingual dictionary. Since there is no universal sign language or real international sign language deaf people should learn at least four languages: they want to talk to people whose mother tongue is different from their owns, the mother sign language, the mother spoken language as the first intermediate language, the target spoken language as the second intermediate language, and the sign language in which they want to communicate. Those two spoken languages become language barriers for deaf people and our trilingual dictionary will remove the barrier. The second describes the use of computer. As the use of computers becomes widespread, it is increasingly convenient to study through computer software or Internet facilities. Our WWW dictionary system provides deaf people with an easy means of access using their mother-sign language, which means they don`t have to overcome the barrier of learning a foreign spoken language. It also provides a way for people who are going to learn three sign languages to look up new vocabulary. We are further planning to examine how our dictionary system could be used to educate and assist deaf people.

null

87,818

inproceedings

goecke-witt-2006-exploiting

Exploiting logical document structure for anaphora resolution

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1147/

Goecke, Daniela and Witt, Andreas

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, an approach is presented how to select the correct antecedent for an anaphoric element according to the kind of text segments in which both of them occur. Basically, information on logical text structure (e.g. chapters, sections, paragraphs) is used in order to select the antecedent life span of a linguistic expression, i.e. some linguistic expressions are more likely to be chosen as an antecedent throughout the whole text than others. In addition, an appropriate search scope for an anaphora expressed by an expression can be defined according to the document structuring elements that include the linguistic expression. Corpus investigations give rise to the supposition that logical text structure influences the search scope of candidates for antecedents. Second, a solution is presented how to integrate the resources used for anaphora resolution. In this approach, multi-layered XML annotation is used in order to make a set of resources accessible for the anaphora resolution system.

null

87,819

inproceedings

fairon-paumier-2006-translated

A translated corpus of 30,000 {F}rench {SMS}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1148/

Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Paumier, S{\'e}bastien

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The development of communication technologies has contributed to the appearance of new forms in the written language that scientists have to study according to their peculiarities (typing or viewing constraints, synchronicity, etc). In the particular case of SMS (Short Message Service), studies are complicated by a lack of data, mainly due to technical constraints and privacy considerations. In this paper, we present a corpus of 30,000 French SMS collected through a project in Belgium named Faites don de vos SMS {\`a} la science (Give your SMS to Science). This corpus is unique in its quality, its size and the fact that the SMS have been manually translated into standard French. We will first describe the collection process and discuss the writers' profiles. Then we will explain in detail how the translation was carried out.

null

87,820

inproceedings

zou-etal-2006-evaluation

Evaluation of Stop Word Lists in {C}hinese Language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1149/

Zou, Feng and Wang, Fu Lee and Deng, Xiaotie and Han, Song

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In modern information retrieval systems, effective indexing can be achieved by removal of stop words. Till now many stop word lists have been developed for English language. However, no standard stop word list has been constructed for Chinese language yet. With the fast development of information retrieval in Chinese language, exploring the evaluation of Chinese stop word lists becomes critical. In this paper, to save the time and release the burden of manual comparison, we propose a novel stop word list evaluation method with a mutual information-based Chinese segmentation methodology. Experiments have been conducted on training texts taken from a recent international Chinese segmentation competition. Results show that effective stop word lists can improve the accuracy of Chinese segmentation significantly.

null

87,821

inproceedings

sinopalnikova-smrz-2006-intelligent

Intelligent Dictionary Interfaces: Usability Evaluation of Access-Supporting Enhancements

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1150/

Sinopalnikova, Anna and Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The present paper describes psycholinguistic experiments aimed at exploring the way people behave while accessing electronic dictionaries. In our work we focused on the access by meaning that, in comparison with the access by form, is currently less studied and very seldom implemented in modern dictionary interfaces. Thus, the goal of our experiments was to explore dictionary users requirements and to study what services an intelligent dictionary interface should be able to supply to help solving access by meaning problems. We tested several access-supporting enhancements of electronic dictionaries based on various language resources (corpora, wordnets, word association norms and explanatory dictionaries). Experiments were carried out with native speakers of three European languages English, Czech and Russian. Results for monolingual and bilingual cases are presented.

null

87,822

inproceedings

mogele-etal-2006-smartweb

{S}mart{W}eb {UMTS} Speech Data Collection: The {S}mart{W}eb Handheld Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1151/

M{\"ogele, Hannes and Kaiser, Moritz and Schiel, Florian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we outline the German speech data collection for the SmartWeb project, which is fundedby the German Ministry of Science and Education. We focus on the SmartWeb Handheld Corpus (SHC), which has been collected by the Bavarian Archive for Speech Signals (BAS) at the Phonetic Institute (IPSK) of Munich University. Signals of SHC are being recorded in real-life environments(indoor and outdoor) with real background noise as well as real transmission line errors. We developed a new elicitation method and recording technique, calledsituational prompting, which facilitates collecting realistic dialogue speech data in a cost efficient way. We can show that almost realistic speech queries to a dialogue system issued over a mobile PDA or smart phonecan be collected very efficiently using an automatic speech server. We describe the technical and linguistic features of the resulting speech corpus, which will bepublicly available at BAS or ELDA.

null

87,823

inproceedings

lopatkova-etal-2006-valency

Valency Lexicon of {C}zech Verbs: Alternation-Based Model

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1152/

Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta and {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k and Skwarska, Karolina

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The main objective of this paper is to introduce an alternation-based model of valency lexicon of Czech verbs VALLEX. Alternations describe regular changes in valency structure of verbs -- they are seen as transformations taking one lexical unit and return a modified lexical unit as a result. We characterize and exemplify syntactically-based and semantically-based' alternations and their effects on verb argument structure. The alternation-based model allows to distinguish a minimal form of lexicon, which provides compact characterization of valency structure of Czech verbs, and an expanded form of lexicon useful for some applications.

null

87,824

inproceedings

verdonik-rojc-2006-ready

Are you ready for a call? - Spontaneous conversations in tourism for speech-to-speech translation systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1153/

Verdonik, Darinka and Rojc, Matej

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper represents the Turdis database of spontaneous conversations in tourist domain in Slovenian language. Database was built for use in developing speech-to-speech translation components, however it can be used also for developing dialog systems or used for linguistic researches. The idea was to record a database of telephone conversations in tourism where the naturalness of conversations is affected as little as possible while we still obtain a permission for recording from all the speakers. When recording in studio environment there can be many problems. It is especially difficult to imitate a tourist agent if a speaker does not have such experiences and therefore lacks the background knowledge that a tourist agent has. Therefore the Turdis database was recorded with professional tourist agents. The agreement with local tourist companies enabled that we recorded a tourist agent while he was at his working place in his working time answering the telephone. Callers were contacted individually and asked to use the Turdis system and make a call to selected tourist company. Technically the recording was done using PC ISDN card. Database was orthographically transcribed with Transcriber tool. At the present it includes cca 43 000 words.

null

87,825

inproceedings

kaiser-etal-2006-bikers

Bikers Accessing the Web: The {S}mart{W}eb Motorbike Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1154/

Kaiser, Moritz and M{\"ogele, Hannes and Schiel, Florian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Three advanced German speech corpora have been collected during theGerman SmartWeb project. One of them, the SmartWeb MotorbikeCorpus (SMC) is described in this paper. As with all SmartWeb speech corpora SMC is designed for a dialogue system dealing with open domains. The corpus is recorded under the special circumstances of a motorbike ride and contains utterances of the driver related to information retrieval from various sources and different topics. Audio tracks show characteristic noise from the engine and surrounding traffic as well as drop outs caused by the transmission over Bluetooth and the UMTS mobile network. We discuss the problems of the technical setup and the fully automatic evocation of natural-spoken queries by means of dialogue-like sequences.

null

87,826

inproceedings

kawtrakul-etal-2006-ontology

Ontology Driven K-Portal Construction and K-Service Provision

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1155/

Kawtrakul, Asanee and Pechsiri, Chaveevan and Permpool, Trakul and Thamvijit, Dussadee and Sornprasert, Phukao and Yingsaeree, Chaiyakorn and Suktarachan, Mukda

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Knowledge has been crucial for the countrys development and business intelligence, where valuable knowledge is distributed over several websites with heterogeneous formats. Moreover, finding the needed information is a complex task since there has been lack of semantic relation and organization. Even if it has been found, an overload may occur because there is no content digestion. This paper focuses on ontology-driven knowledge extraction with natural language processing techniques and a framework of usercentric design for accessing the required information based on their demands. These demands can be expressed in the form of Knowwhat, Know-why, Know-where, Know-when, Know-how, and Know-who for a question answering system.

null

87,827

inproceedings

forascu-etal-2006-temporality

Temporality in relation with discourse structure

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1156/

For{\u{a}}scu, Corina and Pistol, Ionuț Cristian and Cristea, Dan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Temporal relations between events and times are often difficult to discover, time-consuming and expensive. In this paper a corpus study is performed to derive a strong relation between discourse structure, as revealed by Veins theory, and the temporal links between entities, as addressed in the TimeML annotation standard. The data interpretation helps us gain insight on how Veins theory can improve the manual and even (semi-) automatic detection of temporal relations.

null

87,828

inproceedings

hajicova-sgall-2006-corpus

Corpus Annotation as a Test of a Linguistic Theory

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1157/

Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva and Sgall, Petr

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In the present contribution we claim that corpus annotation serves, among other things, as an invaluable test for linguistic theories standing behind the annotation schemes, and as such represents an irreplaceable resource of linguistic information for the build-up of grammars. To support this claim we present four linguistic phenomena for the study and relevant description of which in grammar a deep layer of corpus annotation as introduced in the Prague Dependency Treebank has brought important observations, namely the information structure of the sentence, condition of projectivity and word order, types of dependency relations and textual coreference.

null

87,829

inproceedings

bojar-prokopova-2006-czech

{C}zech-{E}nglish Word Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1158/

Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej and Prokopov{\'a}, Magdelena

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe an experiment with Czech-English word alignment. Half a thousand sentences were manually annotated by two annotators in parallel and the most frequent reasons for disagreement are described. We evaluate the accuracy of GIZA++ alignment toolkit on the data and identify that lemmatization of the Czech part can reduce alignment error to a half. Furthermore we document that about 38{\%} of tokens difficult for GIZA++ were difficult for humans already.

null

87,830

inproceedings

guevara-etal-2006-morbo

{MORBO}/{COMP}: a multilingual database of compound words

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1159/

Guevara, Emiliano and Scalise, Sergio and Bisetto, Antonietta and Melloni, Chiara

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The aim of this paper is to present the MORBO/COMP project, which has reached its final stage in development and will soon be published on-line. MORBO/COMP is large database of compound types in over 20 languages. The data for these languages have been collected and analysed by a group of morphologists from various European countries.

null

87,831

inproceedings

sonntag-romanelli-2006-multimodal

A Multimodal Result Ontology for Integrated Semantic Web Dialogue Applications

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1160/

Sonntag, Daniel and Romanelli, Massimo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

General purpose ontologies and domain ontologies make up the infrastructure of the Semantic Web, which allow for accurate data representations with relations, and data inferences. In our approach to multimodal dialogue systems providing question answering functionality (SMARTWEB), the ontological infrastructure is essential. We aim at an integrated approach in which all knowledge-aware system modules are based on interoperating ontologiesin a common data model. The discourse ontology is meant to provide the necessary dialogue- and HCI concepts. We present the ontological syntactic structure of multimodal question answering results as partof this discourse ontology which extends the W3C EMMA annotation framework and uses MPEG-7 annotations. In addition, we describe anextension to ontological result structures where automatic and context-based sorting mechanisms can be naturally incorporated.

null

87,832

inproceedings

gregoire-2006-elaborating

Elaborating the parameterized Equivalence Class Method for {D}utch

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1161/

Gr{\'e}goire, Nicole

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper discusses the parameterized Equivalence Class Method for Dutch, an approach developed to incorporate standard lexical representations for Dutch idioms into representations required by any specific NLP system with as minimal manual work as possible. The purpose of the paper is to give an overview of parameters applicable to Dutch, which are determined by examining a large set of data and two Dutch NLP systems. The effects of the introduced parameters are evaluated and the results presented.

null

87,833

inproceedings

green-etal-2006-developing

Developing a {C}ontextualized{M}ultimodal Corpus for Human-Robot Interaction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1162/

Green, Anders and H{\"uttenrauch, Helge and Topp, Elin Anna and Severinson, Kerstin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the development process of a contextualized corpus for research on Human-Robot Communication. The data have been collected in two Wizard-of-Oz user studies performedwith 22 and 5 users respectively in a scenario that is called the HomeTour. In this scenario the users show the environment (a single room, or a whole floor) to the robot using a combination of speech and gestures. The corpus has been transcribed and annotated with respect to gestures and conversational acts, thus forming a core annotation. We have also annotated or linked other types of data, e.g., laser range finder readings, positioning analysis, questionnaire data and task descriptions that form the annotated context of the scenario. By providing a rich set of different annotated data, thecorpus is thus an important resource both for research on natural language speech interfaces for robots and for research on human-robot communication in general.

null

87,834

inproceedings

ma-huang-2006-uniform

Uniform and Effective Tagging of a Heterogeneous Giga-word Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1163/

Ma, Wei-Yun and Huang, Chu-Ren

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Tagging as the most crucial annotation of language resources can still be challenging when the corpus size is big and when the corpus data is not homogeneous. The Chinese Gigaword Corpus is confounded by both challenges. The corpus containsroughly 1.12 billion Chinese characters from two heterogeneous sources: respective news in Taiwan and in Mainland China. In other words, in addition to its size, the data also contains two variants of Chinese that are known to exhibit substantial linguistic differences. We utilize Chinese Sketch Engine as the corpus query tool, by which grammar behaviours of the two heterogeneous resources could be captured and displayed in a unified web interface. In this paper, we report our answer to the two challenges to effectively tag this large-scale corpus. The evaluation result shows our mechanism of tagging maintains high annotation quality.

null

87,835

inproceedings

barbu-etal-2006-romanian

{R}omanian Valence Dictionary in {XML} Format

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1164/

Barbu, Ana-Maria and Ionescu, Emil and Mititelu, Verginica Barbu

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Valence dictionaries are dictionaries in which logical predicates (most of the times verbs) are inventoried alongside with the semantic and syntactic information regarding the role of the arguments with which they combine, as well as the syntactic restrictions these arguments have to obey. In this article we present the incipient stage of the project Syntactic and semantic database in XML format: an HPSG representation of verb valences in Romanian. Its aim is the development of a valence dictionary in XML format for a set of 3000 Romanian verbs. Valences are specified for each sense of each verb, alongside with an illustrative example, possible argument alternations and a set of multiword expressions in which the respective verb occurs with the respective sense. The grammatical formalism we make use of is Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, which offers one of the most comprehensive frames of encoding various types of linguistic information for lexical items. XML is the most appropriate mark-up language for describing information structured in HPSG framework. The project can be further on extended so that to cover all Romanian verbs (around 7000) and also other predicates (nouns, adjectives, prepositions).

null

87,836

inproceedings

bernsen-etal-2006-field

Field Evaluation of a Single-Word Pronunciation Training System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1165/

Bernsen, Niels Ole and Hansen, Thomas K. and Kiilerich, Svend and Madsen, Torben Kruchov

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Many learning tasks require substantial skills training. Ideally, the student might benefit the most from having a human expert a teacher or trainer at hand throughout, but human expertise remains a scarce resource. The second-best solution could be to do skills training with a computer-based self-training system. This vision of the computer as tutor currently motivates increasing efforts world-wide, in all manner of fields, including that of computer-assisted language learning, or CALL. But, as pointed out by Hincks [2003], along with the growth of the CALL area comes a growing need for empirical evidence that CALL systems have a beneficial effect. This point is reiterated by Chapelle [2002] who defines the goal for Computer Assisted Second Language Research as the gathering of evidence for the effect of CALL and instructional design. This paper presents results of a field test of our pronunciation training system which enables immigrants and others to self-train their pronunciation skills of single Danish words.

null

87,837

inproceedings

li-etal-2006-mining

Mining Implicit Entities in Queries

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1166/

Li, Wei and Li, Wenjie and Lu, Qin

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Entities are pivotal in describing events and objects, and also very important in Document Summarization. In general only explicit entities which can be extracted by a Named Entity Recognizer are used in real applications. However, implicit entities hidden behind the phrases or words, e.g. entity referred by the phrase cross border, are proved to be helpful in Document Summarization. In our experiment, we extract the implicit entities from the web resources.

null

87,838

inproceedings

uchimoto-etal-2006-dependency

Dependency-structure Annotation to Corpus of Spontaneous {J}apanese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1167/

Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Hamabe, Ryoji and Maruyama, Takehiko and Takanashi, Katsuya and Kawahara, Tatsuya and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In Japanese, syntactic structure of a sentence is generally represented by the relationship between phrasal units, or bunsetsus inJapanese, based on a dependency grammar. In the same way, thesyntactic structure of a sentence in a large, spontaneous, Japanese-speech corpus, the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ), isrepresented by dependency relationships between bunsetsus. This paper describes the criteria and definitions of dependency relationships between bunsetsus in the CSJ. The dependency structure of the CSJ is investigated, and the difference in the dependency structures ofwritten text and spontaneous speech is discussed in terms of thedependency accuracies obtained by using a corpus-based model. It is shown that the accuracy of automatic dependency-structure analysis canbe improved if characteristic phenomena of spontaneous speech such as self-corrections, basic utterance units in spontaneous speech, and bunsetsus that have no modifiee are detected and used for dependency-structure analysis.

null

87,839

inproceedings

areta-etal-2006-structure

Structure, Annotation and Tools in the {B}asque {ZT} Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1168/

Areta, N. and Gurrutxaga, A. and Leturia, I. and Polin, Z. and Saiz, R. and Alegria, I. and Artola, X. and Diaz de Ilarraza, A. and Ezeiza, N. and Sologaistoa, A. and Soroa, A. and Valverde, A.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The ZT corpus (Basque Corpus of Science and Technology) is a tagged collection of specialized texts in Basque, which wants to be a main resource in research and development about written technical Basque: terminology, syntax and style. It will be the first written corpus in Basque which will be distributed by ELDA (at the end of 2006) and it wants to be a methodological and functional reference for new projects in the future (i.e. a national corpus for Basque). We also present the technology and the tools to build this Corpus. These tools, Corpusgile and Eulia, provide a flexible and extensible infrastructure for creating, visualizing and managing corpora and for consulting, visualizing and modifying annotations generated by linguistic tools.

null

87,840

inproceedings

polifroni-walker-2006-learning

Learning Database Content for Spoken Dialogue System Design

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1169/

Polifroni, Joseph and Walker, Marilyn

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Spoken dialogue systems are common interfaces to backend data in information retrieval domains. As more data is made available on the Web and IE technology matures, dialogue systems, whether they be speech- or text-based, will be more in demand to provide user-friendly access to this data. However, dialogue systems must become both easier to configure, as well as more informative than the traditional form-based systems that are currently available. We present techniques in this paper to address the issue of automating both content selection for use in summary responses and in system initiative queries.

null

87,841

inproceedings

civera-juan-2006-bilingual

Bilingual Machine-Aided Indexing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1170/

Civera, Jorge and Juan, Alfons

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The proliferation of multilingual documentation in our Information Society has become a common phenomenon. This documentation is usually categorised by hand, entailing a time-consuming and arduous burden. This is particularly true in the case of keyword assignment, in which a list of keywords (descriptors) from a controlled vocabulary (thesaurus) is assigned to a document. A possible solution to alleviate this problem comes from the hand of the so-called Machine-Aided Indexing (MAI) systems. These systems work in cooperation with professional indexer by providing a initial list of descriptors from which those most appropiated will be selected. This way of proceeding increases the productivity and eases the task of indexers. In this paper, we propose a statistical text classification framework for bilingual documentation, from which we derive two novel bilingual classifiers based on the naive combination of monolingual classifiers. We report preliminary results on the multilingual corpus Acquis Communautaire (AC) that demonstrates the suitability of the proposed classifiers as the backend of a fully-working MAI system.

null

87,842

inproceedings

panunzi-etal-2006-integrating

Integrating Methods and {LR}s for Automatic Keyword Extraction from Open Domain Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1171/

Panunzi, Alessandro and Fabbri, Marco and Moneglia, Massimo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents a tool for keyword extraction from multilingual resources developed within the AXMEDIS project. In this tool lexical collocations (Sinclair, 1991) internal to documents are used to enhance the performance obtained through standard statistical procedure. A first set of mono-term keywords is extracted through the TF.IDF algorithm (Salton, 1989). The internal analysis of the document generates a second set of multi-term keywords based on the first set, rather than on multi-term frequency comparison with a general resource (Witten et al. 1999). Collocations in which a mono-term keyword occurs as the head are considered as multi-term keywords, and are assumed to increase the identification of the content. The evaluation compares the results of the TF.IDF procedure and the ones obtained with the enhanced procedure in terms of precision. Each set of keywords received a value from the point of view of a possible user, regarding: (a) overall efficiency of the whole set of keywords for the identification of the content; (b) adequacy of each extracted keyword. Results show that multi-term keywords increase the content identification with a 100{\%} relative factor and that the adequacy is enhanced in 33{\%} of cases.

null

87,843

inproceedings

costa-sarmento-2006-component

Component Evaluation in a Question Answering System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1172/

Costa, Lu{\'i}s Fernando and Sarmento, Lu{\'i}s

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Automatic question answering (QA) is a complex task, which lies in the cross-road of Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval and Human Computer Interaction. A typical QA system has four modules question processing, document retrieval, answer extraction and answer presentation. In each of these modules, a multitude of tools can be used. Therefore, the performance evaluation of each of these components is of great importance in order to check their impact in the global performance, and to conclude whether these components are necessary, need to be improved or substituted. This paper describes some experiments performed in order to evaluate several components of the question answering system Esfinge.We describe the experimental set up and present the results of error analysis based on runtime logs of Esfinge. We present the results of component analysis, which provides good insights about the importance of the individual components and pre-processing modules at various levels, namely stemming, named-entity recognition, PoS Filtering and filtering of undesired answers. We also present the results of substituting the document source in which Esfinge tries to find possible answers and compare the results obtained using web sources such as Google, Yahoo and BACO, a large database of web documents in Portuguese.

null

87,844

inproceedings

breuer-etal-2006-set

Set-up of a Unit-Selection Synthesis with a Prominent Voice

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1173/

Breuer, Stefan and Bergmann, Sven and Dragon, Ralf and M{\"oller, Sebastian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we describe the set-up process and an initial evaluation of a unit-selection speech synthesizer. The synthesizer is specific in that it is intended to speak with a prominent voice. As a consequence, only very limited resources were available for setting up the unit database. These resources have been extracted from an audio book, segmented with the help of an HMM-based wrapper, and then used with the non-uniform unit-selection approach implemented in the Bonn Open Synthesis System (BOSS). In order to adapt the database to the BOSS implementation, the label files were amended by phrase boundaries, converted to XML, amended by prosodic and spectral information, and then further converted to a MySQL relational database structure. The BOSS system selects units on the basis of this information, adding individual unit costs to the concatenation costs given by MFCC and F0 distances. The paper discusses the problems which occurred during the database set-up, the invested effort, as well as the quality level which can be reached by this approach.

null

87,845

inproceedings

semmar-etal-2006-deep

A Deep Linguistic Analysis for Cross-language Information Retrieval

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1174/

Semmar, Nasredine and Laib, Meriama and Fluhr, Christian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Cross-language information retrieval consists in providing a query in one language and searching documents in one or different languages. These documents are ordered by the probability of being relevant to the user`s request. The highest ranked document is considered to be the most likely relevant document. The LIC2M cross-language information retrieval system is a weighted Boolean search engine based on a deep linguistic analysis of the query and the documents. This system is composed of a linguistic analyzer, a statistic analyzer, a reformulator, a comparator and a search engine. The linguistic analysis processes both documents to be indexed and queries to extract concepts representing their content. This analysis includes a morphological analysis, a part-of-speech tagging and a syntactic analysis. In this paper, we present the deep linguistic analysis used in the LIC2M cross-lingual search engine and we will particularly focus on the impact of the syntactic analysis on the retrieval effectiveness.

null

87,846

inproceedings

santos-inacio-2006-annotating

Annotating {COMPARA}, a Grammar-aware Parallel Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1175/

Santos, Diana and In{\'a}cio, Susana

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we describe the annotation of COMPARA, currently the largest post-edited parallel corpora which include Portuguese. We describe the motivation, the results so far, and the way the corpus is being annotated. We also provide the first grounded results about syntactical ambiguity in Portuguese. Finally, we discuss some interesting problems in this connection.

null

87,847

inproceedings

henriksen-etal-2006-eurotermbank

{E}uro{T}erm{B}ank - a Terminology Resource based on Best Practice

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1176/

Henriksen, Lina and Povlsen, Claus and Vasiljevs, Andrejs

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The new EU member countries face the problems of terminology resource fragmentation and lack of coordination in terminology development in general. The EuroTermBank project aims at contributing to improve the terminology infrastructure of the new EU countries and the project will result in a centralized online terminology bank - interlinked to other terminology banks and resources - for languages of the new EU member countries. The main focus of this paper is on a description of how to identify best practice within terminology work seen from a broad perspective. Surveys of real life terminology work have been conducted and these surveys have resulted in identification of scenario specific best practice descriptions of terminology work. Furthermore, this paper will present an outline of the specific criteria that have been used for selection of existing term resources to be included in the EuroTermBank database.

null

87,848

inproceedings

barreto-etal-2006-open

Open Resources and Tools for the Shallow Processing of {P}ortuguese: The {T}ag{S}hare Project

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1177/

Barreto, Florbela and Branco, Ant{\'o}nio and Ferreira, Eduardo and Mendes, Am{\'a}lia and Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do and Nunes, Filipe and Silva, Jo{\~a}o Ricardo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents the TagShare project and the linguistic resources and tools for the shallow processing of Portuguese developed in its scope. These resources include a 1 million token corpus that has been accurately hand annotated with a variety of linguistic information, as well as several state of the art shallow processing tools capable of automatically producing that type of annotation. At present, the linguistic annotations in the corpus are sentence and paragraph boundaries, token boundaries, morphosyntactic POS categories, values of inflection features, lemmas and namedentities. Hence, the set of tools comprise a sentence chunker, a tokenizer, a POS tagger, nominal and verbal analyzers and lemmatizers, a verbal conjugator, a nominal inflector, and a namedentity recognizer, some of which underline several online services.

null

87,849

inproceedings

sarmento-etal-2006-corpografo

Corp{\'o}grafo V3 - From Terminological Aid to Semi-automatic Knowledge Engineering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1178/

Sarmento, Lu{\'i}s and Maia, Belinda and Santos, Diana and Pinto, Ana and Cabral, Lu{\'i}s

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we will present Corp{\'o}grafo, a mature web-based environment for working with corpora, for terminology extraction, and for ontology development. We will explain Corp{\'o}grafos workflow and describe the most important information extraction methods used, namely its term extraction, and definition / semantic relations identification procedures. We will describe current Corp{\'o}grafo users and present a brief overview of the XML format currently used to export terminology databases. Finally, we present future improvements for this tool.

null

87,850

inproceedings

dinu-dinu-2006-data

On the data base of {R}omanian syllables and some of its quantitative and cryptographic aspects

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1179/

Dinu, Liviu and Dinu, Anca

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we argue for the need to construct a data base of Romanian syllables. We explain the reasons for our choice of the DOOM corpus which we have used. We describe the way syllabification was performed and explain how we have constructed the data base. The main quantitative aspects which we have extracted from our research are presented. We also computed the entropy of the syllables and the entropy of the syllables w.r.t. the consonant-vowel structure. The results are compared with results of similar researches realized for different languages.

null

87,851

inproceedings

shehata-zanzotto-2006-dependency

A Dependency-based Algorithm for Grammar Conversion

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1180/

Shehata, Alessandro Bahgat and Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present a model to transfer a grammatical formalism in another. The model is applicable only on restrictive conditions. However, it is fairly useful for many purposes: parsing evaluation, researching methods for truly combining different parsing outputs to reach better parsing performances, and building larger syntactically annotated corpora for data-driven approaches. The model has been tested over a case study: the translation of the Turin Tree Bank Grammar to the Shallow Grammar of the CHAOS Italian parser.

null

87,852

inproceedings

ahmad-etal-2006-ontological

Ontological and Terminological Commitments and the Discourse of Specialist Communities

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1181/

Ahmad, Khurshid and Musacchio, Maria Teresa and Palumbo, Giuseppe

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper presents a corpus-based study aimed at an analysis of ontological and terminological commitments in the discourse of specialist communities. The analyzed corpus contains the lectures delivered by the Nobel Prize winners in Physics and Economics. The analysis focuses on (a) the collocational use of automatically identified domain-specific terms and (b) a description of meta-discourse in the lectures. Candidate terms are extracted based on the z-score of frequency and weirdness. Compounds comprising these candidate terms are then identified using the ontology representation system Prot{\'e}g{\'e}. This method is then replicated to complete analysis by including an investigation of metadiscourse markers signalling how writers project themselves into their work.

null

87,853

inproceedings

oltramari-2006-lexipass

{L}exi{P}ass methodology: a conceptual path from frames to senses and back

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1182/

Oltramari, Alessandro

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we claim that an integration of FrameNet and WordNet will improve interoperability, user-friendliness and usability of both lexical resources. If the former provides a sophisticated representational structure compared to a narrow lexical coverage, the latter - on the other side - supplies a dense network of word senses and semantic relations although not supporting advanced accessibility (i.e., via frames). According to the integration perspective we present in the paper, we introduce LexiPass methodology, which combines Burckardts tool WordNet Detour of FrameNet with basic statistical analysis, enabling frame-guided search and extraction of domain synsets from WordNet.

null

87,854

inproceedings

clavel-etal-2006-fear

Fear-type emotions of the {SAFE} Corpus: annotation issues

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1183/

Clavel, Chlo{\'e and Vasilescu, Ioana and Devillers, Laurence and Ehrette, Thibaut and Richard, Ga{\"el

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The present research focuses on annotation issues in the context of the acoustic detection of fear-type emotions for surveillance applications. The emotional speech material used for this study comes from the previously collected SAFE Database (Situation Analysis in a Fictional and Emotional Database) which consists of audio-visual sequences extracted from movie fictions. A generic annotation scheme was developed to annotate the various emotional manifestations contained in the corpus. The annotation was carried out by two labellers and the two annotations strategies are confronted. It emerges that the borderline between emotion and neutral vary according to the labeller. An acoustic validation by a third labeller allows at analysing the two strategies. Two human strategies are then observed: a first one, context-oriented which mixes audio and contextual (video) information in emotion categorization; and a second one, based mainly on audio information. The k-means clustering confirms the role of audio cues in human annotation strategies. It particularly helps in evaluating those strategies from the point of view of a detection system based on audio cues.

null

87,855

inproceedings

mauser-etal-2006-training

Training a Statistical Machine Translation System without {GIZA}++

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1184/

Mauser, Arne and Matusov, Evgeny and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The IBM Models (Brown et al., 1993) enjoy great popularity in the machine translation community because they offer high quality word alignments and a free implementation is available with the GIZA++ Toolkit (Och and Ney, 2003). Several methods have been developed to overcome the asymmetry of the alignment generated by the IBM Models. A remaining disadvantage, however, is the high model complexity. This paper describes a word alignment training procedure for statistical machine translation that uses a simple and clear statistical model, different from the IBM models. The main idea of the algorithm is to generate a symmetric and monotonic alignment between the target sentence and a permutation graph representing different reorderings of the words in the source sentence. The quality of the generated alignment is shown to be comparable to the standard GIZA++ training in an SMT setup.

null

87,856

inproceedings

cousse-gillis-2006-regional

Regional Bias in the Broad Phonetic Transcriptions of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1185/

Couss{\'e}, Evie and Gillis, Steven

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we assess an aspect of the quality of the broad phonetic transcriptions in the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN). The corpus contains speech from native speakers of Dutch originating from The Netherlands and the Dutch speaking part of Belgium. The phonetic transcriptions were made by transcribers from both regions. In previous research, we have identified regional differences in the transcribers' behaviour. In this paper, we explore the precise sources of the regional bias in the CGN transcriptions and we evaluate its impact on the phonetic transcriptions. More specifically, (1) the regional bias in the canonical transcriptions that served as the basis for the verification task of the transcribers is critically analysed, and (2) we verify in an experiment the regional bias introduced by the transcribers themselves. The possible effects of this inherent regional bias in the CGN transcriptions on subsequent linguistic analyses are briefly discussed.

null

87,857

inproceedings

fujii-etal-2006-test

Test Collections for Patent Retrieval and Patent Classification in the Fifth {NTCIR} Workshop

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1187/

Fujii, Atsushi and Iwayama, Makoto and Kando, Noriko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the test collections produced for the Patent Retrieval Task in the Fifth NTCIR Workshop. We performed the invalidity search task, in which each participant group searches a patent collection for the patents that can invalidate the demand in an existing claim. For this purpose, we performed both document and passage retrieval tasks. We also performed the automatic patent classification task using the F-term classification system. The test collections will be available to the public for research purposes.

null

87,858

inproceedings

agic-tadic-2006-evaluating

Evaluating Morphosyntactic Tagging of {C}roatian Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1188/

Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko and Tadi{\'c}, Marko

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes results of the first successful effort in applying a stochastic strategy or, namely, a second order Markov model paradigm implemented by the TnT trigram tagger to morphosyntactic tagging of Croatian texts. Beside the tagger, for purposes of both training and testing, we had at our disposal only a 100 Kw Croatia Weekly newspaper subcorpus, manually tagged using approximately 1000 different MULTEXT-East v3 morphosyntactic tags. The test basically consisted of randomly assigning a variable size portion of the corpus for the taggers training procedure and also another fixed-size portion, sized at 10{\%} of the corpus, for the tagging procedure itself; this method allowed us not only to provide preliminary results regarding tagger accuracy on Croatian texts, but also to inspect the behavior of the stochastic tagging paradigm in general. The results were then taken from the test case providing 90{\%} of the corpus for training purposes and varied from around 86{\%} in the worst case scenario up to a peak of around 95{\%} correctly assigned full MSD tags. Results on PoS only expectedly reached the human error level, with TnT correctly tagging above 98{\%} of test sets on average. Most MSD errors occurred on types with the highest number of candidate tags per word form nouns, pronouns and adjectives while errors on PoS, although following the same pattern, were almost insignificant. Detailed insight on tagging, F-measure for all PoS categories is provided in the course of the paper along with other facts of interest.

null

87,859

inproceedings

rajman-etal-2006-extending

Extending the {W}izard of {O}z Methodologie for Multimodal Language-enabled Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1189/

Rajman, Martin and Ailomaa, Marita and Lisowska, Agnes and Melichar, Miroslav and Armstrong, Susan

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present a proposal for extending the standard Wizard of Oz experimental methodology to language-enabled multimodal systems. We first discuss how Wizard of Oz experiments involving multimodal systems differ from those involving voice-only systems. We then go on to discuss the Extended Wizard of Oz methodology and the Wizard of Oz testing environment and protocol that we have developed. We then describe an example of applying this methodology to Archivus, a multimodal system for multimedia meeting retrieval and browsing. We focus in particular on the tools that the wizards would need to successfully and efficiently perform their tasks in a multimodal context. We conclude with some general comments about which questions need to be addressed when developing and using the Wizard of Oz methodology for testing multimodal systems.

null

87,860

inproceedings

van-noord-etal-2006-syntactic

Syntactic Annotation of Large Corpora in {STEVIN}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1190/

van Noord, Gertjan and Schuurman, Ineke and Vandeghinste, Vincent

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The construction of a 500-million-word reference corpus of written Dutch has been identified as one of the priorities in the Dutch/Flemish STEVIN programme. For part of this corpus, manually corrected syntactic annotations will be provided. The paper presents the background of the syntactic annotation efforts, the Alpino parser which is used as an important tool for constructing the syntactic annotations, as well as a number of other annotation tools and guidelines. For the full STEVIN corpus, automatically derived syntactic annotations will be provided in a later phase of the programme. A number of arguments is provided suggesting that such a resource can be very useful for applications in information extraction, ontology building, lexical acquisition, machine translation and corpus linguistics.

null

87,861

inproceedings

buscaldi-rosso-2006-mining

Mining Knowledge from{W}ikipedia for the Question Answering task

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1191/

Buscaldi, Davide and Rosso, Paolo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Although significant advances have been made recently in the Question Answering technology, more steps have to be undertaken in order to obtain better results. Moreover, the best systems at the CLEF and TREC evaluation exercises are very complex systems based on custom-built, expensive ontologies whose aim is to provide the systems with encyclopedic knowledge. In this paper we investigated the use of Wikipedia, the open domain encyclopedia, for the Question Answering task. Previous works considered Wikipedia as a resource where to look for the answers to the questions. We focused on some different aspects of the problem, such as the validation of the answers as returned by our Question Answering System and on the use of Wikipedia categories in order to determine a set of patterns that should fit with the expected answer. Validation consists in, given a possible answer, saying wether it is the right one or not. The possibility to exploit the categories ofWikipedia was not considered until now. We performed our experiments using the Spanish version of Wikipedia, with the set of questions of the last CLEF Spanish monolingual exercise. Results show that Wikipedia is a potentially useful resource for the Question Answering task.

null

87,862

inproceedings

schulte-im-walde-2006-human

Human Verb Associations as the Basis for Gold Standard Verb Classes: Validation against {G}erma{N}et and {F}rame{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1192/

Schulte im Walde, Sabine

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe a gold standard for semantic verb classes which is based on human associations to verbs. The associations were collected in a web experiment and then applied as verb features in a hierarchical cluster analysis. We claim that the resulting classes represent a theory-independent gold standard classification which covers a variety of semantic verb relations, and whose features can be used to guide the feature selection in automatic processes. To evaluate our claims, the association-based classification is validated against two standard approaches to semantic verb classes, GermaNet and FrameNet.

null

87,863

inproceedings

wagacha-etal-2006-grapheme

A Grapheme-Based Approach for Accent Restoration in {G}ikuyu

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1193/

Wagacha, Peter W. and De Pauw, Guy and Githinji, Pauline W.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The orthography of Gikuyu includes a number of accented characters to represent the entire vowel system. These characters are however not readily available on standard computer keyboards and are usually represented as the nearest available character. This can render reading and understanding written texts more difficult. This paper describes a system that is able to automatically place these accents in Gikuyu text on the basis of local graphemic context. This approach avoids the need for an extensive digital lexicon, typically not available for resource-scarce languages. Using an extended trigram based-approach, the experiments show that this method can achieve a very high accuracy even with a limited amount of digitally available textual data. The experiments on Gikuyu are contrasted with experiments on French, German and Dutch.

null

87,864

inproceedings

soler-etal-2006-medusa

{MEDUSA}: User-Centred Design and usability evaluation of Automatic Speech Recognition telephone services in Telef{\'o}nica M{\'o}viles Espa{\~n}a

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1194/

Soler, Juan Jos{\'e} Rodr{\'i}guez and Cerezo, Pedro Concejero and Merino, Daniel Tapias and S{\'a}nchez, Jos{\'e}

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

One of the greatest challenges in the design of speech recognition based interfaces is about the navigation through the different service hierarchies and structures. On the one hand, the interactions based on human machine dialogues force a high level of hierarchical structuring of services, and on the other hand, it is necessary to wait for the last phases of the user interface development to obtain a global vision of the dialogue problems by means of user trials. To tackle these problems, Telef{\'o}nica M{\'o}viles Espa{\~n}a has carried out several projects with the final aim to define a corporate methodology based on rapid prototyping of the user interfaces, so that designers could integrate the process of design of voice interfaces with emulations of the navigation through the flow charts. This was also the starting point for a specific software product (MEDUSA) which addresses the needs of rapid prototyping of these user interfaces from the earliest stages of the design and analysis phases.

null

87,865

inproceedings

burchardt-etal-2006-salsa

The {SALSA} Corpus: a {G}erman Corpus Resource for Lexical Semantics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1195/

Burchardt, Aljoscha and Erk, Katrin and Frank, Anette and Kowalski, Andrea and Pad{\'o}, Sebastian and Pinkal, Manfred

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the SALSA corpus, a large German corpus manually annotated with manual role-semantic annotation, based on the syntactically annotated TIGER newspaper corpus. The first release, comprising about 20,000 annotated predicate instances (about half the TIGER corpus), is scheduled for mid-2006. In this paper we discuss the annotation framework (frame semantics) and its cross-lingual applicability, problems arising from exhaustive annotation, strategies for quality control, and possible applications.

null

87,866

inproceedings

steinberger-etal-2006-jrc

The {JRC}-{A}cquis: A Multilingual Aligned Parallel Corpus with 20+ Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1196/

Steinberger, Ralf and Pouliquen, Bruno and Widiger, Anna and Ignat, Camelia and Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}} and Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and Varga, D{\'a}niel

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present a new, unique and freely available parallel corpus containing European Union (EU) documents of mostly legal nature. It is available in all 20 official EU languages, with additional documents being available in the languages of the EU candidate countries. The corpus consists of almost 8,000 documents per language, with an average size of nearly 9 million words per language. Pair-wise paragraph alignment information produced by two different aligners (Vanilla and HunAlign) is available for all 190+ language pair combinations. Most texts have been manually classified according to the EUROVOC subject domains so that the collection can also be used to train and test multi-label classification algorithms and keyword-assignment software. The corpus is encoded in XML, according to the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines. Due to the large number of parallel texts in many languages, the JRC-Acquis is particularly suitable to carry out all types of cross-language research, as well as to test and benchmark text analysis software across different languages (for instance for alignment, sentence splitting and term extraction).

null

87,867

inproceedings

burchardt-etal-2006-salto

{SALTO} - A Versatile Multi-Level Annotation Tool

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1197/

Burchardt, Aljoscha and Erk, Katrin and Frank, Anette and Kowalski, Andrea and Pado, Sebastian

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we describe the SALTO tool. It was originally developed for the annotation of semantic roles in the frame semantics paradigm, but can be used for graphical annotation of treebanks with general relational information in a simple drag-and-drop fashion. The tool additionally supports corpus management and quality control.

null

87,868

inproceedings

hoste-de-pauw-2006-knack

{KNACK}-2002: a Richly Annotated Corpus of {D}utch Written Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1198/

Hoste, V{\'e}ronique and De Pauw, Guy

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper, we introduce the annotated KNACK-2002 corpus of Dutch written text. The corpus features five different annotation layers, ranging from the annotation of morphological boundaries at the word level, over the annotation of part-of-speech tags and phrase chunks at the syntactic level to the annotation of named entities at the semantic level and coreferential relations at the discourse level. We believe the corpus is unique in the Dutch language area because of its richness of annotation layers, providing researchers with a useful gold standard data set for different NLP tasks in the domains of morphology, (morpho)syntax, semantics and discourse.

null

87,869

inproceedings

cimiano-etal-2006-finding

Finding the Appropriate Generalization Level for Binary Ontological Relations Extracted from the {G}enia Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1199/

Cimiano, P. and Hartung, M. and Ratsch, E.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Recent work has aimed at discovering ontological relations from text corpora. Most approaches are based on the assumption that verbs typically indicate semantic relations between concepts. However, the problem of finding the appropriate generalization level for the verb`s arguments with respect to a given taxonomy has not received much attention in the ontology learning community. In this paper, we address the issue of determining the appropriate level of abstraction for binary relations extracted from a corpus with respect to a given concept hierarchy. For this purpose, we reuse techniques from the subcategorization and selectional restrictions acquisition communities. The contribution of our work lies in the systematic analysis of three different measures. We conduct our experiments on the Genia corpus and the Genia ontology and evaluate the different measures by comparing the results of our approach with a gold standard provided by one of the authors, a biologist.

null

87,870

inproceedings

kato-etal-2006-transcription

Transcription Cost Reduction for Constructing Acoustic Models Using Acoustic Likelihood Selection Criteria

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1200/

Kato, Tomoyuki and Toda, Tomiki and Saruwatari, Hiroshi and Shikano, Kiyohiro

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes a novel method for reducing the transcription effort in the construction of task-adapted acoustic models for a practical automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. We have to prepare actual data samples collected in the practical system and transcribe them for training the task-adapted acoustic models. However, transcribing utterances is a time-consuming and laborious process. In the proposed method, we firstly adapt initial models to acoustic environment of the system using a small number of collected data samples with transcriptions. And then, we automatically select informative training data samples to be transcribed from a large-sized speech corpus based on acoustic likelihoods of the models. We perform several experimental evaluations in the framework of Takemarukun, a practical speech-oriented guidance system. Experimental results show that 1) utterance sets with low likelihoods cause better task-adapted models compared with those with high likelihoods although the set with the lowest likelihoods causes the performance degradation because of including outliers, and 2) MLLR adaptation is effective for training the task-adapted models when the amount of the transcribed data is small and EM training outperforms MLLR if we transcribe more than around 10,000 utterances.

null

87,871

inproceedings

mieskes-strube-2006-part

Part-of-Speech Tagging of Transcribed Speech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1201/

Mieskes, Margot and Strube, Michael

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We used four Part-of-Speech taggers, which are available for research purposes and were originally trained on text to tag a corpus of transcribed multiparty spoken dialogues. The assigned tags were then manually corrected. The correction was first used to evaluate the four taggers, then to retrain them. Despite limited resources in time, money and annotators we reached results comparable to those reported for the taggers on text. Based on our experience we present guidelines to produce reliably POS tagged corpora of new domains.

null

87,872

inproceedings

boguraev-ando-2006-analysis

Analysis of {T}ime{B}ank as a Resource for {T}ime{ML} Parsing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1202/

Boguraev, Branimir and Ando, Rie Kubota

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In our work, we present an analysis of the TimeBank corpus---the only available reference sample of TimeML-compliant annotation---from the point of view of its utility as a training resource for developing automated TimeML annotators. We are encouraged by experimental results indicative of the potential of TimeBank; at the same time, closer inspection of causes for some systematic errors shows off certain deficiencies in the corpus, primarily to do with small size and inconsistent annotation. Our analysis suggests that even a reference resource, developed outside of a rigorous process of training corpus design and creation, can be extremely valuable for training and development purposes. The analysis also highlights areas of correction and improvement for evolving the current reference corpus into a community infrastructure resource.

null

87,873

inproceedings

kawahara-kurohashi-2006-case

Case Frame Compilation from the Web using High-Performance Computing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1203/

Kawahara, Daisuke and Kurohashi, Sadao

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Case frames are important knowledge for a variety of NLP systems, especially when wide-coverage case frames are available. To acquire such large-scale case frames, it is necessary to automatically compile them from an enormous amount of corpus. In this paper, we consider the web as a corpus. We first build a huge text corpus from the web, and then construct case frames from the corpus. It is infeasible to do these processes by one CPU, and thus we employ a high-performance computing environment composed of 350 CPUs. The acquired corpus consists of 470M sentences, and the case frames compiled from them have 90,000 verb entries. The case frames contain most examples of usual use, and are ready to be applied to lots of NLP analyses and applications.

null

87,874

inproceedings

paroubek-etal-2006-data

Data, Annotations and Measures in {EASY} the Evaluation Campaign for Parsers of {F}rench.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1204/

Paroubek, Patrick and Robba, Isabelle and Vilnat, Anne and Ayache, Christelle

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents the protocol of EASY the evaluation campaign for syntactic parsers of French in the EVALDA project of the TECHNOLANGUE program. We describe the participants, the corpus and its genre partitioning, the annotation scheme, which allows for the annotation of both constituents and relations, the evaluation methodology and, as an illustration, the results obtained by one participant on half of the corpus.

null

87,875

inproceedings

kanamaru-etal-2006-creation

Creation of a {J}apanese Adverb Dictionary that Includes Information on the Speaker`s Communicative Intention Using Machine Learning

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1205/

Kanamaru, Toshiyuki and Murata, Masaki and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Japanese adverbs are classified as either declarative or normal; the former declare the communicative intention of the speaker, while the latter convey a manner of action, a quantity, or a degree by which the adverb modifies the verb or adjective that it accompanies. We have automatically classified adverbs as either declarative or not declarative using a machine-learning method such as the maximum entropy method. We defined adverbs having positive or negative connotations as the positive data. We classified adverbs in the EDR dictionary and IPADIC used by Chasen using this result and built an adverb dictionary that contains descriptions of the communicative intentions of the speaker.

null

87,876

inproceedings

grefenstette-etal-2006-exploiting

Exploiting text for extracting image processing resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1206/

Grefenstette, Gregory and Debili, Fathi and Fluhr, Christian and Zinger, Svitlana

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Much everyday knowledge about physical aspects of objects does not exist as computer data, though such computer-based knowledge will be needed to communicate with next generation voice-commanded personal robots as well in other applications involving visual scene recognition. The largest attempt at manually creating common-sense knowledge, the CYC project, has not yet produced the information needed for these tasks. A new direction is needed, based on an automated approach to knowledge extraction. In this article we present our project to mine web text to find properties of objects that are not currently stored in computer readable form.

null

87,877

inproceedings

okazaki-ananiadou-2006-clustering

Clustering acronyms in biomedical text for disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1207/

Okazaki, Naoaki and Ananiadou, Sophia

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Given the increasing number of neologisms in biomedicine (names of genes, diseases, molecules, etc.), the rate of acronyms used in literature also increases. Existing acronym dictionaries cannot keep up with the rate of new creations. Thus, discovering and disambiguating acronyms and their expanded forms are essential aspects of text mining and terminology management. We present a method for clustering long forms identified by an acronym recognition method. Applying the acronym recognition method to MEDLINE abstracts, we obtained a list of short/long forms. The recognized short/long forms were classified by abiologist to construct an evaluation set for clustering sets of similar long forms. We observed five types of term variation in the evaluation set and defined four similarity measures to gathers the similar longforms (i.e., orthographic, morphological, syntactic, lexico semantic variants, nested abbreviations). The complete-link clustering with the four similarity measures achieved 87.5{\%} precision and 84.9{\%} recall on the evaluation set.

null

87,878

inproceedings

nenadic-etal-2006-towards

Towards a terminological resource for biomedical text mining

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1208/

Nenadic, Goran and Okazaki, Naoki and Ananiadou, Sophia

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

One of the main challenges in biomedical text mining is the identification of terminology, which is a key factor for accessing and integrating the information stored in literature. Manual creation of biomedical terminologies cannot keep pace with the data that becomes available. Still, many of them have been used in attempts to recognise terms in literature, but their suitability for text mining has been questioned as substantial re-engineering is needed to tailor the resources for automatic processing. Several approaches have been suggested to automatically integrate and map between resources, but the problems of extensive variability of lexical representations and ambiguity have been revealed. In this paper we present a methodology to automatically maintain a biomedical terminological database, which contains automatically extracted terms, their mutual relationships, features and possible annotations that can be useful in text processing. In addition to TermDB, a database used for terminology management and storage, we present the following modules that are used to populate the database: TerMine (recognition, extraction and normalisation of terms from literature), AcroTerMine (extraction and clustering of acronyms and their long forms), AnnoTerm (annotation and classification of terms), and ClusTerm (extraction of term associations and clustering of terms).

null

87,879

inproceedings

hjelm-2006-extraction

Extraction of Cross Language Term Correspondences

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1209/

Hjelm, Hans

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes a method for extracting translations of terms across languages, using parallel corpora. The extracted term correspondences are such that they are useful when performing query expansion for cross language information retrieval, or for bilingual lexicon extraction. The method makes use of the mutual information measure and allows for mapping between single word- to multi-word terms and vice versa. The method is scalable (accommodates addition or removal of data) and produces high quality results, while keeping the computational costs low enough for allowing on-the-fly translations in e.g., cross language information retrieval systems. The work was carried out in collaboration with Intrafind Software AG (Munich, Germany).

null

87,880

inproceedings

guthrie-etal-2006-closer

A Closer Look at Skip-gram Modelling

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1210/

Guthrie, David and Allison, Ben and Liu, Wei and Guthrie, Louise and Wilks, Yorick

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Data sparsity is a large problem in natural language processing that refers to the fact that language is a system of rare events, so varied and complex, that even using an extremely large corpus, we can never accurately model all possible strings of words. This paper examines the use of skip-grams (a technique where by n-grams are still stored to model language, but they allow for tokens to be skipped) to overcome the data sparsity problem. We analyze this by computing all possible skip-grams in a training corpus and measure how many adjacent (standard) n-grams these cover in test documents. We examine skip-gram modelling using one to four skips with various amount of training data and test against similar documents as well as documents generated from a machine translation system. In this paper we also determine the amount of extra training data required to achieve skip-gram coverage using standard adjacent tri-grams.

null

87,881

inproceedings

dobrov-loukachevitch-2006-development

Development of Linguistic Ontology on Natural Sciences and Technology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1211/

Dobrov, B. and Loukachevitch, N.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

The paper describes the main principles of development and current state of Linguistic Ontology on Natural Sciences and Technology intended for information-retrieval tasks. In the development of the ontology we combined three different methodologies: development of information-retrieval thesauri, development of wordnets, formal ontology research. Combination of these methodologies allows us to develop large ontologies for broad domains.

null

87,882

inproceedings

bilotti-nyberg-2006-evaluation

Evaluation for Scenario Question Answering Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1212/

Bilotti, Matthew W. and Nyberg, Eric

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Scenario Question Answering is a relatively new direction in Question Answering (QA) research that presents a number of challenges for evaluation. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive evaluation strategy for Scenario QA, including amethodology for building reusable test collections for Scenario QA and metrics for evaluating system performance over such test collections. Using this methodology, we have built a test collection, which we have made available for public download as a service to the research community. It is our hope that widespread availability of quality evaluation materials fuels research in new approaches to the Scenario QA task.

null

87,883

inproceedings

buhler-minker-2006-stochastic

Stochastic Spoken Natural Language Parsing in the Framework of the {F}rench {MEDIA} Evaluation Campaign

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1213/

B{\"uhler, Dirk and Minker, Wolfgang

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A stochastic parsing component has been applied on a French spoken language dialogue corpus, recorded in the framework of the MEDIA evaluation campaign. Realized as an ergodic HMM using Viterbide coding, the parser outputs the most likely semantic representation given a transcribed utterance as input. The semantic sequences used for training and testing have been derived from the semantic representations of the MEDIA corpus. The HMM parameters have been estimated given the word sequences along with their semantic representation. The performance score of the stochastic parser has been automatically determined using the mediaval tool applied to a held out reference corpus. Evaluation results will be presented in the paper.

null

87,884

inproceedings

oepen-lonning-2006-discriminant

Discriminant-Based {MRS} Banking

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1214/

Oepen, Stephan and L{\o}nning, Jan Tore

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present an approach to discriminant-based MRS banking, i.e. the construction of an annotated corpus where each input item is paired with a logical-form semantics. Semantic annotations are produced by parsing with a broad-coverage precision grammar, followed by manual disambiguation. The selection of the preferred analysis for each item (and hence its semantic form) builds on a notion of semantic discriminants, essentially localized dependencies extracted from a full-fledged, underspecified semantic representation.

null

87,885

inproceedings

szarvas-etal-2006-highly

A highly accurate Named Entity corpus for {H}ungarian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1215/

Szarvas, Gy{\"orgy and Farkas, Rich{\'ard and Felf{\"oldi, L{\'aszl{\'o and Kocsor, Andr{\'as and Csirik, J{\'anos

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A highly accurate Named Entity (NE) corpus for Hungarian that is publicly available for research purposes is introduced in the paper, along with its main properties. The results of experiments that apply various Machine Learning models and classifier combination schemes are also presented to serve as a benchmark for further research based on the corpus. The data is a segment of the Szeged Corpus (Csendes et al., 2004), consisting of short business news articles collected from MTI (Hungarian News Agency, www.mti.hu). The annotation procedure was carried out paying special attention to annotation accuracy. The corpus went through a parallel annotation phase done by two annotators, resulting in a tagging with inter-annotator agreement rate of 99.89{\%}. Controversial taggings were collected and discussed by the two annotators and a linguist with several years of experience in corpus annotation. These examples were tagged following the decision they made together, and finally all entities that had suspicious or dubious annotations were collected and checked for consistency. We consider the result of this correcting process virtually be free of errors. Our best performing Named Entity Recognizer (NER) model attained an accuracy of 92.86{\%} F measure on the corpus.

null

87,886

inproceedings

ritz-heid-2006-extraction

Extraction tools for collocations and their morphosyntactic specificities

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1217/

Ritz, Julia and Heid, Ulrich

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe tools for the extraction of collocations not only in the form of word combinations, but also of data about the morphosyntactic properties of collocation candidates. Such data are needed for a detailed lexical description of collocations, and to support both their recognition in text and the generation of collocationally acceptable text. We describe the tool architecture, report on a case study based on noun+verb collocations, and we give a first rough evaluation of the data quality produced.

null

87,888

inproceedings

nezda-etal-2006-world

What in the world is a Shahab?: Wide Coverage Named Entity Recognition for {A}rabic

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1218/

Nezda, Luke and Hickl, Andrew and Lehmann, John and Fayyaz, Sarmad

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the development of CiceroArabic, the first wide coverage named entity recognition (NER) system for Modern Standard Arabic. Capable of classifying 18 different named entity classes with over 85{\%} F, CiceroArabic utilizes a new 800,000-word annotated Arabic newswire corpus in order to achieve high performance without the need for hand-crafted rules or morphological information. In addition to describing results from our system, we show that accurate named entity annotation for a large number of semantic classes is feasible, even for very large corpora, and we discuss new techniques designed to boost agreement and consistency among annotators over a long-term annotation effort.

null

87,889

inproceedings

poesio-etal-2006-anaphora

An Anaphora Resolution-Based Anonymization Module

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1219/

Poesio, M. and Kabadjov, M. A. and Goux, P. and Kruschwitz, U. and Bishop, E. and Corti, L.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Growing privacy and security concerns mean there is an increasing need for data to be anonymized before being publically released. We present a module for anonymizing references implemented as part of the SQUAD tools for specifying and testing non-proprietary means of storing and marking-up data using universal (XML) standards and technologies. The tool is implemented on top of the GUITAR anaphoric resolver.

null

87,890

inproceedings

sailer-trawinski-2006-collection

The Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items: A Multilingual Resource for Linguistic Research

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1220/

Sailer, Manfred and Trawi{\'n}ski, Beata

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We present two collections of lexical items with idiosyncratic distribution. The collections document the behavior of German and English bound words (BW, such as English headway), i.e., words which can only occur in one expression (make headway). BWs are a problem for both general and idiomatic dictionaries since it is unclear whether they have an independent lexical status and to what extent the expressions in which they occur are typical idiomatic expressions. We propose a system which allows us to document the information about BWs from dictionaries and linguistic literature, together with corpus data and example queries for major text corpora. We present our data structure and point to other phraseologically oriented collections. We will also show differences between the German and the English collection.

null

87,891

inproceedings

heid-etal-2006-grammar

Grammar-based tools for the creation of tagging resources for an unresourced language: the case of {N}orthern {S}otho

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1221/

Heid, Ulrich and Taljard, Elsab{\'e} and Prinsloo, Danie J.

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

We describe an architecture for the parallel construction of a tagger lexicon and an annotated reference corpus for the part-of-speech tagging of Nothern Sotho, a Bantu language of South Africa, for which no tagged resources have been available so far. Our tools make use of grammatical properties (morphological and syntactic) of the language. We use symbolic pretagging, followed by stochastic tagging, an architecture which proves useful not only for the bootstrapping of tagging resources, but also for the tagging of any new text. We discuss the tagset design, the tool architecture and the current state of our ongoing effort.

null

87,892

inproceedings

de-sousa-trippel-2006-building

Building a historical corpus for Classical {P}ortuguese: some technological aspects

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1222/

de Sousa, Maria Clara Paix{\~a}o and Trippel, Thorsten

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper describes the restructuring process of a large corpus of historical documents and the system architecture that is used for accessing it. The initial challenge of this process was to get the most out of existing material, normalizing the legacy markup and harvesting the inherent information using widely available standards. This resulted in a conceptual and technical restructuring of the formerly existing corpus. The development of the standardized markup and techniques allowed the inclusion of important new materials, such as original 16th and 17th century prints and manuscripts; and enlarged the potential user groups. On the technological side, we were grounded on the premise that open standards are the best way of making sure that the resources will be accessible even after years in an archive. This is a welcomed result in view of the additional consequence of the remodeled corpus concept: it serves as a repository for important historical documents, some of which had been preserved for 500 years in paper format. This very rich material can from now on be handled freely for linguistic research goals.

null

87,893

inproceedings

pazienza-etal-2006-mixing

Mixing {W}ord{N}et, {V}erb{N}et and {P}rop{B}ank for studying verb relations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1223/

Pazienza, Maria Teresa and Pennacchiotti, Marco and Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we present a novel resource for studying the semantics of verb relations. The resource is created by mixing sense relational knowledge enclosed in WordNet, frame knowledge enclosed in VerbNet and corpus knowledge enclosed in PropBank. As a result, a set of about 1000 frame pairs is made available. A frame pair represents a pair of verbs in a peculiar semantic relation accompanied with specific information, such as: the syntactic-semantic frames of the two verbs, the mapping among their thematic roles and a set of textual examples extracted from the PennTreeBank. We specifically focus on four relations: Troponymy, Causation, Entailment and Antonymy. The different steps required for the mapping are described in detail and statistics on resource mutual coverage are reported. We also propose a practical use of the resource for the task of Textual Entailment acquisition and for Question Answering. A first attempt for automate the mapping among verb arguments is also presented: early experiments show that simple techniques can achieve good results, up to 85{\%} F-Measure.

null

87,894

inproceedings

wanner-ramos-2006-local

Local Document Relevance Clustering in {IR} Using Collocation Information

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1224/

Wanner, Leo and Ramos, Margarita Alonso

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

A series of different automatic query expansion techniques has been suggested in Information Retrieval. To estimate how suitable a document term is as an expansion term, the most popular of them use a measure of the frequency of the co-occurrence of this term with one or several query terms. The benefit of the use of the linguistic relations that hold between query terms is often questioned. If a linguistic phenomenon is taken into account, it is the phrase structure or lexical compound. We propose a technique that is based on the restricted lexical cooccurrence (collocation) of query terms. We use the knowledge on collocations formed by query terms for two tasks: (i) document relevance clustering done in the first stage of local query expansion and (ii) choice of suitable expansion terms from the relevant document cluster. In this paper, we describe the first task, providing evidence from first preliminary experiments on Spanish material that local relevance clustering benefits largely from knowledge on collocations.

null

87,895

inproceedings

esuli-sebastiani-2006-sentiwordnet

{SENTIWORDNET}: A Publicly Available Lexical Resource for Opinion Mining

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1225/

Esuli, Andrea and Sebastiani, Fabrizio

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Opinion mining (OM) is a recent subdiscipline at the crossroads of information retrieval and computational linguistics which is concerned not with the topic a document is about, but with the opinion it expresses. OM has a rich set of applications, ranging from tracking users opinions about products or about political candidates as expressed in online forums, to customer relationship management. In order to aid the extraction of opinions from text, recent research has tried to automatically determine the PNpolarity of subjective terms, i.e. identify whether a term that is a marker of opinionated content has a positive or a negative connotation. Research on determining whether a term is indeed a marker of opinionated content (a subjective term) or not (an objective term) has been instead much scarcer. In this work we describe SENTIWORDNET, a lexical resource in which each WORDNET synset sis associated to three numerical scores Obj(s), Pos(s) and Neg(s), describing how objective, positive, and negative the terms contained in the synset are. The method used to develop SENTIWORDNET is based on the quantitative analysis of the glosses associated to synsets, and on the use of the resulting vectorial term representations for semi-supervised synset classi.cation. The three scores are derived by combining the results produced by a committee of eight ternary classi.ers, all characterized by similar accuracy levels but different classification behaviour. SENTIWORDNET is freely available for research purposes, and is endowed with a Web-based graphical user interface.

null

87,896

inproceedings

denis-etal-2006-deep

A Deep-Parsing Approach to Natural Language Understanding in Dialogue System: Results of a Corpus-Based Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1226/

Denis, Alexandre and Quignard, Matthieu and Pitel, Guillaume

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents an approach to dialogue understanding based on a deep parsing and rule-based semantic analysis. Its performance in the semantic evaluation performed in the framework of the EVALDA/MEDIA campaign is encouraging. The MEDIA project aims to evaluate natural language understanding systems for French on a hotel reservation task (Devillers et al., 2004). For the evaluation, five participating teams had to produce an annotated version of the input utterances in compliance with a commonly agreed format (the MEDIA formalism). An approach based on symbolic processing was not straightforward given the conditions of the evaluation but we achieved a score close to that of statistical systems, without needing an annotated corpus. Despite the architecture has been designed for this campaign, exclusively dedicated to spoken dialogue understanding, we believe that our approach based on a LTAG parser and two ontologies can be used in real dialogue systems, providing quite robust speech understanding and facilities for interfacing with a dialogue manager and the application itself.

null

87,897

inproceedings

sasaki-2006-work

Work within the {W}3{C} Internationalization Activity and its Benefit for the Creation and Manipulation of Language Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1227/

Sasaki, Felix

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper introduces ongoing and current work within Internationalization (i18n) Activity, in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The focus is on aspects of the W3C i18n Activity which are of benefit for the creation and manipulation of multilingual language resources. In particular, the paper deals with ongoing work concerning encoding, visualization and processing of characters; current work on language and locale identification; and current work on internationalization of markup. The main usage scenario is the design of multilingual corpora. This includes issues of corpus creation and manipulation.

null

87,898

inproceedings

king-underwood-2006-evaluating

Evaluating Symbiotic Systems: the challenge

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1228/

King, Margaret and Underwood, Nancy

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper looks at a class of systems which pose severe problems in evaluation design for current conventional approaches to evaluation. After describing the two conventional evaluation paradigms: the functionality paradigm as typified by evaluation campaigns and the ISO inspired user-centred paradigm typified by the work of the EAGLES and ISLE projects, it goes on to outline the problems posed by the evaluation of systems which are designed to work in critical interaction with a human expert user and to work over vast amounts of data. These systems pose problems for both paradigms although for different reasons. The primary aim of this paper is to provoke discussion and the search for solutions. We have no proven solutions at present. However, we describe a programme of exploratory research on which we have already embarked, which involves ground clearing work which we expect to result in a deep understanding of the systems and users, a pre-requisite for developing a general framework for evaluation in this field.

null

87,899

inproceedings

chalamandaris-etal-2006-greek

All {G}reek to me! An automatic {G}reeklish to {G}reek transliteration system

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1229/

Chalamandaris, Aimilios and Protopapas, Athanassios and Tsiakoulis, Pirros and Raptis, Spyros

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

This paper presents research on Greeklish, that is, a transliteration of Greek using the Latin alphabet, which is used frequently in Greek e-mail communication. Greeklish is not standardized and there are a number of competing conventions co-existing in communication, based on personal preferences regarding similarities between Greek and Latin letters in shape, sound, or keyboard position. Our research has led to the development of All Greek to me! the first automatic transliteration system that can cope with any type of Greeklish. In this paper we first present previous research on Greeklish, describing other approaches that have attempted to deal with the same problems. We then provide a brief description of our approach, illustrating the functional flowchart of our system and the main ideas that underlie it. We present measures of system performance, based on about a years worth of usage as a public web service, and preliminary research, based on the same corpus, on the use of Greeklish and the trends in preferred Latin-Greek letter mapping. We evaluate the consistency of different transliteration patterns among users as well as the within-user consistency based on coherent principles. Finally we outline planned future research to further understand the use of Greeklish and improve All Greek to me! to function reliably embedded in integrated communication platforms bridging e-mail to mobile telephony and ubiquitous connectivity.

null

87,900

inproceedings

vogt-andre-2006-improving

Improving Automatic Emotion Recognition from Speech via Gender Differentiaion

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1230/

Vogt, Thurid and Andr{\'e}, Elisabeth

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

Feature extraction is still a disputed issue for the recognition of emotions from speech. Differences in features for male and female speakers are a well-known problem and it is established that gender-dependent emotion recognizers perform better than gender-independent ones. We propose a way to improve the discriminative quality of gender-dependent features: The emotion recognition system is preceded by an automatic gender detection that decides upon which of two gender-dependent emotion classifiers is used to classify an utterance. This framework was tested on two different databases, one with emotional speech produced by actors and one with spontaneous emotional speech from a Wizard-of-Oz setting. Gender detection achieved an accuracy of about 90 {\%} and the combined gender and emotion recognition system improved the overall recognition rate of a gender-independent emotion recognition system by 2-4 {\%}.

null

87,901

inproceedings

ahmad-etal-2006-sentiments

Sentiments on a Grid: Analysis of Streaming News and Views

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Gangemi, Aldo and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Tapias, Daniel

may

2006

Genoa, Italy

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L06-1231/

Ahmad, Khurshid and Gillam, Lee and Cheng, David

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`06)

null

In this paper we report on constructing a finite state automaton comprising automatically extracted terminology and significant collocation patterns from a training corpus of specialist news (Reuters Financial News). The automaton can be used to unambiguously identify sentiment-bearing words that might be able to make or break people, companies, perhaps even governments. The paper presents the emerging face of corpus linguistics where a corpus is used to bootstrap both the terminology and the significant meaning bearing patterns from the corpus. Much of the current content analysis software systems require a human coder to eyeball terms and sentiment words. Such an approach might yield very good quality results on small text collections but when confronted with a 40-50 million word corpus such an approach does not scale, and a large-scale computer-based approach is required. We report on the use of Grid computing technologies and techniques to cope with this analysis.

null

87,902