prognosis/cardio-docs-qa · Datasets at Hugging Face

How did heparin doses compare to aPTT values?

lower doses

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How did heparin doses compare to aPTT values?. ### Response: lower doses.

What are the limits of heparin in addition to hemor-rhagic complications?

pharmacokinetic properties

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the limits of heparin in addition to hemor-rhagic complications?. ### Response: pharmacokinetic properties.

What is the ability to do with anti-Xa levels in patients with VTE?

adjust heparin doses

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the ability to do with anti-Xa levels in patients with VTE?. ### Response: adjust heparin doses.

What can lead to osteoporosis?

bone metabolism

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What can lead to osteoporosis?. ### Response: bone metabolism.

What are some nonhemorrhagic side effects?

skin reactions that can progress to necrosis, alopecia, and hypersen-sitivity reactions

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some nonhemorrhagic side effects?. ### Response: skin reactions that can progress to necrosis, alopecia, and hypersen-sitivity reactions.

Skin reactions that can progress to necrosis are examples of what?

nonhemorrhagic side effects

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Skin reactions that can progress to necrosis are examples of what?. ### Response: nonhemorrhagic side effects.

What are skin reactions that can progress to necrosis, alopecia, and hypersen-sitivity reactions?

nonhemorrhagic side effects

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are skin reactions that can progress to necrosis, alopecia, and hypersen-sitivity reactions?. ### Response: nonhemorrhagic side effects.

What are hypersensitivity reactions to heparin?

uncommon

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are hypersensitivity reactions to heparin?. ### Response: uncommon.

In 2007, an unusually high number of adverse events with what drug were reported in North America?

heparin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: In 2007, an unusually high number of adverse events with what drug were reported in North America?. ### Response: heparin.

What was the cause of these reactions?

Aprotinin and nitroglycerin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the cause of these reactions?. ### Response: Aprotinin and nitroglycerin.

Where was the contaminant in heparin manufac-tured?

China

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Where was the contaminant in heparin manufac-tured?. ### Response: China.

What was the contaminant in heparin manufac-tured in China?

chondroitin sulfate

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the contaminant in heparin manufac-tured in China?. ### Response: chondroitin sulfate.

What is postulated that when given in therapeutic doses, the anticoagulant can be what?

94

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is postulated that when given in therapeutic doses, the anticoagulant can be what?. ### Response: 94.

Asians vs non-Asians were compared for what?

standard-dose NOACs

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Asians vs non-Asians were compared for what?. ### Response: standard-dose NOACs.

What were the effect sizes of the primary ef ficacy end point (stroke and systemicembolism) and the primary safety end point?

greater

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What were the effect sizes of the primary ef ficacy end point (stroke and systemicembolism) and the primary safety end point?. ### Response: greater.

What was the risk reduction in hemorrhagic stroke and gastrointestinalbleeding greater in Asians vs non-Asians?

standard-dose NOACs

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the risk reduction in hemorrhagic stroke and gastrointestinalbleeding greater in Asians vs non-Asians?. ### Response: standard-dose NOACs.

What was more effective and safer for Asians when compared with warfarin?

standard-dose NOACs

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was more effective and safer for Asians when compared with warfarin?. ### Response: standard-dose NOACs.

How many mg of rivaroxaban were used for low-dose NOACs?

20 mg

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How many mg of rivaroxaban were used for low-dose NOACs?. ### Response: 20 mg.

What are three low-dose NOACs?

dabigatran 110 mg, rivaroxaban15 mg, and edoxaban 30 mg

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are three low-dose NOACs?. ### Response: dabigatran 110 mg, rivaroxaban15 mg, and edoxaban 30 mg.

What is rivaroxaban 15 mg/10 mg?

low-dose NOACs

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is rivaroxaban 15 mg/10 mg?. ### Response: low-dose NOACs.

What is more commonly used than standard-dose NOACs?

warfarin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is more commonly used than standard-dose NOACs?. ### Response: warfarin.

What was associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke or systemicembolization, major bleeding, ICH, and total mortality compared with warfarin?

the use of NOACs

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke or systemicembolization, major bleeding, ICH, and total mortality compared with warfarin?. ### Response: the use of NOACs.

Published data suggest thatNOACs are preferentially indicated for stroke prevention in what ethnicity?

Asians

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Published data suggest thatNOACs are preferentially indicated for stroke prevention in what ethnicity?. ### Response: Asians.

What are NOACs better than than VKAs?

serious bleeding

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are NOACs better than than VKAs?. ### Response: serious bleeding.

What discourages initiation of anticoagulant therapy in patients at highrisk of bleeding?

Thepotential for bleeding

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What discourages initiation of anticoagulant therapy in patients at highrisk of bleeding?. ### Response: Thepotential for bleeding.

Patients who experience a bleed frequently have permanent or prolonged discontinuation of what?

their anticoagulant

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Patients who experience a bleed frequently have permanent or prolonged discontinuation of what?. ### Response: their anticoagulant.

What is a safer anticoagulant than thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors?

warfarin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a safer anticoagulant than thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors?. ### Response: warfarin.

What are the upstreamtargets for factor xI and factorxII in the contact pathway?

factor XI and factor XII

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the upstreamtargets for factor xI and factorxII in the contact pathway?. ### Response: factor XI and factor XII.

What is thrombosis with minimal or no role inhemostasis?

factor XI and factor XII

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is thrombosis with minimal or no role inhemostasis?. ### Response: factor XI and factor XII.

What are strategies to target factor XII or factorXI?

antisense oligonucleotides that reduce hepaticsynthesis of the clotting proteins

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are strategies to target factor XII or factorXI?. ### Response: antisense oligonucleotides that reduce hepaticsynthesis of the clotting proteins.

Antisense oligonucleotides that reduce hepaticsynthesis of the clotting proteins are what?

polyanion antagonists

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Antisense oligonucleotides that reduce hepaticsynthesis of the clotting proteins are what?. ### Response: polyanion antagonists.

What are polyanion antagonists that attenuate contact activation by nullifying stimulators of the pathway?

clotting proteins, monoclonal antibodiesthat block activation or activity, aptamers, small moleculesthat block the active site or induce allosteric modulation,and polyanion antagonists that attenuate contact activationby nullifying stimulators of the pathway.7

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are polyanion antagonists that attenuate contact activation by nullifying stimulators of the pathway?. ### Response: clotting proteins, monoclonal antibodiesthat block activation or activity, aptamers, small moleculesthat block the active site or induce allosteric modulation,and polyanion antagonists that attenuate contact activationby nullifying stimulators of the pathway.7.

What was compared with enoxaparin in 300 patientsundergoing elective knee arthroplasty?

IONIS-416858

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was compared with enoxaparin in 300 patientsundergoing elective knee arthroplasty?. ### Response: IONIS-416858.

How many days prior to surgery was enoxaparin given at adose of 40 mg?

35

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How many days prior to surgery was enoxaparin given at adose of 40 mg?. ### Response: 35.

How many mgIONIS-416858 regimen was noninferior?

200

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How many mgIONIS-416858 regimen was noninferior?. ### Response: 200.

What regimen was superior in preventing the end point of asymptomatic DVT, pulmonary embolism, or VTE-related mortality?

IONIS-416858

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What regimen was superior in preventing the end point of asymptomatic DVT, pulmonary embolism, or VTE-related mortality?. ### Response: IONIS-416858.

What is another term for VTE-related mortality?

pulmonary embolism

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is another term for VTE-related mortality?. ### Response: pulmonary embolism.

What was the rate of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding in both IONIS-treated patients?

3%

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the rate of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding in both IONIS-treated patients?. ### Response: 3%.

What does early rivaroxaban use after cardioembolic stroke not result in?

hemorrhagic trans-formation

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What does early rivaroxaban use after cardioembolic stroke not result in?. ### Response: hemorrhagic trans-formation.

What is the name of the prospective magnetic resonance imaging study that may not cause hemorrhagic transformation?

Gioia LC, Kate M, Sivakumar L, Hussain D, Kalashyan H, Buck B, Bussiere M, Jeerakathil T, Shuaib A, Emery D, et al. Early rivaroxaban

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the prospective magnetic resonance imaging study that may not cause hemorrhagic transformation?. ### Response: Gioia LC, Kate M, Sivakumar L, Hussain D, Kalashyan H, Buck B, Bussiere M, Jeerakathil T, Shuaib A, Emery D, et al. Early rivaroxaban.

What is the name of the study that investigated resonance imaging?

STROKEAHA

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When was Stroke.47:1917-1919?

2016

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When was Stroke.47:1917-1919?. ### Response: 2016.

What is one of the main findings of the resonance imaging study?

Early rivaroxaban use after cardioembolic stroke may not result in hemorrhagic trans-formation

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is one of the main findings of the resonance imaging study?. ### Response: Early rivaroxaban use after cardioembolic stroke may not result in hemorrhagic trans-formation.

What is more effective than heparin?

aspirin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is more effective than heparin?. ### Response: aspirin.

What is the name of the meta-analysis of ischaemic stroke?

individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the meta-analysis of ischaemic stroke?. ### Response: individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

What is more effective than aspirin in preventing early neurologic deteri-oration?

Low-molecular-weight heparin

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is more effective than aspirin in preventing early neurologic deteri-oration?. ### Response: Low-molecular-weight heparin.

What is the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on neurologic outcome?

improving six-month outcome

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on neurologic outcome?. ### Response: improving six-month outcome.

In what year did J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.23:1537–1544 appear?

2014

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: In what year did J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.23:1537–1544 appear?. ### Response: 2014.

What is ALIAS?

Albumin in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is ALIAS?. ### Response: Albumin in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

What is the name of the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high-dose al-bumin?

part 2

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high-dose al-bumin?. ### Response: part 2.

What is the name of the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial?

Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke (CUFFS) Trial

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial?. ### Response: Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke (CUFFS) Trial.

When did the Lancet Neurol. 2013 issue 12:1049-1058?

2013

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What are the parts 1 and 2 of ALIAS?

NETT Investigators

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the parts 1 and 2 of ALIAS?. ### Response: NETT Investigators.

What are the parts 1 and 2 of the Stroke trials?

ALIAS Parts 1 and 2 and NETT Investigators. ALIAS (Albumin in Acute Ischemic Stroke) trials

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the parts 1 and 2 of the Stroke trials?. ### Response: ALIAS Parts 1 and 2 and NETT Investigators. ALIAS (Albumin in Acute Ischemic Stroke) trials.

What is the name of the study that investigated the safety of using external counterpulsation to augment cardiac output?

Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke (CUFFS) Trial

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the study that investigated the safety of using external counterpulsation to augment cardiac output?. ### Response: Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke (CUFFS) Trial.

What does CUFFS stand for?

Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What does CUFFS stand for?. ### Response: Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke.

What is the name of the trial to augment cerebral blood flow in stroke?

Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the trial to augment cerebral blood flow in stroke?. ### Response: Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials.

When was the Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke Trial?

2015

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When was the Counterpulsation to Upgrade Forward Flow in Stroke Trial?. ### Response: 2015.

What is prehospital use of magnesium sulfate as neuroprotection in acute stroke?

FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is prehospital use of magnesium sulfate as neuroprotection in acute stroke?. ### Response: FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators.

What is the doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408827 236?

N Engl J Med.

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408827 236?. ### Response: N Engl J Med..

How does transcranial near-infrared laser therapy treat stroke patients?

light approach

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How does transcranial near-infrared laser therapy treat stroke patients?. ### Response: light approach.

What is a translational science?

transcranial near-infrared laser therapy

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a translational science?. ### Response: transcranial near-infrared laser therapy.

When was the last time a patient had a stroke?

1049–10

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When was the last time a patient had a stroke?. ### Response: 1049–10.

What is the address of the International Society of Nephrology?

Global Operations Center, Avenue des Arts1-2, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the address of the International Society of Nephrology?. ### Response: Global Operations Center, Avenue des Arts1-2, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium.

Where is the Global Operations Center located?

Brussels, Belgium

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Where is the Global Operations Center located?. ### Response: Brussels, Belgium.

What should be addressed to: USA/Canada:Jane Liss, Tel: +1 732-890-9812, E-mail: [email protected] and JenCallow, Tel?

AdvertisingInquiries concerning display advertising

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What should be addressed to: USA/Canada:Jane Liss, Tel: +1 732-890-9812, E-mail: [email protected] and JenCallow, Tel?. ### Response: AdvertisingInquiries concerning display advertising.

Who is responsible for recruiting/classi fied advertising?

Rob Issler

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is responsible for recruiting/classi fied advertising?. ### Response: Rob Issler.

What is Rob Issler's email address?

+1 321

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is Rob Issler's email address?. ### Response: +1 321.

Who should inquire about Kidney International Supplements?

Craig Smith

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who should inquire about Kidney International Supplements?. ### Response: Craig Smith.

What does the International Society of Nephrology own?

copyright

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What does the International Society of Nephrology own?. ### Response: copyright.

What is the name of the organization that owns the journal?

International Society of Nephrology

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Who is responsible for the use of the journal and contributions?

International Society of Nephrology

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What is not required for photocopying of articlespublished under the CC BY license?

Permission

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is not required for photocopying of articlespublished under the CC BY license?. ### Response: Permission.

What may single photocopies of single articles be made for?

personal use

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What may single photocopies of single articles be made for?. ### Response: personal use.

What is required for all othercopying?

Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is required for all othercopying?. ### Response: Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee.

What is a noncommercial license?

CC BY-NC-ND

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a noncommercial license?. ### Response: CC BY-NC-ND.

What is the purpose of copying for?

advertisingor promotional purposes

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What are special rates available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for classroom use?

Special ratesare available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies fornonpro ﬁ

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What is required for all articles published under a CC BY-NC-ND license?

permission of the publisher

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What is not required for resale or distribution outside the subscribing institution or company?

Permission

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What type of license is required for all other derivative works?

CC BY-NC-ND

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What is required of all derivative works, includingcompilations and translations?

permission of the publisher

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What does absence of RCT data preclude at this time?

guideline recommenda-tions

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What does absence of RCT data preclude at this time?. ### Response: guideline recommenda-tions.

When was this document downloaded?

April 28, 2023

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What is the effect of metformin on cardiovascu-lar disease among people with type 2 diabetes?

a meta-analysis of randomised trials

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the effect of metformin on cardiovascu-lar disease among people with type 2 diabetes?. ### Response: a meta-analysis of randomised trials.

What are the results of empagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes?

mortality

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the results of empagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes?. ### Response: mortality.

What type of diabetes is canagliflozin associated with?

type 2 diabetes

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What type of diabetes is canagliflozin associated with?. ### Response: type 2 diabetes.

What year did N Engl J Med issue 377:644-57?

2017

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What is the name of the drug that has been linked to cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes?

Liraglutide

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the drug that has been linked to cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes?. ### Response: Liraglutide.

What was the N Engl J Med. 2016:375:311–22?

Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the N Engl J Med. 2016:375:311–22?. ### Response: Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

Who is the author of Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes?

Wiviott

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What is the name of the double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial?

Lancet

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial?. ### Response: Lancet.

What is another name for Harmony Outcomes?

cardio-vascular disease

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is another name for Harmony Outcomes?. ### Response: cardio-vascular disease.

What is the name of the drug used to treat type 2 diabetes?

Albiglutide

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of the drug used to treat type 2 diabetes?. ### Response: Albiglutide.

When was the N Engl J Med 375:1834-44 published?

2016

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What year did the American Heart Association publish a report on heart disease and stroke statistics?

2018

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What type of diabetes is multifactorial intervention and car-diovascular disease in?

type 2

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What type of diabetes is multifactorial intervention and car-diovascular disease in?. ### Response: type 2.

What year did N Engl J Med. 2003:348:383-93?

2016

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How did Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. study the effect of lifestyle on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes?

Multifactorial intervention

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How did Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. study the effect of lifestyle on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes?. ### Response: Multifactorial intervention.

What is the effect of lifestyle on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Influence

Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the effect of lifestyle on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus?. ### Response: Influence.