semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Modeling is the process of taking a shape and molding it into a completed 3D mesh. The most typical means of creating a 3D model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or “grow” it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. Primitives can be anything from a single point (called a vertex), a two-dimensional line (an edge), a curve (a spline), to three dimensional objects (faces or polygons). Using the specific features of your chosen 3D software, each one of these primitives can be manipulated to produce an object. When you create a model in 3D, you’ll usually learn one method to create your model, and go back to it time and again when you need to create new models. There are three basic methods you can use to create a 3D model, and 3D artists should understand how to create a model using each technique. 1. Spline or patch modeling: A spline is a curve in 3D space defined by at least two control points. The most common splines used in 3D art are bezier curves and NURBS (the software Maya has a strong NURBS modeling foundation.) Using splines to create a model is perhaps the oldest, most traditional form of 3D modeling available. A cage of splines is created to form a “skeleton” of the object you want to create. The software can then create a patch of polygons to extend between two splines, forming a 3D skin around the shape. Spline modeling is not used very often these days for character creation, due to how long it takes to create good models. The models that are produced usually aren’t useful for animation without a lot of modification. Spline modeling is used primarily for the creation of hard objects, like cars, buildings, and furniture. Splines are extremely useful when creating these objects, which may be a combination of angular and curved shapes. When creating a 3D scene that requires curved shapes, spline modeling should be your first choice. 2. Box modeling: Box modeling is possibly the most popular technique, and bears a lot of resemblance to traditional sculpting. In box modeling, one starts with a primitive (usually a cube) and begins adding detail by “slicing” the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you’re after. People use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. Once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. The downside is that the technique requires a lot of tweaking of the model along the way. Also, it is difficult to create a model that has a surface topology that lends well to animation. Box modeling is useful as a way to create organic models, like characters. Box modelers can also create hard objects like buildings, however precise curved shapes may be more difficult to create using this technique. 3. Poly modeling / edge extrusion: While it’s not the easiest to get started with, poly modeling is perhaps the most effective and precise technique. In poly modeling, one creates a 3D mesh point-by-point, face-by-face. Often one will start out with a single quad (a 3D object consisting of 4 points) and extrude an edge of the quad, creating a second quad attached to the first. The 3D model is created gradually in this way. While poly modeling is not as fast as box modeling, it requires less tweaking of the mesh to get it “just right,” and you can plan out the topology for animation ahead of time. Poly modelers use the technique to create either organic or hard objects, though poly modeling is best suited for organic models. A Workflow that Works The workflow you choose to create a model will largely depend on how comfortable you are with a given technique, what object you’re creating, and what your goals are for the final product. Someone who is creating an architectural scene, for example, may create basic models with cubes and other simple shapes to create an outline of the finished project. Meshes can then be refined or replaced with more detailed objects as you progress through the project. This is an organized, well-planned way to create a scene; it is a strategy used by professionals that makes scene creation straightforward. Beginners, on the other hand, tend to dive in headfirst and work on the most detailed objects first. This is a daunting way to work, and can quickly lead to frustration and overwhelm. Remember, sketch first, then refine. Likewise, when creating an organic model, beginners tend to start with the most detailed areas first, and flesh out the remaining parts later, a haphazard way to create a character. This may be one reason why box modeling has grown to be so widely popular. A modeler can easily create the complete figure before refining the details, like eyes, lips, and ears. Perhaps the best strategy is to use a hybrid workflow when creating organic models. A well planned organic model is created using a combination of box modeling and poly modeling. The arms, legs, and torso can be sketched out with box modeling, while the fine details of the head, hands, and feet are poly modeled. This is a compromise professional modelers seek which prevents them from getting bogged down in details. It can make the difference between a completed character, and one that is never fleshed out beyond the head. Beginners would be wise to follow this advice. Another aspect of proper workflow is creating a model with an ideal 3D mesh topology. Topology optimization is usually associated with creating models used in animation. Models created without topology that flows in a smooth, circular pattern, may not animate correctly, which is why it is important to plan ahead when creating any 3D object that will be used for animation. The most frequently discussed topology is the proper creation or placement of edgeloops. An edgeloop is a ring of polygons placed in an area where the model may deform, as in the case of animation. These rings of polygons are usually placed around areas where muscles might be, such as in the shoulder or elbow. Edegeloop placement is critical when creating faces. When edgeloops are ignored, models will exhibit “tearing” when animated, and the model will need to be reworked or scrapped altogether in favor of a properly-planned model. The next step to creating great models is simply to practice and examine the work of artists you admire. Some of the best 3D modelers are also fantastic pencil-and-paper artists. It will be well worth your time to practice drawing, whether you’re a character creator or a wanna-be architect. Good modeling requires a lot of dedication. You’ll need to thoroughly understand the software you’re using, and the principles of good 3D model creation laid out above. Character artists will need to learn proportion and anatomy. By understanding these basics of modeling you’ll save yourself a lot of frustration and discouragement, and you’ll be well on your way to becoming a prolific 3D artist.	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Is there such a thing as too much money? by Fred E. Foldvary, Senior EditorWhat is inflation? There are two economic meanings of inflation. The first meaning is monetary inflation, having to do with the money supply. To understand that, we need to understand that the impact of money on the economy depends not just on the amount of money but also on its rate of turnover. We all know that money circulates. How fast it circulates is called its velocity. For example, suppose you get paid $4000 every four weeks. You are circulating $4000 13 times per year. Then suppose you instead get paid $1000 each week. Your total spending is the same, but now you are circulating $1000 52 times per year. The velocity of the money is 52, but the money you hold has been reduced to one fourth its previous amount, although the money held times the velocity is the same. The effect on the economy is the money supply times the velocity. Monetary inflation is an increase in the money supply, times the velocity, which is greater than the increase in the amount of transactions measured in constant dollars. Simply put, if velocity does not change, monetary inflation is an increase in money that is greater than the increase in goods. Price inflation is an on-going increase in the price level. The level of prices is measured by a price index, such as the consumer price index (CPI). Usually, price inflation is caused by monetary inflation. So let’s take a look at recent monetary inflation. The broadest measure of money is MZM, which stands for money zero maturity, funds which can be readily spent. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis keeps track of various measurements of money. Its data show that on an annual basis, MZM increased by 13 percent in January 2008, 36 percent in February, and 23 percent in March. These are huge increases, since gross domestic product, the total production of goods, increased at an annual rate of only .6 percent during these months. In 2006, MZM grew at an annual rate of only 4 percent. High monetary inflation results in high price inflation. Indeed, in May 2008 the consumer price index rose by 4.2 percent from the level of May 2007. For the month, the increase for May was .6 percent, an annual rate of 7.2 percent. The “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers” (CPI-U) increased 0.8 percent in May, before seasonal adjustment, for an annualized increase of 9.6 percent. The “Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers” (CPI-W) increased 1.0 percent in May, prior to seasonal adjustment, for a whopping annual increase of 12 percent. The rapid rise in oil prices fueled the increase in the price of gasoline, while the greater demand for grains made food prices rise, but beneath these rises is the monetary inflation that creates a higher demand for goods in general. The government reports that “core inflation,” not counting gasoline and food, is lower, but what counts for people is everything they buy, including food and fuel. If you have to pay much more for food and gasoline, there is less money for other things, so of course these will not rise in price as much. In making monetary policy, the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds interest rate, which banks pay when they borrow funds from one another. During the financial troubles during the first few months of 2008, the Fed aggressively lowered the federal funds rate to 2 percent and also indicated that it would supply limitless credit to banks that borrowed directly from the Federal Reserve. The Fed lowers the interest rate by increasing the supply of money that banks have to lend; to unload it, banks charge borrowers less interest. To start, the Fed buys U.S. Treasury bonds from the public. The Fed pays for the bonds not by using old money it has lying around but by increasing the reserves held by the banks in their accounts at their local Federal Reserve Bank then using that new money. This increase in reserves or bank funds is a creation of money out of nothing. Actually, this does not violate the law of conservation, because this creation of money is at the expense of the value of all other money holdings. Every extra dollar created by the Fed decreases the value of the dollars you hold by a tiny amount. Most monetary reformers stop there, but that is not enough. The current financial instability is also caused by the real estate boom-bust cycle, since even with sound money, an economic expansion would spark a speculative boom in land values. In a competitive market, when produced goods rise in price, producers usually supply more, bringing the price back down or limiting the rise. But land is not produced, so with increased demand, the price has nowhere to go but up. Speculators drive the price of land based on expectations of even higher future prices, but at the peak of the boom, the price becomes too high for those who want to use the land. Real estate stops rising and then falls, and that brings the financial system down with it, as we have witnessed during the past year. To prevent the inflation in land prices, we need to remove the subsidy, the pumping up of land value from the civic benefits paid by returns on labor and capital goods. We can remove the land subsidy by tapping the land value or land rent for public revenue. Land-value tapping or taxation plus free-market money and banking would provide price and financial stability. Only the free market can know the right money supply. Some people think the government could just print money and spend it. That is what is happening in Zimbabwe, which has an inflation rate of one hundred thousand percent. Much of the population has fled the country. Once government can create money at will, there is really no way to limit it, and if there is some limiting rule, then the money supply becomes too rigid. Only free market competition and production can combine price stability with money-supply flexibility. -- Fred Foldvary Copyright 2008 by Fred E. Foldvary. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, which includes but is not limited to facsimile transmission, photocopying, recording, rekeying, or using any information storage or retrieval system, without giving full credit to Fred Foldvary and The Progress Report. Part III, The Trouble With Money and its Cure A Better Way to Pay for Railways? How Economic Systems Really Work Email this article Sign up for free Progress Report updates via email What are your views? Share your opinions with The Progress Report: Page One Page Two Archive Discussion Room Letters What's Geoism?	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The most romantic way I have ever heard Chaos Theory described is, “there are patterns, and even great beauty, in seemingly chaotic events.” Formally, Chaos Theory is defined as a sub-discipline of mathematics that studies complex, or dynamic, systems. These complex systems contain so many moving parts that it takes computers to calculate and model all of the movements of the system. In fact, it has been said that the emergence of this theory could not have happened without the invention and proliferation of the computer. Up until what is called the Quantum Mechanical Revolution, “people believed that things were directly caused by other things.” In Latin it is referred to as post hoc ergo propter hoc, or after, therefore, because of it. In essence, if one thing follows another, it must have been caused by it. It is the basis of Freudian psychoanalysis, “a belief that malfunctions in the mind are the results of traumas suffered in the past” and that Regression Therapy—pinpointing when and how these traumas occurred—would allow us to heal. It is called linear cause and effect. Chaos Theory, however, tells us that it is less about linear effect and more the existence and production of patterns caused by many different forces, the most important of which are initial conditions, popularly referred to as The Butterfly Effect. The Butterfly Effect posits that the flapping of a butterfly’s wings in South America could affect the weather in Texas, meaning that the smallest, seemingly inconsequential part of a system can have a huge effect on all the other parts. Simply said, “unless all factors can be accounted for, large systems would be impossible to predict with total accuracy because there are too many unknown variables to track.” The study of Chaos Theory has helped us understand simple, or everyday, phenomena such as water boiling on a stove and complex events such as how birds migrate, how vegetation spreads and the structure of stars in the night sky, but its origins stem from the study of weather systems. It all started in 1960 when Edward Lorentz created a weather-model on his computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lorentz’s weather model consisted of an extensive array of complex formulas that successfully modeled, and later helped predict, the weather and turned a large, unpredictable system into one of those everyday phenomena, the daily weather forecast. This month’s Quality continues in the tradition of Mr. Lorentz with Michelle Bangert’s analysis of our annual spending study, “Quality Spending Stays Strong,” and a roundtable discussion on the importance of the budget process titled, “The Budget Process Revealed.” Also, check out Genevieve Diesing’s feature, “A Closer Look at the Skills Gap.” Enjoy and thanks for reading!	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A world first study has found smoking prevention advertisements sponsored by tobacco companies targeted at parents do not work and may encourage teenagers to take up smoking. The study published online today by the American Journal of Public Health in the United States examined youth exposure to tobacco company television advertising campaigns and how that exposure influenced smoking-related beliefs and behaviour. The study's lead author, Professor Melanie Wakefield, from The Cancer Council Victoria and an NHMRC Principal Research Fellow, began the U.S. funded research while working at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). Professor Wakefield and her team of researchers from Bridging the Gap, a policy research program based at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and the University of Michigan, found that among 16 to 18 year olds, higher youth exposure to parent-targeted ads was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking, stronger approval of smoking, stronger intentions to smoke in the future, and a greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days. They also found that 14 to 18 year olds were generally not influenced by increasing exposure to tobacco industry youth-targeted ads, which stressed that it is not cool for young people to smoke. The final sample size for the report was 103,172 students. "This research provides the clearest evidence to date that tobacco industry-sponsored smoking prevention ads don't work and that they are acting as a marketing smokescreen to promote tobacco to youth," Professor Wakefield said. "Tobacco-sponsored ads targeted at youth have no impact and those targeted at parents seem to have an adverse effect on students who are in their middle and later teenage years. The ads give the impression that youth should not smoke because they are too young - and that's not a good enough reason. There is no mention in these ads of the serious health risks of smoking," she said. Quit and VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control Director, Mr Todd Harper, said despite the tobacco industry's attempts at an image makeover, they remain the perennial wolf in sheep's clothing. "The tobacco industry claim to do all they can to discourage youth smoking, but these tobacco industry sponsored advertisements appear to be priming teens to take up a habit that will eventually kill two out of three lifetime smokers. "The tobacco industry admit they are simply trying to delay youth smoking as opposed to preventing uptake all together, implying young people are fair game in a deadly recruitment drive for customers. "We must not forget that this is an industry whose objective is to sell more products, and therefore addict more smokers and this has not changed over time, " he said. Mr Harper said the success of the current tobacco control campaign in Australia illustrates an advertisement doesn't need to explicitly suggest that parents talk to their kids about smoking for that discussion to take place. "The recent campaign in Australia, focusing on the graphic health warnings on cigarette packs, inspired discussion about the health effects of smoking within families, supporting the idea a media campaign does not have to be targeted at youth, to have a positive impact on youth. 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The Danone Fund for Nature After a 10-year partnership with Ramsar, another major environmental milestone was achieved in 2008. During the Conference of the Parties to the Ramsar Convention in Changwon, South Korea, the Ramsar Convention, IUCN and Danone signed an agreement: the “Danone Fund for Nature”. This agreement is intended to combat climate change through field projects for the restoration of specific wetlands that make a non-negligible contribution to carbon sequestration. This restoration programme focuses on mangroves, plants with a strong potential for carbon capture and which play a vital role for biodiversity. Indeed, in addition to absorbing CO2, mangroves act as fish “nurseries”, produce fruit, honey, etc. They are also a source of ecotourism, filter water, and provide protection against flooding. A pilot mangrove replanting project was initiated in Senegal. Four years later, three further field projects in India and Indonesia demonstrated the success of this initiative and, in their wake, a new collaboratively developed methodology was approved by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Photos © J-F. Hellio and N. Van Ingen For more information about this methodology, which evaluates the impact of mangrove restoration on efforts to combat climate change, see: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/CKSXP498IACIQHXZPEVRJXQKZ3G5WQ. From the “Danone Fund for Nature” to the “Livelihoods Fund” Thanks to the “Danone Fund for Nature” the Danone Group has developed a new approach to the carbon economy by creating the “Livelihoods Fund”, an Investment Company with Variable Capital (ICVC) enabling it to develop carbon sequestration (like the mangrove restoration project) or energy efficiency projects in developing countries. This Fund works by using the carbon absorption capacity of certain ecosystems, such as mangrove wetlands, to finance economic development of village communities through the restoration of these key environments. Watch the video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJaeQeAJHT4 The Livelihoods Fund includes the following components: Livelihoods Venture: a company which includes all the operational project management, engineering, economic and sustainable development skills. It mission is to identify local programmes with strong ecological, economic and social potential, and replicability; and to implement them in collaboration with local NGOs and rural communities. Livelihoods Network: an association which facilitates exchanges and sharing of skills among a network of NGOs and experts. It also serves as a think-tank for issues touching on “Livelihoods”. Livelihoods Steering Committee: this body is made up of representatives of organizations and other personalities including Anada Tiega, Secretary General of the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, and Julia Marton-Lefevre, Director General of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), two organizations that along with Danone initiated the early pilot projects. Other members of the Steering Committee include: Luc Guyau, Independent President of the Council of the FAO, Tony Simons, Director General of ICRAF, the World Agroforesty Centre (Nairobi), Michel Griffon, agronomist and researcher, President of the Scientific Council of the French Global Environment Facility. 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Slavery's effects live on As of the 1860 census, the last before the American Civil War, 2.3 million slaves lived in the Lower Southern states—nearly 50 percent of the entire Lower Southern population at that time. The numbers for the Upper South didn’t fare much better, with 1.2 million slaves, about a third of the population. All told, Southern and Border States totaled four million slaves, or half the population of today’s New York City. These mind-boggling numbers reveal the tremendous effect of slavery on the African population in the 19th century. Slavery continues to effect today’s African American population, as Dr. Patricia Newton’s presentation for African-American Heritage month on Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder will attest. Newton wants to explore the long-term effects of the chattel slavery experience on African populations. Chattel, as defined on dictionary.com, is “another form of cattle; any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold.” While Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder may be a new term to many of us, Newton is an expert on the topic and makes an interesting case for the correlation between the Disorder and emerging patterns in African-American life. With control groups in the Caribbean and the North American continent, Newton explores clinical case histories and makes comparisons between the trauma experienced by Africans forced into the United States and slavery, Jewish Holocaust victims, and veterans of the Gulf and Vietnam wars. In addition, neurological data relative to the effect of trauma on the brain, psyche, and body will also be explored. Identification of the problems and suggestions for healing will be discussed in an attempt to clarify the direction that African-Americans must take in the 21st century. Newton’s speech is a prestigious one during African-American Heritage Month and investigates an important and timely topic. But slavery in its many forms occurs around the world each day, and must be recognized and fought against year round. Dr. Patricia Newton will present on Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder on Tuesday, February 19 at 7pm at UVA’s Clark Hall, Room 147. The event is free and open to the public and is sponsored by the Office of African-American Affairs. Please call La Tasha Levy at 924-7923 for more information.	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Network With Us Join us on Facebook to get the latest news and updates. Lauren Boulden's Story Using Think-Alouds to Get Inside Langston Hughes' Head Over my past few years of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where I have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. I've always been able to turn to ReadWriteThink.org for hands-on, engaging lessons. For example, I knew I wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. While searching through the myriad options on ReadWriteThink, I came upon "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds." At first, I planned to use the lesson exactly as written: Read Langston Hughes's poem "Dream Variation" and model a think-aloud with students; then have the students try their hand at some think-alouds using other poetry. After working out all of the details, I realized I could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. After completing the think-aloud to "Dream Variation," I broke students into selected groups. Each group was given a different Langston Hughes poem and asked to complete a think-aloud. The next day, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their Langston Hughes poem conveyed. Based on the meanings behind their group mates' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and "Dream Variation," students were asked to figure out who Langston Hughes was as a man. What did he stand for? What were his beliefs? What did he want out of life? Students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head-shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who Hughes could be. This simple lesson of working with poems and think-alouds turned into a few days of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study! Without great lessons available on ReadWriteThink.org, such as "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds," my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time. Grades 6 – 8 \| Lesson Plan \| Standard Lesson Students learn components of think-alouds and type-of-text interactions through teacher modeling. In the process, students develop the ability to use think-alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks. Lauren describes how she used ReadWriteThink in her classroom. I have been teaching seventh- and eighth-grade language arts in Delaware for the past five years. I grew up in Long Island, New York, but have called Delaware my home since completing my undergraduate and master’s work at the University of Delaware. Teaching and learning have become my prime passions in life, which is why my days are spent teaching English, directing plays, organizing the school newspaper, and teaching yoga in the evenings.	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Last July (2012), I heard from a colleagues working at the edge of the Greenland ice sheet, and from another colleague working up at the Summit. Both were independently writing to report the exceptional conditions they were witnessing. The first was that the bridge over the Watson river by the town of Kangerlussuaq, on the west coast of Greenland, was being breached by the high volumes of meltwater coming down from the ice sheet. The second was that there was a new melt layer forming at the highest point of the ice sheet, where it very rarely melts. A front loader being swept off a bridge into the Watson River, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, in July 2012. Fortunately, nobody was in it at the time. Photo: K. Choquette I’ve been remiss in not writing about these observations until now. I’m prompted to do so by the publication in Nature today (January 23, 2013) of another new finding about Greenland melt. This paper isn’t about the modern climate, but about the climate of the last interglacial period. It has relevance to the modern situation though, a point to which I’ll return at the end of this post.	[ 5956, 2901, 357, 6999, 828, 314, 2982, 422, 257, 7810, 1762, 379, 262, 5743, 286, 262, 30155, 4771, 9629, 11, 290, 422, 1194, 16008, 1762, 510, 379, 262, 20014, 13, 5747, 547, 14799, 3597, 284, 989, 262, 15313, 3403, 484, 547, 31121, 13, 383, 717, 373, 326, 262, 7696, 625, 262, 14959, 7850, 416, 262, 3240, 286, 509, 2564, 75, 1046, 6413, 80, 11, 319, 262, 7421, 7051, 286, 30155, 11, 373, 852, 34662, 416, 262, 1029, 15343, 286, 16867, 7050, 2406, 866, 422, 262, 4771, 9629, 13, 383, 1218, 373, 326, 612, 373, 257, 649, 16867, 7679, 14583, 379, 262, 4511, 966, 286, 262, 4771, 9629, 11, 810, 340, 845, 8365, 48813, 13, 198, 32, 2166, 40213, 852, 17676, 572, 257, 7696, 656, 262, 14959, 5866, 11, 509, 2564, 75, 1046, 6413, 80, 11, 30155, 11, 287, 2901, 2321, 13, 20525, 11, 8168, 373, 287, 340, 379, 262, 640, 13, 5555, 25, 509, 13, 10031, 421, 5857, 198, 40, 447, 247, 303, 587, 816, 747, 287, 407, 3597, 546, 777, 13050, 1566, 783, 13, 314, 447, 247, 76, 12053, 284, 466, 523, 416, 262, 9207, 287, 10362, 1909, 357, 21339, 2242, 11, 2211, 8, 286, 1194, 649, 4917, 546, 30155, 16867, 13, 770, 3348, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 546, 262, 3660, 4258, 11, 475, 546, 262, 4258, 286, 262, 938, 987, 4743, 18150, 2278, 13, 632, 468, 23082, 284, 262, 3660, 3074, 996, 11, 257, 966, 284, 543, 314, 447, 247, 297, 1441, 379, 262, 886, 286, 428, 1281, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	252
From Spoiled Sausage to Faces in 200 Years: Happy Birthday, Botox! Makenzie on 25 Apr 2012 at 3:30pm Botox turned 10 years old on April 15th. Or rather, the FDA approval for cosmetic use had its 10 year anniversary. However you want to look at it, this injectable, reverser-of-time has transformed the medi-beauty industry. The number of Botox procedures has jumped 67% since 2002, according to statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. And 6.4 out of 10 reviewers say it's worth a shot. In honor of this occasion, the folks over at In Your Face, a column for the Orange County Register, created an in-depth timeline of the origins of Botox. From being discovered in spoiled sausages to inhabiting the faces of huge Hollywood stars, it has come a long way. 1820s: German doctor Justinus Kerner identifies a toxin in spoiled sausages that causes food poisoning. The paralytic illness caused by Kerner's "sausage poison" earns the name "botulism," from a Latin word ("botulus") for sausage. Kerner speculates that small doses of the toxin might be used to treat nerve disorders and excessive sweating. 1895: Belgian bacteriologist Emile Pierre van Ermengem discovers that Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce the botulism toxin. 1920s: Botulinum Toxin Type A is first isolated from the Clostridium botulinum bacteria in a purified form as a stable acid precipitate by Dr. Herman Sommer at the University of California, San Francisco. 1940s: During World War II, American scientists explore potential use of botulinum toxin as a weapon. The U.S. produces botulinum toxin capsules for Chinese prostitutes to drop into the food of high-ranking Japanese officials. The plan is not put into effect because the military found it to be ineffective as a weapon. 1946: Researcher Edward J. Schantz, Ph.D. succeeds in purifying Botulinum Toxin Type A into crystalline form, for the first time providing scientists with the raw material necessary to study the molecule in greater detail. 1949: Researcher Dr. Arnold Burgen and colleagues in London discover that botulinum toxin blocks communication between nerves and muscles. 1960s: Ophthalmologist Alan Scott in San Francisco injects botulinum toxin into monkeys to see whether it relaxes muscles that cause crossed eyes. 1978: Scott wins approval from the Food and Drug Administration for extensive multi-site tests of botulinum toxin as a treatment for crossed eyes in humans. He calls the drug Oculinum and establishes Oculinum Inc. to make and sell it.	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The book of Job, especially chapter 39, implies that God created the nephesh creatures (“soulish” animals like birds and mammals) to serve and/or to please human beings. They are termed soulish because God has endowed each of them with a mind, a will, and the capacity to express and experience emotions. These animals are equipped and motivated to emotionally bond with and to nurture, serve, and please other members of their species and human beings. Moreover, these nephesh species were evidently endowed with this capacity before any human even existed, a characteristic that appears problematic for evolutionary or naturalistic scenarios. Recently, a British team of research psychologists has published a paper announcing the discovery of a new bonding feature between humans and nephesh creatures. Their study demonstrates for the first time that human yawns are contagious to domestic dogs. For their experiment they tested twenty-nine dogs from twenty-four different breeds spanning ages two to fifteen.1 Twenty-one of the dogs yawned when they observed a human do so. Some dog breeds were better at catching human yawns than others. For example, the Labrador breeds, known to form especially strong bonds with humans, seemed especially adept. Such behavior indicates that dogs possess the capacity for empathy towards humans. However, the yawning response may reveal more. In human-human interactions contagious yawning is known to modulate levels of arousal. Thus, in the words of the researchers, “yawn contagion [between humans and dogs] may help coordinate dog-human interaction and communication.” The study provides yet one more piece of scientific evidence that birds and mammals really were pre-designed before humans even existed to form emotional relationships with human beings in such a manner that they could enhance humanity’s well being. These animals serve and please us. More amazing still, each soulish species appears designed to serve and/or please us in a manner distinct from all others. - M. Ramiro et al., “Dogs Catch Human Yawns,” Biology Letters 4 (October 23, 2008): 446-8.	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©InfoThe British Red Cross has supported health clinics offering life-saving advice and treatment in Balochistan, northern Pakistan since 2000. These clinics, run by the Pakistan Red Crescent Society, are in areas that lack access to even the most basic health services. Many people live in semi-desert, rural communities where coal mines provide the main source of income. The mines offer little protection to workers, so breathing problems and injuries related to mining are common. Saving lives and changing minds The British Red Cross supports two mobile clinics operating from the towns of Quetta and Mastung, and two static health centres in Quetta and Nushki. In the first six months of 2012, these four clinics provided basic health care services to over 35,000 vulnerable people, with a special focus on helping women and children. The clinic teams include male and female doctors and health workers, as well as nurses and a pharmacist. A lot of the clinics’ work is related to pregnancy. In some areas, literacy levels are low and cultural values don’t encourage women to make independent decisions. Counselling sessions tackle the beliefs that stop some people using family planning services – 3,955 took place in the first six months of 2012. In the same period, 1,984 children were immunized against serious diseases and 7,467 people took part in health and hygiene education sessions – most of them women. What do the clinics offer? Family planning services These include advice, counselling and check-ups as well as access to contraceptives. Treatment for diseases People can get help for illnesses like pneumonia and malaria, and referral to other clinics and hospitals for tuberculosis treatment. Help during and after pregnancy Support includes check-ups and home visits. Sessions cover issues like hygiene, the importance of boiling water, breast feeding and vaccinations. People also learn about health problems like worms and diarrhoea, and first aid for emergencies like broken bones, burns and snake bites. 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Adopting a New Flight Plan Whooping Crane Migration Route Shifted West into Safer Air Space By LEN WELLS Courier & Press correspondent (618) 842-2159 or [email protected] The route of the annual 1,250-mile migration of endangered whooping crane juveniles, led by an ultralight aircraft, has been shifted this fall to a more westerly route because of concerns about pilot and bird safety. The route, from the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin to a closed area of the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge on the west coast of Florida, will bring the birds through parts of the Tri-State. It will take the birds the entire length of Illinois and across Western Kentucky, with overnight stops in Wayne County, Ill., and Union County, Ky. “The route was shifted west because the easterly route was pretty scary,” said Liz Condie, director of communications for Operation Migration, the group that works to ensure the birds’ survival. “Going over the Cumberland Ridge, there was no place to set down to retrieve a bird if there had been a problem,” she said. Officials hope, too, for better weather along the westerly route by picking up more favorable winds. “For the safety of the birds, we cannot divulge the exact location of each stopover other than down to the county level,” Condie said. “At each stop, the birds will be housed overnight in portable pens to protect them from predators and to keep them far away from human contact.” While the stopover locations are kept secret, Operation Migration officials try to schedule gathering sites for local residents to catch a glimpse of the birds as they lift off to continue their southerly trek. “A few days before the scheduled stopover, we try to alert the local residents of where they can congregate to watch a flyover,” Condie said. Because of fluctuating weather conditions, those interested in tracking the birds should check Operation Migration’s Web site at www.operationmigration.org for a more specific date and time. The whooping crane chicks that take part in the reintroduction project are hatched at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Md. There, imprinting begins with the chicks still inside their eggs being exposed to ultralight aircraft sounds. Once hatched, the young chicks are reared in total isolation from humans. To ensure the impressionable cranes remain wild, each handler and pilot wears a crane puppet on one arm that can dispense food, or by example, show the young chicks how to forage as would their real mother. At 45 days of age, the young birds are transported by air, in individual containers, to the reintroduction area at the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin. Because of differing age ranges, the birds usually are moved in three shipments and housed at three separate locations within a closed area of the refuge. Over the summer, the Operation Rescue crew of pilots, biologists, veterinarians and interns conditions the birds to follow the aircraft, which, along with its pilot, has been accepted as a surrogate parent. Once the birds’ dominance structure has been established and their endurance is sufficient, the migration begins, typically in October. Using four ultralight aircraft, Operation Migration’s pilots, along with a ground crew consisting of biologists, handlers, veterinarians and drivers, cover up to 200 miles a day, depending on weather conditions. This year’s migration to Florida has been scheduled to begin Oct. 17. The shortest migration has taken 48 days to complete. The longest, 97 days, was recorded last year. Because of destruction of habitat and overhunting, whooping cranes were on the verge of extinction in the 1940s when their population was reduced to only 15 birds. Since falling under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the only naturally occurring population of migrating whooping cranes has grown to more than 200 birds. Named for their loud and penetrating unison calls, whooping cranes live and breed in wetland areas where they feed on crabs, clams, frogs and aquatic plants. An adult whooping crane stands 5 feet tall, with a white body, black wing tips and a red crest on its head. Anyone encountering a whooping crane in the wild is asked to avoid approaching it, staying back at least 600 feet. In all cases, officials ask that people remain concealed and not speak loudly enough for the birds to hear them. Especially during the migration, residents are warned not to trespass on private property in an attempt to view the cranes. (c) 2008 Evansville Courier & Press. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.	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Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2010 - Timor-Leste \|Publisher\|\|Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)\| \|Publication Date\|\|23 March 2011\| \|Cite as\|\|Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2010 - Timor-Leste, 23 March 2011, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4d932e121e.html [accessed 23 May 2013]\| \|Disclaimer\|\|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.\| \|Number of IDPs\|\|Undetermined\| \|Percentage of total population\|\|Undetermined\| \|Start of current displacement situation\|\|2006\| \|Peak number of IDPs (Year)\|\|150,000 (2006)\| \|Causes of displacement\|\|Generalised violence\| \|Human development index\|\|120\| An estimated 150,000 people were displaced in 2006 within Timor-Leste, as their homes and property in the capital Dili were seized or destroyed during violence between rival army and police factions and among the wider population. They sought refuge either in the city, in government buildings, schools or churches and subsequently in makeshift camps, or else with families or friends in rural districts. The causes included political rivalries and land disputes dating back to the struggle for independence from Indonesia, divisions between "easterners" and "westerners", and also chronic poverty and the lack of prospects of the youth population. In 2008, around 30,000 IDPs were still in the camps, and the government distributed cash compensation to people agreeing to leave. Partly due to the lack of available land, the government only supported IDPs returning home. During 2010, a last group of 1,000 IDPs received the compensation and the last transitional shelters were closed. Most land and property disputes involving returnees were usually resolved locally, with squatters often agreeing to leave in exchange for some of the IDPs' compensation money; but cases involving conflicting ownership claims could not be resolved in the absence of a national framework. A new land law has been drafted, but some civil society organisations have highlighted the potential of further conflict, as the law does not enable people who have moved into homes abandoned since December 1998 to gain secure ownership. The UN introduced the cluster system in 2009, even though the humanitarian crisis was already over and most agencies had turned to development activities. In 2010, UNDP and the government conducted programmes in which both returnees and receiving communities participated to identify their shared priorities.	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The Federal Budget and Appropriations Process The budget and appropriations process are the steps through which the U.S. decides annual spending. Learn about these inter-related process. Federal Budget Process Step 1: President’s Budget Request The budget process begins with the president’s submission to Congress of the administration’s proposed budget for the coming fiscal year, which begins on October 1. The budget must be submitted by the first Monday in February. The president’s proposal does not have the force of law, but includes detailed spending levels for all programs. Though only input to the budget process, it generally sets the tone for the process in three ways: - It reveals the president’s beliefs about how much money the federal government should spend (not only in the coming fiscal year, but also in the following five years or more) as well as how much it should tax. - It sets the president’s priorities for spending, such as how the president would like to fund issues including education, defense, and health. - It suggests changes to spending and tax policies. The president’s proposal is formally written up by the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and it usually includes thousands of pages of supporting information, such as historical tables of past budget statistics. Step 2: Congressional Action The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 directs that, following the submission of the president’s budget proposal, the House and Senate Budget Committees (with assistance from the Congressional Budget Office, a nonpartisan body) create the budget resolution. A budget resolution serves as the general framework within which Congress will make its decisions about specific spending and taxing levels. Budget resolutions are concurrent congressional resolutions — they do not have the force of law and they do not require the president’s signature. They do not directly provide funding to any organization or program, but establish the structure of the budget. To create a budget resolution, the Budget Committees gather reports and hold public hearings to question administration officials about the budget as a means of gaining input. They also receive “views and estimates” from congressional committees regarding details on budget issues that relate to each committee’s particular area of focus. This information usually takes the form of letters submitted to the chairman and ranking member of the Budget Committee within 6 weeks of the president’s budget proposal; these letters provide the Budget Committees with general direction and advice. Each Budget Committee then compiles all of this information to formulate the budget resolution, which it does in a series of meetings called “markup” sessions; these sessions allow for discussion and consideration of the information, while committee members may offer their own input into the budget framework being created. Upon completion of the markups, the Budget Committee will present its budget resolution to its respective house, “on the floor.” A rule under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 requires the full Senate to consider the budget resolution by April 1 each year. The House and Senate independently proceed to debate, offer amendments, and vote upon their respective budget resolutions; amendments may be enacted by a majority vote. The House and Senate pass budget resolutions that differ from each other, so the two versions of the resolution go to a conference committee that meets to resolve differences and formulate a single budget resolution. The committee sends this version back to the House and Senate as a conference report. Both chambers consider the report, and once they have agreed to it through a majority vote (which they generally do, without making changes), the final version of the budget resolution takes effect. This is supposed to happen by April 15, but the process often takes longer to complete. Step 3: The Budget Resolution — A Closer Look The budget resolution is a crucial component of the budget process because it lays out the plan for spending and taxes for the following fiscal year. While the president’s budget proposal is very detailed, the budget resolution simply consists of a set of numbers dictating the specific amounts of money that Congress is permitted to spend in each of the 20 “budget functions” or “functional allocations,” categories of spending including transportation, agriculture, and health. Thus, the budget resolution does not set the annual spending levels for specific programs (this is done by the Committees on Appropriations — see the Appropriations Process), but rather sets targets. The budget resolution also distributes among the congressional committees the total spending figures that it has laid out for each budget function. The budget resolution lists these figures in a table called the 302(a) allocation. Within the budget resolution, Congress also includes directions as to how it wishes to appropriate (spend) the money, either through discretionary or mandatory spending: Discretionary spending refers to the funds allocated each year in the annual appropriations bills that are set by Congress for the purpose that it chooses. RESULTS Global focuses most of its efforts upon influencing discretionary spending through the appropriations process. See the next step in the Federal Budget Process, Discretionary Spending and the Appropriations Process, for more information. The discretionary budget accounts for about one-third of the federal government’s total spending. Money in this category of spending is generally used for such programs as housing, education, and foreign aid. The president and Congress must act each year to ensure that spending on these programs continues. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees determine the discretionary spending levels for the programs funded by the federal government on an annual basis. Mandatory spending is enacted by law and does not depend on any annual appropriations bill. This type of spending makes up two-thirds of the total federal budget per year. It mostly includes entitlement programs that are consistently funded each year based upon the rules set forth by them. When Congress creates a program, such as Medicaid, it determines who will be eligible to receive financial benefits under the program, often determined by such criteria as age or income. Congress then estimates the number of people each year that will be eligible for the program, using this number to formulate its spending for the program. The president and Congress can change the level of mandatory spending for a program by altering the criteria for eligibility or the formula for payment. However, the government does not need to take action annually to ensure that the program continues to be funded. The committees that set policy and the maximum funding levels allowed for these types of entitlement programs are called Authorizing Committees. Measuring Federal Spending: The government measures the amount of money it spends each year in two ways: budget authority and outlays. Budget authority (BA) refers to the amount of money that Congress will authorize the government to spend on certain activities or programs. Outlays, also known as expenditures, are what the government actually spends in any given year. For instance, a bill could be passed that appropriates $75 million to build a hospital — this $75 million is provided in budget authority. However, the hospital may take several years to build and therefore, the money would not all be spent in the year during which it was originally appropriated. Thus, $75 million in outlays would not be used until the following year or more, when the hospital is built. Note: In addition to setting spending levels, the budget resolution determines how much money the government will collect in revenue (the income of the government from taxation and other sources) for the following five years. The difference between the spending and revenue levels resolves whether there will be a surplus or a deficit, for which the budget resolution sets target levels as well; these targets are detailed in the “budget aggregates” section of the resolution. Step 4: Discretionary Spending and the Appropriations Process After the plan for the budget has been laid out in the president’s budget request and the budget resolution, the appropriations process — whereby money is finally distributed through appropriations bills — must take effect. Appropriations bills provide the funding that governmental programs such as national defense, education, homeland security, and foreign aid need to continue their activities. Thus, while the budget resolution has set goals for spending levels, appropriations bills actually provide this money to agencies. Spending through the appropriations process is considered discretionary spending. Appropriations bills are created by the House and the Senate Appropriations Committee under the general direction of the budget resolution. There are 12 appropriations bills considered annually in the Committees on Appropriations for FY 2008 (this number can change from year to year). Both the House and the Senate Committees on Appropriations include 12 subcommittees, each of which has the responsibility of developing one appropriations bill. The Appropriations Committee determines its spending levels for its appropriations bills based upon the 302(a) allocation it receives from the budget resolution (the budget resolution divides the money it is appropriating to each of the 20 budget functions among the congressional committees). In other words, the allocation sets the limit of the funding level allotted to the appropriations bills. The 302(a) allocation is mandated in Section 302(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 also includes a Section 302(b), termed the 302(b) sub-allocation. Under this section, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees must divide among its 12 subcommittees the total funding allotted to its programs; i.e., it must sub-allocate the money it has received in the 302(a) allocation. View the sub-allocations for the appropriations process of FY 2010. Subcommittees on Appropriations Set Funding Levels for the 12 Appropriations Bills When the subcommittees have received directions about the total amount of money that has been sub-allocated to them, they may proceed with work upon their respective appropriations bill. The subcommittees base their determinations of funding levels upon information gathered through public hearings, while also considering the previous year’s funding levels and the president’s budget request. The appropriations subcommittee members weigh in on their priorities and provide essential input to their subcommittee’s key decision makers —the chairman and ranking minority member — through “wish list” letters. The chairman and ranking minority member use these letters to determine funding levels for the agencies under their subcommittee’s jurisdiction. The subcommittee proceeds to vote upon these levels. When its members have come to an agreement, the subcommittee sends these bills to its Appropriations Committee (either for the House or the Senate). This committee begins a markup session to discuss, consider, and offer amendments (alterations) to the bill. Appropriations Committees Send Bills to Full Chambers (the House or the Senate) Once the Appropriations Committee has completed its work upon a bill, this legislation must be sent to its full chamber, either the Senate or the House. Traditionally, the consideration of the appropriations bills begins in the House of Representatives. Therefore, the Appropriations Committee will present the appropriations bill along with its report to the House of Representatives for floor consideration. The Budget Act of 1974 sets June 10 of each year as a target date to have completed the House Appropriations Committee’s work on its appropriations bills; however, the committee usually begins to report its bills in May or June, finishing all or most of the bills by July or by the annual recess in August (the Senate’s Committee on Appropriations works to follow the same timetable). When the appropriations bill is “on the floor,” representatives debate the bill and offer amendments after hearing opening statements from the chair and the ranking minority member of the subcommittee for which the bill applies. After the bill is passed in the House, it is sent to the Senate, which also considers the bill and amendments it wishes to make. Once the Senate has made its changes, a conference committee must be formed to reconcile the differences between the House and the Senate versions of the bill. These negotiations usually take place between the chair and ranking minority members of the full Appropriations Committees, as well as the members of the subcommittee with jurisdiction over the bill. Upon reaching an agreement, the bill is once again sent to the chambers, both of which generally accept the conference report. Congress Sends Reconciled Appropriations Bills to the President Just as for any bill, the president may: - approve the bill by signing it so that it becomes a law - veto (or strike down) the bill - take no action for ten days; if Congress is in session, it automatically becomes a law; if Congress has adjourned its second session, the bill has been “pocket-vetoed” and dies. Should the president veto the bill, Congress can attempt to override the veto (which would enable the bill to become a law) with at least a two-thirds majority vote by a quorum, i.e., a minimum number of members that need to be present in order for Congress to do business. Congress must pass and the president must sign every appropriations bill before October 1, which is the start of the federal fiscal year. Often, Congress and the president are unable to complete action on every bill before this date. Thus, a continuing resolution (CR) must take effect. A continuing resolution will continue to fund the appropriations bills from the previous year as a temporary solution, so that funding is not completely cut off to a program or agency. [Emergency] Supplemental Appropriations Bills At times, the government must respond to an unanticipated circumstance that arises during the middle of a fiscal year and requires funding. In this case, a supplemental appropriations bill (or an emergency supplemental appropriations bill) is employed. For example, a supplemental spending bill might be needed in order to respond to natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina. These emergency supplemental spending bills were once a rarity but have now become much more common, especially since the U.S. military invasion of Iraq. Many criticize these spending bills, as they have grown dramatically in size and often include money for unrelated programs that do not appear urgent; because they have been used for predictable, as opposed to emergency, spending; and because they reduce transparency of the overall budget process. Omnibus Appropriations Bills At the end of the legislative cycle, the Appropriations Committee may decide to consolidate several appropriations bills into one, which is known as an omnibus appropriations bill. The committee will generally create this type of bill when they are struggling to pass all the appropriations bills by October 1, perhaps due to disagreements among Congressmen or to a large amount of work being done on another spending bill. Federal Appropriations Process The appropriations process is critical to the creation of a budget in Congress each year — it provides the money! Specifically, there are 12 annual appropriations (spending) bills that must be passed annually to keep programs and agencies of the government running; each is considered by a different appropriations subcommittee. By working to influence these bills, RESULTS can influence the funding of the programs related to our issues of focus. The steps that RESULTS takes to influence the appropriations process are illustrated by this example of the Basic Education funding requests in the Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill for Fiscal Year (FY) 2005. January through May: Appropriations Bills are Considered by the Appropriations Subcommittees RESULTS’ work began immediately in January 2004, when the House and Senate Appropriations Committees began consideration of the following year’s budget (FY 2005). The president submitted his budget request in the beginning of February, which the House and Senate Budget Committees used to create a budget resolution (a blueprint for government spending levels). From January through May, the appropriations committees compiled their own requests for the funding levels of the twelve appropriations bills, using input from civil society. The appropriations committees then finalized these funding levels after receiving directions from the budget resolution. Specifically, the budget resolution determines the amount of money to be allocated to each committee (called “302(a) allocations”). Once the Committees on Appropriations receive their overall spending level, the “302(b) sub-allocations” then direct the chairmen of the Appropriations Committees to decide how much each of their twelve subcommittees should receive. These twelve subcommittees in turn must determine how to distribute their money among the programs funded within their appropriations bills. Funding for basic education is included in the appropriations bill of the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs (“Foreign Ops”). First, the House Foreign Ops Subcommittee would consider funding requests for basic education. Therefore, RESULTS urged members of this subcommittee to include our funding requests in their “wish lists” letters to their chairman and ranking minority member (the key decision-makers). Wish list letters allow members to weigh-in on their key funding priorities. We asked our grassroots volunteers to meet with or write letters to their members of Congress on the subcommittee, passing along a draft wish list letter provided by RESULTS staff that included our requests. When determining funding levels, the chairman and ranking minority member will consider input not only from their subcommittee members but also from those congressmen not on their subcommittee. Therefore, RESULTS also asked all of its grassroots volunteers to meet with or write to their members of Congress, urging their member to send a letter to the chairman or ranking minority member to bring attention to our issues (these letters are not called “wish lists,” since the congressmen are not part of the subcommittee itself). Depending on the representative that writes, these letters can be of great importance to the chairman and ranking member, and they can reinforce the requests made by subcommittee members. Another way for members of Congress to express their support for an issue is by adding their name to a congressional sign-on letter. RESULTS generates sign-on letters to be sent to key decision-makers, for instance, of the Committee on Appropriations or one of its subcommittees. In general, our best chance to influence legislation is at this stage, when it is being considered by a subcommittee of appropriations. Mid-May through June: Appropriations Committees Complete Work and Send Bills to Full House and Senate The State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs Subcommittee completed its work and set the funding level request for Basic Education at $400 million. The subcommittee then sent the bill to the full Committee on Appropriations. During this stage, RESULTS re-emphasized our requests to the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on Appropriations, who determine final appropriations levels among the different foreign affairs accounts and programs (though the Committee on Appropriations and the full House usually do not change the subcommittee’s recommended funding level). The Committee on Appropriations passed the Basic Education funding request, and the bill was sent to the full House of Representatives for consideration on the floor. Following the recommendations of the Committee on Appropriations, the House approved the subcommittee’s $400 million funding level request for Basic Education. The bill was then considered in the Senate by its Committee on Appropriations, specifically its Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs (“Foreign Ops”). RESULTS next worked with Senate members of this committee to request an even higher level of funding for Basic Education funding than the amount requested by the House. After June 30, But Before October 1: Conference Committee Reconciles Both Versions of the Bill, and It Is Sent To the President for Final Approval After consideration by the Senate Appropriations Committees and subsequently the full Senate, the Senate set its level of funding for Basic Education at $335 million. A conference committee was then formed to reconcile the differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. At this point, RESULTS again went to members of both chambers, asking the House to continue to support the $400 million it had originally requested while also asking the Senate to support $400 million (since the House had proposed a larger level of funding than the Senate). Ultimately, the conference committee settled on the House’s request of $400 million for Basic Education funding; this was a great success, since the funding level was set at the higher House level. The conference committee sent the final version back to both the House and the Senate for one last approval before it was presented to and signed by the president. What is the Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill? The Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill is perhaps the most relevant appropriations bill for our global work to end hunger and poverty. This bill is considered in the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs and provides funding to Basic Education, HIV/AIDS, child survival programs, tuberculosis, UNICEF, microfinance programs, and other foreign assistance activities. Within the Foreign Ops Appropriations Bill, Basic Education and microenterprise are funded under the Development Assistance Account (DA), while most of our health programs are funded within the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund.* RESULTS also works to influence the appropriations bill considered by the Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (“Labor HHS”) because domestic TB programs are funded through this subcommittee’s appropriations bill; for FY 2008, President Bush requested money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria in this bill as well (the Global Fund is usually funded through the Foreign Ops subcommittee). *The Development Assistance Account (DA) and Child Survival and Health Programs Fund (CSH) are two of the many accounts within a bill to which money is allotted to support specific programs. Another such example is the Economic Support Fund (ESF). Visit our Skills Center to learn more about how RESULTS influences the legislative process. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process. Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, The Congressional Budget Process: An Explanation (pdf). The U.S. Government Printing Office, Citizen’s Guide to the Federal Budget: Fiscal Year 2001 (pdf). CRS Report for Congress, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction (pdf).	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Out of Egypt Found In: Mourning & Bereavement, Torah Portion: Parashah, Passover Shared by Tamar Stern \| Poem "G-d will surely remember you, and then you must carry up my bones out of here with you" (Exodus 13:19) Now it is time to depart from the Egypt of daily life into a moment of question and promise; We bring you with us to the seder table the way Moses hoisted up Joseph's bones and carried them to the promised land. We carry you now, in memories, on our journey as we buy gefilte fish and change the dishes as we set the tablecloth and we warm up the chicken soup as we wonder if there is enough food and not to forget the boiled eggs. We carry you now who carried us, when we were little, with your arms who supported us with love, we carry you now as you become the story we will retell the way we carry the Torah... the way the Torah lifts us.	[ 7975, 286, 6365, 198, 21077, 554, 25, 24289, 768, 1222, 37951, 44034, 11, 33366, 4347, 295, 25, 2547, 1077, 993, 11, 6251, 2502, 198, 2484, 1144, 416, 11552, 283, 22990, 930, 7695, 368, 198, 1, 38, 12, 67, 481, 10403, 3505, 345, 11, 290, 788, 345, 1276, 3283, 510, 616, 11945, 503, 286, 994, 351, 345, 1, 357, 3109, 21878, 1511, 25, 1129, 8, 198, 3844, 340, 318, 640, 284, 6313, 422, 262, 6365, 286, 4445, 1204, 198, 20424, 257, 2589, 286, 1808, 290, 6991, 26, 198, 1135, 2222, 345, 351, 514, 284, 262, 264, 5702, 3084, 198, 1169, 835, 19010, 8169, 6347, 510, 7212, 338, 11945, 198, 392, 5281, 606, 284, 262, 8072, 1956, 13, 198, 1135, 3283, 345, 783, 11, 287, 9846, 11, 319, 674, 7002, 198, 292, 356, 2822, 308, 891, 346, 660, 5916, 198, 392, 1487, 262, 16759, 198, 292, 356, 900, 262, 3084, 44905, 198, 392, 356, 5814, 510, 262, 9015, 17141, 198, 292, 356, 4240, 611, 612, 318, 1576, 2057, 198, 392, 407, 284, 6044, 262, 29939, 9653, 13, 198, 1135, 3283, 345, 783, 198, 8727, 5281, 514, 11, 618, 356, 547, 1310, 11, 351, 534, 5101, 198, 8727, 4855, 514, 351, 1842, 11, 198, 732, 3283, 345, 783, 355, 345, 1716, 262, 1621, 356, 481, 302, 33331, 198, 1169, 835, 356, 3283, 262, 33366, 986, 198, 1169, 835, 262, 33366, 27103, 514, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	231
Graffiti Vandalism in Riverside Winners were recognized at a City Council meeting on May 21, 2013. View the winning Poster Contest entries HERE. View the winning Video Contest entries HERE. Take Back the Wall The City of Riverside spends more than $1.3 million each year for Graffiti abatement. In addition, money is spent by other public agencies, utility companies, and private property owners to remove graffiti from their properties. Nationwide, the American public spends nearly $12 billion each year to fight graffiti. What is Graffiti? Graffiti consists of inscriptions, slogans and drawings scratched, scribbled or painted on a wall or other public or private surface. Today, graffiti is a sign of urban decay. James Q. Wilson, Shattuck Professor of Government at Harvard University and author of “Thinking About Crime,” together with George L. Kelling, a research fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard, first introduced the world to the Broken Window Theory. The theory contends that if a broken window is left unfixed it can quickly encourage more crime and vandalism to the neighborhood because it sends a message of indifference to observers. Graffiti is one element of the broken window theory. Once graffiti shows up somewhere, if left untreated, generally more graffiti follows. Graffiti has become everyone’s eyesore and everyone’s problem. It generates fear of neighborhood crime and instability. It is costly, destructive, lowers property values and sends a message that people of the community are not concerned about the appearance of their neighborhood. It is against the law, and in cases where the cost of clean-up equates to $400 or more, is punishable as a felony. Graffiti is not art; it is vandalism and criminal. Parents may be liable for up to $25,000 for each graffiti incident pursuant to Civil Code 1714.1.	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Wind Energy Technology photo of Judith Gap Wind Project by Pat Judge Harnessing the wind for our power is cost-competitive today. The region has a good start in develooping wind projects, but we could be doing much more with very little effort. Download this Wind fact sheet here. (536kB PDF file) As the above table shows, the Pacific Northwest has the potential to generate over 137,000 aMW of electricity from wind power. This is enough to provide nearly four times the current electricity consumption in the region. The majority of the region’s potential wind resources are in Montana, which alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the United States.2 Nearly 2,300 MW of nameplate wind power capacity is currently generated at Northwest wind farms and projects currently in development could triple that figure over the next several years.3 Texas leads the United States in wind development with over 4,350 MW of currently installed capacity each. California, has nearly 2,500 MW of installed capacity and Colorado, Minnesota, and Iowa are also making rapid investments in wind power, with over 1,000 MW currently in service in each state.4 Between 2001 and 2007, the U.S. wind generating capacity expanded at a remarkable rate of 49% per year on average. By the end of 2007, the U.S. had over 16,800 MW of wind capacity online, enough to power over 1.5 million homes for the entire year!5 However, Europe currently remains far ahead of the U.S. in wind development, with 56,535 MW of wind capacity online as of the end of 2007.6 Advances in technology and increased experience have made wind power competitive with many traditional sources of electricity, especially when factoring in risk factors for traditional generation resources such as fuel volatility and future environmental regulation. The price of wind-generated electricity has decreased approximately 90% from the early 1980s; modern wind farms now generally have levelized costs in the range of 4-7 cents per kilowatt-hour over the life of a project (excluding any tax credits) making them competitive with many new coal or natural gas facilities. Costs for individual projects vary and depend on the strength and consistency of the wind, financing terms, and transmission infrastructure. All else being equal, the cost effectiveness of wind farms generally increases with the turbines’ capacity factor, the size of the turbines, and number of turbines installed.7 Tapping our domestic wind resources brings a host of economic benefits. Since the strongest wind resources are often located in rural areas, rural counties and landowners can benefit from wind power. Wind farms are capital intensive, infusing money into the local economy during construction phases and paying property taxes to the host county and royalties to local landowners during operation. At the 24 MW Klondike Phase I Wind Farm in Sherman County, Oregon, the wind project contributes 10% of the county’s property tax base. Wind turbines are also compatible with rural land uses like farming and ranching and can provide extra income to property owners via power sales or royalty payments. On average, landowners make between $2,000 and $7,000 annually for each modern wind turbine located on their land. In contrast, a natural gas plant drains an estimated $200,000-$350,000 per MW of capacity out of the regional economy annually for fuel imports. Additionally, wind energy produces 27% more jobs per kilowatt-hour than coal plants, and 66% more jobs than natural gas plants.9 Wind energy is clearly a homegrown energy source that strengthens the economy and increases the nation’s energy security. Turbine blades, modeled after airplane wings, rotate due to a pressure differential caused by air moving over the surface of the blade. The blades cause a rotor to turn, which drives an electrical generator. Turbines can adjust so that they always face toward the wind. Wind turbines can be designed to operate either at variable speeds or at a single, fixed speed. The variable speed designs are more complex but they convert wind power into electricity more efficiently. Most wind turbines are designed to use wind blowing anywhere from 8 to 56 mph. Sizes for new U.S. utility-scale turbines for onshore sites range from 850 kW to 2.5 MW and turbines rated 3.5 MW and larger are being used in offshore wind projects. While variable, wind energy can be integrated into a utility system using existing load-matching capabilities for a minimal cost of 0-0.5 cents/kWh.10 Weather forecasting can predict wind power output with a fair degree of confidence. Additionally, multiple wind sites in different locations can be combined to create a relatively stable power supply curve. Wind turbines generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions. In contrast, fossil fuel plants emit toxic mercury, nitrous oxides that cause smog, sulfur dioxide that causes acid rain and large quantities of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. Although wind is one of the most benign power sources, if not properly sited, it too may have environmental impacts. Wildlife and avian impacts are often the greatest concern. New tower, blade and turbine designs and careful siting help minimize environmental impacts. The federal production tax credit offers an important tax credit to new wind production. Each state in the region offers several additional incentives for wind development, from residential projects to utility-scale developments. Oregon, for example, provides personal and business tax credits and low-cost financing for renewable energy projects, while Washington provides small wind turbine owners a strong production incentive and grants sales tax exemptions for renewable energy equipment. Idaho offers a residential tax deduction and a sales tax exemption for renewable energy sys-tems as well as low-interest loans for small-scale wind installations and state-backed bonds for utility-scale wind projects. Finally, Montana offers corporate income and property tax incentives and a residential tax credit for renewable energy installations. Additional incentives are offered as well. See AWEA's map of wind projects in the US: Updated February 19, 2008 Sources and Notes: 1. Wind potential from Renewable Energy Atlas of the West, Land and Water Fund of the Rockies, et al. (July 2002). - Installed capacity from RNP's list of Northwest renewable energy projects, ((add link to project list here)). - Capacity factor from Fifth Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC) (May, 2005). See Appendix I. - Levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal Produc-tion Tax Credit. 2. 2005 Northwest consumption from NWPCC, op. cit. note 1. - 2004 total U.S. electricity generation from Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Energy Information Administration (Feb. 2006). See Table A8. 3. Installed capacity and projects in development from RNP, op. cit. note 1. 4. “U.S. Wind Energy Projects”. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) (Jan 16, 2008). www.awea.org/projects/ accessed 2/19/08 5. Annual growth figures from “Wind Power, U.S. Installed Capacity”, AWEA, www.awea.org/faq/instcap.html, accessed 2/19/08. - 2007 year-end installed capacity from “Installed US Wind Power Capacity Surged 45% in 2007”, AWEA (Jan 17, 2008). 6. “Statistics”, European Wind Energy As-sociation, www.ewea.org/index.php?id=180, accessed 2/19/09. 7. Cost trends from “The Economics of Wind Energy”, AWEA (Feb 2005). - Levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal Production Tax Credit. 8. Graphic from “Renewable Energy”, New South Wales Department of Energy, Utilities and Sustainability. www.seda.nsw.gov.au/ren_wind_body.asp, accessed 9/27/06 . 9. Natural gas fuel cost assumes a 55% efficient combined cycle plant with a 90% capacity factor using natural gas at $4-$7/mmBtu. - Jobs figures from “Wind Energy for Rural Economic Development”, US Department of Energy, EERE (2003). 10. Wind Taskforce Report, Western Governor’s Association (March 2006). 11. U.S. from “U.S. Installed Capacity”, AWEA. NW from RNP, op. cit. note 1. "Montana … alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the United States."	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Would it really be so difficult to determine how chapter divisions are marked in all surviving ancient books? The question of chapter divisions and headings in ancient literary and technical texts is a long term interest of mine, as anyone who chooses to look may discover by clicking on the tag at the end of this post. We find, in later medieval texts, that these ancient texts are often divided, not merely into books, but also into chapters, with chapter headings. It does not seem well known or classified, just how often we find this. Chapter divisions and titles are a cinderella subject, largely ignored or treating in passing. In my last post, I looked at what chapter divisions and titles there were in a renaissance manuscript of Pliny the Elder’s Natural History. The NH is an interesting work to investigate, for this subject, since the author states in the preface that book 1 of the work is a list of capituli. So we do know that these items existed in the autograph, whereas we generally have no such certainty in other works. Capituli, or “subject headings”, are perhaps just a list of topics covered, in the order in which they appear in the text. There is no necessity to suppose that the text was formally divided into “chapters”, in the manner of a modern work –indeed some of the capituli refer to no more than a handful of lines of text, before the next capitulum appears in the margin, so we might better say “sections” — and we can see that in the Pliny ms. it is not. So while the English word “chapter” perhaps derives from the Latin capitulum — or does it? Do we know this, and if so, how? — the term is perhaps one that is rather different. Perhaps we need a word study of the appearance of the English word, and how it was originally used, and how it came to mean what it means today. Is it used to translate capitulum in medieval English texts? There is clearly a research project here. Likewise we ought to locate all uses of the term capituli in ancient literature — and likewise the Greek kephalaia — and from this determine its meaning or meanings, and any change that they underwent during the ancient and medieval period. This might begin with an electronic search, and it really should not take more than a couple of weeks to do. But finally … we need to look at ancient books themselves, and see just what is in the margins, or gathered at the start of books, or whatever. Do we have chapter titles marked? Are they numbered? Are there collections of them at the start of the book, in a multi-book history? Or is it a case that the early mss just have a list of topics at the start of each book, and that these are mirrored in the body of the work, gradually, by subsequent readers and copyists? Which works have these elements? It sounds like a large task. But is it? A commenter on my last post pointed out that, in some ways, it is a superficial task. All we have to do is look through the manuscript at a high level. And that may not be so hard to do. For the number of actual ancient books is not that great. The Codices Latini Antiquiores of E. A. Lowe lists all the fragments of ancient Latin books. The number of codices which are more or else intact is probably not that great. I don’t know about Greek mss from antiquity, but surely there is a list somewhere? Nor does it necessarily involve a lot of travel. The IRHT in France has a huge collection of microfilms of manuscripts. Admittedly this is not nearly as good as colour images — and whether a link is in red ink or black might well be important here — but a couple of weeks work at a microfilm reader in Orleans might well answer many of these questions, and provide a base of data from which some solid conclusions might be drawn. It sounds like a solid piece of work for a PhD thesis, for a student who is prepared to work hard. I feel tempted myself; but of course I am not an academic, and I don’t have the time. Sadly, I fear, I don’t have the energy any more either! But the whole question of chapter divisions, titles, etc, is one that simply needs a pioneer to go into it. It’s not that hard to do; just that no-one has really attacked it. I’ve always thought of the task of working out the history of the chapter titles for endless different literary and technical works was one that would require an army of scholars. Indeed a great manuscript scholar once wrote to me that it would require scholarly collaboration. But why not simply examine what is in all the surviving ancient codices, up to the 8th century, and publish details of what is to be found therein? How long would that really take?	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King James II of England (who was also James VII of Scotland) inherited the throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother, Charles II. James II was unpopular because of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the Catholic faith. Deposed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-89, he fled to France. His daughter and son-in-law succeeded him as Queen Mary II and King William III. James II died in 1701. Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com. Your purchase through these links will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the Royalty.nu site. James II by John Miller. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series. James II: The Triumph and the Tragedy by John Callow. Charts James' life using little-known material from the UK National Archives. Includes James' own description of the Battle of Edgehill, his reasons for his conversion to Catholicism, and his correspondence with William of Orange. A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718 by Edward Corp. After James II was deposed, he established his court in France. The book describes his court and the close relationships between the British and French royal families. King in Exile: James II: Warrior, King and Saint by John Callow. Reassesses James's strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, presenting a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim. James II and the Trial of the Seven Bishops by William Gibson. The trial of seven bishops in 1688 was a prelude to the Glorious Revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread welcome for William of Orange's invasion. The Making of King James II by John Callow is about the formative years of the fallen king. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris. The Countess and the King: A Novel of the Countess of Dorchester and King James II by Susan Holloway Scott. Novel about Katherine Sedley, a royal mistress forced to make the most perilous of choices: to remain loyal to the king, or to England. The Crown for a Lie by Jane Lane. Novel about how James II lost his throne. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris.	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Tip of the Week This winter, millions of Americans will be hitting the roads and facing cold temperatures, along with the snowy and icy conditions winter weather brings. These factors are not only a nuisance, but at times, very dangerous, even for the most confident and experienced drivers. Simple driving maneuvers, such as starting, stopping and making turns can become very challenging if vehicles are not properly prepared for inclement weather. To prepare vehicles for the winter months ahead, here are some simple tips to help you arrive safely at your destination. - Traction is key: The economy has forced many to postpone tire purchases, but with wet weather and unpredictable winter conditions ahead, now is not the time to have low tread on your tires. Your tires need good traction to help keep your car on the road. It's important to have the correct tire tread and in particularly cold climates, drivers should consider investing in winter tires. - Feel the pressure: As temperatures change, so does tire pressure. Proper tire inflation is essential for increased automotive safety, optimum driving performance and even good fuel mileage. Tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer recommendations printed on the vehicle door placard or in the glove box and should be checked at least monthly. Over-inflation can lead to premature or irregular tire wear and under-inflation reduces a vehicle's fuel efficiency by an average of 3.3 percent. - Keep it clean: Consumers' cars, trucks or SUVs are likely weathering the harsh conditions and corrosive elements associated with winter, including freezing rain, snow, ice, sand and salt. Keeping vehicles clean will help protect them from the chemicals and dirt that may attack the car's finish and undercarriage. Be sure to use quality cleaners and waxes specifically designed for handling a car's finish. - Keep it flowing: Oil is the lifeblood of the engine, helping to keep it running efficiently and effectively. Not sure what oil to use? Defer to a professional or use the grade of motor oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer to achieve optimum engine protection and fuel efficiency. - Be prepared: Keep a survival kit handy. A flashlight with fresh batteries, a blanket, water bottles, cellphone charger, jumper cables, flares, a "help" sign, and a first aid kit will prepare you for emergency situations or unexpected breakdowns. According to CNN Money, here are 10 James Bond cars you might be able to afford: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish 1980 Lotus Esprit Turbo 1996 BMW Z3 1977 Lotus Esprit S1 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1 1961 Sunbeam Alpine Series II 1969 Mercury Cougar XR7 1974 AMC Hornet 1981 Alfa Romeo GTV6 1997 BMW 750iL Q: I own a Toyota Venza that in my opinion has a rough and harsh ride. The tire size is P245/55R19 Bridgestone Dueler. Will changing the tire size make the ride any better? A: There is no question that when the tire size is changed to a larger aspect ratio there is more flexibility between the tire and rim, which equals a smoother ride. There are many readers that will not suggest changing the tire profile. Let me tell you that I do this every day to save my customers from buying a replacement vehicle. You can change the tire size keeping in mind that no more than one-fourth inch in overall diameter is recommended. - Junior Damato, Talking Cars columnist GateHouse News Service	[ 28434, 286, 262, 6119, 198, 1212, 7374, 11, 5242, 286, 3399, 481, 307, 9008, 262, 9725, 290, 6476, 4692, 10101, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 46742, 290, 30284, 3403, 7374, 6193, 6774, 13, 2312, 5087, 389, 407, 691, 257, 36212, 11, 475, 379, 1661, 11, 845, 4923, 11, 772, 329, 262, 749, 6563, 290, 5924, 6643, 13, 17427, 5059, 38974, 11, 884, 355, 3599, 11, 12225, 290, 1642, 4962, 460, 1716, 845, 9389, 611, 5672, 389, 407, 6105, 5597, 329, 753, 1732, 6193, 13, 1675, 8335, 5672, 329, 262, 7374, 1933, 4058, 11, 994, 389, 617, 2829, 9040, 284, 1037, 345, 9240, 11512, 379, 534, 10965, 13, 198, 12, 4759, 596, 318, 1994, 25, 383, 3773, 468, 4137, 867, 284, 47328, 15867, 13339, 11, 475, 351, 9583, 6193, 290, 22900, 7374, 3403, 4058, 11, 783, 318, 407, 262, 640, 284, 423, 1877, 23153, 319, 534, 17920, 13, 3406, 17920, 761, 922, 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The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), known at that time as "County Transit," was on its way towards the goal of building a mass transit system that would serve the ever-growing urbanized area, becoming an alternative to the automobile and a driver of economic development. It began with the federal government supporting that vision with a $2-million grant in 1982 to fund preliminary engineering of the first phase. Construction of the line officially commenced with the light-rail maintenance facility. The Guadalupe Light Rail Division, located in downtown San Jose on Younger Street, was completed in 1986 and is used to store, clean and repair light-rail vehicles. The second phase of construction and first segment of in-street track installation began in 1985. Although the initial tracks only spanned 1.5 miles, they were essential for testing the light-rail vehicles as they were delivered. Today, Santa Clara VTA's light-rail service spans 42.2 miles and 62 stations, connecting with Santa Clara VTA buses, Caltrain, Altamont Corridor Express, Capitol Corridor Intercity Rail Service and one day, Bay Area Rapid Transit. Santa Clara VTA currently operates 99 low-floor vehicles. More than 10 million trips were taken in fiscal year 2012 and the system is on track to carry 11 million riders in fiscal year 2013. "As light rail hits its stride, I know the best years are ahead for our system," said Santa Clara County Supervisor and VTA Board Chair Ken Yeager. "Like Silicon Valley, light rail has evolved and changed through the decades. As our economy continues to grow, and as we look for ways to reduce congestion and air pollution, light rail is needed more now than ever."	[ 464, 8909, 27443, 6916, 15198, 11416, 357, 53, 5603, 828, 1900, 379, 326, 640, 355, 366, 12332, 88, 22325, 553, 373, 319, 663, 835, 3371, 262, 3061, 286, 2615, 257, 2347, 11168, 1080, 326, 561, 4691, 262, 1683, 12, 25167, 7876, 1143, 1989, 11, 5033, 281, 5559, 284, 262, 27930, 290, 257, 4639, 286, 3034, 2478, 13, 198, 1026, 2540, 351, 262, 2717, 1230, 6493, 326, 5761, 351, 257, 720, 17, 12, 14100, 7264, 287, 14489, 284, 1814, 15223, 8705, 286, 262, 717, 7108, 13, 20395, 286, 262, 1627, 8720, 32400, 351, 262, 1657, 12, 30224, 9262, 6841, 13, 383, 1962, 31682, 48722, 4401, 12950, 7458, 11, 5140, 287, 9436, 2986, 5264, 319, 45174, 3530, 11, 373, 5668, 287, 12113, 290, 318, 973, 284, 3650, 11, 3424, 290, 9185, 1657, 12, 30224, 5672, 13, 383, 1218, 7108, 286, 5103, 290, 717, 10618, 286, 287, 12, 25662, 2610, 9988, 2540, 287, 12863, 13, 4900, 262, 4238, 8339, 691, 599, 3577, 352, 13, 20, 4608, 11, 484, 547, 6393, 329, 4856, 262, 1657, 12, 30224, 5672, 355, 484, 547, 6793, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 8909, 27443, 569, 5603, 338, 1657, 12, 30224, 2139, 32727, 5433, 13, 17, 4608, 290, 8190, 8985, 11, 14320, 351, 8909, 27443, 569, 5603, 16893, 11, 2199, 27432, 11, 12344, 321, 756, 48994, 10604, 11, 13241, 48994, 4225, 19205, 12950, 4809, 290, 530, 1110, 11, 4696, 9498, 26430, 22325, 13, 8909, 27443, 569, 5603, 3058, 14051, 7388, 1877, 12, 28300, 5672, 13, 3125, 621, 838, 1510, 13229, 547, 2077, 287, 9068, 614, 2321, 290, 262, 1080, 318, 319, 2610, 284, 3283, 1367, 1510, 13750, 287, 9068, 614, 2211, 13, 198, 1, 1722, 1657, 6787, 7127, 663, 33769, 11, 314, 760, 262, 1266, 812, 389, 4058, 329, 674, 1080, 553, 531, 8909, 27443, 3418, 45673, 290, 569, 5603, 5926, 9369, 7148, 11609, 3536, 13, 366, 7594, 18210, 6916, 11, 1657, 6787, 468, 12572, 290, 3421, 832, 262, 4647, 13, 1081, 674, 3773, 4477, 284, 1663, 11, 290, 355, 356, 804, 329, 2842, 284, 4646, 28014, 290, 1633, 12231, 11, 1657, 6787, 318, 2622, 517, 783, 621, 1683, 526, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	350
RWJF Priority: Use pricing strategies—both incentives and disincentives—to promote the purchase of healthier foods Prices can significantly affect family food choices and are emerging as an important strategy in the movement to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, when healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are more affordable, children are less likely to gain excess weight. And leading health authorities, including the Institute of Medicine, recommend new policies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are one of the top sources of calories in the American diet. The resources below, from RWJF grantees and partners, explore the possible health and economic impacts of using pricing strategies to promote consumption of healthy foods and beverages and discourage consumption of unhealthy products.	[ 46747, 41, 37, 34416, 25, 5765, 13045, 10064, 960, 16885, 16538, 290, 595, 42816, 1083, 960, 1462, 7719, 262, 5001, 286, 22841, 9013, 198, 6836, 1063, 460, 5566, 2689, 1641, 2057, 7747, 290, 389, 11823, 355, 281, 1593, 4811, 287, 262, 3356, 284, 9575, 262, 9963, 13825, 18195, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 618, 5448, 9013, 588, 15921, 290, 13701, 389, 517, 10935, 11, 1751, 389, 1342, 1884, 284, 4461, 6992, 3463, 13, 843, 3756, 1535, 4773, 11, 1390, 262, 5136, 286, 11558, 11, 4313, 649, 4788, 284, 4646, 625, 5936, 24098, 286, 7543, 12, 34751, 2945, 24173, 11, 543, 389, 530, 286, 262, 1353, 4237, 286, 14653, 287, 262, 1605, 5496, 13, 198, 464, 4133, 2174, 11, 422, 33212, 41, 37, 7264, 2841, 290, 4887, 11, 7301, 262, 1744, 1535, 290, 3034, 12751, 286, 1262, 13045, 10064, 284, 7719, 7327, 286, 5448, 9013, 290, 24173, 290, 27518, 7327, 286, 27942, 3186, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	153
Standard DefinitionStandard-definition television (SDTV) is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high-definition television (HDTV 720p and 1080p) or enhanced-definition television (EDTV 480p). The two common SDTV signal types are 576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed PAL and SECAM systems; and 480i based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system. High DefinitionHD video has higher resolution than SD video, which results in a sharper picture. Typical HD display resolution will be 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080 pixels (1080i/1080p). For our latest tips, offers and competitions join us on	[ 23615, 30396, 23615, 12, 46758, 5581, 357, 10305, 6849, 8, 318, 257, 5581, 1080, 326, 3544, 257, 6323, 326, 318, 407, 3177, 284, 307, 2035, 1029, 12, 46758, 5581, 357, 10227, 6849, 26250, 79, 290, 17729, 79, 8, 393, 13105, 12, 46758, 5581, 357, 1961, 6849, 23487, 79, 737, 383, 734, 2219, 9834, 6849, 6737, 3858, 389, 642, 4304, 72, 11, 351, 642, 4304, 987, 75, 2286, 3951, 286, 6323, 11, 10944, 422, 262, 3427, 12, 33082, 40795, 290, 10729, 2390, 3341, 26, 290, 23487, 72, 1912, 319, 262, 1605, 2351, 21516, 4482, 4606, 43754, 34, 1080, 13, 198, 11922, 30396, 10227, 2008, 468, 2440, 6323, 621, 9834, 2008, 11, 543, 2482, 287, 257, 41415, 4286, 13, 48752, 5572, 3359, 6323, 481, 307, 352, 11, 21033, 12906, 23906, 17848, 357, 23906, 79, 8, 393, 352, 11, 37128, 12906, 16, 11, 33057, 17848, 357, 24045, 72, 14, 24045, 79, 737, 198, 1890, 674, 3452, 9040, 11, 4394, 290, 24174, 4654, 514, 319, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	162
The transverse carpal ligament is the flexible, slightly elastic cord that lies on top of the carpal tunnel at the wrist. This ligament connects the bones to each other where the wrist and palm meet. The transverse carpal ligament may be cut during surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cutting the ligament helps relieve the pressure on the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel. (Pressure on the median nerve results in the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, including tingling, numbness, weakness, or pain in the fingers, hand, or lower arm.) Last Revised: October 21, 2010 Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & David Pichora, MD, FRCSC - Orthopedic Surgery To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.	[ 464, 1007, 4399, 1097, 18596, 26106, 3263, 318, 262, 12846, 11, 4622, 27468, 15050, 326, 7363, 319, 1353, 286, 262, 1097, 18596, 13275, 379, 262, 15980, 13, 770, 26106, 3263, 20417, 262, 11945, 284, 1123, 584, 810, 262, 15980, 290, 18057, 1826, 13, 198, 464, 1007, 4399, 1097, 18596, 26106, 3263, 743, 307, 2005, 1141, 8185, 329, 1097, 18596, 13275, 14027, 13, 40152, 262, 26106, 3263, 5419, 26958, 262, 3833, 319, 262, 14288, 16384, 11, 543, 4539, 832, 262, 1097, 18596, 13275, 13, 357, 13800, 495, 319, 262, 14288, 16384, 2482, 287, 262, 7460, 286, 1097, 18596, 13275, 14027, 11, 1390, 256, 278, 1359, 11, 35519, 1108, 11, 10453, 11, 393, 2356, 287, 262, 9353, 11, 1021, 11, 393, 2793, 3211, 2014, 198, 5956, 31492, 25, 3267, 2310, 11, 3050, 198, 13838, 25, 3893, 3083, 9983, 198, 37158, 6602, 25, 7244, 13895, 1681, 11, 10670, 532, 7884, 11558, 1222, 3271, 350, 488, 5799, 11, 10670, 11, 376, 7397, 6173, 532, 47664, 19458, 291, 39037, 198, 2514, 2193, 517, 3187, 3893, 3083, 13, 2398, 198, 16224, 8735, 12, 6999, 3893, 3083, 11, 3457, 40132, 13, 3893, 3083, 11, 3893, 3083, 329, 790, 1535, 2551, 11, 290, 262, 3893, 3083, 11112, 389, 27346, 286, 3893, 3083, 11, 3457, 40132, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	209
Coincidentally, 2012 saw the largest acreage of corn in the U.S. planted since WW II, and subsequently the worst drought since the 1950′s, affecting 80% of agricultural land. This will cause price increases in meat and dairy, ethanol, and to a much lesser extent processed foods, since that is what virtually all of the cropland land is used for. Government subsidies and crop insurance go primarily to commodity crops, not human food ones, so the U.S. Government will be paying along with us for that drought. In the U.S. 45% of all land is pasture or cropland. Cropland = 408 million acres. Of this: Commodity crops – corn and soybeans, 170 million acres; wheat 57 million acres, oats 16 million acres, cotton 10 or more million acres, less for rice, oats and sorghum and others. Specialty crops – vegetables, fruits and nuts, flowers, Christmas trees, etc. 14 million acres, most of these for food crops . (Until recent farm bills, these food crops were not subsidized, farmers were even penalized for growing them. Now a small percentage of subsidies goes towards them.) This is why a salad costs more than a Big Mac.	[ 7222, 1939, 23961, 11, 2321, 2497, 262, 4387, 31244, 496, 286, 11676, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 18969, 1201, 13505, 2873, 11, 290, 12412, 262, 5290, 18393, 1201, 262, 11445, 17478, 82, 11, 13891, 4019, 4, 286, 14240, 1956, 13, 770, 481, 2728, 2756, 5732, 287, 6174, 290, 17659, 11, 28829, 11, 290, 284, 257, 881, 14494, 6287, 13686, 9013, 11, 1201, 326, 318, 644, 9826, 477, 286, 262, 6763, 489, 392, 1956, 318, 973, 329, 13, 5070, 16230, 290, 13833, 5096, 467, 7525, 284, 19464, 14450, 11, 407, 1692, 2057, 3392, 11, 523, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5070, 481, 307, 5989, 1863, 351, 514, 329, 326, 18393, 13, 198, 818, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 4153, 4, 286, 477, 1956, 318, 46753, 393, 6763, 489, 392, 13, 9325, 489, 392, 796, 41247, 1510, 16051, 13, 3226, 428, 25, 198, 6935, 375, 414, 14450, 784, 11676, 290, 17797, 44749, 11, 16677, 1510, 16051, 26, 17135, 7632, 1510, 16051, 11, 47009, 1467, 1510, 16051, 11, 15985, 838, 393, 517, 1510, 16051, 11, 1342, 329, 11464, 11, 47009, 290, 25655, 456, 388, 290, 1854, 13, 198, 13409, 774, 14450, 784, 13701, 11, 15921, 290, 14380, 11, 12734, 11, 6786, 7150, 11, 3503, 13, 1478, 1510, 16051, 11, 749, 286, 777, 329, 2057, 14450, 764, 357, 18273, 2274, 5318, 9024, 11, 777, 2057, 14450, 547, 407, 37317, 11, 9818, 547, 772, 23634, 1143, 329, 3957, 606, 13, 2735, 257, 1402, 5873, 286, 16230, 2925, 3371, 606, 2014, 198, 1212, 318, 1521, 257, 20698, 3484, 517, 621, 257, 4403, 4100, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	260
The financial aid process can be a daunting one. If you don’t get a primer from a guidance counselor or older sibling who is already on a college campus somewhere, it could be difficult to figure out where to start. The good news is, we’re here to help. With a little research and an introduction to the basics, you’ll be using even the most obscure financial aid acronyms with ease. Your starting point should always be the Free Application for Student Aid, or as you’ve probably already heard before, the FAFSA. That step will determine what you do next, as once your application is processed you’ll know exactly how much free money you’re going to get from federal assistance programs and grants, how much you’ll be able to borrow through federal loans, and how much of your package you may need to supplement through private lending agencies. The process is the same for graduate students, although you may not be eligible for all the programs available to undergraduates, including Federal Pell Grants, a free gift from the government with a current maximum of up to $5,550. Once you’ve done that, you begin weighing your options, and potentially looking for ways to cut your college costs. Scholarships are an excellent source of financial aid, and if you apply early and often enough, you’ll have a better chance of landing a good amount of free money to supplement your financial aid package. Below, you’ll find more information and tips on navgating the financial aid process, including articles on the latest news from the ever-changing financial aid industry. The best way to supplement your financial aid package is to apply for (and win) college scholarships. While it will take some initiative, research and time on your part, the payoff is worth it if it decreases your total student loan debt. These days you don’t have to be a star athlete or valedictorian to land scholarships. Many are based on characteristics like need, community service and your intended field of study, or if you dig even deeper, you’ll find a wide array of awards based on more specific characteristics. What makes you unique could be what lands you a generous college scholarship. Chances are you qualify for more scholarships than you thought you did, so conduct a free scholarship search or browse through our site to see awards you may be eligible for and start earning money toward college. If you’re lucky, your parents have been saving up for your transition from high school to college with one of the popular college saving accounts options. From 529 Plans, which vary by state but offer significant tax savings over taxable accounts, to Coverdell Accounts, which are a good option for families who don’t want to invest more than $2,000 a year for their college-bound children, every parent should be able to find a college saving account to meet their budgets and their needs. A good start for families unsure of where to begin or how much they should strive to save is estimating how much college will cost by using a college financial aid calculator. It’s fine to start with a conservative number, as some of the college saving accounts come with stipulations that the funds must be used for college expenses, which could hurt parents whose children don’t end up going to college or go for a low-cost option like community college. Federal aid, which is subject to changes in funding levels made by the government, comes in the form of federal grant programs, federal student loans and federal work-study programs. The best indicator of your eligibility for all federal aid is the FAFSA, which is also available online to speed up processing and is ready for you to fill out starting Jan. 1 of each year. Unless you plan on paying for your college expenses out-of-pocket or through your parents’ college savings accounts, the FAFSA will answer most questions of how much funding you’ll be receiving and which federal funding programs you qualify for. Worst case scenario, you find that you’re only eligible for Stafford Loans, which although they’re not as desirable as scholarships and grants that you won’t need to pay back, they’re lower interest than any private loan you’d qualify for. A little bit of research will not only help you to understand financial aid information better, but help dispel popular misconceptions about the process. Many students think they’re not eligible for many forms of aid, or that applying will not only be tedious but futile. The truth is, the financial aid process is one of the most important if not the most important step you’ll take toward getting yourself into college. More than $130 billion is awarded to college-bound students annually, and while it certainly helps to supplement your application with an impressive academic record, much of the funding is also needs-based or based on criteria that have nothing to do with your GPA or high school course load. Once you’ve filled out your FAFSA, conduct a free scholarship search to find awards you may have never known you were eligible for otherwise, and pad your financial aid package with as much free money from scholarships and grants as you can. The best way to know what to expect of your financial aid process is to do your research. Lucky for you, we’ve done it for you, and will continue to update our site with the latest news on financial aid happenings that could affect how much you get from the government. Check out our links for financial aid news to determine not only what higher education institutions are doing to affect students’ financial aid packages, but moves the government is making that will make it easier – or harder – for you to take out loans, get awarded grants, and pay for college. While college is supposed to be one of the most rewarding times in your life, you don’t want to be faced with a monthly payment post-graduation that takes over a high percentage of your salary, or worse yet, one you’d be forced to default on, hurting your credit score. Find money for college by educating yourself on the options available and taking advantage of the millions of dollars being awarded to college-bound high school students each year. And if you’re faced with a bigger tuition bill than you thought, consider your options to keep your college costs low.	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5 October 2011 \| EN \| FR The East Africa famine calls into question the wisdom of investing in early warning systems without improving take-up, writes Linda Nordling. When the UN declared a state of famine in the Horn of Africa in July, one group of scientists was not surprised. In August 2010, the USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) had issued a prediction of poor March–May rains this year. The tens of thousands of people that have died since then in East Africa, and the millions that remain hungry, are a harsh indictment of the ability of science-based early warnings of disaster to make a difference to the continent's most vulnerable people. As more and better African science data make predictions easier, more effort will be needed to understand and improve the uptake of early warnings at local, national and international levels. Why warnings fail So why did the rainfall warning fail to avert the disaster in the Horn of Africa? The problem is multifaceted, and not easy to address. Writing in Nature, FEWS NET scientist Chris Funk lists a number of reasons, from conflicting climate research predicting wetter conditions in East Africa, to political obstacles (especially conflict in Somalia) and the region's rapid population growth outpacing agricultural yields. Funk believes the answer is more science and better agricultural practices to improve yields in areas at risk of drought and food shortages. Working towards a more sustainable long-term strategy for feeding the region's population will limit the need for emergency response, he says. While most media reports have focused on the international community's failure to respond, Funk focuses on what must be done in Africa to improve uptake. He is right to do so. The failure of warnings to filter down into African policy at all levels is a graver problem than that of mobilising emergency aid, criticised by many observers for creating a dependency culture in formerly self-sufficient regions. Data poor no more The past decade's strong science push in Africa has boosted the understanding of its climate, diseases, and political and economic systems. This data flood has produced a wealth of mathematical models, and systems are now in place — or being set up — for predicting food price variability, malaria outbreaks, floods and even armed conflicts. They are all being billed as tools that can revolutionise the continent's response to emergencies. But it is not just FEWS NET that is struggling to live up to expectations. Last month, Nigeria's emergency management agency accused state governments of ignoring early warnings of floods that killed more than an estimated 140 people and left tens of thousands homeless. In Nigeria, the problem was a failure of state governments to act upon warnings by clearing drains and evacuating people living in flood plains. The weakest link Similar barriers held back the famine warning in the Horn of Africa. "There is a weak link between early warning and response," says Gideon Galu, a scientist with FEWS NET based in Nairobi, Kenya. Although FEWS NET works with decision-makers in the national government to highlight its findings, the link-up to local authorities and rural communities relies on national government structures, he says. Kenya, for example, has a food security steering group that passes scientific information on to decision-makers. Nongovernmental organisations and other partners can attend meetings and get a consensus on the scale and magnitude of a problem. But the final link in the flow of information is problematic in Kenya, and in Ethiopia; and it's particularly weak in countries like Somalia where governance is fragile. There are scant resources and information dissemination networks to make sure that messages reach the local level. These failures illustrate a key obstacle that many African countries must overcome. The impact of science-based early warning systems hinges on governments' capability (and perhaps willingness) to turn warnings into readiness on the ground. Avoiding warning fatigue In time, the early warning community will learn from its mistakes as it establishes strong networks that reach down to the community level — an activity that FEWS NET is working on. The organisation is also working to address the underlying vulnerability to food crises via the US Feed the Future programme, a US$3.5 billion investment in strengthening agriculture in Ethiopia, Kenya and other countries. Better links to local government and rural communities will also improve FEWS NET's capability to collect data on variables such as rainfall and temperature, making prediction more of a two-way street, adds Gulu. "They are now able to provide us with additional data about what is happening in the field," he says. But there is a downside: the explosion in early warning systems means that individual warnings could grow into a cacophony of calls to emergency action that compete for policymakers' attention and scarce resources. Such 'warning fatigue' would make it harder to discern credible alerts and act on them. In that future, a warning system well-connected to decision-makers with functioning lines of communication with local officials is likely to be more effective than one where all the money has gone to improving the science while neglecting the capacity to put the evidence to good use. Journalist Linda Nordling, based in Cape Town, South Africa, specialises in African science policy, education and development. She was the founding editor of Research Africa and writes for SciDev.Net, Nature and others. Funk, C. We thought trouble was coming, Nature, 476, 7 (2011) Susan fm LWEC ( Living With Environmental Change \| United Kingdom ) 5 October 2011 This in some ways is a chilling article. However, I had a good insight into early warning fatigue at a Humanitarian Vision/NERC workshop to bring climate scientists into better dialogue with NGOs. We role played how we'd manage early warning of flood and it gave fascinating first hand insights into risk perception and how it varied in the room. Strikes me that this is very relevant in this context All SciDev.Net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. For further details see Creative Commons.	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LA JOLLA, Calif., July 18, 2012 – In their quest to treat cardiovascular disease, researchers and pharmaceutical companies have long been interested in developing new medicines that activate a heart protein called APJ. But researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) and the Stanford University School of Medicine have now uncovered a second, previously unknown, function for APJ—it senses mechanical changes when the heart is in danger and sets the body on a course toward heart failure. This means that activating APJ could actually be harmful in some cases—potentially eye-opening information for some heart drug makers. The study appears July 18 in Nature. "Just finding a molecule that activates APJ is not enough. What's important to heart failure is not if this receptor is 'on' or 'off,' but the way it's activated," said Pilar Ruiz-Lozano, Ph.D., who led the study. Ruiz-Lozano, formerly assistant professor at Sanford-Burnham, is now associate professor of pediatrics in the Stanford University School of Medicine and adjunct faculty member at Sanford-Burnham. Stretching the heart APJ is a receptor that sits on the cell surface in many organs, where it senses the external environment. When a hormone called apelin comes along and binds APJ, it sets off a molecular chain reaction that influences a number of cellular functions. Many previous studies have shown that apelin-APJ activity directs beneficial processes such as embryonic heart development, maintenance of normal blood pressure, and new blood vessel formation. According to Ruiz-Lozano's latest study, however, APJ can also be activated a second, more harmful, way that doesn't involve apelin. In this pathway, APJ senses and responds to mechanical changes in the heart. To better understand these mechanical changes, let's look at a person with high blood pressure. In this case, the person's heart has to work harder to pump the same amount of blood at the same rate as a healthy person. To meet the increased demand, individual heart muscle cells start making more proteins, making the cells bigger. Eventually, cell membranes stretch and each cell begins to pull away from its neighbor. This leads to an enlarged heart—a condition known as hypertrophy. In pathological (disease) conditions, hypertrophy can lead to heart failure. APJ and heart failure The best way to determine the role a protein plays in a particular cellular process is to see what happens when it's missing. To do this, Ruiz-Lozano's team, including co-first authors Maria Cecilia Scimia, Ph.D. and Cecilia Hurtado, Ph.D., used mice that lack APJ. Under everyday conditions, the APJ-deficient mice appeared perfectly normal. However, unlike their normal counterparts, the mice lacking APJ couldn't sense danger when their hearts enlarged. As a result, mice were actually healthier without APJ—none succumbed to heart failure. "In other words, without APJ, ignorance is bliss—the heart doesn't sense the danger and so it doesn't activate the hypertrophic pathways that lead to heart failure," Ruiz-Lozano said. "This tells us that, depending on how it's done, activating APJ might make matters worse for heart disease patients."	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Mar. 20, 2007 An overexpressed protein protects human pancreatic cancer cells from being forced to devour themselves, removing one of the body's natural defenses against out-of-control cell growth, researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center report in the March issue of Molecular Cancer Research. The protein tissue transglutaminase, known by the abbreviation TG2, previously has been found by researchers at M. D. Anderson and elsewhere to be overexpressed in a variety of drug-resistant cancer cells and in cancer that has spread from its original organ (metastasized). "In general, you rarely see overexpression of TG2 in a normal cell," says Kapil Mehta, Ph.D., professor in the M. D. Anderson Department of Experimental Therapeutics, who began 10 years ago studying TG2 as an inflammatory protein. Mehta and colleagues in the past year have connected TG2 overexpression to drug-resistant and metastatic breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and melanoma. Expression of TG2 is tightly regulated in a healthy cell, Mehta says, and is temporarily increased in response to certain hormones or stress factors. "However, constitutive expression of this protein in a cancer cell helps confer protection from stress-induced cell death," Mehta says. "We are developing TG2 as a pharmaceutical target and are now working with a mouse model to that end." The mechanisms by which TG2 might promote drug-resistance and metastasis have remained elusive, the researchers note. In this paper, the M. D. Anderson team shows in lab experiments that inhibiting the protein in pancreatic cancer cells leads to a form of programmed cell suicide called autophagy, or self-digestion. TG2 was inhibited in two separate ways. First, the researchers blocked another protein known to activate TG2. Secondly, they also directly targeted TG2 with a tiny molecule known as small interfering RNA tailored to shut down expression of the protein. In both cases, the result was a drastic reduction of TG2 expression (up to 94 percent) and telltale signs of autophagy in the cancer cells, which became riddled with cavities called vacuoles. When autophagy occurs, a double membrane forms around a cell organ, or organelle. This autophagosome then merges with a digestive organelle called a lysosome and everything inside is consumed, leaving the vacuole and a residue of digested material. If enough of this happens, the cell dies. Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, M.D., professor of experimental therapeutics and study co-author, notes that the research also shows that the self-consuming cell death prevented by TG2 is independent of a prominent molecular pathway also known to regulate autophagy called the mammalian target of rapamycin. "Targeting TG2, or its activating protein PKC, or both, presents a novel and potentially effective approach to treating patients with pancreatic cancer," Lopez-Berestein said. Research in the mouse model remains in the early stages, the researchers caution. The researchers also show that the TG2 pathway also is separate from another, better known, form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Apoptosis, like autophagy, is a normal biological defense mechanism that systematically destroys defective cells by forcing them to kill themselves. In apoptosis, the cells die via damage to their nucleus and DNA, with other cellular organelles preserved. Autophagy kills by degrading those other organelles while sparing the nucleus. Mehta's lab reported in a Cancer Research paper last September that TG2 overexpression also activates a protein called nuclear factor-kB known to play a role in regulating cell growth, metastasis and apoptosis. This pathway, Mehta explained, could make TG2 an attractive target for other forms of cancer as well. Co-authors with Mehta and Lopez-Berestein are: co-first authors Ugur Akar, Ph.D., and Bulent Ozpolat, M.D., Ph.D., and Jansina Fok, all of the Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and Yasuko Kondo, M.D., Ph.D, of the M. D. Anderson Department of Neurosurgery. Funding for this research was provided by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	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Mar. 4, 2013 Behind locked doors, in a lab built like a bomb shelter, Perry Gerakines makes something ordinary yet truly alien: ice. This isn't the ice of snowflakes or ice cubes. No, this ice needs such intense cold and low pressure to form that the right conditions rarely, if ever, occur naturally on Earth. And when Gerakines makes the ice, he must keep the layer so microscopically thin it is dwarfed by a grain of pollen. These ultrathin layers turn out to be perfect for recreating some of the key chemistry that takes place in space. In these tiny test tubes, Gerakines and his colleagues in the Cosmic Ice Lab at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., can reproduce reactions in ice from almost any time and place in the history of the solar system, including some that might help explain the origin of life. "This is not the chemistry people remember from high school," says Reggie Hudson, who heads the Cosmic Ice Lab. "This is chemistry in the extreme: bitter cold, harsh radiation and nearly non-existent pressure. And it's usually taking place in gases or solids, because generally speaking, there aren't liquids in interstellar space." The Cosmic Ice Lab is one of a few laboratories worldwide where researchers have been studying the ultracool chemistry of cosmic ice. With its powerful particle accelerator, the Goddard lab has the special ability to mimic almost any kind of solar or cosmic radiation to drive these reactions. And that lets them dig deep to study the chemistry of ice below the surface of planets and moons as well as ice in space. Recipe for disorder In a vacuum chamber about the size of a lunchbox, Gerakines recreates a little patch of deep space, in all its extremes. He pumps out air until the pressure inside drops to a level a billion times lower than normal for Earth, then chills the chamber to minus 433 degrees Fahrenheit (15 kelvins). To get ice, all that remains is to open a valve and let in water vapor. The instant the sprightly vapor molecules enter the chamber they are literally frozen in their tracks. Still pointing every which way, the molecules are transformed immediately from their gaseous state into the disorderly solid called amorphous ice. Amorphous ice is exactly the opposite of the typical ice on Earth, which forms perfect crystals like those that make up snowflakes or frost needles. These crystals are so orderly and predictable that this ice is considered a mineral, complete with a rating of 2.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness -- the same rating as a fingernail. Though almost unheard of on Earth, amorphous ice is so widespread in interstellar space that it could be the most common form of water in the universe. Left over from the age when the solar system was born, it is scattered across vast distances, often as particles no bigger than grains of dust. It's also been spotted in comets and icy moons. The secret to making amorphous ice in the lab, Gerakines finds, is to limit the layer to a depth of about half a micrometer -- thinner than a strand of spider's silk. "Water is such a good insulator that if the ice gets too thick, only the bottom of the sample, closer to the cooling source, will stay sufficiently cold," says Gerakines. "The ice on top will get warm enough to crystallize." The superthin ice can be spiked with all kinds of interesting chemicals found in space. One set of chemicals that Gerakines works with is amino acids, which are key players in the chemistry of life on Earth. Researchers have spent decades identifying a whole smorgasbord of amino acids in meteorites (including some involved in life), as well as one found in a sample taken from a comet. "And because water is the dominant form of frozen material in the interstellar medium and outer solar system," says Gerakines, "any amino acids out there are probably in contact with water at some point." For his current set of experiments, Gerakines makes three kinds of ice, each spiked with an amorphous form of an amino acid (either glycine, alanine or phenylalanine) that is found in proteins. The real action begins when Gerakines hits the ice with radiation. Earlier studies by other researchers have looked at ice chemistry using ultraviolet light. Gerakines opts instead to look at cosmic radiation, which can reach ice hidden below the surface of a planet or moon. To mimic this radiation, he uses a proton beam from the high-voltage particle accelerator, which resides in an underground room lined with immense concrete walls for safety. With the proton beam, a million years' worth of damage can be reproduced in just half an hour. And by adjusting the radiation dose, Gerakines can treat the ice as if it were lying exposed or buried at different depths of soil in comets or icy moons and planets. He tests the three kinds of water-plus-amino-acid ice and compares them to ice made from amino acids only. Between blasts, he checks the samples using a "molecular fingerprinting" technique called spectroscopy to see if the amino acids are breaking down and chemical by-products are forming. As expected, more and more of the amino acids break down as the radiation dose adds up. But Gerakines notices that the amino acids last longer if the ice includes water than if they are left on their own. This is odd, because when water breaks down, one of the fragments it leaves behind is hydroxyl (OH), a chemical well-known for attacking other compounds. The spectroscopy confirms that some OH is being produced. But overall, says Gerakines, "the water is essentially acting like a radiation shield, probably absorbing a lot of the energy, the same way a layer of rock or soil would." When he repeats the experiments at two higher temperatures, he is surprised to find the acids fare even better. From these preliminary measurements, he and Hudson calculate how long amino acids could remain intact in icy environments over a range of temperatures. "We find that some amino acids could survive tens to hundreds of millions of years in ice near the surface of Pluto or Mars and buried at least a centimeter [less than half an inch] deep in places like the comets of the outer solar system," says Gerakines. "For a place that gets heavy radiation, like Europa, they would need to be buried a few feet." (These findings were reported in the journal Icarus in August 2012.) "The good news for exploration missions," says Hudson, "is it looks as if these amino acids are actually more stable than anybody realized at temperatures typical of places like Pluto, Europa and even Mars." The Cosmic Ice Lab is part of the Astrochemistry Laboratory in Goddard's Solar System Exploration Division and is funded in part by the Goddard Center for Astrobiology and the NASA Astrobiology Institute. 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View The Sky And Celestial Bodies Just As Galilieo Did 400 Years Ago The Galileoscope is 400 years of product development in the making - this high-quality telescope kit was developed by leading astronomers, optical engineers, and science educators to showcase how early astronomers made their discoveries. Once assembled, the telescope will offer views of lunar craters and mountains, four moons circling Jupiter, the phases of Venus, Saturn's rings, and countless stars invisible to the unaided eye. The 50mm diameter telescope offers 25X to 50X magnification. The kit is easy-to-assemble and includes standard components such as a base that fits most tripods and a 1.25 focuser. Educational activities and observing guides for use with your Galileoscope are available for free at www.TeachingWithTelescopes.org. “The father of modern observational astronomy,” Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist and astronomer whose ideas and inventions were an important part of the Scientific Revolution. Supporting Copernicus’s heliocentric theory of the earth’s revolution around the sun, Galileo made several contributions to modern astronomy, with his telescopic observations WARNING: Use with adult supervision only. WARNING: Do not look at the Sun with the Galileoscope; severe eye damage will occur.	[ 7680, 383, 5274, 843, 37231, 347, 5042, 2329, 1081, 5027, 346, 494, 78, 7731, 7337, 13212, 48210, 198, 464, 32422, 40326, 318, 7337, 812, 286, 1720, 2478, 287, 262, 1642, 532, 428, 1029, 12, 13237, 24344, 6220, 373, 4166, 416, 3756, 33162, 11, 18480, 12037, 11, 290, 3783, 30770, 284, 21742, 703, 1903, 33162, 925, 511, 24362, 13, 4874, 16030, 11, 262, 24344, 481, 2897, 5009, 286, 25572, 1067, 8605, 290, 12269, 11, 1440, 31093, 43080, 22721, 11, 262, 21164, 286, 21094, 11, 23135, 338, 13917, 11, 290, 12925, 5788, 14836, 284, 262, 555, 64, 1384, 4151, 13, 198, 464, 2026, 3020, 14753, 24344, 4394, 1679, 55, 284, 2026, 55, 44120, 13, 383, 6220, 318, 2562, 12, 1462, 12, 292, 15140, 290, 3407, 3210, 6805, 884, 355, 257, 2779, 326, 11414, 749, 5296, 12978, 290, 257, 352, 13, 1495, 2962, 263, 13, 30038, 4568, 290, 21769, 17555, 329, 779, 351, 534, 32422, 40326, 389, 1695, 329, 1479, 379, 7324, 13, 6767, 8103, 3152, 33317, 3798, 13920, 13, 2398, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2988, 286, 3660, 40118, 37145, 11, 447, 251, 45860, 32422, 72, 373, 281, 8200, 33013, 290, 47603, 3025, 4213, 290, 39405, 547, 281, 1593, 636, 286, 262, 22060, 9303, 13, 44188, 6955, 1142, 24552, 447, 247, 82, 932, 72, 420, 22317, 4583, 286, 262, 4534, 447, 247, 82, 5854, 1088, 262, 4252, 11, 45860, 925, 1811, 9284, 284, 3660, 37145, 11, 351, 465, 18400, 16603, 13050, 198, 31502, 25, 5765, 351, 4044, 20865, 691, 13, 198, 31502, 25, 2141, 407, 804, 379, 262, 3825, 351, 262, 32422, 40326, 26, 6049, 4151, 2465, 481, 3051, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	269
As the use of technologies becomes less of an issue and approaches such as the use of SMS for mobile learning become ubiquitous – our attention must now move to an increased focus on pedagogy. How will the use of these technologies affect learners’ abilities to learn? How will teachers and facilitators need to change their existing practice? As individual access and control of content explodes, the higher education institutions that move toward the integration of services such assessing learning, helping students organize what they know into meaningful packages and then credential that learning will get the cheese. There will be new are the new institutions that build on what is currently happening and some will remake themselves. Mobile learning at OUM started with the formation of an research team on m-learning in August 2008. Its first task was to determine how ready OUM learners would be for mobile learning. We surveyed almost 3,000 learners throughout Malaysia and found that more than 80 percent of the learners said they would be ready for learning through their mobile phones. We first experimented with podcasts and moved on to using sms to support the blended mode of learning at OUM and found that the latter worked extremely well. When it comes to changes in formal and informal learning, we may need to think about the pedagogy involved, where there may also be a shift from collaborative learning in institutions to cooperative learning in networks. There may also be a shift from cooperative learning in networks to collaborative learning in institutions when MOOC is formally institutionalized and accreditated in institutions. Does it address the difference between cooperation and collaboration learning in the networks/groups? In other words, these MOOCs are set up by one or more individuals. They are created not collectively, as we go along, but usually by one or more (less than 5?) individuals working as a group. As creators and conveners of the MOOC, what responsibility do they have for their creation and the resultant learning that takes place in the MOOC? Where does their responsibility begin and end? Does it matter? After seeing several MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) come and go over the past couple of years, I've decided to play a part in a new one being facilitated by Dave Cormier, George Siemens and Stephen Downes. Is assessment always necessary in learning (in particular informal learning or social learning)? Can people learn effectively without being assessed? May be not, under a formal education system. But if we argue that it is growth of a person as a product of learning (refer to Stephen’s slides on Connectivism), and based on Connectivism and transculturality, then the assessment would be embedded in the “growth of knowledge, skills and competency”, which could be reflected in the performance in study or that at work, and that comes naturally also in network conversation. Information Literacy has been defined by the American Library Association in the following way: To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and has the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. Digital Literacy seems to be very similar: In Wikipedia it starts with a definition that is almost word for word identical to ALA definition of information literacy but adds on three new words: Digital literacy is the ability to locate, organize, understand, evaluate and analyze information using digital technology. Digital citizenship refers to the use of these skills to interact with society. Today, with the proliferation of tablet computers such as the iPad and Galaxy Tab, OUM is considering using them as a learning device on OUM course modules can be easily downloaded into. Still at the planning stage, the idea of using tablet computers makes sense as through these devices, not only will course information and learning materials be more easily accessible, the learner will also benefit from other useful applications supported by such devices. In addition, with wi-fi facilities available in most, if not all classrooms in the OUM learning centers, the learners will be better engaged with OUM as a whole and with their facilitators in particular. It will be seamless and ubiquitous learning at its best. I think one education's challenges in the 21st century is going to be whether they can change and adapt to new technology. Moreover, whether education can embrace new forms of technology to drive different types of learning and increase international collaboration. I think #change11 is going to be a fascinating experiment for all involved. This MOOC guide based on the experience of the MobiMOOC(ourse) which was a course that ran from 2 April until the 14 May 2011 and had 580 participants that hooked up to its resources. The course resulted in collaborations transcending the duration of the course. The course focused on the subject of mobile learning and was delivered over 6 weeks, each of which had a different angle: introduction to mLearning, mLearning planning, mLearning for development, leading edge mobile innovations, mLearning in a mobile connected society and mLearning in k12 settings.	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paragraph and text alignment. Thanks to styles there’s no longer aneed to add blank lines between paragraphs. Within the paragraph, there may be some formatting applied only toa few words. This would be a character style. Some commonexamples of character style formatting include , underlineand strikethrough. While these styles may effect color and style of thetext, they generally don’t include layout and spacing attributes. List styles are technically paragraph styles, but with the addition of several choices for bullet or numbering options. For this reason, wewill discuss them separately. Some word processing systems includeoutline styles which are special purpose lists. Styles and Templates Styles are saved in the document template. When you create adocument based on a speciﬁc template, you also receive the customstyles deﬁned for that template. Every document you create is basedon a template. Even if you don’t select a speciﬁc template, your wordprocessor will use its default template to create your document. Word Processing for Publishers Series - All About Styles	[ 20360, 290, 2420, 19114, 13, 6930, 284, 12186, 612, 447, 247, 82, 645, 2392, 281, 2308, 284, 751, 9178, 3951, 1022, 23549, 13, 198, 22005, 262, 7322, 11, 612, 743, 307, 617, 33313, 5625, 691, 284, 64, 1178, 2456, 13, 770, 561, 307, 257, 2095, 3918, 13, 2773, 725, 505, 87, 12629, 286, 2095, 3918, 33313, 2291, 198, 11, 739, 1370, 392, 2338, 74, 2788, 740, 13, 2893, 777, 12186, 743, 1245, 3124, 290, 3918, 286, 262, 5239, 11, 484, 4143, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2291, 12461, 290, 31050, 12608, 13, 198, 8053, 12186, 389, 14497, 7322, 12186, 11, 475, 351, 262, 3090, 286, 1811, 7747, 329, 10492, 393, 47622, 3689, 13, 1114, 428, 1738, 11, 356, 10594, 2112, 606, 13869, 13, 2773, 1573, 7587, 3341, 2291, 448, 1370, 12186, 543, 389, 2041, 4007, 8341, 13, 198, 18716, 829, 290, 5825, 17041, 198, 18716, 829, 389, 7448, 287, 262, 3188, 11055, 13, 1649, 345, 2251, 512, 7990, 1912, 319, 257, 693, 979, 171, 105, 223, 66, 11055, 11, 345, 635, 3328, 262, 2183, 47720, 390, 171, 105, 223, 2817, 329, 326, 11055, 13, 3887, 3188, 345, 2251, 318, 1912, 261, 257, 11055, 13, 3412, 611, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2922, 257, 693, 979, 171, 105, 223, 66, 11055, 11, 534, 1573, 41341, 481, 779, 663, 4277, 11055, 284, 2251, 534, 3188, 13, 198, 26449, 28403, 329, 43403, 7171, 532, 1439, 7994, 44963, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	234
Our bodies create a tremendous amount of internal heat. We normally cool ourselves by sweating and radiating heat through our skin. Under certain circumstances, such as unusually high temperatures, high humidity, or vigorous exercise in hot weather, this natural cooling system may begin to fail, allowing internal heat to build up to dangerous levels. The result may be heat illness, which can come in the form of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. Heat cramps are brief, severe cramps in the muscles of the legs, arms, or abdomen that may occur during or after vigorous exercise in extreme heat. The sweating that occurs with vigorous exercise causes the body to lose salts and fluids. And the low level of salts causes the muscles to cramp. Children are particularly susceptible to heat cramps when they haven't been drinking enough fluids. Although painful, heat cramps aren't What to Do: Most heat cramps don't require special treatment. A cool place, rest, and fluids should ease your child's discomfort. Massaging cramped muscles may also help. Heat exhaustion is a more severe heat illness that can occur when a person in a hot climate or environment hasn't been drinking enough fluids. Symptoms may include: - clammy skin - nausea and/or - hyperventilation (rapid breathing) What to Do: - Bring your child indoors or into the shade. - Loosen or remove your child's clothing. - Encourage your child to eat and drink. - Give your child a bath in cool (not cold) water. - Call your child's doctor for further advice. If your child is too exhausted or ill to eat or drink, intravenous fluids may be necessary. If left untreated, heat exhaustion may escalate into heatstroke, which can be fatal. The most severe form of heat illness, heatstroke is a life-threatening medical emergency . The body loses its ability to regulate its own temperature. Body temperature can soar to 106 degrees Fahrenheit (41.1 degrees Celsius) or even higher, leading to brain damage or even death if it isn't quickly treated. Prompt medical treatment is required to bring the body temperature under control. Factors that increase the risk for heatstroke include overdressing and extreme physical exertion in hot weather with inadequate fluid intake. Heatstroke can also happen when a child is left in, or becomes accidentally trapped in, a car on a hot day. When the outside temperature is 93 degrees Fahrenheit (33.9 degrees Celsius), the temperature inside a car can reach 125 degrees Fahrenheit (51.7 degrees Celsius) in just 20 minutes, quickly raising a child's body temperature to dangerous levels. What to Do: Call for emergency medical help if your child has been outside in the sun exercising for a long time and shows one or more of the following symptoms of heatstroke: - flushed, hot, dry skin with no sweating - temperature of 105 degrees Fahrenheit (40.6 degrees Celsius) - severe, throbbing headache - weakness, dizziness, or confusion - sluggishness or fatigue - decreased responsiveness - loss of consciousness While waiting for help: - Get your child indoors or into the shade. - Undress your child and sponge or douse him or her with cool An Ounce of Prevention Some ways you can prevent your child from experiencing heat - Teach your child to always drink plenty of fluids before and during an activity in hot, sunny weather - even if he or she - Make sure your child wears light-colored loose clothing. - Make sure your child only participates in heavy activity outdoors before noon and after 6 PM. - Teach your child to come indoors immediately whenever he or she feels overheated. Updated and reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD Date reviewed: March 2007 Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995-2009 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.	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What's in a name? Well, if you're The Weather Channel, today's winter storm is called Winter Storm Nemo. And if you're WFSB Channel 3, the storm is called Charlotte. Prior to The Weather Channel's announcement last fall that it would be naming winter storms, Channel 3 touted on its website that it was the only station in the nation to name them. The National Weather Service, an arm of the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is in charge of officially naming tropical storms, which retain their names if the systems turn into full-fledged hurricanes. In a statement, the weather service said, "The National Weather Service does not name winter storms because a winter storm's impact can vary from one location to another, and storms can weaken and redevelop, making it difficult to define where one ends and another begins. While the National Weather Service does not name winter storms, we do rate major winter storms after the fact." Today's storm is expected to end Saturday afternoon and leave behind 16 to 26 inches of snow for shoreline towns and 17 to 29 inches inland. Not every storm gets a name, Channel 3 notes. At least 6 inches of snow and/or significant ice accumulation of at least half an inch must be forecast for most of the state. "In other words, a major snow or ice storm," Channel 3 says. The tradition of naming winter storms began with Channel 3 and the Travelers Weather Service in 1971. The first storm was Arthur, on Thanksgiving Day that year, according to Channel 3. The Weather Channel says naming storms raises awareness, makes it easier to follow a weather system's progress, and in today's social media world, makes it easier to reference in communication. The Weather Channel notes that there is no national center to coordinate and communicate information on winter storms, so it decided to take on that role. The naming of winter storms is limited to no more than three days before impact to ensure there is moderate to strong confidence the system will produce significant effects on a populated area, The Weather Channel says. In any event, whether you call it Nemo, Charlotte or Joe Shmoe, be careful. A storm by any other name could be equally as dangerous.	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Indian removal had been taking place in the United States since the 18th Century as more Americans made the move westward. In the early 19th Century, Andrew Jackson and the majority of white Americans like him, wanted the Indians to move west of the Mississippi, out of the way from white expansion. Popular thought was that the Indians were savages who could not be civilized, and integration with the white culture was not a possibility. Through the next several years, Indian tribes all over the eastern front were forced to reservations of proportional inequality compared with land once owned. The United States bought the land from the Indians while using its brute power to force unruly tribes west. No matter how much they tried, the Indians were no match for the strength of the United States. Indians of the Sauk and Fox tribes tried to take back land that was ceded to the United States wrongfully. When they inhabited the vacant land, Americans saw them as a threat to the white settlements close-by. Illinois state militia was sent in to destroy the so-called "invaders." The Indians retreated back and the militia continued to attack until most had been killed. Were Americans justified in the mass movement of Indian tribes? I would have to say they were not. I cannot see the logic in their assumptions of the Indians. For the most part, little interaction took place with the Indians. Yet, Americans still believed they were uncivilized. Perhaps the problem was in terms of envy. Indians had been capable of adapting to land and using the land efficiently for years at a time. I think Americans saw how the Indians were able to do this, and became jealous of their superior farming abilities. Land was becoming useless in the east, and Indians had been able to use their land repeatedly. Americans saw this fertile land as rich in potential profit and were willing to go to any length in acquiring it. Evidence of the two cultures working together in a society was apparent in New Mexico, Texas, and California. If these people were able to survive and live off each other, I would have to assume that had the United States made an effort, they could have resolved this situation in an easier manner. Unless it was jealousy that was driving them to take the Indian land. Something tells me it was exactly that which caused such a debacle. Superior in farming techniques and land use, the Indians efficient ways were the downfall of their land availability.	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Word of the Day, Website of the Day, Number to Know, This Day in History, Today’s Featured Birthday and Daily Quote. Word of the Day Cohesive koh-HEE-siv (adjective) Exhibiting or producing a condition in which people or things are closely united - www.merriam-webster.com Website of the Day Today, on the birthday of Winnie-the-Pooh creator A.A. Milne (he was born Jan. 18, 1882), head to this Pooh site, which has information about Winnie and friends, a short biography of Milne, games and more. Number to Know 2: Number of Winnie-the-Pooh books that A.A. Milne wrote: “Winnie-the-Pooh” and “The House at Pooh Corner.” This Day in History Jan. 18, 1990: Washington, D.C., Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting. Today’s Featured Birthday Actor Kevin Costner (58) “Did you ever stop to think, and forget to start again?” - A.A. Milne	[ 26449, 286, 262, 3596, 11, 15887, 286, 262, 3596, 11, 7913, 284, 9365, 11, 770, 3596, 287, 7443, 11, 6288, 447, 247, 82, 38188, 33511, 290, 6714, 19879, 13, 198, 26449, 286, 262, 3596, 198, 7222, 25938, 479, 1219, 12, 39, 6500, 12, 82, 452, 357, 324, 752, 425, 8, 1475, 3145, 1780, 393, 9194, 257, 4006, 287, 543, 661, 393, 1243, 389, 7173, 16503, 532, 7324, 13, 647, 380, 321, 12, 12384, 1706, 13, 785, 198, 33420, 286, 262, 3596, 198, 8888, 11, 319, 262, 10955, 286, 19454, 494, 12, 1169, 12, 18833, 1219, 13172, 317, 13, 32, 13, 4460, 710, 357, 258, 373, 4642, 2365, 13, 1248, 11, 1248, 6469, 828, 1182, 284, 428, 7695, 1219, 2524, 11, 543, 468, 1321, 546, 19454, 494, 290, 2460, 11, 257, 1790, 26444, 286, 4460, 710, 11, 1830, 290, 517, 13, 198, 15057, 284, 9365, 198, 17, 25, 7913, 286, 19454, 494, 12, 1169, 12, 18833, 1219, 3835, 326, 317, 13, 32, 13, 4460, 710, 2630, 25, 564, 250, 54, 49708, 12, 1169, 12, 18833, 1219, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 464, 2097, 379, 7695, 1219, 26212, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1212, 3596, 287, 7443, 198, 12128, 13, 1248, 11, 6303, 25, 2669, 11, 360, 13, 34, 1539, 10106, 32473, 14488, 318, 5169, 329, 2563, 7797, 287, 281, 5349, 24276, 13, 198, 8888, 447, 247, 82, 38188, 33511, 198, 40277, 7939, 6446, 1008, 357, 3365, 8, 198, 447, 250, 11633, 345, 1683, 2245, 284, 892, 11, 290, 6044, 284, 923, 757, 30, 447, 251, 532, 317, 13, 32, 13, 4460, 710, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	261
Murders seem to be increasing in northern Utah these days. That would be murders of crows. The ubiquitous black birds were once usually only seen in the winter in northern Utah when they migrated through the state. Bird experts say that has changed. “Fifteen years ago, a pair of crows stayed in downtown Ogden and nested there,” said Bill Fenimore, owner of the Wild About Birds Nature Center in Layton and an avid bird expert and watcher. “From that pairing, you have what we have today. They are here year-round. They are showing up in Provo, but Davis and Weber County have the biggest population.” Jim Parrish, native terrestrial wildlife program coordinator for the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, said the agency does not have hard data on the number of crows inhabiting the northern part of the state. But field observations lead him to believe that the numbers are increasing. “When I first came to Utah in 1982, there was a small little group in Utah County,” he said. “Overall, statewide, crows are on the upswing. We are seeing more and more of them. If there is an open slot, they are going to fill it. They don’t have competition in urban areas for food. They are generalists. They take a variety of food and eat a lot of different things. There is plenty of food at landfills, the side of the road or McDonald’s. There are plenty of opportunities and not much competition.” Fenimore tells the story of seeing crows pick walnuts off a tree and take them to a busy intersection where they drop the nuts in the middle of the road when the light is red. They then fly to a roost and wait for a green light so cars can run over the walnuts. They swoop down to pick up the nut pieces when the next red light happens. “My daughter-in-law works for the county in Layton,” said the veteran birder. “There are big cottonwood trees by the city complex. At night, they stick up there. She sees hundreds and hundreds of crows flying into the cottonwood trees. There are flocks lined up in the roost.” According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, American crows are social and can be seen in flocks in the millions. “Inquisitive and sometimes mischievous, crows are good problem learners and problem-solvers, often raiding garbage cans and picking over discarded food containers,” read the Cornell description. “They’re also aggressive and often chase away larger birds including hawks, owls and herons.” The birds might even scare off a small dog or cat, especially when trying to steal food that might have been left out. Fenimore said crows travel in family groups with the young learning from parents and extended families, often spending more than a year with family groups, learning how to make a living. Fenimore thinks the changing human use of the land in Davis County might be helping crows increase their numbers. In Davis County, land that used to be agricultural has been converted into subdivisions and shopping centers. “That provides resource food for the crows,” he said. “They are adept at utilizing human disturbances and settlements to make a living. They hang out with us and utilize our scraps.” It is sometimes easy to mistake a crow and a raven. Ravens, another smart black bird, are the larger of the two species. Parrish said ravens tend to stay in higher elevations than crows, though it is not unusual to see a raven in town as well. So, if you are a northern Utah resident and you think you are seeing more murders of crows in than in the past, chances are your observations are correct.	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Your baby’s skin has become opaque (it had been see-through), but it is still immature. The retina of the eye continues to form, but that also is not mature yet. The circulation to the lungs is forming, and the lungs are beginning to develop surfactant (a substance that keeps the lungs from sticking to themselves), however the lungs will be one of the last parts of your baby to fully mature. His body has caught up with his head, and although the head is still large compared to an adult, your baby’s body and head are in the right proportions for a newborn. His brainwaves also resemble those of a full-term newborn. He is developing a sleep-wake pattern and may be developing an active time that is pretty regular from day to day. At the end of the 24th week your baby will be around 10 inches from crown to rump and weigh 2 pounds. For most women the second trimester has brought some welcome changes. The uterus is too large for the pelvis, so there is less pressure on the bladder, but the uterus is not quite large enough to cause real problems with eating and breathing. You should have more energy than you did in the first trimester, along with an increased libido. You should also be feeling the baby move every day. Weight gain should be pretty steady now, meaning only that you continue to gain weight, not lose it. The growing uterus may be causing stretch marks across your lower abdomen and sides. The pressure of the uterus may also be causing some constipation and heartburn. Your thyroid gland is more active during pregnancy, which may cause an increased perspiration. Some women find that the increased blood volume during pregnancy causes their gums to bleed and nosebleeds. Although still early, some women begin to have leaking fluids from their breasts. It is normal for the breasts to leak, and normal for the breasts not to leak. It will have no effect on your ability to breastfeed. These symptoms are commonly experienced during this month. 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China to Launch 3 Astronauts to Space Lab This Month China will launch its first manned mission to an orbiting space laboratory in mid-June, according to state media reports and the country's human spaceflight agency. A Long March 2F rocket will launch three astronauts aboard a Shenzhou 9 capsule for China's first manned space docking at the mini-space station Tiangong-1. The space lab module has been circling Earth unmanned since its launch last year. "The Shenzhou 9 will perform our country's first manned space docking mission with the orbiting Tiangong 1 space lab module," the Xinhua news agency quoted Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China's manned space program, as saying today (June 9). Zhou's comments came as he accompanied the rocket set to launch the Shenzhou 9 mission to a pad at China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the country's northwest region. The mission, Zhou told Xinhua, will be a major milestone for China's space exploration program. "It means China's spacecraft will become a genuine manned shuttle tool between space and Earth. It can send human beings to space stations or space labs," Zhou told Xinhua. "This will be a significant step in China's manned space flight history." [Gallery: Tiangong 1, China's First Space Lab] China's Shenzhou 9 mission will mark the fourth human spaceflight for the country, which has been making steady advances since the launch of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003 on Shenzhou 5, the country's first human spaceflight. China is the third country to achieve human spaceflight after Russia and the United States. Since its first flight, China has launched two more manned missions, the two-man Shenzhou 6 flight and three-person Shenzhou 7 mission. Last September, China launched the Tiangong 1 module — a prototype for a future space station — into orbit. That launch was followed in November by the unmanned Shenzhou 8 mission, which successfully docked a capsule with the space laboratory twice during the test flight. The Shenzhou 9 mission will mark China's first human spaceflight to an orbiting module. Earlier this year, space program officials said the mission could also mark the first launch of China's first female astronaut, but a final decision on that is pending, Xinhua reported. A translation of an announcement released online by the China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSE), which oversees China's human spaceflight program, stated that preparations of both the rocket and Shenzhou 9 astronaut crew are going smoothly. A series of spacecraft and rocket tests, as well as final mission training, are underway ahead of the planned spaceflight, CMSE officials said. China's Shenzhou (or "Divine Vessel") spacecraft are three-module space capsules with a design originally based on Russia's Soyuz space capsules, but the Chinese vehicles carry substantial modifications. Like the Soyuz, Shenzhou vehicles carry up to three astronauts and consist of a propulsion module, a crew capsule and an orbital module. But unlike Russia's Soyuz, the orbital module of Shenzhou spacecraft carries its own solar arrays and can remain in space after its crew returns to Earth in the crew capsule. China's Tiangong 1 ("Heavenly Palace 1") space laboratory module, meanwhile, is a prototype space station designed to test the technologies required for a much larger space station complex currently under development. The Tiangong 1 module is 34 feet long (10.4 meters), 11 feet wide (3.35 m) and weighed about 8.5 metric tons. Chinese space officials have said the country is developing a larger, 60-ton space station that will consist of several modules. That space station is slated to be launched in 2020. China is currently following a three-step space exploration program that ultimately aims to land an astronaut on the moon. According to a white paper released by the Chinese government in December, the country plans to launch a series of robotic moon landers and a lunar sample-return mission by 2016. You can follow SPACE.com Managing Editor Tariq Malik on Twitter @tariqjmalik. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom. We're alsoon Facebook and Google+. 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The value of farm land in Southeast Missouri has always fluctuated; usually the price moves along with the financial health of the national economy. That was certainly the case beginning in the late 1920s. For Southeast Missouri, and especially New Madrid County the bad times began with the flood of 1927. With the ebb of the waters came the rise in business failures, ruined farms, and bank closings--all two years before financial disaster struck the rest of the country with the stock market crash in October 1929. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. Land and commodity prices fell, but property and drainage taxes did not. Many farms were sold on the east steps of the New Madrid County Courthouse by foreclosure or sheriff's sale for taxes due. Depressed land prices would continue through the next decade. The bargain-basement prices of land gave rise to one of the most successful partnerships in county history. Walter S. Edwards Sr. ran the Edwards Land and Title Company in New Madrid. Because many farms were "entailed," that is tied up with life estates or owners yet to be born, knowing which farms had a good title and those that did not was key to the decision of which farm to bid on. Edwards knew a lot about land titles, but he didn't have the capital needed to buy large tracts. E. B. Gee Sr. was a successful merchant in Blytheville, Ark. Gee had acquired some land in Southeast Missouri before 1927 according to the deed records, but he had limited knowledge of what was for sale and the history of the title. What he did have was capital. Edwards and Gee formed a partnership and began buying land--lots of land. Edwards selected the land; Gee provided the money. John Bailey, who was from Sikeston, graduated from law school at the University of Missouri in 1940. John married a member of the Gee family and in 1941 began working for E. B. Gee farms in Portageville. Much of Gee's farm operation was the land farmed and managed by the Edwards and Gee partnership. As partnerships go, this one was very successful. But, as is often the case, the circumstances of the partners evolve and change. Edwards decided that it would be best that they divide the lands and go their own ways. He had a map drawn up with a proposed division of some tens of thousands of acres between the two. One half was colored red and the other half colored blue. He presented the map to Gee. Gee looked it over and then gave it to John Bailey with the instruction to study it and give his opinion of its fairness. Bailey went to work. With another of Gee's employees, Arline Avery, the pair drove all over the county inspecting the farms and uncleared lands, talked to the tenants, studied soil and elevation maps, and poured over the partnership records. After some months of work he told Gee, in his opinion, the division was fair. Gee met with Edwards and agreed to the division, but the question remained as to who got which part, red or blue. They decided to flip a coin. According to Bailey, at the appointed time, the two met. Arlene Avery had painted a silver dollar, one side blue and the other red. Edwards flipped the coin and Gee made the call. How the coin landed is lost to history, but both were well satisfied. The division of tens of thousands of acres between the two was made and their legendary successful partnership closed--all on the flip of a painted coin.	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There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The Government and the religious communities historically have had good relations; however, as in previous years, the Government was critical of and harassed religious leaders who spoke out against the Government's ongoing campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. Church leaders and members who criticized the Government faced arrest and detention. The generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. Section I. Religious Demography The country has a total area of 240,122 square miles, and its population is estimated at 11.6 million. Between 60 and 70 percent of the population belong to the mainstream Christian denominations, with between 17 and 27 percent of the population identifying themselves as Roman Catholic. There are no reliable statistics on the exact number of Christian churches or religious movements in the country. The evangelical denominations, mostly Pentecostal churches, and Apostolic groups are the fastest growing religious groups in the country. They appeal to large numbers of disillusioned members from the established churches who reportedly are attracted by promises of miracles and messages of hope at a time of political, social and economic instability. The country's small Muslim population is estimated at 1 percent. The remainder of the population consists of practitioners of Greek Orthodoxy, Judaism, and traditional indigenous religions and indigenous syncretistic religions that mix Christianity and traditional African culture and beliefs; there also are small numbers of Hindus, Buddhists, Baha'is, and atheists. The dominance of Christianity dates to the early contact of Portuguese traders and Jesuit priests with Africans in the region in the late 1500s. The Jesuits established churches and educational institutions in the Zambezi Valley at that time. Several centuries later, Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, Dutch Reformed, and Salvation Army missionaries began to compete aggressively for territorial and spiritual monopolies throughout the country, resulting in "areas of interest" for each of these churches. As a result, many persons identify with the Christian denomination that has had the longest historical connection to their area. President Robert Mugabe is a Roman Catholic who professes to practice his faith actively, and many of those who make up the elite of society tend to be associated with one of the established Christian churches, especially the Anglican and Methodist churches. Due to the country's colonial and apartheid-like history, the vast majority of the country's black population was prevented from attending government schools, which were restricted to white students. Christian mission schools taught the few blacks who were able to obtain a formal education. Consequently the vast majority of the country's liberation war leadership, who later became the Government's senior officials, were instructed by Christian educators. The Muslim community consists primarily of South Asian immigrants (Indian and Pakistani), migrants from other southern and eastern African countries (Mozambique and Malawi), and a very small number of North African and Middle Eastern immigrants. There are mosques located in nearly all of the larger towns, and there are a number of mosques in rural areas. There are 18 mosques in the capital Harare and 8 in Bulawayo. The Muslim community generally has been somewhat insular; however, in the past several years, the Islamic community has expanded its outreach efforts, and is having increasing success proselytizing among the majority black indigenous population. A variety of indigenous churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assembly of God (ZAOG), continue to adhere strictly to Christian beliefs; in fact, they oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other indigenous groups, such as the Seven Apostles, combine elements of established Christian beliefs with some beliefs based on traditional African culture and religion. These latter groups tend to be centered on a prophetic figure, with members of the congregation identifying themselves as "apostles." These church members wear long white robes and head coverings. Many of these churches date from the early 1920s, when there was widespread racial and religious segregation. Many of the founders of African indigenous churches broke away from Christian missionary churches, and some of their teachings incorporate what has become known as "black consciousness." To a large extent, these churches grew out of the Christian churches' failure to adapt to traditional African culture and religion. These indigenous churches have proliferated as a result of splits among the followers of the different "prophets." Many persons continue to believe, in varying degrees, in traditional indigenous religions. These persons may worship in a westernized Christian church on Sundays but consult with traditional healers during the week. Belief in traditional healers spans both the rural and urban areas. Traditional healers are very common and are licensed and regulated by the Zimbabwe National African Traditional Healers' Association (ZINATHA). Foreign missionaries operate in the country, including members of the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Church. Section II. Status of Religious Freedom The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice; however, a law that criminalizes both purporting to practice witchcraft and accusing persons of practicing witchcraft reportedly was viewed as restrictive by some practitioners of indigenous religions. There is no state religion. The Government generally recognizes all religions. The Government does not require religious institutions to be registered. Religious organizations that operate schools or medical facilities are required to register those specific institutions with the appropriate ministry regulating those areas. Similarly, religious institutions may apply for tax-exempt status and duty-free privileges with the Customs Department, which generally grants such requests. The Government permits religious education in private schools. There are Islamic and Hebrew primary and secondary schools in the major urban areas, primarily Harare and Bulawayo. The country has had a long history of Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist primary and secondary schools. Since independence there also has been a proliferation of evangelical basic education schools. The Christian schools constitute one-third of the schools in the country, with the Catholic Church having the majority. In addition there are several institutions of higher education that include religious studies as a core component of the curriculum. Christian missions provided the first hospitals to care for black citizens. There are 126 hospitals and clinics in the country that fall under the Zimbabwe Association of Church Related Hospitals (ZACH), an association that consists largely of mainstream Christian churches. The individual churches are the predominant source of funding for maintaining these hospitals because of the Government's increasing inability to provide essential services. The Government does provide small subsidies to cover some hospital staff salaries, but these make up only a small percentage of the hospitals' operating budgets. Restrictions on Religious Freedom Witchcraft--widely understood to encompass attempts to harm others not only by magic but also by covert means of established efficacy such as poisons--traditionally has been a common explanation for diseases of which the causes were unknown. Although traditional indigenous religions generally include or accommodate belief in the efficacy of witchcraft, they generally approve of harmful witchcraft only for defensive or retaliatory purposes and purport to offer protection against it. In the past several years, interest in healing through traditional religion and through prayer reportedly has increased as HIV/AIDS has infected an estimated one-third of the adult population, and affordable science-based medicines effective in treating HIV/AIDS have remained unavailable. The Witchcraft Suppression Act (WSA) criminalizes purporting to practice witchcraft, accusing persons of practicing witchcraft, hunting witches, and soliciting persons to name witches; penalties include imprisonment for up to 7 years. The law defines witchcraft as "the use of charms and any other means or devices adopted in the practice of sorcery," and provides punishments for intending to cause disease or injury to any person or animal through the use of witchcraft. Since 1997 ZINATHA has proposed amendments to the law that would redefine witchcraft only as the practice of sorcery with the intent to cause harm, including illness, injury, or death; however, mainstream Christian churches reportedly have opposed such legislation. Human rights groups also generally supported the existing WSA; the Act has been used since independence primarily to protect persons, primarily women, who have been accused falsely of causing harm to persons or crops in rural areas where traditional religious practices are strong. In March 2002, the Traditional Medical Practitioners Council, formed from members of ZINATHA to oversee traditional healers, called for amendments to the WSA that would authenticate the existence of witches and wizards and remove penalties for accusing persons of practicing witchcraft. There is some tension between the Government and some indigenous African churches because of the latter's preference for prayer over science-based medical practices that result in the reduction of avoidable childhood diseases and deaths in those communities. Some members of the indigenous churches and groups believe in healing through prayer only and refuse to have their children vaccinated. The Ministry of Health has had limited success in vaccinating children against communicable childhood diseases in these religious communities. Human rights activists also have criticized these indigenous churches for their sanctioning of marriages of underage girls. President Mugabe has expressed skepticism about the increasing membership in evangelical and indigenous churches and has indicated that he believes that they could be subversive. According to press reports, he has refused to meet with bishops from indigenous churches since 1997. The Government maintains a monopoly on television broadcasting through the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC), despite a broadcasting law passed in 2001 that permits one independent television broadcaster but imposes stringent licensing requirements. The Government permits limited religious broadcasting on ZBC and advertising in the government-controlled press by the older, established Christian churches, as well as new evangelical churches and institutions, such as The 700 Club and World Vision. Programming produced by the U.S.-based Christian Broadcasting Network is shown on ZBC. The Government generally follows the recommendations of the Religious Advisory Board, an umbrella grouping of Christian denominations, on appropriate religious material to broadcast. Muslims, who are not represented on the board, have approached the advisory board about obtaining access to airtime. The chairman of the Religious Advisory Board believes that Muslims represent too small of a percentage of society to take up minimal religious airtime or to merit membership on the advisory board. Other evangelical church groups are more hostile to Islam and are unlikely to support the inclusion of Islamic programming in the already limited religious broadcasting block. However, during the period covered by this report, Muslims occasionally were allowed to conduct the daily opening prayer on ZBC. In the last few years, due to inadequate resources, the Government has returned several former church schools that it had taken over at independence to their respective churches. The Government has returned nearly all of the secondary schools and a few of the primary schools that it seized from the churches after independence. Most former church schools remaining under Government control are used as primary schools in the rural areas. Abuses of Religious Freedom The Government and government supporters targeted some clergymen because they strongly criticized the state-sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period prior to the 2000 parliamentary elections and the March 2002 presidential election and urged the Government to restore peace in the country (see Section III). Church leaders and members who criticize the Government continue to face arrest, detention, and possible deportation. On February 28, police harassed, arrested and detained 21 pastors as they attempted to deliver a petition against the misuse of police power to Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri. On February 14, police arrested and detained a blind Roman Catholic nun in Harare along with thirty-nine other women for participating in a Valentine's Day March for Peace sponsored by Women of Zimbabwe Arise! (WOZA). Police also beat and arrested a priest, Fr. Nigel Johnson, for filming a similar march on the same day in Bulawayo. On February 13, police prevented a public meeting at the Northside Community Church in Harare, which was supposed to address churches' role in the country's political crisis. Police arrested the president of the Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ), Bishop Trevor Manhanga, along with seven other people and detained them for several hours. In late May 2002, local government minister Ignatius Chombo prompted war veterans in Binga district, Matabeleland North province, to close down the food distribution efforts of the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP), which was the only source of food for many rural residents in the Binga district. Chombo criticized the CCJP for establishing local structures parallel to the Government's structures. War veterans continued to block the food from leaving CCJP's warehouse at the end of the period covered by this report, preventing food deliveries to hospital patients and school children. In February 2002, police arrested Father Kevin O'Doherty and eight others participating in a prayer processional to police headquarters in Bulawayo. They were charged with contravening the newly-passed Public Order and Security Act, but the charges later were dropped. During the 2002 presidential election campaign, the state-controlled daily newspaper in Bulawayo printed false accusations against Archbishop Pius Ncube, including that he distributed sexually explicit material to prisoners, following his remarks criticizing the Government's violent campaign tactics. At a campaign rally in February 2002, President Mugabe claimed Ncube had "political tentacles" and supported the opposition after the Archbishop resisted government attempts to take over the Catholic-run St. Luke's hospital. During the period covered by this report, Ncube reportedly received anonymous death threats, and intimidating visits by suspected officers from the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO). In August 2001, Gabriel McGuire, an Irish Catholic priest in Harare, was declared a prohibited person and deported. No official reason was given; however, church members speculated that the Government took exception to his sermons in which he made generic statements about citizens' "right to have a voice." Paul Andrianatos, a Greek Orthodox priest with South African citizenship who was ordered to leave the country in March 2001, remained outside the country at the end of the period covered by this report. There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees. Forced Religious Conversion There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States. Section III. Societal Attitudes The generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. The Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Baha'i, and Buddhist religious communities are relatively small and generally are not in competition with Christian denominations for converts. Catholic Church officials say that they welcome interfaith dialog with Muslims. There are at least four umbrella religious organizations primarily focused on interdenominational dialog among Christians and other inter-religious activities. Muslims are not represented in any of these organizations, and there is no vehicle for formal Christian-Muslim dialog; however, informal dialog occurs from time to time. A few Muslims have complained of discrimination by private employers who refuse to allow them sufficient time to worship at their mosques on Fridays. The Zimbabwe Council of Churches (ZCC) is an umbrella organization of all non-Catholic ecumenical Christian missionary churches except for evangelical organizations. It maintains a secretariat in Harare, conducts development programs, has a Justice and Peace desk, and collaborates with the much older CCJP. The Catholic Church and the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference have observer status within the ZCC, and relations generally are cooperative. Some members of the Christian community are hesitant to support Catholics joining the ZCC because of memories of the inability of religious leaders to work together during the liberation war era, and they fear a repeat of that experience. The ZCC also has worked with other church groups and civil society organizations on social issues. The ZCC traditionally was supportive of President Mugabe, but it has become more critical as a result of the Government's politicization of food distribution and campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. The Heads of Denominations (HOD) is a pragmatic association of Catholic and other Christian denominations that has no spiritual or theological emphasis. It was created to enable collaboration among Christian groups and the Government in the operation of religious schools and hospitals. The HOD provides a vehicle for Christian churches to speak to the Government with a common voice on policy issues and includes the Catholic Church, which operates a significant number of the rural hospitals and schools in the country. The HOD has a loose structure and no office. The HOD's secretarial support is provided by the general secretariat of the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference (ZCBC), and its secretary general holds the same position in the ZCBC. The education secretaries of the various churches work together under the HOD, as does the religious advisory board to the ZBC. This broad grouping of churches under the HOD also collaborates on a wide range of social issues including HIV/AIDS education, and, in conjunction with the ZCC, the Christian churches have addressed the declining economic conditions affecting their members across the country. The HOD continues to deliberate over the role religious institutions should play in combating the HIV/AIDS crisis. Many churches already operate programs designed to help the victims of HIV/AIDS; for example, the Catholic Church and other religious and lay persons operate a center for persons infected with HIV/AIDS called "Mashambanzou" in Harare. The Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ) is an umbrella organization of loosely affiliated evangelical churches that was established in the early 1980s. The fellowship has observer status with the HOD but in general does not work closely with either the ZCC or Catholic Church. However, the evangelical and Catholic churches do collaborate in the broadcasting of religious programs. During the period covered by this report, the ZCC, ZCBC and EFZ issued public statements strongly critical of the Government for its campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters, campaign to politicize food distribution, corruption, and failure to guide Zimbabwe out of crisis, also calling for leadership and a spirit of tolerance and reconciliation. Privately the leaders of those organizations lamented that the Government prevented them from using existing regional church structures to import and distribute food aid in the midst of a famine. Several key church leaders and organizations strongly criticized the state-sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period before and after the March 2002 presidential election and urged the Government to restore peace in the country. Since the 2000 parliamentary elections, church groups throughout the country gradually have become more vocal in their criticism of the Government for the continuation of politically motivated violence. In a July 30, 2001, address to regional Catholic bishops, President Mugabe stated that the Roman Catholic Church should support the Government's land acquisition program and criticized it for "equivocating in the face of racial injustice." In January 2002, Zimbabwe Council of Churches General-Secretary Denison Mafinyane severely criticized the Government for unleashing a "reign of terror" against innocent citizens. In a May 5, 2002, address to the 10th Synod session of the Anglican Diocese of Manicaland, Bishop Sebastian Bakare criticized politicians who say there is peace in the country when citizens continue to suffer from political violence at the hands of ruling party supporters. In late 2000 and early 2001, Pius Ncube, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bulawayo, stayed in Germany for several months after receiving numerous death threats for writing public letters accusing the Government of fueling political violence and urging citizens to exercise their right to vote. The Vatican reportedly demanded that the Government take steps to ensure the Archbishop's safety. In 2000 Anglican priest Tim Neill of Harare received a death threat letter signed by Ngonidzashe Mutasa, the secretary general of the Revival of African Conscience, a previously unknown organization with no established following or platform. The police later apprehended Mutasa, who was tried and found guilty in September 2000; however, Mutasa was released in October 2000 under a general presidential amnesty for politically motivated crimes. Father Neill left the priesthood in July 2001 after the Government forced him to resign as Vicar General of Harare and bypassed canonical law to install Norbert Kunonga, a staunch Mugabe supporter, as Anglican Bishop of Harare. Other priests reportedly have left the diocese because of Kunonga's sermons supporting Mugabe's reelection and the sometimes violent expulsion of mostly white commercial farmers from their land. In late February 2002, ZANU-PF supporters beat three Catholic priests, two Catholic nuns, and a Catholic brother in Zaka after they met with U.S. officials. The perpetrators said the fact that the religious figures had met with U.S. diplomats suggested they were opposition supporters. Although local ruling party officials later apologized to the victims, the perpetrators were not charged with any crime. Several prominent evangelical, Roman Catholic and Protestant bishops, however, did collaborate in an attempt to bring the ruling and opposition parties back to the negotiating table to re-start dialog aimed at resolving the country's political crisis during the period covered by this report. Another area of ecumenical collaboration has been translation of the Bible into the majority language, Shona. Several priests and ministers have worked on this project since 1987. Fambidzano, which means "walking together," is a relatively new grouping of indigenous churches. A South African Dutch Reformed Church theologian and social anthropologist, Inus Daneel, who has researched these churches in South Africa and Zimbabwe, founded the organization in the mid-1970's. Fambidzano was created to give the leaders of these churches more theological and biblical education, according to Daneel. There is little dialog between Fambidzano and the Catholic Church; however, the two organizations are discussing the need to work with the indigenous churches, to which many persons are turning because of their emphasis on physical healing and spiritual salvation. ZINATHA is an organization that represents traditional indigenous religions. The head of that organization is a university professor and vocal Anglican who is working to increase interreligious dialog between ZINATHA and mainstream Christian churches. In 2002 ZINATHA members formed the Traditional Medical Practitioners Council to certify and oversee traditional healers. There were continuing reports of tensions between mainstream Christian churches and practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. A notable feature of some of the indigenous churches is the acceptance of polygamy among some of its members. Sexual abuse, the spread of HIV/AIDS, and the avoidance of modern medicines also are growing problems within these churches. In addition leaders of the Christian churches reportedly opposed the repeal or modification of the WSA sought by practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. There were no reports of ritual murders associated with traditional religious practices during the period covered by this report, and the Government generally enforces the law against murder in the case of ritual murders. Gordon Chavanduka, chairman of ZINATHA, reportedly has stated that the black-market demand for human body parts used in making potions has increased greatly in recent years. During the period covered by this report, there were no reports that persons killed children for body parts for use in healing rituals associated with traditional religions. In 1999 Faber Chidarikire, a Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) official and mayor of the northern town of Chinhoyi, was charged with murdering a 13-year-old girl in 1987, but he was released on bail shortly thereafter following intervention by the Attorney General. Chidarikire was tried for the murder of the girl in June 2001, and on July 22, 2002 the High Court acquitted him. Section IV. U.S. Government Policy The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. The U.S. Government further supports religious and other constitutionally protected freedoms through demarches to the Government; nondenominational financial support for community development projects, which often are associated with religious institutions; and regular dialog with and support for civil society organizations that advocate and monitor respect for human rights, including freedom of religion. The Embassy meets regularly with leaders of religious communities, including minority groups, and with nongovernmental organizations that work on issues of religious freedom.	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A Geological Tour of Tumbledown Mountain On any given fine-weather day in any of the four seasons, Tumbledown Mountain in Township 6 North of Weld (Figure 1), is visited by scores of people; most in pursuit of the excellent views afforded by the bald peaks, and perhaps a few mistakenly seeking the solitude of a wilderness experience. While a few individuals may come specifically to look at the beautifully exposed bedrock here, over the course of an outing almost every visitor will develop some interest in the rocks if for no other reason than its near constant exposure along some of the popular summit trails. It is easy to guess the origin of the name "Tumbledown" simply by viewing the south side of the mountain from any of the trails that lead to the summit. Cliffs of several hundred feet bear the scars, old and new, of rock slides that have left piles of rubble (talus) at their bases (Figure 2). Western Maine is underlain by a regular sequence of layered metamorphic rocks which began their existence as layers of sand and mud on the edge of an ocean basin about 430 million years ago. As these sediments accumulated over millions of years, through a number of processes they gradually hardened into sandstone and shale. During the last great mountain building event that helped form the northern Appalachians about 415 million years ago, these layers were folded, thrust upward, and heated. Great masses of molten rock formed at depth and moved upward through the contorted layers of rock, cooling into solid rock some distance below the surface. Hundreds of millions of years of erosion have now exposed the resulting granites and granodiorites at the surface of the earth. \|Let's look at some examples of these rocks. Figure 3 is a photograph showing some of the thinner layers of schist and granofels that can be found near Tumbledown Pond. The lighter layers are quartz-feldspar granofels, and the darker layers are andalusite schist. Note that while each light layer begins with a very sharp boundary on the right, there is only a gradual change to the corresponding dark layer on the left. This is a characteristic carried over from the sedimentary origins of the rock and is referred to as graded bedding. When the sediments that formed this rock were deposited, the actions of water flow were such that the coarser sand grains (quartz and feldspar) fell to the bottom first, followed by progressively smaller grains. Deposited last during each sedimentary event were very small grains of clay, before the next slug of sediment came down and the process began anew. Geologists use graded beds to determine which direction was originally up in the layers. This is important in determining which are the younger rocks in a sequence. Through the process of metamorphism, the quartz and feldspar grains changed little, but the clay grains changed into a variety of minerals including micas, staurolite, and andalusite, the coarsest grains in the rocks today. So, while the grain size of the sediment originally changed from coarse to fine as one moved from right to left in each bed, the grain size change of the metamorphic minerals is just the opposite. There is a good deal of variability in the thickness of layers at Tumbledown. Figure 4 shows some of the most striking layering exposed near the summit. In many places the layers are several feet thick and continuous for hundreds of feet. In several places on the mountain, large folds are exposed. One of the best examples is between Tumbledown Pond and the eastern summit of Tumbledown Mountain (Figure 5). These folds developed at the time the northern Appalachians were forming, when the rocks today at the surface were at considerable depth and subject to higher temperatures and pressures which were not uniform in all directions. Both sides (limbs) of the fold are inclined in the same direction in what geologists term an overturned Some who have ventured to Tumbledown have interpreted the shape of the mountain and the pond nestled among the peaks to be volcanic in origin. While this certainly is an exciting idea, it simply isn't true. As we've already explained, the rocks were formed in a sedimentary basin and are not at all volcanic in nature. The landscape or topography is also not of volcanic origin but formed through the interaction of several processes. \|The first important factor in defining the topography is the nature of the bedrock, here composed of metamorphic rocks and granite intrusions. From the top of Tumbledown, a most striking feature of the landscape is the ring of mountains the completely encircle Webb Lake to the south (Figure 6). Webb Lake is underlain by granite while the ring of mountains is underlain by metamorphic rocks. In particular, these metamorphic rocks were subjected to even greater heat as the originally molten granite was intruded into them. One consequence of this process is that the metamorphic rocks immediately surrounding the granite are slightly more resistant to erosion than any of the other rocks. Granite, with its large crystals and abundant feldspar, is actually fairly susceptible to erosion. The result of all this is the ring of mountains underlain by metamorphic rocks, and the basin of Webb Lake, underlain by easily eroded granite. At the Mount Blue State Park visitor's center there is a plaster model of the landscape which illustrates this ring of mountains well. \|The greatest agent of erosion is the glaciers which swept over the landscape just a few tens of thousands of years ago and represent the second most important factor in defining the topography. As the glaciers progressed across the landscape in a southeasterly direction, they scraped soils and weathered rock off the less erodable rock units and deeply gouged the earth in the more erodable rock units. Due to the complex processes of glacial flow, in many places the glaciers polished the northern slopes of mountains into rounded shapes, while they plucked broken rock without any polishing on the southern slopes of mountains. This is readily apparent in the landscape at Tumbledown. On the summit the rocks are well polished, and there are numerous knobs with smoothly rounded surfaces facing north and steep, unrounded surfaces facing south (see Figure 4). Tumbledown Pond itself (Figure 7) was produced by this gouging and plucking action. In many places on the summit, scratches formed by rocks imbedded in the base of the glacier as it advanced across the landscape, point to the northwest from whence the \|Many trails (Figure 8) provide free public access to the summit and Tumbledown Pond through the auspices and stewardship of the Hancock Timber Resources Group, Inc. Originally published on the web as the April 1998 Site of the Month. 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Millions of Americans travel abroad each year. Safety should be a prime consideration for anyone traveling outside the United States. There are certain precautions that travelers can take to improve their safety while abroad. Motor vehicle safety while traveling Injuries from motor vehicle crashes pose the greatest risk of injury to international travelers, according to the CDC. The risk of death from motor vehicle crashes is many times higher in other countries than in the U.S. Inadequate roadway design, hazardous conditions, lack of appropriate vehicles and vehicle maintenance, unskilled or inexperienced drivers, inattention to pedestrians and cyclists, and impairment due to alcohol and drugs all contribute to the increased risk of being involved in a vehicle-related crash while visiting other countries. Important safety measures you can take include the following: Request a vehicle with safety belts and use them. Inspect cars and trucks to make sure that tires, windshield wipers, brakes, and headlights are in good condition. Request a vehicle equipped with air bags, where available. Avoid nonessential night driving, alcohol, and riding with persons under the influence of alcohol. Sit in the back seat, whenever possible, to minimize the risk of death if an accident should occur. Bring a car safety seat when traveling with young children. Use a safety helmet when riding a bicycle or motorcycle. Avoiding animal- or insect-associated hazards In areas where rabies is endemic (constantly present), domestic dogs, cats, or other animals should not be petted. Wild animals should always be avoided. Bites and stings from insects can cause unpleasant reactions, and medical attention should be sought immediately for any bite or sting that causes redness, swelling, bruising, or persistent pain. Take extra precautions when camping or staying in rustic or primitive areas by using insect repellents, protective clothing, and mosquito netting. Poisonous snakes are another hazard in certain parts of the world, although death from snake bites are rare. Never attempt to handle, harass, or kill a snake because bites often occur as a snake's defensive reaction. Avoiding swimming hazards For infectious disease prevention, only swimming pools that contain chlorinated water are considered safe for swimming. Swimming in contaminated water can result in skin, eye, ear, and certain intestinal infections. In certain areas, a fatal form of encephalitis has occurred after swimming in warm, dirty water. Other infectious diseases can develop from swimming in freshwater streams, canals, and lakes. To avoid drowning accidents, avoid swimming alone or in unfamiliar waters.	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Pancreatic carcinoma is cancer of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer; Cancer - pancreas Causes, incidence, and risk factors The pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach. It makes and releases enzymes into the intestines that help the body absorb foods, especially fats. Hormones called insulin and glucagon, which help your body control blood sugar levels, are made in special cells in the pancreas called islet cells. Tumors can also occur in these cells, but they are called islet cell tumors. The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. It is more common in: - People with diabetes - People with long-term inflammation of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis) Pancreatic cancer is slightly more common in women than in men. The risk increases with age. A small number of cases are related to genetic syndromes that are passed down through families. A tumor or cancer in the pancreas may grow without any symptoms at first. This means pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found. Early symptoms of pancreatic cancer include: - Dark urine and clay-colored stools - Fatigue and weakness - Jaundice (a yellow color in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes) - Loss of appetite and weight loss - Nausea and vomiting - Pain or discomfort in the upper part of the belly or abdomen Other possible symptoms are: Signs and tests This disease may also affect the results of the following tests: Because pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found, very few pancreatic tumors can be removed by surgery. The standard surgical procedure is called a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). This surgery should be done at centers that perform the procedure often. Some studies suggest that surgery is best performed at hospitals that do more than five of these surgeries per year. When the tumor has not spread out of the pancreas but cannot be removed, radiation therapy and chemotherapy together may be recommended. When the tumor has spread (metastasized) to other organs such as the liver, chemotherapy alone is usually used. The standard chemotherapy drug is gemcitabine, but other drugs may be used. Gemcitabine can help about 25% of patients. Patients whose tumor cannot be totally removed, but who have a blockage of the tubes that transport bile (biliary obstruction) must have that blockage relieved. There are two approaches: - Placement of a tiny metal tube (biliary stent) during ERCP Managing pain and other symptoms is an important part of treating advanced pancreatic cancer. Palliative care tams and hospice can help with pain and symptom management, and provide psychological support for patients and their families during the illness. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a support group with members who share common experiences and problems (see cancer - support group). Some patients with pancreatic cancer that can be surgically removed are cured. However, in more than 80% of patients the tumor has already spread and cannot be completely removed at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy and radiation are often given after surgery to increase the cure rate (this is called adjuvant therapy). For pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed completely with surgery, or cancer that has spread beyond the pancreas, a cure is not possible and the average survival is usually less than 1 year. Such patients should consider enrolling in a clinical trial (a medical research study to determine the best treatment). Ninety-five percent of the people diagnosed with this cancer will not be alive 5 years later. - Blood clots - Liver problems - Weight loss Calling your health care provider Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have: - Abdominal pain that does not go away - Back pain - Loss of appetite - Unexplained fatigue or weight loss - Other symptoms of this disorder - If you smoke, stop smoking. - Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. - Exercise regularly. National Cancer Institute. Pancreatic cancer treatment PDQ. Updated August 13, 2010. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 2011. Version 2.2011. Tempero M, Brand R. Pancreatic cancer. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap 200. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uniersity of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.	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Working out when to exercise in the cold and flu season Is exercising outside in winter months a good idea? ( Erik Unger, Chicago Tribune / February 11, 2013) Health and fitness experts advise to starve a fever of exercise. But feeding a cold moderately, with a brisk walk, may not be a bad idea. "The classic line from every sports medicine doctor is, âIf you can do it, do it. If you can't, don't,'" said Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, author of "Running Doc's Guide to Healthy Running." Usually if symptoms are confined to above the neck, exercising is OK, he explained. But if you're running a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or higher, skip it. Body heat rises during exercise due to increased metabolism, explained Maharam, who practices medicine in New York City. If you start high, your body's way of cooling you down is out of balance. "If fever gets too high, you break down proteins, maybe in the kidneys or liver," he said. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 425 million case of colds and flu occur annually in the United States. The average person has about three respiratory infections per year. Dr. David C. Nieman, a professor of health sciences at Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, said research shows that regular, moderate aerobic exercise strengthens the immune system, and that people who exercise report fewer colds than their inactive peers. Nieman said five days or more of aerobic activity per week was found to be a powerful factor in lowering the number of sick days. "Even three to four days was effective. To be avoided was being sedentary," he explained. But when animals infected with a systemic virus are forced to exercise in fever and pain, studies show that their symptoms are exacerbated, prolonged, and sometimes life-threatening. "It's very dangerous." said Nieman, who has written about the impact of exercise on the common cold. "If you have flu or virus with fever and pain, the best remedy is bed rest. The worst thing is to sweat it out with exercise." He said common cold and flu viruses can stay on objects, such as door handles, treadmills and computer keyboards, for hours. The main route to infection is through touching one's mouth or nose with unwashed hands. Patrick Strait, of Snap Fitness, a franchiser of gyms with locations worldwide, said this time of year fitness centers step up cleaning efforts because they see a lot more traffic and so many people catch colds and the flu. "It's a public place where a lot of people are sweating," said Strait. "We tell manager/owners to clean once an hour, wash down the equipment with bleach, etc." He urged clients to wipe down equipment and wash hands often. "And if you're sick, don't come to the gym," he said. Jessica Matthews, an exercise physiologist with the American Council on Exercise, said some days symptoms dictate scaling back your workout or, if you're contagious, skipping the gym entirely. "Always listen to your body," she said. "It might be a good idea to exercise at home or privately." Nieman said that while moderate exercise strengthens the immune system, elite athletes will experience a rise in stress hormones and a dip in immunity after about 90 minutes of high-intensity activity. Maharam said the immunity of marathoners is decreased for up to 72 hours after a race. During that time, the athletes are more susceptible to colds, flu, and, most commonly, the so-called "marathon sniffles." He said symptoms usually subside within 48 hours. "At the end of a race, when you're all sweaty and they're all sweaty, you don't need to be hugging and kissing people," Maharam said. "Your immune system isn't as strong as it was." 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23 knock-out native plants Incorporating plants native to your climate means less water, less maintenance, and more wildlife. Here are our top picks around the West Native to: California and southern Oregon To about 1 ft. high, 10 in. wide. Rosettes of narrow, fleshy, evergreen leaves bear 10-in. stems topped by large, extremely showy clusters of 1-in. white or pink flowers often striped with rose or red. Blooms from spring to early summer. Lewisia cotyledon howellii is similar but has wavy-edged leaves and somewhat larger flowers. Prune out side growth to maintain air circulation around root crown. Can be grown in pots of fast-draining sterilized soil or growing mixes. More: All about lewisia	[ 1954, 10643, 12, 448, 6868, 6134, 198, 818, 10215, 1819, 803, 6134, 6868, 284, 534, 4258, 1724, 1342, 1660, 11, 1342, 9262, 11, 290, 517, 15599, 13, 3423, 389, 674, 1353, 11103, 1088, 262, 2688, 198, 31272, 284, 25, 3442, 290, 8372, 8819, 198, 2514, 546, 352, 10117, 13, 1029, 11, 838, 287, 13, 3094, 13, 10018, 23014, 286, 7135, 11, 11222, 88, 11, 1683, 14809, 5667, 6842, 838, 12, 259, 13, 21552, 20633, 416, 1588, 11, 4457, 905, 88, 23163, 286, 352, 12, 259, 13, 2330, 393, 11398, 12734, 1690, 49807, 351, 8278, 393, 2266, 13, 1086, 78, 3150, 422, 6076, 284, 1903, 3931, 13, 10174, 544, 269, 313, 88, 992, 261, 703, 695, 4178, 318, 2092, 475, 468, 266, 2830, 12, 48916, 5667, 290, 6454, 4025, 12734, 13, 1736, 1726, 503, 1735, 3349, 284, 5529, 1633, 19133, 1088, 6808, 12389, 13, 1680, 307, 7334, 287, 32195, 286, 3049, 12, 7109, 1397, 30429, 1143, 9260, 393, 3957, 33237, 13, 198, 5167, 25, 1439, 546, 443, 86, 271, 544, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	170
The purpose of this section is to provide a broad overview of the methodology used to construct the four separate Indices of Deprivation. Those wishing to access more detailed information should follow the links to the Indices' technical reports shown in the 'Useful links' section. The methodologies used to derive the separate indices of multiple deprivation are broadly similar. In each case, the index measures the level of multiple deprivation experienced by individuals in small areas. Firstly, levels of deprivation are measured for a number of separate dimensions or 'domains'. The number and title of domains varies between each index but each measures deprivation across key themes of income, employment, education and health. For each domain, deprivation is calculated according to a series of summary statistics or 'indicators'. These indicators are designed to measure key features of a particular deprivation theme. The choice of indicators is agreed through consultation and varies between each index. Typically there are between two and six indicators per domain. For each index, the indicators are combined in broadly the same way to provide a domain level measure of deprivation. Where possible and most notably in the income and employment domains, indicators are summed and divided by the 'at risk population' (for example, the number of income support claimants as a proportion of the total population) to give an overall area rate of deprivation. Where rates are not possible, appropriate weights for combining indicators into a single deprivation score are selected using a range of techniques including Maximum Likelihood factor analysis. The domain level scores which represent specific dimensions of deprivation are then ranked and transformed to an exponential distribution. Weights are then applied to provide the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation for each country in the UK. The weights are selected according to a number of criteria which are used to assess the level of importance attached to each domain theme in the overall measurement of deprivation. As each index uses different indicators and domains, the weights applied to aggregate domain scores are different.	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The City of Talisay used to be an Agustinian estate in 1648 but only became a municipality in 1849 with Silverio Fernandez as its first gobernadorcillo and Pedro Labuca as capitan. Some accounts trace the origin of its name from Magtalisay trees abounding in areas while others claim origin of the name from a town in Spain. In both the American and Japanese occupations, Talisay served as haven of colonial forces. During World War II, the city served as the center of guerilla intelligence operations for the Philippine residence movement in Cebu. The returning American forces made their historic landing in the beach of Talisay on March 26, 1945 - an event that marked the eventual surrender of the Japanese forces in Cebu. The event is now annually commemorated by the provincial government of Cebu. On December 30 2000, Talisay became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8979. To promote and sustain environmental balance, economic stability and social equity for the welfare of its empowered citizenry An environmentally sustainable Aqua City with a happy empowered citizenry working towards a peaceful and progressive community in a diversified economy guided by dynamic and efficient local leadership.	[ 464, 2254, 286, 7193, 271, 323, 973, 284, 307, 281, 2449, 436, 24605, 7964, 287, 1467, 2780, 475, 691, 2627, 257, 27264, 287, 1248, 2920, 351, 7698, 952, 39692, 355, 663, 717, 467, 33900, 7079, 66, 16111, 290, 28855, 3498, 43120, 355, 1451, 18642, 13, 2773, 5504, 12854, 262, 8159, 286, 663, 1438, 422, 2944, 83, 27315, 323, 7150, 450, 9969, 287, 3006, 981, 1854, 1624, 8159, 286, 262, 1438, 422, 257, 3240, 287, 8602, 13, 554, 1111, 262, 1605, 290, 4960, 23308, 11, 7193, 271, 323, 4983, 355, 4398, 286, 17091, 3386, 13, 5856, 2159, 1810, 2873, 11, 262, 1748, 4983, 355, 262, 3641, 286, 915, 263, 5049, 4430, 4560, 329, 262, 29911, 11566, 3356, 287, 327, 1765, 84, 13, 383, 8024, 1605, 3386, 925, 511, 9566, 9581, 287, 262, 10481, 286, 7193, 271, 323, 319, 2805, 2608, 11, 15761, 532, 281, 1785, 326, 7498, 262, 19657, 16908, 286, 262, 4960, 3386, 287, 327, 1765, 84, 13, 383, 1785, 318, 783, 13844, 28723, 515, 416, 262, 15818, 1230, 286, 327, 1765, 84, 13, 1550, 3426, 1542, 4751, 11, 7193, 271, 323, 2627, 257, 7515, 1748, 416, 14675, 286, 2066, 2191, 9919, 3720, 13, 198, 2514, 7719, 290, 8080, 6142, 5236, 11, 3034, 10159, 290, 1919, 13598, 329, 262, 9490, 286, 663, 29669, 9511, 563, 198, 2025, 34132, 13347, 24838, 2254, 351, 257, 3772, 29669, 9511, 563, 1762, 3371, 257, 12309, 290, 10393, 2055, 287, 257, 15070, 1431, 3773, 17455, 416, 8925, 290, 6942, 1957, 5531, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	248
Mapping the disease Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) is one of only three recorded cancers that can spread like a contagious disease. The cancer is passed from devil to devil through biting. The live tumour cells aren’t rejected by the animal’s immune system because of a lack of genetic diversity among Tasmanian devils. For this reason, cases continue to occur in areas where the disease had not previously been recorded. As at February 2011, there has been an 84% decline in average sightings of devils across Tasmania during the annual spotlight surveys. In the north-east region, where signs of DFTD were first reported, there has been a 96% decline of average sightings. While the majority of diseased populations studied have shown a standard response to DFTD (loss of abundance, loss of older age classes, females breeding earlier), there is a population that has been studied for the past 5 years by a PhD student that is showing a different pattern of responses to the disease. Although DFTD has spread through this population at the same rate that it is spreading elsewhere, abundance throughout the population has not plummeted, the full age structure is still intact and tumours appear to grow slower, regress and take longer to kill the animal. The STDP, in collaboration with UTas, will begin trapping a neighbouring and similar population to determine whether this atypical response occurs in more than one population and whether it is the disease or the devil population that is different. Disease front and DFTD distribution as at June 2012 The STDP continues to monitor devil populations across Tasmania to determine how far DFTD has spread and the impact that it is having. The disease now affects 75% of the state. In November 2011 STDP staff and volunteers spent 10 days in the forestry coupes around Takone for this annual activity. 65 animals were caught during the trip, including 63 devils and 2 spotted tailed quolls. There were 38 new devils and 25 recaptured devils. The 63 devils were made up of 37 females and 26 males. More than half of the females were lactating. Three devils were caught with tumours consistent with DFTD, and were given a DFTD score of 5. All 3 animals tested positive. It seems that the disease is moving further into the population but prevalence (0.05%) is still very low, suggesting the fairly recent arrival of the disease into the area. The disease front trapping work supports a range of activities including planning for saving populations, managing diseased populations and monitoring any changes in the disease. Disease front and DFTD distribution - 2010 Following the success of the ‘snapshot' surveys conducted in 2009 to find the westerly extent of DFTD (see below), further surveys were conducted in October and November 2010 to update our knowledge on where the disease front currently lies. Some lessons were learnt about the efficacy of snapshot-type surveys in areas of varying devil abundance, so the surveys this year were concentrated in an area to the west of the Murchison Highway, between Wynyard in the north and just below Waratah in the south where devil abundance was high. Areas of low devil abundance will be targeted with the use of remote-sensing cameras. Four teams conducted 7-day trapping trips, following the same protocol used in 2009. All animals caught with a possible DFTD tumour had the disease confirmed using histology. A total of 234 individual animals were caught and inspected for DFTD, with 8 animals confirmed with the disease. A single animal with a high probability of carrying DFTD was located 5km due-west of the most westerly confirmed disease from 2009, but this could not be confirmed. Unfortunately this animal was located at the most westerly extent of the front, suggesting that the disease may have moved as much as 7km in the past year. The Program hopes to set sentinel cameras on the disease front in the coming months so that disease spread on the front can be monitored throughout the year. Locating the western extent of Devil Facial Tumour disease - 2009 During September and October 2009, surveys were conducted in western Tasmania with the objective of locating the western extent of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). Knowing the location of the disease ‘front' is essential to inform other management projects aimed at preserving the species in the long term, including the potential fencing off of disease free areas and the development of free range captive enclosures. Prior to these focused trips, there had been no intensive, focused trapping trips to find the location of the disease front. Six teams surveyed sites between Burnie in the north and Kelly basin in the south. A roving veterinary team responded to reports of potential disease in captured animals, and collected biopsies and blood samples for confirmation of the disease. As the principle aim of these trips was to catch as many unique animals as possible, it was decided to use a ‘snapshot' technique where traps would be moved to a new site each day to maximise the number of new devils caught and reduce the number of re-captures. In sites of high devil abundance two nights trapping maximised the chances of catching any possible diseased animals. Likewise, in sites of very low devil abundance trapping was extended to two nights to maximise chances of catching any devils in the area. Prior to the beginning of the disease front trips, two 5-day reconnaissance trips were conducted to determine the best areas to locate transects. Map 1 indicates the locations of traps deployed by each team. A total of 231 individual Tasmanian devils were captured and inspected for presence of devil facial tumour disease. Of these at least thirteen devils have been confirmed as diseased by histology. Three devils were captured by remote cameras clearly showing signs of what appeared to be DFTD - however these cannot be confirmed by histology. The most western extent of DFTD recorded in this survey was approximately 15km west of the last known location of DFTD (Surrey Hills, recorded in 2008). However, the high prevalence of DFTD at Surrey Hills in 2008 suggests that DFTD will have been present further to the west at that time, and the distance travelled from 2008 to 2009 would not have been as great as 15km. The current most westerly point of confirmed disease is just to the east of the Murchison Highway. To date no confirmed cases of DFTD have been recorded west of the Murchison Hwy. There was an obvious gradient of devil abundance from the north to the south, with 50 devils caught by one team in the north and 11 by another team over the same period of time in the south. The very different habitat and the difficulty of access in the southern regions makes it difficult to catch devils and even harder to locate the disease. Our ‘snapshot' method of trapping for these trips will need to be revised for these areas of lower devil abundance before we re-trap in any of these areas.	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All Property Taxes Real, Public Utility and Tangible Personal Property Taxes Assessed Value and Taxes Levied for Taxes Payable in Calendar Year 1988, by County Table PD-30 shows total assessed value of, and taxes levied on, real, public utility personal, and tangible personal property for taxes payable in calendar year 1988. Taxes for real and public utility personal property were levied in tax year 1987, but payable in calendar year 1988. Special assessments were also levied in tax year 1987 and payable in calendar year 1988. In contrast, personal property taxes (excluding public utility personal property) are levied and payable in the same year - in this case 1988. Total taxes levied on the three categories of property were $6.6 billion on a total assessed value of $106.7 billion. Special assessments totalled $107.9 million. Total real property taxes levied were $5.0 billion, while public utility personal property and tangible personal property taxes totalled $613.4 million and $1.0 billion, The value of real property was $78.9 billion compared to $10.8 billion and $17.0 billion for public utility personal and tangible personal property, respectively. Real property taxes shown in the table are prior to application of "tax reduction factors" and are prior to subtracting the 10 percent property tax rollback for all real property, the 2.5 percent rollback for residential real property, and the homestead exemption deduction. Among all Ohio counties, Cuyahoga County had the highest property value ($14.8 billion of which real property accounted for $11.3 billion) and the highest amount of taxes levied ($929.5 million in real property taxes and $1.2 billion in total property taxes). Vinton County had the lowest value of real property ($57.4 million) and the lowest total property value ($99.1 million); Cuyahoga County also levied the lowest amount of taxes ($2.1 million in real property taxes and $3.6 million in total Lucas County led all Ohio counties in the amount of special assessments levied, with $21.8 million. Four counties - Adams, Morgan, Pike, and Vinton- recorded no special Data for this table were taken from abstracts filed by county auditors with the Ohio Department of Taxation.	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Quantum Teleportation Leaps to New Distance Record A new record of roughly 60 miles has been set in the field of qubit transmission. "This is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though I expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams," said analyst Rob Enderle. "Something like this could turn us into a SaaS world." Scientists in China have transmitted quantum bits, or qubits, over a record distance of 97 km, or roughly 60 miles. This is more than six times the distance of the previous record of 16 km, set by another team of Chinese researchers in May of 2010, as reported in Nature.com. The results represent a step toward the establishment of a global quantum network, and the methods used in the experiment could be utilized for satellite-based quantum communications, the scientists said. "This is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though I expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams," Rob Enderle, principal analyst at the Enderle Group, told TechNewsWorld. This technology "could end up changing much of the world" because it's both potentially higher bandwidth and lower latency, approaching zero, and these factors "could drive massive computer centralization on a world scale and force a massive shakeout of security, networking and computer companies," Enderle continued. "Something like this could turn us into a SaaS (Software as a Service) world." The Theory Behind the Experiment The latest experiment demonstrated quantum teleportation of an independent unknown state between two optical free-space links 97 km apart with multi-photon entanglement. Quantum teleportation is a process for transmitting information using quantum physics to, in effect, encrypt the data transmitted. It's also known as entanglement-assisted teleportation. In quantum teleportation experiments, beams of lights are used to encode qubits. The encoded beam of light, which is described as quantum entangled, is split into two and transmitted. When a qubit at one receiver is observed and take a defined form, the other half of the qubit at the other receiver takes the same defined form. Quantum entanglement results when particles such as photons or electrons interact physically and then become separated but remain in the same quantum state. A quantum state is a set of mathematical variables, including position, momentum and spin, that fully describes a quantum system. What the Researchers Did The researchers used an ultra-bright entangled photon source based on Type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). The SPDC process involves using a non-linear crystal to split photons into two. Those photons in a pair whose polarizations are perpendicular to one another are termed "Type II" photons. In an SPDC apparatus, a strong laser beam, called the "pump" beam, is directed at a beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal. That's exactly what the researchers did. This generated the beam of light, which was split and sent across Lake Qinghai in China.	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Even with these advances, the fuel cell wouldn’t come on instantly, and turning it on and off with every short trip in the car would cause a lot of wear and tear, reducing its lifetime. Instead, it would be paired with a battery pack, as a combustion engine is in the Volt, Wachsman says. The fuel cell could then run more steadily, serving to keep the battery topped without providing bursts of acceleration. The researchers achieved their result largely by modifying the solid electrolyte material at the core of a solid-oxide fuel cell. In fuel cells on the market, such as one made by Bloom Energy, the electrolyte has to be made thick enough to provide structural support. But the thickness of the electrolyte limits power generation. Over the last several years, researchers have been developing designs that don’t require the electrolyte to support the cell so they can make the electrolyte thinner and achieve high power output at lower temperatures. The University of Maryland researchers took this a step further by developing new multilayered electrolytes that increase the power output still more. The work is part of a larger U.S. Department of Energy effort, over the past decade, to make solid-oxide fuel cells practical. The first fruits of that effort likely won’t be fuel cells in cars—so far, Wachsman has only made relatively small fuel cells, and significant engineering work remains to be done. The first applications of solid oxide fuels in vehicles may be on long-haul trucks with sleeper cabs. Equipment suppliers such as Delphi and Cummins are developing fuel cells that can power the air conditioners, TVs, and microwaves inside the cabs, potentially cutting fuel consumption by 85 percent compared to idling the truck’s engine. The Delphi system also uses a design that allows for a thinner electrolyte, but it operates at higher temperatures than Wachsman’s fuel cell. The fuel cell could be turned on Monday, and left to run at low rates all week and still get the 85 percent reduction. Delphi has built a prototype and plans to demonstrate its system on a truck next year.	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Museum Collections - Mesoamerica - Maya (Before A. D. 1520) - Artifact #3 WHO: Maya culture WHEN: Late Classic Period, A.D. 550-800 WHAT: This vase (tall dish form) features a seated jaguar. The jaguar was an important symbol of power to the ancient Maya. The jaguar, as the most powerful and feared animal in the jungle, was the natural symbol for the authority of Maya rulers. HOW: Hand-formed earthenware, polychrome slip decoration. MUSEUM: Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art. G83.1.140 Zoomify Interactive: To see an image of this artifact that you can zoom in on, click on this link: Front (Warning: This link will open in a new window)	[ 44, 6744, 50004, 532, 14937, 78, 2382, 3970, 532, 26041, 357, 8421, 317, 13, 360, 13, 1315, 1238, 8, 532, 45908, 1303, 18, 198, 41856, 25, 26041, 3968, 198, 12418, 1677, 25, 18319, 13449, 18581, 11, 317, 13, 35, 13, 25240, 12, 7410, 198, 32971, 25, 770, 410, 589, 357, 35429, 9433, 1296, 8, 3033, 257, 21639, 474, 11433, 283, 13, 383, 474, 11433, 283, 373, 281, 1593, 6194, 286, 1176, 284, 262, 6156, 26041, 13, 383, 474, 11433, 283, 11, 355, 262, 749, 3665, 290, 15240, 5044, 287, 262, 20712, 11, 373, 262, 3288, 6194, 329, 262, 4934, 286, 26041, 24925, 13, 198, 37181, 25, 7157, 12, 12214, 304, 433, 831, 1574, 11, 7514, 46659, 13819, 42050, 13, 198, 44, 19108, 5883, 25, 12790, 7274, 9594, 286, 17419, 18127, 3683, 13, 402, 5999, 13, 16, 13, 15187, 198, 57, 4207, 1958, 21365, 25, 1675, 766, 281, 2939, 286, 428, 24127, 326, 345, 460, 19792, 287, 319, 11, 3904, 319, 428, 2792, 25, 8880, 357, 20361, 25, 770, 2792, 481, 1280, 287, 257, 649, 4324, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	177
Okra is heat loving crop, originating in North Africa, where it was been cultivated for centuries. Okra was introduced to Brazil in 1658 and entered North America with the slave trade. Okra should be used the same day as harvested or frozen. Fresh okra should be stored below 45°F, otherwise chilling injury and decay will occur. Pods may be sliced and cooked in soups, curries and stews, where they have thickening effect. Okra forms an integral part of many Cajun and Creole recipes. In some countries okra is dried (bamia) for long-term storage. Southern Fried Okra 5 C. okra sliced 1/2 inch thick 1/2 C. flour 1/2 C. cornmeal 1 T. bacon grease salt and pepper to taste Combine flour and cornmeal in a paper bag. Add okra. Shake, coating well. Add bacon grease to a skillet and slowly fry the okra for 30 - 45 minutes over low heat and okra is golden brown. Season with salt and pepper.	[ 18690, 430, 318, 4894, 14442, 13833, 11, 37962, 198, 259, 2258, 5478, 11, 810, 340, 373, 587, 30499, 329, 10675, 13, 6762, 430, 373, 5495, 198, 1462, 7595, 287, 1467, 3365, 290, 5982, 2258, 2253, 351, 262, 11778, 3292, 13, 6762, 430, 815, 307, 198, 1484, 262, 976, 1110, 355, 34262, 393, 12912, 13, 20138, 12876, 430, 815, 307, 8574, 2174, 198, 2231, 7200, 37, 11, 4306, 28010, 5095, 290, 22119, 481, 3051, 13, 350, 12978, 743, 307, 26790, 290, 198, 46591, 287, 24049, 862, 11, 1090, 1678, 290, 336, 15515, 11, 810, 484, 423, 6546, 3101, 1245, 13, 6762, 430, 198, 23914, 281, 19287, 636, 286, 867, 327, 1228, 403, 290, 5844, 2305, 14296, 13, 554, 617, 2678, 12876, 430, 198, 271, 16577, 357, 65, 49442, 8, 329, 890, 12, 4354, 6143, 13, 198, 44993, 15442, 6762, 430, 198, 20, 327, 13, 12876, 430, 26790, 352, 14, 17, 11111, 6546, 198, 16, 14, 17, 327, 13, 10601, 198, 16, 14, 17, 327, 13, 11676, 28208, 198, 16, 309, 13, 21385, 35537, 198, 82, 2501, 290, 13385, 284, 6938, 198, 20575, 500, 10601, 290, 11676, 28208, 287, 257, 3348, 6131, 13, 3060, 12876, 430, 13, 41113, 11, 26749, 880, 13, 198, 4550, 21385, 35537, 284, 257, 41306, 290, 6364, 32959, 262, 12876, 430, 329, 1542, 532, 4153, 2431, 625, 198, 9319, 4894, 290, 12876, 430, 318, 10861, 7586, 13, 7369, 351, 8268, 290, 13385, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	236
Identity theft occurs more frequently in the United States than people want to believe. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, identity theft and identity fraud are referred to as "all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception for economic gain." The Federal Trade Commission compiles a report every year for identity theft complaints in the United States. These complaints increased more than 78 percent between 2009 and 2011. With identity theft becoming an increasing problem, Professor Duanne J. Thompson, the acting program chair of Criminal Justice at Argosy University, Atlanta, offers some advice for consumers to take in order to protect themselves from identity theft: 1. Protect your identity like you would protect your house. 2. Don't give out sensitive information such as Social Security information. In most states it is illegal for a business to ask for your Social Security number for transactions. 3. If purchasing on the Web, make sure you know who you are buying from and that the site is secure. 4. Don't fall for phishing scams. Legitimate websites will never ask for your password or account information. If in doubt contact the vendor before you send your information. Thompson also says that consumers should be aware that they have a right to have one free credit report from every credit clearing house, such as Equifax, TransUnion and Experian, at least once a year. In some states, consumers are allowed a free credit report at least twice a year. Consumers should look at the information from their reports and ensure that the information is correct and accurate. They should look specifically at each credit statement every month for suspicious fraudulent activity. The bigger question is what a consumer should do if they find themselves victims of identity theft. Thompson suggests to first notify your credit vendor that your card has been compromised and that there is an individual acting as you. Consumers should then call their local police department and file a report. Afterward, gather as much information as possible about your accounts and all transactions to help aid the investigator in the case. Once the police report is obtained, file an identity theft claim with all three credit clearing houses (Equifax, TransUnion and Experian). All three credit clearing houses will require a copy of the local police report and all the information you have supporting the theft. With the rise of online trends such as social media and online banking, consumers must be more vigilant about their identity as these trends lead to more and more avenues for identity theft criminals. The best way a consumer can protect their identity to simply be smart and be aware of their financial records. GateHouse News Service	[ 7390, 26858, 12402, 8833, 517, 6777, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 621, 661, 765, 284, 1975, 13, 4784, 284, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 4796, 11, 5369, 12402, 290, 5369, 7394, 389, 6412, 284, 355, 366, 439, 3858, 286, 4065, 287, 543, 2130, 2642, 2759, 909, 12143, 290, 3544, 1194, 1048, 338, 2614, 1366, 287, 617, 835, 326, 9018, 7394, 393, 26337, 329, 3034, 4461, 526, 198, 464, 5618, 9601, 4513, 552, 2915, 257, 989, 790, 614, 329, 5369, 12402, 9687, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 2312, 9687, 3220, 517, 621, 8699, 1411, 1022, 3717, 290, 2813, 13, 2080, 5369, 12402, 5033, 281, 3649, 1917, 11, 8129, 360, 7258, 710, 449, 13, 11654, 11, 262, 7205, 1430, 5118, 286, 15531, 4796, 379, 20559, 418, 88, 2059, 11, 9371, 11, 4394, 617, 5608, 329, 7008, 284, 1011, 287, 1502, 284, 1805, 2405, 422, 5369, 12402, 25, 198, 16, 13, 21916, 534, 5369, 588, 345, 561, 1805, 534, 2156, 13, 198, 17, 13, 2094, 470, 1577, 503, 8564, 1321, 884, 355, 5483, 4765, 1321, 13, 554, 749, 2585, 340, 318, 5293, 329, 257, 1597, 284, 1265, 329, 534, 5483, 4765, 1271, 329, 8945, 13, 198, 18, 13, 1002, 14080, 319, 262, 5313, 11, 787, 1654, 345, 760, 508, 345, 389, 7067, 422, 290, 326, 262, 2524, 318, 5713, 13, 198, 19, 13, 2094, 470, 2121, 329, 872, 3929, 41718, 13, 3564, 30233, 9293, 481, 1239, 1265, 329, 534, 9206, 393, 1848, 1321, 13, 1002, 287, 4719, 2800, 262, 18371, 878, 345, 3758, 534, 1321, 13, 198, 48942, 635, 1139, 326, 7008, 815, 307, 3910, 326, 484, 423, 257, 826, 284, 423, 530, 1479, 3884, 989, 422, 790, 3884, 17304, 2156, 11, 884, 355, 7889, 26590, 11, 3602, 38176, 290, 8170, 666, 11, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 554, 617, 2585, 11, 7008, 389, 3142, 257, 1479, 3884, 989, 379, 1551, 5403, 257, 614, 13, 45103, 815, 804, 379, 262, 1321, 422, 511, 3136, 290, 4155, 326, 262, 1321, 318, 3376, 290, 7187, 13, 1119, 815, 804, 5734, 379, 1123, 3884, 2643, 790, 1227, 329, 13678, 24627, 3842, 13, 198, 464, 5749, 1808, 318, 644, 257, 7172, 815, 466, 611, 484, 1064, 2405, 4970, 286, 5369, 12402, 13, 11654, 5644, 284, 717, 19361, 534, 3884, 18371, 326, 534, 2657, 468, 587, 19066, 290, 326, 612, 318, 281, 1981, 7205, 355, 345, 13, 45103, 815, 788, 869, 511, 1957, 1644, 5011, 290, 2393, 257, 989, 13, 2293, 904, 11, 6431, 355, 881, 1321, 355, 1744, 546, 534, 5504, 290, 477, 8945, 284, 1037, 6133, 262, 20725, 287, 262, 1339, 13, 4874, 262, 1644, 989, 318, 6492, 11, 2393, 281, 5369, 12402, 1624, 351, 477, 1115, 3884, 17304, 7777, 357, 23588, 26590, 11, 3602, 38176, 290, 8170, 666, 737, 1439, 1115, 3884, 17304, 7777, 481, 2421, 257, 4866, 286, 262, 1957, 1644, 989, 290, 477, 262, 1321, 345, 423, 6493, 262, 12402, 13, 198, 3152, 262, 4485, 286, 2691, 11257, 884, 355, 1919, 2056, 290, 2691, 11754, 11, 7008, 1276, 307, 517, 30257, 546, 511, 5369, 355, 777, 11257, 1085, 284, 517, 290, 517, 34265, 329, 5369, 12402, 12954, 13, 383, 1266, 835, 257, 7172, 460, 1805, 511, 5369, 284, 2391, 307, 4451, 290, 307, 3910, 286, 511, 3176, 4406, 13, 198, 22628, 18102, 3000, 4809, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	544
Exclusive: Medical Experts Explain How to Treat Spinal Defect Before a Child Is Even Born Editor’s Note: This is the second in a five part series where The Blaze has looked into a newer treatment for children diagnosed with spina bifida. While most would have the hole exposing his or her spine closed after birth, more than a decade ago surgeries that were considered controversial at the time began where the hole was closed in utero in the hopes of reversing some of the disabling effects of the disorder. The first results of a federally funded human trial were released in 2011, showing the success seen in the new treatment thus far. We’ve talked to families who had the elective surgery before it ever entered a formal human trial and those who more recently have had the surgery since the period trial ended. We’ve timed this series to specifically run close to Glenn Beck’s Restoring Love as the parents of children who underwent the surgery, many of whom still have some disability, want the world to know the blessing of celebrating differences. Dr. Scott Adzick, the Department of Surgery Chief at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), says the best decision he ever made was to head to the University of California-San Francisco 30 years ago in order to be on the cutting edge of fetal medicine. Adzick wanted to research surgery before birth and San Francisco was the mecca at the time. “I was frustrated taking care of babies with life-threatening problems, and when the baby was born, we were too late,” he said. It was out of this frustration of not being able to treat disorders early enough that Adzick and a few others decided they wanted to operate on the fetus through the mother’s womb as a treatment — a treatment specifically for spina bifida. At the time, fetal surgeries were reserved for only babies in life-or-death situations. Spina bifida wasn’t necessarily life threatening to the infant, but still very debilitating — and research prior to actually beginning the surgeries on human fetuses showed they could be a benefit. Spina bifida is a congenital disorder that occurs when the backbone and spinal canal do not close. What causes spina bifida varies, but it can be genetic or result from low levels of folic acid early in pregnancy. The most severe and most common cases of spina bifida where the hole doesn’t close in the lower half of the spine, known as myelomeningocele, occurs in 1 in every 800 infants. More than 1,500 babies are born with spina bifida in the United States each year, making it the most common birth defect of the central nervous system. It is estimated 64 percent of fetuses diagnosed with spina bifida are aborted. With myelomeningocele, the membranes and the neural tube will protrude from the back forming a sack. A nurse described it as looking about the size of a small mellon. The mother can learn of the condition around 18 to 22 weeks, generally when the she goes in for her an ultrasound. Watch this video from CHOP explaining what spina bifida is: The treatment — still the most common treatment for those with the disorder today — is closure of the hole after birth. More often than not, depending on the child’s “lesion level” — the location where the spinal canal failed to close in the womb — the child would have hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and could require a shunt (a pump that would drain the fluid from the brain). They could be paralyzed from the waist down or, if they’re lucky, could walk with a walker or braces on their legs. They frequently don’t have proper nerve formation for normal bowel and bladder function and would need to be catheterized first by the parents and at an older age by themselves. Before fetal surgery could even be considered to correct the spines of human fetuses, research was done to define what Adzick called the disorder’s “natural history.” Essentially, this means tracking the disorder back to when it begins to form and what occurs in the womb after the hole fails to close. A husband-and-wife team, Dr. Martin Meuli and Dr. Claudia Simmen-Meuli, conducted reviews of aborted fetuses that had myelomeningocele and found the exposed spinal cord would go through varying degrees of injury within the womb, which was the cause of the symptoms after birth. Dr. G.M. Hutchins, who was also involved with these initial reviews, with the Meuli’s conducted an experiment using fetal sheep, where the fetal lamb’s spine was exposed in the womb, creating a spina bifida-like defect. At birth, the lambs exhibited similar symptoms to children with myelomeningocele. In some lambs though, were operated on again to correct the lesion. Adzick, who was also involved in this research, said the results on lambs that had the spinal correction were “phenomenal.” “There was some distortion but they were remarkably protected,” he said. In this video, Adzick and other doctors explain how fetal surgeries came about: After these findings and strict procedural regulations, Adzick and others began offering this as an option for parents who wanted to prevent some of the effects of the most severe forms of spina bifida. Eventually, a clinical trial was instituted to establish if there was in fact a significant benefit in the outcome of those with spina bifida who had fetal surgery compared to the more traditional, after-birth treatment. Three hospitals were involved in the trial: the CHOP, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the University of California-San Francisco. The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) was a randomized trial that began in 2001 where some fetus underwent fetal surgery while others had the traditional treatment after birth. Watch an overview video from CHOP on the study here. Just last year, after 10 years, the trial stopped accepting patients because those evaluating the data found they had enough information to show that fetal surgery was more successful at reducing the need for a shunt, reversing the Chiari malformation and other more minor effects. “In spite of an increased risk for preterm birth, children who underwent surgery while in the uterus did much better, on balance, than those who had surgery after birth,” Alan E. Guttmacher, M.D., director of NICHD, which funded the study said in a Feb. 2011 press release on the findings. “However, caution is advised. Because the surgery is highly specialized, it is best undertaken in facilities with staff having experience in the procedure.” “This was very exciting,” Adzick said referring to when the results of the study became apparent. “[The] results basically matched what we had seen at CHOP before the [MOMS study] began.” The time period from when a woman finds out her child has spina bifida to when she is considered for the surgery and goes under the knife is very short. Although procedures vary slightly among hospitals at the moment, most will not perform the surgery after 26 weeks of gestation. The lesion in the fetuses back needs to be at a certain level, and the fetal candidate cannot have any other genetic abnormalities. These are just a few requirements for the fetus — the mom has some as well. The mother will not be accepted for surgery if she doesn’t meet a range of criteria. Not to mention the mental and ethical evaluation parents are put through. Lori Howell, a nurse working with families of children with birth defects for more than 30 years who is currently the executive director of CHOP’s Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, explains that the process for choosing candidates is rigorous. The candidates tour the neonatal intensive care unit, seeing all the extremely premature and sick babies. A place where their child could potentially end up. They also meet with a ethics board who asks them several questions, many of which are hard to hear but are meant to prepare the mother for every possible outcome. One mother told the Blaze that the board asks questions like “If you didn’t have this surgery, your child will most likely be born healthy considering their condition and the surgery performed after birth to fix the hole in his or her back is routine. This fetal surgery is elective, there is the potential your child — or you — could die as a result of this procedure. Would you still want to go through with it for this risk?” Watch this video explaining the surgery and the process: “It’s not for everybody,” Howell said. “You shouldn’t feel guilty if you can’t have a fetal surgery or if you opt to make another choice.” Stay tuned for the third installation of this five part series tomorrow where the Blaze will cover many of the positive results of fetal surgeries as explained by parents whose children had the operation years ago. - Shock Video Surfaces: Meat Cleaver-Wielding Man Shouts ‘You People Will Never Be Safe!’ Moments After Gruesome London Attack 488 Comments - Why Were DHS Agents Seemingly Monitoring Multiple Tea Party IRS Protests Across the Country on Tuesday? 475 Comments - Confusion Erupts in IRS Hearing After Lois Lerner Tries to Plead the 5th — Watch It All Unfold 466 Comments - The Tense Exchange Between Rep. 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The concrete industry and most other industries are under pressure to gain better control over their waste streams. This industry hasn't been negligent, however. For years, we have incorporated various technologies for dust suppression and collection and reclaiming ready-mix. Unfortunately, these conservation efforts don't prevent many operations from continuing to dump on the back of their lots. The "washout mountain" takes up unnecessary space and can be an environmental hazard, usually necessitating costly removal. But there is another option: recycling the concrete by crushing and screening. This not only solves the problem of disposal, but creates a product that can be sold as a road base. Some producers also accept concrete from demolition work to their recycling program. The amount of money saved by recycling instead of hauling concrete away is quite significant. The cost of excavation and hauling 40,000 tons of concrete totals around $138,000 while the cost of crushing the same amount and then selling the recycled material at $4 a ton comes to only $40,000. There is even a margin for profit if the market for recycled concrete will support higher prices.	[ 464, 10017, 2831, 290, 749, 584, 11798, 389, 739, 3833, 284, 4461, 1365, 1630, 625, 511, 7030, 15190, 13, 770, 2831, 5818, 470, 587, 42837, 11, 2158, 13, 1114, 812, 11, 356, 423, 16560, 2972, 8514, 329, 8977, 22711, 290, 4947, 290, 28232, 278, 3492, 12, 19816, 13, 8989, 11, 777, 14903, 4040, 836, 470, 2948, 867, 4560, 422, 8282, 284, 10285, 319, 262, 736, 286, 511, 6041, 13, 383, 366, 34670, 448, 8598, 1, 2753, 510, 13114, 2272, 290, 460, 307, 281, 6142, 15834, 11, 3221, 2418, 21712, 16378, 9934, 13, 887, 612, 318, 1194, 3038, 25, 25914, 262, 10017, 416, 24949, 290, 14135, 13, 770, 407, 691, 39107, 262, 1917, 286, 18264, 11, 475, 8075, 257, 1720, 326, 460, 307, 2702, 355, 257, 2975, 2779, 13, 2773, 11408, 635, 2453, 10017, 422, 30164, 670, 284, 511, 25914, 1430, 13, 198, 464, 2033, 286, 1637, 7448, 416, 25914, 2427, 286, 387, 16619, 10017, 1497, 318, 2407, 2383, 13, 383, 1575, 286, 45499, 290, 387, 16619, 2319, 11, 830, 10860, 286, 10017, 26310, 1088, 720, 20107, 11, 830, 981, 262, 1575, 286, 24949, 262, 976, 2033, 290, 788, 6301, 262, 32099, 2587, 379, 720, 19, 257, 5680, 2058, 284, 691, 720, 1821, 11, 830, 13, 1318, 318, 772, 257, 10330, 329, 7630, 611, 262, 1910, 329, 32099, 10017, 481, 1104, 2440, 4536, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	224
Our Birds - Barred Plymouth Rock Chicken Our Animals > Barred Plymouth Rock Chicken The Plymouth Rock, often called simply Rocks or Barred Rocks (after their most popular color), is a chicken breed that originated in the United States. The Plymouth Rock is a dual-purpose, cold-hardy bird and therefore makes a great breed for the small farm or backyard flock owner. These chickens are often called Plymouth Rocks, but this title correctly belongs to the entire breed, not just the Barred variety. There are seven varieties of Plymouth Rock chickens: barred, blue, buff, Columbian, partridge, silver-penciled and white. The Plymouth Rock was developed in New England in the middle of the 19th century and was first exhibited as a breed in 1869. Several individuals claimed its invention, using crosses of Dominiques, Black Javas, Cochins, and perhaps Malays and Dorkings. John C. Bennett (1804-1867) has been credited with either creating or popularizing the breed. Plymouth Rocks were bred as a dual-purpose fowl, meaning that they were valued both for their meat and for the hens' egg-laying ability. The first Plymouth Rock was barred and other varieties were developed later. The breed became popular very rapidly, and in fact, until World War II, no breed was ever kept and bred as extensively in the United States as the Barred Plymouth Rock. Its popularity came from its qualities as an outstanding farm chicken: hardiness, docility, broodiness, and excellent production of both eggs and meat. Most of the other varieties were developed from crosses containing some of the same ancestral background as the barred variety. Early in its development, the name Plymouth Rock implied a barred bird, but as more varieties were developed, it became the designation for the breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock was one of the foundation breeds for the broiler industry in the 1920s, and the White Rock continues to be used as the female side of the commercial broiler cross. Plymouth Rocks are large, long-lived chickens. Some varieties are good layers while others are bred principally for meat. They possess a long, broad back; a moderately deep, full breast; and yellow skin and legs. The hens have a deep, full abdomen, which is a sign of a good layer. The face of a Plymouth Rock is red with red ear lobes, a bright yellow beak, bay-colored eyes, and a single comb of moderate size. Their feathers are fairly loosely held but not so long as to easily tangle. Generally, Plymouth Rocks are not aggressive, and tame quite easily. They are docile and may show broodiness. The hens usually make good mothers. However, some males and females are big and active enough to be quite a problem if they become aggressive. Breeders should be aware of the standard weights and not select small or narrow birds for the breeding pen. Common faults include a shallow breast, high tails, narrow bodies and small size. Friendly and curious.	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Does exercise help you detox? Explore This Story The word “detoxification” is flung around the fitness community as frequently as kettlebells. Yoga teachers regularly speak of detoxifying twists, aerobics instructors of detoxifying sweat, dieters of detoxifying fasts. But health professionals are skeptical. “If you start talking about exercising to detoxify, there’s no scientific data,” said Dr. Elizabeth Matzkin, chief of women’s sports medicine at Harvard Medical School. “The human body is designed to get rid of what we don’t need.” The same applies to fasting. “No good scientific data supports any of those cleanses, where you drink juice, or (only) water for a week,” she said. Exercise is important, Matzkin added, because it enables our body to do what it is made to do, but the kidneys and colon get rid of waste. The role of exercise in that process is unclear. “In general exercise helps our lungs; kidneys get rid of things that can cause us onset of disease,” she said. A healthy lifestyle — eating healthy, drinking plenty of water and exercising — is important to detoxifying because it enables our body to do what is intended to do. “As for specific yoga moves, I’m not so sure,” she said. Yoga instructor and fitness expert Shirley Archer, an author and spokeswoman for the American Council on Exercise (ACE) said the theory behind the effectiveness of detoxifying twists in yoga is that they squeeze the organs, which push the blood out so fresh blood can rush in. “Better circulation equals better health,” said Archer, who is based in Florida. “If detox means to eliminate from the body what it no longer needs, then certain yogic practices can help.” She said yogic deep breathing with strong exhalations can empty the lungs of unneeded carbon dioxide and allow for a fresh breath of more oxygenated air. “This nourishes all of our cells,” she said. “It is also a method of cleansing because better circulation equals better health.” Meditative movement practices, such as yoga and tai chi, she added, can detox your attitude because they require staying in the present moment and discourage dwelling on the past. Last summer, celebrity trainer Tracy Anderson began taking groups of 40-odd women on what she calls Detox Weeks, which involve at least three hours of workouts each day, as well as lectures on fitness and nutrition aimed mainly at encouraging lifestyle changes. Similar weeks in other cities are planned for 2013. “Women work out and think ‘Why can’t my love handles, muffin tops go away’?” said Anderson, creator of the Tracy Anderson Method and a co-owner, with actress Gwyneth Paltrow, of fitness centres in Los Angeles and New York. “The most important thing is if you can become a consistent exerciser.” “A good workout is not five to 10 yoga poses,” she explained. “You have to learn to scale up your endurance. If you can only jump for five minutes straight, we’ll go to 10 minutes, then 20 minutes.” Anderson said she uses the term detoxification broadly to include everything from working up a good sweat to clearing the mind of destructive thoughts. “Detoxification is a big topic,” she said. Nancy Clark, a registered dietitian in Boston, Massachusetts and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, said the body generally does a fine job of detoxifying itself through the liver and kidneys. Sweating has nothing to do with it. “When you sweat you really don’t detoxify anything,” she explained. “If someone goes on a crash diet, then maybe toxins are released but then the body would take care of them. When you sweat you lose sodium.” - NEW RCMP probing Senate expense scandal, Senate speaker says - NEW Mayor Rob Ford fires chief of staff Mark Towhey - Toronto terror suspect asks for defence lawyer who is guided by ‘holy book’ - Updated London attack: Two more people arrested, police say - Tim Bosma homicide: Second suspect Mark Smich appears in court - Updated City councillor Paul Ainslie's licence suspended after roadside check - DiManno: No matter how it seems on Planet Ford, it’s over - Updated As world gawks at Rob Ford scandal, Toronto police wait and watch	[ 13921, 5517, 1037, 345, 44674, 30, 198, 35433, 770, 8362, 198, 464, 1573, 564, 250, 15255, 1140, 2649, 447, 251, 318, 45111, 1088, 262, 13547, 2055, 355, 6777, 355, 40231, 7923, 82, 13, 198, 56, 10949, 7799, 7987, 2740, 286, 44674, 4035, 30953, 11, 9551, 672, 873, 33667, 286, 44674, 4035, 15488, 11, 5496, 364, 286, 44674, 4035, 3049, 82, 13, 887, 1535, 11153, 389, 17988, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1532, 345, 923, 3375, 546, 25352, 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A parliamentary bill is divided into sections called clauses. Printed in the margin next to each clause is a brief explanatory `side-note' giving details of what the effect of the clause will be. During the committee stage of a bill, MPs examine these clauses in detail and may introduce new clauses of their own or table amendments to the existing clauses. When a bill becomes an Act of Parliament, clauses become known as sections. contributed by user Tom Loosemore Think you know a phrase that should be here? Help us improve the site by adding it.	[ 32, 17521, 2855, 318, 9086, 656, 9004, 1444, 31485, 13, 38482, 287, 262, 10330, 1306, 284, 1123, 13444, 318, 257, 4506, 44742, 4600, 1589, 12, 11295, 6, 3501, 3307, 286, 644, 262, 1245, 286, 262, 13444, 481, 307, 13, 5856, 262, 5583, 3800, 286, 257, 2855, 11, 14952, 10716, 777, 31485, 287, 3703, 290, 743, 10400, 649, 31485, 286, 511, 898, 393, 3084, 17835, 284, 262, 4683, 31485, 13, 1649, 257, 2855, 4329, 281, 2191, 286, 8411, 11, 31485, 1716, 1900, 355, 9004, 13, 198, 3642, 6169, 416, 2836, 4186, 6706, 577, 3549, 198, 22073, 345, 760, 257, 9546, 326, 815, 307, 994, 30, 10478, 514, 2987, 262, 2524, 416, 4375, 340, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	114
There are many techniques available to help students get started with a piece of writing. Getting started can be hard for all levels of writers. Freewriting is one great technique to build fluency. That was explored in an earlier lesson plan: http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/adulted/lessons/lesson18.html This unit offers some other techniques. These techniques may be especially helpful with students who prefer a style of learning or teaching that could be described as visual, spatial, or graphic. Sometimes those styles or overlooked in favor of approaches that are very linguistic or linear. The approaches here will attend to a broader range of learning styles as they add variety. - Writing: Writing Process, Pre-Writing, Autobiography, Exposition, Personal Narrative, Argumentation, Comparison and Contrast, Description. Students will be able to: - Write more fluently (writing more with greater ease) - Generate writing topics - Select topics that will yield strong pieces of writing - Connect personal experience, knowledge, and examples to an assigned - Produce better organized pieces of writing National Reporting System of Adult Education standards are applicable here. These are the standards required by the 1998 Workforce Investment Act. See Pencils, colored pencils, pens, markers, crayons, unlined paper, magazines and newspapers with pictures inside, glue or paste, and paper. Big paper or poster board can make the pre-writing exercises more eye-catching, more of a project, and better for display. Video and TV: Prep for Teachers Make sure you try each of the activities yourself before you ask students to do them. That will give you a better understanding of the activities and help you recognize any potential points that may be confusing or difficult. This also gives you a sample to show the students. Its much easier to create a diagram if you are shown an example of one. Here are some Web sites that give background and even more ideas about you pre-writing, diagrams, graphic organizers, and other ideas to get started with writing. There is some repetition here. You dont have to read them all. But check them out and see what you think.	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No one knows how the first organisms or even the first organic precursors formed on Earth, but one theory is that they didn't. Rather, they were imported from space. Scientists have been finding what looks like biological raw material in meteorites for years, but it's usually been shown to be ground contamination. This year, however, investigators studying a dozen meteorites that landed in Antarctica found traces of adenine and guanine two of the four nucleobases that make DNA. That's not a big surprise, since nucleobases have been found in meteorites before. But these were found in the company of other molecules that were similar in structure but not identical. Those had never been detected in previous meteorite samples and they were also not found on the ground where the space rocks landed. That rules out contamination and rules in space organics. A little adenine and guanine in the company of other mysterious stuff is a long, long way from something living but it's closer than we were before. Next Star Wars Gets Real	[ 2949, 530, 4206, 703, 262, 717, 20296, 393, 772, 262, 717, 10469, 3718, 1834, 669, 7042, 319, 3668, 11, 475, 530, 4583, 318, 326, 484, 1422, 470, 13, 11317, 11, 484, 547, 17392, 422, 2272, 13, 23782, 423, 587, 4917, 644, 3073, 588, 10685, 8246, 2587, 287, 19999, 2737, 329, 812, 11, 475, 340, 338, 3221, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 2323, 22733, 13, 770, 614, 11, 2158, 11, 10093, 11065, 257, 8667, 19999, 2737, 326, 11406, 287, 30185, 1043, 20675, 286, 512, 268, 500, 290, 915, 272, 500, 734, 286, 262, 1440, 17751, 672, 1386, 326, 787, 7446, 13, 1320, 338, 407, 257, 1263, 5975, 11, 1201, 17751, 672, 1386, 423, 587, 1043, 287, 19999, 2737, 878, 13, 887, 777, 547, 1043, 287, 262, 1664, 286, 584, 17745, 326, 547, 2092, 287, 4645, 475, 407, 10411, 13, 5845, 550, 1239, 587, 12326, 287, 2180, 19999, 578, 8405, 290, 484, 547, 635, 407, 1043, 319, 262, 2323, 810, 262, 2272, 12586, 11406, 13, 1320, 3173, 503, 22733, 290, 3173, 287, 2272, 1618, 873, 13, 317, 1310, 512, 268, 500, 290, 915, 272, 500, 287, 262, 1664, 286, 584, 11428, 3404, 318, 257, 890, 11, 890, 835, 422, 1223, 2877, 475, 340, 338, 5699, 621, 356, 547, 878, 13, 198, 10019, 2907, 6176, 29620, 6416, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	214
"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me." Very few people would agree that words don't hurt. In fact, it has been said that the tongue is like a sword. What comes from it can be deadly: "I hate you." "You make me sick." "You really need to lose some weight. Oh, did I just say that out loud?" Almost everyone can remember statements made to them in the heat of anger or out of frustration. One grown woman recalled when she was 14 years old, a supervisor told her she was being pushy even though the supervisor had agreed to get back to her with an answer the week before. A man with adult children shared how he is still haunted by the words a relative said to him as an adolescent, "You're no good! You're going to end up being just like your daddy." He has worked his whole life not to allow those words to define him. Once something has been said, it is impossible to take back. You can apologize and say you didn't mean it, but the words are still out there. How many of us have spoken disrespectfully to someone on the phone or behind a ticket counter in the midst of a frustrating situation? What statements have you made to your spouse or your children that you wish had never come out of your mouth? Words are powerful, and they can impact people for life. Questions to ask yourselF * How do you talk about your spouse in front of other people? * How do you speak to your spouse? * How do you talk to your children? * How do you talk to your co-workers? * How do you talk to the clerk at the grocery store? You can leave a person feeling trampled and beaten down or feeling supported and encouraged even if they are in the wrong. There is a big difference in saying, "That makes you look like an elephant," and "That isn't your best look." Choose your words carefully Here are some things to consider as you prepare for your next conversation. * Remember what you say and how you say it matter. * Consider how you would like the conversation to go. Just because someone is condescending to you does not justify you dishing it right back. * You can be angry, disappointed or frustrated and still be respectful. * Avoid the use of sarcasm; it isn't helpful. Communicating well is a skill. Your spouse, children, co-workers and neighbors all have the potential to say or do things that will make your blood pressure rise. Think before you speak, and choose your words carefully. Putting your foot in your mouth is always easier than trying to figure out how to get it out. E-mail Julie Baumgardner at [email protected]. related articles » Some of the more recent local injuries include malnourishment, broken bones and “shaken baby syndrome.” The question, said Ramon Presson, came out of the blue to a friend of his who was leading a “proper ... Since Don Britton has been there and done that when it comes to marriage, he'd like to save others the ...	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Madam Walker Made Millions Door to Door with Her Line of Beauty Products When a list is compiled naming the ten top famous African Americans from history, the name Madam C.J. Walker seldom makes the cut. But, that's a mistake: Her name should be included. Madam Walker was the first woman millionaire in the US. Not just the first African American millionaire, mind you, but the first woman ever to reach that lofty goal. And not only was she a shrewd and accomplished businesswoman, she was also a philanthropist and social activist. Walker's story began in Delta, Louisiana, on December 23, 1867. Born to parents just recently freed from slavery by the Civil War, she was an orphan by the age of eight. She made her way by working in the cotton fields and eventually relocated to St. Louis to be near her four brothers. By then she was widowed and had a daughter of her own, Lelia. She supported her child by working as a laundress. In the 1890's, suffering from an unknown scalp ailment, Walker began experimenting with homemade remedies and beauty treatments. When she and her new husband, Charles Walker, moved to Denver, Colorado, she started marketing her homemade hair and scalp treatments. Traveling the South and selling her products door to door, Walker watched the demand for her beauty treatments grow. Madam CJ Walker's Accomplishments Helped Create Nearly 3,000 Jobs By 1910, demand was high enough for her to begin mass production. Moving to Indianapolis, she built a factory to produce her growing line of beauty products. A hair salon and training school quickly followed. Her manufacturing company created nearly three thousand jobs in the area and her army of door-to-door saleswomen would eventually number nearly 20,000. Less than a year later, she was making headlines for her contributions to worthy African American causes in Indianapolis. In 1916, Walker moved her headquarters to New York City. There, she became increasingly socially aware and politically active. She donated $5000 to the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign and presented a petition at the White House demanding the passage of national anti-lynching legislation. At yearly conventions, she encouraged the women who worked for her to be politically active as well. Madam C.J. Walker died on May 25, 1919. She was only 52 years old, yet, during her relatively short lifetime, she had championed many worthy causes. She had been a major contributor to the NAACP, she had encouraged other budding businesswomen, and she had funded numerous scholarships for young men and women to attend the Tuskegee Institute, an all-black college founded by Booker T. Washington. Madam CJ Walker Closing Statments While her name does not always make the list of famous African Americans, Madam Walker earned her place in history. Generous and hardworking, she represents the very model of successful entrepreneurship and responsible stewardship. She founded a company that not only earned her millions but gave jobs to thousands of other people as well. And she used her money and her position to support civic and educational agencies that aided black people and also fought against racial discrimination. Even without the word "millionaire" behind her name, she is a woman worth remembering. Follow the link for another great article - Black Women and Small Business : Avenues for Aid What are your thoughts of Madame Walker's Accomplishments... please comment below!	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The Facts About Thinning Hair and Hair Growth Find out the causes and solutions of hair loss including hair care products that actually boost hair growth In what is called female pattern baldness, the cause of this inability to grow new hair is not well understood, but likely has to do with genes, aging and levels of endocrine hormones. The hormonal process of testosterone converting to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) -- which occurs in men and women -- damages the hair follicles. Note: All you need to remember as you're reading this is that DHT is not your friend because it triggers hair loss and inhibits hair growth. Check out thinning hair 101 now. Other than female pattern baldness, thinning hair happens in women for myriad reasons: • Underactive thyroid • Telogen effluvium (temporary hair shedding) • Alopecia areata (an immune disorder causing temporary hair loss) • Breaking of hair due to styling treatments and pulling of hair • Iron deficiency • Vitamin deficiency • Certain medications • Particular skin diseases • Hormonal abnormalities Dr. Philip Kingsley, unmatched expert on hair health, explains stress and thinning hair further. Plus, we highlight some hair care products to help stop hair loss and increase hair growth. Proceed to thinning hair 101. SEE NEXT PAGE: Hormones and hair loss	[ 464, 26972, 7994, 536, 23062, 23102, 290, 23102, 19045, 198, 16742, 503, 262, 5640, 290, 8136, 286, 4190, 2994, 1390, 4190, 1337, 3186, 326, 1682, 5750, 4190, 3349, 198, 818, 644, 318, 1444, 4048, 3912, 28273, 1108, 11, 262, 2728, 286, 428, 16612, 284, 1663, 649, 4190, 318, 407, 880, 7247, 11, 475, 1884, 468, 284, 466, 351, 10812, 11, 14736, 290, 2974, 286, 886, 38658, 21311, 13, 383, 36956, 1429, 286, 18776, 23202, 284, 2566, 15511, 305, 9288, 16372, 357, 35, 6535, 8, 1377, 543, 8833, 287, 1450, 290, 1466, 1377, 12616, 262, 4190, 22752, 2983, 13, 5740, 25, 1439, 345, 761, 284, 3505, 355, 345, 821, 3555, 428, 318, 326, 360, 6535, 318, 407, 534, 1545, 780, 340, 20022, 4190, 2994, 290, 49543, 4190, 3349, 13, 198, 9787, 503, 7888, 768, 4190, 8949, 783, 13, 198, 6395, 621, 4048, 3912, 28273, 1108, 11, 7888, 768, 4190, 4325, 287, 1466, 329, 24862, 3840, 25, 198, 3581, 4698, 5275, 30523, 198, 3581, 12088, 6644, 914, 2290, 85, 1505, 357, 11498, 5551, 4190, 39543, 8, 198, 3581, 978, 404, 721, 544, 389, 1045, 357, 272, 10900, 8967, 6666, 8584, 4190, 2994, 8, 198, 3581, 24942, 286, 4190, 2233, 284, 35517, 13820, 290, 10427, 286, 4190, 198, 3581, 7931, 23580, 198, 3581, 27533, 23580, 198, 3581, 16272, 17638, 198, 3581, 2142, 13174, 4168, 10040, 198, 3581, 367, 33792, 34615, 198, 6187, 13, 14576, 10578, 1636, 11, 48621, 5887, 319, 4190, 1535, 11, 6688, 5503, 290, 7888, 768, 4190, 2252, 13, 8227, 11, 356, 7238, 617, 4190, 1337, 3186, 284, 1037, 2245, 4190, 2994, 290, 2620, 4190, 3349, 13, 198, 2964, 2707, 284, 7888, 768, 4190, 8949, 13, 198, 36078, 39726, 48488, 25, 367, 579, 1952, 290, 4190, 2994, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	287
© 2013 TutorialsPoint.COM SOAP Fault Element When an error occurs during processing, the response to a SOAP message is a SOAP fault element in the body of the message, and the fault is returned to the sender of the SOAP message. The SOAP fault mechanism returns specific information about the error, including a predefined code, a description, the address of the SOAP processor that generated A SOAP Message can carry only one fault block Fault element is an optional part of SOAP Message For the HTTP binding, a successful response is linked to the 200 to 299 range of status codes; SOAP fault is linked to the 500 to 599 range of status codes. The SOAP Fault element has the following sub elements: \|\|A text code used to indicate a class of errors. See the next Table for a listing of predefined fault codes. \|\|A text message explaning the error \|\|A text string indicating who caused the fault. This is useful if the SOAP message travels through several nodes in the SOAP message path, and the client needs to know which node caused the error. A node that does not act as the ultimate destination must include a faultActor element. An element used to carry application-specific error messages. The detail element can contain child elements, called detail entries. SOAP Fault Codes The faultCode values defined below must be used in the faultcode element when describing faults \|\|Found an invalid namespace for the SOAP Envelope element \|\|An immediate child element of the Header element, with the mustUnderstand attribute set to "1", was \|\|The message was incorrectly formed or contained incorrect information \|\|There was a problem with the server so the message could not proceed SOAP Fault Example The following code is a sample Fault. The client has requested a method named ValidateCreditCard , but the service does not support such a method. This represents a client request error, and the server returns the following SOAP response: <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> Failed to locate method (ValidateCreditCard) in class (examplesCreditCard) at /usr/local/ActivePerl-5.6/lib/ site_perl/5.6.0/SOAP/Lite.pm line 1555.	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Checkup on Health Who should consider taking a daily aspirin? Aspirin, once mostly used on an occasional basis for fever, aches and pains, is now, for many, taken daily like a vitamin pill. If you’re taking an aspirin daily, is that a wise practice? Alternatively, if you’re not, should you be? How aspirin works Aspirin has many effects because it reduces the body’s production of prostaglandins, a hormone-like substance that acts in numerous ways. Reducing prostaglandins diminishes pain and fever and weakens platelets’ ability to stick together and form clots. This characteristic is especially important in lessening the risk of strokes and heart attack, which are caused by clots lodging in coronary arteries or blood vessels in the brain. Reducing prostaglandins can have harmful effects as well. It can make the stomach lining more vulnerable to ulcer formation and bleeding. And for some people who are prone to asthma, it can trigger an attack. Who should take aspirin? Aspirin’s ability to reduce the risk of a second heart attack or stroke has been known for quite a while, and doctors have long advised people who have previously had a heart attack, an ischemic stroke (one caused by a clot) or TIAs (so-called “mini-strokes”) to take a daily aspirin. Patients with unstable angina, who are at very high risk for a heart attack, are also treated with aspirin in the hospital. There is also enough evidence of aspirin’s benefits in reducing heart attack and stroke risk that doctors are increasingly recommending a daily aspirin for many healthy people. This includes all men over age 50 and all women over age 60, especially if they have even one risk factor for heart disease. Risk factors include a personal or family history of heart disease, having hypertension, being overweight, not exercising, smoking, having high cholesterol or being diabetic. Who shouldn’t have daily aspirin? For some individuals, the risks of aspirin therapy itself are greater than the potential benefits. A significant percentage of people develop stomach irritation from aspirin. For many it is mild, but for others who develop ulcers or internal bleeding, the health consequences can be major. Gastric problems can often be avoided by taking the lowest recommended daily dosage or using enteric, or coated aspirin. People who suffer from severe liver or kidney disease should also avoid aspirin, as should those who consume three or more alcoholic drinks each day. People who are allergic to aspirin, as evidenced by facial swelling or an asthma attack, also must not take aspirin. High blood pressure, while posing a significant risk for heart attack and stroke, must be brought under control before initiating daily aspirin. High blood pressure greatly increases the risk for hemorrhagic strokes, the type caused by rupture of a small blood vessel and resultant blood leakage into the brain. The anticoagulant properties of aspirin can exacerbate this kind of stroke. People who have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation need anticoagulant medication, but aspirin is typically not adequate for their needs. Most are advised to take warfarin (Coumadin), a stronger medication that is generally not combined with aspirin. For minor aches and pains, patients on warfarin should take acetaminophen or another non-aspirin analgesic. Daily aspirin therapy can be a lifesaver for many, but because of the risks, do not start a program without consulting your physician. Also discuss the best daily dosage for you, which can safely range from 50 mg to 325 mg a day. Even if you decide not to take a daily aspirin, keep a bottle of chewable baby aspirin in your car and in your medicine cabinet. It’s important to have one on hand in case of a heart attack. Take two 81-mg tablets as soon as any heart attack symptom, such as chest pain or tightness, arises. Then go to a hospital emergency room or call 911 at once. Aspirin, however, should not be taken at the time of a stroke. Symptoms may include sudden severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion, weakness or trouble speaking or understanding speech. Before a medical evaluation, it is impossible to determine if a stroke is hemorrhagic, which may worsen with aspirin.	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It's time to talk... About Underage Drinking April is Alcohol Awareness Month. Are you talking to your teen about alcohol? For many parents, bringing up the subject of alcohol is no easy matter. Your young teen may try to dodge the discussion, and you yourself may feel unsure about how to proceed. To make the most of your conversation, take some time to think about the issues you want to discuss before you talk with your child. Consider too how your child might react and ways you might respond to your youngster’s questions and feelings. Then choose a time to talk when both you and your child have some “down time” and are feeling relaxed. You don’t need to cover everything at once. In fact, you’re likely to have a greater impact on your child’s decisions about drinking by having a number of talks about alcohol use throughout his or her adolescence. Think of this talk with your child as the first part of an ongoing conversation. And remember, do make it a conversation, not a lecture! You might begin by finding out what your child thinks about alcohol and drinking. Your Child’s Views About Alcohol. Ask your young teen what he or she knows about alcohol and what he or she thinks about teen drinking. Ask your child why he or she thinks kids drink. Listen carefully without interrupting. Not only will this approach help your child to feel heard and respected, but it can serve as a natural “lead-in” to discussing alcohol topics. Important Facts About Alcohol. Although many kids believe that they already know everything about alcohol, myths and misinformation abound. Here are some important facts to share: Alcohol is a powerful drug that slows down the body and mind. It impairs coordination; slows reaction time; and impairs vision, clear thinking, and judgment. Beer and wine are not “safer” than hard liquor. A 12-ounce can of beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and 1.5 ounces of hard liquor all contain the same amount of alcohol and have the same effects on the body and mind. On average, it takes 2 to 3 hours for a single drink to leave a person’s system. Nothing can speed up this process, including drinking coffee, taking a cold shower, or “walking it off.” People tend to be very bad at judging how seriously alcohol has affected them. That means many individuals who drive after drinking think they can control a car—but actually cannot. Anyone can develop a serious alcohol problem, including a teenager. Good Reasons Not to Drink. In talking with your child about reasons to avoid alcohol, stay away from scare tactics. Most young teens are aware that many people drink without problems, so it is important to discuss the consequences of alcohol use without overstating the case. Some good reasons why teens should not drink: You want your child to avoid alcohol. Clearly state your own expectations about your child’s drinking. Your values and attitudes count with your child, even though he or she may not always show it. To maintain self-respect. Teens say the best way to persuade them to avoid alcohol is to appeal to their self-respect—let them know that they are too smart and have too much going for them to need the crutch of alcohol. Teens also are likely to pay attention to examples of how alcohol might lead to embarrassing situations or events—things that might damage their self-respect or alter important relationships. Drinking is illegal. Because alcohol use under the age of 21 is illegal, getting caught may mean trouble with the authorities. Even if getting caught doesn’t lead to police action, the parents of your child’s friends may no longer permit them to associate with your child. Drinking can be dangerous. One of the leading causes of teen deaths is motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol. Drinking also makes a young person more vulnerable to sexual assault and unprotected sex. And while your teen may believe he or she wouldn’t engage in hazardous activities after drinking, point out that because alcohol impairs judgment, a drinker is very likely to think such activities won’t be dangerous. You have a family history of alcoholism. If one or more members of your family has suffered from alcoholism, your child may be somewhat more vulnerable to developing a drinking problem. Alcohol affects young people differently than adults. Drinking while the brain is still maturing may lead to long-lasting intellectual effects and may even increase the likelihood of developing alcohol dependence later in life. If you would like to learn more about how underage alcohol consumption affects teens, and how you can prevent your teen from using, join us for our next Community Forum on Underage Drinking at the Community Services Buildign on May 14th at 7:00pm. If you have questions about the event contact Holly Zweizig at 937-645-2016	[ 1026, 338, 640, 284, 1561, 986, 198, 8585, 4698, 496, 43963, 198, 16784, 318, 21051, 36735, 16061, 13, 198, 8491, 345, 3375, 284, 534, 6036, 546, 5548, 30, 198, 1890, 867, 3397, 11, 6079, 510, 262, 2426, 286, 5548, 318, 645, 2562, 2300, 13, 3406, 1862, 6036, 743, 1949, 284, 24885, 262, 5114, 11, 290, 345, 3511, 743, 1254, 22147, 546, 703, 284, 5120, 13, 1675, 787, 262, 749, 286, 534, 5273, 11, 1011, 617, 640, 284, 892, 546, 262, 2428, 345, 765, 284, 2112, 878, 345, 1561, 351, 534, 1200, 13, 12642, 1165, 703, 534, 1200, 1244, 6324, 290, 2842, 345, 1244, 3031, 284, 534, 40944, 447, 247, 82, 2683, 290, 7666, 13, 3244, 3853, 257, 640, 284, 1561, 618, 1111, 345, 290, 534, 1200, 423, 617, 564, 250, 2902, 640, 447, 251, 290, 389, 4203, 18397, 13, 198, 1639, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 3002, 2279, 379, 1752, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 345, 447, 247, 260, 1884, 284, 423, 257, 3744, 2928, 319, 534, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 5370, 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Protein critical for insulin secretion may be contributor to diabetes October 26, 2009 A cellular protein from a family involved in several human diseases is crucial for the proper production and release of insulin, new research has found, suggesting that the protein might play a role in diabetes. Mice lacking the ClC-3 channel, a passageway that allows negatively charged chloride ions to pass through cell membranes, have only one-fifth the circulating insulin of normal mice, according to research published this month in the journal Cell Metabolism. Researchers Deborah Nelson and Louis Philipson of the University of Chicago, senior authors on the paper, argue that the finding may explain a portion of what goes wrong in Type 2 diabetes and could help doctors find rare patients whose diabetes has a previously-undetected genetic origin. "Chloride regulation is not really well understood, but it's at the heart of cystic fibrosis, and it is related to the regulation of how insulin gets made," said Philipson, professor of medicine and medical director of the Kovler Diabetes Center at the University of Chicago. "Now we see that it's a critical feature of how insulin gets converted from a precursor form to its most active form." Insulin is made and released by specialized pancreas cells called Beta-cells. The cell first synthesizes a protein called pro-insulin, discovered forty years ago at the University of Chicago by Donald Steiner, which is then put inside structures called secretory granules. Inside the secretory granule, proinsulin is chemically converted into insulin, and the granule moves to the cell surface where it can release insulin into the blood. Steiner discovered that the conversion of proinsulin to insulin must happen in an acidic environment, but how the granules make themselves acidic was unknown. A team lead by Ludmila Deriy, a research assistant professor in Nelson's laboratory, studied genetic knockout mice missing the ClC-3 chloride channel. The blood of those mice contained lower levels of insulin and cellular measurements discovered that fewer granules were released by Beta-cells from ClC-3 knockouts and that the granules of ClC-3 knockout mice were less acidic than those from normal mice. High-powered electron microscope images allowed researchers to observe that the granules of ClC-3 knockout mice contained higher amounts of proinsulin than granules from normal mice. Missing ClC-3 therefore appears to cause a dramatic slowdown of the conversion of proinsulin to insulin inside the granules, said Nelson, professor of neurobiology at the University of Chicago. "Not only is release down, but what is released is not as efficacious a molecule," Nelson said. "It's pro-insulin rather insulin, if anything's released at all." A mutation in the function of ClC-3 in humans could very well be the cause of a select few cases of juvenile diabetes, Nelson and Philipson said. However, while other ClC proteins have been linked to bone, muscle and kidney disease, no human case of diabetes has yet been linked to the function of this specific protein. Because ClC-3 knockout mice also experience epileptic seizures, a patient diagnosed with both epilepsy and diabetes could potentially have an undetected defect in their ClC-3 channel. "If it happens that there's epilepsy and diabetes, it's not currently recognized as a syndrome," Philipson said. "We would be extremely interested in cases like that." Finding a patient with this rare form of genetically-caused diabetes could be aided by efforts such as Lilly's Law, an Illinois legislation signed in August that created a statewide diabetes registry. The law requires that doctors report all diagnoses of children younger than 12 months to the state Department of Public Health. Scientists can then test those children to see if their disease is caused by a genetic mutation, knowledge that can improve the child's treatment. The law is named for Lilly Jaffe, a girl diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes that was treated by Philipson and University of Chicago Medical Center colleagues in 2006. Lilly was found to have a rare genetic mutation in a different cellular protein, meaning her disease was treatable with oral medication rather than insulin injections. A mutation of the ClC-3 channel would probably still be treated with insulin rather than an oral medication. But observing ClC-3 function in humans may provide insight into Type 2 diabetes as well, Philipson said, as the disruption of insulin production and secretion resembles cellular effects seen in adult-onset diabetes. "We know that Type 2 diabetes is a progressive illness where insulin secretion is high and then goes down over time, but why does it do that? This ties some connection between chloride channels and granular function to the ability of insulin to come out of the cell," Philipson said. "This could be an important pathway in Type 2 diabetes, so it's not just the rare patient that's affected, it's 25 million people in the United States." The study, "The Granular Chloride Channel ClC-3 Is Permissive for Insulin Secretion," was published in the journal Cell Metabolism on October 7. Alongside Deriy, Philipson, and Nelson, Erwin Gomez, David Jacobson, XueQing Wang, Jessika Hopson, Xiang Liu, Guangping Zhang, and Vytautas Bindokas are listed as authors. All authors come from the University of Chicago. Funding for the research was provided by the National Institutes of Health and by the University of Chicago Diabetes Research and Training Center. 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Carrollton, the seat of Carroll county, is located on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kentucky River. The area was settled in the late eighteenth century and the town was established in 1794 as Port William, named probably for William Porter, an early settler. Port William was the seat of Gallatin county (formed in 1798) until 1838 when Carroll county was formed. Port William was made the seat of the new county and renamed Carrollton. The Port William post office opened in 1807 and was renamed Carrollton in 1838. The population in 1990 was 3,715.	[ 9914, 2487, 1122, 11, 262, 5852, 286, 21298, 7968, 11, 318, 5140, 319, 262, 6835, 5866, 379, 262, 5422, 286, 262, 11867, 5866, 13, 383, 1989, 373, 10282, 287, 262, 2739, 45592, 4289, 290, 262, 3240, 373, 4920, 287, 1596, 5824, 355, 4347, 3977, 11, 3706, 2192, 329, 3977, 20890, 11, 281, 1903, 2970, 1754, 13, 4347, 3977, 373, 262, 5852, 286, 7096, 10680, 7968, 357, 12214, 287, 1596, 4089, 8, 1566, 1248, 2548, 618, 21298, 7968, 373, 7042, 13, 4347, 3977, 373, 925, 262, 5852, 286, 262, 649, 7968, 290, 25121, 21298, 1122, 13, 383, 4347, 3977, 1281, 2607, 4721, 287, 1248, 2998, 290, 373, 25121, 21298, 1122, 287, 1248, 2548, 13, 383, 3265, 287, 6303, 373, 513, 11, 22, 1314, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	124
Get answers to your heart disease prevention questions. First aid - heart attack; First aid - cardiopulmonary arrest; First aid - cardiac arrest A heart attack is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you or someone else is having a heart attack. The average person waits 3 hours before seeking help for symptoms of a heart attack. Many heart attack patients die before they reach a hospital. The sooner the person gets to the emergency room, the better the chance of survival. Prompt medical treatment reduces the amount of heart damage. This article discusses what to do if you think someone may be having a heart attack. For more information on the condition itself, see: Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that carries oxygen to the heart is blocked. The heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen and begins to die. See: Heart attack Symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person. They may be mild or severe. Women, the elderly, and people with diabetes are more likely to have subtle or unusual symptoms. Symptoms in adults may include: Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person: Adults should take steps to control heart disease risk factors whenever possible. Hollander JE. Acute coronary syndromes. Acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM, eds. Emergency Medcinie: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 6th ed. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill;2004:chap 50. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr., et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157. Brady WJ, Harrigan RA, Chan TC. Acute coronary syndrome. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 76. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. © 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). All rights reserved. UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. TDD: 1-800-735-2258 or 1.866.408.6885	[ 3855, 7429, 284, 534, 2612, 4369, 14196, 2683, 13, 198, 5962, 6133, 532, 2612, 1368, 26, 3274, 6133, 532, 2657, 14922, 377, 36639, 3251, 26, 3274, 6133, 532, 26077, 3251, 198, 32, 2612, 1368, 318, 257, 3315, 6334, 13, 4889, 16679, 393, 534, 1957, 6334, 1271, 611, 345, 892, 345, 393, 2130, 2073, 318, 1719, 257, 2612, 1368, 13, 198, 464, 2811, 1048, 28364, 513, 2250, 878, 6095, 1037, 329, 7460, 286, 257, 2612, 1368, 13, 4650, 2612, 1368, 3871, 4656, 878, 484, 3151, 257, 4436, 13, 383, 14556, 262, 1048, 3011, 284, 262, 6334, 2119, 11, 262, 1365, 262, 2863, 286, 9441, 13, 45965, 3315, 3513, 12850, 262, 2033, 286, 2612, 2465, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 19451, 644, 284, 466, 611, 345, 892, 2130, 743, 307, 1719, 257, 2612, 1368, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 319, 262, 4006, 2346, 11, 766, 25, 8894, 1368, 13, 198, 32, 2612, 1368, 8833, 618, 262, 2910, 5202, 326, 10732, 11863, 284, 262, 2612, 318, 10226, 13, 383, 2612, 8280, 4329, 47224, 329, 11863, 290, 6140, 284, 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WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A panel of governmental, academic and non-profit scientists speaking today at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) unveiled research suggesting that diseases found in dolphins are similar to human diseases and can provide clues into how human health might be affected by exposure to contaminated coastal water or seafood. “Dolphins and humans are both mammals, and their diet includes much of the same seafood that we consume. Unlike us, however, they are exposed to potential ocean health threats such as toxic algae or poor water quality 24 hours a day,” said Carolyn Sotka of the NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative and lead organizer of the session. “Our ecological and physiological similarities make dolphins an important ‘sentinel species’ to not only warn us of health risks, but also provide insight into how our health can benefit from new medical discoveries.” “Marine animal and ecosystem health are connected to public health and well-being,” said Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. “NOAA is committed to better understanding these connections and building the partnerships necessary to have healthy oceans, including healthy dolphins.” NOAA is the principal stewardship agency responsible for protecting dolphins in the wild and supports a network of national and international projects aimed at investigating health concerns. A few of these case studies highlighted today at AAAS illustrate how studying disease processes, or pathologies in dolphins, could lead to future prevention or treatment of some diseases in humans. Equally important is the knowledge gained with regards to overall population health, which can lead to improved management and science-based guidelines to mitigate disease outbreak in both people and animals. Unprecedented Contaminant Levels in Coastal Dolphins Warn of Potential Health Risks Researchers from NOAA and its partner institutions recently discovered that bottlenose dolphins inhabiting estuaries along the Georgia coast have the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ever reported in marine wildlife. The term PCB encompasses a suite of persistent contaminants that have been banned in the United States since the late 1970s due to documented adverse health effects. The extraordinarily high levels of PCBs measured in the dolphins, a maximum concentration of 2900 parts per million, may be suppressing their immune function. The unique signature of the PCB compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a Superfund site near Brunswick, Ga. Scientists are equally concerned about the high PCB levels in dolphins sampled near a marine protected area approximately 30 miles from Brunswick. This suggests that the contaminants are moving along the coast through the marine food web. “When we received the lab results for the Georgia dolphins, we were alarmed by the contaminant levels and set out to investigate how these heavy chemical burdens were affecting their health,” states Lori Schwacke, Ph.D., with NOAA’s Center for Oceans and Human Health at the Hollings Marine Lab and co-lead investigator on the team. Last August, the team conducted a dolphin ‘capture-release medical physical’ on this population and found decreased levels of thyroid hormones, elevated liver enzymes and indications of suppressed immune function. A pilot study is being undertaken by the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to examine potential environmental contaminants in residents of nearby coastal communities. The researchers are investigating whether coastal dolphin populations and human communities sharing the same seafood resources experience similar exposures. Dolphins May Offer Clues to Treating Diabetes in Humans Research conducted in part by the non-profit National Marine Mammal Foundation (NMMF) has uncovered evidence that bottlenose dolphins may be the first natural animal model for type II diabetes. Further study of their genome may elucidate a possible treatment for a disease that accounts for an estimated 5 percent of all human deaths globally, according to the World Health Organization. These studies have found that healthy dolphins appear to readily turn on and off a diabetes-like state as needed. This “switch” mechanism is likely driven by the dolphins’ very high-protein and very low-carbohydrate fish diet. Analyses have revealed that a fasting mechanism in dolphins may trigger a series of changes in serum chemistries that matches those seen in humans with diabetes. “While some people may eat a high protein diet to help control diabetes, dolphins appear to have developed a diabetes-like state to support a high protein diet,” according to Stephanie Venn-Watson, Ph.D., director of clinical research for NMMF. “Shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar.” Additional evidence collected from this study shows that humans and dolphins may share similar chronic disease outcomes associated with diabetes such as insulin resistance, hemochromatosis (iron overload) and kidney stones. Model for Epilepsy Discovered from Marine Exposure to Toxic Algae NOAA researchers found that for the first time exposing laboratory animals to a toxin produced by blooms of microscopic ocean algae can induce seizures and eventually lead to epilepsy in almost all of the animals tested. Establishing this novel linkage of oceans and health offers a new perspective to researchers and clinicians studying human epilepsy. Working with the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, Calif., and other partners, scientists initially suspected a marine environmental cause of epilepsy by studying marine mammals and other wildlife with seizures that washed up on California beaches over the past decade. The seizures were found to be caused by exposure to domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by the Pseudo-nitzschia australis alga. After realizing thatsome sea lions were stranded with seizures when there were no harmful algal blooms, researchers started to believe that domoic acid poisoning may have progressed to chronic epileptic disease. Chief of Harmful Algal Blooms & Analytical Response at NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, John Ramsdell, Ph.D., conducted laboratory experiments to validate the field observations seen in sea lions. His research team exposed laboratory rats to domoic acid at levels similar to what a sea lion or dolphin might ingest in the wild by eating contaminated fish. “Within six months of the initial exposure, 92 percent of laboratory rats tested developed epileptic disease that worsened over their lifetime,” said Ramsdell. “The domoic acid itself is not directly causing the epilepsy, but triggers a brief period of seizures that leads to changes in the brain, resulting in spontaneous and reoccurring seizures, the hallmark of epilepsy.” The type of epilepsy in the rat model resembles human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, as confirmed by at least one human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. This research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. Stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not survive long enough for treatment and study. It is possible that the acute initial poisoning may lead to sudden death; however, these new findings indicate those animals that survive an initial bout of seizures are likely to develop neurological disease with changes in behavior and increasing severity of spontaneous seizures. This new information can help guide future research and emergency response efforts during the next harmful algal bloom event. Dolphin Viruses May Have Human Health Implications A team of researchers and veterinarians from the Marine Animal Disease Lab at the University of Florida have discovered at least 50 new viruses in dolphins, the majority of which have yet to be reported in any other marine mammal species. “We know that the ocean harbors a huge diversity of viruses; but we have very limited knowledge as to which viruses dolphins are susceptible to and how they develop the disease,” said Hendrik H. Nollens, Ph.D., research lead of the UF team. “By studying dolphin viral ecology, we learned more about how viruses infect human and land animals. This research could lead to preventing outbreaks of disease.” One of these viruses, the human papillomavirus, was found to be common in bottlenose dolphins and likely represents the first natural model of papillomavirus outside the human species. Commonly known as HPV in humans, the virus has historically produced great health risks including cervical tumors or cancer in women, especially women with multiple types of the papillomavirus. This new study shows that while dolphins also host multiple types of papillomaviruses they don’t appear to get cancer, only genital warts. Further research into the genome of this virus in dolphins may help understand, manage and prevent cervical cancer in humans. Thirteen additional RNA-based viruses that cause intestinal disease and encephalitis in humans have also recently been discovered in dolphins, whales and other marine life. Much like West Nile, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and influenza, RNA-based viruses have the ability to quickly adapt, rapidly mutate and jump from animals to people, posing potential threats to public health. Another virus identified in the dolphins had incorporated part of a similar human virus into its DNA make-up, making it a very probable candidate to infect humans. Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of UnderwaterTimes.com, its staff or its advertisers.	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Poor sanitary conditions lead to increase in skin disease in SyriaListen / There has been an increase in cases of leishmaniasis in Syria, according to Dr. Glen Thomas of the World Health Organization, (WHO). Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly and characterized by skin sores. Dr. Thomas says the disease is spreading because of poor waste and hygiene management caused by the continuing conflict in the country. The form of the disease which affects the skin is not life-threatening and not a priority disease, says the doctor, but it is a concern. The symptoms are sores and scars on the body and they come into effect a couple of weeks after the sand flies have transmitted the disease. And we are now helping and trying to get deliveries of treatments to the affected areas. But obviously because of the situation, it is very difficult. Dr. Thomas says the Aleppo area is where the increase in leishmaniasis has been seen. Gerry Adams, United Nations	[ 43920, 5336, 9331, 3403, 1085, 284, 2620, 287, 4168, 4369, 287, 4392, 23061, 1220, 198, 1858, 468, 587, 281, 2620, 287, 2663, 286, 443, 680, 805, 48455, 287, 4392, 11, 1864, 284, 1583, 13, 20716, 5658, 286, 262, 2159, 3893, 12275, 11, 357, 41856, 737, 198, 3123, 680, 805, 48455, 318, 257, 4369, 18307, 416, 262, 13197, 286, 262, 6450, 6129, 290, 16264, 416, 4168, 264, 2850, 13, 198, 6187, 13, 5658, 1139, 262, 4369, 318, 14342, 780, 286, 3595, 7030, 290, 33306, 4542, 4073, 416, 262, 8282, 5358, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 464, 1296, 286, 262, 4369, 543, 10975, 262, 4168, 318, 407, 1204, 12, 26159, 290, 407, 257, 8475, 4369, 11, 1139, 262, 6253, 11, 475, 340, 318, 257, 2328, 13, 198, 464, 7460, 389, 264, 2850, 290, 31109, 319, 262, 1767, 290, 484, 1282, 656, 1245, 257, 3155, 286, 2745, 706, 262, 6450, 17607, 423, 18307, 262, 4369, 13, 843, 356, 389, 783, 5742, 290, 2111, 284, 651, 31167, 286, 13820, 284, 262, 5676, 3006, 13, 887, 6189, 780, 286, 262, 3074, 11, 340, 318, 845, 2408, 13, 198, 6187, 13, 5658, 1139, 262, 18593, 1989, 318, 810, 262, 2620, 287, 443, 680, 805, 48455, 468, 587, 1775, 13, 198, 38, 6996, 12620, 11, 1578, 7973, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	211
New Class of Tuberculosis-Fighting Antibiotics Suggested By Biochemical-Pathway Study (Philadelphia, PA) - A worldwide health problem, tuberculosis kills more people than any other bacterial infection. The World Health Organization estimates that two billion people are infected with TB, and that two million people die each year from the disease. However, due to multi-drug resistance and a protracted medication regimen, it is extremely difficult to treat. Hence, there is still a great deal of interest in developing new anti-tubercular drugs. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have identified a biochemical target that could lead to a new class of antibiotics to fight TB. They report their findings in this week’s online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In a proof-of-principle study, Harvey Rubin, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and colleagues were able to stop the bacteria from multiplying by inhibiting the first step in a common biochemical pathway. This pathway is responsible for making the energy molecules all cells need to survive. First author Edward Weinstein, an MD/PhD student, Rubin, and colleagues characterized the pathway and showed that an important enzyme in it is a key target for anti-TB agents. The pathway, explains Rubin, is like a series of links in a chain, with enzymes facilitating reactions along the way. “We discovered that if you inhibit the very first enzyme in the chain, you inhibit everything else downstream and eventually the bacteria die,” he explains. The research group tested phenothiazine, a drug used in the past to treat schizophrenia, in cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB. They found that phenothiazines killed the bacterium in culture and suppressed its growth in mice with acute TB infection. While the effect on the growth of TB in mice was small, it suggested that a valid target was identified. The research group went on to show that the enzyme disabled by the phenothiazines is called type II NADH dehydrogenase and is a unique and important antimicrobial target. “What we have now is a new target in TB,” says Rubin. “We’ve been able to find at least the beginnings of a class of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the TB bacteria in culture and in small animals.” Is it a new drug for tuberculosis? Not yet, cautions Rubin. It’s premature to say that this class of drugs will cure TB, but it does represent the start of basic research towards that, he concludes. Next steps include more investigations on inhibitors of the NADH biochemical pathway in TB, and the development of high-throughput screens to find better and safer inhibitors of type II NADH dehydrogenase. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. Rubin and Weinstein’s coauthors are Takahiro Yano, Lin-Sheng Li, David Avarbock, Andrew Avarbock and Douglas Helm from Penn, and Andrew McColm, Ken Duncan, and John T. Lonsdale from GlaxoSmithKline (Collegeville, PA and Stevenage, UK). Animal studies were conducted at GlaxoSmithKline. Penn researchers report no conflicts of interest. PENN Medicine is a $2.7 billion enterprise dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and high-quality patient care. PENN Medicine consists of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (founded in 1765 as the nation’s first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System (created in 1993 as the nation’s first integrated academic health Penn’s School of Medicine is ranked #3 in the nation for receipt of NIH research funds; and ranked #4 in the nation in U.S. News & World Report’s most recent ranking of top research-oriented medical schools. Supporting 1,400 fulltime faculty and 700 students, the School of Medicine is recognized worldwide for its superior education and training of the next generation of physician-scientists and leaders of academic Penn Health System is comprised of: its flagship hospital, the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, consistently rated one of the nation’s “Honor Roll” hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Pennsylvania Hospital, the nation's first hospital; Presbyterian Medical Center; a faculty practice plan; a primary-care provider network; two multispecialty satellite facilities; and home health care and hospice.	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Anthony Atala is a surgeon, the Chair of the Department of Urology at the Wake Forest University for Medicine, and the Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where he specializes in the growth and regeneration of organs and tissues. He is also the former Director of the Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapeutics at Children's Hospital Boston. When Atala joined the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in 2004, he led the research team that created the first lab-grown organ - a human bladder - to be successfully implanted in a human being. Currently, he is working on growing and printing other organs to eventually reduce the time that transplant patients spend waiting for an organ. He and his team have successfully printed prototype kidneys for this purpose. Atala has also been successful in harvesting stem cells from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. Amniotic stem cells can be manipulated to transform into various types of mature cells that make up nerves, muscles, bones and other tissues. These stem cells are able to thrive for years and can be used to grow new tissues and organs when damaged ones are in need of replacement. They are easier to grow than embryonic stem cells and avoid the ethical concerns that are associated with embryonic stem cell research. Atala believes that, "A bank of 100,000 specimens of the amniotic stem cells theoretically could supply 99% of the US population with perfect genetic matches for transplants." Atala's lecture will address the implications of organ and tissue regeneration, as well as consider what the future of synthetic organs will bring. ABOUT THIS LECTURE Today there are many more people awaiting organs than there are organs available from donors. People are dying as a result. And the problem is only going to get worse in the future as the number of organs required grows at a much faster rate than the number of donors. Dr. Anthony Atala, a leading researcher in the field of regenerative medicine, is exploring a variety of approaches to making human organs in the lab for transplant into those with failing organs. In this presentation, he will discuss where the field of regenerative medicine is going in the context of the approaches that he is exploring. Possibly the most intriguing of these is the use of a device that his lab has built based on the principle of an ink-jet printer. Instead of ink in the printer that he has built, Atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. To do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the extracted cells as seeds, grows many more in the lab. He then mixes the cells with a chemical that turns into a gel when it comes into contact with water. He places this mixture in the 'ink' cartridge of the printer that he has built. The ink-jet mechanism of the printer prints a layer of cells onto a petri dish containing water, which with the chemical additive, turns the water into a gel. The dish is then moved down a fraction of an inch and a second layer is printed. This continues until the organ is complete. The printing process is designed in such a way that the cells are able to create various shapes in each layer. In this way, Atala is able to create blood vessels and other essential organ components as he prints it such that once complete he has a functioning organ. Furthermore, because the organ has been made with the patient's cells this approach avoids problems of rejection associated with donor supplied organs. At this time, printed organs have not been used in humans; Atala is still developing the technique and significant work remains before the approach is ready for to be tested in patients. Previous to the printing of organs, Atala has artificially grown organs using human tissue. For example, he was the first to successfully create a bladder in the laboratory and place it into a human. Anthony Atala's Profile Anthony Atala's profile on the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine website Anthony Atala's TED Talk on lab-grown organs Anthony Atala's TED Talk on printing a human kidney Singularity Hub Article An article about Anthony Atala's work on the Singularity Hub	[ 32697, 1629, 6081, 318, 257, 23923, 11, 262, 9369, 286, 262, 2732, 286, 471, 31142, 379, 262, 20441, 9115, 2059, 329, 11558, 11, 290, 262, 5890, 286, 262, 20441, 9115, 5136, 329, 40721, 876, 11558, 11, 810, 339, 29786, 287, 262, 3349, 290, 27597, 286, 16613, 290, 21379, 13, 679, 318, 635, 262, 1966, 5890, 286, 262, 18643, 329, 309, 21949, 14044, 290, 50072, 12634, 1758, 48063, 379, 8990, 338, 9256, 6182, 13, 198, 2215, 1629, 6081, 5399, 262, 20441, 9115, 5136, 329, 40721, 876, 11558, 287, 5472, 11, 339, 2957, 262, 2267, 1074, 326, 2727, 262, 717, 2248, 12, 22377, 1618, 532, 257, 1692, 34918, 532, 284, 307, 7675, 40740, 287, 257, 1692, 852, 13, 16888, 11, 339, 318, 1762, 319, 3957, 290, 13570, 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Hormone Promises to Keep Joint Injuries from Causing Long-term Osteoarthritis Goal to Extend Useful Life of Arthritic Knees and Hips September 12, 2009 An existing osteoporosis drug is the first ever found to prevent cartilage loss from osteoarthritis following injury to a joint, and may also regenerate some cartilage that has been lost to osteoarthritis, according to an early study presented today at the annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research in Denver. While the study was in mice, the model closely mimics human osteoarthritis that develops following knee injuries, according to the study authors. Cartilage can become damaged by many kinds of injury and by mechanical stresses that come with age. Over time, damaged cartilage deteriorates to cause osteoarthritis (OA), with its attendant joint inflammation and pain. Currently available drugs like steroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. Advil, Aleve) reduce pain but do not address the loss of cartilage behind the osteoarthritis, which is projected to afflict more than 50 million Americans by 2020. Cartilage forms the sponge-like, shock-absorbing layers that keep the impact of running and jumping and lifting from grinding bones against each other in joints. The cell type at the heart of osteoarthritis is the chondrocyte, the cartilage-producing cell responsible for maintaining the integrity of joint cartilage. Outside of joints, chondrocytes undergo a normal maturation process that helps to form bone as part of fracture healing and bone growth in children. Disease processes and injury, however, cause chondrocytes in joint surface cartilage to become like those that help to heal bone elsewhere, but where bone is not supposed to form. This mistaken maturation contributes to the gradual destruction of the joint seen in osteoarthritis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), known as teriparatide in drug form, has emerged as a major player in the maintenance and healing of bone, and the race is on to design new applications for it. Past studies have established that PTH prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. Signaling molecules like PTH have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on the cell surfaces called receptors. PTH docks into its receptors, like a ship coming into port, which changes the shape of the dock such that biochemical signals are sent. The authors of the current study observed that chondrocytes within injured and degenerating cartilage have more PTH type 1 receptors on their surfaces. This makes them especially sensitive to the PTH signal that prevents harmful chondrocyte maturation into bone in the joint cartilage. Thus, PTH therapy should increase the cartilage supply exactly where cartilage loss is causing disease. “Right now physicians have no way to bring back cartilage in patients who have lost it to osteoarthritis,” said Randy Rosier, M.D., Ph.D., professor within the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation at the University of Rochester Medical Center. “Our current results, at least in mice, show that we can inhibit cartilage degeneration and improve the volume of cartilage in diseased joints. It’s remarkable enough that this compound delays the loss of cartilage, but these results show it also may be able to restore, at least to some extent, cartilage in already degraded joint surfaces.” Researchers examined the impact of a daily dose of Forteo®/teriparatide, manufactured by Eli Lilly, and a generic version of teriparatide made by Sigma on the progress of OA following injury in study mice. Experiments established a five-fold increase in PTH type 1 receptor expression in the articular cartilage of mice with injury-related osteoarthritis when compared to healthy cartilage. Injury triggers genetic mechanisms in an attempt to begin repairs, a response that may be responsible for the increase in PTH receptor in the joint. This in turn makes damaged cartilage particularly responsive to PTH. In the current study, one group of mice with cartilage and ligament injuries was randomized to receive either saline as a control, Forteo® or generic PTH daily for 12 weeks. A second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. The delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the osteoarthritic process was already underway and some cartilage lost, a scenario that more closely mimics clinical reality. Injurd patients do not ask their doctor to prevent the onset of osteoarthritis 10 years in the future, Rosier said. They come in when an old injury and time have combined to degrade cartilage to the point where function is lost and pain felt. Studies revealed that after 12 weeks of Forteo®- or generic PTH treatment, there was approximately 27 percent more joint cartilage compared to saline-treated mice. Strikingly, delayed teriparatide treatment was even more effective in improving the amount of cartilage, with up to 35 percent more cartilage in Forteo®- and PTH-treated groups than in the saline group, suggesting an ability to regenerate at least some of the lost cartilage. With a new use patent application in place, the team will next seek to confirm the durability of the effect in further animal studies, and prepare to seek funding from the National Institutes of Health to begin pilot clinical studies of PTH treatment of osteoarthritis in humans, possibly in the later half of 2010. Along with Rosier, the study was led by Erik Sampson, Todd O’Brien, Di Chen, Susan Bukata, J. Edward Puzas, Regis O’Keefe and Michael Zuscik within the Department of Orthopaedics and by Hani Awad in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Rochester Medical Center. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. “These pre-clinical findings provide strong proof-of-concept support for the potential use of teriparatide to slow joint cartilage degeneration in OA patients, and perhaps even reverse it,” Rosier said. “In the near future, we hope this serves as the foundation of new treatments that restore function to long-injured joints, perhaps staving off joint replacement surgeries for some years.” Note: Drs. Puzas and Bukata are members of Eli Lilly's speaker bureau.	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\|Dr. Elizabeth Cochran, a geophysicist with USGS, conducts seismic research along the San Andreas Fault in California.\| Dr. Elizabeth Cochran, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, was named one of President Obama’s recipients of the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. Cochran, who came to work for the USGS in June after a career as an assistant professor at the University of California, Riverside, is an accomplished seismologist. She has made important contributions to the understanding of earthquake physics and earthquake triggering, the physical properties and geometry of earthquake fault zones and their evolution after earthquakes, and to the development of a new method of earthquake monitoring using low-cost earthquake sensors, called the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN). This network allows scientists to monitor earthquakes and quantify ground shaking with unprecedented spatial resolution through data gathered from citizen volunteers. “It is inspiring to see the innovative work being done by these scientists and engineers as they ramp up their careers — careers that I know will be not only personally rewarding but also invaluable to the Nation,” President Obama said. “That so many of them are also devoting time to mentoring and other forms of community service speaks volumes about their potential for leadership, not only as scientists but as model citizens.” The Presidential early career awards embody the high priority the Obama Administration places on producing outstanding scientists and engineers to advance the Nation’s goals, tackle grand challenges, and contribute to the American economy. “It is an incredible honor to receive this award, and it is nice that it recognizes the combination of research and education,” said Cochran, who was nominated for the award by the National Science Foundation. “I am very proud and a little stunned.” “Dr. Cochran’s work on next generation sensor networks is exactly what the United States needs to help enable earthquake early warning,” said USGS Director Dr. Marcia McNutt. “As was clearly demonstrated by the recent Japanese experience, even a few seconds of warning before an earthquake can reduce the loss of life and property. Dr. Cochran’s innovative research will help make the nation safer from this natural hazard.” The QCN, a collaborative research project between Cochran and Jesse Lawrence of Stanford University, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate-to-large earthquakes and aftershocks. Citizen volunteers have the sensors installed externally to their desktop computers or internally to their laptop computers. These computers become seismic stations by providing the physical infrastructure, computer, internet connection, power, and the location and measurement of seismic activity. The computers are then networked using distributed computing techniques that allow scientists to monitor the sensors and retrieve earthquake data automatically. “The Quake-Catcher Network is a way to involve the public in scientific data collection in high-risk earthquake and aftershock zones in the United States and around the world and to collect seismic data in non-traditional ways,” said Cochran. \|Dr. Elizabeth Cochran.\| By using this sensor-driven process, a great number of seismic data can be processed in a short period of time and produce nearly instantaneous detection and characterization of earthquakes. The first release of the software was in Reno, Nev., in April 2008. A few people from the area signed up to get the software, just in time to record a swarm of earthquakes that hit in June of that year. “When the swarm of earthquakes struck Reno, the information from these citizen volunteers enabled us to test our system, and from that, we learned that the sensors and data communication were working correctly,” said Cochran. “For this set of earthquakes, we had some of the closest seismic stations to the swarm. We had records of those earthquakes that looked like typical seismograms. I was really excited that it worked. It was really fun.” Since then, volunteers have popped up in just about every state in the United States and across the world. After the magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck Chile in early 2010, Cochran and her team enlisted 100 volunteers in Chile to hook up the sensors to their computers. When the aftershocks kept occurring, the instrumentation provided invaluable information to scientists and proved the value of the QCN. “In the case of Chile, we could get estimates of magnitude and locations in about 20 to 30 seconds after earthquake started,” said Cochran. “We found we can actually do well recording earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning.” The data Cochran and her team gathered from Chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking — how it is different in one location versus a half a mile away. “There is a lot of variation in ground shaking, even in small scales,” said Cochran. “We were able to generate our own Quake-Catcher Network ShakeMaps, or what seismologists call microzonation, where you can examine specific areas for earthquake hazards. This information can provide critical data to feed back into building codes and to help determine where critical infrastructure such as power plants, hospitals, water lines and transportation facilities should be built.” When the magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck New Zealand in September 2010, Cochran and her team deployed 180 sensors in the area. A paper on the results of the data is expected out this fall. “We are in the middle of demonstrating that the data from these sensor stations in New Zealand show the same amplitude and waveform characteristics as do other strong motion sensors in the area and is sufficient enough quality to produce reliable results,” said Cochran. In early September 2011, Cochran and her team set out on an ambitious goal: to install 500 sensor stations in the San Francisco Bay area, a high-risk earthquake location. Volunteers need to have a high speed Internet connection; a computer, about 5 years old or less that runs on a Windows or Macintosh operating system with a spare USB port to which the sensor can be connected; and, a small space about the size of a post-it note for mounting the sensor. Information for those interested in volunteering or learning more about the QCN is available online. “I came up with the idea for the Quake-Catcher Network by playing around on a Mac laptop, and my husband pointed out that you could download a widget that would allow you to see the real-time output from the sensor,” said Cochran. “I downloaded the widget and was seeing output from tapping I was doing on the computer, and it dawned on me that if it picked up this movement, it would probably pick up earthquake movements. I also knew about distributed computing that allows people to donate their unused CPU processing time to scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. I discussed it with my colleague Jesse Lawrence who said, ‘That’s the coolest idea I ever heard,’ and then we pursued and received a grant from the National Science Foundation to start it up.” Cochran’s research is fundamental to the mission of the USGS to continue to innovate the recording of weak and strong ground motions necessary to accurately locate earthquakes, to study their rupture process, and to map the variations in the strong ground motions caused by the local soil conditions and the details of the earthquake rupture process. “I am really excited that the Quake-Catcher Network is moving forward and has continued to be successful,” said Cochran. Since its inception in 2008, the QCN has gained academic partners from the University of California-Berkeley, California Institute of Technology, University of California-San Diego and the University of Delaware. After receiving her PhD in geophysics and space physics from UCLA in 2005, Cochran served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography until the end of 2006, when she joined UC Riverside in 2007 as an assistant professor in earth sciences, supervising both graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. She joined the USGS in June 2011. Her accomplishments have been recognized by her receiving the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award in 2010 and the Geological Society of America Subaru Outstanding Woman in Science in 2006 for the scientific impact of her work on the geosciences. She is the author or co-author of 21 peer-reviewed journal publications, 9 as a first author, and has a Scopus H-index of 7. Her first-author papers have been published in prestigious journals Science, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Research Letters, and Geology. She has also played prominent roles in professional organizations, including as the co-chair of the seismology discipline for the Southern California Earthquake Center since 2009 and as a member of the IRIS Data Management System Standing Committee from 2008 to 2010. The Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers was established by President Clinton in 1996 and are coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President. Awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education, or community outreach. Cochran was one of 94 recipients this year.	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elcome to historic Germantown! George Washington and the capital were here in 1793. During the Revolution, the Battle of Germantown was fought up and down the main street, with muskets firing from house windows. The first American Bible was published here, and the first kidnapping in the United States also took place in Germantown. The writer Louisa May Alcott was born here and the painter Gilbert Stuart worked in a small barn in Germantown. merica's history lies in the cobblestones of Germantown Avenue, echoes through the halls of Stenton and Cliveden, and is forever captured in Germantown's historic buildings, homes, and cemeteries. An incredible amount of history took place in the distance of a few miles in this historic town, now part of Philadelphia. ermantown became a big industrial town in the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Then in the 1940's and 50's the area's affluent citizens began to leave for the suburbs. Today, Germantown is undoubtedly a very urbanized region; however, the historical sites have been very well preserved by the active Historical Society and the National Park Service. Most are open to the public. Explore historic Germantown with this virtual tour.	[ 9571, 284, 9566, 14164, 415, 593, 0, 198, 20191, 2669, 290, 262, 3139, 547, 994, 287, 1596, 6052, 13, 5856, 262, 9303, 11, 262, 5838, 286, 14164, 415, 593, 373, 8350, 510, 290, 866, 262, 1388, 4675, 11, 351, 1928, 74, 1039, 9645, 422, 2156, 9168, 13, 383, 717, 1605, 9111, 373, 3199, 994, 11, 290, 262, 717, 25201, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 635, 1718, 1295, 287, 14164, 415, 593, 13, 383, 6260, 5593, 64, 1737, 978, 14612, 373, 4642, 994, 290, 262, 34537, 24023, 22559, 3111, 287, 257, 1402, 25203, 287, 14164, 415, 593, 13, 198, 946, 64, 338, 2106, 7363, 287, 262, 22843, 2436, 30637, 286, 14164, 415, 593, 8878, 11, 30346, 832, 262, 24350, 286, 520, 26673, 290, 1012, 1572, 268, 11, 290, 318, 8097, 7907, 287, 14164, 415, 593, 338, 9566, 6832, 11, 5682, 11, 290, 269, 368, 2357, 444, 13, 1052, 8082, 2033, 286, 2106, 1718, 1295, 287, 262, 5253, 286, 257, 1178, 4608, 287, 428, 9566, 3240, 11, 783, 636, 286, 8857, 13, 198, 7780, 415, 593, 2627, 257, 1263, 7593, 3240, 287, 262, 886, 286, 262, 678, 400, 290, 3726, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 10675, 13, 3244, 287, 262, 16236, 338, 290, 2026, 338, 262, 1989, 338, 34552, 4290, 2540, 284, 2666, 329, 262, 21040, 13, 6288, 11, 14164, 415, 593, 318, 17713, 257, 845, 7876, 1143, 3814, 26, 2158, 11, 262, 6754, 5043, 423, 587, 845, 880, 17232, 416, 262, 4075, 23121, 7023, 290, 262, 2351, 3250, 4809, 13, 4042, 389, 1280, 284, 262, 1171, 13, 41401, 9566, 14164, 415, 593, 351, 428, 7166, 4205, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	265
Born to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother, Otto grew up in a city well known for its musical tradition. The younger of two children, Otto began studying the piano at age 10. After entering the Vienna Conservatory of Music, he gave his first concert at age 14. Encouraged by Maestro Bruno Walter, he hoped to become a conductor and concert pianist. 1933-39: After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, Otto was kicked out of the Vienna Conservatory. One night, two men ordered him to go with them to a cellar, where they forced other people to mop and scrub. They told Otto to wait his turn, but in the confusion he escaped. To get out of Austria, he entered a piano contest in Belgium. From Belgium he went to France, and then sailed for America on August 11, 1939. 1940-44: In New York Otto gave piano lessons and concert recitals. He also gave benefit performances for Austrian resistance groups and Jewish refugees from Europe. After the U.S. entered the war, Otto was given a choice--either join the U.S. Army or be deported as an enemy alien. He chose the army. In October 1944 he was sent into combat in France and southern Germany. His job was to interrogate German prisoners; they all denied knowing anything about concentration camps, but Otto had already seen the camps with his own eyes. Otto was stationed in Germany at the end of the war. A day before he was to return to America, he was killed. The cause of his death is still under investigation.	[ 28524, 284, 257, 5582, 2988, 290, 257, 7835, 2802, 11, 30755, 6348, 510, 287, 257, 1748, 880, 1900, 329, 663, 10530, 6761, 13, 383, 7099, 286, 734, 1751, 11, 30755, 2540, 11065, 262, 19132, 379, 2479, 838, 13, 2293, 8218, 262, 23825, 7162, 2870, 286, 7849, 11, 339, 2921, 465, 717, 10010, 379, 2479, 1478, 13, 14711, 454, 1886, 416, 6669, 47692, 31045, 15819, 11, 339, 10719, 284, 1716, 257, 39206, 290, 10010, 43923, 396, 13, 198, 1129, 2091, 12, 2670, 25, 2293, 4486, 49181, 17322, 287, 2805, 28017, 11, 30755, 373, 12165, 503, 286, 262, 23825, 7162, 2870, 13, 1881, 1755, 11, 734, 1450, 6149, 683, 284, 467, 351, 606, 284, 257, 45164, 11, 810, 484, 4137, 584, 661, 284, 285, 404, 290, 27268, 13, 1119, 1297, 30755, 284, 4043, 465, 1210, 11, 475, 287, 262, 10802, 339, 13537, 13, 1675, 651, 503, 286, 17322, 11, 339, 5982, 257, 19132, 8414, 287, 15664, 13, 3574, 15664, 339, 1816, 284, 4881, 11, 290, 788, 33835, 329, 2253, 319, 2932, 1367, 11, 24414, 13, 198, 1129, 1821, 12, 2598, 25, 554, 968, 1971, 30755, 2921, 19132, 11658, 290, 10010, 664, 8321, 13, 679, 635, 2921, 4414, 13289, 329, 25691, 6625, 2628, 290, 5582, 8015, 422, 2031, 13, 2293, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5982, 262, 1175, 11, 30755, 373, 1813, 257, 3572, 438, 31336, 4654, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5407, 393, 307, 27434, 355, 281, 4472, 8756, 13, 679, 7690, 262, 5428, 13, 554, 3267, 16994, 339, 373, 1908, 656, 5249, 287, 4881, 290, 8372, 4486, 13, 2399, 1693, 373, 284, 15054, 378, 2679, 10577, 26, 484, 477, 6699, 6970, 1997, 546, 10368, 11665, 11, 475, 30755, 550, 1541, 1775, 262, 11665, 351, 465, 898, 2951, 13, 198, 46, 33955, 373, 25967, 287, 4486, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 317, 1110, 878, 339, 373, 284, 1441, 284, 2253, 11, 339, 373, 2923, 13, 383, 2728, 286, 465, 1918, 318, 991, 739, 3645, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	326
United States, December 8, 1941 Yesterday, December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, [the] United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor, looking towards the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States, and his colleague, delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent American message. Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions, and well understand the implications for the very life and safety of our nation. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us God [applause]. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire. Portion of the speech in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the US Congress to declare war on Japan following the previous day's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. National Archives - Film	[ 17013, 1829, 11, 3426, 807, 11, 23234, 198, 28065, 11, 3426, 767, 400, 11, 23234, 11, 257, 3128, 543, 481, 2107, 287, 1167, 14814, 11, 685, 1169, 60, 1578, 1829, 286, 2253, 373, 6451, 290, 14593, 7384, 416, 19014, 290, 1633, 3386, 286, 262, 13735, 286, 2869, 13, 383, 1578, 1829, 373, 379, 4167, 351, 326, 3277, 11, 290, 11, 379, 262, 47770, 286, 2869, 11, 373, 991, 287, 5273, 351, 663, 1230, 290, 663, 23129, 11, 2045, 3371, 262, 9262, 286, 4167, 287, 262, 8211, 13, 9676, 11, 530, 1711, 706, 4960, 1633, 8244, 12212, 550, 32400, 13471, 287, 262, 1605, 7022, 286, 440, 12196, 11, 262, 4960, 14791, 284, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 290, 465, 16008, 11, 6793, 284, 674, 7705, 286, 1181, 257, 8766, 10971, 284, 257, 2274, 1605, 3275, 13, 2869, 468, 4361, 21846, 257, 5975, 5859, 16610, 3690, 262, 8211, 1989, 13, 383, 6419, 286, 7415, 290, 1909, 2740, 329, 2405, 13, 383, 661, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 423, 1541, 7042, 511, 9317, 11, 290, 880, 1833, 262, 10939, 329, 262, 845, 1204, 290, 3747, 286, 674, 3277, 13, 2080, 6628, 287, 674, 6936, 3386, 11, 351, 262, 555, 7784, 278, 12123, 286, 674, 661, 11, 356, 481, 4461, 262, 13203, 15499, 523, 1037, 514, 1793, 685, 1324, 75, 682, 4083, 314, 1265, 326, 262, 3162, 13627, 326, 1201, 262, 555, 15234, 6545, 290, 288, 459, 446, 306, 1368, 416, 2869, 319, 3502, 11, 3426, 767, 400, 11, 23234, 11, 257, 1181, 286, 1175, 468, 11196, 1022, 262, 1578, 1829, 290, 262, 4960, 13735, 13, 198, 47, 5817, 286, 262, 4046, 287, 543, 1992, 14021, 360, 13, 19297, 1965, 262, 1294, 3162, 284, 13627, 1175, 319, 2869, 1708, 262, 2180, 1110, 338, 5975, 1368, 319, 18482, 21146, 13, 198, 16186, 22275, 532, 13741, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	299
Older Adults Make Smarter Decisions That Lead to Long-Term Gains, Study Shows Sept. 19, 2011 AUSTIN, Texas — Many people believe getting older means losing a mental edge, leading to poor decision-making, but a new study from psychologists at The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University suggests older adults are far better at making choices that lead to long-term gain. The study, co-authored by University of Texas at Austin psychologist Todd Maddox, found older adults, at least 60 years old, are better at strategizing their decisions than those in their late teens and early 20s, who tend to focus on instant gratification. Findings from the study, led by Darrell Worthy, professor of psychology at Texas A&M University, will be published in Psychological Science. Collaborators on the study include University of Texas psychologists David Schnyer, Jennifer Pacheco and Marissa Gorlick. Contradicting negative stereotypes of age and reasoning ability, the results show that the wisdom that comes with age can allow people to make better decisions under some conditions. Maddox says the study gives insight into the decision-making process, which will help researchers learn more about the effects of aging in the brain. "Broadly, these results suggest that younger adults may behave more impulsively, favoring immediate gains, while older adults are better at considering the long-term ramifications of their actions," Maddox says. As part of the study, 28 older adults and 28 younger counterparts performed decision-making tasks, in which they only needed to consider immediate rewards to earn points. In this experiment, the younger adults were more efficient at selecting the options that yielded the best short-term rewards. However, in a second experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group in choosing options that resulted in long-term gains, such as strategically storing the most amount of oxygen in "oxygen accumulators" on an imaginary space mission in Mars. In this portion of the study, 52 older adults (ages 67-82) and 51 younger adults (ages 20-26) performed decision-making tasks in which the choices they made influenced future rewards. As part of the experiment, the researchers created a test with two oxygen extraction systems on Mars. The rewards depended on the respondents' previous choices. The respondents had to choose from two options: the "increasing option," which increased rewards in future trials, and the "decreasing option," which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. In each permutation of the experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group by figuring out which option led to the most long-term cumulative rewards. "We found that younger adults performed equivalently in the experiment, but older adults were more adept at adjusting their strategy to fit the goals of the task," Maddox says. The researchers suggest these results provide insight into how people use their brains as they age. When making choices, younger people use the ventral striatum, a region of the brain associated with habit formation and immediate rewards. As this declines with age, the psychologists theorize that people compensate by using their prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that controls rational and deliberate thoughts. To test this theory, Maddox and his team of researchers are conducting a neuroimaging study to determine which parts of the brain respond to immediate gratification and long-term rewards while the participants engage in decision-making tasks. Collaborators on this study include Worthy, Jeannette Mumford, psychology research assistant at The University of Texas at Austin, and Russell Poldrack, professor of psychology and neurobiology and director of the Imaging Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin.	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Dangling Modifiers are words or phrases which “dangle” because they have no word in the sentence to describe: While taking a shower, the doorbell rang. --The doorbell was taking a shower? Revise dangling modifiers by adding a headword—a noun or pronoun that is described: While I was taking a shower, the doorbell rang. OR While taking a shower, I heard the doorbell ring. A Misplaced Modifier is placed too close to some other word that it does not intend to modify: I only speak one language. --All you ever do is speak one language? Revise misplaced modifiers by placing the modifier next to its headword: I speak only one language. Split Infinitives are misplaced modifiers which are placed between the preposition to and the verb in an infinitive--a grammatical unit consisting of the word to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep, etc.): Dentists encourage children to regularly brush their teeth. --The modifier regularly is splitting the infinitive to brush. Revise split infinitives by moving the modifier to another part of the sentence: Dentists encourage children to brush their teeth regularly. Squinting Modifiers are misplaced modifiers that seem to modify two words: Patty who was walking quickly reached the disco. --Is Patty walking quickly, or is she quickly reaching the disco? Revise squinting modifiers by changing the word order so there is no ambiguity: Patty, who was quickly walking, reached the disco. OR Patty who was walking...	[ 35, 27499, 3401, 13350, 389, 2456, 393, 20144, 543, 564, 250, 67, 9248, 447, 251, 780, 484, 423, 645, 1573, 287, 262, 6827, 284, 6901, 25, 198, 3633, 2263, 257, 14643, 11, 262, 3420, 7923, 28077, 13, 198, 438, 464, 3420, 7923, 373, 2263, 257, 14643, 30, 198, 18009, 786, 47270, 37395, 416, 4375, 257, 1182, 4775, 960, 64, 23227, 393, 28636, 326, 318, 3417, 25, 198, 3633, 314, 373, 2263, 257, 14643, 11, 262, 3420, 7923, 28077, 13, 6375, 198, 3633, 2263, 257, 14643, 11, 314, 2982, 262, 3420, 7923, 5858, 13, 198, 32, 14136, 21820, 3401, 7483, 318, 4624, 1165, 1969, 284, 617, 584, 1573, 326, 340, 857, 407, 14765, 284, 13096, 25, 198, 40, 691, 2740, 530, 3303, 13, 198, 438, 3237, 345, 1683, 466, 318, 2740, 530, 3303, 30, 198, 18009, 786, 43746, 37395, 416, 12560, 262, 23157, 1306, 284, 663, 1182, 4775, 25, 198, 40, 2740, 691, 530, 3303, 13, 198, 41205, 4806, 15003, 1083, 389, 43746, 37395, 543, 389, 4624, 1022, 262, 662, 9150, 284, 290, 262, 15942, 287, 281, 1167, 259, 1800, 438, 64, 14599, 44935, 4326, 17747, 286, 262, 1573, 284, 5556, 257, 15942, 357, 1462, 4483, 11, 284, 3993, 11, 3503, 47308, 198, 35, 298, 1023, 7898, 1751, 284, 7987, 14093, 511, 9941, 13, 198, 438, 464, 23157, 7987, 318, 26021, 262, 1167, 259, 1800, 284, 14093, 13, 198, 18009, 786, 6626, 1167, 15003, 1083, 416, 3867, 262, 23157, 284, 1194, 636, 286, 262, 6827, 25, 198, 35, 298, 1023, 7898, 1751, 284, 14093, 511, 9941, 7987, 13, 198, 22266, 600, 278, 3401, 13350, 389, 43746, 37395, 326, 1283, 284, 13096, 734, 2456, 25, 198, 12130, 774, 508, 373, 6155, 2952, 4251, 262, 4655, 13, 198, 438, 3792, 42417, 6155, 2952, 11, 393, 318, 673, 2952, 8978, 262, 4655, 30, 198, 18009, 786, 2809, 600, 278, 37395, 416, 5609, 262, 1573, 1502, 523, 612, 318, 645, 33985, 25, 198, 12130, 774, 11, 508, 373, 2952, 6155, 11, 4251, 262, 4655, 13, 198, 1581, 42417, 508, 373, 6155, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	338
Tooth decay is damage that occurs when bacteria in the mouth make acids that eat away at the enamel of a tooth. This can cause a hole in the tooth called a cavity. If it isn't treated, tooth decay can cause infection, pain, and loss of Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Steven K. Patterson, BS, DDS, MPH - Dentistry How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.	[ 2514, 849, 22119, 318, 2465, 326, 8833, 618, 11492, 287, 262, 5422, 787, 17045, 326, 198, 4098, 1497, 379, 262, 551, 17983, 286, 257, 16162, 13, 770, 460, 2728, 257, 7604, 287, 262, 16162, 1444, 257, 31643, 13, 1002, 340, 2125, 470, 5716, 11, 16162, 22119, 460, 2728, 10280, 11, 2356, 11, 290, 2994, 286, 198, 42, 776, 20042, 3570, 10094, 11, 10670, 532, 7884, 11558, 1222, 8239, 509, 13, 27042, 11, 24218, 11, 360, 5258, 11, 43822, 532, 39078, 4592, 198, 2437, 428, 1321, 373, 4166, 284, 1037, 345, 787, 1365, 1535, 5370, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	96
No matter how adventurous your cat, it’s confronted by many risks the second it steps foot outside. The Humane Society of the United States estimates a free-roaming cat might live as few as three years, compared to 12 to 15 years for an indoor-only cat. For much of feline history, cats roamed freely, serving as handy rodent-catchers around grain crops. As the years went on, people brought cats indoors, again relying on felines to reduce numbers of unwanted vermin. The cat’s role today has primarily evolved to that of a beloved companion, which needs and deserves our protection. The situation benefits both people and cats, since an indoor cat is a safer cat. Most feline fanciers are getting the message. About two-thirds of the estimated 90 million cats in the United States alone reside indoors. However, cats need more than just the security of staying inside. It’s up to you to provide an environment that meets the needs of your indoor cat. The Indoor Cat Initiative, an Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine project, is designed to help you understand just what your indoor cat requires and how you can easily help it live a happy, healthy life. “As long as we’re going to have cats indoors, we certainly have the responsibility to keep them in the most enriched situation possible,’’ says Tony Buffington, DVM, Ph.D, director of the Indoor Cat Initiative. The Initiative’s website offers basic advice for meeting your indoor cat’s requirements. You can also order a DVD from the site. You’ll be in tune with your cat’s needs, says Dr. Buffington, if you provide your house cat with these eight inside essentials: - Exercise Many veterinarians, such as Elizabeth Colleran, DVM, MS, of Chico, Calif., are concerned about the number of overweight felines they see in their practices. Dr. Colleran suggests providing “an abundance of cat toys. Having just one cat toy is silly.” The Indoor Cat Initiative advises understanding your cat’s prey of choice. Would your pal rather romp after an object that moves in the air? A furry toy? A laser light? Pay attention to your cat’s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - Mental stimulation Playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says Dr. Colleran. You’ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with its surroundings. Your cat, nocturnal by nature, will also be less likely to keep you up during the night. Allowing your cat to hunt for food you’ve placed around the house also provides stimulation, she says. Don’t forget to offer your pet at least one room with a view. Cats love to watch outdoor activity. - Something to scratch Determine, just by observation and experimentation, what material your cat enjoys under its paws, says Dr. Colleran. Some cats scratch vertically, while others prefer to scratch horizontally. A scratching post needn’t be fancy. It can be a simple homemade device, created by nailing or stapling some scratching material, such as a carpet remnant, to a piece of plywood. Just be sure no sharp nails or staple points protrude before you present it to your clawed friend. - A place of its own Your cat needs a space where it feels safe and secure. Make sure food, water and litter are not located where another animal or person can sneak up or surprise your cat. The Indoor Cat Initiative suggests placing dishes and the litter box away from appliances or air ducts that might suddenly turn on, startling your cat. - Something to climb “People don’t think about cats operating in three dimensions,’’ says Dr. Buffington. “They need to climb. That’s part of their natural behavior. But people often don’t want them to climb on certain things.” Dr. Buffington believes cat owners often neglect to provide their cats a suitable alternative. You can purchase commercial perches and roosts for cats or, suggests Dr. Buffington, a six-foot pine ladder, if you don’t mind the unusual addition to your décor. - Clean, fresh litter Litter should be scooped daily and cleaned regularly, with each cat provided with its own box. Offer an ample-sized box, advises Dr. Colleran, who has written several papers about indoor cats. Select one of the bigger litter boxes you find on the shelf at your local pet store. Most large boxes measure around 18.5 inches in length and 15.25 inches in width, or more. Keep clutter and debris cleared from around the box. “Cats are really fastidious. They like their bathrooms clean, and they need a great, big litter box.” - Fresh grass or catnip Offer your cat something green to graze on, as it would chomp on grass outdoors. - Choice Cats enjoy choice, says Dr. Buffington. For instance, before you make a decision to change cat litter brands, place samples of both old and new for your cat to try. At mealtime, try offering two different-flavored foods side by side to see which one might be your pet’s fave. Perhaps the most important thing you can do, according to Dr. Buffington, is to recognize when your indoor cat is healthy and engaged in its environment. If your indoor cat is alert and energetic, those are good signs that you are providing for its needs. “Learn to become a good cat observer,” he advises. Copyright (c) 2008 Studio One Networks. All rights reserved.	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THE CELEBRATION OF THE CHRISTIAN MYSTERY THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH THE SACRAMENTS OF CHRISTIAN INITIATION THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM 1213 Holy Baptism is the basis of the whole Christian life, the gateway to life in the Spirit (vitae spiritualis ianua),4 and the door which gives access to the other sacraments. Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission: "Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water in the word."5 I. WHAT IS THIS SACRAMENT CALLED? 1214 This sacrament is called Baptism, after the central rite by which it is carried out: to baptize (Greek baptizein) means to "plunge" or "immerse"; the "plunge" into the water symbolizes the catechumen's burial into Christ's death, from which he rises up by resurrection with him, as "a new creature."6 1215 This sacrament is also called "the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit," for it signifies and actually brings about the birth of water and the Spirit without which no one "can enter the kingdom of God."7 1216 "This bath is called enlightenment, because those who receive this [catechetical] instruction are enlightened in their understanding . . . ."8 Having received in Baptism the Word, "the true light that enlightens every man," the person baptized has been "enlightened," he becomes a "son of light," indeed, he becomes "light" himself:9 II. BAPTISM IN THE ECONOMY OF SALVATION Prefigurations of Baptism in the Old Covenant 1217 In the liturgy of the Easter Vigil, during the blessing of the baptismal water, the Church solemnly commemorates the great events in salvation history that already prefigured the mystery of Baptism: In Baptism we use your gift of water, which you have made a rich symbol of the grace you give us in this sacrament.11 1218 Since the beginning of the world, water, so humble and wonderful a creature, has been the source of life and fruitfulness. Sacred Scripture sees it as "overshadowed" by the Spirit of God:12 1219 The Church has seen in Noah's ark a prefiguring of salvation by Baptism, for by it "a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water":14 1220 If water springing up from the earth symbolizes life, the water of the sea is a symbol of death and so can represent the mystery of the cross. By this symbolism Baptism signifies communion with Christ's death. 1221 But above all, the crossing of the Red Sea, literally the liberation of Israel from the slavery of Egypt, announces the liberation wrought by Baptism: 1222 Finally, Baptism is prefigured in the crossing of the Jordan River by which the People of God received the gift of the land promised to Abraham's descendants, an image of eternal life. The promise of this blessed inheritance is fulfilled in the New Covenant. 1223 All the Old Covenant prefigurations find their fulfillment in Christ Jesus. He begins his public life after having himself baptized by St. John the Baptist in the Jordan.17 After his resurrection Christ gives this mission to his apostles: "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you."18 1224 Our Lord voluntarily submitted himself to the baptism of St. John, intended for sinners, in order to "fulfill all righteousness."19 Jesus' gesture is a manifestation of his self-emptying.20 The Spirit who had hovered over the waters of the first creation descended then on the Christ as a prelude of the new creation, and the Father revealed Jesus as his "beloved Son."21 1225 In his Passover Christ opened to all men the fountain of Baptism. He had already spoken of his Passion, which he was about to suffer in Jerusalem, as a "Baptism" with which he had to be baptized.22 The blood and water that flowed from the pierced side of the crucified Jesus are types of Baptism and the Eucharist, the sacraments of new life.23 From then on, it is possible "to be born of water and the Spirit"24 in order to enter the Kingdom of God. Baptism in the Church 1226 From the very day of Pentecost the Church has celebrated and administered holy Baptism. Indeed St. Peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching: "Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit."26 The apostles and their collaborators offer Baptism to anyone who believed in Jesus: Jews, the God-fearing, pagans.27 Always, Baptism is seen as connected with faith: "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household," St. Paul declared to his jailer in Philippi. And the narrative continues, the jailer "was baptized at once, with all his family."28 1227 According to the Apostle Paul, the believer enters through Baptism into communion with Christ's death, is buried with him, and rises with him: The baptized have "put on Christ."30 Through the Holy Spirit, Baptism is a bath that purifies, justifies, and sanctifies.31 1228 Hence Baptism is a bath of water in which the "imperishable seed" of the Word of God produces its life-giving effect.32 St. Augustine says of Baptism: "The word is brought to the material element, and it becomes a sacrament."33 III. HOW IS THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM CELEBRATED? 1229 From the time of the apostles, becoming a Christian has been accomplished by a journey and initiation in several stages. This journey can be covered rapidly or slowly, but certain essential elements will always have to be present: proclamation of the Word, acceptance of the Gospel entailing conversion, profession of faith, Baptism itself, the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, and admission to Eucharistic communion. 1230 This initiation has varied greatly through the centuries according to circumstances. In the first centuries of the Church, Christian initiation saw considerable development. A long period of catechumenate included a series of preparatory rites, which were liturgical landmarks along the path of catechumenal preparation and culminated in the celebration of the sacraments of Christian initiation. 1231 Where infant Baptism has become the form in which this sacrament is usually celebrated, it has become a single act encapsulating the preparatory stages of Christian initiation in a very abridged way. By its very nature infant Baptism requires a post-baptismal catechumenate. Not only is there a need for instruction after Baptism, but also for the necessary flowering of baptismal grace in personal growth. The catechism has its proper place here. 1232 The second Vatican Council restored for the Latin Church "the catechumenate for adults, comprising several distinct steps."34 The rites for these stages are to be found in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA).35 The Council also gives permission that: "In mission countries, in addition to what is furnished by the Christian tradition, those elements of initiation rites may be admitted which are already in use among some peoples insofar as they can be adapted to the Christian ritual."36 1233 Today in all the rites, Latin and Eastern, the Christian initiation of adults begins with their entry into the catechumenate and reaches its culmination in a single celebration of the three sacraments of initiation: Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist.37 In the Eastern rites the Christian initiation of infants also begins with Baptism followed immediately by Confirmation and the Eucharist, while in the Roman rite it is followed by years of catechesis before being completed later by Confirmation and the Eucharist, the summit of their Christian initiation.38 The mystagogy of the celebration 1234 The meaning and grace of the sacrament of Baptism are clearly seen in the rites of its celebration. By following the gestures and words of this celebration with attentive participation, the faithful are initiated into the riches this sacrament signifies and actually brings about in each newly baptized person. 1235 The sign of the cross, on the threshold of the celebration, marks with the imprint of Christ the one who is going to belong to him and signifies the grace of the redemption Christ won for us by his cross. 1236 The proclamation of the Word of God enlightens the candidates and the assembly with the revealed truth and elicits the response of faith, which is inseparable from Baptism. Indeed Baptism is "the sacrament of faith" in a particular way, since it is the sacramental entry into the life of faith. 1237 Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate. The celebrant then anoints him with the oil of catechumens, or lays his hands on him, and he explicitly renounces Satan. Thus prepared, he is able to confess the faith of the Church, to which he will be "entrusted" by Baptism.39 1238 The baptismal water is consecrated by a prayer of epiclesis (either at this moment or at the Easter Vigil). The Church asks God that through his Son the power of the Holy Spirit may be sent upon the water, so that those who will be baptized in it may be "born of water and the Spirit."40 1239 The essential rite of the sacrament follows: Baptism properly speaking. It signifies and actually brings about death to sin and entry into the life of the Most Holy Trinity through configuration to the Paschal mystery of Christ. Baptism is performed in the most expressive way by triple immersion in the baptismal water. However, from ancient times it has also been able to be conferred by pouring the water three times over the candidate's head. 1240 In the Latin Church this triple infusion is accompanied by the minister's words: "N., I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." In the Eastern liturgies the catechumen turns toward the East and the priest says: "The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." At the invocation of each person of the Most Holy Trinity, the priest immerses the candidate in the water and raises him up again. 1241 The anointing with sacred chrism, perfumed oil consecrated by the bishop, signifies the gift of the Holy Spirit to the newly baptized, who has become a Christian, that is, one "anointed" by the Holy Spirit, incorporated into Christ who is anointed priest, prophet, and king.41 1242 In the liturgy of the Eastern Churches, the post-baptismal anointing is the sacrament of Chrismation (Confirmation). In the Roman liturgy the post- baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop Confirmation, which will as it were "confirm" and complete the baptismal anointing. 1243 The white garment symbolizes that the person baptized has "put on Christ,"42 has risen with Christ. The candle, lit from the Easter candle, signifies that Christ has enlightened the neophyte. In him the baptized are "the light of the world."43 The newly baptized is now, in the only Son, a child of God entitled to say the prayer of the children of God: "Our Father." 1244 First Holy Communion. Having become a child of God clothed with the wedding garment, the neophyte is admitted "to the marriage supper of the Lamb"44 and receives the food of the new life, the body and blood of Christ. The Eastern Churches maintain a lively awareness of the unity of Christian initiation by giving Holy Communion to all the newly baptized and confirmed, even little children, recalling the Lord's words: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them."45 The Latin Church, which reserves admission to Holy Communion to those who have attained the age of reason, expresses the orientation of Baptism to the Eucharist by having the newly baptized child brought to the altar for the praying of the Our Father. 1245 The solemn blessing concludes the celebration of Baptism. At the Baptism of newborns the blessing of the mother occupies a special place. IV. WHO CAN RECEIVE BAPTISM? 1246 "Every person not yet baptized and only such a person is able to be baptized."46 The Baptism of adults 1247 Since the beginning of the Church, adult Baptism is the common practice where the proclamation of the Gospel is still new. The catechumenate (preparation for Baptism) therefore occupies an important place. This initiation into Christian faith and life should dispose the catechumen to receive the gift of God in Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist. 1248 The catechumenate, or formation of catechumens, aims at bringing their conversion and faith to maturity, in response to the divine initiative and in union with an ecclesial community. The catechumenate is to be "a formation in the whole Christian life . . . during which the disciples will be joined to Christ their teacher. The catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of the evangelical virtues, and they should be introduced into the life of faith, liturgy, and charity of the People of God by successive sacred rites."47 1249 Catechumens "are already joined to the Church, they are already of the household of Christ, and are quite frequently already living a life of faith, hope, and charity."48 "With love and solicitude mother Church already embraces them as her own."49 The Baptism of infants 1250 Born with a fallen human nature and tainted by original sin, children also have need of the new birth in Baptism to be freed from the power of darkness and brought into the realm of the freedom of the children of God, to which all men are called.50 The sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest in infant Baptism. The Church and the parents would deny a child the priceless grace of becoming a child of God were they not to confer Baptism shortly after birth.51 1251 Christian parents will recognize that this practice also accords with their role as nurturers of the life that God has entrusted to them.52 1252 The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole "households" received baptism, infants may also have been baptized.53 Faith and Baptism 1253 Baptism is the sacrament of faith.54 But faith needs the community of believers. It is only within the faith of the Church that each of the faithful can believe. The faith required for Baptism is not a perfect and mature faith, but a beginning that is called to develop. The catechumen or the godparent is asked: "What do you ask of God's Church?" The response is: "Faith!" 1254 For all the baptized, children or adults, faith must grow after Baptism. For this reason the Church celebrates each year at the Easter Vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. Preparation for Baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. Baptism is the source of that new life in Christ from which the entire Christian life springs forth. 1255 For the grace of Baptism to unfold, the parents' help is important. So too is the role of the godfather and godmother, who must be firm believers, able and ready to help the newly baptized - child or adult on the road of Christian life.55 Their task is a truly ecclesial function (officium).56 The whole ecclesial community bears some responsibility for the development and safeguarding of the grace given at Baptism. V. WHO CAN BAPTIZE? 1256 The ordinary ministers of Baptism are the bishop and priest and, in the Latin Church, also the deacon.57 In case of necessity, anyone, even a non-baptized person, with the required intention, can baptize58 , by using the Trinitarian baptismal formula. The intention required is to will to do what the Church does when she baptizes. The Church finds the reason for this possibility in the universal saving will of God and the necessity of Baptism for salvation.59 VI. THE NECESSITY OF BAPTISM 1257 The Lord himself affirms that Baptism is necessary for salvation.60 He also commands his disciples to proclaim the Gospel to all nations and to baptize them.61 Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament.62 The Church does not know of any means other than Baptism that assures entry into eternal beatitude; this is why she takes care not to neglect the mission she has received from the Lord to see that all who can be baptized are "reborn of water and the Spirit." God has bound salvation to the sacrament of Baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments. 1258 The Church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received Baptism are baptized by their death for and with Christ. This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. 1259 For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 "Since Christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to God, of the Paschal mystery."63 Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity. 1261 As regards children who have died without Baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as she does in her funeral rites for them. Indeed, the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved, and Jesus' tenderness toward children which caused him to say: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them,"64 allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism. All the more urgent is the Church's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism. VII. THE GRACE OF BAPTISM 1262 The different effects of Baptism are signified by the perceptible elements of the sacramental rite. Immersion in water symbolizes not only death and purification, but also regeneration and renewal. Thus the two principal effects are purification from sins and new birth in the Holy Spirit.65 For the forgiveness of sins . . . 1263 By Baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins, as well as all punishment for sin.66 In those who have been reborn nothing remains that would impede their entry into the Kingdom of God, neither Adam's sin, nor personal sin, nor the consequences of sin, the gravest of which is separation from God. 1264 Yet certain temporal consequences of sin remain in the baptized, such as suffering, illness, death, and such frailties inherent in life as weaknesses of character, and so on, as well as an inclination to sin that Tradition calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, "the tinder for sin" (fomes peccati); since concupiscence "is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but manfully resist it by the grace of Jesus Christ."67 Indeed, "an athlete is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules."68 "A new creature" 1265 Baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte "a new creature," an adopted son of God, who has become a "partaker of the divine nature,"69 member of Christ and co-heir with him,70 and a temple of the Holy Spirit.71 1266 The Most Holy Trinity gives the baptized sanctifying grace, the grace of justification: - enabling them to believe in God, to hope in him, and to love him through the theological virtues; - giving them the power to live and act under the prompting of the Holy Spirit through the gifts of the Holy Spirit; - allowing them to grow in goodness through the moral virtues. Thus the whole organism of the Christian's supernatural life has its roots in Baptism. Incorporated into the Church, the Body of Christ 1267 Baptism makes us members of the Body of Christ: "Therefore . . . we are members one of another."72 Baptism incorporates us into the Church. From the baptismal fonts is born the one People of God of the New Covenant, which transcends all the natural or human limits of nations, cultures, races, and sexes: "For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body."73 1268 The baptized have become "living stones" to be "built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood."74 By Baptism they share in the priesthood of Christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. They are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that [they] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [them] out of darkness into his marvelous light."75 Baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers. 1269 Having become a member of the Church, the person baptized belongs no longer to himself, but to him who died and rose for us.76 From now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the Church, and to "obey and submit" to the Church's leaders,77 holding them in respect and affection.78 Just as Baptism is the source of responsibilities and duties, the baptized person also enjoys rights within the Church: to receive the sacraments, to be nourished with the Word of God and to be sustained by the other spiritual helps of the Church.79 1270 "Reborn as sons of God, [the baptized] must profess before men the faith they have received from God through the Church" and participate in the apostolic and missionary activity of the People of God.80 The sacramental bond of the unity of Christians 1271 Baptism constitutes the foundation of communion among all Christians, including those who are not yet in full communion with the Catholic Church: "For men who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church. Justified by faith in Baptism, [they] are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers by the children of the Catholic Church."81 "Baptism therefore constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing among all who through it are reborn."82 An indelible spiritual mark . . . 1272 Incorporated into Christ by Baptism, the person baptized is configured to Christ. Baptism seals the Christian with the indelible spiritual mark (character) of his belonging to Christ. No sin can erase this mark, even if sin prevents Baptism from bearing the fruits of salvation.83 Given once for all, Baptism cannot be repeated. 1273 Incorporated into the Church by Baptism, the faithful have received the sacramental character that consecrates them for Christian religious worship.84 The baptismal seal enables and commits Christians to serve God by a vital participation in the holy liturgy of the Church and to exercise their baptismal priesthood by the witness of holy lives and practical charity.85 1274 The Holy Spirit has marked us with the seal of the Lord ("Dominicus character") "for the day of redemption."86 "Baptism indeed is the seal of eternal life."87 The faithful Christian who has "kept the seal" until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his Baptism, will be able to depart this life "marked with the sign of faith,"88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the blessed vision of God - the consummation of faith - and in the hope of resurrection. 1275 Christian initiation is accomplished by three sacraments together: Baptism which is the beginning of new life; Confirmation which is its strengthening; and the Eucharist which nourishes the disciple with Christ's Body and Blood for his transformation in Christ. 1276 "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you" (Mt 28:19-20). 1277 Baptism is birth into the new life in Christ. In accordance with the Lord's will, it is necessary for salvation, as is the Church herself, which we enter by Baptism. 1278 The essential rite of Baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water or pouring water on his head, while pronouncing the invocation of the Most Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. 1279 The fruit of Baptism, or baptismal grace, is a rich reality that includes forgiveness of original sin and all personal sins, birth into the new life by which man becomes an adoptive son of the Father, a member of Christ and a temple of the Holy Spirit. By this very fact the person baptized is incorporated into the Church, the Body of Christ, and made a sharer in the priesthood of Christ. 1280 Baptism imprints on the soul an indelible spiritual sign, the character, which consecrates the baptized person for Christian worship. Because of the character Baptism cannot be repeated (cf. DS 1609 and DS 1624). 1281 Those who die for the faith, those who are catechumens, and all those who, without knowing of the Church but acting under the inspiration of grace, seek God sincerely and strive to fulfill his will, can be saved even if they have not been baptized (cf. LG 16). 1282 Since the earliest times, Baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of God that does not presuppose any human merit; children are baptized in the faith of the Church. Entry into Christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283 With respect to children who have died without Baptism, the liturgy of the Church invites us to trust in God's mercy and to pray for their salvation. 1284 In case of necessity, any person can baptize provided that he have the intention of doing that which the Church does and provided that he pours water on the candidate's head while saying: "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." 4 Cf. Council Of Florence: DS 1314: vitae spiritualis ianua. 5 Roman Catechism II,2,5; Cf. Council Of Florence: DS 1314; CIC, cann. 204 § 1; 849; CCEO, can. 675 § 1. 6 2 Cor 5:17; Gal 6:15; Cf. Rom 6:34; Col 2:12. 7 Titus 3:5; Jn 3:5. 8 St. Justin, Apol. 1,61,12:PG 6,421. 9 Jn 1:9; 1 Thess 5:5; Heb 10:32; Eph 5:8. 10 St. Gregory Of Nazianzus, Oratio 40,3-4:PG 36,361C. 11 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 12 Cf. Gen 1:2. 13 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 14 1 Pet 3:20. 15 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 16 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water: "Abrahae filios per mare Rubrum sicco vestigio transire fecisti, ut plebs, a Pharaonis servitute liberata, populum baptizatorum præfiguraret." 17 Cf. Mt 3:13. 18 Mt 28:19-20; cf. Mk 16:15-16. 19 Mt 3:15. 20 Cf. Phil 2:7. 21 Mt 3:16-17. 22 Mk 10:38; cf. Lk 12:50. 23 Cf. Jn 19:34; 1 Jn 5:6-8. 24 Cf. Jn 3:5. 25 St. Ambrose, De sacr. 2,2,6:PL 16,444; cf. Jn 3:5. 26 Acts 2:38. 27 Cf. Acts 2:41; 8:12-13; 10:48; 16:15. 28 Acts 16:31-33. 29 Rom 6:3-4; cf. Col 2:12. 30 Gal 3:27. 31 CE 1 Cor 6:11; 12:13. 32 1 Pet 1:23; cf. Eph 5:26. 33 St. Augustine, In Jo. ev. 80,3:PL 35,1840. 34 SC 64. 35 Cf. RCIA (1972). 36 SC 65; cf. SC 37-40. 37 Cf. AG 14; CIC, cann. 851; 865; 866. 38 Cf. CIC, cann. 851, 2o; 868. 39 Cf. Rom 6:17. 40 Jn 3:5. 41 Cf. RBC 62. 42 Gal 3:27. 43 Mt 5:14; cf. Phil 2:15. 44 Rev 19:9. 45 Mk 10:14. 46 CIC, can. 864; cf. CCEO, can. 679. 47 AG 14; cf. RCIA 19; 98. 48 AG 14 § 5. 49 LG 14 § 3; cf. CIC, cann. 206; 788 § 3. 50 Cf. Council of Trent (1546): DS 1514; cf. Col 1:12-14. 51 Cf. CIC, can. 867; CCEO, cann. 681; 686,1. 52 Cf. LG 11; 41; GS 48; CIC, can. 868. 53 Cf. Acts 16:15,33; 18:8; 1 Cor 1:16; CDF, instruction, Pastoralis actio: AAS 72 (1980) 1137-1156. 54 Cf. Mk 16:16. 55 Cf. CIC, cann. 872-874. 56 Cf. SC 67. 57 Cf. CIC, can. 861 § 1; CCEO, can. 677 § 1. 58 CIC, can. 861.2. 59 Cf. 1 Tim 2:4. 60 Cf. Jn 3:5. 61 Cf. Mt 28:19-20; cf. Council of Trent (1547) DS 1618; LG 14; AG 5. 62 Cf. Mk 16:16. 63 GS 22 § 5; cf. LG 16; AG 7. 64 Mk 10 14; cf. 1 Tim 2:4. 65 Cf. Acts 2:38; Jn 3:5. 66 Cf. Council of Florence (1439): DS 1316. 67 Council of Trent (1546): DS 1515. 68 2 Tim 2:5. 69 2 Cor 5:17; 2 Pet 1:4; cf. Gal 4:5-7. 70 Cf. 1 Cor 6:15; 12:27; Rom 8:17. 71 Cf. 1 Cor 6:19. 72 Eph 4:25. 73 1 Cor 12:13. 74 1 Pet 2:5. 75 1 Pet 2:9. 76 Cf. 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 5:15. 77 Heb 13:17. 78 Cf. Eph 5:21; 1 Cor 16:15-16; 1 Thess 5:12-13; Jn 13:12-15. 79 Cf. LG 37; CIC, cann. 208-223; CCEO, can. 675:2. 80 LG 11; cf. LG 17; AG 7; 23. 81 UR 3. 82 UR 22 § 2. 83 Cf. Rom 8:29; Council of Trent (1547): DS 1609-1619. 84 Cf. LG 11. 85 Cf. LG 10. 86 St. Augustine, Ep. 98,5:PL 33,362; Eph 4:30; cf. 1:13-14; 2 Cor 1:21-22. 87 St. Irenaeus, Dem ap. 3:SCh 62,32. 88 Roman Missal, EP I (Roman Canon) 97.	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What is feline diabetes? Diabetes mellitus, the clinical name for "sugar diabetes," is a condition that affects the concentration of glucose, a type of sugar, in a cat's blood. Diabetes in cats is rarely the result of a shortage of insulin (Type I Diabetes). More commonly, diabetes results when a cat's body has trouble using the insulin it has made properly (Type II Diabetes). Insulin affects the way a cat's body uses food. When a cat eats, food is broken down into very small components that the body can use. One component, carbohydrate, is converted into several types of sugars, including glucose. Glucose is absorbed from the intestines into the blood. Once in the bloodstream, glucose travels to cells where it can be absorbed and used as a source of energy-if insulin is present. Without enough insulin, glucose can't enter cells and builds up in the bloodstream. So a cat may act hungry all the time and eat constantly, but still lose weight because its cells can't absorb glucose. Most cats develop Type II Diabetes, in which their cells no longer respond normally to the amounts of insulin produced by the pancreas. While many cats initially require daily insulin injections, the treatment goal is to correct the factors or conditions causing insulin resistance. If these factors, such as obesity, can be adequately controlled, many cats will experience temporary remission or permanent resolution of their diabetes. Many cats with Type II Diabetes will experience marked improvement in their insulin sensitivity when changed to a species-appropriate high protein, low carbohydrate food. However, not all cats with diabetes are suited to this type of diet. Your veterinarian will conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend the most appropriate diet and treatment for your cat's diabetes. - Older Cats - Neutered Male Cats - Physical Inactivity - Medications (Steroids and Progestins) If you think your cat may be at risk, make an appointment today to get your cat checked for diabetes. Diabetes is one of many conditions that can affect your cat and cause visible changes in behavior and other signs. That's why it's important your cat be thoroughly examined by a veterinarian at least once a year or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - Drinks more water than usual (polydipsia) - Urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has "accidents" outside the litter box (polyuria) - Always acts hungry (polyphagia), but maintains or loses weight - Is less active or sleeps more (lethargic) - Has thinning, dry, or dull hair When evaluating your cat for diabetes, your veterinarian may ask about these signs and will check your cat's general health to rule out the possibility of other conditions or infections. A sample of your cat's urine may be tested first for the presence of glucose, ketones, and/or a urinary tract infection. If glucose is present in your cat's urine, your veterinarian will want to determine your cat's blood glucose concentration and fructosamine concentration. If the blood glucose concentration is consistently higher than normal, your cat's pancreas may not be secreting enough insulin or your cat's body is "resistant" to the insulin being produced. Regardless of the cause for increased blood sugar, your pet is suffering from diabetes mellitus. A diabetes diagnosis is considered definite when glucose is found at a persistently high concentration in blood and in urine. - Diet–determining the best type of food for your cat. Cats, as carnivores, often have significant improvement in their blood sugar levels when placed on a high protein, low carbohydrate food. This is also the perfect time to address weight loss if your cat is overweight or obese - Insulin–how to store and administer it properly - Hypoglycemia–how to identify and treat potentially life-threatening low blood sugar - At-home monitoring you should perform and when you should alert your veterinarian. Ask how you should monitor your cat for the possibility of diabetes remission - Recommended veterinary rechecks - Diabetes Mellitus in Cats Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the pancreas. In simple terms, it is caused by the failure of the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. Click on the link to learn more. - Diabetes in Cats – Testing and Monitoring There are several recommended tests to have done on your cat when Diabetes Mellitus is suspected. Cats can live happily and healthfully with diabetes if proper monitoring is performed by you at home and your cat has regularly scheduled visits with your veterinarian. For the best monitoring of a diabetic cat and the highest chance of diabetic remission, blood glucose can be checked by you at home. Ask your veterinarian if this monitoring approach might be right for you and your cat. Click on the link to learn more. - Giving Injections to Cats Diabetes Mellitus can be controlled in cats by administering daily insulin injections. Click on the link to learn more. To learn more about diabetes in dogs and cats, check our Pet Health Library. 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Search This Site News :: School board learns of impact of iPads, 1 to 1 laptops at VSHS · 5:19pm January 14th, 2013 Members of the Vinton-Shellsburg School Board saw several demonstrations of how modern computer technology can help with education. Several teachers demonstrated how students are using Apple iPads and laptop computers to create videos, and learn reading and pronunciation skills. But first, the school board members had a chance for some training on their own iPads. The school district has replaced the laptop computers that the school board members used for meetings with iPads. Technology specialist Kim Meyer spent a half hour giving board members basic instructions in how to use the devices. The meeting took place in the library of Tilford Elementary Monday afternoon. District considering 1 to 1 computers at VSHS High School Principal Matt Kingsbury joined Meyer in sharing with the school board their proposal for providing each student at VSHS with his or her own laptop computer. The program would cost $700,000 with the money coming from the PPEL levy; no additional tax revenues would be required. The purchase would be repeated every four years; middle school students would eventually use the computers after the high school students received new ones. Kingsbury said the $700,000 includes computers, carrying bags, security and software. Kingsbury and Meyer told the board why they believe Macintosh computers are better than PCs. VS leaders have spoken about the 1 to 1 computer program with other districts. Students in those schools generally took very good care of their computers. Kingsbury and Meyer said that the tech committee at VSHS is putting together policies governing computer use, as well as possible fees for families if a student accidentally damages a computer. A survey by school officials indicated that 157 people responded that they were in favor of each student having his own computer; 25 respondents said no; and 76 said maybe. Concerns expressed in the survey included the cost of the program, the expense for families of students, and filtering to make sure that students do not use inappropriate web sites. Meyer and Kingsbury explained how current technogology allows the school IT personnel to monitor every computer in the system. The school board heard how students have used already computers to do several projects, including creating radio broadcasts and e-books. Kingsbury said he is working with VSHS staff on setting up training sessions for students and teachers, as well as a meeting for parents; the plan is to have the computers available for the next school year, if the district and board grant final approval. "No decision has been made, but there is some momentum building," said Superintendent Mary Jo Hainstock. 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The president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, had planned to use his leadership of the G20 this year to highlight some of the needs of the developing world. Instead, the focus of G20 summit in Cannes has been on the threat of a Greek default and destabilization of the eurozone. Europe’s financial crisis affects more than the 27 members of the European Union. “There is a direct relationship between the crisis in Europe and flows of resources to Africa and development efforts around the world,” says Sam Worthington of InterAction, the largest U.S. coalition of non-profit organizations devoted to debt relief and development. “Europe is one of the biggest centers of remittances around the world,” he explained. “As Europe gets poorer, those remittances begin to dry up. European banks have a large presence in Africa, bank credits will also continue to dry up. And as European countries begin to try to deal with their own fiscal crises, one of the first areas where we fear we will see cuts is in official development assistance.” Famine and food prices It’s ironic, Worthington said, that the debt crisis in the eurozone comes at the same time as the first famine of the 21st century in the Horn of Africa, with 13 million people being food insecure and another 750,000 people at risk of starvation. Contributing to the situation is the growing volatility of food prices, an issue that is also to be considered by G20 leaders. U.S. President Barack Obama (L) walks with French President Nicholas Sarkozy, after Obama's arrival at Espace Riviera for the G20 summit in Cannes, France, November 3, 2011. “The solutions being offered here in Cannes,” said Worthington, “are important but not sufficient. One of the big proposals being debated in the communiqué right now are issues of food stocks in West Africa. At this point in time, it looks likely that some form of food reserves will be put in place but only for humanitarian uses in Africa. The broader question of regulation of food prices and the deeper fulfillment of the commitment made by the G8 at L’Aquila for f 22 billion dollars [in development aid] still remains elusive.” Strengthening the safey net Another goal of the G20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. One proposal, back by Microsoft entrepreneur Bill Gates, calls for a tax on international financial transactions. Some countries, including the United States, Britain, Japan and Brazil, oppose the tax. “The UK will clearly not be on board,” said Worthington, “so it will come down to Germany, France and other euro countries, a process that will need to make it through to [European Union headquarters in] Brussels. “It is unlikely France will act alone,” he continued. “We are seeing some support from South Africa and other groups. African countries have largely been silent in support for this tax, but if it is put in place it could generate up to 60 billion dollars in revenues.” He said supporters of tax are using a two-part approach. “The real question is what will be its uses?” he said. “Some in Germany say it should be used to offset deficits within European countries themselves. The battle for the tax itself is a big one. But the bigger battle is will this tax be used as a tool to finance some of the repayment effort s and financial efforts associated with Greece ? The concern of NGOs, he said, is that the poor and development projects will not benefit in the long run. French gendarmes stand near an anti G20 demonstrator who takes part in protest against globalization and tax havens, at the French-Monaco border in Cap d'Ail, November 3, 2011. “Our real cry here in Cannes,” said Worthington, “is that the problems the developed world is currently experiencing should not mean solutions are done on the backs of the world’s poor.” He adds that with global interconnectedness, the answers to the sluggish world economy require inclusive solutions. 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Over four years, college tuition, room and board, and textbooks can really add up. Since your time in college can be very expensive, it is important to start practicing good habits when it comes to spending money. Not only will these help you control spending now, but you will become savvier when it comes to saving in the future. Follow these tips to be more frugal on a student budget The first step to becoming more frugal in college is to develop a budget. Determine your monthly income, whether that be from your job or allowance from your parents. Then subtract your monthly expenses, including food, rent, and daily costs. From the remainder, save as much as you can, always leaving yourself a cushion in case you have extra expenses one month. The money left over is for spending. Once you’ve created your budget, stick to it! You’ve probably heard this one before, but dining out in restaurants or even buying fast food can add up quickly. Limit the number of times you dine out each week. This will give you something to look forward to and a chance to spend time with your friends. Instead, be creative when you go grocery shopping. You can try new foods and experiment with cooking by eating at home. Although it’s nice to sit in a coffee shop and enjoy your favorite drink, these beverages are often expensive and not worth their value. Invest in a coffee pot so that you can still get your caffeine fix without the cost. Many shops even sell their coffee packaged in the supermarket. This will last you for a longer time and allow you to get the same coffee you like without spending so much. When it comes to major purchases, like electronics or textbooks, take the time to do your research and find the best deals possible. Use comparison shopping engines that will allow you to compare prices on the products you want. When it comes to textbooks, think about alternative options. Look into ways to buy online, find used books, or even rent textbooks. Digital textbooks are another option to consider, which are usually cheaper than buying the hardcover version of a book. That is not to say that you should spend more, but that you should use cash instead of paying with a debit or credit card. This trick will help you feel more emotionally attached to your money. For every purchase you make, you will be able to see the actual transaction and feel your wallet getting thinner. You will become more aware of your spending and have more of an impulse to control how much you spend. One way to save money at school is to take advantage of free entertainment. College campuses often have active theatre scenes and offer free movies, concerts, and plays. You will also have access to discounts on entertainment using your student ID card. Many museums, movie theatres, and venues offer lower prices to students, so benefit from discount tickets while you can. Part of making smart choices when it comes to spending is knowing when to make substitutions. For every purchase you make, think it through and decide if it’s something you really want. If you can easily think of something you’d rather buy, then this is probably not an item you truly want or need. These tips will help you to better manage your money, not only as a college student, but in the years to come!	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Lake Shore Drive in its present incarnation is a relatively recent addition to Chicago’s landscape. Built in pieces over much of the last century, the road was known variously as Leif Erickson Drive and Field Boulevard before it was christened with its current name in 1946. The germ of the idea, however, began in 1882 with Potter Palmer, who wanted the city to build a road along the lakefront to increase property values. And as long as there’s been a Drive there’s been this question about the Drive: To expand or not to expand? And if we expand it, how far north or south should it go? In 1933 Lake Shore Drive was extended from Belmont to Foster. In the ‘50s the road pushed further north to Bryn Mawr, and then to Hollywood Avenue in 1957. On the South Side, there has been talk of expanding Lake Shore Drive into the former U.S. Steel South Works site, currently being redeveloped by Chicago based McCaffery Interests. But conversations about expanding North Lake Shore Drive beyond its current stopping point have been more controversial. The idea was resoundingly rejected in a 2004 referendum in which 90 percent of Rogers Park residents voted against the idea of expansion. Author Neal Samors grew up in Rogers Park and remembers the various LSD expansions. Together with co-author Bernie Judge, Samors tracks the highway’s history in Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive: America’s Most Beautiful Roadway. In the audio above, the two explain why the question of expansion has tended to rouse the ire of many North Siders. Dynamic Range showcases hidden gems unearthed from Chicago Amplified’s vast archive of public events and appears on weekends. Neal Samors and Bernard Judge spoke at an event presented by Chicago Architecture Foundation in January. Click here to hear the event in its entirety.	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Study: Most Plastics Leach Hormone-Like Chemicals Most plastic products, from sippy cups to food wraps, can release chemicals that act like the sex hormone estrogen, according to a study in Environmental Health Perspectives. The study found these chemicals even in products that didn't contain BPA, a compound in certain plastics that's been widely criticized because it mimics estrogen. Many plastic products are now marketed as BPA-free, and manufacturers have begun substituting other chemicals whose effects aren't as well known. But it's still unclear whether people are being harmed by BPA or any other so-called estrogenic chemicals in plastics. Most studies of health effects have been done in mice and rats. The new study doesn't look at health risks. It simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen-like chemicals other than BPA. To Fear Or Not To Fear Plastics? Exactly how BPA affects humans, and how serious its effects are, are still very much up for debate. The U.S. government generally advocates caution and more research, but agencies have issued a range of hesitant warnings. The National Toxicology Program, a division of the National Institutes of Health, says it has "some concern" about potential BPA exposures to the brains and prostate glands of fetuses, infants and children. Other agencies say they have lingering, unresolved "questions" about the chemical. Those questions largely circle around how prolonged exposure to the chemical in childhood or adulthood could affect reproduction and growth; how low-dose exposure at sensitive developmental stages could affect children and babies later in life; and how parental exposure could affect the next generation. Studies have shown links between BPA and cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and a host of other illnesses. One major sticking point for scientists is the challenge of drawing conclusions from hundreds of studies, each using different animals (mice and rats among them), doses, and routes of exposure. As the Environmental Protection Agency has noted, "there is controversy about whether effects seen at lower doses in animals are meaningful and relevant to humans." And scientists have also wondered whether rodents are more sensitive to the chemical than us because they metabolize it differently. Last year, the NIH launched a new round of studies, all with the same methodology, designed to answer the some of the niggling questions and help the government provide clearer guidance than it's been able to so far. -- Eliza Barclay The researchers bought more than 450 plastic items from stores including Walmart and Whole Foods. They chose products designed to come in contact with food — things like baby bottles, deli packaging and flexible bags, says George Bittner, one of the study's authors and a professor of biology at the University of Texas, Austin. Then CertiChem, a testing company founded by Bittner, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either saltwater or alcohol to see what came out. The testing showed that more than 70 percent of the products released chemicals that acted like estrogen. And that was before they exposed the stuff to real-world conditions: simulated sunlight, dishwashing and microwaving, Bittner says. "Then, you greatly increase the probability that you're going to get chemicals having estrogenic activity released," he says, adding that more than 95 percent of the products tested positive after undergoing this sort of stress. But what about all those products marketed as BPA-free? That's a claim being made for everything from dog bowls to bento boxes these days. The team concentrated on BPA-free baby bottles and water bottles, Bittner says, "and all of them released chemicals having estrogenic activity." Sometimes the BPA-free products had even more activity than products known to contain BPA. The testing didn't show which chemicals are to blame, which is likely to be frustrating to manufacturers. But Bittner says consumers should be encouraged that at least some plastic products had no estrogen-like activity. He says that shows it is possible to make these products. Early reaction to the study was mixed. Some scientists wondered about the test's reliability. Others noted that wine and many vegetables also can act like estrogen. And a few observed that Bittner has a financial interest in the testing lab and in a company involved in making plastic products that don't release estrogenic chemicals. On the other hand, groups that have warned about the potential dangers of BPA in the past seemed to welcome the new research. "This is really helpful because they took a look at very common products," says Sonya Lunder, a senior analyst at the Environmental Working Group. But the results suggest that concerns about plastics can't be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter, Lunder says. It's a problem for government, she says. "Regulatory agencies need to study the effect of chemicals leaching out of plastic," Lunder says, adding that an EPA program formed more than a decade ago to do this sort of research still hasn't produced many results. Until scientists come up with more definitive answers, Lunder says, worried consumers can follow the old advice to avoid putting those baby bottles and other plastic products in dishwashers or microwaves. "We've long cautioned consumers to avoid extreme heat and cooling for plastics, to discard scratched and worn plastics and we feel like this [study] validates one of our many concerns," she says. MICHELE NORRIS, host: Many of you have been clearing your house of baby bottles and other plastic products because they're made with the chemical BPA. Research has shown that BPA can act like the hormone estrogen, at least in mice and in rats. Now, as NPR's Jon Hamilton reports, a new study finds that even plastics without BPA can release estrogen-like chemicals. JON HAMILTON: Before you toss out your Tupperware, it's worth noting that scientists still don't know whether people are harmed by any of the chemicals coming from plastics. It's just not clear. And the new study doesn't look at health risks. It simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen-like chemicals other than BPA. That's something George Bittner, a biologist at the University of Texas in Austin, had been wondering for a long time. So he sent a research team to stores, including Wal-Mart and Whole Foods. Their mission: buy a whole bunch of stuff made of plastic, the kind of stuff that might come in contact with food. Mr. GEORGE BITTNER (Biologist, University of Texas at Austin): Baby bottles, deli packaging, flexible bags. HAMILTON: The team came back with more than 450 products. Then CertiChem, a testing company that Bittner founded, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either salt water or alcohol to see what leeched out. Bittner says the tests made one thing clear. Mr. BITTNER: Most plastic products on the market today release chemicals having easily detectible estrogenic activity. HAMILTON: Estrogenic activity means they act like estrogen. Bittner says about 70 percent of the stuff the lab tested released these chemicals, and Bittner says that was before they exposed the stuff to real-world conditions: simulated sunlight, dishwashing and microwaving. Mr. BITTNER: Then, you greatly increase the probability that you're going to get chemicals having estrogenic activity released, in fact, maybe somewhere between 95 to 98 percent. HAMILTON: But what about all those things marketed as BPA-free - you know, dog bowls, bento boxes? Mr. BITTNER: In particular, we've concentrated on baby bottles and water bottles. We've tested them and all of them released chemicals having estrogenic activity. HAMILTON: Sometimes even more than products known to contain BPA. The testing didn't show which chemicals are to blame. That's likely to be frustrating to manufacturers, but Bittner says consumers should be encouraged that at least some plastic products had no estrogen-like activity. He says that shows it can be done. Early reaction to the study was mixed. Some scientists wondered about the test's reliability. Others noted that wine and many vegetables also have estrogenic activity. And they note that Bittner has a financial interest in the testing lab and in a plastics company. But groups that have warned about BPA in the past seemed to welcome the new research. Ms. SONYA LUNDER (Senior Analyst, Environmental Working Group): This is really helpful because they took a look at very common products. HAMILTON: Sonya Lunder is from the Environmental Working Group. She says the results suggest the concerns about plastics can't be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter. It's a problem for government. Ms. LUNDER: Regulatory agencies like the FDA need to study the effect of chemicals leeching out of plastic. We know the EPA first proposed its hormone disrupter screening program 15 years ago and has made virtually no progress. HAMILTON: Lunder says that until there are more definitive answers, worried consumers can follow the old advice to avoid putting those baby bottles in dishwashers or microwaves. Ms. LUNDER: See, we've long cautioned consumers to avoid extreme heat and cooling for plastics, to discard scratched and worn plastics, and we feel like this validates one of our many concerns. HAMILTON: The new study appears in the online edition of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Jon Hamilton, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.	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FR. AYODELE AYENI CsSP April 2, 2012 At the dawn of creation, "the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the waters (Genesis 1.2)." The waters at creation not only manifest the symbolism of water in Christian theology, but also its creational importance. Water sustains life and its absence spells doom or death. The story of Noah and the Ark gives a Christian account of the havoc excessive water may cause, even if there will be a rebuilding or newness that follows. However, wherever water cohabits with the Spirit of God, as we see in Genesis 1.2, creational order unfolds from chaos. The Spirit of God hovering over water gives life and saving effects to water - "Wherever the river goes, every living creature that swarms will live" (Ezekiel 47.9). Water and Spirit have come a long way. In recognition of the association of water with the Spirit, we now say, in the Second Eucharistic Prayer: "Make holy, therefore, these gifts, we pray, by sending down your Spirit upon them like the dewfall." Here again, the Spirit is associated with water, in the form of a dewfall, with the mission of creating something new - the transubstantiation (changing) of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. St. Paul already anticipated this link between water and Spirit when he said: "For in the one Spirit we were all baptized into one body - Jews or Greeks, slaves or free - and we were all made to drink of one Spirit (1 Corinthians 12.13)." What a theological evolution! St. Paul anticipated the theological link between water and spirit. The instructions of God at creation (Genesis 1.1-2.4) brought creation into being, and every creature was given its limits, including water: "I (God) placed the sand as a boundary for the sea, a perpetual barrier that it cannot pass; though the waves toss, they cannot prevail, though they roar, they cannot pass over it" (Jeremiah 5.22). The human person pushed his boundary by "sin of origin," only to discover his frailty. When humans needed regeneration or salvation from their sins, water was readily available: "You (God) set the beams of your chambers on the waters, you make the clouds your chariot, you ride on the wings of the wind. . . . When you send forth your spirit, they are created; and you renew the face of the earth" (Psalm 104.3, 30). Humans can either lose their identity through sin, or have their identity denied them by servitude, like the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt. The restoration of a lost identity comes via redemption. God redeems by re-creating the primeva l state of creation, not necessarily through destruction, but by manifesting his power as creator. With the Israelites, he chose water as the medium of his re-creation. The waters of re-creation originated with the redemption of the Israelites from Egypt, a fact which coincided with their new identity as a people. St. Paul theologized on the crossing of the sea in these words: "I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea" (1 Corinthians 101-3). The birth of a new people, Israel, by the passing through the sea, keeps giving new birth and identity to all who approach the baptismal font, especially on Easter night. The column of light which announces God's presence among the Israelites, symbolized by the paschal candle, and the waters of the sea, represented by the water of Baptism, offer Christians the eternal memorial of God's acts of creation and re-creation. Throughout human history, God never ceases to act. Every Easter season actualizes God's presence and intervention on behalf of his people, in all circumstances of their lives. The baptismal font symbolizes those waters of re-creation. Baptism confers Christian identity to all who receive it, just as the Israelites received their identity before God. Also, since the Israelites received a collective identity as a nation of people, at Baptism, every Christian is incorporated, as an adopted child of God, into the Body of Christ, as a member of the Church. At Easter, we celebrate our individual and collective Christian birthday, our identity and our re-creation or redemption in Christ: "As many of you as were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. (Galatians 3.27-28). Spiritan Father Ayodele Ayeni is a sessional lecturer at Newman Theological College and pastor of Mary Help of Christians (Chinese) Parish in Edmonton.	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Search: Nuclear chemistry, Darmstadtium, Germany In honour of scientist and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the discovering team around Professor Sigurd Hofmann suggested the name copernicium with the element symbol Cp for the new element 112, discovered at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (Center for Heavy Ion Research) in Darmstadt. It was Copernicus who discovered that the Earth orbits the Sun, thus paving the way for our modern view of the world. Thirteen years ago, element 112 was discovered by an international team of scientists at the GSI accelerator facility. A few weeks ago, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, officially confirmed their discovery. In around six months, IUPAC will officially endorse the new element's name. This period is set to allow the scientific community to discuss the suggested name copernicium before the IUPAC naming. "After IUPAC officially recognized our discovery, we – that is all scientists involved in the discovery – agreed on proposing the name copernicium for the new element 112. We would like to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world", says Sigurd Hofmann, head of the discovering team. Copernicus was born 1473 in Torun; he died 1543 in Frombork, Poland. Working in the field of astronomy, he realized that the planets circle the Sun. His discovery refuted the then accepted belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. His finding was pivotal for the discovery of the gravitational force, which is responsible for the motion of the planets. It also led to the conclusion that the stars are incredibly far away and the universe inconceivably large, as the size and position of the stars does not change even though the Earth is moving. Furthermore, the new world view inspired by Copernicus had an impact on the human self-concept in theology and philosophy: humankind could no longer be seen as the center of the world. With its planets revolving around the Sun on different orbits, the solar system is also a model for other physical systems. The structure of an atom is like a microcosm: its electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like the planets orbit the Sun. Exactly 112 electrons circle the atomic nucleus in an atom of the new element "copernicium". Element 112 is the heaviest element in the periodic table, 277 times heavier than hydrogen. It is produced by a nuclear fusion, when bombarding zinc ions onto a lead target. As the element already decays after a split second, its existence can only be proved with the help of extremely fast and sensitive analysis methods. Twenty-one scientists from Germany, Finland, Russia and Slovakia have been involved in the experiments that led to the discovery of element 112. Since 1981, GSI accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. The discovering teams at GSI already named five of them: element 107 is called bohrium, element 108 hassium, element 109 meitnerium, element 110 darmstadtium, and element 111 is named roentgenium. The new element 112 discovered by GSI has been officially recognized and will be named by the Darmstadt group in due course. Their suggestion should be made public over this summer. The element 112, discovered at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (Centre for Heavy Ion Research) in Darmstadt, has been officially recognized as a new element by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC confirmed the recognition of element 112 in an official letter to the head of the discovering team, Professor Sigurd Hofmann. The letter furthermore asks the discoverers to propose a name for the new element. Their suggestion will be submitted within the next weeks. In about 6 months, after the proposed name has been thoroughly assessed by IUPAC, the element will receive its official name. The new element is approximately 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element in the periodic table. “We are delighted that now the sixth element – and thus all of the elements discovered at GSI during the past 30 years – has been officially recognized. During the next few weeks, the scientists of the discovering team will deliberate on a name for the new element”, says Sigurd Hofmann. 21 scientists from Germany, Finland, Russia and Slovakia were involved in the experiments around the discovery of the new element 112. Since 1981, GSI accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. GSI has already named their officially recognized elements 107 to 111: element 107 is called Bohrium, element 108 Hassium, element 109 Meitnerium, element 110 Darmstadtium, and element 111 is named Roentgenium. Recommendation for the Naming of Element of Atomic Number 110 Prepared for publication by J. Corish and G. M. Rosenblatt A joint IUPAC-IUPAP Working Party confirms the discovery of element number 110 and this by the collaboration of Hofmann et al. from the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. In accord with IUPAC procedures, the discoverers have proposed a name and symbol for the element. The Inorganic Chemistry Division Committee now recommends this proposal for acceptance. The proposed name is darmstadtium with symbol Ds. This proposal lies within the long established tradition of naming an element after the place of its discovery.	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AtomMate is a chemistry card game that consists of a deck of 49 playing cards with the names, symbols and facts about the elements of the Periodic Table. It is used to play games that involve making chemical compounds. Designed for students aged 10 and up, it is a grow-with-me game. Beginning students learn the names and symbols of the elements. Intermediate students learn to combine the elements to form molecules and compounds. More advanced students can use the cards to enhance their understanding of simple reactions. Instructions for eight easy games, which range in difficulty from easy to complex, are included. There are several games that may be played with these cards. All games are designed for 2 to 4 players. The deck contains a sub-set of the elements in the periodic table, with repetitions of some elements. Some of the elements have the word TOXIC on them - this gives the card special powers in some of the games. There are 8 non-element cards: 4 reduce and 4 oxidize. These allow the player to make additional moves in some of the games. The following information on the cards may be used to play the games: AtomMate is a game developed by Dr. Carol Brevett who has taught Chemistry at Iowa State University and has been working in industry, including at the DuPont company of Delaware, as a research scientist for over 13 years. She has developed and tested the Atommate games over many years. A must for the chemistry enthusiast, the science scholar, the science-oriented pupil or anyone who wants to play an unusual and novel card game. With each order we'll send you a free silky periodic table bookmark and a free glossy laminated postcard sized periodic table for your noticeboard! Delivery and shipping \| Terms and conditions \| About us \|	[ 2953, 296, 44, 378, 318, 257, 16585, 2657, 983, 326, 10874, 286, 257, 6203, 286, 5125, 2712, 4116, 351, 262, 3891, 11, 14354, 290, 6419, 546, 262, 4847, 286, 262, 18581, 291, 8655, 13, 632, 318, 973, 284, 711, 1830, 326, 6211, 1642, 5931, 16439, 13, 39198, 329, 2444, 9722, 838, 290, 510, 11, 340, 318, 257, 1663, 12, 4480, 12, 1326, 983, 13, 198, 45198, 2444, 2193, 262, 3891, 290, 14354, 286, 262, 4847, 13, 42540, 2444, 2193, 284, 12082, 262, 4847, 284, 1296, 17745, 290, 16439, 13, 3125, 6190, 2444, 460, 779, 262, 4116, 284, 9494, 511, 4547, 286, 2829, 12737, 13, 27759, 329, 3624, 2562, 1830, 11, 543, 2837, 287, 8722, 422, 2562, 284, 3716, 11, 389, 3017, 13, 1318, 389, 1811, 1830, 326, 743, 307, 2826, 351, 777, 4116, 13, 1439, 1830, 389, 3562, 329, 362, 284, 604, 1938, 13, 383, 6203, 4909, 257, 850, 12, 2617, 286, 262, 4847, 287, 262, 27458, 3084, 11, 351, 46152, 1756, 286, 617, 4847, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 4847, 423, 262, 1573, 5390, 55, 2149, 319, 606, 532, 428, 3607, 262, 2657, 2041, 5635, 287, 617, 286, 262, 1830, 13, 1318, 389, 807, 1729, 12, 30854, 4116, 25, 604, 4646, 290, 604, 18762, 1096, 13, 2312, 1249, 262, 2137, 284, 787, 3224, 6100, 287, 617, 286, 262, 1830, 13, 383, 1708, 1321, 319, 262, 4116, 743, 307, 973, 284, 711, 262, 1830, 25, 198, 2953, 296, 44, 378, 318, 257, 983, 4166, 416, 1583, 13, 5074, 3719, 303, 926, 508, 468, 7817, 27867, 379, 9406, 1812, 2059, 290, 468, 587, 1762, 287, 2831, 11, 1390, 379, 262, 10343, 48039, 1664, 286, 19603, 11, 355, 257, 2267, 11444, 329, 625, 1511, 812, 13, 1375, 468, 4166, 290, 6789, 262, 1629, 2002, 378, 1830, 625, 867, 812, 13, 317, 1276, 329, 262, 16585, 33471, 11, 262, 3783, 15606, 11, 262, 3783, 12, 17107, 34047, 393, 2687, 508, 3382, 284, 711, 281, 8468, 290, 5337, 2657, 983, 13, 198, 3152, 1123, 1502, 356, 1183, 3758, 345, 257, 1479, 3313, 2584, 27458, 3084, 44007, 290, 257, 1479, 40551, 30592, 3898, 1281, 9517, 19943, 27458, 3084, 329, 534, 4003, 3526, 0, 198, 33129, 290, 8440, 930, 198, 15156, 907, 290, 3403, 930, 198, 8585, 514, 930, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	373
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland. In women, LH helps regulate the menstrual cycle and egg production (ovulation); in men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which plays a role in sperm production. Women's LH levels normally vary with the phase of the menstrual cycle, rapidly increasing just before ovulation occurs. This "LH surge" is a dependable sign that a woman is in a fertile time of her cycle. Men's LH levels normally remain constant. Abnormally high or low LH levels can be a sign of an inability to produce eggs or sperm. WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise	[ 43, 1133, 259, 2890, 17770, 357, 43, 39, 8, 318, 4635, 416, 262, 6028, 5013, 560, 37917, 13, 554, 1466, 11, 49730, 5419, 16697, 262, 37230, 6772, 290, 5935, 3227, 357, 709, 1741, 1776, 287, 1450, 11, 49730, 49881, 262, 3227, 286, 18776, 11, 543, 5341, 257, 2597, 287, 19311, 3227, 13, 198, 18495, 338, 49730, 2974, 7685, 7565, 351, 262, 7108, 286, 262, 37230, 6772, 11, 8902, 3649, 655, 878, 19643, 1741, 8833, 13, 770, 366, 43, 39, 13853, 1, 318, 257, 4745, 540, 1051, 326, 257, 2415, 318, 287, 257, 31192, 640, 286, 607, 6772, 13, 6065, 338, 49730, 2974, 7685, 3520, 6937, 13, 198, 4826, 27237, 453, 1029, 393, 1877, 49730, 2974, 460, 307, 257, 1051, 286, 281, 16612, 284, 4439, 9653, 393, 19311, 13, 198, 13908, 12740, 8366, 20984, 422, 3893, 3083, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	137
You might recognize prominent primatologist Frans de Waal from lectures he has given about his research on primate behavior, which have been popularized on YouTube. His face is familiar to chimpanzees, too; some chimps that he knew as babies still recognize him even after decades apart, he said. "Chimpanzees have the advantage that you cannot ask them questions, so you have to watch (their) behavior to see what they do," says de Waal, director of Emory University's Living Links Center, in his Dutch-accented voice that is both gentle and authoritative. He adds, with dry humor: "With humans, you can ask questions and you get all sorts of answers I don't trust, so I prefer to work with chimpanzees for that reason." Living Links is part of the oldest and largest primate center in the United States: The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, a secluded grassy area in suburban Atlanta where humans work in office trailers and other animals play in open-air compounds. De Waal, who has been at the center for more than 20 years, has made a career out of finding links between primate and human behavior, particularly in the areas of morality and empathy. You might think of "morality" as special for humans, but there are elements of it that are found in the animal kingdom, says de Waal -- namely, fairness and reciprocity. His latest study, published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that chimpanzees may show some of the same sensibility about fairness that humans do. The popular belief that the natural world is based on competition is a simplification, de Waal says. The strength of one's immune system, and the ability to find food, are also crucial. And many animals survive by cooperating. "The struggle for life is not necessarily literally a struggle," he said. "Humans are a highly cooperative species, and we can see in our close relatives where that comes from." Mammals such as wolves, orcas and elephants need their groups to survive, and empathy and cooperation are survival mechanisms. De Waal discusses these mechanisms in his 2009 book "The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society."	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Has smallpox really disappeared from The International Vaccination Newsletter, Dec 1997 In 1982, the WHO advised a global vaccination moratorium against the smallpox vaccination because, they said, the disease appeared to have vanished from the earth. For another thing, the side-effects had become too obvious to maintain the traditional guidelines in favour of mass vaccination. There are many questions about the role of the vaccine in the decline of the disease, a point which may be clarified in a later issue of IVN. However, it is questionable whether smallpox really was eradicated as we have been told. Some publications stated that the last smallpox virus had disappeared from this globe. But had it really? Certainly not, since viruses were stored and even used in later experiments as carrier molecules for an experimental AIDS vaccine. Some of the volunteers engaged by the Pasteur Institute died during the experiment from a smallpox-like illness (1). The institute managed to keep the information out of the front pages. A new and embarrassing development was the resurgence of pox-family viruses in Africa, known as the monkeypox. This fact has been known for many years but the public was reassured that this had nothing to do with smallpox and that the human species was safe. Not as safe as we were told, though, since in the Congo in 1970, pox viruses were isolated from humans2 corresponding to the pox viruses found in captive monkeys in 1958 and identified the next year (3). It was baptised monkeypox~. The same virus was isolated from 6 humans in 1959 by Foster. In 1976, Gipsen reported on more cases in Nigeria (4). The terminology of the disease became ever more confusing, since what were at first simply monkeypox are now introduced into literature ashuman monkeypox. What, now, is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? It is interesting to read in a recent article in the Lancet that "Human monkeypox is a systemic exanthem, resembling smallpox, that occurs as a sporadic zoonosis in rural rainforest villages of western and central Africa. The disease is caused by an orthopoxvirus, which is transmitted to human beings by handling infected animals; serosurveys have implicated squirrels ... as the probable reservoir. Secondary human-to-human spread by aerosol or direct contact accounts for about 28% of cases..." (my emphasis) So, let us make a simple addition. This virus is an orthopox virus, which means, literally translated, a real pox virus. This virus spreads among humans causing an exanthem resembling smallpox, and causing disease and death among the infected (between February and August 1996, 71 cases were notified in the Katako-Kombe area in Zaire, 6 of which 4 died from the disease (5). So what is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? The difference is a difference in protein structure. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different structures. But what does this really matter it both viruses affect us in the same way, spread in the same way, and cause the same eruptions and the same clinical disease? Scientists do, the victims dont! It is quite odd that the authors do not mention the smallpox vaccination status of the infected. All they mention is that in a preliminary study none of the examined had a scar of smallpox vaccination. Which does not mean that they had not been vaccinated as the vaccine may not have taken. No figures are available about antibodies against smallpox, so that we have no real clue whether, in this study, the vaccine showed any protection against monkeypox or not. Many of the patients described elsewhere were vaccinated. Arita and Henderson (6) found 94 children with facial scarring caused by monkeypox; all except two who also showed scars typical for smallpox vaccination. So the least one can do is to question the protection offered by smallpox vaccination against the new monkey-pox virus. Apparently the new virus is quite infectious, since 42 cases, including 3 deaths, were reported in a small village with only 346 inhabitants. The article further states that "present cluster of cases constitutes a reemergence of human monkeypox on a scale greater in magnitude than the approximate 65 annual cases previously indicated for Kasai Oriental, Bandundu, and Equateur regions from 1981 to 1986" and also that "it contains a more extensive occurrence of person-to-person transmission than previously recognised." The conclusion of the authors is that" Because sequence analyses have indicated that Zairian monkeypox strains have not diverged greatly from the first isolate from the area in 1970 and monkeypox and smallpox variola viruses are independently evolved species (7), notions of monkeypox virus mutating into variola virus are unfounded." This does not sound very reassuring. Former suggestions that "prolonged episodes or sustained cascades of transmission of human monkeypox would be unlikely" (8) do not hold up. Although the smallpox VIRUS appears to have died down a few decades ago, obviously the DISEASE is still present on this earth and able to make a come-back. Whether this is due to the mutation of the original virus or to a new virus that generates the same disease is a question that remains unanswered. Another pillar of the vaccine dogma, its victory over smallpox, has fallen into pieces. 1. Personal communication with a staff member. 2. Mukinda, V.B.K.; et al Reemergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Lancet, 1997; 349:1449-50 3. von Magnus, P.; et al A pox-like disease In cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 1959; 46/2:156-76 4. Gipsen, R.; et al Monkeypoxspecific antibodies in human and simian sera from the ivory Coast and Nigeria. Bull, WHO, 1976; 53; 355-60 5. WHO. Monkeypox, Zaire. Widy Epidemiol Aec, 1996; 71:326 6. Arita, I.; Henderson, D.A.; Monkey-pox and whitepox viruses in West and Central Africa.Bull WHO, 1976; 53:347-53 7. Douglass, N.; Dumbell, K.R.; Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses. J Virol, 1992; 66:7565-7 8. Jezek, Z.; Fenner, F.; Human monkeypox. Monographs In Virology Vol 17, J.L.Melnick, ed. 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The National Park Service maintains a number of historic sites associated with black history. Ten of those sites are featured here, each with a link to visitors information from the park service. Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site commemorates the Supreme Court's landmark decision to end segregation in the country's public schools. The Black Heritage Trail on Boston's Beacon Hill pieces together the story of the free African American community that lived here during the decades leading up to and during the Civil War. Fort Davis is important in understanding the presence of African Americans in the West and in the frontier military because the 24th and 25th U.S. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1818, and was given the name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey (Baly), after his mother Harriet Bailey. On October 16, 17, and 18, 1859, John Brown and his "Provisional Army of the United States" took possession of the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry.	[ 464, 2351, 3250, 4809, 16047, 257, 1271, 286, 9566, 5043, 3917, 351, 2042, 2106, 13, 9368, 286, 883, 5043, 389, 8096, 994, 11, 1123, 351, 257, 2792, 284, 9692, 1321, 422, 262, 3952, 2139, 13, 198, 20644, 410, 13, 5926, 286, 7868, 2351, 30426, 14413, 28723, 689, 262, 5617, 3078, 338, 20533, 2551, 284, 886, 26718, 287, 262, 1499, 338, 1171, 4266, 13, 198, 464, 2619, 18518, 13069, 319, 6182, 338, 29729, 3327, 5207, 1978, 262, 1621, 286, 262, 1479, 5510, 1605, 2055, 326, 5615, 994, 1141, 262, 4647, 3756, 510, 284, 290, 1141, 262, 7511, 1810, 13, 198, 21926, 7802, 318, 1593, 287, 4547, 262, 4931, 286, 5510, 3399, 287, 262, 2688, 290, 287, 262, 27580, 2422, 780, 262, 1987, 400, 290, 1679, 400, 471, 13, 50, 13, 198, 30847, 41556, 5728, 20721, 373, 4642, 656, 13503, 319, 262, 8345, 25759, 286, 10769, 287, 1248, 1507, 11, 290, 373, 1813, 262, 1438, 26113, 48339, 2669, 20330, 357, 33, 3400, 828, 706, 465, 2802, 48805, 20330, 13, 198, 2202, 3267, 1467, 11, 1596, 11, 290, 1248, 11, 1248, 3270, 11, 1757, 4373, 290, 465, 366, 2964, 10178, 282, 5407, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 1, 1718, 7797, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 45388, 290, 13837, 379, 2113, 19276, 42609, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	209
First published in 1925, the Winnie the Pooh stories made Pooh into the world’s most loved and trusted bear. Pooh, a bear of “very little brain,” is always searching for honey. The heartwarming tales of Pooh and his friends in 100 Acre Woods were based on the stuffed animals owned by the author’s son, Christopher Robbins. Disney first introduced film audiences to the lovable Pooh in 1966. The Winnie the Pooh key ring collection includes Pooh and his friends gloomy Eeyore, bouncy Tigger, and cute Piglet who tries to be brave. The colorful Pooh key chains are available in two types: traditional pictures of the well-known characters and the young characters as “Disney Cuties.”	[ 5962, 3199, 287, 36864, 11, 262, 19454, 494, 262, 7695, 1219, 3923, 925, 7695, 1219, 656, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 749, 6151, 290, 13467, 6842, 13, 7695, 1219, 11, 257, 6842, 286, 564, 250, 548, 1310, 3632, 11, 447, 251, 318, 1464, 10342, 329, 12498, 13, 383, 2612, 48133, 19490, 286, 7695, 1219, 290, 465, 2460, 287, 1802, 4013, 260, 16483, 547, 1912, 319, 262, 22259, 4695, 6898, 416, 262, 1772, 447, 247, 82, 3367, 11, 12803, 44117, 13, 8519, 717, 5495, 2646, 15579, 284, 262, 300, 21985, 7695, 1219, 287, 19322, 13, 198, 464, 19454, 494, 262, 7695, 1219, 1994, 5858, 4947, 3407, 7695, 1219, 290, 465, 2460, 46400, 412, 2959, 382, 11, 31283, 948, 14189, 1362, 11, 290, 13779, 23097, 1616, 508, 8404, 284, 307, 14802, 13, 383, 20239, 7695, 1219, 1994, 14659, 389, 1695, 287, 734, 3858, 25, 4569, 5986, 286, 262, 880, 12, 4002, 3435, 290, 262, 1862, 3435, 355, 564, 250, 37338, 327, 8249, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	164

Modeling is the process of taking a shape and molding it into a completed 3D mesh. The most typical means of creating a 3D model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or “grow” it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. Primitives can be anything from a single point (called a vertex), a two-dimensional line (an edge), a curve (a spline), to three dimensional objects (faces or polygons). Using the specific features of your chosen 3D software, each one of these primitives can be manipulated to produce an object. When you create a model in 3D, you’ll usually learn one method to create your model, and go back to it time and again when you need to create new models. There are three basic methods you can use to create a 3D model, and 3D artists should understand how to create a model using each technique. 1. Spline or patch modeling: A spline is a curve in 3D space defined by at least two control points. The most common splines used in 3D art are bezier curves and NURBS (the software Maya has a strong NURBS modeling foundation.) Using splines to create a model is perhaps the oldest, most traditional form of 3D modeling available. A cage of splines is created to form a “skeleton” of the object you want to create. The software can then create a patch of polygons to extend between two splines, forming a 3D skin around the shape. Spline modeling is not used very often these days for character creation, due to how long it takes to create good models. The models that are produced usually aren’t useful for animation without a lot of modification. Spline modeling is used primarily for the creation of hard objects, like cars, buildings, and furniture. Splines are extremely useful when creating these objects, which may be a combination of angular and curved shapes. When creating a 3D scene that requires curved shapes, spline modeling should be your first choice. 2. Box modeling: Box modeling is possibly the most popular technique, and bears a lot of resemblance to traditional sculpting. In box modeling, one starts with a primitive (usually a cube) and begins adding detail by “slicing” the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you’re after. People use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. Once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. The downside is that the technique requires a lot of tweaking of the model along the way. Also, it is difficult to create a model that has a surface topology that lends well to animation. Box modeling is useful as a way to create organic models, like characters. Box modelers can also create hard objects like buildings, however precise curved shapes may be more difficult to create using this technique. 3. Poly modeling / edge extrusion: While it’s not the easiest to get started with, poly modeling is perhaps the most effective and precise technique. In poly modeling, one creates a 3D mesh point-by-point, face-by-face. Often one will start out with a single quad (a 3D object consisting of 4 points) and extrude an edge of the quad, creating a second quad attached to the first. The 3D model is created gradually in this way. While poly modeling is not as fast as box modeling, it requires less tweaking of the mesh to get it “just right,” and you can plan out the topology for animation ahead of time. Poly modelers use the technique to create either organic or hard objects, though poly modeling is best suited for organic models. A Workflow that Works The workflow you choose to create a model will largely depend on how comfortable you are with a given technique, what object you’re creating, and what your goals are for the final product. Someone who is creating an architectural scene, for example, may create basic models with cubes and other simple shapes to create an outline of the finished project. Meshes can then be refined or replaced with more detailed objects as you progress through the project. This is an organized, well-planned way to create a scene; it is a strategy used by professionals that makes scene creation straightforward. Beginners, on the other hand, tend to dive in headfirst and work on the most detailed objects first. This is a daunting way to work, and can quickly lead to frustration and overwhelm. Remember, sketch first, then refine. Likewise, when creating an organic model, beginners tend to start with the most detailed areas first, and flesh out the remaining parts later, a haphazard way to create a character. This may be one reason why box modeling has grown to be so widely popular. A modeler can easily create the complete figure before refining the details, like eyes, lips, and ears. Perhaps the best strategy is to use a hybrid workflow when creating organic models. A well planned organic model is created using a combination of box modeling and poly modeling. The arms, legs, and torso can be sketched out with box modeling, while the fine details of the head, hands, and feet are poly modeled. This is a compromise professional modelers seek which prevents them from getting bogged down in details. It can make the difference between a completed character, and one that is never fleshed out beyond the head. Beginners would be wise to follow this advice. Another aspect of proper workflow is creating a model with an ideal 3D mesh topology. Topology optimization is usually associated with creating models used in animation. Models created without topology that flows in a smooth, circular pattern, may not animate correctly, which is why it is important to plan ahead when creating any 3D object that will be used for animation. The most frequently discussed topology is the proper creation or placement of edgeloops. An edgeloop is a ring of polygons placed in an area where the model may deform, as in the case of animation. These rings of polygons are usually placed around areas where muscles might be, such as in the shoulder or elbow. Edegeloop placement is critical when creating faces. When edgeloops are ignored, models will exhibit “tearing” when animated, and the model will need to be reworked or scrapped altogether in favor of a properly-planned model. The next step to creating great models is simply to practice and examine the work of artists you admire. Some of the best 3D modelers are also fantastic pencil-and-paper artists. It will be well worth your time to practice drawing, whether you’re a character creator or a wanna-be architect. Good modeling requires a lot of dedication. You’ll need to thoroughly understand the software you’re using, and the principles of good 3D model creation laid out above. Character artists will need to learn proportion and anatomy. By understanding these basics of modeling you’ll save yourself a lot of frustration and discouragement, and you’ll be well on your way to becoming a prolific 3D artist.

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Is there such a thing as too much money? by Fred E. Foldvary, Senior EditorWhat is inflation? There are two economic meanings of inflation. The first meaning is monetary inflation, having to do with the money supply. To understand that, we need to understand that the impact of money on the economy depends not just on the amount of money but also on its rate of turnover. We all know that money circulates. How fast it circulates is called its velocity. For example, suppose you get paid $4000 every four weeks. You are circulating $4000 13 times per year. Then suppose you instead get paid $1000 each week. Your total spending is the same, but now you are circulating $1000 52 times per year. The velocity of the money is 52, but the money you hold has been reduced to one fourth its previous amount, although the money held times the velocity is the same. The effect on the economy is the money supply times the velocity. Monetary inflation is an increase in the money supply, times the velocity, which is greater than the increase in the amount of transactions measured in constant dollars. Simply put, if velocity does not change, monetary inflation is an increase in money that is greater than the increase in goods. Price inflation is an on-going increase in the price level. The level of prices is measured by a price index, such as the consumer price index (CPI). Usually, price inflation is caused by monetary inflation. So let’s take a look at recent monetary inflation. The broadest measure of money is MZM, which stands for money zero maturity, funds which can be readily spent. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis keeps track of various measurements of money. Its data show that on an annual basis, MZM increased by 13 percent in January 2008, 36 percent in February, and 23 percent in March. These are huge increases, since gross domestic product, the total production of goods, increased at an annual rate of only .6 percent during these months. In 2006, MZM grew at an annual rate of only 4 percent. High monetary inflation results in high price inflation. Indeed, in May 2008 the consumer price index rose by 4.2 percent from the level of May 2007. For the month, the increase for May was .6 percent, an annual rate of 7.2 percent. The “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers” (CPI-U) increased 0.8 percent in May, before seasonal adjustment, for an annualized increase of 9.6 percent. The “Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers” (CPI-W) increased 1.0 percent in May, prior to seasonal adjustment, for a whopping annual increase of 12 percent. The rapid rise in oil prices fueled the increase in the price of gasoline, while the greater demand for grains made food prices rise, but beneath these rises is the monetary inflation that creates a higher demand for goods in general. The government reports that “core inflation,” not counting gasoline and food, is lower, but what counts for people is everything they buy, including food and fuel. If you have to pay much more for food and gasoline, there is less money for other things, so of course these will not rise in price as much. In making monetary policy, the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds interest rate, which banks pay when they borrow funds from one another. During the financial troubles during the first few months of 2008, the Fed aggressively lowered the federal funds rate to 2 percent and also indicated that it would supply limitless credit to banks that borrowed directly from the Federal Reserve. The Fed lowers the interest rate by increasing the supply of money that banks have to lend; to unload it, banks charge borrowers less interest. To start, the Fed buys U.S. Treasury bonds from the public. The Fed pays for the bonds not by using old money it has lying around but by increasing the reserves held by the banks in their accounts at their local Federal Reserve Bank then using that new money. This increase in reserves or bank funds is a creation of money out of nothing. Actually, this does not violate the law of conservation, because this creation of money is at the expense of the value of all other money holdings. Every extra dollar created by the Fed decreases the value of the dollars you hold by a tiny amount. Most monetary reformers stop there, but that is not enough. The current financial instability is also caused by the real estate boom-bust cycle, since even with sound money, an economic expansion would spark a speculative boom in land values. In a competitive market, when produced goods rise in price, producers usually supply more, bringing the price back down or limiting the rise. But land is not produced, so with increased demand, the price has nowhere to go but up. Speculators drive the price of land based on expectations of even higher future prices, but at the peak of the boom, the price becomes too high for those who want to use the land. Real estate stops rising and then falls, and that brings the financial system down with it, as we have witnessed during the past year. To prevent the inflation in land prices, we need to remove the subsidy, the pumping up of land value from the civic benefits paid by returns on labor and capital goods. We can remove the land subsidy by tapping the land value or land rent for public revenue. Land-value tapping or taxation plus free-market money and banking would provide price and financial stability. Only the free market can know the right money supply. Some people think the government could just print money and spend it. That is what is happening in Zimbabwe, which has an inflation rate of one hundred thousand percent. Much of the population has fled the country. Once government can create money at will, there is really no way to limit it, and if there is some limiting rule, then the money supply becomes too rigid. Only free market competition and production can combine price stability with money-supply flexibility. -- Fred Foldvary Copyright 2008 by Fred E. Foldvary. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, which includes but is not limited to facsimile transmission, photocopying, recording, rekeying, or using any information storage or retrieval system, without giving full credit to Fred Foldvary and The Progress Report. Part III, The Trouble With Money and its Cure A Better Way to Pay for Railways? How Economic Systems Really Work Email this article Sign up for free Progress Report updates via email What are your views? Share your opinions with The Progress Report: Page One Page Two Archive Discussion Room Letters What's Geoism?

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The most romantic way I have ever heard Chaos Theory described is, “there are patterns, and even great beauty, in seemingly chaotic events.” Formally, Chaos Theory is defined as a sub-discipline of mathematics that studies complex, or dynamic, systems. These complex systems contain so many moving parts that it takes computers to calculate and model all of the movements of the system. In fact, it has been said that the emergence of this theory could not have happened without the invention and proliferation of the computer. Up until what is called the Quantum Mechanical Revolution, “people believed that things were directly caused by other things.” In Latin it is referred to as post hoc ergo propter hoc, or after, therefore, because of it. In essence, if one thing follows another, it must have been caused by it. It is the basis of Freudian psychoanalysis, “a belief that malfunctions in the mind are the results of traumas suffered in the past” and that Regression Therapy—pinpointing when and how these traumas occurred—would allow us to heal. It is called linear cause and effect. Chaos Theory, however, tells us that it is less about linear effect and more the existence and production of patterns caused by many different forces, the most important of which are initial conditions, popularly referred to as The Butterfly Effect. The Butterfly Effect posits that the flapping of a butterfly’s wings in South America could affect the weather in Texas, meaning that the smallest, seemingly inconsequential part of a system can have a huge effect on all the other parts. Simply said, “unless all factors can be accounted for, large systems would be impossible to predict with total accuracy because there are too many unknown variables to track.” The study of Chaos Theory has helped us understand simple, or everyday, phenomena such as water boiling on a stove and complex events such as how birds migrate, how vegetation spreads and the structure of stars in the night sky, but its origins stem from the study of weather systems. It all started in 1960 when Edward Lorentz created a weather-model on his computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lorentz’s weather model consisted of an extensive array of complex formulas that successfully modeled, and later helped predict, the weather and turned a large, unpredictable system into one of those everyday phenomena, the daily weather forecast. This month’s Quality continues in the tradition of Mr. Lorentz with Michelle Bangert’s analysis of our annual spending study, “Quality Spending Stays Strong,” and a roundtable discussion on the importance of the budget process titled, “The Budget Process Revealed.” Also, check out Genevieve Diesing’s feature, “A Closer Look at the Skills Gap.” Enjoy and thanks for reading!

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A world first study has found smoking prevention advertisements sponsored by tobacco companies targeted at parents do not work and may encourage teenagers to take up smoking. The study published online today by the American Journal of Public Health in the United States examined youth exposure to tobacco company television advertising campaigns and how that exposure influenced smoking-related beliefs and behaviour. The study's lead author, Professor Melanie Wakefield, from The Cancer Council Victoria and an NHMRC Principal Research Fellow, began the U.S. funded research while working at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). Professor Wakefield and her team of researchers from Bridging the Gap, a policy research program based at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and the University of Michigan, found that among 16 to 18 year olds, higher youth exposure to parent-targeted ads was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking, stronger approval of smoking, stronger intentions to smoke in the future, and a greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days. They also found that 14 to 18 year olds were generally not influenced by increasing exposure to tobacco industry youth-targeted ads, which stressed that it is not cool for young people to smoke. The final sample size for the report was 103,172 students. "This research provides the clearest evidence to date that tobacco industry-sponsored smoking prevention ads don't work and that they are acting as a marketing smokescreen to promote tobacco to youth," Professor Wakefield said. "Tobacco-sponsored ads targeted at youth have no impact and those targeted at parents seem to have an adverse effect on students who are in their middle and later teenage years. The ads give the impression that youth should not smoke because they are too young - and that's not a good enough reason. There is no mention in these ads of the serious health risks of smoking," she said. Quit and VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control Director, Mr Todd Harper, said despite the tobacco industry's attempts at an image makeover, they remain the perennial wolf in sheep's clothing. "The tobacco industry claim to do all they can to discourage youth smoking, but these tobacco industry sponsored advertisements appear to be priming teens to take up a habit that will eventually kill two out of three lifetime smokers. "The tobacco industry admit they are simply trying to delay youth smoking as opposed to preventing uptake all together, implying young people are fair game in a deadly recruitment drive for customers. "We must not forget that this is an industry whose objective is to sell more products, and therefore addict more smokers and this has not changed over time, " he said. Mr Harper said the success of the current tobacco control campaign in Australia illustrates an advertisement doesn't need to explicitly suggest that parents talk to their kids about smoking for that discussion to take place. "The recent campaign in Australia, focusing on the graphic health warnings on cigarette packs, inspired discussion about the health effects of smoking within families, supporting the idea a media campaign does not have to be targeted at youth, to have a positive impact on youth. "An effective tobacco control message will generate conversation and debate without that specific instruction from the advertisement," Mr Harper said. ph: (03) 9635 5400 mob: 0417 303 811

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The Danone Fund for Nature After a 10-year partnership with Ramsar, another major environmental milestone was achieved in 2008. During the Conference of the Parties to the Ramsar Convention in Changwon, South Korea, the Ramsar Convention, IUCN and Danone signed an agreement: the “Danone Fund for Nature”. This agreement is intended to combat climate change through field projects for the restoration of specific wetlands that make a non-negligible contribution to carbon sequestration. This restoration programme focuses on mangroves, plants with a strong potential for carbon capture and which play a vital role for biodiversity. Indeed, in addition to absorbing CO2, mangroves act as fish “nurseries”, produce fruit, honey, etc. They are also a source of ecotourism, filter water, and provide protection against flooding. A pilot mangrove replanting project was initiated in Senegal. Four years later, three further field projects in India and Indonesia demonstrated the success of this initiative and, in their wake, a new collaboratively developed methodology was approved by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Photos © J-F. Hellio and N. Van Ingen For more information about this methodology, which evaluates the impact of mangrove restoration on efforts to combat climate change, see: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/CKSXP498IACIQHXZPEVRJXQKZ3G5WQ. From the “Danone Fund for Nature” to the “Livelihoods Fund” Thanks to the “Danone Fund for Nature” the Danone Group has developed a new approach to the carbon economy by creating the “Livelihoods Fund”, an Investment Company with Variable Capital (ICVC) enabling it to develop carbon sequestration (like the mangrove restoration project) or energy efficiency projects in developing countries. This Fund works by using the carbon absorption capacity of certain ecosystems, such as mangrove wetlands, to finance economic development of village communities through the restoration of these key environments. Watch the video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJaeQeAJHT4 The Livelihoods Fund includes the following components: Livelihoods Venture: a company which includes all the operational project management, engineering, economic and sustainable development skills. It mission is to identify local programmes with strong ecological, economic and social potential, and replicability; and to implement them in collaboration with local NGOs and rural communities. Livelihoods Network: an association which facilitates exchanges and sharing of skills among a network of NGOs and experts. It also serves as a think-tank for issues touching on “Livelihoods”. Livelihoods Steering Committee: this body is made up of representatives of organizations and other personalities including Anada Tiega, Secretary General of the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, and Julia Marton-Lefevre, Director General of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), two organizations that along with Danone initiated the early pilot projects. Other members of the Steering Committee include: Luc Guyau, Independent President of the Council of the FAO, Tony Simons, Director General of ICRAF, the World Agroforesty Centre (Nairobi), Michel Griffon, agronomist and researcher, President of the Scientific Council of the French Global Environment Facility. For further information on the Livelihoods Fund: For further information on the IUCN-Ramsar-Danone partnership:

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Slavery's effects live on As of the 1860 census, the last before the American Civil War, 2.3 million slaves lived in the Lower Southern states—nearly 50 percent of the entire Lower Southern population at that time. The numbers for the Upper South didn’t fare much better, with 1.2 million slaves, about a third of the population. All told, Southern and Border States totaled four million slaves, or half the population of today’s New York City. These mind-boggling numbers reveal the tremendous effect of slavery on the African population in the 19th century. Slavery continues to effect today’s African American population, as Dr. Patricia Newton’s presentation for African-American Heritage month on Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder will attest. Newton wants to explore the long-term effects of the chattel slavery experience on African populations. Chattel, as defined on dictionary.com, is “another form of cattle; any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold.” While Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder may be a new term to many of us, Newton is an expert on the topic and makes an interesting case for the correlation between the Disorder and emerging patterns in African-American life. With control groups in the Caribbean and the North American continent, Newton explores clinical case histories and makes comparisons between the trauma experienced by Africans forced into the United States and slavery, Jewish Holocaust victims, and veterans of the Gulf and Vietnam wars. In addition, neurological data relative to the effect of trauma on the brain, psyche, and body will also be explored. Identification of the problems and suggestions for healing will be discussed in an attempt to clarify the direction that African-Americans must take in the 21st century. Newton’s speech is a prestigious one during African-American Heritage Month and investigates an important and timely topic. But slavery in its many forms occurs around the world each day, and must be recognized and fought against year round. Dr. Patricia Newton will present on Post-Traumatic Slavery Disorder on Tuesday, February 19 at 7pm at UVA’s Clark Hall, Room 147. The event is free and open to the public and is sponsored by the Office of African-American Affairs. Please call La Tasha Levy at 924-7923 for more information.

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Network With Us Join us on Facebook to get the latest news and updates. Lauren Boulden's Story Using Think-Alouds to Get Inside Langston Hughes' Head Over my past few years of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where I have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. I've always been able to turn to ReadWriteThink.org for hands-on, engaging lessons. For example, I knew I wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. While searching through the myriad options on ReadWriteThink, I came upon "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds." At first, I planned to use the lesson exactly as written: Read Langston Hughes's poem "Dream Variation" and model a think-aloud with students; then have the students try their hand at some think-alouds using other poetry. After working out all of the details, I realized I could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. After completing the think-aloud to "Dream Variation," I broke students into selected groups. Each group was given a different Langston Hughes poem and asked to complete a think-aloud. The next day, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their Langston Hughes poem conveyed. Based on the meanings behind their group mates' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and "Dream Variation," students were asked to figure out who Langston Hughes was as a man. What did he stand for? What were his beliefs? What did he want out of life? Students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head-shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who Hughes could be. This simple lesson of working with poems and think-alouds turned into a few days of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study! Without great lessons available on ReadWriteThink.org, such as "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds," my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time. Grades 6 – 8 | Lesson Plan | Standard Lesson Students learn components of think-alouds and type-of-text interactions through teacher modeling. In the process, students develop the ability to use think-alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks. Lauren describes how she used ReadWriteThink in her classroom. I have been teaching seventh- and eighth-grade language arts in Delaware for the past five years. I grew up in Long Island, New York, but have called Delaware my home since completing my undergraduate and master’s work at the University of Delaware. Teaching and learning have become my prime passions in life, which is why my days are spent teaching English, directing plays, organizing the school newspaper, and teaching yoga in the evenings.

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626

Last July (2012), I heard from a colleagues working at the edge of the Greenland ice sheet, and from another colleague working up at the Summit. Both were independently writing to report the exceptional conditions they were witnessing. The first was that the bridge over the Watson river by the town of Kangerlussuaq, on the west coast of Greenland, was being breached by the high volumes of meltwater coming down from the ice sheet. The second was that there was a new melt layer forming at the highest point of the ice sheet, where it very rarely melts. A front loader being swept off a bridge into the Watson River, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, in July 2012. Fortunately, nobody was in it at the time. Photo: K. Choquette I’ve been remiss in not writing about these observations until now. I’m prompted to do so by the publication in Nature today (January 23, 2013) of another new finding about Greenland melt. This paper isn’t about the modern climate, but about the climate of the last interglacial period. It has relevance to the modern situation though, a point to which I’ll return at the end of this post.

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252

From Spoiled Sausage to Faces in 200 Years: Happy Birthday, Botox! Makenzie on 25 Apr 2012 at 3:30pm Botox turned 10 years old on April 15th. Or rather, the FDA approval for cosmetic use had its 10 year anniversary. However you want to look at it, this injectable, reverser-of-time has transformed the medi-beauty industry. The number of Botox procedures has jumped 67% since 2002, according to statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. And 6.4 out of 10 reviewers say it's worth a shot. In honor of this occasion, the folks over at In Your Face, a column for the Orange County Register, created an in-depth timeline of the origins of Botox. From being discovered in spoiled sausages to inhabiting the faces of huge Hollywood stars, it has come a long way. 1820s: German doctor Justinus Kerner identifies a toxin in spoiled sausages that causes food poisoning. The paralytic illness caused by Kerner's "sausage poison" earns the name "botulism," from a Latin word ("botulus") for sausage. Kerner speculates that small doses of the toxin might be used to treat nerve disorders and excessive sweating. 1895: Belgian bacteriologist Emile Pierre van Ermengem discovers that Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce the botulism toxin. 1920s: Botulinum Toxin Type A is first isolated from the Clostridium botulinum bacteria in a purified form as a stable acid precipitate by Dr. Herman Sommer at the University of California, San Francisco. 1940s: During World War II, American scientists explore potential use of botulinum toxin as a weapon. The U.S. produces botulinum toxin capsules for Chinese prostitutes to drop into the food of high-ranking Japanese officials. The plan is not put into effect because the military found it to be ineffective as a weapon. 1946: Researcher Edward J. Schantz, Ph.D. succeeds in purifying Botulinum Toxin Type A into crystalline form, for the first time providing scientists with the raw material necessary to study the molecule in greater detail. 1949: Researcher Dr. Arnold Burgen and colleagues in London discover that botulinum toxin blocks communication between nerves and muscles. 1960s: Ophthalmologist Alan Scott in San Francisco injects botulinum toxin into monkeys to see whether it relaxes muscles that cause crossed eyes. 1978: Scott wins approval from the Food and Drug Administration for extensive multi-site tests of botulinum toxin as a treatment for crossed eyes in humans. He calls the drug Oculinum and establishes Oculinum Inc. to make and sell it.

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583

The book of Job, especially chapter 39, implies that God created the nephesh creatures (“soulish” animals like birds and mammals) to serve and/or to please human beings. They are termed soulish because God has endowed each of them with a mind, a will, and the capacity to express and experience emotions. These animals are equipped and motivated to emotionally bond with and to nurture, serve, and please other members of their species and human beings. Moreover, these nephesh species were evidently endowed with this capacity before any human even existed, a characteristic that appears problematic for evolutionary or naturalistic scenarios. Recently, a British team of research psychologists has published a paper announcing the discovery of a new bonding feature between humans and nephesh creatures. Their study demonstrates for the first time that human yawns are contagious to domestic dogs. For their experiment they tested twenty-nine dogs from twenty-four different breeds spanning ages two to fifteen.1 Twenty-one of the dogs yawned when they observed a human do so. Some dog breeds were better at catching human yawns than others. For example, the Labrador breeds, known to form especially strong bonds with humans, seemed especially adept. Such behavior indicates that dogs possess the capacity for empathy towards humans. However, the yawning response may reveal more. In human-human interactions contagious yawning is known to modulate levels of arousal. Thus, in the words of the researchers, “yawn contagion [between humans and dogs] may help coordinate dog-human interaction and communication.” The study provides yet one more piece of scientific evidence that birds and mammals really were pre-designed before humans even existed to form emotional relationships with human beings in such a manner that they could enhance humanity’s well being. These animals serve and please us. More amazing still, each soulish species appears designed to serve and/or please us in a manner distinct from all others. - M. Ramiro et al., “Dogs Catch Human Yawns,” Biology Letters 4 (October 23, 2008): 446-8.

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©InfoThe British Red Cross has supported health clinics offering life-saving advice and treatment in Balochistan, northern Pakistan since 2000. These clinics, run by the Pakistan Red Crescent Society, are in areas that lack access to even the most basic health services. Many people live in semi-desert, rural communities where coal mines provide the main source of income. The mines offer little protection to workers, so breathing problems and injuries related to mining are common. Saving lives and changing minds The British Red Cross supports two mobile clinics operating from the towns of Quetta and Mastung, and two static health centres in Quetta and Nushki. In the first six months of 2012, these four clinics provided basic health care services to over 35,000 vulnerable people, with a special focus on helping women and children. The clinic teams include male and female doctors and health workers, as well as nurses and a pharmacist. A lot of the clinics’ work is related to pregnancy. In some areas, literacy levels are low and cultural values don’t encourage women to make independent decisions. Counselling sessions tackle the beliefs that stop some people using family planning services – 3,955 took place in the first six months of 2012. In the same period, 1,984 children were immunized against serious diseases and 7,467 people took part in health and hygiene education sessions – most of them women. What do the clinics offer? Family planning services These include advice, counselling and check-ups as well as access to contraceptives. Treatment for diseases People can get help for illnesses like pneumonia and malaria, and referral to other clinics and hospitals for tuberculosis treatment. Help during and after pregnancy Support includes check-ups and home visits. Sessions cover issues like hygiene, the importance of boiling water, breast feeding and vaccinations. People also learn about health problems like worms and diarrhoea, and first aid for emergencies like broken bones, burns and snake bites. Find out about our health care work in Sierra Leone

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418

Adopting a New Flight Plan Whooping Crane Migration Route Shifted West into Safer Air Space By LEN WELLS Courier & Press correspondent (618) 842-2159 or [email protected] The route of the annual 1,250-mile migration of endangered whooping crane juveniles, led by an ultralight aircraft, has been shifted this fall to a more westerly route because of concerns about pilot and bird safety. The route, from the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin to a closed area of the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge on the west coast of Florida, will bring the birds through parts of the Tri-State. It will take the birds the entire length of Illinois and across Western Kentucky, with overnight stops in Wayne County, Ill., and Union County, Ky. “The route was shifted west because the easterly route was pretty scary,” said Liz Condie, director of communications for Operation Migration, the group that works to ensure the birds’ survival. “Going over the Cumberland Ridge, there was no place to set down to retrieve a bird if there had been a problem,” she said. Officials hope, too, for better weather along the westerly route by picking up more favorable winds. “For the safety of the birds, we cannot divulge the exact location of each stopover other than down to the county level,” Condie said. “At each stop, the birds will be housed overnight in portable pens to protect them from predators and to keep them far away from human contact.” While the stopover locations are kept secret, Operation Migration officials try to schedule gathering sites for local residents to catch a glimpse of the birds as they lift off to continue their southerly trek. “A few days before the scheduled stopover, we try to alert the local residents of where they can congregate to watch a flyover,” Condie said. Because of fluctuating weather conditions, those interested in tracking the birds should check Operation Migration’s Web site at www.operationmigration.org for a more specific date and time. The whooping crane chicks that take part in the reintroduction project are hatched at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Md. There, imprinting begins with the chicks still inside their eggs being exposed to ultralight aircraft sounds. Once hatched, the young chicks are reared in total isolation from humans. To ensure the impressionable cranes remain wild, each handler and pilot wears a crane puppet on one arm that can dispense food, or by example, show the young chicks how to forage as would their real mother. At 45 days of age, the young birds are transported by air, in individual containers, to the reintroduction area at the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin. Because of differing age ranges, the birds usually are moved in three shipments and housed at three separate locations within a closed area of the refuge. Over the summer, the Operation Rescue crew of pilots, biologists, veterinarians and interns conditions the birds to follow the aircraft, which, along with its pilot, has been accepted as a surrogate parent. Once the birds’ dominance structure has been established and their endurance is sufficient, the migration begins, typically in October. Using four ultralight aircraft, Operation Migration’s pilots, along with a ground crew consisting of biologists, handlers, veterinarians and drivers, cover up to 200 miles a day, depending on weather conditions. This year’s migration to Florida has been scheduled to begin Oct. 17. The shortest migration has taken 48 days to complete. The longest, 97 days, was recorded last year. Because of destruction of habitat and overhunting, whooping cranes were on the verge of extinction in the 1940s when their population was reduced to only 15 birds. Since falling under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the only naturally occurring population of migrating whooping cranes has grown to more than 200 birds. Named for their loud and penetrating unison calls, whooping cranes live and breed in wetland areas where they feed on crabs, clams, frogs and aquatic plants. An adult whooping crane stands 5 feet tall, with a white body, black wing tips and a red crest on its head. Anyone encountering a whooping crane in the wild is asked to avoid approaching it, staying back at least 600 feet. In all cases, officials ask that people remain concealed and not speak loudly enough for the birds to hear them. Especially during the migration, residents are warned not to trespass on private property in an attempt to view the cranes. (c) 2008 Evansville Courier & Press. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.

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1,013

Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2010 - Timor-Leste |Publisher||Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)| |Publication Date||23 March 2011| |Cite as||Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2010 - Timor-Leste, 23 March 2011, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4d932e121e.html [accessed 23 May 2013]| |Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.| |Number of IDPs||Undetermined| |Percentage of total population||Undetermined| |Start of current displacement situation||2006| |Peak number of IDPs (Year)||150,000 (2006)| |Causes of displacement||Generalised violence| |Human development index||120| An estimated 150,000 people were displaced in 2006 within Timor-Leste, as their homes and property in the capital Dili were seized or destroyed during violence between rival army and police factions and among the wider population. They sought refuge either in the city, in government buildings, schools or churches and subsequently in makeshift camps, or else with families or friends in rural districts. The causes included political rivalries and land disputes dating back to the struggle for independence from Indonesia, divisions between "easterners" and "westerners", and also chronic poverty and the lack of prospects of the youth population. In 2008, around 30,000 IDPs were still in the camps, and the government distributed cash compensation to people agreeing to leave. Partly due to the lack of available land, the government only supported IDPs returning home. During 2010, a last group of 1,000 IDPs received the compensation and the last transitional shelters were closed. Most land and property disputes involving returnees were usually resolved locally, with squatters often agreeing to leave in exchange for some of the IDPs' compensation money; but cases involving conflicting ownership claims could not be resolved in the absence of a national framework. A new land law has been drafted, but some civil society organisations have highlighted the potential of further conflict, as the law does not enable people who have moved into homes abandoned since December 1998 to gain secure ownership. The UN introduced the cluster system in 2009, even though the humanitarian crisis was already over and most agencies had turned to development activities. In 2010, UNDP and the government conducted programmes in which both returnees and receiving communities participated to identify their shared priorities.

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578

The Federal Budget and Appropriations Process The budget and appropriations process are the steps through which the U.S. decides annual spending. Learn about these inter-related process. Federal Budget Process Step 1: President’s Budget Request The budget process begins with the president’s submission to Congress of the administration’s proposed budget for the coming fiscal year, which begins on October 1. The budget must be submitted by the first Monday in February. The president’s proposal does not have the force of law, but includes detailed spending levels for all programs. Though only input to the budget process, it generally sets the tone for the process in three ways: - It reveals the president’s beliefs about how much money the federal government should spend (not only in the coming fiscal year, but also in the following five years or more) as well as how much it should tax. - It sets the president’s priorities for spending, such as how the president would like to fund issues including education, defense, and health. - It suggests changes to spending and tax policies. The president’s proposal is formally written up by the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and it usually includes thousands of pages of supporting information, such as historical tables of past budget statistics. Step 2: Congressional Action The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 directs that, following the submission of the president’s budget proposal, the House and Senate Budget Committees (with assistance from the Congressional Budget Office, a nonpartisan body) create the budget resolution. A budget resolution serves as the general framework within which Congress will make its decisions about specific spending and taxing levels. Budget resolutions are concurrent congressional resolutions — they do not have the force of law and they do not require the president’s signature. They do not directly provide funding to any organization or program, but establish the structure of the budget. To create a budget resolution, the Budget Committees gather reports and hold public hearings to question administration officials about the budget as a means of gaining input. They also receive “views and estimates” from congressional committees regarding details on budget issues that relate to each committee’s particular area of focus. This information usually takes the form of letters submitted to the chairman and ranking member of the Budget Committee within 6 weeks of the president’s budget proposal; these letters provide the Budget Committees with general direction and advice. Each Budget Committee then compiles all of this information to formulate the budget resolution, which it does in a series of meetings called “markup” sessions; these sessions allow for discussion and consideration of the information, while committee members may offer their own input into the budget framework being created. Upon completion of the markups, the Budget Committee will present its budget resolution to its respective house, “on the floor.” A rule under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 requires the full Senate to consider the budget resolution by April 1 each year. The House and Senate independently proceed to debate, offer amendments, and vote upon their respective budget resolutions; amendments may be enacted by a majority vote. The House and Senate pass budget resolutions that differ from each other, so the two versions of the resolution go to a conference committee that meets to resolve differences and formulate a single budget resolution. The committee sends this version back to the House and Senate as a conference report. Both chambers consider the report, and once they have agreed to it through a majority vote (which they generally do, without making changes), the final version of the budget resolution takes effect. This is supposed to happen by April 15, but the process often takes longer to complete. Step 3: The Budget Resolution — A Closer Look The budget resolution is a crucial component of the budget process because it lays out the plan for spending and taxes for the following fiscal year. While the president’s budget proposal is very detailed, the budget resolution simply consists of a set of numbers dictating the specific amounts of money that Congress is permitted to spend in each of the 20 “budget functions” or “functional allocations,” categories of spending including transportation, agriculture, and health. Thus, the budget resolution does not set the annual spending levels for specific programs (this is done by the Committees on Appropriations — see the Appropriations Process), but rather sets targets. The budget resolution also distributes among the congressional committees the total spending figures that it has laid out for each budget function. The budget resolution lists these figures in a table called the 302(a) allocation. Within the budget resolution, Congress also includes directions as to how it wishes to appropriate (spend) the money, either through discretionary or mandatory spending: Discretionary spending refers to the funds allocated each year in the annual appropriations bills that are set by Congress for the purpose that it chooses. RESULTS Global focuses most of its efforts upon influencing discretionary spending through the appropriations process. See the next step in the Federal Budget Process, Discretionary Spending and the Appropriations Process, for more information. The discretionary budget accounts for about one-third of the federal government’s total spending. Money in this category of spending is generally used for such programs as housing, education, and foreign aid. The president and Congress must act each year to ensure that spending on these programs continues. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees determine the discretionary spending levels for the programs funded by the federal government on an annual basis. Mandatory spending is enacted by law and does not depend on any annual appropriations bill. This type of spending makes up two-thirds of the total federal budget per year. It mostly includes entitlement programs that are consistently funded each year based upon the rules set forth by them. When Congress creates a program, such as Medicaid, it determines who will be eligible to receive financial benefits under the program, often determined by such criteria as age or income. Congress then estimates the number of people each year that will be eligible for the program, using this number to formulate its spending for the program. The president and Congress can change the level of mandatory spending for a program by altering the criteria for eligibility or the formula for payment. However, the government does not need to take action annually to ensure that the program continues to be funded. The committees that set policy and the maximum funding levels allowed for these types of entitlement programs are called Authorizing Committees. Measuring Federal Spending: The government measures the amount of money it spends each year in two ways: budget authority and outlays. Budget authority (BA) refers to the amount of money that Congress will authorize the government to spend on certain activities or programs. Outlays, also known as expenditures, are what the government actually spends in any given year. For instance, a bill could be passed that appropriates $75 million to build a hospital — this $75 million is provided in budget authority. However, the hospital may take several years to build and therefore, the money would not all be spent in the year during which it was originally appropriated. Thus, $75 million in outlays would not be used until the following year or more, when the hospital is built. Note: In addition to setting spending levels, the budget resolution determines how much money the government will collect in revenue (the income of the government from taxation and other sources) for the following five years. The difference between the spending and revenue levels resolves whether there will be a surplus or a deficit, for which the budget resolution sets target levels as well; these targets are detailed in the “budget aggregates” section of the resolution. Step 4: Discretionary Spending and the Appropriations Process After the plan for the budget has been laid out in the president’s budget request and the budget resolution, the appropriations process — whereby money is finally distributed through appropriations bills — must take effect. Appropriations bills provide the funding that governmental programs such as national defense, education, homeland security, and foreign aid need to continue their activities. Thus, while the budget resolution has set goals for spending levels, appropriations bills actually provide this money to agencies. Spending through the appropriations process is considered discretionary spending. Appropriations bills are created by the House and the Senate Appropriations Committee under the general direction of the budget resolution. There are 12 appropriations bills considered annually in the Committees on Appropriations for FY 2008 (this number can change from year to year). Both the House and the Senate Committees on Appropriations include 12 subcommittees, each of which has the responsibility of developing one appropriations bill. The Appropriations Committee determines its spending levels for its appropriations bills based upon the 302(a) allocation it receives from the budget resolution (the budget resolution divides the money it is appropriating to each of the 20 budget functions among the congressional committees). In other words, the allocation sets the limit of the funding level allotted to the appropriations bills. The 302(a) allocation is mandated in Section 302(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 also includes a Section 302(b), termed the 302(b) sub-allocation. Under this section, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees must divide among its 12 subcommittees the total funding allotted to its programs; i.e., it must sub-allocate the money it has received in the 302(a) allocation. View the sub-allocations for the appropriations process of FY 2010. Subcommittees on Appropriations Set Funding Levels for the 12 Appropriations Bills When the subcommittees have received directions about the total amount of money that has been sub-allocated to them, they may proceed with work upon their respective appropriations bill. The subcommittees base their determinations of funding levels upon information gathered through public hearings, while also considering the previous year’s funding levels and the president’s budget request. The appropriations subcommittee members weigh in on their priorities and provide essential input to their subcommittee’s key decision makers —the chairman and ranking minority member — through “wish list” letters. The chairman and ranking minority member use these letters to determine funding levels for the agencies under their subcommittee’s jurisdiction. The subcommittee proceeds to vote upon these levels. When its members have come to an agreement, the subcommittee sends these bills to its Appropriations Committee (either for the House or the Senate). This committee begins a markup session to discuss, consider, and offer amendments (alterations) to the bill. Appropriations Committees Send Bills to Full Chambers (the House or the Senate) Once the Appropriations Committee has completed its work upon a bill, this legislation must be sent to its full chamber, either the Senate or the House. Traditionally, the consideration of the appropriations bills begins in the House of Representatives. Therefore, the Appropriations Committee will present the appropriations bill along with its report to the House of Representatives for floor consideration. The Budget Act of 1974 sets June 10 of each year as a target date to have completed the House Appropriations Committee’s work on its appropriations bills; however, the committee usually begins to report its bills in May or June, finishing all or most of the bills by July or by the annual recess in August (the Senate’s Committee on Appropriations works to follow the same timetable). When the appropriations bill is “on the floor,” representatives debate the bill and offer amendments after hearing opening statements from the chair and the ranking minority member of the subcommittee for which the bill applies. After the bill is passed in the House, it is sent to the Senate, which also considers the bill and amendments it wishes to make. Once the Senate has made its changes, a conference committee must be formed to reconcile the differences between the House and the Senate versions of the bill. These negotiations usually take place between the chair and ranking minority members of the full Appropriations Committees, as well as the members of the subcommittee with jurisdiction over the bill. Upon reaching an agreement, the bill is once again sent to the chambers, both of which generally accept the conference report. Congress Sends Reconciled Appropriations Bills to the President Just as for any bill, the president may: - approve the bill by signing it so that it becomes a law - veto (or strike down) the bill - take no action for ten days; if Congress is in session, it automatically becomes a law; if Congress has adjourned its second session, the bill has been “pocket-vetoed” and dies. Should the president veto the bill, Congress can attempt to override the veto (which would enable the bill to become a law) with at least a two-thirds majority vote by a quorum, i.e., a minimum number of members that need to be present in order for Congress to do business. Congress must pass and the president must sign every appropriations bill before October 1, which is the start of the federal fiscal year. Often, Congress and the president are unable to complete action on every bill before this date. Thus, a continuing resolution (CR) must take effect. A continuing resolution will continue to fund the appropriations bills from the previous year as a temporary solution, so that funding is not completely cut off to a program or agency. [Emergency] Supplemental Appropriations Bills At times, the government must respond to an unanticipated circumstance that arises during the middle of a fiscal year and requires funding. In this case, a supplemental appropriations bill (or an emergency supplemental appropriations bill) is employed. For example, a supplemental spending bill might be needed in order to respond to natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina. These emergency supplemental spending bills were once a rarity but have now become much more common, especially since the U.S. military invasion of Iraq. Many criticize these spending bills, as they have grown dramatically in size and often include money for unrelated programs that do not appear urgent; because they have been used for predictable, as opposed to emergency, spending; and because they reduce transparency of the overall budget process. Omnibus Appropriations Bills At the end of the legislative cycle, the Appropriations Committee may decide to consolidate several appropriations bills into one, which is known as an omnibus appropriations bill. The committee will generally create this type of bill when they are struggling to pass all the appropriations bills by October 1, perhaps due to disagreements among Congressmen or to a large amount of work being done on another spending bill. Federal Appropriations Process The appropriations process is critical to the creation of a budget in Congress each year — it provides the money! Specifically, there are 12 annual appropriations (spending) bills that must be passed annually to keep programs and agencies of the government running; each is considered by a different appropriations subcommittee. By working to influence these bills, RESULTS can influence the funding of the programs related to our issues of focus. The steps that RESULTS takes to influence the appropriations process are illustrated by this example of the Basic Education funding requests in the Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill for Fiscal Year (FY) 2005. January through May: Appropriations Bills are Considered by the Appropriations Subcommittees RESULTS’ work began immediately in January 2004, when the House and Senate Appropriations Committees began consideration of the following year’s budget (FY 2005). The president submitted his budget request in the beginning of February, which the House and Senate Budget Committees used to create a budget resolution (a blueprint for government spending levels). From January through May, the appropriations committees compiled their own requests for the funding levels of the twelve appropriations bills, using input from civil society. The appropriations committees then finalized these funding levels after receiving directions from the budget resolution. Specifically, the budget resolution determines the amount of money to be allocated to each committee (called “302(a) allocations”). Once the Committees on Appropriations receive their overall spending level, the “302(b) sub-allocations” then direct the chairmen of the Appropriations Committees to decide how much each of their twelve subcommittees should receive. These twelve subcommittees in turn must determine how to distribute their money among the programs funded within their appropriations bills. Funding for basic education is included in the appropriations bill of the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs (“Foreign Ops”). First, the House Foreign Ops Subcommittee would consider funding requests for basic education. Therefore, RESULTS urged members of this subcommittee to include our funding requests in their “wish lists” letters to their chairman and ranking minority member (the key decision-makers). Wish list letters allow members to weigh-in on their key funding priorities. We asked our grassroots volunteers to meet with or write letters to their members of Congress on the subcommittee, passing along a draft wish list letter provided by RESULTS staff that included our requests. When determining funding levels, the chairman and ranking minority member will consider input not only from their subcommittee members but also from those congressmen not on their subcommittee. Therefore, RESULTS also asked all of its grassroots volunteers to meet with or write to their members of Congress, urging their member to send a letter to the chairman or ranking minority member to bring attention to our issues (these letters are not called “wish lists,” since the congressmen are not part of the subcommittee itself). Depending on the representative that writes, these letters can be of great importance to the chairman and ranking member, and they can reinforce the requests made by subcommittee members. Another way for members of Congress to express their support for an issue is by adding their name to a congressional sign-on letter. RESULTS generates sign-on letters to be sent to key decision-makers, for instance, of the Committee on Appropriations or one of its subcommittees. In general, our best chance to influence legislation is at this stage, when it is being considered by a subcommittee of appropriations. Mid-May through June: Appropriations Committees Complete Work and Send Bills to Full House and Senate The State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs Subcommittee completed its work and set the funding level request for Basic Education at $400 million. The subcommittee then sent the bill to the full Committee on Appropriations. During this stage, RESULTS re-emphasized our requests to the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on Appropriations, who determine final appropriations levels among the different foreign affairs accounts and programs (though the Committee on Appropriations and the full House usually do not change the subcommittee’s recommended funding level). The Committee on Appropriations passed the Basic Education funding request, and the bill was sent to the full House of Representatives for consideration on the floor. Following the recommendations of the Committee on Appropriations, the House approved the subcommittee’s $400 million funding level request for Basic Education. The bill was then considered in the Senate by its Committee on Appropriations, specifically its Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs (“Foreign Ops”). RESULTS next worked with Senate members of this committee to request an even higher level of funding for Basic Education funding than the amount requested by the House. After June 30, But Before October 1: Conference Committee Reconciles Both Versions of the Bill, and It Is Sent To the President for Final Approval After consideration by the Senate Appropriations Committees and subsequently the full Senate, the Senate set its level of funding for Basic Education at $335 million. A conference committee was then formed to reconcile the differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. At this point, RESULTS again went to members of both chambers, asking the House to continue to support the $400 million it had originally requested while also asking the Senate to support $400 million (since the House had proposed a larger level of funding than the Senate). Ultimately, the conference committee settled on the House’s request of $400 million for Basic Education funding; this was a great success, since the funding level was set at the higher House level. The conference committee sent the final version back to both the House and the Senate for one last approval before it was presented to and signed by the president. What is the Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill? The Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill is perhaps the most relevant appropriations bill for our global work to end hunger and poverty. This bill is considered in the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs and provides funding to Basic Education, HIV/AIDS, child survival programs, tuberculosis, UNICEF, microfinance programs, and other foreign assistance activities. Within the Foreign Ops Appropriations Bill, Basic Education and microenterprise are funded under the Development Assistance Account (DA), while most of our health programs are funded within the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund.* RESULTS also works to influence the appropriations bill considered by the Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (“Labor HHS”) because domestic TB programs are funded through this subcommittee’s appropriations bill; for FY 2008, President Bush requested money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria in this bill as well (the Global Fund is usually funded through the Foreign Ops subcommittee). *The Development Assistance Account (DA) and Child Survival and Health Programs Fund (CSH) are two of the many accounts within a bill to which money is allotted to support specific programs. Another such example is the Economic Support Fund (ESF). Visit our Skills Center to learn more about how RESULTS influences the legislative process. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process. Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, The Congressional Budget Process: An Explanation (pdf). The U.S. Government Printing Office, Citizen’s Guide to the Federal Budget: Fiscal Year 2001 (pdf). CRS Report for Congress, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction (pdf).

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4,430

Out of Egypt Found In: Mourning & Bereavement, Torah Portion: Parashah, Passover Shared by Tamar Stern | Poem "G-d will surely remember you, and then you must carry up my bones out of here with you" (Exodus 13:19) Now it is time to depart from the Egypt of daily life into a moment of question and promise; We bring you with us to the seder table the way Moses hoisted up Joseph's bones and carried them to the promised land. We carry you now, in memories, on our journey as we buy gefilte fish and change the dishes as we set the tablecloth and we warm up the chicken soup as we wonder if there is enough food and not to forget the boiled eggs. We carry you now who carried us, when we were little, with your arms who supported us with love, we carry you now as you become the story we will retell the way we carry the Torah... the way the Torah lifts us.

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231

Graffiti Vandalism in Riverside Winners were recognized at a City Council meeting on May 21, 2013. View the winning Poster Contest entries HERE. View the winning Video Contest entries HERE. Take Back the Wall The City of Riverside spends more than $1.3 million each year for Graffiti abatement. In addition, money is spent by other public agencies, utility companies, and private property owners to remove graffiti from their properties. Nationwide, the American public spends nearly $12 billion each year to fight graffiti. What is Graffiti? Graffiti consists of inscriptions, slogans and drawings scratched, scribbled or painted on a wall or other public or private surface. Today, graffiti is a sign of urban decay. James Q. Wilson, Shattuck Professor of Government at Harvard University and author of “Thinking About Crime,” together with George L. Kelling, a research fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard, first introduced the world to the Broken Window Theory. The theory contends that if a broken window is left unfixed it can quickly encourage more crime and vandalism to the neighborhood because it sends a message of indifference to observers. Graffiti is one element of the broken window theory. Once graffiti shows up somewhere, if left untreated, generally more graffiti follows. Graffiti has become everyone’s eyesore and everyone’s problem. It generates fear of neighborhood crime and instability. It is costly, destructive, lowers property values and sends a message that people of the community are not concerned about the appearance of their neighborhood. It is against the law, and in cases where the cost of clean-up equates to $400 or more, is punishable as a felony. Graffiti is not art; it is vandalism and criminal. Parents may be liable for up to $25,000 for each graffiti incident pursuant to Civil Code 1714.1.

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394

Wind Energy Technology photo of Judith Gap Wind Project by Pat Judge Harnessing the wind for our power is cost-competitive today. The region has a good start in develooping wind projects, but we could be doing much more with very little effort. Download this Wind fact sheet here. (536kB PDF file) As the above table shows, the Pacific Northwest has the potential to generate over 137,000 aMW of electricity from wind power. This is enough to provide nearly four times the current electricity consumption in the region. The majority of the region’s potential wind resources are in Montana, which alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the United States.2 Nearly 2,300 MW of nameplate wind power capacity is currently generated at Northwest wind farms and projects currently in development could triple that figure over the next several years.3 Texas leads the United States in wind development with over 4,350 MW of currently installed capacity each. California, has nearly 2,500 MW of installed capacity and Colorado, Minnesota, and Iowa are also making rapid investments in wind power, with over 1,000 MW currently in service in each state.4 Between 2001 and 2007, the U.S. wind generating capacity expanded at a remarkable rate of 49% per year on average. By the end of 2007, the U.S. had over 16,800 MW of wind capacity online, enough to power over 1.5 million homes for the entire year!5 However, Europe currently remains far ahead of the U.S. in wind development, with 56,535 MW of wind capacity online as of the end of 2007.6 Advances in technology and increased experience have made wind power competitive with many traditional sources of electricity, especially when factoring in risk factors for traditional generation resources such as fuel volatility and future environmental regulation. The price of wind-generated electricity has decreased approximately 90% from the early 1980s; modern wind farms now generally have levelized costs in the range of 4-7 cents per kilowatt-hour over the life of a project (excluding any tax credits) making them competitive with many new coal or natural gas facilities. Costs for individual projects vary and depend on the strength and consistency of the wind, financing terms, and transmission infrastructure. All else being equal, the cost effectiveness of wind farms generally increases with the turbines’ capacity factor, the size of the turbines, and number of turbines installed.7 Tapping our domestic wind resources brings a host of economic benefits. Since the strongest wind resources are often located in rural areas, rural counties and landowners can benefit from wind power. Wind farms are capital intensive, infusing money into the local economy during construction phases and paying property taxes to the host county and royalties to local landowners during operation. At the 24 MW Klondike Phase I Wind Farm in Sherman County, Oregon, the wind project contributes 10% of the county’s property tax base. Wind turbines are also compatible with rural land uses like farming and ranching and can provide extra income to property owners via power sales or royalty payments. On average, landowners make between $2,000 and $7,000 annually for each modern wind turbine located on their land. In contrast, a natural gas plant drains an estimated $200,000-$350,000 per MW of capacity out of the regional economy annually for fuel imports. Additionally, wind energy produces 27% more jobs per kilowatt-hour than coal plants, and 66% more jobs than natural gas plants.9 Wind energy is clearly a homegrown energy source that strengthens the economy and increases the nation’s energy security. Turbine blades, modeled after airplane wings, rotate due to a pressure differential caused by air moving over the surface of the blade. The blades cause a rotor to turn, which drives an electrical generator. Turbines can adjust so that they always face toward the wind. Wind turbines can be designed to operate either at variable speeds or at a single, fixed speed. The variable speed designs are more complex but they convert wind power into electricity more efficiently. Most wind turbines are designed to use wind blowing anywhere from 8 to 56 mph. Sizes for new U.S. utility-scale turbines for onshore sites range from 850 kW to 2.5 MW and turbines rated 3.5 MW and larger are being used in offshore wind projects. While variable, wind energy can be integrated into a utility system using existing load-matching capabilities for a minimal cost of 0-0.5 cents/kWh.10 Weather forecasting can predict wind power output with a fair degree of confidence. Additionally, multiple wind sites in different locations can be combined to create a relatively stable power supply curve. Wind turbines generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions. In contrast, fossil fuel plants emit toxic mercury, nitrous oxides that cause smog, sulfur dioxide that causes acid rain and large quantities of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. Although wind is one of the most benign power sources, if not properly sited, it too may have environmental impacts. Wildlife and avian impacts are often the greatest concern. New tower, blade and turbine designs and careful siting help minimize environmental impacts. The federal production tax credit offers an important tax credit to new wind production. Each state in the region offers several additional incentives for wind development, from residential projects to utility-scale developments. Oregon, for example, provides personal and business tax credits and low-cost financing for renewable energy projects, while Washington provides small wind turbine owners a strong production incentive and grants sales tax exemptions for renewable energy equipment. Idaho offers a residential tax deduction and a sales tax exemption for renewable energy sys-tems as well as low-interest loans for small-scale wind installations and state-backed bonds for utility-scale wind projects. Finally, Montana offers corporate income and property tax incentives and a residential tax credit for renewable energy installations. Additional incentives are offered as well. See AWEA's map of wind projects in the US: Updated February 19, 2008 Sources and Notes: 1. Wind potential from Renewable Energy Atlas of the West, Land and Water Fund of the Rockies, et al. (July 2002). - Installed capacity from RNP's list of Northwest renewable energy projects, ((add link to project list here)). - Capacity factor from Fifth Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC) (May, 2005). See Appendix I. - Levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal Produc-tion Tax Credit. 2. 2005 Northwest consumption from NWPCC, op. cit. note 1. - 2004 total U.S. electricity generation from Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Energy Information Administration (Feb. 2006). See Table A8. 3. Installed capacity and projects in development from RNP, op. cit. note 1. 4. “U.S. Wind Energy Projects”. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) (Jan 16, 2008). www.awea.org/projects/ accessed 2/19/08 5. Annual growth figures from “Wind Power, U.S. Installed Capacity”, AWEA, www.awea.org/faq/instcap.html, accessed 2/19/08. - 2007 year-end installed capacity from “Installed US Wind Power Capacity Surged 45% in 2007”, AWEA (Jan 17, 2008). 6. “Statistics”, European Wind Energy As-sociation, www.ewea.org/index.php?id=180, accessed 2/19/09. 7. Cost trends from “The Economics of Wind Energy”, AWEA (Feb 2005). - Levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal Production Tax Credit. 8. Graphic from “Renewable Energy”, New South Wales Department of Energy, Utilities and Sustainability. www.seda.nsw.gov.au/ren_wind_body.asp, accessed 9/27/06 . 9. Natural gas fuel cost assumes a 55% efficient combined cycle plant with a 90% capacity factor using natural gas at $4-$7/mmBtu. - Jobs figures from “Wind Energy for Rural Economic Development”, US Department of Energy, EERE (2003). 10. Wind Taskforce Report, Western Governor’s Association (March 2006). 11. U.S. from “U.S. Installed Capacity”, AWEA. NW from RNP, op. cit. note 1. "Montana … alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the United States."

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1,816

Would it really be so difficult to determine how chapter divisions are marked in all surviving ancient books? The question of chapter divisions and headings in ancient literary and technical texts is a long term interest of mine, as anyone who chooses to look may discover by clicking on the tag at the end of this post. We find, in later medieval texts, that these ancient texts are often divided, not merely into books, but also into chapters, with chapter headings. It does not seem well known or classified, just how often we find this. Chapter divisions and titles are a cinderella subject, largely ignored or treating in passing. In my last post, I looked at what chapter divisions and titles there were in a renaissance manuscript of Pliny the Elder’s Natural History. The NH is an interesting work to investigate, for this subject, since the author states in the preface that book 1 of the work is a list of capituli. So we do know that these items existed in the autograph, whereas we generally have no such certainty in other works. Capituli, or “subject headings”, are perhaps just a list of topics covered, in the order in which they appear in the text. There is no necessity to suppose that the text was formally divided into “chapters”, in the manner of a modern work –indeed some of the capituli refer to no more than a handful of lines of text, before the next capitulum appears in the margin, so we might better say “sections” — and we can see that in the Pliny ms. it is not. So while the English word “chapter” perhaps derives from the Latin capitulum — or does it? Do we know this, and if so, how? — the term is perhaps one that is rather different. Perhaps we need a word study of the appearance of the English word, and how it was originally used, and how it came to mean what it means today. Is it used to translate capitulum in medieval English texts? There is clearly a research project here. Likewise we ought to locate all uses of the term capituli in ancient literature — and likewise the Greek kephalaia — and from this determine its meaning or meanings, and any change that they underwent during the ancient and medieval period. This might begin with an electronic search, and it really should not take more than a couple of weeks to do. But finally … we need to look at ancient books themselves, and see just what is in the margins, or gathered at the start of books, or whatever. Do we have chapter titles marked? Are they numbered? Are there collections of them at the start of the book, in a multi-book history? Or is it a case that the early mss just have a list of topics at the start of each book, and that these are mirrored in the body of the work, gradually, by subsequent readers and copyists? Which works have these elements? It sounds like a large task. But is it? A commenter on my last post pointed out that, in some ways, it is a superficial task. All we have to do is look through the manuscript at a high level. And that may not be so hard to do. For the number of actual ancient books is not that great. The Codices Latini Antiquiores of E. A. Lowe lists all the fragments of ancient Latin books. The number of codices which are more or else intact is probably not that great. I don’t know about Greek mss from antiquity, but surely there is a list somewhere? Nor does it necessarily involve a lot of travel. The IRHT in France has a huge collection of microfilms of manuscripts. Admittedly this is not nearly as good as colour images — and whether a link is in red ink or black might well be important here — but a couple of weeks work at a microfilm reader in Orleans might well answer many of these questions, and provide a base of data from which some solid conclusions might be drawn. It sounds like a solid piece of work for a PhD thesis, for a student who is prepared to work hard. I feel tempted myself; but of course I am not an academic, and I don’t have the time. Sadly, I fear, I don’t have the energy any more either! But the whole question of chapter divisions, titles, etc, is one that simply needs a pioneer to go into it. It’s not that hard to do; just that no-one has really attacked it. I’ve always thought of the task of working out the history of the chapter titles for endless different literary and technical works was one that would require an army of scholars. Indeed a great manuscript scholar once wrote to me that it would require scholarly collaboration. But why not simply examine what is in all the surviving ancient codices, up to the 8th century, and publish details of what is to be found therein? How long would that really take?

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1,040

King James II of England (who was also James VII of Scotland) inherited the throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother, Charles II. James II was unpopular because of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the Catholic faith. Deposed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-89, he fled to France. His daughter and son-in-law succeeded him as Queen Mary II and King William III. James II died in 1701. Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com. Your purchase through these links will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the Royalty.nu site. James II by John Miller. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series. James II: The Triumph and the Tragedy by John Callow. Charts James' life using little-known material from the UK National Archives. Includes James' own description of the Battle of Edgehill, his reasons for his conversion to Catholicism, and his correspondence with William of Orange. A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718 by Edward Corp. After James II was deposed, he established his court in France. The book describes his court and the close relationships between the British and French royal families. King in Exile: James II: Warrior, King and Saint by John Callow. Reassesses James's strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, presenting a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim. James II and the Trial of the Seven Bishops by William Gibson. The trial of seven bishops in 1688 was a prelude to the Glorious Revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread welcome for William of Orange's invasion. The Making of King James II by John Callow is about the formative years of the fallen king. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris. The Countess and the King: A Novel of the Countess of Dorchester and King James II by Susan Holloway Scott. Novel about Katherine Sedley, a royal mistress forced to make the most perilous of choices: to remain loyal to the king, or to England. The Crown for a Lie by Jane Lane. Novel about how James II lost his throne. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris.

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485

Tip of the Week This winter, millions of Americans will be hitting the roads and facing cold temperatures, along with the snowy and icy conditions winter weather brings. These factors are not only a nuisance, but at times, very dangerous, even for the most confident and experienced drivers. Simple driving maneuvers, such as starting, stopping and making turns can become very challenging if vehicles are not properly prepared for inclement weather. To prepare vehicles for the winter months ahead, here are some simple tips to help you arrive safely at your destination. - Traction is key: The economy has forced many to postpone tire purchases, but with wet weather and unpredictable winter conditions ahead, now is not the time to have low tread on your tires. Your tires need good traction to help keep your car on the road. It's important to have the correct tire tread and in particularly cold climates, drivers should consider investing in winter tires. - Feel the pressure: As temperatures change, so does tire pressure. Proper tire inflation is essential for increased automotive safety, optimum driving performance and even good fuel mileage. Tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer recommendations printed on the vehicle door placard or in the glove box and should be checked at least monthly. Over-inflation can lead to premature or irregular tire wear and under-inflation reduces a vehicle's fuel efficiency by an average of 3.3 percent. - Keep it clean: Consumers' cars, trucks or SUVs are likely weathering the harsh conditions and corrosive elements associated with winter, including freezing rain, snow, ice, sand and salt. Keeping vehicles clean will help protect them from the chemicals and dirt that may attack the car's finish and undercarriage. Be sure to use quality cleaners and waxes specifically designed for handling a car's finish. - Keep it flowing: Oil is the lifeblood of the engine, helping to keep it running efficiently and effectively. Not sure what oil to use? Defer to a professional or use the grade of motor oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer to achieve optimum engine protection and fuel efficiency. - Be prepared: Keep a survival kit handy. A flashlight with fresh batteries, a blanket, water bottles, cellphone charger, jumper cables, flares, a "help" sign, and a first aid kit will prepare you for emergency situations or unexpected breakdowns. According to CNN Money, here are 10 James Bond cars you might be able to afford: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish 1980 Lotus Esprit Turbo 1996 BMW Z3 1977 Lotus Esprit S1 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1 1961 Sunbeam Alpine Series II 1969 Mercury Cougar XR7 1974 AMC Hornet 1981 Alfa Romeo GTV6 1997 BMW 750iL Q: I own a Toyota Venza that in my opinion has a rough and harsh ride. The tire size is P245/55R19 Bridgestone Dueler. Will changing the tire size make the ride any better? A: There is no question that when the tire size is changed to a larger aspect ratio there is more flexibility between the tire and rim, which equals a smoother ride. There are many readers that will not suggest changing the tire profile. Let me tell you that I do this every day to save my customers from buying a replacement vehicle. You can change the tire size keeping in mind that no more than one-fourth inch in overall diameter is recommended. - Junior Damato, Talking Cars columnist GateHouse News Service

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710

The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), known at that time as "County Transit," was on its way towards the goal of building a mass transit system that would serve the ever-growing urbanized area, becoming an alternative to the automobile and a driver of economic development. It began with the federal government supporting that vision with a $2-million grant in 1982 to fund preliminary engineering of the first phase. Construction of the line officially commenced with the light-rail maintenance facility. The Guadalupe Light Rail Division, located in downtown San Jose on Younger Street, was completed in 1986 and is used to store, clean and repair light-rail vehicles. The second phase of construction and first segment of in-street track installation began in 1985. Although the initial tracks only spanned 1.5 miles, they were essential for testing the light-rail vehicles as they were delivered. Today, Santa Clara VTA's light-rail service spans 42.2 miles and 62 stations, connecting with Santa Clara VTA buses, Caltrain, Altamont Corridor Express, Capitol Corridor Intercity Rail Service and one day, Bay Area Rapid Transit. Santa Clara VTA currently operates 99 low-floor vehicles. More than 10 million trips were taken in fiscal year 2012 and the system is on track to carry 11 million riders in fiscal year 2013. "As light rail hits its stride, I know the best years are ahead for our system," said Santa Clara County Supervisor and VTA Board Chair Ken Yeager. "Like Silicon Valley, light rail has evolved and changed through the decades. As our economy continues to grow, and as we look for ways to reduce congestion and air pollution, light rail is needed more now than ever."

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350

RWJF Priority: Use pricing strategies—both incentives and disincentives—to promote the purchase of healthier foods Prices can significantly affect family food choices and are emerging as an important strategy in the movement to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, when healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are more affordable, children are less likely to gain excess weight. And leading health authorities, including the Institute of Medicine, recommend new policies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are one of the top sources of calories in the American diet. The resources below, from RWJF grantees and partners, explore the possible health and economic impacts of using pricing strategies to promote consumption of healthy foods and beverages and discourage consumption of unhealthy products.

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153

Standard DefinitionStandard-definition television (SDTV) is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high-definition television (HDTV 720p and 1080p) or enhanced-definition television (EDTV 480p). The two common SDTV signal types are 576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed PAL and SECAM systems; and 480i based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system. High DefinitionHD video has higher resolution than SD video, which results in a sharper picture. Typical HD display resolution will be 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080 pixels (1080i/1080p). For our latest tips, offers and competitions join us on

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162

The transverse carpal ligament is the flexible, slightly elastic cord that lies on top of the carpal tunnel at the wrist. This ligament connects the bones to each other where the wrist and palm meet. The transverse carpal ligament may be cut during surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cutting the ligament helps relieve the pressure on the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel. (Pressure on the median nerve results in the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, including tingling, numbness, weakness, or pain in the fingers, hand, or lower arm.) Last Revised: October 21, 2010 Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & David Pichora, MD, FRCSC - Orthopedic Surgery To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.

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Coincidentally, 2012 saw the largest acreage of corn in the U.S. planted since WW II, and subsequently the worst drought since the 1950′s, affecting 80% of agricultural land. This will cause price increases in meat and dairy, ethanol, and to a much lesser extent processed foods, since that is what virtually all of the cropland land is used for. Government subsidies and crop insurance go primarily to commodity crops, not human food ones, so the U.S. Government will be paying along with us for that drought. In the U.S. 45% of all land is pasture or cropland. Cropland = 408 million acres. Of this: Commodity crops – corn and soybeans, 170 million acres; wheat 57 million acres, oats 16 million acres, cotton 10 or more million acres, less for rice, oats and sorghum and others. Specialty crops – vegetables, fruits and nuts, flowers, Christmas trees, etc. 14 million acres, most of these for food crops . (Until recent farm bills, these food crops were not subsidized, farmers were even penalized for growing them. Now a small percentage of subsidies goes towards them.) This is why a salad costs more than a Big Mac.

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The financial aid process can be a daunting one. If you don’t get a primer from a guidance counselor or older sibling who is already on a college campus somewhere, it could be difficult to figure out where to start. The good news is, we’re here to help. With a little research and an introduction to the basics, you’ll be using even the most obscure financial aid acronyms with ease. Your starting point should always be the Free Application for Student Aid, or as you’ve probably already heard before, the FAFSA. That step will determine what you do next, as once your application is processed you’ll know exactly how much free money you’re going to get from federal assistance programs and grants, how much you’ll be able to borrow through federal loans, and how much of your package you may need to supplement through private lending agencies. The process is the same for graduate students, although you may not be eligible for all the programs available to undergraduates, including Federal Pell Grants, a free gift from the government with a current maximum of up to $5,550. Once you’ve done that, you begin weighing your options, and potentially looking for ways to cut your college costs. Scholarships are an excellent source of financial aid, and if you apply early and often enough, you’ll have a better chance of landing a good amount of free money to supplement your financial aid package. Below, you’ll find more information and tips on navgating the financial aid process, including articles on the latest news from the ever-changing financial aid industry. The best way to supplement your financial aid package is to apply for (and win) college scholarships. While it will take some initiative, research and time on your part, the payoff is worth it if it decreases your total student loan debt. These days you don’t have to be a star athlete or valedictorian to land scholarships. Many are based on characteristics like need, community service and your intended field of study, or if you dig even deeper, you’ll find a wide array of awards based on more specific characteristics. What makes you unique could be what lands you a generous college scholarship. Chances are you qualify for more scholarships than you thought you did, so conduct a free scholarship search or browse through our site to see awards you may be eligible for and start earning money toward college. If you’re lucky, your parents have been saving up for your transition from high school to college with one of the popular college saving accounts options. From 529 Plans, which vary by state but offer significant tax savings over taxable accounts, to Coverdell Accounts, which are a good option for families who don’t want to invest more than $2,000 a year for their college-bound children, every parent should be able to find a college saving account to meet their budgets and their needs. A good start for families unsure of where to begin or how much they should strive to save is estimating how much college will cost by using a college financial aid calculator. It’s fine to start with a conservative number, as some of the college saving accounts come with stipulations that the funds must be used for college expenses, which could hurt parents whose children don’t end up going to college or go for a low-cost option like community college. Federal aid, which is subject to changes in funding levels made by the government, comes in the form of federal grant programs, federal student loans and federal work-study programs. The best indicator of your eligibility for all federal aid is the FAFSA, which is also available online to speed up processing and is ready for you to fill out starting Jan. 1 of each year. Unless you plan on paying for your college expenses out-of-pocket or through your parents’ college savings accounts, the FAFSA will answer most questions of how much funding you’ll be receiving and which federal funding programs you qualify for. Worst case scenario, you find that you’re only eligible for Stafford Loans, which although they’re not as desirable as scholarships and grants that you won’t need to pay back, they’re lower interest than any private loan you’d qualify for. A little bit of research will not only help you to understand financial aid information better, but help dispel popular misconceptions about the process. Many students think they’re not eligible for many forms of aid, or that applying will not only be tedious but futile. The truth is, the financial aid process is one of the most important if not the most important step you’ll take toward getting yourself into college. More than $130 billion is awarded to college-bound students annually, and while it certainly helps to supplement your application with an impressive academic record, much of the funding is also needs-based or based on criteria that have nothing to do with your GPA or high school course load. Once you’ve filled out your FAFSA, conduct a free scholarship search to find awards you may have never known you were eligible for otherwise, and pad your financial aid package with as much free money from scholarships and grants as you can. The best way to know what to expect of your financial aid process is to do your research. Lucky for you, we’ve done it for you, and will continue to update our site with the latest news on financial aid happenings that could affect how much you get from the government. Check out our links for financial aid news to determine not only what higher education institutions are doing to affect students’ financial aid packages, but moves the government is making that will make it easier – or harder – for you to take out loans, get awarded grants, and pay for college. While college is supposed to be one of the most rewarding times in your life, you don’t want to be faced with a monthly payment post-graduation that takes over a high percentage of your salary, or worse yet, one you’d be forced to default on, hurting your credit score. Find money for college by educating yourself on the options available and taking advantage of the millions of dollars being awarded to college-bound high school students each year. And if you’re faced with a bigger tuition bill than you thought, consider your options to keep your college costs low.

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5 October 2011 | EN | FR The East Africa famine calls into question the wisdom of investing in early warning systems without improving take-up, writes Linda Nordling. When the UN declared a state of famine in the Horn of Africa in July, one group of scientists was not surprised. In August 2010, the USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) had issued a prediction of poor March–May rains this year. The tens of thousands of people that have died since then in East Africa, and the millions that remain hungry, are a harsh indictment of the ability of science-based early warnings of disaster to make a difference to the continent's most vulnerable people. As more and better African science data make predictions easier, more effort will be needed to understand and improve the uptake of early warnings at local, national and international levels. Why warnings fail So why did the rainfall warning fail to avert the disaster in the Horn of Africa? The problem is multifaceted, and not easy to address. Writing in Nature, FEWS NET scientist Chris Funk lists a number of reasons, from conflicting climate research predicting wetter conditions in East Africa, to political obstacles (especially conflict in Somalia) and the region's rapid population growth outpacing agricultural yields. Funk believes the answer is more science and better agricultural practices to improve yields in areas at risk of drought and food shortages. Working towards a more sustainable long-term strategy for feeding the region's population will limit the need for emergency response, he says. While most media reports have focused on the international community's failure to respond, Funk focuses on what must be done in Africa to improve uptake. He is right to do so. The failure of warnings to filter down into African policy at all levels is a graver problem than that of mobilising emergency aid, criticised by many observers for creating a dependency culture in formerly self-sufficient regions. Data poor no more The past decade's strong science push in Africa has boosted the understanding of its climate, diseases, and political and economic systems. This data flood has produced a wealth of mathematical models, and systems are now in place — or being set up — for predicting food price variability, malaria outbreaks, floods and even armed conflicts. They are all being billed as tools that can revolutionise the continent's response to emergencies. But it is not just FEWS NET that is struggling to live up to expectations. Last month, Nigeria's emergency management agency accused state governments of ignoring early warnings of floods that killed more than an estimated 140 people and left tens of thousands homeless. In Nigeria, the problem was a failure of state governments to act upon warnings by clearing drains and evacuating people living in flood plains. The weakest link Similar barriers held back the famine warning in the Horn of Africa. "There is a weak link between early warning and response," says Gideon Galu, a scientist with FEWS NET based in Nairobi, Kenya. Although FEWS NET works with decision-makers in the national government to highlight its findings, the link-up to local authorities and rural communities relies on national government structures, he says. Kenya, for example, has a food security steering group that passes scientific information on to decision-makers. Nongovernmental organisations and other partners can attend meetings and get a consensus on the scale and magnitude of a problem. But the final link in the flow of information is problematic in Kenya, and in Ethiopia; and it's particularly weak in countries like Somalia where governance is fragile. There are scant resources and information dissemination networks to make sure that messages reach the local level. These failures illustrate a key obstacle that many African countries must overcome. The impact of science-based early warning systems hinges on governments' capability (and perhaps willingness) to turn warnings into readiness on the ground. Avoiding warning fatigue In time, the early warning community will learn from its mistakes as it establishes strong networks that reach down to the community level — an activity that FEWS NET is working on. The organisation is also working to address the underlying vulnerability to food crises via the US Feed the Future programme, a US$3.5 billion investment in strengthening agriculture in Ethiopia, Kenya and other countries. Better links to local government and rural communities will also improve FEWS NET's capability to collect data on variables such as rainfall and temperature, making prediction more of a two-way street, adds Gulu. "They are now able to provide us with additional data about what is happening in the field," he says. But there is a downside: the explosion in early warning systems means that individual warnings could grow into a cacophony of calls to emergency action that compete for policymakers' attention and scarce resources. Such 'warning fatigue' would make it harder to discern credible alerts and act on them. In that future, a warning system well-connected to decision-makers with functioning lines of communication with local officials is likely to be more effective than one where all the money has gone to improving the science while neglecting the capacity to put the evidence to good use. Journalist Linda Nordling, based in Cape Town, South Africa, specialises in African science policy, education and development. She was the founding editor of Research Africa and writes for SciDev.Net, Nature and others. Funk, C. We thought trouble was coming, Nature, 476, 7 (2011) Susan fm LWEC ( Living With Environmental Change | United Kingdom ) 5 October 2011 This in some ways is a chilling article. However, I had a good insight into early warning fatigue at a Humanitarian Vision/NERC workshop to bring climate scientists into better dialogue with NGOs. We role played how we'd manage early warning of flood and it gave fascinating first hand insights into risk perception and how it varied in the room. Strikes me that this is very relevant in this context All SciDev.Net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. For further details see Creative Commons.

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1,245

LA JOLLA, Calif., July 18, 2012 – In their quest to treat cardiovascular disease, researchers and pharmaceutical companies have long been interested in developing new medicines that activate a heart protein called APJ. But researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) and the Stanford University School of Medicine have now uncovered a second, previously unknown, function for APJ—it senses mechanical changes when the heart is in danger and sets the body on a course toward heart failure. This means that activating APJ could actually be harmful in some cases—potentially eye-opening information for some heart drug makers. The study appears July 18 in Nature. "Just finding a molecule that activates APJ is not enough. What's important to heart failure is not if this receptor is 'on' or 'off,' but the way it's activated," said Pilar Ruiz-Lozano, Ph.D., who led the study. Ruiz-Lozano, formerly assistant professor at Sanford-Burnham, is now associate professor of pediatrics in the Stanford University School of Medicine and adjunct faculty member at Sanford-Burnham. Stretching the heart APJ is a receptor that sits on the cell surface in many organs, where it senses the external environment. When a hormone called apelin comes along and binds APJ, it sets off a molecular chain reaction that influences a number of cellular functions. Many previous studies have shown that apelin-APJ activity directs beneficial processes such as embryonic heart development, maintenance of normal blood pressure, and new blood vessel formation. According to Ruiz-Lozano's latest study, however, APJ can also be activated a second, more harmful, way that doesn't involve apelin. In this pathway, APJ senses and responds to mechanical changes in the heart. To better understand these mechanical changes, let's look at a person with high blood pressure. In this case, the person's heart has to work harder to pump the same amount of blood at the same rate as a healthy person. To meet the increased demand, individual heart muscle cells start making more proteins, making the cells bigger. Eventually, cell membranes stretch and each cell begins to pull away from its neighbor. This leads to an enlarged heart—a condition known as hypertrophy. In pathological (disease) conditions, hypertrophy can lead to heart failure. APJ and heart failure The best way to determine the role a protein plays in a particular cellular process is to see what happens when it's missing. To do this, Ruiz-Lozano's team, including co-first authors Maria Cecilia Scimia, Ph.D. and Cecilia Hurtado, Ph.D., used mice that lack APJ. Under everyday conditions, the APJ-deficient mice appeared perfectly normal. However, unlike their normal counterparts, the mice lacking APJ couldn't sense danger when their hearts enlarged. As a result, mice were actually healthier without APJ—none succumbed to heart failure. "In other words, without APJ, ignorance is bliss—the heart doesn't sense the danger and so it doesn't activate the hypertrophic pathways that lead to heart failure," Ruiz-Lozano said. "This tells us that, depending on how it's done, activating APJ might make matters worse for heart disease patients."

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693

Mar. 20, 2007 An overexpressed protein protects human pancreatic cancer cells from being forced to devour themselves, removing one of the body's natural defenses against out-of-control cell growth, researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center report in the March issue of Molecular Cancer Research. The protein tissue transglutaminase, known by the abbreviation TG2, previously has been found by researchers at M. D. Anderson and elsewhere to be overexpressed in a variety of drug-resistant cancer cells and in cancer that has spread from its original organ (metastasized). "In general, you rarely see overexpression of TG2 in a normal cell," says Kapil Mehta, Ph.D., professor in the M. D. Anderson Department of Experimental Therapeutics, who began 10 years ago studying TG2 as an inflammatory protein. Mehta and colleagues in the past year have connected TG2 overexpression to drug-resistant and metastatic breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and melanoma. Expression of TG2 is tightly regulated in a healthy cell, Mehta says, and is temporarily increased in response to certain hormones or stress factors. "However, constitutive expression of this protein in a cancer cell helps confer protection from stress-induced cell death," Mehta says. "We are developing TG2 as a pharmaceutical target and are now working with a mouse model to that end." The mechanisms by which TG2 might promote drug-resistance and metastasis have remained elusive, the researchers note. In this paper, the M. D. Anderson team shows in lab experiments that inhibiting the protein in pancreatic cancer cells leads to a form of programmed cell suicide called autophagy, or self-digestion. TG2 was inhibited in two separate ways. First, the researchers blocked another protein known to activate TG2. Secondly, they also directly targeted TG2 with a tiny molecule known as small interfering RNA tailored to shut down expression of the protein. In both cases, the result was a drastic reduction of TG2 expression (up to 94 percent) and telltale signs of autophagy in the cancer cells, which became riddled with cavities called vacuoles. When autophagy occurs, a double membrane forms around a cell organ, or organelle. This autophagosome then merges with a digestive organelle called a lysosome and everything inside is consumed, leaving the vacuole and a residue of digested material. If enough of this happens, the cell dies. Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, M.D., professor of experimental therapeutics and study co-author, notes that the research also shows that the self-consuming cell death prevented by TG2 is independent of a prominent molecular pathway also known to regulate autophagy called the mammalian target of rapamycin. "Targeting TG2, or its activating protein PKC, or both, presents a novel and potentially effective approach to treating patients with pancreatic cancer," Lopez-Berestein said. Research in the mouse model remains in the early stages, the researchers caution. The researchers also show that the TG2 pathway also is separate from another, better known, form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Apoptosis, like autophagy, is a normal biological defense mechanism that systematically destroys defective cells by forcing them to kill themselves. In apoptosis, the cells die via damage to their nucleus and DNA, with other cellular organelles preserved. Autophagy kills by degrading those other organelles while sparing the nucleus. Mehta's lab reported in a Cancer Research paper last September that TG2 overexpression also activates a protein called nuclear factor-kB known to play a role in regulating cell growth, metastasis and apoptosis. This pathway, Mehta explained, could make TG2 an attractive target for other forms of cancer as well. Co-authors with Mehta and Lopez-Berestein are: co-first authors Ugur Akar, Ph.D., and Bulent Ozpolat, M.D., Ph.D., and Jansina Fok, all of the Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and Yasuko Kondo, M.D., Ph.D, of the M. D. Anderson Department of Neurosurgery. Funding for this research was provided by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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971

Mar. 4, 2013 Behind locked doors, in a lab built like a bomb shelter, Perry Gerakines makes something ordinary yet truly alien: ice. This isn't the ice of snowflakes or ice cubes. No, this ice needs such intense cold and low pressure to form that the right conditions rarely, if ever, occur naturally on Earth. And when Gerakines makes the ice, he must keep the layer so microscopically thin it is dwarfed by a grain of pollen. These ultrathin layers turn out to be perfect for recreating some of the key chemistry that takes place in space. In these tiny test tubes, Gerakines and his colleagues in the Cosmic Ice Lab at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., can reproduce reactions in ice from almost any time and place in the history of the solar system, including some that might help explain the origin of life. "This is not the chemistry people remember from high school," says Reggie Hudson, who heads the Cosmic Ice Lab. "This is chemistry in the extreme: bitter cold, harsh radiation and nearly non-existent pressure. And it's usually taking place in gases or solids, because generally speaking, there aren't liquids in interstellar space." The Cosmic Ice Lab is one of a few laboratories worldwide where researchers have been studying the ultracool chemistry of cosmic ice. With its powerful particle accelerator, the Goddard lab has the special ability to mimic almost any kind of solar or cosmic radiation to drive these reactions. And that lets them dig deep to study the chemistry of ice below the surface of planets and moons as well as ice in space. Recipe for disorder In a vacuum chamber about the size of a lunchbox, Gerakines recreates a little patch of deep space, in all its extremes. He pumps out air until the pressure inside drops to a level a billion times lower than normal for Earth, then chills the chamber to minus 433 degrees Fahrenheit (15 kelvins). To get ice, all that remains is to open a valve and let in water vapor. The instant the sprightly vapor molecules enter the chamber they are literally frozen in their tracks. Still pointing every which way, the molecules are transformed immediately from their gaseous state into the disorderly solid called amorphous ice. Amorphous ice is exactly the opposite of the typical ice on Earth, which forms perfect crystals like those that make up snowflakes or frost needles. These crystals are so orderly and predictable that this ice is considered a mineral, complete with a rating of 2.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness -- the same rating as a fingernail. Though almost unheard of on Earth, amorphous ice is so widespread in interstellar space that it could be the most common form of water in the universe. Left over from the age when the solar system was born, it is scattered across vast distances, often as particles no bigger than grains of dust. It's also been spotted in comets and icy moons. The secret to making amorphous ice in the lab, Gerakines finds, is to limit the layer to a depth of about half a micrometer -- thinner than a strand of spider's silk. "Water is such a good insulator that if the ice gets too thick, only the bottom of the sample, closer to the cooling source, will stay sufficiently cold," says Gerakines. "The ice on top will get warm enough to crystallize." The superthin ice can be spiked with all kinds of interesting chemicals found in space. One set of chemicals that Gerakines works with is amino acids, which are key players in the chemistry of life on Earth. Researchers have spent decades identifying a whole smorgasbord of amino acids in meteorites (including some involved in life), as well as one found in a sample taken from a comet. "And because water is the dominant form of frozen material in the interstellar medium and outer solar system," says Gerakines, "any amino acids out there are probably in contact with water at some point." For his current set of experiments, Gerakines makes three kinds of ice, each spiked with an amorphous form of an amino acid (either glycine, alanine or phenylalanine) that is found in proteins. The real action begins when Gerakines hits the ice with radiation. Earlier studies by other researchers have looked at ice chemistry using ultraviolet light. Gerakines opts instead to look at cosmic radiation, which can reach ice hidden below the surface of a planet or moon. To mimic this radiation, he uses a proton beam from the high-voltage particle accelerator, which resides in an underground room lined with immense concrete walls for safety. With the proton beam, a million years' worth of damage can be reproduced in just half an hour. And by adjusting the radiation dose, Gerakines can treat the ice as if it were lying exposed or buried at different depths of soil in comets or icy moons and planets. He tests the three kinds of water-plus-amino-acid ice and compares them to ice made from amino acids only. Between blasts, he checks the samples using a "molecular fingerprinting" technique called spectroscopy to see if the amino acids are breaking down and chemical by-products are forming. As expected, more and more of the amino acids break down as the radiation dose adds up. But Gerakines notices that the amino acids last longer if the ice includes water than if they are left on their own. This is odd, because when water breaks down, one of the fragments it leaves behind is hydroxyl (OH), a chemical well-known for attacking other compounds. The spectroscopy confirms that some OH is being produced. But overall, says Gerakines, "the water is essentially acting like a radiation shield, probably absorbing a lot of the energy, the same way a layer of rock or soil would." When he repeats the experiments at two higher temperatures, he is surprised to find the acids fare even better. From these preliminary measurements, he and Hudson calculate how long amino acids could remain intact in icy environments over a range of temperatures. "We find that some amino acids could survive tens to hundreds of millions of years in ice near the surface of Pluto or Mars and buried at least a centimeter [less than half an inch] deep in places like the comets of the outer solar system," says Gerakines. "For a place that gets heavy radiation, like Europa, they would need to be buried a few feet." (These findings were reported in the journal Icarus in August 2012.) "The good news for exploration missions," says Hudson, "is it looks as if these amino acids are actually more stable than anybody realized at temperatures typical of places like Pluto, Europa and even Mars." The Cosmic Ice Lab is part of the Astrochemistry Laboratory in Goddard's Solar System Exploration Division and is funded in part by the Goddard Center for Astrobiology and the NASA Astrobiology Institute. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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1,474

View The Sky And Celestial Bodies Just As Galilieo Did 400 Years Ago The Galileoscope is 400 years of product development in the making - this high-quality telescope kit was developed by leading astronomers, optical engineers, and science educators to showcase how early astronomers made their discoveries. Once assembled, the telescope will offer views of lunar craters and mountains, four moons circling Jupiter, the phases of Venus, Saturn's rings, and countless stars invisible to the unaided eye. The 50mm diameter telescope offers 25X to 50X magnification. The kit is easy-to-assemble and includes standard components such as a base that fits most tripods and a 1.25 focuser. Educational activities and observing guides for use with your Galileoscope are available for free at www.TeachingWithTelescopes.org. “The father of modern observational astronomy,” Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist and astronomer whose ideas and inventions were an important part of the Scientific Revolution. Supporting Copernicus’s heliocentric theory of the earth’s revolution around the sun, Galileo made several contributions to modern astronomy, with his telescopic observations WARNING: Use with adult supervision only. WARNING: Do not look at the Sun with the Galileoscope; severe eye damage will occur.

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269

As the use of technologies becomes less of an issue and approaches such as the use of SMS for mobile learning become ubiquitous – our attention must now move to an increased focus on pedagogy. How will the use of these technologies affect learners’ abilities to learn? How will teachers and facilitators need to change their existing practice? As individual access and control of content explodes, the higher education institutions that move toward the integration of services such assessing learning, helping students organize what they know into meaningful packages and then credential that learning will get the cheese. There will be new are the new institutions that build on what is currently happening and some will remake themselves. Mobile learning at OUM started with the formation of an research team on m-learning in August 2008. Its first task was to determine how ready OUM learners would be for mobile learning. We surveyed almost 3,000 learners throughout Malaysia and found that more than 80 percent of the learners said they would be ready for learning through their mobile phones. We first experimented with podcasts and moved on to using sms to support the blended mode of learning at OUM and found that the latter worked extremely well. When it comes to changes in formal and informal learning, we may need to think about the pedagogy involved, where there may also be a shift from collaborative learning in institutions to cooperative learning in networks. There may also be a shift from cooperative learning in networks to collaborative learning in institutions when MOOC is formally institutionalized and accreditated in institutions. Does it address the difference between cooperation and collaboration learning in the networks/groups? In other words, these MOOCs are set up by one or more individuals. They are created not collectively, as we go along, but usually by one or more (less than 5?) individuals working as a group. As creators and conveners of the MOOC, what responsibility do they have for their creation and the resultant learning that takes place in the MOOC? Where does their responsibility begin and end? Does it matter? After seeing several MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) come and go over the past couple of years, I've decided to play a part in a new one being facilitated by Dave Cormier, George Siemens and Stephen Downes. Is assessment always necessary in learning (in particular informal learning or social learning)? Can people learn effectively without being assessed? May be not, under a formal education system. But if we argue that it is growth of a person as a product of learning (refer to Stephen’s slides on Connectivism), and based on Connectivism and transculturality, then the assessment would be embedded in the “growth of knowledge, skills and competency”, which could be reflected in the performance in study or that at work, and that comes naturally also in network conversation. Information Literacy has been defined by the American Library Association in the following way: To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and has the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. Digital Literacy seems to be very similar: In Wikipedia it starts with a definition that is almost word for word identical to ALA definition of information literacy but adds on three new words: Digital literacy is the ability to locate, organize, understand, evaluate and analyze information using digital technology. Digital citizenship refers to the use of these skills to interact with society. Today, with the proliferation of tablet computers such as the iPad and Galaxy Tab, OUM is considering using them as a learning device on OUM course modules can be easily downloaded into. Still at the planning stage, the idea of using tablet computers makes sense as through these devices, not only will course information and learning materials be more easily accessible, the learner will also benefit from other useful applications supported by such devices. In addition, with wi-fi facilities available in most, if not all classrooms in the OUM learning centers, the learners will be better engaged with OUM as a whole and with their facilitators in particular. It will be seamless and ubiquitous learning at its best. I think one education's challenges in the 21st century is going to be whether they can change and adapt to new technology. Moreover, whether education can embrace new forms of technology to drive different types of learning and increase international collaboration. I think #change11 is going to be a fascinating experiment for all involved. This MOOC guide based on the experience of the MobiMOOC(ourse) which was a course that ran from 2 April until the 14 May 2011 and had 580 participants that hooked up to its resources. The course resulted in collaborations transcending the duration of the course. The course focused on the subject of mobile learning and was delivered over 6 weeks, each of which had a different angle: introduction to mLearning, mLearning planning, mLearning for development, leading edge mobile innovations, mLearning in a mobile connected society and mLearning in k12 settings.

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1,017

paragraph and text alignment. Thanks to styles there’s no longer aneed to add blank lines between paragraphs. Within the paragraph, there may be some formatting applied only toa few words. This would be a character style. Some commonexamples of character style formatting include , underlineand strikethrough. While these styles may effect color and style of thetext, they generally don’t include layout and spacing attributes. List styles are technically paragraph styles, but with the addition of several choices for bullet or numbering options. For this reason, wewill discuss them separately. Some word processing systems includeoutline styles which are special purpose lists. Styles and Templates Styles are saved in the document template. When you create adocument based on a speciﬁc template, you also receive the customstyles deﬁned for that template. Every document you create is basedon a template. Even if you don’t select a speciﬁc template, your wordprocessor will use its default template to create your document. Word Processing for Publishers Series - All About Styles

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234

Our bodies create a tremendous amount of internal heat. We normally cool ourselves by sweating and radiating heat through our skin. Under certain circumstances, such as unusually high temperatures, high humidity, or vigorous exercise in hot weather, this natural cooling system may begin to fail, allowing internal heat to build up to dangerous levels. The result may be heat illness, which can come in the form of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. Heat cramps are brief, severe cramps in the muscles of the legs, arms, or abdomen that may occur during or after vigorous exercise in extreme heat. The sweating that occurs with vigorous exercise causes the body to lose salts and fluids. And the low level of salts causes the muscles to cramp. Children are particularly susceptible to heat cramps when they haven't been drinking enough fluids. Although painful, heat cramps aren't What to Do: Most heat cramps don't require special treatment. A cool place, rest, and fluids should ease your child's discomfort. Massaging cramped muscles may also help. Heat exhaustion is a more severe heat illness that can occur when a person in a hot climate or environment hasn't been drinking enough fluids. Symptoms may include: - clammy skin - nausea and/or - hyperventilation (rapid breathing) What to Do: - Bring your child indoors or into the shade. - Loosen or remove your child's clothing. - Encourage your child to eat and drink. - Give your child a bath in cool (not cold) water. - Call your child's doctor for further advice. If your child is too exhausted or ill to eat or drink, intravenous fluids may be necessary. If left untreated, heat exhaustion may escalate into heatstroke, which can be fatal. The most severe form of heat illness, heatstroke is a life-threatening medical emergency . The body loses its ability to regulate its own temperature. Body temperature can soar to 106 degrees Fahrenheit (41.1 degrees Celsius) or even higher, leading to brain damage or even death if it isn't quickly treated. Prompt medical treatment is required to bring the body temperature under control. Factors that increase the risk for heatstroke include overdressing and extreme physical exertion in hot weather with inadequate fluid intake. Heatstroke can also happen when a child is left in, or becomes accidentally trapped in, a car on a hot day. When the outside temperature is 93 degrees Fahrenheit (33.9 degrees Celsius), the temperature inside a car can reach 125 degrees Fahrenheit (51.7 degrees Celsius) in just 20 minutes, quickly raising a child's body temperature to dangerous levels. What to Do: Call for emergency medical help if your child has been outside in the sun exercising for a long time and shows one or more of the following symptoms of heatstroke: - flushed, hot, dry skin with no sweating - temperature of 105 degrees Fahrenheit (40.6 degrees Celsius) - severe, throbbing headache - weakness, dizziness, or confusion - sluggishness or fatigue - decreased responsiveness - loss of consciousness While waiting for help: - Get your child indoors or into the shade. - Undress your child and sponge or douse him or her with cool An Ounce of Prevention Some ways you can prevent your child from experiencing heat - Teach your child to always drink plenty of fluids before and during an activity in hot, sunny weather - even if he or she - Make sure your child wears light-colored loose clothing. - Make sure your child only participates in heavy activity outdoors before noon and after 6 PM. - Teach your child to come indoors immediately whenever he or she feels overheated. Updated and reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD Date reviewed: March 2007 Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995-2009 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.

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891

What's in a name? Well, if you're The Weather Channel, today's winter storm is called Winter Storm Nemo. And if you're WFSB Channel 3, the storm is called Charlotte. Prior to The Weather Channel's announcement last fall that it would be naming winter storms, Channel 3 touted on its website that it was the only station in the nation to name them. The National Weather Service, an arm of the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is in charge of officially naming tropical storms, which retain their names if the systems turn into full-fledged hurricanes. In a statement, the weather service said, "The National Weather Service does not name winter storms because a winter storm's impact can vary from one location to another, and storms can weaken and redevelop, making it difficult to define where one ends and another begins. While the National Weather Service does not name winter storms, we do rate major winter storms after the fact." Today's storm is expected to end Saturday afternoon and leave behind 16 to 26 inches of snow for shoreline towns and 17 to 29 inches inland. Not every storm gets a name, Channel 3 notes. At least 6 inches of snow and/or significant ice accumulation of at least half an inch must be forecast for most of the state. "In other words, a major snow or ice storm," Channel 3 says. The tradition of naming winter storms began with Channel 3 and the Travelers Weather Service in 1971. The first storm was Arthur, on Thanksgiving Day that year, according to Channel 3. The Weather Channel says naming storms raises awareness, makes it easier to follow a weather system's progress, and in today's social media world, makes it easier to reference in communication. The Weather Channel notes that there is no national center to coordinate and communicate information on winter storms, so it decided to take on that role. The naming of winter storms is limited to no more than three days before impact to ensure there is moderate to strong confidence the system will produce significant effects on a populated area, The Weather Channel says. In any event, whether you call it Nemo, Charlotte or Joe Shmoe, be careful. A storm by any other name could be equally as dangerous.

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458

Indian removal had been taking place in the United States since the 18th Century as more Americans made the move westward. In the early 19th Century, Andrew Jackson and the majority of white Americans like him, wanted the Indians to move west of the Mississippi, out of the way from white expansion. Popular thought was that the Indians were savages who could not be civilized, and integration with the white culture was not a possibility. Through the next several years, Indian tribes all over the eastern front were forced to reservations of proportional inequality compared with land once owned. The United States bought the land from the Indians while using its brute power to force unruly tribes west. No matter how much they tried, the Indians were no match for the strength of the United States. Indians of the Sauk and Fox tribes tried to take back land that was ceded to the United States wrongfully. When they inhabited the vacant land, Americans saw them as a threat to the white settlements close-by. Illinois state militia was sent in to destroy the so-called "invaders." The Indians retreated back and the militia continued to attack until most had been killed. Were Americans justified in the mass movement of Indian tribes? I would have to say they were not. I cannot see the logic in their assumptions of the Indians. For the most part, little interaction took place with the Indians. Yet, Americans still believed they were uncivilized. Perhaps the problem was in terms of envy. Indians had been capable of adapting to land and using the land efficiently for years at a time. I think Americans saw how the Indians were able to do this, and became jealous of their superior farming abilities. Land was becoming useless in the east, and Indians had been able to use their land repeatedly. Americans saw this fertile land as rich in potential profit and were willing to go to any length in acquiring it. Evidence of the two cultures working together in a society was apparent in New Mexico, Texas, and California. If these people were able to survive and live off each other, I would have to assume that had the United States made an effort, they could have resolved this situation in an easier manner. Unless it was jealousy that was driving them to take the Indian land. Something tells me it was exactly that which caused such a debacle. Superior in farming techniques and land use, the Indians efficient ways were the downfall of their land availability.

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490

Word of the Day, Website of the Day, Number to Know, This Day in History, Today’s Featured Birthday and Daily Quote. Word of the Day Cohesive koh-HEE-siv (adjective) Exhibiting or producing a condition in which people or things are closely united - www.merriam-webster.com Website of the Day Today, on the birthday of Winnie-the-Pooh creator A.A. Milne (he was born Jan. 18, 1882), head to this Pooh site, which has information about Winnie and friends, a short biography of Milne, games and more. Number to Know 2: Number of Winnie-the-Pooh books that A.A. Milne wrote: “Winnie-the-Pooh” and “The House at Pooh Corner.” This Day in History Jan. 18, 1990: Washington, D.C., Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting. Today’s Featured Birthday Actor Kevin Costner (58) “Did you ever stop to think, and forget to start again?” - A.A. Milne

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261

Murders seem to be increasing in northern Utah these days. That would be murders of crows. The ubiquitous black birds were once usually only seen in the winter in northern Utah when they migrated through the state. Bird experts say that has changed. “Fifteen years ago, a pair of crows stayed in downtown Ogden and nested there,” said Bill Fenimore, owner of the Wild About Birds Nature Center in Layton and an avid bird expert and watcher. “From that pairing, you have what we have today. They are here year-round. They are showing up in Provo, but Davis and Weber County have the biggest population.” Jim Parrish, native terrestrial wildlife program coordinator for the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, said the agency does not have hard data on the number of crows inhabiting the northern part of the state. But field observations lead him to believe that the numbers are increasing. “When I first came to Utah in 1982, there was a small little group in Utah County,” he said. “Overall, statewide, crows are on the upswing. We are seeing more and more of them. If there is an open slot, they are going to fill it. They don’t have competition in urban areas for food. They are generalists. They take a variety of food and eat a lot of different things. There is plenty of food at landfills, the side of the road or McDonald’s. There are plenty of opportunities and not much competition.” Fenimore tells the story of seeing crows pick walnuts off a tree and take them to a busy intersection where they drop the nuts in the middle of the road when the light is red. They then fly to a roost and wait for a green light so cars can run over the walnuts. They swoop down to pick up the nut pieces when the next red light happens. “My daughter-in-law works for the county in Layton,” said the veteran birder. “There are big cottonwood trees by the city complex. At night, they stick up there. She sees hundreds and hundreds of crows flying into the cottonwood trees. There are flocks lined up in the roost.” According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, American crows are social and can be seen in flocks in the millions. “Inquisitive and sometimes mischievous, crows are good problem learners and problem-solvers, often raiding garbage cans and picking over discarded food containers,” read the Cornell description. “They’re also aggressive and often chase away larger birds including hawks, owls and herons.” The birds might even scare off a small dog or cat, especially when trying to steal food that might have been left out. Fenimore said crows travel in family groups with the young learning from parents and extended families, often spending more than a year with family groups, learning how to make a living. Fenimore thinks the changing human use of the land in Davis County might be helping crows increase their numbers. In Davis County, land that used to be agricultural has been converted into subdivisions and shopping centers. “That provides resource food for the crows,” he said. “They are adept at utilizing human disturbances and settlements to make a living. They hang out with us and utilize our scraps.” It is sometimes easy to mistake a crow and a raven. Ravens, another smart black bird, are the larger of the two species. Parrish said ravens tend to stay in higher elevations than crows, though it is not unusual to see a raven in town as well. So, if you are a northern Utah resident and you think you are seeing more murders of crows in than in the past, chances are your observations are correct.

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820

Your baby’s skin has become opaque (it had been see-through), but it is still immature. The retina of the eye continues to form, but that also is not mature yet. The circulation to the lungs is forming, and the lungs are beginning to develop surfactant (a substance that keeps the lungs from sticking to themselves), however the lungs will be one of the last parts of your baby to fully mature. His body has caught up with his head, and although the head is still large compared to an adult, your baby’s body and head are in the right proportions for a newborn. His brainwaves also resemble those of a full-term newborn. He is developing a sleep-wake pattern and may be developing an active time that is pretty regular from day to day. At the end of the 24th week your baby will be around 10 inches from crown to rump and weigh 2 pounds. For most women the second trimester has brought some welcome changes. The uterus is too large for the pelvis, so there is less pressure on the bladder, but the uterus is not quite large enough to cause real problems with eating and breathing. You should have more energy than you did in the first trimester, along with an increased libido. You should also be feeling the baby move every day. Weight gain should be pretty steady now, meaning only that you continue to gain weight, not lose it. The growing uterus may be causing stretch marks across your lower abdomen and sides. The pressure of the uterus may also be causing some constipation and heartburn. Your thyroid gland is more active during pregnancy, which may cause an increased perspiration. Some women find that the increased blood volume during pregnancy causes their gums to bleed and nosebleeds. Although still early, some women begin to have leaking fluids from their breasts. It is normal for the breasts to leak, and normal for the breasts not to leak. It will have no effect on your ability to breastfeed. These symptoms are commonly experienced during this month. Heartburn and Indigestion Shortness of Breath

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433

China to Launch 3 Astronauts to Space Lab This Month China will launch its first manned mission to an orbiting space laboratory in mid-June, according to state media reports and the country's human spaceflight agency. A Long March 2F rocket will launch three astronauts aboard a Shenzhou 9 capsule for China's first manned space docking at the mini-space station Tiangong-1. The space lab module has been circling Earth unmanned since its launch last year. "The Shenzhou 9 will perform our country's first manned space docking mission with the orbiting Tiangong 1 space lab module," the Xinhua news agency quoted Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China's manned space program, as saying today (June 9). Zhou's comments came as he accompanied the rocket set to launch the Shenzhou 9 mission to a pad at China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the country's northwest region. The mission, Zhou told Xinhua, will be a major milestone for China's space exploration program. "It means China's spacecraft will become a genuine manned shuttle tool between space and Earth. It can send human beings to space stations or space labs," Zhou told Xinhua. "This will be a significant step in China's manned space flight history." [Gallery: Tiangong 1, China's First Space Lab] China's Shenzhou 9 mission will mark the fourth human spaceflight for the country, which has been making steady advances since the launch of Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei in 2003 on Shenzhou 5, the country's first human spaceflight. China is the third country to achieve human spaceflight after Russia and the United States. Since its first flight, China has launched two more manned missions, the two-man Shenzhou 6 flight and three-person Shenzhou 7 mission. Last September, China launched the Tiangong 1 module — a prototype for a future space station — into orbit. That launch was followed in November by the unmanned Shenzhou 8 mission, which successfully docked a capsule with the space laboratory twice during the test flight. The Shenzhou 9 mission will mark China's first human spaceflight to an orbiting module. Earlier this year, space program officials said the mission could also mark the first launch of China's first female astronaut, but a final decision on that is pending, Xinhua reported. A translation of an announcement released online by the China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSE), which oversees China's human spaceflight program, stated that preparations of both the rocket and Shenzhou 9 astronaut crew are going smoothly. A series of spacecraft and rocket tests, as well as final mission training, are underway ahead of the planned spaceflight, CMSE officials said. China's Shenzhou (or "Divine Vessel") spacecraft are three-module space capsules with a design originally based on Russia's Soyuz space capsules, but the Chinese vehicles carry substantial modifications. Like the Soyuz, Shenzhou vehicles carry up to three astronauts and consist of a propulsion module, a crew capsule and an orbital module. But unlike Russia's Soyuz, the orbital module of Shenzhou spacecraft carries its own solar arrays and can remain in space after its crew returns to Earth in the crew capsule. China's Tiangong 1 ("Heavenly Palace 1") space laboratory module, meanwhile, is a prototype space station designed to test the technologies required for a much larger space station complex currently under development. The Tiangong 1 module is 34 feet long (10.4 meters), 11 feet wide (3.35 m) and weighed about 8.5 metric tons. Chinese space officials have said the country is developing a larger, 60-ton space station that will consist of several modules. That space station is slated to be launched in 2020. China is currently following a three-step space exploration program that ultimately aims to land an astronaut on the moon. According to a white paper released by the Chinese government in December, the country plans to launch a series of robotic moon landers and a lunar sample-return mission by 2016. You can follow SPACE.com Managing Editor Tariq Malik on Twitter @tariqjmalik. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom. We're alsoon Facebook and Google+. ABOUT THE AUTHOR MORE FROM SPACE.com

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889

The value of farm land in Southeast Missouri has always fluctuated; usually the price moves along with the financial health of the national economy. That was certainly the case beginning in the late 1920s. For Southeast Missouri, and especially New Madrid County the bad times began with the flood of 1927. With the ebb of the waters came the rise in business failures, ruined farms, and bank closings--all two years before financial disaster struck the rest of the country with the stock market crash in October 1929. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. Land and commodity prices fell, but property and drainage taxes did not. Many farms were sold on the east steps of the New Madrid County Courthouse by foreclosure or sheriff's sale for taxes due. Depressed land prices would continue through the next decade. The bargain-basement prices of land gave rise to one of the most successful partnerships in county history. Walter S. Edwards Sr. ran the Edwards Land and Title Company in New Madrid. Because many farms were "entailed," that is tied up with life estates or owners yet to be born, knowing which farms had a good title and those that did not was key to the decision of which farm to bid on. Edwards knew a lot about land titles, but he didn't have the capital needed to buy large tracts. E. B. Gee Sr. was a successful merchant in Blytheville, Ark. Gee had acquired some land in Southeast Missouri before 1927 according to the deed records, but he had limited knowledge of what was for sale and the history of the title. What he did have was capital. Edwards and Gee formed a partnership and began buying land--lots of land. Edwards selected the land; Gee provided the money. John Bailey, who was from Sikeston, graduated from law school at the University of Missouri in 1940. John married a member of the Gee family and in 1941 began working for E. B. Gee farms in Portageville. Much of Gee's farm operation was the land farmed and managed by the Edwards and Gee partnership. As partnerships go, this one was very successful. But, as is often the case, the circumstances of the partners evolve and change. Edwards decided that it would be best that they divide the lands and go their own ways. He had a map drawn up with a proposed division of some tens of thousands of acres between the two. One half was colored red and the other half colored blue. He presented the map to Gee. Gee looked it over and then gave it to John Bailey with the instruction to study it and give his opinion of its fairness. Bailey went to work. With another of Gee's employees, Arline Avery, the pair drove all over the county inspecting the farms and uncleared lands, talked to the tenants, studied soil and elevation maps, and poured over the partnership records. After some months of work he told Gee, in his opinion, the division was fair. Gee met with Edwards and agreed to the division, but the question remained as to who got which part, red or blue. They decided to flip a coin. According to Bailey, at the appointed time, the two met. Arlene Avery had painted a silver dollar, one side blue and the other red. Edwards flipped the coin and Gee made the call. How the coin landed is lost to history, but both were well satisfied. The division of tens of thousands of acres between the two was made and their legendary successful partnership closed--all on the flip of a painted coin.

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742

There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The Government and the religious communities historically have had good relations; however, as in previous years, the Government was critical of and harassed religious leaders who spoke out against the Government's ongoing campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. Church leaders and members who criticized the Government faced arrest and detention. The generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. Section I. Religious Demography The country has a total area of 240,122 square miles, and its population is estimated at 11.6 million. Between 60 and 70 percent of the population belong to the mainstream Christian denominations, with between 17 and 27 percent of the population identifying themselves as Roman Catholic. There are no reliable statistics on the exact number of Christian churches or religious movements in the country. The evangelical denominations, mostly Pentecostal churches, and Apostolic groups are the fastest growing religious groups in the country. They appeal to large numbers of disillusioned members from the established churches who reportedly are attracted by promises of miracles and messages of hope at a time of political, social and economic instability. The country's small Muslim population is estimated at 1 percent. The remainder of the population consists of practitioners of Greek Orthodoxy, Judaism, and traditional indigenous religions and indigenous syncretistic religions that mix Christianity and traditional African culture and beliefs; there also are small numbers of Hindus, Buddhists, Baha'is, and atheists. The dominance of Christianity dates to the early contact of Portuguese traders and Jesuit priests with Africans in the region in the late 1500s. The Jesuits established churches and educational institutions in the Zambezi Valley at that time. Several centuries later, Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, Dutch Reformed, and Salvation Army missionaries began to compete aggressively for territorial and spiritual monopolies throughout the country, resulting in "areas of interest" for each of these churches. As a result, many persons identify with the Christian denomination that has had the longest historical connection to their area. President Robert Mugabe is a Roman Catholic who professes to practice his faith actively, and many of those who make up the elite of society tend to be associated with one of the established Christian churches, especially the Anglican and Methodist churches. Due to the country's colonial and apartheid-like history, the vast majority of the country's black population was prevented from attending government schools, which were restricted to white students. Christian mission schools taught the few blacks who were able to obtain a formal education. Consequently the vast majority of the country's liberation war leadership, who later became the Government's senior officials, were instructed by Christian educators. The Muslim community consists primarily of South Asian immigrants (Indian and Pakistani), migrants from other southern and eastern African countries (Mozambique and Malawi), and a very small number of North African and Middle Eastern immigrants. There are mosques located in nearly all of the larger towns, and there are a number of mosques in rural areas. There are 18 mosques in the capital Harare and 8 in Bulawayo. The Muslim community generally has been somewhat insular; however, in the past several years, the Islamic community has expanded its outreach efforts, and is having increasing success proselytizing among the majority black indigenous population. A variety of indigenous churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assembly of God (ZAOG), continue to adhere strictly to Christian beliefs; in fact, they oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other indigenous groups, such as the Seven Apostles, combine elements of established Christian beliefs with some beliefs based on traditional African culture and religion. These latter groups tend to be centered on a prophetic figure, with members of the congregation identifying themselves as "apostles." These church members wear long white robes and head coverings. Many of these churches date from the early 1920s, when there was widespread racial and religious segregation. Many of the founders of African indigenous churches broke away from Christian missionary churches, and some of their teachings incorporate what has become known as "black consciousness." To a large extent, these churches grew out of the Christian churches' failure to adapt to traditional African culture and religion. These indigenous churches have proliferated as a result of splits among the followers of the different "prophets." Many persons continue to believe, in varying degrees, in traditional indigenous religions. These persons may worship in a westernized Christian church on Sundays but consult with traditional healers during the week. Belief in traditional healers spans both the rural and urban areas. Traditional healers are very common and are licensed and regulated by the Zimbabwe National African Traditional Healers' Association (ZINATHA). Foreign missionaries operate in the country, including members of the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Church. Section II. Status of Religious Freedom The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice; however, a law that criminalizes both purporting to practice witchcraft and accusing persons of practicing witchcraft reportedly was viewed as restrictive by some practitioners of indigenous religions. There is no state religion. The Government generally recognizes all religions. The Government does not require religious institutions to be registered. Religious organizations that operate schools or medical facilities are required to register those specific institutions with the appropriate ministry regulating those areas. Similarly, religious institutions may apply for tax-exempt status and duty-free privileges with the Customs Department, which generally grants such requests. The Government permits religious education in private schools. There are Islamic and Hebrew primary and secondary schools in the major urban areas, primarily Harare and Bulawayo. The country has had a long history of Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist primary and secondary schools. Since independence there also has been a proliferation of evangelical basic education schools. The Christian schools constitute one-third of the schools in the country, with the Catholic Church having the majority. In addition there are several institutions of higher education that include religious studies as a core component of the curriculum. Christian missions provided the first hospitals to care for black citizens. There are 126 hospitals and clinics in the country that fall under the Zimbabwe Association of Church Related Hospitals (ZACH), an association that consists largely of mainstream Christian churches. The individual churches are the predominant source of funding for maintaining these hospitals because of the Government's increasing inability to provide essential services. The Government does provide small subsidies to cover some hospital staff salaries, but these make up only a small percentage of the hospitals' operating budgets. Restrictions on Religious Freedom Witchcraft--widely understood to encompass attempts to harm others not only by magic but also by covert means of established efficacy such as poisons--traditionally has been a common explanation for diseases of which the causes were unknown. Although traditional indigenous religions generally include or accommodate belief in the efficacy of witchcraft, they generally approve of harmful witchcraft only for defensive or retaliatory purposes and purport to offer protection against it. In the past several years, interest in healing through traditional religion and through prayer reportedly has increased as HIV/AIDS has infected an estimated one-third of the adult population, and affordable science-based medicines effective in treating HIV/AIDS have remained unavailable. The Witchcraft Suppression Act (WSA) criminalizes purporting to practice witchcraft, accusing persons of practicing witchcraft, hunting witches, and soliciting persons to name witches; penalties include imprisonment for up to 7 years. The law defines witchcraft as "the use of charms and any other means or devices adopted in the practice of sorcery," and provides punishments for intending to cause disease or injury to any person or animal through the use of witchcraft. Since 1997 ZINATHA has proposed amendments to the law that would redefine witchcraft only as the practice of sorcery with the intent to cause harm, including illness, injury, or death; however, mainstream Christian churches reportedly have opposed such legislation. Human rights groups also generally supported the existing WSA; the Act has been used since independence primarily to protect persons, primarily women, who have been accused falsely of causing harm to persons or crops in rural areas where traditional religious practices are strong. In March 2002, the Traditional Medical Practitioners Council, formed from members of ZINATHA to oversee traditional healers, called for amendments to the WSA that would authenticate the existence of witches and wizards and remove penalties for accusing persons of practicing witchcraft. There is some tension between the Government and some indigenous African churches because of the latter's preference for prayer over science-based medical practices that result in the reduction of avoidable childhood diseases and deaths in those communities. Some members of the indigenous churches and groups believe in healing through prayer only and refuse to have their children vaccinated. The Ministry of Health has had limited success in vaccinating children against communicable childhood diseases in these religious communities. Human rights activists also have criticized these indigenous churches for their sanctioning of marriages of underage girls. President Mugabe has expressed skepticism about the increasing membership in evangelical and indigenous churches and has indicated that he believes that they could be subversive. According to press reports, he has refused to meet with bishops from indigenous churches since 1997. The Government maintains a monopoly on television broadcasting through the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC), despite a broadcasting law passed in 2001 that permits one independent television broadcaster but imposes stringent licensing requirements. The Government permits limited religious broadcasting on ZBC and advertising in the government-controlled press by the older, established Christian churches, as well as new evangelical churches and institutions, such as The 700 Club and World Vision. Programming produced by the U.S.-based Christian Broadcasting Network is shown on ZBC. The Government generally follows the recommendations of the Religious Advisory Board, an umbrella grouping of Christian denominations, on appropriate religious material to broadcast. Muslims, who are not represented on the board, have approached the advisory board about obtaining access to airtime. The chairman of the Religious Advisory Board believes that Muslims represent too small of a percentage of society to take up minimal religious airtime or to merit membership on the advisory board. Other evangelical church groups are more hostile to Islam and are unlikely to support the inclusion of Islamic programming in the already limited religious broadcasting block. However, during the period covered by this report, Muslims occasionally were allowed to conduct the daily opening prayer on ZBC. In the last few years, due to inadequate resources, the Government has returned several former church schools that it had taken over at independence to their respective churches. The Government has returned nearly all of the secondary schools and a few of the primary schools that it seized from the churches after independence. Most former church schools remaining under Government control are used as primary schools in the rural areas. Abuses of Religious Freedom The Government and government supporters targeted some clergymen because they strongly criticized the state-sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period prior to the 2000 parliamentary elections and the March 2002 presidential election and urged the Government to restore peace in the country (see Section III). Church leaders and members who criticize the Government continue to face arrest, detention, and possible deportation. On February 28, police harassed, arrested and detained 21 pastors as they attempted to deliver a petition against the misuse of police power to Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri. On February 14, police arrested and detained a blind Roman Catholic nun in Harare along with thirty-nine other women for participating in a Valentine's Day March for Peace sponsored by Women of Zimbabwe Arise! (WOZA). Police also beat and arrested a priest, Fr. Nigel Johnson, for filming a similar march on the same day in Bulawayo. On February 13, police prevented a public meeting at the Northside Community Church in Harare, which was supposed to address churches' role in the country's political crisis. Police arrested the president of the Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ), Bishop Trevor Manhanga, along with seven other people and detained them for several hours. In late May 2002, local government minister Ignatius Chombo prompted war veterans in Binga district, Matabeleland North province, to close down the food distribution efforts of the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP), which was the only source of food for many rural residents in the Binga district. Chombo criticized the CCJP for establishing local structures parallel to the Government's structures. War veterans continued to block the food from leaving CCJP's warehouse at the end of the period covered by this report, preventing food deliveries to hospital patients and school children. In February 2002, police arrested Father Kevin O'Doherty and eight others participating in a prayer processional to police headquarters in Bulawayo. They were charged with contravening the newly-passed Public Order and Security Act, but the charges later were dropped. During the 2002 presidential election campaign, the state-controlled daily newspaper in Bulawayo printed false accusations against Archbishop Pius Ncube, including that he distributed sexually explicit material to prisoners, following his remarks criticizing the Government's violent campaign tactics. At a campaign rally in February 2002, President Mugabe claimed Ncube had "political tentacles" and supported the opposition after the Archbishop resisted government attempts to take over the Catholic-run St. Luke's hospital. During the period covered by this report, Ncube reportedly received anonymous death threats, and intimidating visits by suspected officers from the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO). In August 2001, Gabriel McGuire, an Irish Catholic priest in Harare, was declared a prohibited person and deported. No official reason was given; however, church members speculated that the Government took exception to his sermons in which he made generic statements about citizens' "right to have a voice." Paul Andrianatos, a Greek Orthodox priest with South African citizenship who was ordered to leave the country in March 2001, remained outside the country at the end of the period covered by this report. There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees. Forced Religious Conversion There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States. Section III. Societal Attitudes The generally amicable relations between the various religious communities contributed to religious freedom. The Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Baha'i, and Buddhist religious communities are relatively small and generally are not in competition with Christian denominations for converts. Catholic Church officials say that they welcome interfaith dialog with Muslims. There are at least four umbrella religious organizations primarily focused on interdenominational dialog among Christians and other inter-religious activities. Muslims are not represented in any of these organizations, and there is no vehicle for formal Christian-Muslim dialog; however, informal dialog occurs from time to time. A few Muslims have complained of discrimination by private employers who refuse to allow them sufficient time to worship at their mosques on Fridays. The Zimbabwe Council of Churches (ZCC) is an umbrella organization of all non-Catholic ecumenical Christian missionary churches except for evangelical organizations. It maintains a secretariat in Harare, conducts development programs, has a Justice and Peace desk, and collaborates with the much older CCJP. The Catholic Church and the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference have observer status within the ZCC, and relations generally are cooperative. Some members of the Christian community are hesitant to support Catholics joining the ZCC because of memories of the inability of religious leaders to work together during the liberation war era, and they fear a repeat of that experience. The ZCC also has worked with other church groups and civil society organizations on social issues. The ZCC traditionally was supportive of President Mugabe, but it has become more critical as a result of the Government's politicization of food distribution and campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters. The Heads of Denominations (HOD) is a pragmatic association of Catholic and other Christian denominations that has no spiritual or theological emphasis. It was created to enable collaboration among Christian groups and the Government in the operation of religious schools and hospitals. The HOD provides a vehicle for Christian churches to speak to the Government with a common voice on policy issues and includes the Catholic Church, which operates a significant number of the rural hospitals and schools in the country. The HOD has a loose structure and no office. The HOD's secretarial support is provided by the general secretariat of the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference (ZCBC), and its secretary general holds the same position in the ZCBC. The education secretaries of the various churches work together under the HOD, as does the religious advisory board to the ZBC. This broad grouping of churches under the HOD also collaborates on a wide range of social issues including HIV/AIDS education, and, in conjunction with the ZCC, the Christian churches have addressed the declining economic conditions affecting their members across the country. The HOD continues to deliberate over the role religious institutions should play in combating the HIV/AIDS crisis. Many churches already operate programs designed to help the victims of HIV/AIDS; for example, the Catholic Church and other religious and lay persons operate a center for persons infected with HIV/AIDS called "Mashambanzou" in Harare. The Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ) is an umbrella organization of loosely affiliated evangelical churches that was established in the early 1980s. The fellowship has observer status with the HOD but in general does not work closely with either the ZCC or Catholic Church. However, the evangelical and Catholic churches do collaborate in the broadcasting of religious programs. During the period covered by this report, the ZCC, ZCBC and EFZ issued public statements strongly critical of the Government for its campaign of violent intimidation against opposition supporters, campaign to politicize food distribution, corruption, and failure to guide Zimbabwe out of crisis, also calling for leadership and a spirit of tolerance and reconciliation. Privately the leaders of those organizations lamented that the Government prevented them from using existing regional church structures to import and distribute food aid in the midst of a famine. Several key church leaders and organizations strongly criticized the state-sanctioned, politically motivated crimes and violence during the period before and after the March 2002 presidential election and urged the Government to restore peace in the country. Since the 2000 parliamentary elections, church groups throughout the country gradually have become more vocal in their criticism of the Government for the continuation of politically motivated violence. In a July 30, 2001, address to regional Catholic bishops, President Mugabe stated that the Roman Catholic Church should support the Government's land acquisition program and criticized it for "equivocating in the face of racial injustice." In January 2002, Zimbabwe Council of Churches General-Secretary Denison Mafinyane severely criticized the Government for unleashing a "reign of terror" against innocent citizens. In a May 5, 2002, address to the 10th Synod session of the Anglican Diocese of Manicaland, Bishop Sebastian Bakare criticized politicians who say there is peace in the country when citizens continue to suffer from political violence at the hands of ruling party supporters. In late 2000 and early 2001, Pius Ncube, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bulawayo, stayed in Germany for several months after receiving numerous death threats for writing public letters accusing the Government of fueling political violence and urging citizens to exercise their right to vote. The Vatican reportedly demanded that the Government take steps to ensure the Archbishop's safety. In 2000 Anglican priest Tim Neill of Harare received a death threat letter signed by Ngonidzashe Mutasa, the secretary general of the Revival of African Conscience, a previously unknown organization with no established following or platform. The police later apprehended Mutasa, who was tried and found guilty in September 2000; however, Mutasa was released in October 2000 under a general presidential amnesty for politically motivated crimes. Father Neill left the priesthood in July 2001 after the Government forced him to resign as Vicar General of Harare and bypassed canonical law to install Norbert Kunonga, a staunch Mugabe supporter, as Anglican Bishop of Harare. Other priests reportedly have left the diocese because of Kunonga's sermons supporting Mugabe's reelection and the sometimes violent expulsion of mostly white commercial farmers from their land. In late February 2002, ZANU-PF supporters beat three Catholic priests, two Catholic nuns, and a Catholic brother in Zaka after they met with U.S. officials. The perpetrators said the fact that the religious figures had met with U.S. diplomats suggested they were opposition supporters. Although local ruling party officials later apologized to the victims, the perpetrators were not charged with any crime. Several prominent evangelical, Roman Catholic and Protestant bishops, however, did collaborate in an attempt to bring the ruling and opposition parties back to the negotiating table to re-start dialog aimed at resolving the country's political crisis during the period covered by this report. Another area of ecumenical collaboration has been translation of the Bible into the majority language, Shona. Several priests and ministers have worked on this project since 1987. Fambidzano, which means "walking together," is a relatively new grouping of indigenous churches. A South African Dutch Reformed Church theologian and social anthropologist, Inus Daneel, who has researched these churches in South Africa and Zimbabwe, founded the organization in the mid-1970's. Fambidzano was created to give the leaders of these churches more theological and biblical education, according to Daneel. There is little dialog between Fambidzano and the Catholic Church; however, the two organizations are discussing the need to work with the indigenous churches, to which many persons are turning because of their emphasis on physical healing and spiritual salvation. ZINATHA is an organization that represents traditional indigenous religions. The head of that organization is a university professor and vocal Anglican who is working to increase interreligious dialog between ZINATHA and mainstream Christian churches. In 2002 ZINATHA members formed the Traditional Medical Practitioners Council to certify and oversee traditional healers. There were continuing reports of tensions between mainstream Christian churches and practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. A notable feature of some of the indigenous churches is the acceptance of polygamy among some of its members. Sexual abuse, the spread of HIV/AIDS, and the avoidance of modern medicines also are growing problems within these churches. In addition leaders of the Christian churches reportedly opposed the repeal or modification of the WSA sought by practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. There were no reports of ritual murders associated with traditional religious practices during the period covered by this report, and the Government generally enforces the law against murder in the case of ritual murders. Gordon Chavanduka, chairman of ZINATHA, reportedly has stated that the black-market demand for human body parts used in making potions has increased greatly in recent years. During the period covered by this report, there were no reports that persons killed children for body parts for use in healing rituals associated with traditional religions. In 1999 Faber Chidarikire, a Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) official and mayor of the northern town of Chinhoyi, was charged with murdering a 13-year-old girl in 1987, but he was released on bail shortly thereafter following intervention by the Attorney General. Chidarikire was tried for the murder of the girl in June 2001, and on July 22, 2002 the High Court acquitted him. Section IV. U.S. Government Policy The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. The U.S. Government further supports religious and other constitutionally protected freedoms through demarches to the Government; nondenominational financial support for community development projects, which often are associated with religious institutions; and regular dialog with and support for civil society organizations that advocate and monitor respect for human rights, including freedom of religion. The Embassy meets regularly with leaders of religious communities, including minority groups, and with nongovernmental organizations that work on issues of religious freedom.

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4,947

A Geological Tour of Tumbledown Mountain On any given fine-weather day in any of the four seasons, Tumbledown Mountain in Township 6 North of Weld (Figure 1), is visited by scores of people; most in pursuit of the excellent views afforded by the bald peaks, and perhaps a few mistakenly seeking the solitude of a wilderness experience. While a few individuals may come specifically to look at the beautifully exposed bedrock here, over the course of an outing almost every visitor will develop some interest in the rocks if for no other reason than its near constant exposure along some of the popular summit trails. It is easy to guess the origin of the name "Tumbledown" simply by viewing the south side of the mountain from any of the trails that lead to the summit. Cliffs of several hundred feet bear the scars, old and new, of rock slides that have left piles of rubble (talus) at their bases (Figure 2). Western Maine is underlain by a regular sequence of layered metamorphic rocks which began their existence as layers of sand and mud on the edge of an ocean basin about 430 million years ago. As these sediments accumulated over millions of years, through a number of processes they gradually hardened into sandstone and shale. During the last great mountain building event that helped form the northern Appalachians about 415 million years ago, these layers were folded, thrust upward, and heated. Great masses of molten rock formed at depth and moved upward through the contorted layers of rock, cooling into solid rock some distance below the surface. Hundreds of millions of years of erosion have now exposed the resulting granites and granodiorites at the surface of the earth. |Let's look at some examples of these rocks. Figure 3 is a photograph showing some of the thinner layers of schist and granofels that can be found near Tumbledown Pond. The lighter layers are quartz-feldspar granofels, and the darker layers are andalusite schist. Note that while each light layer begins with a very sharp boundary on the right, there is only a gradual change to the corresponding dark layer on the left. This is a characteristic carried over from the sedimentary origins of the rock and is referred to as graded bedding. When the sediments that formed this rock were deposited, the actions of water flow were such that the coarser sand grains (quartz and feldspar) fell to the bottom first, followed by progressively smaller grains. Deposited last during each sedimentary event were very small grains of clay, before the next slug of sediment came down and the process began anew. Geologists use graded beds to determine which direction was originally up in the layers. This is important in determining which are the younger rocks in a sequence. Through the process of metamorphism, the quartz and feldspar grains changed little, but the clay grains changed into a variety of minerals including micas, staurolite, and andalusite, the coarsest grains in the rocks today. So, while the grain size of the sediment originally changed from coarse to fine as one moved from right to left in each bed, the grain size change of the metamorphic minerals is just the opposite. There is a good deal of variability in the thickness of layers at Tumbledown. Figure 4 shows some of the most striking layering exposed near the summit. In many places the layers are several feet thick and continuous for hundreds of feet. In several places on the mountain, large folds are exposed. One of the best examples is between Tumbledown Pond and the eastern summit of Tumbledown Mountain (Figure 5). These folds developed at the time the northern Appalachians were forming, when the rocks today at the surface were at considerable depth and subject to higher temperatures and pressures which were not uniform in all directions. Both sides (limbs) of the fold are inclined in the same direction in what geologists term an overturned Some who have ventured to Tumbledown have interpreted the shape of the mountain and the pond nestled among the peaks to be volcanic in origin. While this certainly is an exciting idea, it simply isn't true. As we've already explained, the rocks were formed in a sedimentary basin and are not at all volcanic in nature. The landscape or topography is also not of volcanic origin but formed through the interaction of several processes. |The first important factor in defining the topography is the nature of the bedrock, here composed of metamorphic rocks and granite intrusions. From the top of Tumbledown, a most striking feature of the landscape is the ring of mountains the completely encircle Webb Lake to the south (Figure 6). Webb Lake is underlain by granite while the ring of mountains is underlain by metamorphic rocks. In particular, these metamorphic rocks were subjected to even greater heat as the originally molten granite was intruded into them. One consequence of this process is that the metamorphic rocks immediately surrounding the granite are slightly more resistant to erosion than any of the other rocks. Granite, with its large crystals and abundant feldspar, is actually fairly susceptible to erosion. The result of all this is the ring of mountains underlain by metamorphic rocks, and the basin of Webb Lake, underlain by easily eroded granite. At the Mount Blue State Park visitor's center there is a plaster model of the landscape which illustrates this ring of mountains well. |The greatest agent of erosion is the glaciers which swept over the landscape just a few tens of thousands of years ago and represent the second most important factor in defining the topography. As the glaciers progressed across the landscape in a southeasterly direction, they scraped soils and weathered rock off the less erodable rock units and deeply gouged the earth in the more erodable rock units. Due to the complex processes of glacial flow, in many places the glaciers polished the northern slopes of mountains into rounded shapes, while they plucked broken rock without any polishing on the southern slopes of mountains. This is readily apparent in the landscape at Tumbledown. On the summit the rocks are well polished, and there are numerous knobs with smoothly rounded surfaces facing north and steep, unrounded surfaces facing south (see Figure 4). Tumbledown Pond itself (Figure 7) was produced by this gouging and plucking action. In many places on the summit, scratches formed by rocks imbedded in the base of the glacier as it advanced across the landscape, point to the northwest from whence the |Many trails (Figure 8) provide free public access to the summit and Tumbledown Pond through the auspices and stewardship of the Hancock Timber Resources Group, Inc. Originally published on the web as the April 1998 Site of the Month. Last updated on April 19, 2012

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1931, 375, 540, 3881, 4991, 290, 7744, 50162, 2004, 262, 4534, 198, 259, 262, 517, 1931, 375, 540, 3881, 4991, 13, 14444, 284, 262, 3716, 7767, 286, 1278, 18150, 198, 11125, 11, 287, 867, 4113, 262, 40509, 23895, 262, 7840, 35082, 286, 12269, 198, 20424, 19273, 15268, 11, 981, 484, 458, 17758, 5445, 3881, 1231, 597, 755, 3929, 198, 261, 262, 8372, 35082, 286, 12269, 13, 770, 318, 14704, 4156, 287, 262, 10747, 198, 265, 309, 11137, 593, 13, 1550, 262, 14237, 262, 12586, 389, 880, 23895, 11, 290, 612, 389, 198, 77, 31385, 638, 8158, 351, 21461, 19273, 16649, 6476, 5093, 290, 14559, 11, 555, 39262, 198, 11793, 32186, 6476, 5366, 357, 3826, 11291, 604, 737, 309, 11137, 593, 41598, 2346, 357, 11337, 767, 8, 198, 9776, 4635, 416, 428, 50162, 2667, 290, 458, 19296, 2223, 13, 554, 867, 4113, 319, 262, 198, 16345, 2781, 11, 37627, 7042, 416, 12586, 545, 3077, 9395, 287, 262, 2779, 286, 262, 44539, 355, 198, 270, 6190, 1973, 262, 10747, 11, 966, 284, 262, 24821, 422, 44012, 262, 198, 91, 7085, 19196, 357, 11337, 807, 8, 2148, 1479, 1171, 1895, 284, 262, 14237, 290, 198, 51, 11137, 593, 41598, 832, 262, 45062, 1063, 290, 38030, 1056, 286, 262, 39261, 27893, 198, 33236, 4912, 11, 3457, 13, 198, 22731, 3199, 319, 262, 3992, 355, 262, 3035, 7795, 14413, 286, 262, 16061, 13, 198, 5956, 6153, 319, 3035, 678, 11, 2321, 50256 ]

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1,493

Millions of Americans travel abroad each year. Safety should be a prime consideration for anyone traveling outside the United States. There are certain precautions that travelers can take to improve their safety while abroad. Motor vehicle safety while traveling Injuries from motor vehicle crashes pose the greatest risk of injury to international travelers, according to the CDC. The risk of death from motor vehicle crashes is many times higher in other countries than in the U.S. Inadequate roadway design, hazardous conditions, lack of appropriate vehicles and vehicle maintenance, unskilled or inexperienced drivers, inattention to pedestrians and cyclists, and impairment due to alcohol and drugs all contribute to the increased risk of being involved in a vehicle-related crash while visiting other countries. Important safety measures you can take include the following: Request a vehicle with safety belts and use them. Inspect cars and trucks to make sure that tires, windshield wipers, brakes, and headlights are in good condition. Request a vehicle equipped with air bags, where available. Avoid nonessential night driving, alcohol, and riding with persons under the influence of alcohol. Sit in the back seat, whenever possible, to minimize the risk of death if an accident should occur. Bring a car safety seat when traveling with young children. Use a safety helmet when riding a bicycle or motorcycle. Avoiding animal- or insect-associated hazards In areas where rabies is endemic (constantly present), domestic dogs, cats, or other animals should not be petted. Wild animals should always be avoided. Bites and stings from insects can cause unpleasant reactions, and medical attention should be sought immediately for any bite or sting that causes redness, swelling, bruising, or persistent pain. Take extra precautions when camping or staying in rustic or primitive areas by using insect repellents, protective clothing, and mosquito netting. Poisonous snakes are another hazard in certain parts of the world, although death from snake bites are rare. Never attempt to handle, harass, or kill a snake because bites often occur as a snake's defensive reaction. Avoiding swimming hazards For infectious disease prevention, only swimming pools that contain chlorinated water are considered safe for swimming. Swimming in contaminated water can result in skin, eye, ear, and certain intestinal infections. In certain areas, a fatal form of encephalitis has occurred after swimming in warm, dirty water. Other infectious diseases can develop from swimming in freshwater streams, canals, and lakes. To avoid drowning accidents, avoid swimming alone or in unfamiliar waters.

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521

Pancreatic carcinoma is cancer of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer; Cancer - pancreas Causes, incidence, and risk factors The pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach. It makes and releases enzymes into the intestines that help the body absorb foods, especially fats. Hormones called insulin and glucagon, which help your body control blood sugar levels, are made in special cells in the pancreas called islet cells. Tumors can also occur in these cells, but they are called islet cell tumors. The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. It is more common in: - People with diabetes - People with long-term inflammation of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis) Pancreatic cancer is slightly more common in women than in men. The risk increases with age. A small number of cases are related to genetic syndromes that are passed down through families. A tumor or cancer in the pancreas may grow without any symptoms at first. This means pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found. Early symptoms of pancreatic cancer include: - Dark urine and clay-colored stools - Fatigue and weakness - Jaundice (a yellow color in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes) - Loss of appetite and weight loss - Nausea and vomiting - Pain or discomfort in the upper part of the belly or abdomen Other possible symptoms are: Signs and tests This disease may also affect the results of the following tests: Because pancreatic cancer is often advanced when it is first found, very few pancreatic tumors can be removed by surgery. The standard surgical procedure is called a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). This surgery should be done at centers that perform the procedure often. Some studies suggest that surgery is best performed at hospitals that do more than five of these surgeries per year. When the tumor has not spread out of the pancreas but cannot be removed, radiation therapy and chemotherapy together may be recommended. When the tumor has spread (metastasized) to other organs such as the liver, chemotherapy alone is usually used. The standard chemotherapy drug is gemcitabine, but other drugs may be used. Gemcitabine can help about 25% of patients. Patients whose tumor cannot be totally removed, but who have a blockage of the tubes that transport bile (biliary obstruction) must have that blockage relieved. There are two approaches: - Placement of a tiny metal tube (biliary stent) during ERCP Managing pain and other symptoms is an important part of treating advanced pancreatic cancer. Palliative care tams and hospice can help with pain and symptom management, and provide psychological support for patients and their families during the illness. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a support group with members who share common experiences and problems (see cancer - support group). Some patients with pancreatic cancer that can be surgically removed are cured. However, in more than 80% of patients the tumor has already spread and cannot be completely removed at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy and radiation are often given after surgery to increase the cure rate (this is called adjuvant therapy). For pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed completely with surgery, or cancer that has spread beyond the pancreas, a cure is not possible and the average survival is usually less than 1 year. Such patients should consider enrolling in a clinical trial (a medical research study to determine the best treatment). Ninety-five percent of the people diagnosed with this cancer will not be alive 5 years later. - Blood clots - Liver problems - Weight loss Calling your health care provider Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have: - Abdominal pain that does not go away - Back pain - Loss of appetite - Unexplained fatigue or weight loss - Other symptoms of this disorder - If you smoke, stop smoking. - Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. - Exercise regularly. National Cancer Institute. Pancreatic cancer treatment PDQ. Updated August 13, 2010. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 2011. Version 2.2011. Tempero M, Brand R. Pancreatic cancer. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap 200. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uniersity of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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1,151

Working out when to exercise in the cold and flu season Is exercising outside in winter months a good idea? ( Erik Unger, Chicago Tribune / February 11, 2013) Health and fitness experts advise to starve a fever of exercise. But feeding a cold moderately, with a brisk walk, may not be a bad idea. "The classic line from every sports medicine doctor is, âIf you can do it, do it. If you can't, don't,'" said Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, author of "Running Doc's Guide to Healthy Running." Usually if symptoms are confined to above the neck, exercising is OK, he explained. But if you're running a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or higher, skip it. Body heat rises during exercise due to increased metabolism, explained Maharam, who practices medicine in New York City. If you start high, your body's way of cooling you down is out of balance. "If fever gets too high, you break down proteins, maybe in the kidneys or liver," he said. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 425 million case of colds and flu occur annually in the United States. The average person has about three respiratory infections per year. Dr. David C. Nieman, a professor of health sciences at Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, said research shows that regular, moderate aerobic exercise strengthens the immune system, and that people who exercise report fewer colds than their inactive peers. Nieman said five days or more of aerobic activity per week was found to be a powerful factor in lowering the number of sick days. "Even three to four days was effective. To be avoided was being sedentary," he explained. But when animals infected with a systemic virus are forced to exercise in fever and pain, studies show that their symptoms are exacerbated, prolonged, and sometimes life-threatening. "It's very dangerous." said Nieman, who has written about the impact of exercise on the common cold. "If you have flu or virus with fever and pain, the best remedy is bed rest. The worst thing is to sweat it out with exercise." He said common cold and flu viruses can stay on objects, such as door handles, treadmills and computer keyboards, for hours. The main route to infection is through touching one's mouth or nose with unwashed hands. Patrick Strait, of Snap Fitness, a franchiser of gyms with locations worldwide, said this time of year fitness centers step up cleaning efforts because they see a lot more traffic and so many people catch colds and the flu. "It's a public place where a lot of people are sweating," said Strait. "We tell manager/owners to clean once an hour, wash down the equipment with bleach, etc." He urged clients to wipe down equipment and wash hands often. "And if you're sick, don't come to the gym," he said. Jessica Matthews, an exercise physiologist with the American Council on Exercise, said some days symptoms dictate scaling back your workout or, if you're contagious, skipping the gym entirely. "Always listen to your body," she said. "It might be a good idea to exercise at home or privately." Nieman said that while moderate exercise strengthens the immune system, elite athletes will experience a rise in stress hormones and a dip in immunity after about 90 minutes of high-intensity activity. Maharam said the immunity of marathoners is decreased for up to 72 hours after a race. During that time, the athletes are more susceptible to colds, flu, and, most commonly, the so-called "marathon sniffles." He said symptoms usually subside within 48 hours. "At the end of a race, when you're all sweaty and they're all sweaty, you don't need to be hugging and kissing people," Maharam said. "Your immune system isn't as strong as it was." (Editing by Patricia Reaney and Xavier Briand)

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838

23 knock-out native plants Incorporating plants native to your climate means less water, less maintenance, and more wildlife. Here are our top picks around the West Native to: California and southern Oregon To about 1 ft. high, 10 in. wide. Rosettes of narrow, fleshy, evergreen leaves bear 10-in. stems topped by large, extremely showy clusters of 1-in. white or pink flowers often striped with rose or red. Blooms from spring to early summer. Lewisia cotyledon howellii is similar but has wavy-edged leaves and somewhat larger flowers. Prune out side growth to maintain air circulation around root crown. Can be grown in pots of fast-draining sterilized soil or growing mixes. More: All about lewisia

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170

The purpose of this section is to provide a broad overview of the methodology used to construct the four separate Indices of Deprivation. Those wishing to access more detailed information should follow the links to the Indices' technical reports shown in the 'Useful links' section. The methodologies used to derive the separate indices of multiple deprivation are broadly similar. In each case, the index measures the level of multiple deprivation experienced by individuals in small areas. Firstly, levels of deprivation are measured for a number of separate dimensions or 'domains'. The number and title of domains varies between each index but each measures deprivation across key themes of income, employment, education and health. For each domain, deprivation is calculated according to a series of summary statistics or 'indicators'. These indicators are designed to measure key features of a particular deprivation theme. The choice of indicators is agreed through consultation and varies between each index. Typically there are between two and six indicators per domain. For each index, the indicators are combined in broadly the same way to provide a domain level measure of deprivation. Where possible and most notably in the income and employment domains, indicators are summed and divided by the 'at risk population' (for example, the number of income support claimants as a proportion of the total population) to give an overall area rate of deprivation. Where rates are not possible, appropriate weights for combining indicators into a single deprivation score are selected using a range of techniques including Maximum Likelihood factor analysis. The domain level scores which represent specific dimensions of deprivation are then ranked and transformed to an exponential distribution. Weights are then applied to provide the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation for each country in the UK. The weights are selected according to a number of criteria which are used to assess the level of importance attached to each domain theme in the overall measurement of deprivation. As each index uses different indicators and domains, the weights applied to aggregate domain scores are different.

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392

The City of Talisay used to be an Agustinian estate in 1648 but only became a municipality in 1849 with Silverio Fernandez as its first gobernadorcillo and Pedro Labuca as capitan. Some accounts trace the origin of its name from Magtalisay trees abounding in areas while others claim origin of the name from a town in Spain. In both the American and Japanese occupations, Talisay served as haven of colonial forces. During World War II, the city served as the center of guerilla intelligence operations for the Philippine residence movement in Cebu. The returning American forces made their historic landing in the beach of Talisay on March 26, 1945 - an event that marked the eventual surrender of the Japanese forces in Cebu. The event is now annually commemorated by the provincial government of Cebu. On December 30 2000, Talisay became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8979. To promote and sustain environmental balance, economic stability and social equity for the welfare of its empowered citizenry An environmentally sustainable Aqua City with a happy empowered citizenry working towards a peaceful and progressive community in a diversified economy guided by dynamic and efficient local leadership.

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248

Mapping the disease Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) is one of only three recorded cancers that can spread like a contagious disease. The cancer is passed from devil to devil through biting. The live tumour cells aren’t rejected by the animal’s immune system because of a lack of genetic diversity among Tasmanian devils. For this reason, cases continue to occur in areas where the disease had not previously been recorded. As at February 2011, there has been an 84% decline in average sightings of devils across Tasmania during the annual spotlight surveys. In the north-east region, where signs of DFTD were first reported, there has been a 96% decline of average sightings. While the majority of diseased populations studied have shown a standard response to DFTD (loss of abundance, loss of older age classes, females breeding earlier), there is a population that has been studied for the past 5 years by a PhD student that is showing a different pattern of responses to the disease. Although DFTD has spread through this population at the same rate that it is spreading elsewhere, abundance throughout the population has not plummeted, the full age structure is still intact and tumours appear to grow slower, regress and take longer to kill the animal. The STDP, in collaboration with UTas, will begin trapping a neighbouring and similar population to determine whether this atypical response occurs in more than one population and whether it is the disease or the devil population that is different. Disease front and DFTD distribution as at June 2012 The STDP continues to monitor devil populations across Tasmania to determine how far DFTD has spread and the impact that it is having. The disease now affects 75% of the state. In November 2011 STDP staff and volunteers spent 10 days in the forestry coupes around Takone for this annual activity. 65 animals were caught during the trip, including 63 devils and 2 spotted tailed quolls. There were 38 new devils and 25 recaptured devils. The 63 devils were made up of 37 females and 26 males. More than half of the females were lactating. Three devils were caught with tumours consistent with DFTD, and were given a DFTD score of 5. All 3 animals tested positive. It seems that the disease is moving further into the population but prevalence (0.05%) is still very low, suggesting the fairly recent arrival of the disease into the area. The disease front trapping work supports a range of activities including planning for saving populations, managing diseased populations and monitoring any changes in the disease. Disease front and DFTD distribution - 2010 Following the success of the ‘snapshot' surveys conducted in 2009 to find the westerly extent of DFTD (see below), further surveys were conducted in October and November 2010 to update our knowledge on where the disease front currently lies. Some lessons were learnt about the efficacy of snapshot-type surveys in areas of varying devil abundance, so the surveys this year were concentrated in an area to the west of the Murchison Highway, between Wynyard in the north and just below Waratah in the south where devil abundance was high. Areas of low devil abundance will be targeted with the use of remote-sensing cameras. Four teams conducted 7-day trapping trips, following the same protocol used in 2009. All animals caught with a possible DFTD tumour had the disease confirmed using histology. A total of 234 individual animals were caught and inspected for DFTD, with 8 animals confirmed with the disease. A single animal with a high probability of carrying DFTD was located 5km due-west of the most westerly confirmed disease from 2009, but this could not be confirmed. Unfortunately this animal was located at the most westerly extent of the front, suggesting that the disease may have moved as much as 7km in the past year. The Program hopes to set sentinel cameras on the disease front in the coming months so that disease spread on the front can be monitored throughout the year. Locating the western extent of Devil Facial Tumour disease - 2009 During September and October 2009, surveys were conducted in western Tasmania with the objective of locating the western extent of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). Knowing the location of the disease ‘front' is essential to inform other management projects aimed at preserving the species in the long term, including the potential fencing off of disease free areas and the development of free range captive enclosures. Prior to these focused trips, there had been no intensive, focused trapping trips to find the location of the disease front. Six teams surveyed sites between Burnie in the north and Kelly basin in the south. A roving veterinary team responded to reports of potential disease in captured animals, and collected biopsies and blood samples for confirmation of the disease. As the principle aim of these trips was to catch as many unique animals as possible, it was decided to use a ‘snapshot' technique where traps would be moved to a new site each day to maximise the number of new devils caught and reduce the number of re-captures. In sites of high devil abundance two nights trapping maximised the chances of catching any possible diseased animals. Likewise, in sites of very low devil abundance trapping was extended to two nights to maximise chances of catching any devils in the area. Prior to the beginning of the disease front trips, two 5-day reconnaissance trips were conducted to determine the best areas to locate transects. Map 1 indicates the locations of traps deployed by each team. A total of 231 individual Tasmanian devils were captured and inspected for presence of devil facial tumour disease. Of these at least thirteen devils have been confirmed as diseased by histology. Three devils were captured by remote cameras clearly showing signs of what appeared to be DFTD - however these cannot be confirmed by histology. The most western extent of DFTD recorded in this survey was approximately 15km west of the last known location of DFTD (Surrey Hills, recorded in 2008). However, the high prevalence of DFTD at Surrey Hills in 2008 suggests that DFTD will have been present further to the west at that time, and the distance travelled from 2008 to 2009 would not have been as great as 15km. The current most westerly point of confirmed disease is just to the east of the Murchison Highway. To date no confirmed cases of DFTD have been recorded west of the Murchison Hwy. There was an obvious gradient of devil abundance from the north to the south, with 50 devils caught by one team in the north and 11 by another team over the same period of time in the south. The very different habitat and the difficulty of access in the southern regions makes it difficult to catch devils and even harder to locate the disease. Our ‘snapshot' method of trapping for these trips will need to be revised for these areas of lower devil abundance before we re-trap in any of these areas.

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50256 ]

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1,456

All Property Taxes Real, Public Utility and Tangible Personal Property Taxes Assessed Value and Taxes Levied for Taxes Payable in Calendar Year 1988, by County Table PD-30 shows total assessed value of, and taxes levied on, real, public utility personal, and tangible personal property for taxes payable in calendar year 1988. Taxes for real and public utility personal property were levied in tax year 1987, but payable in calendar year 1988. Special assessments were also levied in tax year 1987 and payable in calendar year 1988. In contrast, personal property taxes (excluding public utility personal property) are levied and payable in the same year - in this case 1988. Total taxes levied on the three categories of property were $6.6 billion on a total assessed value of $106.7 billion. Special assessments totalled $107.9 million. Total real property taxes levied were $5.0 billion, while public utility personal property and tangible personal property taxes totalled $613.4 million and $1.0 billion, The value of real property was $78.9 billion compared to $10.8 billion and $17.0 billion for public utility personal and tangible personal property, respectively. Real property taxes shown in the table are prior to application of "tax reduction factors" and are prior to subtracting the 10 percent property tax rollback for all real property, the 2.5 percent rollback for residential real property, and the homestead exemption deduction. Among all Ohio counties, Cuyahoga County had the highest property value ($14.8 billion of which real property accounted for $11.3 billion) and the highest amount of taxes levied ($929.5 million in real property taxes and $1.2 billion in total property taxes). Vinton County had the lowest value of real property ($57.4 million) and the lowest total property value ($99.1 million); Cuyahoga County also levied the lowest amount of taxes ($2.1 million in real property taxes and $3.6 million in total Lucas County led all Ohio counties in the amount of special assessments levied, with $21.8 million. Four counties - Adams, Morgan, Pike, and Vinton- recorded no special Data for this table were taken from abstracts filed by county auditors with the Ohio Department of Taxation.

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521

Quantum Teleportation Leaps to New Distance Record A new record of roughly 60 miles has been set in the field of qubit transmission. "This is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though I expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams," said analyst Rob Enderle. "Something like this could turn us into a SaaS world." Scientists in China have transmitted quantum bits, or qubits, over a record distance of 97 km, or roughly 60 miles. This is more than six times the distance of the previous record of 16 km, set by another team of Chinese researchers in May of 2010, as reported in Nature.com. The results represent a step toward the establishment of a global quantum network, and the methods used in the experiment could be utilized for satellite-based quantum communications, the scientists said. "This is just a transmission method, so it could have wide utility, though I expect the cost will initially make it best for huge data streams," Rob Enderle, principal analyst at the Enderle Group, told TechNewsWorld. This technology "could end up changing much of the world" because it's both potentially higher bandwidth and lower latency, approaching zero, and these factors "could drive massive computer centralization on a world scale and force a massive shakeout of security, networking and computer companies," Enderle continued. "Something like this could turn us into a SaaS (Software as a Service) world." The Theory Behind the Experiment The latest experiment demonstrated quantum teleportation of an independent unknown state between two optical free-space links 97 km apart with multi-photon entanglement. Quantum teleportation is a process for transmitting information using quantum physics to, in effect, encrypt the data transmitted. It's also known as entanglement-assisted teleportation. In quantum teleportation experiments, beams of lights are used to encode qubits. The encoded beam of light, which is described as quantum entangled, is split into two and transmitted. When a qubit at one receiver is observed and take a defined form, the other half of the qubit at the other receiver takes the same defined form. Quantum entanglement results when particles such as photons or electrons interact physically and then become separated but remain in the same quantum state. A quantum state is a set of mathematical variables, including position, momentum and spin, that fully describes a quantum system. What the Researchers Did The researchers used an ultra-bright entangled photon source based on Type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). The SPDC process involves using a non-linear crystal to split photons into two. Those photons in a pair whose polarizations are perpendicular to one another are termed "Type II" photons. In an SPDC apparatus, a strong laser beam, called the "pump" beam, is directed at a beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal. That's exactly what the researchers did. This generated the beam of light, which was split and sent across Lake Qinghai in China.

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630

Even with these advances, the fuel cell wouldn’t come on instantly, and turning it on and off with every short trip in the car would cause a lot of wear and tear, reducing its lifetime. Instead, it would be paired with a battery pack, as a combustion engine is in the Volt, Wachsman says. The fuel cell could then run more steadily, serving to keep the battery topped without providing bursts of acceleration. The researchers achieved their result largely by modifying the solid electrolyte material at the core of a solid-oxide fuel cell. In fuel cells on the market, such as one made by Bloom Energy, the electrolyte has to be made thick enough to provide structural support. But the thickness of the electrolyte limits power generation. Over the last several years, researchers have been developing designs that don’t require the electrolyte to support the cell so they can make the electrolyte thinner and achieve high power output at lower temperatures. The University of Maryland researchers took this a step further by developing new multilayered electrolytes that increase the power output still more. The work is part of a larger U.S. Department of Energy effort, over the past decade, to make solid-oxide fuel cells practical. The first fruits of that effort likely won’t be fuel cells in cars—so far, Wachsman has only made relatively small fuel cells, and significant engineering work remains to be done. The first applications of solid oxide fuels in vehicles may be on long-haul trucks with sleeper cabs. Equipment suppliers such as Delphi and Cummins are developing fuel cells that can power the air conditioners, TVs, and microwaves inside the cabs, potentially cutting fuel consumption by 85 percent compared to idling the truck’s engine. The Delphi system also uses a design that allows for a thinner electrolyte, but it operates at higher temperatures than Wachsman’s fuel cell. The fuel cell could be turned on Monday, and left to run at low rates all week and still get the 85 percent reduction. Delphi has built a prototype and plans to demonstrate its system on a truck next year.

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444

Museum Collections - Mesoamerica - Maya (Before A. D. 1520) - Artifact #3 WHO: Maya culture WHEN: Late Classic Period, A.D. 550-800 WHAT: This vase (tall dish form) features a seated jaguar. The jaguar was an important symbol of power to the ancient Maya. The jaguar, as the most powerful and feared animal in the jungle, was the natural symbol for the authority of Maya rulers. HOW: Hand-formed earthenware, polychrome slip decoration. MUSEUM: Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art. G83.1.140 Zoomify Interactive: To see an image of this artifact that you can zoom in on, click on this link: Front (Warning: This link will open in a new window)

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177

Okra is heat loving crop, originating in North Africa, where it was been cultivated for centuries. Okra was introduced to Brazil in 1658 and entered North America with the slave trade. Okra should be used the same day as harvested or frozen. Fresh okra should be stored below 45°F, otherwise chilling injury and decay will occur. Pods may be sliced and cooked in soups, curries and stews, where they have thickening effect. Okra forms an integral part of many Cajun and Creole recipes. In some countries okra is dried (bamia) for long-term storage. Southern Fried Okra 5 C. okra sliced 1/2 inch thick 1/2 C. flour 1/2 C. cornmeal 1 T. bacon grease salt and pepper to taste Combine flour and cornmeal in a paper bag. Add okra. Shake, coating well. Add bacon grease to a skillet and slowly fry the okra for 30 - 45 minutes over low heat and okra is golden brown. Season with salt and pepper.

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236

Identity theft occurs more frequently in the United States than people want to believe. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, identity theft and identity fraud are referred to as "all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception for economic gain." The Federal Trade Commission compiles a report every year for identity theft complaints in the United States. These complaints increased more than 78 percent between 2009 and 2011. With identity theft becoming an increasing problem, Professor Duanne J. Thompson, the acting program chair of Criminal Justice at Argosy University, Atlanta, offers some advice for consumers to take in order to protect themselves from identity theft: 1. Protect your identity like you would protect your house. 2. Don't give out sensitive information such as Social Security information. In most states it is illegal for a business to ask for your Social Security number for transactions. 3. If purchasing on the Web, make sure you know who you are buying from and that the site is secure. 4. Don't fall for phishing scams. Legitimate websites will never ask for your password or account information. If in doubt contact the vendor before you send your information. Thompson also says that consumers should be aware that they have a right to have one free credit report from every credit clearing house, such as Equifax, TransUnion and Experian, at least once a year. In some states, consumers are allowed a free credit report at least twice a year. Consumers should look at the information from their reports and ensure that the information is correct and accurate. They should look specifically at each credit statement every month for suspicious fraudulent activity. The bigger question is what a consumer should do if they find themselves victims of identity theft. Thompson suggests to first notify your credit vendor that your card has been compromised and that there is an individual acting as you. Consumers should then call their local police department and file a report. Afterward, gather as much information as possible about your accounts and all transactions to help aid the investigator in the case. Once the police report is obtained, file an identity theft claim with all three credit clearing houses (Equifax, TransUnion and Experian). All three credit clearing houses will require a copy of the local police report and all the information you have supporting the theft. With the rise of online trends such as social media and online banking, consumers must be more vigilant about their identity as these trends lead to more and more avenues for identity theft criminals. The best way a consumer can protect their identity to simply be smart and be aware of their financial records. GateHouse News Service

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544

Exclusive: Medical Experts Explain How to Treat Spinal Defect Before a Child Is Even Born Editor’s Note: This is the second in a five part series where The Blaze has looked into a newer treatment for children diagnosed with spina bifida. While most would have the hole exposing his or her spine closed after birth, more than a decade ago surgeries that were considered controversial at the time began where the hole was closed in utero in the hopes of reversing some of the disabling effects of the disorder. The first results of a federally funded human trial were released in 2011, showing the success seen in the new treatment thus far. We’ve talked to families who had the elective surgery before it ever entered a formal human trial and those who more recently have had the surgery since the period trial ended. We’ve timed this series to specifically run close to Glenn Beck’s Restoring Love as the parents of children who underwent the surgery, many of whom still have some disability, want the world to know the blessing of celebrating differences. Dr. Scott Adzick, the Department of Surgery Chief at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), says the best decision he ever made was to head to the University of California-San Francisco 30 years ago in order to be on the cutting edge of fetal medicine. Adzick wanted to research surgery before birth and San Francisco was the mecca at the time. “I was frustrated taking care of babies with life-threatening problems, and when the baby was born, we were too late,” he said. It was out of this frustration of not being able to treat disorders early enough that Adzick and a few others decided they wanted to operate on the fetus through the mother’s womb as a treatment — a treatment specifically for spina bifida. At the time, fetal surgeries were reserved for only babies in life-or-death situations. Spina bifida wasn’t necessarily life threatening to the infant, but still very debilitating — and research prior to actually beginning the surgeries on human fetuses showed they could be a benefit. Spina bifida is a congenital disorder that occurs when the backbone and spinal canal do not close. What causes spina bifida varies, but it can be genetic or result from low levels of folic acid early in pregnancy. The most severe and most common cases of spina bifida where the hole doesn’t close in the lower half of the spine, known as myelomeningocele, occurs in 1 in every 800 infants. More than 1,500 babies are born with spina bifida in the United States each year, making it the most common birth defect of the central nervous system. It is estimated 64 percent of fetuses diagnosed with spina bifida are aborted. With myelomeningocele, the membranes and the neural tube will protrude from the back forming a sack. A nurse described it as looking about the size of a small mellon. The mother can learn of the condition around 18 to 22 weeks, generally when the she goes in for her an ultrasound. Watch this video from CHOP explaining what spina bifida is: The treatment — still the most common treatment for those with the disorder today — is closure of the hole after birth. More often than not, depending on the child’s “lesion level” — the location where the spinal canal failed to close in the womb — the child would have hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and could require a shunt (a pump that would drain the fluid from the brain). They could be paralyzed from the waist down or, if they’re lucky, could walk with a walker or braces on their legs. They frequently don’t have proper nerve formation for normal bowel and bladder function and would need to be catheterized first by the parents and at an older age by themselves. Before fetal surgery could even be considered to correct the spines of human fetuses, research was done to define what Adzick called the disorder’s “natural history.” Essentially, this means tracking the disorder back to when it begins to form and what occurs in the womb after the hole fails to close. A husband-and-wife team, Dr. Martin Meuli and Dr. Claudia Simmen-Meuli, conducted reviews of aborted fetuses that had myelomeningocele and found the exposed spinal cord would go through varying degrees of injury within the womb, which was the cause of the symptoms after birth. Dr. G.M. Hutchins, who was also involved with these initial reviews, with the Meuli’s conducted an experiment using fetal sheep, where the fetal lamb’s spine was exposed in the womb, creating a spina bifida-like defect. At birth, the lambs exhibited similar symptoms to children with myelomeningocele. In some lambs though, were operated on again to correct the lesion. Adzick, who was also involved in this research, said the results on lambs that had the spinal correction were “phenomenal.” “There was some distortion but they were remarkably protected,” he said. In this video, Adzick and other doctors explain how fetal surgeries came about: After these findings and strict procedural regulations, Adzick and others began offering this as an option for parents who wanted to prevent some of the effects of the most severe forms of spina bifida. Eventually, a clinical trial was instituted to establish if there was in fact a significant benefit in the outcome of those with spina bifida who had fetal surgery compared to the more traditional, after-birth treatment. Three hospitals were involved in the trial: the CHOP, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the University of California-San Francisco. The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) was a randomized trial that began in 2001 where some fetus underwent fetal surgery while others had the traditional treatment after birth. Watch an overview video from CHOP on the study here. Just last year, after 10 years, the trial stopped accepting patients because those evaluating the data found they had enough information to show that fetal surgery was more successful at reducing the need for a shunt, reversing the Chiari malformation and other more minor effects. “In spite of an increased risk for preterm birth, children who underwent surgery while in the uterus did much better, on balance, than those who had surgery after birth,” Alan E. Guttmacher, M.D., director of NICHD, which funded the study said in a Feb. 2011 press release on the findings. “However, caution is advised. Because the surgery is highly specialized, it is best undertaken in facilities with staff having experience in the procedure.” “This was very exciting,” Adzick said referring to when the results of the study became apparent. “[The] results basically matched what we had seen at CHOP before the [MOMS study] began.” The time period from when a woman finds out her child has spina bifida to when she is considered for the surgery and goes under the knife is very short. Although procedures vary slightly among hospitals at the moment, most will not perform the surgery after 26 weeks of gestation. The lesion in the fetuses back needs to be at a certain level, and the fetal candidate cannot have any other genetic abnormalities. These are just a few requirements for the fetus — the mom has some as well. The mother will not be accepted for surgery if she doesn’t meet a range of criteria. Not to mention the mental and ethical evaluation parents are put through. Lori Howell, a nurse working with families of children with birth defects for more than 30 years who is currently the executive director of CHOP’s Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, explains that the process for choosing candidates is rigorous. The candidates tour the neonatal intensive care unit, seeing all the extremely premature and sick babies. A place where their child could potentially end up. They also meet with a ethics board who asks them several questions, many of which are hard to hear but are meant to prepare the mother for every possible outcome. One mother told the Blaze that the board asks questions like “If you didn’t have this surgery, your child will most likely be born healthy considering their condition and the surgery performed after birth to fix the hole in his or her back is routine. This fetal surgery is elective, there is the potential your child — or you — could die as a result of this procedure. Would you still want to go through with it for this risk?” Watch this video explaining the surgery and the process: “It’s not for everybody,” Howell said. “You shouldn’t feel guilty if you can’t have a fetal surgery or if you opt to make another choice.” Stay tuned for the third installation of this five part series tomorrow where the Blaze will cover many of the positive results of fetal surgeries as explained by parents whose children had the operation years ago. - Shock Video Surfaces: Meat Cleaver-Wielding Man Shouts ‘You People Will Never Be Safe!’ Moments After Gruesome London Attack 488 Comments - Why Were DHS Agents Seemingly Monitoring Multiple Tea Party IRS Protests Across the Country on Tuesday? 475 Comments - Confusion Erupts in IRS Hearing After Lois Lerner Tries to Plead the 5th — Watch It All Unfold 466 Comments - The Tense Exchange Between Rep. 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2,635

The concrete industry and most other industries are under pressure to gain better control over their waste streams. This industry hasn't been negligent, however. For years, we have incorporated various technologies for dust suppression and collection and reclaiming ready-mix. Unfortunately, these conservation efforts don't prevent many operations from continuing to dump on the back of their lots. The "washout mountain" takes up unnecessary space and can be an environmental hazard, usually necessitating costly removal. But there is another option: recycling the concrete by crushing and screening. This not only solves the problem of disposal, but creates a product that can be sold as a road base. Some producers also accept concrete from demolition work to their recycling program. The amount of money saved by recycling instead of hauling concrete away is quite significant. The cost of excavation and hauling 40,000 tons of concrete totals around $138,000 while the cost of crushing the same amount and then selling the recycled material at $4 a ton comes to only $40,000. There is even a margin for profit if the market for recycled concrete will support higher prices.

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224

Our Birds - Barred Plymouth Rock Chicken Our Animals > Barred Plymouth Rock Chicken The Plymouth Rock, often called simply Rocks or Barred Rocks (after their most popular color), is a chicken breed that originated in the United States. The Plymouth Rock is a dual-purpose, cold-hardy bird and therefore makes a great breed for the small farm or backyard flock owner. These chickens are often called Plymouth Rocks, but this title correctly belongs to the entire breed, not just the Barred variety. There are seven varieties of Plymouth Rock chickens: barred, blue, buff, Columbian, partridge, silver-penciled and white. The Plymouth Rock was developed in New England in the middle of the 19th century and was first exhibited as a breed in 1869. Several individuals claimed its invention, using crosses of Dominiques, Black Javas, Cochins, and perhaps Malays and Dorkings. John C. Bennett (1804-1867) has been credited with either creating or popularizing the breed. Plymouth Rocks were bred as a dual-purpose fowl, meaning that they were valued both for their meat and for the hens' egg-laying ability. The first Plymouth Rock was barred and other varieties were developed later. The breed became popular very rapidly, and in fact, until World War II, no breed was ever kept and bred as extensively in the United States as the Barred Plymouth Rock. Its popularity came from its qualities as an outstanding farm chicken: hardiness, docility, broodiness, and excellent production of both eggs and meat. Most of the other varieties were developed from crosses containing some of the same ancestral background as the barred variety. Early in its development, the name Plymouth Rock implied a barred bird, but as more varieties were developed, it became the designation for the breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock was one of the foundation breeds for the broiler industry in the 1920s, and the White Rock continues to be used as the female side of the commercial broiler cross. Plymouth Rocks are large, long-lived chickens. Some varieties are good layers while others are bred principally for meat. They possess a long, broad back; a moderately deep, full breast; and yellow skin and legs. The hens have a deep, full abdomen, which is a sign of a good layer. The face of a Plymouth Rock is red with red ear lobes, a bright yellow beak, bay-colored eyes, and a single comb of moderate size. Their feathers are fairly loosely held but not so long as to easily tangle. Generally, Plymouth Rocks are not aggressive, and tame quite easily. They are docile and may show broodiness. The hens usually make good mothers. However, some males and females are big and active enough to be quite a problem if they become aggressive. Breeders should be aware of the standard weights and not select small or narrow birds for the breeding pen. Common faults include a shallow breast, high tails, narrow bodies and small size. Friendly and curious.

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Does exercise help you detox? Explore This Story The word “detoxification” is flung around the fitness community as frequently as kettlebells. Yoga teachers regularly speak of detoxifying twists, aerobics instructors of detoxifying sweat, dieters of detoxifying fasts. But health professionals are skeptical. “If you start talking about exercising to detoxify, there’s no scientific data,” said Dr. Elizabeth Matzkin, chief of women’s sports medicine at Harvard Medical School. “The human body is designed to get rid of what we don’t need.” The same applies to fasting. “No good scientific data supports any of those cleanses, where you drink juice, or (only) water for a week,” she said. Exercise is important, Matzkin added, because it enables our body to do what it is made to do, but the kidneys and colon get rid of waste. The role of exercise in that process is unclear. “In general exercise helps our lungs; kidneys get rid of things that can cause us onset of disease,” she said. A healthy lifestyle — eating healthy, drinking plenty of water and exercising — is important to detoxifying because it enables our body to do what is intended to do. “As for specific yoga moves, I’m not so sure,” she said. Yoga instructor and fitness expert Shirley Archer, an author and spokeswoman for the American Council on Exercise (ACE) said the theory behind the effectiveness of detoxifying twists in yoga is that they squeeze the organs, which push the blood out so fresh blood can rush in. “Better circulation equals better health,” said Archer, who is based in Florida. “If detox means to eliminate from the body what it no longer needs, then certain yogic practices can help.” She said yogic deep breathing with strong exhalations can empty the lungs of unneeded carbon dioxide and allow for a fresh breath of more oxygenated air. “This nourishes all of our cells,” she said. “It is also a method of cleansing because better circulation equals better health.” Meditative movement practices, such as yoga and tai chi, she added, can detox your attitude because they require staying in the present moment and discourage dwelling on the past. Last summer, celebrity trainer Tracy Anderson began taking groups of 40-odd women on what she calls Detox Weeks, which involve at least three hours of workouts each day, as well as lectures on fitness and nutrition aimed mainly at encouraging lifestyle changes. Similar weeks in other cities are planned for 2013. “Women work out and think ‘Why can’t my love handles, muffin tops go away’?” said Anderson, creator of the Tracy Anderson Method and a co-owner, with actress Gwyneth Paltrow, of fitness centres in Los Angeles and New York. “The most important thing is if you can become a consistent exerciser.” “A good workout is not five to 10 yoga poses,” she explained. “You have to learn to scale up your endurance. If you can only jump for five minutes straight, we’ll go to 10 minutes, then 20 minutes.” Anderson said she uses the term detoxification broadly to include everything from working up a good sweat to clearing the mind of destructive thoughts. “Detoxification is a big topic,” she said. Nancy Clark, a registered dietitian in Boston, Massachusetts and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, said the body generally does a fine job of detoxifying itself through the liver and kidneys. Sweating has nothing to do with it. “When you sweat you really don’t detoxify anything,” she explained. “If someone goes on a crash diet, then maybe toxins are released but then the body would take care of them. When you sweat you lose sodium.” - NEW RCMP probing Senate expense scandal, Senate speaker says - NEW Mayor Rob Ford fires chief of staff Mark Towhey - Toronto terror suspect asks for defence lawyer who is guided by ‘holy book’ - Updated London attack: Two more people arrested, police say - Tim Bosma homicide: Second suspect Mark Smich appears in court - Updated City councillor Paul Ainslie's licence suspended after roadside check - DiManno: No matter how it seems on Planet Ford, it’s over - Updated As world gawks at Rob Ford scandal, Toronto police wait and watch

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976

A parliamentary bill is divided into sections called clauses. Printed in the margin next to each clause is a brief explanatory `side-note' giving details of what the effect of the clause will be. During the committee stage of a bill, MPs examine these clauses in detail and may introduce new clauses of their own or table amendments to the existing clauses. When a bill becomes an Act of Parliament, clauses become known as sections. contributed by user Tom Loosemore Think you know a phrase that should be here? Help us improve the site by adding it.

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114

There are many techniques available to help students get started with a piece of writing. Getting started can be hard for all levels of writers. Freewriting is one great technique to build fluency. That was explored in an earlier lesson plan: http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/adulted/lessons/lesson18.html This unit offers some other techniques. These techniques may be especially helpful with students who prefer a style of learning or teaching that could be described as visual, spatial, or graphic. Sometimes those styles or overlooked in favor of approaches that are very linguistic or linear. The approaches here will attend to a broader range of learning styles as they add variety. - Writing: Writing Process, Pre-Writing, Autobiography, Exposition, Personal Narrative, Argumentation, Comparison and Contrast, Description. Students will be able to: - Write more fluently (writing more with greater ease) - Generate writing topics - Select topics that will yield strong pieces of writing - Connect personal experience, knowledge, and examples to an assigned - Produce better organized pieces of writing National Reporting System of Adult Education standards are applicable here. These are the standards required by the 1998 Workforce Investment Act. See Pencils, colored pencils, pens, markers, crayons, unlined paper, magazines and newspapers with pictures inside, glue or paste, and paper. Big paper or poster board can make the pre-writing exercises more eye-catching, more of a project, and better for display. Video and TV: Prep for Teachers Make sure you try each of the activities yourself before you ask students to do them. That will give you a better understanding of the activities and help you recognize any potential points that may be confusing or difficult. This also gives you a sample to show the students. Its much easier to create a diagram if you are shown an example of one. Here are some Web sites that give background and even more ideas about you pre-writing, diagrams, graphic organizers, and other ideas to get started with writing. There is some repetition here. You dont have to read them all. But check them out and see what you think.

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476

No one knows how the first organisms or even the first organic precursors formed on Earth, but one theory is that they didn't. Rather, they were imported from space. Scientists have been finding what looks like biological raw material in meteorites for years, but it's usually been shown to be ground contamination. This year, however, investigators studying a dozen meteorites that landed in Antarctica found traces of adenine and guanine two of the four nucleobases that make DNA. That's not a big surprise, since nucleobases have been found in meteorites before. But these were found in the company of other molecules that were similar in structure but not identical. Those had never been detected in previous meteorite samples and they were also not found on the ground where the space rocks landed. That rules out contamination and rules in space organics. A little adenine and guanine in the company of other mysterious stuff is a long, long way from something living but it's closer than we were before. Next Star Wars Gets Real

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214

"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me." Very few people would agree that words don't hurt. In fact, it has been said that the tongue is like a sword. What comes from it can be deadly: "I hate you." "You make me sick." "You really need to lose some weight. Oh, did I just say that out loud?" Almost everyone can remember statements made to them in the heat of anger or out of frustration. One grown woman recalled when she was 14 years old, a supervisor told her she was being pushy even though the supervisor had agreed to get back to her with an answer the week before. A man with adult children shared how he is still haunted by the words a relative said to him as an adolescent, "You're no good! You're going to end up being just like your daddy." He has worked his whole life not to allow those words to define him. Once something has been said, it is impossible to take back. You can apologize and say you didn't mean it, but the words are still out there. How many of us have spoken disrespectfully to someone on the phone or behind a ticket counter in the midst of a frustrating situation? What statements have you made to your spouse or your children that you wish had never come out of your mouth? Words are powerful, and they can impact people for life. Questions to ask yourselF * How do you talk about your spouse in front of other people? * How do you speak to your spouse? * How do you talk to your children? * How do you talk to your co-workers? * How do you talk to the clerk at the grocery store? You can leave a person feeling trampled and beaten down or feeling supported and encouraged even if they are in the wrong. There is a big difference in saying, "That makes you look like an elephant," and "That isn't your best look." Choose your words carefully Here are some things to consider as you prepare for your next conversation. * Remember what you say and how you say it matter. * Consider how you would like the conversation to go. Just because someone is condescending to you does not justify you dishing it right back. * You can be angry, disappointed or frustrated and still be respectful. * Avoid the use of sarcasm; it isn't helpful. Communicating well is a skill. Your spouse, children, co-workers and neighbors all have the potential to say or do things that will make your blood pressure rise. Think before you speak, and choose your words carefully. Putting your foot in your mouth is always easier than trying to figure out how to get it out. E-mail Julie Baumgardner at [email protected]. related articles » Some of the more recent local injuries include malnourishment, broken bones and “shaken baby syndrome.” The question, said Ramon Presson, came out of the blue to a friend of his who was leading a “proper ... Since Don Britton has been there and done that when it comes to marriage, he'd like to save others the ...

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Madam Walker Made Millions Door to Door with Her Line of Beauty Products When a list is compiled naming the ten top famous African Americans from history, the name Madam C.J. Walker seldom makes the cut. But, that's a mistake: Her name should be included. Madam Walker was the first woman millionaire in the US. Not just the first African American millionaire, mind you, but the first woman ever to reach that lofty goal. And not only was she a shrewd and accomplished businesswoman, she was also a philanthropist and social activist. Walker's story began in Delta, Louisiana, on December 23, 1867. Born to parents just recently freed from slavery by the Civil War, she was an orphan by the age of eight. She made her way by working in the cotton fields and eventually relocated to St. Louis to be near her four brothers. By then she was widowed and had a daughter of her own, Lelia. She supported her child by working as a laundress. In the 1890's, suffering from an unknown scalp ailment, Walker began experimenting with homemade remedies and beauty treatments. When she and her new husband, Charles Walker, moved to Denver, Colorado, she started marketing her homemade hair and scalp treatments. Traveling the South and selling her products door to door, Walker watched the demand for her beauty treatments grow. Madam CJ Walker's Accomplishments Helped Create Nearly 3,000 Jobs By 1910, demand was high enough for her to begin mass production. Moving to Indianapolis, she built a factory to produce her growing line of beauty products. A hair salon and training school quickly followed. Her manufacturing company created nearly three thousand jobs in the area and her army of door-to-door saleswomen would eventually number nearly 20,000. Less than a year later, she was making headlines for her contributions to worthy African American causes in Indianapolis. In 1916, Walker moved her headquarters to New York City. There, she became increasingly socially aware and politically active. She donated $5000 to the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign and presented a petition at the White House demanding the passage of national anti-lynching legislation. At yearly conventions, she encouraged the women who worked for her to be politically active as well. Madam C.J. Walker died on May 25, 1919. She was only 52 years old, yet, during her relatively short lifetime, she had championed many worthy causes. She had been a major contributor to the NAACP, she had encouraged other budding businesswomen, and she had funded numerous scholarships for young men and women to attend the Tuskegee Institute, an all-black college founded by Booker T. Washington. Madam CJ Walker Closing Statments While her name does not always make the list of famous African Americans, Madam Walker earned her place in history. Generous and hardworking, she represents the very model of successful entrepreneurship and responsible stewardship. She founded a company that not only earned her millions but gave jobs to thousands of other people as well. And she used her money and her position to support civic and educational agencies that aided black people and also fought against racial discrimination. Even without the word "millionaire" behind her name, she is a woman worth remembering. Follow the link for another great article - Black Women and Small Business : Avenues for Aid What are your thoughts of Madame Walker's Accomplishments... please comment below!

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The Facts About Thinning Hair and Hair Growth Find out the causes and solutions of hair loss including hair care products that actually boost hair growth In what is called female pattern baldness, the cause of this inability to grow new hair is not well understood, but likely has to do with genes, aging and levels of endocrine hormones. The hormonal process of testosterone converting to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) -- which occurs in men and women -- damages the hair follicles. Note: All you need to remember as you're reading this is that DHT is not your friend because it triggers hair loss and inhibits hair growth. Check out thinning hair 101 now. Other than female pattern baldness, thinning hair happens in women for myriad reasons: • Underactive thyroid • Telogen effluvium (temporary hair shedding) • Alopecia areata (an immune disorder causing temporary hair loss) • Breaking of hair due to styling treatments and pulling of hair • Iron deficiency • Vitamin deficiency • Certain medications • Particular skin diseases • Hormonal abnormalities Dr. Philip Kingsley, unmatched expert on hair health, explains stress and thinning hair further. Plus, we highlight some hair care products to help stop hair loss and increase hair growth. Proceed to thinning hair 101. SEE NEXT PAGE: Hormones and hair loss

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© 2013 TutorialsPoint.COM SOAP Fault Element When an error occurs during processing, the response to a SOAP message is a SOAP fault element in the body of the message, and the fault is returned to the sender of the SOAP message. The SOAP fault mechanism returns specific information about the error, including a predefined code, a description, the address of the SOAP processor that generated A SOAP Message can carry only one fault block Fault element is an optional part of SOAP Message For the HTTP binding, a successful response is linked to the 200 to 299 range of status codes; SOAP fault is linked to the 500 to 599 range of status codes. The SOAP Fault element has the following sub elements: ||A text code used to indicate a class of errors. See the next Table for a listing of predefined fault codes. ||A text message explaning the error ||A text string indicating who caused the fault. This is useful if the SOAP message travels through several nodes in the SOAP message path, and the client needs to know which node caused the error. A node that does not act as the ultimate destination must include a faultActor element. An element used to carry application-specific error messages. The detail element can contain child elements, called detail entries. SOAP Fault Codes The faultCode values defined below must be used in the faultcode element when describing faults ||Found an invalid namespace for the SOAP Envelope element ||An immediate child element of the Header element, with the mustUnderstand attribute set to "1", was ||The message was incorrectly formed or contained incorrect information ||There was a problem with the server so the message could not proceed SOAP Fault Example The following code is a sample Fault. The client has requested a method named ValidateCreditCard , but the service does not support such a method. This represents a client request error, and the server returns the following SOAP response: <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> Failed to locate method (ValidateCreditCard) in class (examplesCreditCard) at /usr/local/ActivePerl-5.6/lib/ site_perl/5.6.0/SOAP/Lite.pm line 1555.

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Checkup on Health Who should consider taking a daily aspirin? Aspirin, once mostly used on an occasional basis for fever, aches and pains, is now, for many, taken daily like a vitamin pill. If you’re taking an aspirin daily, is that a wise practice? Alternatively, if you’re not, should you be? How aspirin works Aspirin has many effects because it reduces the body’s production of prostaglandins, a hormone-like substance that acts in numerous ways. Reducing prostaglandins diminishes pain and fever and weakens platelets’ ability to stick together and form clots. This characteristic is especially important in lessening the risk of strokes and heart attack, which are caused by clots lodging in coronary arteries or blood vessels in the brain. Reducing prostaglandins can have harmful effects as well. It can make the stomach lining more vulnerable to ulcer formation and bleeding. And for some people who are prone to asthma, it can trigger an attack. Who should take aspirin? Aspirin’s ability to reduce the risk of a second heart attack or stroke has been known for quite a while, and doctors have long advised people who have previously had a heart attack, an ischemic stroke (one caused by a clot) or TIAs (so-called “mini-strokes”) to take a daily aspirin. Patients with unstable angina, who are at very high risk for a heart attack, are also treated with aspirin in the hospital. There is also enough evidence of aspirin’s benefits in reducing heart attack and stroke risk that doctors are increasingly recommending a daily aspirin for many healthy people. This includes all men over age 50 and all women over age 60, especially if they have even one risk factor for heart disease. Risk factors include a personal or family history of heart disease, having hypertension, being overweight, not exercising, smoking, having high cholesterol or being diabetic. Who shouldn’t have daily aspirin? For some individuals, the risks of aspirin therapy itself are greater than the potential benefits. A significant percentage of people develop stomach irritation from aspirin. For many it is mild, but for others who develop ulcers or internal bleeding, the health consequences can be major. Gastric problems can often be avoided by taking the lowest recommended daily dosage or using enteric, or coated aspirin. People who suffer from severe liver or kidney disease should also avoid aspirin, as should those who consume three or more alcoholic drinks each day. People who are allergic to aspirin, as evidenced by facial swelling or an asthma attack, also must not take aspirin. High blood pressure, while posing a significant risk for heart attack and stroke, must be brought under control before initiating daily aspirin. High blood pressure greatly increases the risk for hemorrhagic strokes, the type caused by rupture of a small blood vessel and resultant blood leakage into the brain. The anticoagulant properties of aspirin can exacerbate this kind of stroke. People who have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation need anticoagulant medication, but aspirin is typically not adequate for their needs. Most are advised to take warfarin (Coumadin), a stronger medication that is generally not combined with aspirin. For minor aches and pains, patients on warfarin should take acetaminophen or another non-aspirin analgesic. Daily aspirin therapy can be a lifesaver for many, but because of the risks, do not start a program without consulting your physician. Also discuss the best daily dosage for you, which can safely range from 50 mg to 325 mg a day. Even if you decide not to take a daily aspirin, keep a bottle of chewable baby aspirin in your car and in your medicine cabinet. It’s important to have one on hand in case of a heart attack. Take two 81-mg tablets as soon as any heart attack symptom, such as chest pain or tightness, arises. Then go to a hospital emergency room or call 911 at once. Aspirin, however, should not be taken at the time of a stroke. Symptoms may include sudden severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion, weakness or trouble speaking or understanding speech. Before a medical evaluation, it is impossible to determine if a stroke is hemorrhagic, which may worsen with aspirin.

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901

It's time to talk... About Underage Drinking April is Alcohol Awareness Month. Are you talking to your teen about alcohol? For many parents, bringing up the subject of alcohol is no easy matter. Your young teen may try to dodge the discussion, and you yourself may feel unsure about how to proceed. To make the most of your conversation, take some time to think about the issues you want to discuss before you talk with your child. Consider too how your child might react and ways you might respond to your youngster’s questions and feelings. Then choose a time to talk when both you and your child have some “down time” and are feeling relaxed. You don’t need to cover everything at once. In fact, you’re likely to have a greater impact on your child’s decisions about drinking by having a number of talks about alcohol use throughout his or her adolescence. Think of this talk with your child as the first part of an ongoing conversation. And remember, do make it a conversation, not a lecture! You might begin by finding out what your child thinks about alcohol and drinking. Your Child’s Views About Alcohol. Ask your young teen what he or she knows about alcohol and what he or she thinks about teen drinking. Ask your child why he or she thinks kids drink. Listen carefully without interrupting. Not only will this approach help your child to feel heard and respected, but it can serve as a natural “lead-in” to discussing alcohol topics. Important Facts About Alcohol. Although many kids believe that they already know everything about alcohol, myths and misinformation abound. Here are some important facts to share: Alcohol is a powerful drug that slows down the body and mind. It impairs coordination; slows reaction time; and impairs vision, clear thinking, and judgment. Beer and wine are not “safer” than hard liquor. A 12-ounce can of beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and 1.5 ounces of hard liquor all contain the same amount of alcohol and have the same effects on the body and mind. On average, it takes 2 to 3 hours for a single drink to leave a person’s system. Nothing can speed up this process, including drinking coffee, taking a cold shower, or “walking it off.” People tend to be very bad at judging how seriously alcohol has affected them. That means many individuals who drive after drinking think they can control a car—but actually cannot. Anyone can develop a serious alcohol problem, including a teenager. Good Reasons Not to Drink. In talking with your child about reasons to avoid alcohol, stay away from scare tactics. Most young teens are aware that many people drink without problems, so it is important to discuss the consequences of alcohol use without overstating the case. Some good reasons why teens should not drink: You want your child to avoid alcohol. Clearly state your own expectations about your child’s drinking. Your values and attitudes count with your child, even though he or she may not always show it. To maintain self-respect. Teens say the best way to persuade them to avoid alcohol is to appeal to their self-respect—let them know that they are too smart and have too much going for them to need the crutch of alcohol. Teens also are likely to pay attention to examples of how alcohol might lead to embarrassing situations or events—things that might damage their self-respect or alter important relationships. Drinking is illegal. Because alcohol use under the age of 21 is illegal, getting caught may mean trouble with the authorities. Even if getting caught doesn’t lead to police action, the parents of your child’s friends may no longer permit them to associate with your child. Drinking can be dangerous. One of the leading causes of teen deaths is motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol. Drinking also makes a young person more vulnerable to sexual assault and unprotected sex. And while your teen may believe he or she wouldn’t engage in hazardous activities after drinking, point out that because alcohol impairs judgment, a drinker is very likely to think such activities won’t be dangerous. You have a family history of alcoholism. If one or more members of your family has suffered from alcoholism, your child may be somewhat more vulnerable to developing a drinking problem. Alcohol affects young people differently than adults. Drinking while the brain is still maturing may lead to long-lasting intellectual effects and may even increase the likelihood of developing alcohol dependence later in life. If you would like to learn more about how underage alcohol consumption affects teens, and how you can prevent your teen from using, join us for our next Community Forum on Underage Drinking at the Community Services Buildign on May 14th at 7:00pm. If you have questions about the event contact Holly Zweizig at 937-645-2016

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1,017

Protein critical for insulin secretion may be contributor to diabetes October 26, 2009 A cellular protein from a family involved in several human diseases is crucial for the proper production and release of insulin, new research has found, suggesting that the protein might play a role in diabetes. Mice lacking the ClC-3 channel, a passageway that allows negatively charged chloride ions to pass through cell membranes, have only one-fifth the circulating insulin of normal mice, according to research published this month in the journal Cell Metabolism. Researchers Deborah Nelson and Louis Philipson of the University of Chicago, senior authors on the paper, argue that the finding may explain a portion of what goes wrong in Type 2 diabetes and could help doctors find rare patients whose diabetes has a previously-undetected genetic origin. "Chloride regulation is not really well understood, but it's at the heart of cystic fibrosis, and it is related to the regulation of how insulin gets made," said Philipson, professor of medicine and medical director of the Kovler Diabetes Center at the University of Chicago. "Now we see that it's a critical feature of how insulin gets converted from a precursor form to its most active form." Insulin is made and released by specialized pancreas cells called Beta-cells. The cell first synthesizes a protein called pro-insulin, discovered forty years ago at the University of Chicago by Donald Steiner, which is then put inside structures called secretory granules. Inside the secretory granule, proinsulin is chemically converted into insulin, and the granule moves to the cell surface where it can release insulin into the blood. Steiner discovered that the conversion of proinsulin to insulin must happen in an acidic environment, but how the granules make themselves acidic was unknown. A team lead by Ludmila Deriy, a research assistant professor in Nelson's laboratory, studied genetic knockout mice missing the ClC-3 chloride channel. The blood of those mice contained lower levels of insulin and cellular measurements discovered that fewer granules were released by Beta-cells from ClC-3 knockouts and that the granules of ClC-3 knockout mice were less acidic than those from normal mice. High-powered electron microscope images allowed researchers to observe that the granules of ClC-3 knockout mice contained higher amounts of proinsulin than granules from normal mice. Missing ClC-3 therefore appears to cause a dramatic slowdown of the conversion of proinsulin to insulin inside the granules, said Nelson, professor of neurobiology at the University of Chicago. "Not only is release down, but what is released is not as efficacious a molecule," Nelson said. "It's pro-insulin rather insulin, if anything's released at all." A mutation in the function of ClC-3 in humans could very well be the cause of a select few cases of juvenile diabetes, Nelson and Philipson said. However, while other ClC proteins have been linked to bone, muscle and kidney disease, no human case of diabetes has yet been linked to the function of this specific protein. Because ClC-3 knockout mice also experience epileptic seizures, a patient diagnosed with both epilepsy and diabetes could potentially have an undetected defect in their ClC-3 channel. "If it happens that there's epilepsy and diabetes, it's not currently recognized as a syndrome," Philipson said. "We would be extremely interested in cases like that." Finding a patient with this rare form of genetically-caused diabetes could be aided by efforts such as Lilly's Law, an Illinois legislation signed in August that created a statewide diabetes registry. The law requires that doctors report all diagnoses of children younger than 12 months to the state Department of Public Health. Scientists can then test those children to see if their disease is caused by a genetic mutation, knowledge that can improve the child's treatment. The law is named for Lilly Jaffe, a girl diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes that was treated by Philipson and University of Chicago Medical Center colleagues in 2006. Lilly was found to have a rare genetic mutation in a different cellular protein, meaning her disease was treatable with oral medication rather than insulin injections. A mutation of the ClC-3 channel would probably still be treated with insulin rather than an oral medication. But observing ClC-3 function in humans may provide insight into Type 2 diabetes as well, Philipson said, as the disruption of insulin production and secretion resembles cellular effects seen in adult-onset diabetes. "We know that Type 2 diabetes is a progressive illness where insulin secretion is high and then goes down over time, but why does it do that? This ties some connection between chloride channels and granular function to the ability of insulin to come out of the cell," Philipson said. "This could be an important pathway in Type 2 diabetes, so it's not just the rare patient that's affected, it's 25 million people in the United States." The study, "The Granular Chloride Channel ClC-3 Is Permissive for Insulin Secretion," was published in the journal Cell Metabolism on October 7. Alongside Deriy, Philipson, and Nelson, Erwin Gomez, David Jacobson, XueQing Wang, Jessika Hopson, Xiang Liu, Guangping Zhang, and Vytautas Bindokas are listed as authors. All authors come from the University of Chicago. Funding for the research was provided by the National Institutes of Health and by the University of Chicago Diabetes Research and Training Center. The University of Chicago Medicine 950 E. 61st Street, Third Floor Chicago, IL 60637 Phone (773) 702-0025 Fax (773) 702-3171

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1,180

Carrollton, the seat of Carroll county, is located on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kentucky River. The area was settled in the late eighteenth century and the town was established in 1794 as Port William, named probably for William Porter, an early settler. Port William was the seat of Gallatin county (formed in 1798) until 1838 when Carroll county was formed. Port William was made the seat of the new county and renamed Carrollton. The Port William post office opened in 1807 and was renamed Carrollton in 1838. The population in 1990 was 3,715.

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Get answers to your heart disease prevention questions. First aid - heart attack; First aid - cardiopulmonary arrest; First aid - cardiac arrest A heart attack is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you or someone else is having a heart attack. The average person waits 3 hours before seeking help for symptoms of a heart attack. Many heart attack patients die before they reach a hospital. The sooner the person gets to the emergency room, the better the chance of survival. Prompt medical treatment reduces the amount of heart damage. This article discusses what to do if you think someone may be having a heart attack. For more information on the condition itself, see: Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that carries oxygen to the heart is blocked. The heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen and begins to die. See: Heart attack Symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person. They may be mild or severe. Women, the elderly, and people with diabetes are more likely to have subtle or unusual symptoms. Symptoms in adults may include: Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person: Adults should take steps to control heart disease risk factors whenever possible. Hollander JE. Acute coronary syndromes. Acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM, eds. Emergency Medcinie: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 6th ed. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill;2004:chap 50. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr., et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157. Brady WJ, Harrigan RA, Chan TC. Acute coronary syndrome. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 76. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. © 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). All rights reserved. UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. TDD: 1-800-735-2258 or 1.866.408.6885

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701

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A panel of governmental, academic and non-profit scientists speaking today at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) unveiled research suggesting that diseases found in dolphins are similar to human diseases and can provide clues into how human health might be affected by exposure to contaminated coastal water or seafood. “Dolphins and humans are both mammals, and their diet includes much of the same seafood that we consume. Unlike us, however, they are exposed to potential ocean health threats such as toxic algae or poor water quality 24 hours a day,” said Carolyn Sotka of the NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative and lead organizer of the session. “Our ecological and physiological similarities make dolphins an important ‘sentinel species’ to not only warn us of health risks, but also provide insight into how our health can benefit from new medical discoveries.” “Marine animal and ecosystem health are connected to public health and well-being,” said Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. “NOAA is committed to better understanding these connections and building the partnerships necessary to have healthy oceans, including healthy dolphins.” NOAA is the principal stewardship agency responsible for protecting dolphins in the wild and supports a network of national and international projects aimed at investigating health concerns. A few of these case studies highlighted today at AAAS illustrate how studying disease processes, or pathologies in dolphins, could lead to future prevention or treatment of some diseases in humans. Equally important is the knowledge gained with regards to overall population health, which can lead to improved management and science-based guidelines to mitigate disease outbreak in both people and animals. Unprecedented Contaminant Levels in Coastal Dolphins Warn of Potential Health Risks Researchers from NOAA and its partner institutions recently discovered that bottlenose dolphins inhabiting estuaries along the Georgia coast have the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ever reported in marine wildlife. The term PCB encompasses a suite of persistent contaminants that have been banned in the United States since the late 1970s due to documented adverse health effects. The extraordinarily high levels of PCBs measured in the dolphins, a maximum concentration of 2900 parts per million, may be suppressing their immune function. The unique signature of the PCB compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a Superfund site near Brunswick, Ga. Scientists are equally concerned about the high PCB levels in dolphins sampled near a marine protected area approximately 30 miles from Brunswick. This suggests that the contaminants are moving along the coast through the marine food web. “When we received the lab results for the Georgia dolphins, we were alarmed by the contaminant levels and set out to investigate how these heavy chemical burdens were affecting their health,” states Lori Schwacke, Ph.D., with NOAA’s Center for Oceans and Human Health at the Hollings Marine Lab and co-lead investigator on the team. Last August, the team conducted a dolphin ‘capture-release medical physical’ on this population and found decreased levels of thyroid hormones, elevated liver enzymes and indications of suppressed immune function. A pilot study is being undertaken by the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to examine potential environmental contaminants in residents of nearby coastal communities. The researchers are investigating whether coastal dolphin populations and human communities sharing the same seafood resources experience similar exposures. Dolphins May Offer Clues to Treating Diabetes in Humans Research conducted in part by the non-profit National Marine Mammal Foundation (NMMF) has uncovered evidence that bottlenose dolphins may be the first natural animal model for type II diabetes. Further study of their genome may elucidate a possible treatment for a disease that accounts for an estimated 5 percent of all human deaths globally, according to the World Health Organization. These studies have found that healthy dolphins appear to readily turn on and off a diabetes-like state as needed. This “switch” mechanism is likely driven by the dolphins’ very high-protein and very low-carbohydrate fish diet. Analyses have revealed that a fasting mechanism in dolphins may trigger a series of changes in serum chemistries that matches those seen in humans with diabetes. “While some people may eat a high protein diet to help control diabetes, dolphins appear to have developed a diabetes-like state to support a high protein diet,” according to Stephanie Venn-Watson, Ph.D., director of clinical research for NMMF. “Shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar.” Additional evidence collected from this study shows that humans and dolphins may share similar chronic disease outcomes associated with diabetes such as insulin resistance, hemochromatosis (iron overload) and kidney stones. Model for Epilepsy Discovered from Marine Exposure to Toxic Algae NOAA researchers found that for the first time exposing laboratory animals to a toxin produced by blooms of microscopic ocean algae can induce seizures and eventually lead to epilepsy in almost all of the animals tested. Establishing this novel linkage of oceans and health offers a new perspective to researchers and clinicians studying human epilepsy. Working with the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, Calif., and other partners, scientists initially suspected a marine environmental cause of epilepsy by studying marine mammals and other wildlife with seizures that washed up on California beaches over the past decade. The seizures were found to be caused by exposure to domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by the Pseudo-nitzschia australis alga. After realizing thatsome sea lions were stranded with seizures when there were no harmful algal blooms, researchers started to believe that domoic acid poisoning may have progressed to chronic epileptic disease. Chief of Harmful Algal Blooms & Analytical Response at NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, John Ramsdell, Ph.D., conducted laboratory experiments to validate the field observations seen in sea lions. His research team exposed laboratory rats to domoic acid at levels similar to what a sea lion or dolphin might ingest in the wild by eating contaminated fish. “Within six months of the initial exposure, 92 percent of laboratory rats tested developed epileptic disease that worsened over their lifetime,” said Ramsdell. “The domoic acid itself is not directly causing the epilepsy, but triggers a brief period of seizures that leads to changes in the brain, resulting in spontaneous and reoccurring seizures, the hallmark of epilepsy.” The type of epilepsy in the rat model resembles human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, as confirmed by at least one human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. This research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. Stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not survive long enough for treatment and study. It is possible that the acute initial poisoning may lead to sudden death; however, these new findings indicate those animals that survive an initial bout of seizures are likely to develop neurological disease with changes in behavior and increasing severity of spontaneous seizures. This new information can help guide future research and emergency response efforts during the next harmful algal bloom event. Dolphin Viruses May Have Human Health Implications A team of researchers and veterinarians from the Marine Animal Disease Lab at the University of Florida have discovered at least 50 new viruses in dolphins, the majority of which have yet to be reported in any other marine mammal species. “We know that the ocean harbors a huge diversity of viruses; but we have very limited knowledge as to which viruses dolphins are susceptible to and how they develop the disease,” said Hendrik H. Nollens, Ph.D., research lead of the UF team. “By studying dolphin viral ecology, we learned more about how viruses infect human and land animals. This research could lead to preventing outbreaks of disease.” One of these viruses, the human papillomavirus, was found to be common in bottlenose dolphins and likely represents the first natural model of papillomavirus outside the human species. Commonly known as HPV in humans, the virus has historically produced great health risks including cervical tumors or cancer in women, especially women with multiple types of the papillomavirus. This new study shows that while dolphins also host multiple types of papillomaviruses they don’t appear to get cancer, only genital warts. Further research into the genome of this virus in dolphins may help understand, manage and prevent cervical cancer in humans. Thirteen additional RNA-based viruses that cause intestinal disease and encephalitis in humans have also recently been discovered in dolphins, whales and other marine life. Much like West Nile, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and influenza, RNA-based viruses have the ability to quickly adapt, rapidly mutate and jump from animals to people, posing potential threats to public health. Another virus identified in the dolphins had incorporated part of a similar human virus into its DNA make-up, making it a very probable candidate to infect humans. Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of UnderwaterTimes.com, its staff or its advertisers.

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1,948

Poor sanitary conditions lead to increase in skin disease in SyriaListen / There has been an increase in cases of leishmaniasis in Syria, according to Dr. Glen Thomas of the World Health Organization, (WHO). Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly and characterized by skin sores. Dr. Thomas says the disease is spreading because of poor waste and hygiene management caused by the continuing conflict in the country. The form of the disease which affects the skin is not life-threatening and not a priority disease, says the doctor, but it is a concern. The symptoms are sores and scars on the body and they come into effect a couple of weeks after the sand flies have transmitted the disease. And we are now helping and trying to get deliveries of treatments to the affected areas. But obviously because of the situation, it is very difficult. Dr. Thomas says the Aleppo area is where the increase in leishmaniasis has been seen. Gerry Adams, United Nations

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211

New Class of Tuberculosis-Fighting Antibiotics Suggested By Biochemical-Pathway Study (Philadelphia, PA) - A worldwide health problem, tuberculosis kills more people than any other bacterial infection. The World Health Organization estimates that two billion people are infected with TB, and that two million people die each year from the disease. However, due to multi-drug resistance and a protracted medication regimen, it is extremely difficult to treat. Hence, there is still a great deal of interest in developing new anti-tubercular drugs. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have identified a biochemical target that could lead to a new class of antibiotics to fight TB. They report their findings in this week’s online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In a proof-of-principle study, Harvey Rubin, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and colleagues were able to stop the bacteria from multiplying by inhibiting the first step in a common biochemical pathway. This pathway is responsible for making the energy molecules all cells need to survive. First author Edward Weinstein, an MD/PhD student, Rubin, and colleagues characterized the pathway and showed that an important enzyme in it is a key target for anti-TB agents. The pathway, explains Rubin, is like a series of links in a chain, with enzymes facilitating reactions along the way. “We discovered that if you inhibit the very first enzyme in the chain, you inhibit everything else downstream and eventually the bacteria die,” he explains. The research group tested phenothiazine, a drug used in the past to treat schizophrenia, in cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB. They found that phenothiazines killed the bacterium in culture and suppressed its growth in mice with acute TB infection. While the effect on the growth of TB in mice was small, it suggested that a valid target was identified. The research group went on to show that the enzyme disabled by the phenothiazines is called type II NADH dehydrogenase and is a unique and important antimicrobial target. “What we have now is a new target in TB,” says Rubin. “We’ve been able to find at least the beginnings of a class of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the TB bacteria in culture and in small animals.” Is it a new drug for tuberculosis? Not yet, cautions Rubin. It’s premature to say that this class of drugs will cure TB, but it does represent the start of basic research towards that, he concludes. Next steps include more investigations on inhibitors of the NADH biochemical pathway in TB, and the development of high-throughput screens to find better and safer inhibitors of type II NADH dehydrogenase. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. Rubin and Weinstein’s coauthors are Takahiro Yano, Lin-Sheng Li, David Avarbock, Andrew Avarbock and Douglas Helm from Penn, and Andrew McColm, Ken Duncan, and John T. Lonsdale from GlaxoSmithKline (Collegeville, PA and Stevenage, UK). Animal studies were conducted at GlaxoSmithKline. Penn researchers report no conflicts of interest. PENN Medicine is a $2.7 billion enterprise dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and high-quality patient care. PENN Medicine consists of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (founded in 1765 as the nation’s first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System (created in 1993 as the nation’s first integrated academic health Penn’s School of Medicine is ranked #3 in the nation for receipt of NIH research funds; and ranked #4 in the nation in U.S. News & World Report’s most recent ranking of top research-oriented medical schools. Supporting 1,400 fulltime faculty and 700 students, the School of Medicine is recognized worldwide for its superior education and training of the next generation of physician-scientists and leaders of academic Penn Health System is comprised of: its flagship hospital, the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, consistently rated one of the nation’s “Honor Roll” hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Pennsylvania Hospital, the nation's first hospital; Presbyterian Medical Center; a faculty practice plan; a primary-care provider network; two multispecialty satellite facilities; and home health care and hospice.

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1,023

Anthony Atala is a surgeon, the Chair of the Department of Urology at the Wake Forest University for Medicine, and the Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where he specializes in the growth and regeneration of organs and tissues. He is also the former Director of the Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapeutics at Children's Hospital Boston. When Atala joined the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in 2004, he led the research team that created the first lab-grown organ - a human bladder - to be successfully implanted in a human being. Currently, he is working on growing and printing other organs to eventually reduce the time that transplant patients spend waiting for an organ. He and his team have successfully printed prototype kidneys for this purpose. Atala has also been successful in harvesting stem cells from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. Amniotic stem cells can be manipulated to transform into various types of mature cells that make up nerves, muscles, bones and other tissues. These stem cells are able to thrive for years and can be used to grow new tissues and organs when damaged ones are in need of replacement. They are easier to grow than embryonic stem cells and avoid the ethical concerns that are associated with embryonic stem cell research. Atala believes that, "A bank of 100,000 specimens of the amniotic stem cells theoretically could supply 99% of the US population with perfect genetic matches for transplants." Atala's lecture will address the implications of organ and tissue regeneration, as well as consider what the future of synthetic organs will bring. ABOUT THIS LECTURE Today there are many more people awaiting organs than there are organs available from donors. People are dying as a result. And the problem is only going to get worse in the future as the number of organs required grows at a much faster rate than the number of donors. Dr. Anthony Atala, a leading researcher in the field of regenerative medicine, is exploring a variety of approaches to making human organs in the lab for transplant into those with failing organs. In this presentation, he will discuss where the field of regenerative medicine is going in the context of the approaches that he is exploring. Possibly the most intriguing of these is the use of a device that his lab has built based on the principle of an ink-jet printer. Instead of ink in the printer that he has built, Atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. To do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the extracted cells as seeds, grows many more in the lab. He then mixes the cells with a chemical that turns into a gel when it comes into contact with water. He places this mixture in the 'ink' cartridge of the printer that he has built. The ink-jet mechanism of the printer prints a layer of cells onto a petri dish containing water, which with the chemical additive, turns the water into a gel. The dish is then moved down a fraction of an inch and a second layer is printed. This continues until the organ is complete. The printing process is designed in such a way that the cells are able to create various shapes in each layer. In this way, Atala is able to create blood vessels and other essential organ components as he prints it such that once complete he has a functioning organ. Furthermore, because the organ has been made with the patient's cells this approach avoids problems of rejection associated with donor supplied organs. At this time, printed organs have not been used in humans; Atala is still developing the technique and significant work remains before the approach is ready for to be tested in patients. Previous to the printing of organs, Atala has artificially grown organs using human tissue. For example, he was the first to successfully create a bladder in the laboratory and place it into a human. Anthony Atala's Profile Anthony Atala's profile on the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine website Anthony Atala's TED Talk on lab-grown organs Anthony Atala's TED Talk on printing a human kidney Singularity Hub Article An article about Anthony Atala's work on the Singularity Hub

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841

Hormone Promises to Keep Joint Injuries from Causing Long-term Osteoarthritis Goal to Extend Useful Life of Arthritic Knees and Hips September 12, 2009 An existing osteoporosis drug is the first ever found to prevent cartilage loss from osteoarthritis following injury to a joint, and may also regenerate some cartilage that has been lost to osteoarthritis, according to an early study presented today at the annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research in Denver. While the study was in mice, the model closely mimics human osteoarthritis that develops following knee injuries, according to the study authors. Cartilage can become damaged by many kinds of injury and by mechanical stresses that come with age. Over time, damaged cartilage deteriorates to cause osteoarthritis (OA), with its attendant joint inflammation and pain. Currently available drugs like steroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. Advil, Aleve) reduce pain but do not address the loss of cartilage behind the osteoarthritis, which is projected to afflict more than 50 million Americans by 2020. Cartilage forms the sponge-like, shock-absorbing layers that keep the impact of running and jumping and lifting from grinding bones against each other in joints. The cell type at the heart of osteoarthritis is the chondrocyte, the cartilage-producing cell responsible for maintaining the integrity of joint cartilage. Outside of joints, chondrocytes undergo a normal maturation process that helps to form bone as part of fracture healing and bone growth in children. Disease processes and injury, however, cause chondrocytes in joint surface cartilage to become like those that help to heal bone elsewhere, but where bone is not supposed to form. This mistaken maturation contributes to the gradual destruction of the joint seen in osteoarthritis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), known as teriparatide in drug form, has emerged as a major player in the maintenance and healing of bone, and the race is on to design new applications for it. Past studies have established that PTH prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. Signaling molecules like PTH have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on the cell surfaces called receptors. PTH docks into its receptors, like a ship coming into port, which changes the shape of the dock such that biochemical signals are sent. The authors of the current study observed that chondrocytes within injured and degenerating cartilage have more PTH type 1 receptors on their surfaces. This makes them especially sensitive to the PTH signal that prevents harmful chondrocyte maturation into bone in the joint cartilage. Thus, PTH therapy should increase the cartilage supply exactly where cartilage loss is causing disease. “Right now physicians have no way to bring back cartilage in patients who have lost it to osteoarthritis,” said Randy Rosier, M.D., Ph.D., professor within the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation at the University of Rochester Medical Center. “Our current results, at least in mice, show that we can inhibit cartilage degeneration and improve the volume of cartilage in diseased joints. It’s remarkable enough that this compound delays the loss of cartilage, but these results show it also may be able to restore, at least to some extent, cartilage in already degraded joint surfaces.” Researchers examined the impact of a daily dose of Forteo®/teriparatide, manufactured by Eli Lilly, and a generic version of teriparatide made by Sigma on the progress of OA following injury in study mice. Experiments established a five-fold increase in PTH type 1 receptor expression in the articular cartilage of mice with injury-related osteoarthritis when compared to healthy cartilage. Injury triggers genetic mechanisms in an attempt to begin repairs, a response that may be responsible for the increase in PTH receptor in the joint. This in turn makes damaged cartilage particularly responsive to PTH. In the current study, one group of mice with cartilage and ligament injuries was randomized to receive either saline as a control, Forteo® or generic PTH daily for 12 weeks. A second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. The delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the osteoarthritic process was already underway and some cartilage lost, a scenario that more closely mimics clinical reality. Injurd patients do not ask their doctor to prevent the onset of osteoarthritis 10 years in the future, Rosier said. They come in when an old injury and time have combined to degrade cartilage to the point where function is lost and pain felt. Studies revealed that after 12 weeks of Forteo®- or generic PTH treatment, there was approximately 27 percent more joint cartilage compared to saline-treated mice. Strikingly, delayed teriparatide treatment was even more effective in improving the amount of cartilage, with up to 35 percent more cartilage in Forteo®- and PTH-treated groups than in the saline group, suggesting an ability to regenerate at least some of the lost cartilage. With a new use patent application in place, the team will next seek to confirm the durability of the effect in further animal studies, and prepare to seek funding from the National Institutes of Health to begin pilot clinical studies of PTH treatment of osteoarthritis in humans, possibly in the later half of 2010. Along with Rosier, the study was led by Erik Sampson, Todd O’Brien, Di Chen, Susan Bukata, J. Edward Puzas, Regis O’Keefe and Michael Zuscik within the Department of Orthopaedics and by Hani Awad in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Rochester Medical Center. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. “These pre-clinical findings provide strong proof-of-concept support for the potential use of teriparatide to slow joint cartilage degeneration in OA patients, and perhaps even reverse it,” Rosier said. “In the near future, we hope this serves as the foundation of new treatments that restore function to long-injured joints, perhaps staving off joint replacement surgeries for some years.” Note: Drs. Puzas and Bukata are members of Eli Lilly's speaker bureau.

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1,383

|Dr. Elizabeth Cochran, a geophysicist with USGS, conducts seismic research along the San Andreas Fault in California.| Dr. Elizabeth Cochran, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, was named one of President Obama’s recipients of the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. Cochran, who came to work for the USGS in June after a career as an assistant professor at the University of California, Riverside, is an accomplished seismologist. She has made important contributions to the understanding of earthquake physics and earthquake triggering, the physical properties and geometry of earthquake fault zones and their evolution after earthquakes, and to the development of a new method of earthquake monitoring using low-cost earthquake sensors, called the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN). This network allows scientists to monitor earthquakes and quantify ground shaking with unprecedented spatial resolution through data gathered from citizen volunteers. “It is inspiring to see the innovative work being done by these scientists and engineers as they ramp up their careers — careers that I know will be not only personally rewarding but also invaluable to the Nation,” President Obama said. “That so many of them are also devoting time to mentoring and other forms of community service speaks volumes about their potential for leadership, not only as scientists but as model citizens.” The Presidential early career awards embody the high priority the Obama Administration places on producing outstanding scientists and engineers to advance the Nation’s goals, tackle grand challenges, and contribute to the American economy. “It is an incredible honor to receive this award, and it is nice that it recognizes the combination of research and education,” said Cochran, who was nominated for the award by the National Science Foundation. “I am very proud and a little stunned.” “Dr. Cochran’s work on next generation sensor networks is exactly what the United States needs to help enable earthquake early warning,” said USGS Director Dr. Marcia McNutt. “As was clearly demonstrated by the recent Japanese experience, even a few seconds of warning before an earthquake can reduce the loss of life and property. Dr. Cochran’s innovative research will help make the nation safer from this natural hazard.” The QCN, a collaborative research project between Cochran and Jesse Lawrence of Stanford University, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate-to-large earthquakes and aftershocks. Citizen volunteers have the sensors installed externally to their desktop computers or internally to their laptop computers. These computers become seismic stations by providing the physical infrastructure, computer, internet connection, power, and the location and measurement of seismic activity. The computers are then networked using distributed computing techniques that allow scientists to monitor the sensors and retrieve earthquake data automatically. “The Quake-Catcher Network is a way to involve the public in scientific data collection in high-risk earthquake and aftershock zones in the United States and around the world and to collect seismic data in non-traditional ways,” said Cochran. |Dr. Elizabeth Cochran.| By using this sensor-driven process, a great number of seismic data can be processed in a short period of time and produce nearly instantaneous detection and characterization of earthquakes. The first release of the software was in Reno, Nev., in April 2008. A few people from the area signed up to get the software, just in time to record a swarm of earthquakes that hit in June of that year. “When the swarm of earthquakes struck Reno, the information from these citizen volunteers enabled us to test our system, and from that, we learned that the sensors and data communication were working correctly,” said Cochran. “For this set of earthquakes, we had some of the closest seismic stations to the swarm. We had records of those earthquakes that looked like typical seismograms. I was really excited that it worked. It was really fun.” Since then, volunteers have popped up in just about every state in the United States and across the world. After the magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck Chile in early 2010, Cochran and her team enlisted 100 volunteers in Chile to hook up the sensors to their computers. When the aftershocks kept occurring, the instrumentation provided invaluable information to scientists and proved the value of the QCN. “In the case of Chile, we could get estimates of magnitude and locations in about 20 to 30 seconds after earthquake started,” said Cochran. “We found we can actually do well recording earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning.” The data Cochran and her team gathered from Chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking — how it is different in one location versus a half a mile away. “There is a lot of variation in ground shaking, even in small scales,” said Cochran. “We were able to generate our own Quake-Catcher Network ShakeMaps, or what seismologists call microzonation, where you can examine specific areas for earthquake hazards. This information can provide critical data to feed back into building codes and to help determine where critical infrastructure such as power plants, hospitals, water lines and transportation facilities should be built.” When the magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck New Zealand in September 2010, Cochran and her team deployed 180 sensors in the area. A paper on the results of the data is expected out this fall. “We are in the middle of demonstrating that the data from these sensor stations in New Zealand show the same amplitude and waveform characteristics as do other strong motion sensors in the area and is sufficient enough quality to produce reliable results,” said Cochran. In early September 2011, Cochran and her team set out on an ambitious goal: to install 500 sensor stations in the San Francisco Bay area, a high-risk earthquake location. Volunteers need to have a high speed Internet connection; a computer, about 5 years old or less that runs on a Windows or Macintosh operating system with a spare USB port to which the sensor can be connected; and, a small space about the size of a post-it note for mounting the sensor. Information for those interested in volunteering or learning more about the QCN is available online. “I came up with the idea for the Quake-Catcher Network by playing around on a Mac laptop, and my husband pointed out that you could download a widget that would allow you to see the real-time output from the sensor,” said Cochran. “I downloaded the widget and was seeing output from tapping I was doing on the computer, and it dawned on me that if it picked up this movement, it would probably pick up earthquake movements. I also knew about distributed computing that allows people to donate their unused CPU processing time to scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. I discussed it with my colleague Jesse Lawrence who said, ‘That’s the coolest idea I ever heard,’ and then we pursued and received a grant from the National Science Foundation to start it up.” Cochran’s research is fundamental to the mission of the USGS to continue to innovate the recording of weak and strong ground motions necessary to accurately locate earthquakes, to study their rupture process, and to map the variations in the strong ground motions caused by the local soil conditions and the details of the earthquake rupture process. “I am really excited that the Quake-Catcher Network is moving forward and has continued to be successful,” said Cochran. Since its inception in 2008, the QCN has gained academic partners from the University of California-Berkeley, California Institute of Technology, University of California-San Diego and the University of Delaware. After receiving her PhD in geophysics and space physics from UCLA in 2005, Cochran served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography until the end of 2006, when she joined UC Riverside in 2007 as an assistant professor in earth sciences, supervising both graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. She joined the USGS in June 2011. Her accomplishments have been recognized by her receiving the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award in 2010 and the Geological Society of America Subaru Outstanding Woman in Science in 2006 for the scientific impact of her work on the geosciences. She is the author or co-author of 21 peer-reviewed journal publications, 9 as a first author, and has a Scopus H-index of 7. Her first-author papers have been published in prestigious journals Science, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Research Letters, and Geology. She has also played prominent roles in professional organizations, including as the co-chair of the seismology discipline for the Southern California Earthquake Center since 2009 and as a member of the IRIS Data Management System Standing Committee from 2008 to 2010. The Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers was established by President Clinton in 1996 and are coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President. Awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education, or community outreach. Cochran was one of 94 recipients this year.

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1,985

elcome to historic Germantown! George Washington and the capital were here in 1793. During the Revolution, the Battle of Germantown was fought up and down the main street, with muskets firing from house windows. The first American Bible was published here, and the first kidnapping in the United States also took place in Germantown. The writer Louisa May Alcott was born here and the painter Gilbert Stuart worked in a small barn in Germantown. merica's history lies in the cobblestones of Germantown Avenue, echoes through the halls of Stenton and Cliveden, and is forever captured in Germantown's historic buildings, homes, and cemeteries. An incredible amount of history took place in the distance of a few miles in this historic town, now part of Philadelphia. ermantown became a big industrial town in the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Then in the 1940's and 50's the area's affluent citizens began to leave for the suburbs. Today, Germantown is undoubtedly a very urbanized region; however, the historical sites have been very well preserved by the active Historical Society and the National Park Service. Most are open to the public. Explore historic Germantown with this virtual tour.

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265

Born to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother, Otto grew up in a city well known for its musical tradition. The younger of two children, Otto began studying the piano at age 10. After entering the Vienna Conservatory of Music, he gave his first concert at age 14. Encouraged by Maestro Bruno Walter, he hoped to become a conductor and concert pianist. 1933-39: After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, Otto was kicked out of the Vienna Conservatory. One night, two men ordered him to go with them to a cellar, where they forced other people to mop and scrub. They told Otto to wait his turn, but in the confusion he escaped. To get out of Austria, he entered a piano contest in Belgium. From Belgium he went to France, and then sailed for America on August 11, 1939. 1940-44: In New York Otto gave piano lessons and concert recitals. He also gave benefit performances for Austrian resistance groups and Jewish refugees from Europe. After the U.S. entered the war, Otto was given a choice--either join the U.S. Army or be deported as an enemy alien. He chose the army. In October 1944 he was sent into combat in France and southern Germany. His job was to interrogate German prisoners; they all denied knowing anything about concentration camps, but Otto had already seen the camps with his own eyes. Otto was stationed in Germany at the end of the war. A day before he was to return to America, he was killed. The cause of his death is still under investigation.

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326

United States, December 8, 1941 Yesterday, December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, [the] United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor, looking towards the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States, and his colleague, delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent American message. Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions, and well understand the implications for the very life and safety of our nation. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us God [applause]. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire. Portion of the speech in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the US Congress to declare war on Japan following the previous day's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. National Archives - Film

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299

Older Adults Make Smarter Decisions That Lead to Long-Term Gains, Study Shows Sept. 19, 2011 AUSTIN, Texas — Many people believe getting older means losing a mental edge, leading to poor decision-making, but a new study from psychologists at The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University suggests older adults are far better at making choices that lead to long-term gain. The study, co-authored by University of Texas at Austin psychologist Todd Maddox, found older adults, at least 60 years old, are better at strategizing their decisions than those in their late teens and early 20s, who tend to focus on instant gratification. Findings from the study, led by Darrell Worthy, professor of psychology at Texas A&M University, will be published in Psychological Science. Collaborators on the study include University of Texas psychologists David Schnyer, Jennifer Pacheco and Marissa Gorlick. Contradicting negative stereotypes of age and reasoning ability, the results show that the wisdom that comes with age can allow people to make better decisions under some conditions. Maddox says the study gives insight into the decision-making process, which will help researchers learn more about the effects of aging in the brain. "Broadly, these results suggest that younger adults may behave more impulsively, favoring immediate gains, while older adults are better at considering the long-term ramifications of their actions," Maddox says. As part of the study, 28 older adults and 28 younger counterparts performed decision-making tasks, in which they only needed to consider immediate rewards to earn points. In this experiment, the younger adults were more efficient at selecting the options that yielded the best short-term rewards. However, in a second experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group in choosing options that resulted in long-term gains, such as strategically storing the most amount of oxygen in "oxygen accumulators" on an imaginary space mission in Mars. In this portion of the study, 52 older adults (ages 67-82) and 51 younger adults (ages 20-26) performed decision-making tasks in which the choices they made influenced future rewards. As part of the experiment, the researchers created a test with two oxygen extraction systems on Mars. The rewards depended on the respondents' previous choices. The respondents had to choose from two options: the "increasing option," which increased rewards in future trials, and the "decreasing option," which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. In each permutation of the experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group by figuring out which option led to the most long-term cumulative rewards. "We found that younger adults performed equivalently in the experiment, but older adults were more adept at adjusting their strategy to fit the goals of the task," Maddox says. The researchers suggest these results provide insight into how people use their brains as they age. When making choices, younger people use the ventral striatum, a region of the brain associated with habit formation and immediate rewards. As this declines with age, the psychologists theorize that people compensate by using their prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that controls rational and deliberate thoughts. To test this theory, Maddox and his team of researchers are conducting a neuroimaging study to determine which parts of the brain respond to immediate gratification and long-term rewards while the participants engage in decision-making tasks. Collaborators on this study include Worthy, Jeannette Mumford, psychology research assistant at The University of Texas at Austin, and Russell Poldrack, professor of psychology and neurobiology and director of the Imaging Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin.

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759

Dangling Modifiers are words or phrases which “dangle” because they have no word in the sentence to describe: While taking a shower, the doorbell rang. --The doorbell was taking a shower? Revise dangling modifiers by adding a headword—a noun or pronoun that is described: While I was taking a shower, the doorbell rang. OR While taking a shower, I heard the doorbell ring. A Misplaced Modifier is placed too close to some other word that it does not intend to modify: I only speak one language. --All you ever do is speak one language? Revise misplaced modifiers by placing the modifier next to its headword: I speak only one language. Split Infinitives are misplaced modifiers which are placed between the preposition to and the verb in an infinitive--a grammatical unit consisting of the word to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep, etc.): Dentists encourage children to regularly brush their teeth. --The modifier regularly is splitting the infinitive to brush. Revise split infinitives by moving the modifier to another part of the sentence: Dentists encourage children to brush their teeth regularly. Squinting Modifiers are misplaced modifiers that seem to modify two words: Patty who was walking quickly reached the disco. --Is Patty walking quickly, or is she quickly reaching the disco? Revise squinting modifiers by changing the word order so there is no ambiguity: Patty, who was quickly walking, reached the disco. OR Patty who was walking...

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338

Tooth decay is damage that occurs when bacteria in the mouth make acids that eat away at the enamel of a tooth. This can cause a hole in the tooth called a cavity. If it isn't treated, tooth decay can cause infection, pain, and loss of Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Steven K. Patterson, BS, DDS, MPH - Dentistry How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.

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96

No matter how adventurous your cat, it’s confronted by many risks the second it steps foot outside. The Humane Society of the United States estimates a free-roaming cat might live as few as three years, compared to 12 to 15 years for an indoor-only cat. For much of feline history, cats roamed freely, serving as handy rodent-catchers around grain crops. As the years went on, people brought cats indoors, again relying on felines to reduce numbers of unwanted vermin. The cat’s role today has primarily evolved to that of a beloved companion, which needs and deserves our protection. The situation benefits both people and cats, since an indoor cat is a safer cat. Most feline fanciers are getting the message. About two-thirds of the estimated 90 million cats in the United States alone reside indoors. However, cats need more than just the security of staying inside. It’s up to you to provide an environment that meets the needs of your indoor cat. The Indoor Cat Initiative, an Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine project, is designed to help you understand just what your indoor cat requires and how you can easily help it live a happy, healthy life. “As long as we’re going to have cats indoors, we certainly have the responsibility to keep them in the most enriched situation possible,’’ says Tony Buffington, DVM, Ph.D, director of the Indoor Cat Initiative. The Initiative’s website offers basic advice for meeting your indoor cat’s requirements. You can also order a DVD from the site. You’ll be in tune with your cat’s needs, says Dr. Buffington, if you provide your house cat with these eight inside essentials: - Exercise Many veterinarians, such as Elizabeth Colleran, DVM, MS, of Chico, Calif., are concerned about the number of overweight felines they see in their practices. Dr. Colleran suggests providing “an abundance of cat toys. Having just one cat toy is silly.” The Indoor Cat Initiative advises understanding your cat’s prey of choice. Would your pal rather romp after an object that moves in the air? A furry toy? A laser light? Pay attention to your cat’s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - Mental stimulation Playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says Dr. Colleran. You’ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with its surroundings. Your cat, nocturnal by nature, will also be less likely to keep you up during the night. Allowing your cat to hunt for food you’ve placed around the house also provides stimulation, she says. Don’t forget to offer your pet at least one room with a view. Cats love to watch outdoor activity. - Something to scratch Determine, just by observation and experimentation, what material your cat enjoys under its paws, says Dr. Colleran. Some cats scratch vertically, while others prefer to scratch horizontally. A scratching post needn’t be fancy. It can be a simple homemade device, created by nailing or stapling some scratching material, such as a carpet remnant, to a piece of plywood. Just be sure no sharp nails or staple points protrude before you present it to your clawed friend. - A place of its own Your cat needs a space where it feels safe and secure. Make sure food, water and litter are not located where another animal or person can sneak up or surprise your cat. The Indoor Cat Initiative suggests placing dishes and the litter box away from appliances or air ducts that might suddenly turn on, startling your cat. - Something to climb “People don’t think about cats operating in three dimensions,’’ says Dr. Buffington. “They need to climb. That’s part of their natural behavior. But people often don’t want them to climb on certain things.” Dr. Buffington believes cat owners often neglect to provide their cats a suitable alternative. You can purchase commercial perches and roosts for cats or, suggests Dr. Buffington, a six-foot pine ladder, if you don’t mind the unusual addition to your décor. - Clean, fresh litter Litter should be scooped daily and cleaned regularly, with each cat provided with its own box. Offer an ample-sized box, advises Dr. Colleran, who has written several papers about indoor cats. Select one of the bigger litter boxes you find on the shelf at your local pet store. Most large boxes measure around 18.5 inches in length and 15.25 inches in width, or more. Keep clutter and debris cleared from around the box. “Cats are really fastidious. They like their bathrooms clean, and they need a great, big litter box.” - Fresh grass or catnip Offer your cat something green to graze on, as it would chomp on grass outdoors. - Choice Cats enjoy choice, says Dr. Buffington. For instance, before you make a decision to change cat litter brands, place samples of both old and new for your cat to try. At mealtime, try offering two different-flavored foods side by side to see which one might be your pet’s fave. Perhaps the most important thing you can do, according to Dr. Buffington, is to recognize when your indoor cat is healthy and engaged in its environment. If your indoor cat is alert and energetic, those are good signs that you are providing for its needs. “Learn to become a good cat observer,” he advises. Copyright (c) 2008 Studio One Networks. All rights reserved.

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1,208

THE CELEBRATION OF THE CHRISTIAN MYSTERY THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH THE SACRAMENTS OF CHRISTIAN INITIATION THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM 1213 Holy Baptism is the basis of the whole Christian life, the gateway to life in the Spirit (vitae spiritualis ianua),4 and the door which gives access to the other sacraments. Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission: "Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water in the word."5 I. WHAT IS THIS SACRAMENT CALLED? 1214 This sacrament is called Baptism, after the central rite by which it is carried out: to baptize (Greek baptizein) means to "plunge" or "immerse"; the "plunge" into the water symbolizes the catechumen's burial into Christ's death, from which he rises up by resurrection with him, as "a new creature."6 1215 This sacrament is also called "the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit," for it signifies and actually brings about the birth of water and the Spirit without which no one "can enter the kingdom of God."7 1216 "This bath is called enlightenment, because those who receive this [catechetical] instruction are enlightened in their understanding . . . ."8 Having received in Baptism the Word, "the true light that enlightens every man," the person baptized has been "enlightened," he becomes a "son of light," indeed, he becomes "light" himself:9 II. BAPTISM IN THE ECONOMY OF SALVATION Prefigurations of Baptism in the Old Covenant 1217 In the liturgy of the Easter Vigil, during the blessing of the baptismal water, the Church solemnly commemorates the great events in salvation history that already prefigured the mystery of Baptism: In Baptism we use your gift of water, which you have made a rich symbol of the grace you give us in this sacrament.11 1218 Since the beginning of the world, water, so humble and wonderful a creature, has been the source of life and fruitfulness. Sacred Scripture sees it as "overshadowed" by the Spirit of God:12 1219 The Church has seen in Noah's ark a prefiguring of salvation by Baptism, for by it "a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water":14 1220 If water springing up from the earth symbolizes life, the water of the sea is a symbol of death and so can represent the mystery of the cross. By this symbolism Baptism signifies communion with Christ's death. 1221 But above all, the crossing of the Red Sea, literally the liberation of Israel from the slavery of Egypt, announces the liberation wrought by Baptism: 1222 Finally, Baptism is prefigured in the crossing of the Jordan River by which the People of God received the gift of the land promised to Abraham's descendants, an image of eternal life. The promise of this blessed inheritance is fulfilled in the New Covenant. 1223 All the Old Covenant prefigurations find their fulfillment in Christ Jesus. He begins his public life after having himself baptized by St. John the Baptist in the Jordan.17 After his resurrection Christ gives this mission to his apostles: "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you."18 1224 Our Lord voluntarily submitted himself to the baptism of St. John, intended for sinners, in order to "fulfill all righteousness."19 Jesus' gesture is a manifestation of his self-emptying.20 The Spirit who had hovered over the waters of the first creation descended then on the Christ as a prelude of the new creation, and the Father revealed Jesus as his "beloved Son."21 1225 In his Passover Christ opened to all men the fountain of Baptism. He had already spoken of his Passion, which he was about to suffer in Jerusalem, as a "Baptism" with which he had to be baptized.22 The blood and water that flowed from the pierced side of the crucified Jesus are types of Baptism and the Eucharist, the sacraments of new life.23 From then on, it is possible "to be born of water and the Spirit"24 in order to enter the Kingdom of God. Baptism in the Church 1226 From the very day of Pentecost the Church has celebrated and administered holy Baptism. Indeed St. Peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching: "Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit."26 The apostles and their collaborators offer Baptism to anyone who believed in Jesus: Jews, the God-fearing, pagans.27 Always, Baptism is seen as connected with faith: "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household," St. Paul declared to his jailer in Philippi. And the narrative continues, the jailer "was baptized at once, with all his family."28 1227 According to the Apostle Paul, the believer enters through Baptism into communion with Christ's death, is buried with him, and rises with him: The baptized have "put on Christ."30 Through the Holy Spirit, Baptism is a bath that purifies, justifies, and sanctifies.31 1228 Hence Baptism is a bath of water in which the "imperishable seed" of the Word of God produces its life-giving effect.32 St. Augustine says of Baptism: "The word is brought to the material element, and it becomes a sacrament."33 III. HOW IS THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM CELEBRATED? 1229 From the time of the apostles, becoming a Christian has been accomplished by a journey and initiation in several stages. This journey can be covered rapidly or slowly, but certain essential elements will always have to be present: proclamation of the Word, acceptance of the Gospel entailing conversion, profession of faith, Baptism itself, the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, and admission to Eucharistic communion. 1230 This initiation has varied greatly through the centuries according to circumstances. In the first centuries of the Church, Christian initiation saw considerable development. A long period of catechumenate included a series of preparatory rites, which were liturgical landmarks along the path of catechumenal preparation and culminated in the celebration of the sacraments of Christian initiation. 1231 Where infant Baptism has become the form in which this sacrament is usually celebrated, it has become a single act encapsulating the preparatory stages of Christian initiation in a very abridged way. By its very nature infant Baptism requires a post-baptismal catechumenate. Not only is there a need for instruction after Baptism, but also for the necessary flowering of baptismal grace in personal growth. The catechism has its proper place here. 1232 The second Vatican Council restored for the Latin Church "the catechumenate for adults, comprising several distinct steps."34 The rites for these stages are to be found in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA).35 The Council also gives permission that: "In mission countries, in addition to what is furnished by the Christian tradition, those elements of initiation rites may be admitted which are already in use among some peoples insofar as they can be adapted to the Christian ritual."36 1233 Today in all the rites, Latin and Eastern, the Christian initiation of adults begins with their entry into the catechumenate and reaches its culmination in a single celebration of the three sacraments of initiation: Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist.37 In the Eastern rites the Christian initiation of infants also begins with Baptism followed immediately by Confirmation and the Eucharist, while in the Roman rite it is followed by years of catechesis before being completed later by Confirmation and the Eucharist, the summit of their Christian initiation.38 The mystagogy of the celebration 1234 The meaning and grace of the sacrament of Baptism are clearly seen in the rites of its celebration. By following the gestures and words of this celebration with attentive participation, the faithful are initiated into the riches this sacrament signifies and actually brings about in each newly baptized person. 1235 The sign of the cross, on the threshold of the celebration, marks with the imprint of Christ the one who is going to belong to him and signifies the grace of the redemption Christ won for us by his cross. 1236 The proclamation of the Word of God enlightens the candidates and the assembly with the revealed truth and elicits the response of faith, which is inseparable from Baptism. Indeed Baptism is "the sacrament of faith" in a particular way, since it is the sacramental entry into the life of faith. 1237 Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate. The celebrant then anoints him with the oil of catechumens, or lays his hands on him, and he explicitly renounces Satan. Thus prepared, he is able to confess the faith of the Church, to which he will be "entrusted" by Baptism.39 1238 The baptismal water is consecrated by a prayer of epiclesis (either at this moment or at the Easter Vigil). The Church asks God that through his Son the power of the Holy Spirit may be sent upon the water, so that those who will be baptized in it may be "born of water and the Spirit."40 1239 The essential rite of the sacrament follows: Baptism properly speaking. It signifies and actually brings about death to sin and entry into the life of the Most Holy Trinity through configuration to the Paschal mystery of Christ. Baptism is performed in the most expressive way by triple immersion in the baptismal water. However, from ancient times it has also been able to be conferred by pouring the water three times over the candidate's head. 1240 In the Latin Church this triple infusion is accompanied by the minister's words: "N., I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." In the Eastern liturgies the catechumen turns toward the East and the priest says: "The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." At the invocation of each person of the Most Holy Trinity, the priest immerses the candidate in the water and raises him up again. 1241 The anointing with sacred chrism, perfumed oil consecrated by the bishop, signifies the gift of the Holy Spirit to the newly baptized, who has become a Christian, that is, one "anointed" by the Holy Spirit, incorporated into Christ who is anointed priest, prophet, and king.41 1242 In the liturgy of the Eastern Churches, the post-baptismal anointing is the sacrament of Chrismation (Confirmation). In the Roman liturgy the post- baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop Confirmation, which will as it were "confirm" and complete the baptismal anointing. 1243 The white garment symbolizes that the person baptized has "put on Christ,"42 has risen with Christ. The candle, lit from the Easter candle, signifies that Christ has enlightened the neophyte. In him the baptized are "the light of the world."43 The newly baptized is now, in the only Son, a child of God entitled to say the prayer of the children of God: "Our Father." 1244 First Holy Communion. Having become a child of God clothed with the wedding garment, the neophyte is admitted "to the marriage supper of the Lamb"44 and receives the food of the new life, the body and blood of Christ. The Eastern Churches maintain a lively awareness of the unity of Christian initiation by giving Holy Communion to all the newly baptized and confirmed, even little children, recalling the Lord's words: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them."45 The Latin Church, which reserves admission to Holy Communion to those who have attained the age of reason, expresses the orientation of Baptism to the Eucharist by having the newly baptized child brought to the altar for the praying of the Our Father. 1245 The solemn blessing concludes the celebration of Baptism. At the Baptism of newborns the blessing of the mother occupies a special place. IV. WHO CAN RECEIVE BAPTISM? 1246 "Every person not yet baptized and only such a person is able to be baptized."46 The Baptism of adults 1247 Since the beginning of the Church, adult Baptism is the common practice where the proclamation of the Gospel is still new. The catechumenate (preparation for Baptism) therefore occupies an important place. This initiation into Christian faith and life should dispose the catechumen to receive the gift of God in Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist. 1248 The catechumenate, or formation of catechumens, aims at bringing their conversion and faith to maturity, in response to the divine initiative and in union with an ecclesial community. The catechumenate is to be "a formation in the whole Christian life . . . during which the disciples will be joined to Christ their teacher. The catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of the evangelical virtues, and they should be introduced into the life of faith, liturgy, and charity of the People of God by successive sacred rites."47 1249 Catechumens "are already joined to the Church, they are already of the household of Christ, and are quite frequently already living a life of faith, hope, and charity."48 "With love and solicitude mother Church already embraces them as her own."49 The Baptism of infants 1250 Born with a fallen human nature and tainted by original sin, children also have need of the new birth in Baptism to be freed from the power of darkness and brought into the realm of the freedom of the children of God, to which all men are called.50 The sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest in infant Baptism. The Church and the parents would deny a child the priceless grace of becoming a child of God were they not to confer Baptism shortly after birth.51 1251 Christian parents will recognize that this practice also accords with their role as nurturers of the life that God has entrusted to them.52 1252 The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole "households" received baptism, infants may also have been baptized.53 Faith and Baptism 1253 Baptism is the sacrament of faith.54 But faith needs the community of believers. It is only within the faith of the Church that each of the faithful can believe. The faith required for Baptism is not a perfect and mature faith, but a beginning that is called to develop. The catechumen or the godparent is asked: "What do you ask of God's Church?" The response is: "Faith!" 1254 For all the baptized, children or adults, faith must grow after Baptism. For this reason the Church celebrates each year at the Easter Vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. Preparation for Baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. Baptism is the source of that new life in Christ from which the entire Christian life springs forth. 1255 For the grace of Baptism to unfold, the parents' help is important. So too is the role of the godfather and godmother, who must be firm believers, able and ready to help the newly baptized - child or adult on the road of Christian life.55 Their task is a truly ecclesial function (officium).56 The whole ecclesial community bears some responsibility for the development and safeguarding of the grace given at Baptism. V. WHO CAN BAPTIZE? 1256 The ordinary ministers of Baptism are the bishop and priest and, in the Latin Church, also the deacon.57 In case of necessity, anyone, even a non-baptized person, with the required intention, can baptize58 , by using the Trinitarian baptismal formula. The intention required is to will to do what the Church does when she baptizes. The Church finds the reason for this possibility in the universal saving will of God and the necessity of Baptism for salvation.59 VI. THE NECESSITY OF BAPTISM 1257 The Lord himself affirms that Baptism is necessary for salvation.60 He also commands his disciples to proclaim the Gospel to all nations and to baptize them.61 Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament.62 The Church does not know of any means other than Baptism that assures entry into eternal beatitude; this is why she takes care not to neglect the mission she has received from the Lord to see that all who can be baptized are "reborn of water and the Spirit." God has bound salvation to the sacrament of Baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments. 1258 The Church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received Baptism are baptized by their death for and with Christ. This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. 1259 For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 "Since Christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to God, of the Paschal mystery."63 Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity. 1261 As regards children who have died without Baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as she does in her funeral rites for them. Indeed, the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved, and Jesus' tenderness toward children which caused him to say: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them,"64 allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism. All the more urgent is the Church's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism. VII. THE GRACE OF BAPTISM 1262 The different effects of Baptism are signified by the perceptible elements of the sacramental rite. Immersion in water symbolizes not only death and purification, but also regeneration and renewal. Thus the two principal effects are purification from sins and new birth in the Holy Spirit.65 For the forgiveness of sins . . . 1263 By Baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins, as well as all punishment for sin.66 In those who have been reborn nothing remains that would impede their entry into the Kingdom of God, neither Adam's sin, nor personal sin, nor the consequences of sin, the gravest of which is separation from God. 1264 Yet certain temporal consequences of sin remain in the baptized, such as suffering, illness, death, and such frailties inherent in life as weaknesses of character, and so on, as well as an inclination to sin that Tradition calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, "the tinder for sin" (fomes peccati); since concupiscence "is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but manfully resist it by the grace of Jesus Christ."67 Indeed, "an athlete is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules."68 "A new creature" 1265 Baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte "a new creature," an adopted son of God, who has become a "partaker of the divine nature,"69 member of Christ and co-heir with him,70 and a temple of the Holy Spirit.71 1266 The Most Holy Trinity gives the baptized sanctifying grace, the grace of justification: - enabling them to believe in God, to hope in him, and to love him through the theological virtues; - giving them the power to live and act under the prompting of the Holy Spirit through the gifts of the Holy Spirit; - allowing them to grow in goodness through the moral virtues. Thus the whole organism of the Christian's supernatural life has its roots in Baptism. Incorporated into the Church, the Body of Christ 1267 Baptism makes us members of the Body of Christ: "Therefore . . . we are members one of another."72 Baptism incorporates us into the Church. From the baptismal fonts is born the one People of God of the New Covenant, which transcends all the natural or human limits of nations, cultures, races, and sexes: "For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body."73 1268 The baptized have become "living stones" to be "built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood."74 By Baptism they share in the priesthood of Christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. They are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that [they] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [them] out of darkness into his marvelous light."75 Baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers. 1269 Having become a member of the Church, the person baptized belongs no longer to himself, but to him who died and rose for us.76 From now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the Church, and to "obey and submit" to the Church's leaders,77 holding them in respect and affection.78 Just as Baptism is the source of responsibilities and duties, the baptized person also enjoys rights within the Church: to receive the sacraments, to be nourished with the Word of God and to be sustained by the other spiritual helps of the Church.79 1270 "Reborn as sons of God, [the baptized] must profess before men the faith they have received from God through the Church" and participate in the apostolic and missionary activity of the People of God.80 The sacramental bond of the unity of Christians 1271 Baptism constitutes the foundation of communion among all Christians, including those who are not yet in full communion with the Catholic Church: "For men who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church. Justified by faith in Baptism, [they] are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers by the children of the Catholic Church."81 "Baptism therefore constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing among all who through it are reborn."82 An indelible spiritual mark . . . 1272 Incorporated into Christ by Baptism, the person baptized is configured to Christ. Baptism seals the Christian with the indelible spiritual mark (character) of his belonging to Christ. No sin can erase this mark, even if sin prevents Baptism from bearing the fruits of salvation.83 Given once for all, Baptism cannot be repeated. 1273 Incorporated into the Church by Baptism, the faithful have received the sacramental character that consecrates them for Christian religious worship.84 The baptismal seal enables and commits Christians to serve God by a vital participation in the holy liturgy of the Church and to exercise their baptismal priesthood by the witness of holy lives and practical charity.85 1274 The Holy Spirit has marked us with the seal of the Lord ("Dominicus character") "for the day of redemption."86 "Baptism indeed is the seal of eternal life."87 The faithful Christian who has "kept the seal" until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his Baptism, will be able to depart this life "marked with the sign of faith,"88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the blessed vision of God - the consummation of faith - and in the hope of resurrection. 1275 Christian initiation is accomplished by three sacraments together: Baptism which is the beginning of new life; Confirmation which is its strengthening; and the Eucharist which nourishes the disciple with Christ's Body and Blood for his transformation in Christ. 1276 "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you" (Mt 28:19-20). 1277 Baptism is birth into the new life in Christ. In accordance with the Lord's will, it is necessary for salvation, as is the Church herself, which we enter by Baptism. 1278 The essential rite of Baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water or pouring water on his head, while pronouncing the invocation of the Most Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. 1279 The fruit of Baptism, or baptismal grace, is a rich reality that includes forgiveness of original sin and all personal sins, birth into the new life by which man becomes an adoptive son of the Father, a member of Christ and a temple of the Holy Spirit. By this very fact the person baptized is incorporated into the Church, the Body of Christ, and made a sharer in the priesthood of Christ. 1280 Baptism imprints on the soul an indelible spiritual sign, the character, which consecrates the baptized person for Christian worship. Because of the character Baptism cannot be repeated (cf. DS 1609 and DS 1624). 1281 Those who die for the faith, those who are catechumens, and all those who, without knowing of the Church but acting under the inspiration of grace, seek God sincerely and strive to fulfill his will, can be saved even if they have not been baptized (cf. LG 16). 1282 Since the earliest times, Baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of God that does not presuppose any human merit; children are baptized in the faith of the Church. Entry into Christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283 With respect to children who have died without Baptism, the liturgy of the Church invites us to trust in God's mercy and to pray for their salvation. 1284 In case of necessity, any person can baptize provided that he have the intention of doing that which the Church does and provided that he pours water on the candidate's head while saying: "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." 4 Cf. Council Of Florence: DS 1314: vitae spiritualis ianua. 5 Roman Catechism II,2,5; Cf. Council Of Florence: DS 1314; CIC, cann. 204 § 1; 849; CCEO, can. 675 § 1. 6 2 Cor 5:17; Gal 6:15; Cf. Rom 6:34; Col 2:12. 7 Titus 3:5; Jn 3:5. 8 St. Justin, Apol. 1,61,12:PG 6,421. 9 Jn 1:9; 1 Thess 5:5; Heb 10:32; Eph 5:8. 10 St. Gregory Of Nazianzus, Oratio 40,3-4:PG 36,361C. 11 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 12 Cf. Gen 1:2. 13 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 14 1 Pet 3:20. 15 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water. 16 Roman Missal, Easter Vigil 42: Blessing of Water: "Abrahae filios per mare Rubrum sicco vestigio transire fecisti, ut plebs, a Pharaonis servitute liberata, populum baptizatorum præfiguraret." 17 Cf. Mt 3:13. 18 Mt 28:19-20; cf. Mk 16:15-16. 19 Mt 3:15. 20 Cf. Phil 2:7. 21 Mt 3:16-17. 22 Mk 10:38; cf. Lk 12:50. 23 Cf. Jn 19:34; 1 Jn 5:6-8. 24 Cf. Jn 3:5. 25 St. Ambrose, De sacr. 2,2,6:PL 16,444; cf. Jn 3:5. 26 Acts 2:38. 27 Cf. Acts 2:41; 8:12-13; 10:48; 16:15. 28 Acts 16:31-33. 29 Rom 6:3-4; cf. Col 2:12. 30 Gal 3:27. 31 CE 1 Cor 6:11; 12:13. 32 1 Pet 1:23; cf. Eph 5:26. 33 St. Augustine, In Jo. ev. 80,3:PL 35,1840. 34 SC 64. 35 Cf. RCIA (1972). 36 SC 65; cf. SC 37-40. 37 Cf. AG 14; CIC, cann. 851; 865; 866. 38 Cf. CIC, cann. 851, 2o; 868. 39 Cf. Rom 6:17. 40 Jn 3:5. 41 Cf. RBC 62. 42 Gal 3:27. 43 Mt 5:14; cf. Phil 2:15. 44 Rev 19:9. 45 Mk 10:14. 46 CIC, can. 864; cf. CCEO, can. 679. 47 AG 14; cf. RCIA 19; 98. 48 AG 14 § 5. 49 LG 14 § 3; cf. CIC, cann. 206; 788 § 3. 50 Cf. Council of Trent (1546): DS 1514; cf. Col 1:12-14. 51 Cf. CIC, can. 867; CCEO, cann. 681; 686,1. 52 Cf. LG 11; 41; GS 48; CIC, can. 868. 53 Cf. Acts 16:15,33; 18:8; 1 Cor 1:16; CDF, instruction, Pastoralis actio: AAS 72 (1980) 1137-1156. 54 Cf. Mk 16:16. 55 Cf. CIC, cann. 872-874. 56 Cf. SC 67. 57 Cf. CIC, can. 861 § 1; CCEO, can. 677 § 1. 58 CIC, can. 861.2. 59 Cf. 1 Tim 2:4. 60 Cf. Jn 3:5. 61 Cf. Mt 28:19-20; cf. Council of Trent (1547) DS 1618; LG 14; AG 5. 62 Cf. Mk 16:16. 63 GS 22 § 5; cf. LG 16; AG 7. 64 Mk 10 14; cf. 1 Tim 2:4. 65 Cf. Acts 2:38; Jn 3:5. 66 Cf. Council of Florence (1439): DS 1316. 67 Council of Trent (1546): DS 1515. 68 2 Tim 2:5. 69 2 Cor 5:17; 2 Pet 1:4; cf. Gal 4:5-7. 70 Cf. 1 Cor 6:15; 12:27; Rom 8:17. 71 Cf. 1 Cor 6:19. 72 Eph 4:25. 73 1 Cor 12:13. 74 1 Pet 2:5. 75 1 Pet 2:9. 76 Cf. 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 5:15. 77 Heb 13:17. 78 Cf. Eph 5:21; 1 Cor 16:15-16; 1 Thess 5:12-13; Jn 13:12-15. 79 Cf. LG 37; CIC, cann. 208-223; CCEO, can. 675:2. 80 LG 11; cf. LG 17; AG 7; 23. 81 UR 3. 82 UR 22 § 2. 83 Cf. Rom 8:29; Council of Trent (1547): DS 1609-1619. 84 Cf. LG 11. 85 Cf. LG 10. 86 St. Augustine, Ep. 98,5:PL 33,362; Eph 4:30; cf. 1:13-14; 2 Cor 1:21-22. 87 St. Irenaeus, Dem ap. 3:SCh 62,32. 88 Roman Missal, EP I (Roman Canon) 97.

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What is feline diabetes? Diabetes mellitus, the clinical name for "sugar diabetes," is a condition that affects the concentration of glucose, a type of sugar, in a cat's blood. Diabetes in cats is rarely the result of a shortage of insulin (Type I Diabetes). More commonly, diabetes results when a cat's body has trouble using the insulin it has made properly (Type II Diabetes). Insulin affects the way a cat's body uses food. When a cat eats, food is broken down into very small components that the body can use. One component, carbohydrate, is converted into several types of sugars, including glucose. Glucose is absorbed from the intestines into the blood. Once in the bloodstream, glucose travels to cells where it can be absorbed and used as a source of energy-if insulin is present. Without enough insulin, glucose can't enter cells and builds up in the bloodstream. So a cat may act hungry all the time and eat constantly, but still lose weight because its cells can't absorb glucose. Most cats develop Type II Diabetes, in which their cells no longer respond normally to the amounts of insulin produced by the pancreas. While many cats initially require daily insulin injections, the treatment goal is to correct the factors or conditions causing insulin resistance. If these factors, such as obesity, can be adequately controlled, many cats will experience temporary remission or permanent resolution of their diabetes. Many cats with Type II Diabetes will experience marked improvement in their insulin sensitivity when changed to a species-appropriate high protein, low carbohydrate food. However, not all cats with diabetes are suited to this type of diet. Your veterinarian will conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend the most appropriate diet and treatment for your cat's diabetes. - Older Cats - Neutered Male Cats - Physical Inactivity - Medications (Steroids and Progestins) If you think your cat may be at risk, make an appointment today to get your cat checked for diabetes. Diabetes is one of many conditions that can affect your cat and cause visible changes in behavior and other signs. That's why it's important your cat be thoroughly examined by a veterinarian at least once a year or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - Drinks more water than usual (polydipsia) - Urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has "accidents" outside the litter box (polyuria) - Always acts hungry (polyphagia), but maintains or loses weight - Is less active or sleeps more (lethargic) - Has thinning, dry, or dull hair When evaluating your cat for diabetes, your veterinarian may ask about these signs and will check your cat's general health to rule out the possibility of other conditions or infections. A sample of your cat's urine may be tested first for the presence of glucose, ketones, and/or a urinary tract infection. If glucose is present in your cat's urine, your veterinarian will want to determine your cat's blood glucose concentration and fructosamine concentration. If the blood glucose concentration is consistently higher than normal, your cat's pancreas may not be secreting enough insulin or your cat's body is "resistant" to the insulin being produced. Regardless of the cause for increased blood sugar, your pet is suffering from diabetes mellitus. A diabetes diagnosis is considered definite when glucose is found at a persistently high concentration in blood and in urine. - Diet–determining the best type of food for your cat. Cats, as carnivores, often have significant improvement in their blood sugar levels when placed on a high protein, low carbohydrate food. This is also the perfect time to address weight loss if your cat is overweight or obese - Insulin–how to store and administer it properly - Hypoglycemia–how to identify and treat potentially life-threatening low blood sugar - At-home monitoring you should perform and when you should alert your veterinarian. Ask how you should monitor your cat for the possibility of diabetes remission - Recommended veterinary rechecks - Diabetes Mellitus in Cats Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the pancreas. In simple terms, it is caused by the failure of the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. Click on the link to learn more. - Diabetes in Cats – Testing and Monitoring There are several recommended tests to have done on your cat when Diabetes Mellitus is suspected. Cats can live happily and healthfully with diabetes if proper monitoring is performed by you at home and your cat has regularly scheduled visits with your veterinarian. For the best monitoring of a diabetic cat and the highest chance of diabetic remission, blood glucose can be checked by you at home. Ask your veterinarian if this monitoring approach might be right for you and your cat. Click on the link to learn more. - Giving Injections to Cats Diabetes Mellitus can be controlled in cats by administering daily insulin injections. Click on the link to learn more. To learn more about diabetes in dogs and cats, check our Pet Health Library. Special thanks to our partners

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Search This Site News :: School board learns of impact of iPads, 1 to 1 laptops at VSHS · 5:19pm January 14th, 2013 Members of the Vinton-Shellsburg School Board saw several demonstrations of how modern computer technology can help with education. Several teachers demonstrated how students are using Apple iPads and laptop computers to create videos, and learn reading and pronunciation skills. But first, the school board members had a chance for some training on their own iPads. The school district has replaced the laptop computers that the school board members used for meetings with iPads. Technology specialist Kim Meyer spent a half hour giving board members basic instructions in how to use the devices. The meeting took place in the library of Tilford Elementary Monday afternoon. District considering 1 to 1 computers at VSHS High School Principal Matt Kingsbury joined Meyer in sharing with the school board their proposal for providing each student at VSHS with his or her own laptop computer. The program would cost $700,000 with the money coming from the PPEL levy; no additional tax revenues would be required. The purchase would be repeated every four years; middle school students would eventually use the computers after the high school students received new ones. Kingsbury said the $700,000 includes computers, carrying bags, security and software. Kingsbury and Meyer told the board why they believe Macintosh computers are better than PCs. VS leaders have spoken about the 1 to 1 computer program with other districts. Students in those schools generally took very good care of their computers. Kingsbury and Meyer said that the tech committee at VSHS is putting together policies governing computer use, as well as possible fees for families if a student accidentally damages a computer. A survey by school officials indicated that 157 people responded that they were in favor of each student having his own computer; 25 respondents said no; and 76 said maybe. Concerns expressed in the survey included the cost of the program, the expense for families of students, and filtering to make sure that students do not use inappropriate web sites. Meyer and Kingsbury explained how current technogology allows the school IT personnel to monitor every computer in the system. The school board heard how students have used already computers to do several projects, including creating radio broadcasts and e-books. Kingsbury said he is working with VSHS staff on setting up training sessions for students and teachers, as well as a meeting for parents; the plan is to have the computers available for the next school year, if the district and board grant final approval. "No decision has been made, but there is some momentum building," said Superintendent Mary Jo Hainstock. Vinton to see 28 percent increase in county landfill fee in 2013 Speech contest season begins; VS hosts WAMAC Large Group event

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The president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, had planned to use his leadership of the G20 this year to highlight some of the needs of the developing world. Instead, the focus of G20 summit in Cannes has been on the threat of a Greek default and destabilization of the eurozone. Europe’s financial crisis affects more than the 27 members of the European Union. “There is a direct relationship between the crisis in Europe and flows of resources to Africa and development efforts around the world,” says Sam Worthington of InterAction, the largest U.S. coalition of non-profit organizations devoted to debt relief and development. “Europe is one of the biggest centers of remittances around the world,” he explained. “As Europe gets poorer, those remittances begin to dry up. European banks have a large presence in Africa, bank credits will also continue to dry up. And as European countries begin to try to deal with their own fiscal crises, one of the first areas where we fear we will see cuts is in official development assistance.” Famine and food prices It’s ironic, Worthington said, that the debt crisis in the eurozone comes at the same time as the first famine of the 21st century in the Horn of Africa, with 13 million people being food insecure and another 750,000 people at risk of starvation. Contributing to the situation is the growing volatility of food prices, an issue that is also to be considered by G20 leaders. U.S. President Barack Obama (L) walks with French President Nicholas Sarkozy, after Obama's arrival at Espace Riviera for the G20 summit in Cannes, France, November 3, 2011. “The solutions being offered here in Cannes,” said Worthington, “are important but not sufficient. One of the big proposals being debated in the communiqué right now are issues of food stocks in West Africa. At this point in time, it looks likely that some form of food reserves will be put in place but only for humanitarian uses in Africa. The broader question of regulation of food prices and the deeper fulfillment of the commitment made by the G8 at L’Aquila for f 22 billion dollars [in development aid] still remains elusive.” Strengthening the safey net Another goal of the G20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. One proposal, back by Microsoft entrepreneur Bill Gates, calls for a tax on international financial transactions. Some countries, including the United States, Britain, Japan and Brazil, oppose the tax. “The UK will clearly not be on board,” said Worthington, “so it will come down to Germany, France and other euro countries, a process that will need to make it through to [European Union headquarters in] Brussels. “It is unlikely France will act alone,” he continued. “We are seeing some support from South Africa and other groups. African countries have largely been silent in support for this tax, but if it is put in place it could generate up to 60 billion dollars in revenues.” He said supporters of tax are using a two-part approach. “The real question is what will be its uses?” he said. “Some in Germany say it should be used to offset deficits within European countries themselves. The battle for the tax itself is a big one. But the bigger battle is will this tax be used as a tool to finance some of the repayment effort s and financial efforts associated with Greece ? The concern of NGOs, he said, is that the poor and development projects will not benefit in the long run. French gendarmes stand near an anti G20 demonstrator who takes part in protest against globalization and tax havens, at the French-Monaco border in Cap d'Ail, November 3, 2011. “Our real cry here in Cannes,” said Worthington, “is that the problems the developed world is currently experiencing should not mean solutions are done on the backs of the world’s poor.” He adds that with global interconnectedness, the answers to the sluggish world economy require inclusive solutions. Inclusive growth means support for development efforts. “The growth in Africa and in other parts of the world are now central to the well-being of people [everywhere],” he said. “So there is now a direct economic relationship between development efforts in Africa, growth in African countries and the longer term global recovery,” said Worthington

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970

Over four years, college tuition, room and board, and textbooks can really add up. Since your time in college can be very expensive, it is important to start practicing good habits when it comes to spending money. Not only will these help you control spending now, but you will become savvier when it comes to saving in the future. Follow these tips to be more frugal on a student budget The first step to becoming more frugal in college is to develop a budget. Determine your monthly income, whether that be from your job or allowance from your parents. Then subtract your monthly expenses, including food, rent, and daily costs. From the remainder, save as much as you can, always leaving yourself a cushion in case you have extra expenses one month. The money left over is for spending. Once you’ve created your budget, stick to it! You’ve probably heard this one before, but dining out in restaurants or even buying fast food can add up quickly. Limit the number of times you dine out each week. This will give you something to look forward to and a chance to spend time with your friends. Instead, be creative when you go grocery shopping. You can try new foods and experiment with cooking by eating at home. Although it’s nice to sit in a coffee shop and enjoy your favorite drink, these beverages are often expensive and not worth their value. Invest in a coffee pot so that you can still get your caffeine fix without the cost. Many shops even sell their coffee packaged in the supermarket. This will last you for a longer time and allow you to get the same coffee you like without spending so much. When it comes to major purchases, like electronics or textbooks, take the time to do your research and find the best deals possible. Use comparison shopping engines that will allow you to compare prices on the products you want. When it comes to textbooks, think about alternative options. Look into ways to buy online, find used books, or even rent textbooks. Digital textbooks are another option to consider, which are usually cheaper than buying the hardcover version of a book. That is not to say that you should spend more, but that you should use cash instead of paying with a debit or credit card. This trick will help you feel more emotionally attached to your money. For every purchase you make, you will be able to see the actual transaction and feel your wallet getting thinner. You will become more aware of your spending and have more of an impulse to control how much you spend. One way to save money at school is to take advantage of free entertainment. College campuses often have active theatre scenes and offer free movies, concerts, and plays. You will also have access to discounts on entertainment using your student ID card. Many museums, movie theatres, and venues offer lower prices to students, so benefit from discount tickets while you can. Part of making smart choices when it comes to spending is knowing when to make substitutions. For every purchase you make, think it through and decide if it’s something you really want. If you can easily think of something you’d rather buy, then this is probably not an item you truly want or need. These tips will help you to better manage your money, not only as a college student, but in the years to come!

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684

Lake Shore Drive in its present incarnation is a relatively recent addition to Chicago’s landscape. Built in pieces over much of the last century, the road was known variously as Leif Erickson Drive and Field Boulevard before it was christened with its current name in 1946. The germ of the idea, however, began in 1882 with Potter Palmer, who wanted the city to build a road along the lakefront to increase property values. And as long as there’s been a Drive there’s been this question about the Drive: To expand or not to expand? And if we expand it, how far north or south should it go? In 1933 Lake Shore Drive was extended from Belmont to Foster. In the ‘50s the road pushed further north to Bryn Mawr, and then to Hollywood Avenue in 1957. On the South Side, there has been talk of expanding Lake Shore Drive into the former U.S. Steel South Works site, currently being redeveloped by Chicago based McCaffery Interests. But conversations about expanding North Lake Shore Drive beyond its current stopping point have been more controversial. The idea was resoundingly rejected in a 2004 referendum in which 90 percent of Rogers Park residents voted against the idea of expansion. Author Neal Samors grew up in Rogers Park and remembers the various LSD expansions. Together with co-author Bernie Judge, Samors tracks the highway’s history in Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive: America’s Most Beautiful Roadway. In the audio above, the two explain why the question of expansion has tended to rouse the ire of many North Siders. Dynamic Range showcases hidden gems unearthed from Chicago Amplified’s vast archive of public events and appears on weekends. Neal Samors and Bernard Judge spoke at an event presented by Chicago Architecture Foundation in January. Click here to hear the event in its entirety.

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391

Study: Most Plastics Leach Hormone-Like Chemicals Most plastic products, from sippy cups to food wraps, can release chemicals that act like the sex hormone estrogen, according to a study in Environmental Health Perspectives. The study found these chemicals even in products that didn't contain BPA, a compound in certain plastics that's been widely criticized because it mimics estrogen. Many plastic products are now marketed as BPA-free, and manufacturers have begun substituting other chemicals whose effects aren't as well known. But it's still unclear whether people are being harmed by BPA or any other so-called estrogenic chemicals in plastics. Most studies of health effects have been done in mice and rats. The new study doesn't look at health risks. It simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen-like chemicals other than BPA. To Fear Or Not To Fear Plastics? Exactly how BPA affects humans, and how serious its effects are, are still very much up for debate. The U.S. government generally advocates caution and more research, but agencies have issued a range of hesitant warnings. The National Toxicology Program, a division of the National Institutes of Health, says it has "some concern" about potential BPA exposures to the brains and prostate glands of fetuses, infants and children. Other agencies say they have lingering, unresolved "questions" about the chemical. Those questions largely circle around how prolonged exposure to the chemical in childhood or adulthood could affect reproduction and growth; how low-dose exposure at sensitive developmental stages could affect children and babies later in life; and how parental exposure could affect the next generation. Studies have shown links between BPA and cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and a host of other illnesses. One major sticking point for scientists is the challenge of drawing conclusions from hundreds of studies, each using different animals (mice and rats among them), doses, and routes of exposure. As the Environmental Protection Agency has noted, "there is controversy about whether effects seen at lower doses in animals are meaningful and relevant to humans." And scientists have also wondered whether rodents are more sensitive to the chemical than us because they metabolize it differently. Last year, the NIH launched a new round of studies, all with the same methodology, designed to answer the some of the niggling questions and help the government provide clearer guidance than it's been able to so far. -- Eliza Barclay The researchers bought more than 450 plastic items from stores including Walmart and Whole Foods. They chose products designed to come in contact with food — things like baby bottles, deli packaging and flexible bags, says George Bittner, one of the study's authors and a professor of biology at the University of Texas, Austin. Then CertiChem, a testing company founded by Bittner, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either saltwater or alcohol to see what came out. The testing showed that more than 70 percent of the products released chemicals that acted like estrogen. And that was before they exposed the stuff to real-world conditions: simulated sunlight, dishwashing and microwaving, Bittner says. "Then, you greatly increase the probability that you're going to get chemicals having estrogenic activity released," he says, adding that more than 95 percent of the products tested positive after undergoing this sort of stress. But what about all those products marketed as BPA-free? That's a claim being made for everything from dog bowls to bento boxes these days. The team concentrated on BPA-free baby bottles and water bottles, Bittner says, "and all of them released chemicals having estrogenic activity." Sometimes the BPA-free products had even more activity than products known to contain BPA. The testing didn't show which chemicals are to blame, which is likely to be frustrating to manufacturers. But Bittner says consumers should be encouraged that at least some plastic products had no estrogen-like activity. He says that shows it is possible to make these products. Early reaction to the study was mixed. Some scientists wondered about the test's reliability. Others noted that wine and many vegetables also can act like estrogen. And a few observed that Bittner has a financial interest in the testing lab and in a company involved in making plastic products that don't release estrogenic chemicals. On the other hand, groups that have warned about the potential dangers of BPA in the past seemed to welcome the new research. "This is really helpful because they took a look at very common products," says Sonya Lunder, a senior analyst at the Environmental Working Group. But the results suggest that concerns about plastics can't be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter, Lunder says. It's a problem for government, she says. "Regulatory agencies need to study the effect of chemicals leaching out of plastic," Lunder says, adding that an EPA program formed more than a decade ago to do this sort of research still hasn't produced many results. Until scientists come up with more definitive answers, Lunder says, worried consumers can follow the old advice to avoid putting those baby bottles and other plastic products in dishwashers or microwaves. "We've long cautioned consumers to avoid extreme heat and cooling for plastics, to discard scratched and worn plastics and we feel like this [study] validates one of our many concerns," she says. MICHELE NORRIS, host: Many of you have been clearing your house of baby bottles and other plastic products because they're made with the chemical BPA. Research has shown that BPA can act like the hormone estrogen, at least in mice and in rats. Now, as NPR's Jon Hamilton reports, a new study finds that even plastics without BPA can release estrogen-like chemicals. JON HAMILTON: Before you toss out your Tupperware, it's worth noting that scientists still don't know whether people are harmed by any of the chemicals coming from plastics. It's just not clear. And the new study doesn't look at health risks. It simply asks whether common plastic products release estrogen-like chemicals other than BPA. That's something George Bittner, a biologist at the University of Texas in Austin, had been wondering for a long time. So he sent a research team to stores, including Wal-Mart and Whole Foods. Their mission: buy a whole bunch of stuff made of plastic, the kind of stuff that might come in contact with food. Mr. GEORGE BITTNER (Biologist, University of Texas at Austin): Baby bottles, deli packaging, flexible bags. HAMILTON: The team came back with more than 450 products. Then CertiChem, a testing company that Bittner founded, chopped up pieces of each product and soaked them in either salt water or alcohol to see what leeched out. Bittner says the tests made one thing clear. Mr. BITTNER: Most plastic products on the market today release chemicals having easily detectible estrogenic activity. HAMILTON: Estrogenic activity means they act like estrogen. Bittner says about 70 percent of the stuff the lab tested released these chemicals, and Bittner says that was before they exposed the stuff to real-world conditions: simulated sunlight, dishwashing and microwaving. Mr. BITTNER: Then, you greatly increase the probability that you're going to get chemicals having estrogenic activity released, in fact, maybe somewhere between 95 to 98 percent. HAMILTON: But what about all those things marketed as BPA-free - you know, dog bowls, bento boxes? Mr. BITTNER: In particular, we've concentrated on baby bottles and water bottles. We've tested them and all of them released chemicals having estrogenic activity. HAMILTON: Sometimes even more than products known to contain BPA. The testing didn't show which chemicals are to blame. That's likely to be frustrating to manufacturers, but Bittner says consumers should be encouraged that at least some plastic products had no estrogen-like activity. He says that shows it can be done. Early reaction to the study was mixed. Some scientists wondered about the test's reliability. Others noted that wine and many vegetables also have estrogenic activity. And they note that Bittner has a financial interest in the testing lab and in a plastics company. But groups that have warned about BPA in the past seemed to welcome the new research. Ms. SONYA LUNDER (Senior Analyst, Environmental Working Group): This is really helpful because they took a look at very common products. HAMILTON: Sonya Lunder is from the Environmental Working Group. She says the results suggest the concerns about plastics can't be solved by worried consumers at the checkout counter. It's a problem for government. Ms. LUNDER: Regulatory agencies like the FDA need to study the effect of chemicals leeching out of plastic. We know the EPA first proposed its hormone disrupter screening program 15 years ago and has made virtually no progress. HAMILTON: Lunder says that until there are more definitive answers, worried consumers can follow the old advice to avoid putting those baby bottles in dishwashers or microwaves. Ms. LUNDER: See, we've long cautioned consumers to avoid extreme heat and cooling for plastics, to discard scratched and worn plastics, and we feel like this validates one of our many concerns. HAMILTON: The new study appears in the online edition of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Jon Hamilton, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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1,993

FR. AYODELE AYENI CsSP April 2, 2012 At the dawn of creation, "the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the waters (Genesis 1.2)." The waters at creation not only manifest the symbolism of water in Christian theology, but also its creational importance. Water sustains life and its absence spells doom or death. The story of Noah and the Ark gives a Christian account of the havoc excessive water may cause, even if there will be a rebuilding or newness that follows. However, wherever water cohabits with the Spirit of God, as we see in Genesis 1.2, creational order unfolds from chaos. The Spirit of God hovering over water gives life and saving effects to water - "Wherever the river goes, every living creature that swarms will live" (Ezekiel 47.9). Water and Spirit have come a long way. In recognition of the association of water with the Spirit, we now say, in the Second Eucharistic Prayer: "Make holy, therefore, these gifts, we pray, by sending down your Spirit upon them like the dewfall." Here again, the Spirit is associated with water, in the form of a dewfall, with the mission of creating something new - the transubstantiation (changing) of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. St. Paul already anticipated this link between water and Spirit when he said: "For in the one Spirit we were all baptized into one body - Jews or Greeks, slaves or free - and we were all made to drink of one Spirit (1 Corinthians 12.13)." What a theological evolution! St. Paul anticipated the theological link between water and spirit. The instructions of God at creation (Genesis 1.1-2.4) brought creation into being, and every creature was given its limits, including water: "I (God) placed the sand as a boundary for the sea, a perpetual barrier that it cannot pass; though the waves toss, they cannot prevail, though they roar, they cannot pass over it" (Jeremiah 5.22). The human person pushed his boundary by "sin of origin," only to discover his frailty. When humans needed regeneration or salvation from their sins, water was readily available: "You (God) set the beams of your chambers on the waters, you make the clouds your chariot, you ride on the wings of the wind. . . . When you send forth your spirit, they are created; and you renew the face of the earth" (Psalm 104.3, 30). Humans can either lose their identity through sin, or have their identity denied them by servitude, like the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt. The restoration of a lost identity comes via redemption. God redeems by re-creating the primeva l state of creation, not necessarily through destruction, but by manifesting his power as creator. With the Israelites, he chose water as the medium of his re-creation. The waters of re-creation originated with the redemption of the Israelites from Egypt, a fact which coincided with their new identity as a people. St. Paul theologized on the crossing of the sea in these words: "I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea" (1 Corinthians 101-3). The birth of a new people, Israel, by the passing through the sea, keeps giving new birth and identity to all who approach the baptismal font, especially on Easter night. The column of light which announces God's presence among the Israelites, symbolized by the paschal candle, and the waters of the sea, represented by the water of Baptism, offer Christians the eternal memorial of God's acts of creation and re-creation. Throughout human history, God never ceases to act. Every Easter season actualizes God's presence and intervention on behalf of his people, in all circumstances of their lives. The baptismal font symbolizes those waters of re-creation. Baptism confers Christian identity to all who receive it, just as the Israelites received their identity before God. Also, since the Israelites received a collective identity as a nation of people, at Baptism, every Christian is incorporated, as an adopted child of God, into the Body of Christ, as a member of the Church. At Easter, we celebrate our individual and collective Christian birthday, our identity and our re-creation or redemption in Christ: "As many of you as were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. (Galatians 3.27-28). Spiritan Father Ayodele Ayeni is a sessional lecturer at Newman Theological College and pastor of Mary Help of Christians (Chinese) Parish in Edmonton.

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1,058

Search: Nuclear chemistry, Darmstadtium, Germany In honour of scientist and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the discovering team around Professor Sigurd Hofmann suggested the name copernicium with the element symbol Cp for the new element 112, discovered at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (Center for Heavy Ion Research) in Darmstadt. It was Copernicus who discovered that the Earth orbits the Sun, thus paving the way for our modern view of the world. Thirteen years ago, element 112 was discovered by an international team of scientists at the GSI accelerator facility. A few weeks ago, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, officially confirmed their discovery. In around six months, IUPAC will officially endorse the new element's name. This period is set to allow the scientific community to discuss the suggested name copernicium before the IUPAC naming. "After IUPAC officially recognized our discovery, we – that is all scientists involved in the discovery – agreed on proposing the name copernicium for the new element 112. We would like to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world", says Sigurd Hofmann, head of the discovering team. Copernicus was born 1473 in Torun; he died 1543 in Frombork, Poland. Working in the field of astronomy, he realized that the planets circle the Sun. His discovery refuted the then accepted belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. His finding was pivotal for the discovery of the gravitational force, which is responsible for the motion of the planets. It also led to the conclusion that the stars are incredibly far away and the universe inconceivably large, as the size and position of the stars does not change even though the Earth is moving. Furthermore, the new world view inspired by Copernicus had an impact on the human self-concept in theology and philosophy: humankind could no longer be seen as the center of the world. With its planets revolving around the Sun on different orbits, the solar system is also a model for other physical systems. The structure of an atom is like a microcosm: its electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like the planets orbit the Sun. Exactly 112 electrons circle the atomic nucleus in an atom of the new element "copernicium". Element 112 is the heaviest element in the periodic table, 277 times heavier than hydrogen. It is produced by a nuclear fusion, when bombarding zinc ions onto a lead target. As the element already decays after a split second, its existence can only be proved with the help of extremely fast and sensitive analysis methods. Twenty-one scientists from Germany, Finland, Russia and Slovakia have been involved in the experiments that led to the discovery of element 112. Since 1981, GSI accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. The discovering teams at GSI already named five of them: element 107 is called bohrium, element 108 hassium, element 109 meitnerium, element 110 darmstadtium, and element 111 is named roentgenium. The new element 112 discovered by GSI has been officially recognized and will be named by the Darmstadt group in due course. Their suggestion should be made public over this summer. The element 112, discovered at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (Centre for Heavy Ion Research) in Darmstadt, has been officially recognized as a new element by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC confirmed the recognition of element 112 in an official letter to the head of the discovering team, Professor Sigurd Hofmann. The letter furthermore asks the discoverers to propose a name for the new element. Their suggestion will be submitted within the next weeks. In about 6 months, after the proposed name has been thoroughly assessed by IUPAC, the element will receive its official name. The new element is approximately 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element in the periodic table. “We are delighted that now the sixth element – and thus all of the elements discovered at GSI during the past 30 years – has been officially recognized. During the next few weeks, the scientists of the discovering team will deliberate on a name for the new element”, says Sigurd Hofmann. 21 scientists from Germany, Finland, Russia and Slovakia were involved in the experiments around the discovery of the new element 112. Since 1981, GSI accelerator experiments have yielded the discovery of six chemical elements, which carry the atomic numbers 107 to 112. GSI has already named their officially recognized elements 107 to 111: element 107 is called Bohrium, element 108 Hassium, element 109 Meitnerium, element 110 Darmstadtium, and element 111 is named Roentgenium. Recommendation for the Naming of Element of Atomic Number 110 Prepared for publication by J. Corish and G. M. Rosenblatt A joint IUPAC-IUPAP Working Party confirms the discovery of element number 110 and this by the collaboration of Hofmann et al. from the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. In accord with IUPAC procedures, the discoverers have proposed a name and symbol for the element. The Inorganic Chemistry Division Committee now recommends this proposal for acceptance. The proposed name is darmstadtium with symbol Ds. This proposal lies within the long established tradition of naming an element after the place of its discovery.

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1,179

AtomMate is a chemistry card game that consists of a deck of 49 playing cards with the names, symbols and facts about the elements of the Periodic Table. It is used to play games that involve making chemical compounds. Designed for students aged 10 and up, it is a grow-with-me game. Beginning students learn the names and symbols of the elements. Intermediate students learn to combine the elements to form molecules and compounds. More advanced students can use the cards to enhance their understanding of simple reactions. Instructions for eight easy games, which range in difficulty from easy to complex, are included. There are several games that may be played with these cards. All games are designed for 2 to 4 players. The deck contains a sub-set of the elements in the periodic table, with repetitions of some elements. Some of the elements have the word TOXIC on them - this gives the card special powers in some of the games. There are 8 non-element cards: 4 reduce and 4 oxidize. These allow the player to make additional moves in some of the games. The following information on the cards may be used to play the games: AtomMate is a game developed by Dr. Carol Brevett who has taught Chemistry at Iowa State University and has been working in industry, including at the DuPont company of Delaware, as a research scientist for over 13 years. She has developed and tested the Atommate games over many years. A must for the chemistry enthusiast, the science scholar, the science-oriented pupil or anyone who wants to play an unusual and novel card game. With each order we'll send you a free silky periodic table bookmark and a free glossy laminated postcard sized periodic table for your noticeboard! Delivery and shipping | Terms and conditions | About us |

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373

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland. In women, LH helps regulate the menstrual cycle and egg production (ovulation); in men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which plays a role in sperm production. Women's LH levels normally vary with the phase of the menstrual cycle, rapidly increasing just before ovulation occurs. This "LH surge" is a dependable sign that a woman is in a fertile time of her cycle. Men's LH levels normally remain constant. Abnormally high or low LH levels can be a sign of an inability to produce eggs or sperm. WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise

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137

You might recognize prominent primatologist Frans de Waal from lectures he has given about his research on primate behavior, which have been popularized on YouTube. His face is familiar to chimpanzees, too; some chimps that he knew as babies still recognize him even after decades apart, he said. "Chimpanzees have the advantage that you cannot ask them questions, so you have to watch (their) behavior to see what they do," says de Waal, director of Emory University's Living Links Center, in his Dutch-accented voice that is both gentle and authoritative. He adds, with dry humor: "With humans, you can ask questions and you get all sorts of answers I don't trust, so I prefer to work with chimpanzees for that reason." Living Links is part of the oldest and largest primate center in the United States: The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, a secluded grassy area in suburban Atlanta where humans work in office trailers and other animals play in open-air compounds. De Waal, who has been at the center for more than 20 years, has made a career out of finding links between primate and human behavior, particularly in the areas of morality and empathy. You might think of "morality" as special for humans, but there are elements of it that are found in the animal kingdom, says de Waal -- namely, fairness and reciprocity. His latest study, published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that chimpanzees may show some of the same sensibility about fairness that humans do. The popular belief that the natural world is based on competition is a simplification, de Waal says. The strength of one's immune system, and the ability to find food, are also crucial. And many animals survive by cooperating. "The struggle for life is not necessarily literally a struggle," he said. "Humans are a highly cooperative species, and we can see in our close relatives where that comes from." Mammals such as wolves, orcas and elephants need their groups to survive, and empathy and cooperation are survival mechanisms. De Waal discusses these mechanisms in his 2009 book "The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society."

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469

Has smallpox really disappeared from The International Vaccination Newsletter, Dec 1997 In 1982, the WHO advised a global vaccination moratorium against the smallpox vaccination because, they said, the disease appeared to have vanished from the earth. For another thing, the side-effects had become too obvious to maintain the traditional guidelines in favour of mass vaccination. There are many questions about the role of the vaccine in the decline of the disease, a point which may be clarified in a later issue of IVN. However, it is questionable whether smallpox really was eradicated as we have been told. Some publications stated that the last smallpox virus had disappeared from this globe. But had it really? Certainly not, since viruses were stored and even used in later experiments as carrier molecules for an experimental AIDS vaccine. Some of the volunteers engaged by the Pasteur Institute died during the experiment from a smallpox-like illness (1). The institute managed to keep the information out of the front pages. A new and embarrassing development was the resurgence of pox-family viruses in Africa, known as the monkeypox. This fact has been known for many years but the public was reassured that this had nothing to do with smallpox and that the human species was safe. Not as safe as we were told, though, since in the Congo in 1970, pox viruses were isolated from humans2 corresponding to the pox viruses found in captive monkeys in 1958 and identified the next year (3). It was baptised monkeypox~. The same virus was isolated from 6 humans in 1959 by Foster. In 1976, Gipsen reported on more cases in Nigeria (4). The terminology of the disease became ever more confusing, since what were at first simply monkeypox are now introduced into literature ashuman monkeypox. What, now, is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? It is interesting to read in a recent article in the Lancet that "Human monkeypox is a systemic exanthem, resembling smallpox, that occurs as a sporadic zoonosis in rural rainforest villages of western and central Africa. The disease is caused by an orthopoxvirus, which is transmitted to human beings by handling infected animals; serosurveys have implicated squirrels ... as the probable reservoir. Secondary human-to-human spread by aerosol or direct contact accounts for about 28% of cases..." (my emphasis) So, let us make a simple addition. This virus is an orthopox virus, which means, literally translated, a real pox virus. This virus spreads among humans causing an exanthem resembling smallpox, and causing disease and death among the infected (between February and August 1996, 71 cases were notified in the Katako-Kombe area in Zaire, 6 of which 4 died from the disease (5). So what is the difference between smallpox and human monkeypox? The difference is a difference in protein structure. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different structures. But what does this really matter it both viruses affect us in the same way, spread in the same way, and cause the same eruptions and the same clinical disease? Scientists do, the victims dont! It is quite odd that the authors do not mention the smallpox vaccination status of the infected. All they mention is that in a preliminary study none of the examined had a scar of smallpox vaccination. Which does not mean that they had not been vaccinated as the vaccine may not have taken. No figures are available about antibodies against smallpox, so that we have no real clue whether, in this study, the vaccine showed any protection against monkeypox or not. Many of the patients described elsewhere were vaccinated. Arita and Henderson (6) found 94 children with facial scarring caused by monkeypox; all except two who also showed scars typical for smallpox vaccination. So the least one can do is to question the protection offered by smallpox vaccination against the new monkey-pox virus. Apparently the new virus is quite infectious, since 42 cases, including 3 deaths, were reported in a small village with only 346 inhabitants. The article further states that "present cluster of cases constitutes a reemergence of human monkeypox on a scale greater in magnitude than the approximate 65 annual cases previously indicated for Kasai Oriental, Bandundu, and Equateur regions from 1981 to 1986" and also that "it contains a more extensive occurrence of person-to-person transmission than previously recognised." The conclusion of the authors is that" Because sequence analyses have indicated that Zairian monkeypox strains have not diverged greatly from the first isolate from the area in 1970 and monkeypox and smallpox variola viruses are independently evolved species (7), notions of monkeypox virus mutating into variola virus are unfounded." This does not sound very reassuring. Former suggestions that "prolonged episodes or sustained cascades of transmission of human monkeypox would be unlikely" (8) do not hold up. Although the smallpox VIRUS appears to have died down a few decades ago, obviously the DISEASE is still present on this earth and able to make a come-back. Whether this is due to the mutation of the original virus or to a new virus that generates the same disease is a question that remains unanswered. Another pillar of the vaccine dogma, its victory over smallpox, has fallen into pieces. 1. Personal communication with a staff member. 2. Mukinda, V.B.K.; et al Reemergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Lancet, 1997; 349:1449-50 3. von Magnus, P.; et al A pox-like disease In cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 1959; 46/2:156-76 4. Gipsen, R.; et al Monkeypoxspecific antibodies in human and simian sera from the ivory Coast and Nigeria. Bull, WHO, 1976; 53; 355-60 5. WHO. Monkeypox, Zaire. Widy Epidemiol Aec, 1996; 71:326 6. Arita, I.; Henderson, D.A.; Monkey-pox and whitepox viruses in West and Central Africa.Bull WHO, 1976; 53:347-53 7. Douglass, N.; Dumbell, K.R.; Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses. J Virol, 1992; 66:7565-7 8. Jezek, Z.; Fenner, F.; Human monkeypox. Monographs In Virology Vol 17, J.L.Melnick, ed. Basel, Switzerland:Karger, 1988 [Vaccination] [Gaublomme] [Smallpox]

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1,391

The National Park Service maintains a number of historic sites associated with black history. Ten of those sites are featured here, each with a link to visitors information from the park service. Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site commemorates the Supreme Court's landmark decision to end segregation in the country's public schools. The Black Heritage Trail on Boston's Beacon Hill pieces together the story of the free African American community that lived here during the decades leading up to and during the Civil War. Fort Davis is important in understanding the presence of African Americans in the West and in the frontier military because the 24th and 25th U.S. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1818, and was given the name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey (Baly), after his mother Harriet Bailey. On October 16, 17, and 18, 1859, John Brown and his "Provisional Army of the United States" took possession of the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry.

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209

First published in 1925, the Winnie the Pooh stories made Pooh into the world’s most loved and trusted bear. Pooh, a bear of “very little brain,” is always searching for honey. The heartwarming tales of Pooh and his friends in 100 Acre Woods were based on the stuffed animals owned by the author’s son, Christopher Robbins. Disney first introduced film audiences to the lovable Pooh in 1966. The Winnie the Pooh key ring collection includes Pooh and his friends gloomy Eeyore, bouncy Tigger, and cute Piglet who tries to be brave. The colorful Pooh key chains are available in two types: traditional pictures of the well-known characters and the young characters as “Disney Cuties.”

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164