text
stringlengths 282
520k
| input_ids
sequencelengths 67
124k
| attention_mask
sequencelengths 67
124k
| length
int64 67
124k
|
|---|---|---|---|
A means of controlling a horse
mostly used in western
riding. For most of history, horses were controlled using the two reins independently
to indicate which direction
you wanted the horse to go. Of course, in the old west
, this caused a problem becuase you might need a hand for say, shooting or roping
. And you know, training your horse to repsond to leg pressure
is just too much work I guess. Insert neck reining.
So basically what you do is train the horse to respond to the pressure of the reins on the neck. The reigns are tied in a knot so it kinda forms a loop. To move the horse right, you move the reins to the right so that the left rein falls against his neck. When the horse feels the rein on the left side of his neck, he is trained to move away from it, hence he goes in the direction you want. And there you go, one handed control with very little pressure on the mouth being invovled.
And now you know. | [
32,
1724,
286,
12755,
257,
8223,
198,
29471,
973,
287,
8830,
198,
81,
2530,
13,
1114,
749,
286,
2106,
11,
14260,
547,
6856,
1262,
262,
734,
35627,
14799,
198,
1462,
7603,
543,
4571,
198,
5832,
2227,
262,
8223,
284,
467,
13,
3226,
1781,
11,
287,
262,
1468,
7421,
198,
11,
428,
4073,
257,
1917,
639,
84,
589,
345,
1244,
761,
257,
1021,
329,
910,
11,
4395,
393,
686,
13886,
198,
13,
843,
345,
760,
11,
3047,
534,
8223,
284,
20982,
623,
284,
1232,
3833,
198,
271,
655,
1165,
881,
670,
314,
4724,
13,
35835,
7393,
302,
3191,
13,
198,
2396,
6209,
644,
345,
466,
318,
4512,
262,
8223,
284,
3031,
284,
262,
3833,
286,
262,
35627,
319,
262,
7393,
13,
383,
13580,
82,
389,
8165,
287,
257,
29654,
523,
340,
17855,
5107,
257,
9052,
13,
1675,
1445,
262,
8223,
826,
11,
345,
1445,
262,
35627,
284,
262,
826,
523,
326,
262,
1364,
6865,
8953,
1028,
465,
7393,
13,
1649,
262,
8223,
5300,
262,
6865,
319,
262,
1364,
1735,
286,
465,
7393,
11,
339,
318,
8776,
284,
1445,
1497,
422,
340,
11,
12891,
339,
2925,
287,
262,
4571,
345,
765,
13,
843,
612,
345,
467,
11,
530,
10158,
1630,
351,
845,
1310,
3833,
319,
262,
5422,
852,
800,
709,
992,
13,
198,
1870,
783,
345,
760,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 217 |
On 26 June 2012 it is the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking.
This important day was created by the United Nations General Assembly to help create a society free of illegal drugs and drug abuse. The date raises awareness of two important world issues -World Drug Day and theBlue Heart Campaign against Human Trafficking.Established in 1987, the day is now in its 25th year and its pro-health campaign is stronger than ever.
Each year the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) selects a theme for the day and this year it is Health.
Events will be held all over the world, from Australia to Vietnam, to look at the effects of drugs in local communities and how we can stop them.
From the dangerous effects of cannabis to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and needle sharing, there will be lots of information available to get educated and join the fight against drug abuse. | [
2202,
2608,
2795,
2321,
340,
318,
262,
4037,
3596,
12914,
11095,
24221,
290,
5821,
3628,
31203,
7958,
13,
198,
1212,
1593,
1110,
373,
2727,
416,
262,
1578,
7973,
3611,
10006,
284,
1037,
2251,
257,
3592,
1479,
286,
5293,
5010,
290,
2563,
5076,
13,
383,
3128,
12073,
9359,
286,
734,
1593,
995,
2428,
532,
10603,
11095,
3596,
290,
262,
14573,
8894,
13718,
1028,
5524,
31203,
7958,
13,
22362,
22555,
287,
12923,
11,
262,
1110,
318,
783,
287,
663,
1679,
400,
614,
290,
663,
386,
12,
13948,
1923,
318,
7387,
621,
1683,
13,
198,
10871,
614,
262,
1578,
7973,
4452,
319,
26722,
290,
10003,
357,
4944,
3727,
34,
8,
40573,
257,
7505,
329,
262,
1110,
290,
428,
614,
340,
318,
3893,
13,
198,
37103,
481,
307,
2714,
477,
625,
262,
995,
11,
422,
4505,
284,
10836,
11,
284,
804,
379,
262,
3048,
286,
5010,
287,
1957,
5348,
290,
703,
356,
460,
2245,
606,
13,
198,
4863,
262,
4923,
3048,
286,
9499,
284,
262,
14196,
286,
10498,
14,
39338,
290,
17598,
7373,
11,
612,
481,
307,
6041,
286,
1321,
1695,
284,
651,
15657,
290,
4654,
262,
1907,
1028,
2563,
5076,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 189 |
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, already keen interest in prayer has increased as part of the frenzied upsurge in religion in general. Topping The New York Times' bestseller list is a small book called The Prayer of Jabez, with "its message that lives can be profoundly changed by the power of prayer." Images bombard us on television regularly of masses of humanity kneeling in supplication, praying to some all-powerful deity. These images only increase the perception that prayer is a potent force in dealing with the world's problems that is endorsed by almost all of humanity.
Many religious people want to cling to the ancient belief in the supernatural, including prayer, and yet accept the conclusions and benefits of modern science. They can't have it both ways. To study the natural world, scientists must have an implicit assumption that it operates only by natural, predictable processes, which cannot be affected arbitrarily by an all-powerful deity.
One of the major ways that scientists provide proof of theories is through well-designed studies, of which the "gold standard" is the large, randomized, prospective, controlled, double-blind type. If such a study could be influenced by a personal god who responded to prayers to change the results, science would be in shambles. There would be no way ever to do a valid experiment since investigators couldn't be sure that someone, somewhere, hadn't uttered a specific or generic prayer that would affect the study. In short, science by its very nature, rejects any influence of prayer on the physical world.
Even though prayer is an irrational concept, could it nevertheless be tested scientifically? Francis Galton, the brilliant and eccentric cousin of Charles Darwin, thought so and gave the idea scientific legitimacy. Galton was the father of biometry and a central figure in the founding of modern statistical analysis. He argued that regardless of how the prayers "may be supposed to operate," the efficacy of prayer . . . is a perfectly appropriate and legitimate subject of scientific inquiry" because it can be tested statistically. He then proceeded to set up such studies.
In one statistical study, Galton examined the longevity of clergy. He reasoned that clergy should be the longest lived of all since they were the most "prayerful class" of all and among the most prayed for. When Galton compared the longevity of eminent clergy with eminent doctors and lawyers, the clergy were the shortest lived of the three groups. In this study of the clergy, he cited a previous study by Guy (Galton wasn't the first to think of analyzing prayer statistically but usually gets the credit) where Guy found prayer did not protect royalty, who were much prayed for, when compared to other members of the aristocracy. In analyzing the data on royalty, Galton concluded: "Sovereigns are literally the shortest lived of all who have the advantage of affluence."
Galton looked for other statistical data. He examined the insurance rates for ships. He reasoned that ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims should have lower rates since frequent praying by the occupants should decrease the number of accidents. He found that the rates were the same; ships carrying missionaries and pilgrims sank just as often as other ships.
Following up on Galton's statistical studies on prayer, Rupert Sheldrake, a Cambridge-trained plant biologist, did one of his own, examining the effects of prayer in India. Most people there prefer having a son, and a tremendous amount of praying goes into the effort to produce one. Sheldrake examined statistics of live male births in India and used data from England as a control where the preference for sons was less strong. He found that in both England and India there were 106 males to 100 females, just as in every other country. He stated, "if this enormous amount of psychic effort and praying of holy men were working, you would expect on average the percentage of live male births to be higher."
Although these statistical studies from the nineteenth century strongly suggest that prayer is not effective, they do not meet the "gold standard" of a completely valid scientific study. The media regularly mention a large number of contemporary studies that supposedly scientifically validate the beneficial effects of prayer on human health. So what is the truth in this matter? Actually, there are only three that meet the "gold standard." Happily, the fact that there are only three studies considerably reduces the amount of information freethinkers need to acquire to refute frequent and erroneous claims.
When we say that a finding in a scientific study is statistically significant, "significant" has a specific statistical meaning. To be considered significant, a finding must be (.05) or less, which means the probability that it could be due to chance is 5 in 100. The main point to appreciate is that this figure, although reasonable, is strictly arbitrary. Therefore, the figure of (.05) is borderline significant, .04 (a probability of 4 in a 100 of being due to chance) is considered significant, and .06 (6 in 100) is considered not significant.
The figure (.05) is the one accepted for "ordinary" scientific studies. But what criterion should be applied in proving a supernatural finding? After all, as the old saw goes, extraordinary claims should require extraordinary proof, and this requirement should especially apply to claims of the supernatural.
The James Randi Educational Foundation has a standing offer of one million dollars to anyone who can demonstrate any supernatural event under carefully controlled scientific conditions. The foundation has never had a single person who even got past the preliminary testing. Its members think that a study that would prove a claim of the supernatural should eliminate the possibility that the result could be by chance, in the range of 1 in 10,000,000, a far cry from 5 in 100.
Robert Park, in his excellent book, Voodoo Science, observes that a characteristic of voodoo science is that there are always very small differences in studies, just barely detectable, and that can't be amplified in further investigations. These barely detectable positive results usually indicate flaws in the studies themselves rather than real findings.
Let's examine in some detail the three studies on intercessory prayer that were large, prospective, randomized, double-blind ones--the only three that pass muster as valid scientific investigations of the effects of prayer on human health. Intercessory prayer (prayer at a distance) was chosen so that the placebo effect of direct prayer would be eliminated. All of these studies were done on coronary care unit (CCU) patients.
The first study was entitled "Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population" by Randolph Byrd, M.D., published in the Southern Medical Journal, July 1988. Dr. Byrd stated:
"My study concerning prayer and patients in a general hospital coronary care unit was designed to answer two questions: (1) Does intercessory prayer to the Judeo-Christian God have any effect on the patient's medical condition and recovery while in the hospital? (2) How are these effects characterized, if present?"
Over ten months, 393 patients admitted to the CCU at San Francisco General Hospital were randomized to an intercessory prayer group (192 patients) or to a control group (201 patients). After randomization, each patient in the prayer group was assigned to three to seven intercessors, who were all "born-again Christians (according to the Gospel of John 3:3)" of various denominations.
Dr. Byrd wrote: "The patients' first name, diagnosis, and general condition, along with pertinent updates on their condition, were given to the intercessors. The intercessory prayer was done outside the hospital daily until the patient was discharged from the hospital. Under the direction of a coordinator, each intercessor was asked to pray daily for a rapid recovery and for prevention of complications and death, in addition to other areas of prayer they believed to be beneficial to the patient."
The results were summarized in "Table 2" of the Byrd study entitled "Results of intercessory Prayer." There was no statistically significant difference between the prayer and control group in these measurements: days in CCU after entry; days in hospital after entry; number of discharge medications. Only when a list of 26 "New Problems, Diagnoses, and Therapeutic Events After Entry" was compiled was any statistically differences found and then only in 6 of the items: congestive heart failure (.03); diuretics (.05); cardiopulmonary arrest (.02); pneumonia (.03); antibiotics (.005); intubation/ ventilation (.002). When Dr. Byrd subjected these items to multivariate analysis (a statistical method of analyzing the overall significance when multiple factors are positive), he found the prayer group to better the control group at the statistically significant level of (.0001).
In "Table 3," "Results of Scoring the Postentry Hospital Course," he constructed three categories, "Good, Intermediate, and Bad," using a self-designed and previously not scientifically validated method. The prayer group bettered the control group at a level of (.01).
Although this study appears to meet the "gold standard" of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation, scientists have pointed out a number of flaws:
The study was not "blinded' in two respects: 1) Janet Greene, the coordinator of the study, on whom Dr. Byrd depended for the collection of data, knew exactly who was being prayed for, and interacted regularly with the patients in the study. 2) "Table 3" was formulated by Dr. Byrd at the request of editors who initially evaluated his paper after the "blinding" had been removed.
There was no difference in clear-cut end points such as days in the CCU, days in the hospital, or mortality between the two groups. Only when complicated statistical analyses were done on a long list of items do any data emerge that favor the prayed-for group--hardly evidence of an all-powerful deity. Also, if prayer had any effect, an overall improvement would be expected. Of the six items where the prayer group did better, four were of borderline statistical significance and only two were clearly significant. Are we to conclude that the deity is only concerned with reducing antibiotic use and ventilating patients in the CCU? This study provides no information on the physicians involved in this study. This information could be important since certain physicians use antibiotics and intubate patients much more readily than others.
The method that Dr. Byrd used in his scoring in "Table 3" had not been validated by any previous studies.
When Irwin Tessman, Ph.D., professor of biological sciences at Purdue University, requested of Dr. Byrd that Dr. Tessman be allowed to review the raw data that went into the study, he was refused. Since Dr. Byrd's claim is one of the supernatural, it would seem appropriate that all aspects of the study be reviewed by independent investigators.
The degree of obvious religiosity communicated by Dr. Byrd raises doubts that he could be completely objective on a scientific investigation of prayer, something that he deeply believes is effective. Under "Acknowledgments" at the end of the paper, he writes: "I thank God for responding to the many prayers made on behalf of the patients."
The second study that appears to meet the "gold standard" for scientific studies is "A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effects of Remote, Intercessory Prayer on Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit" published in the October 25, 1999 edition of the Archives of Internal Medicine. The investigators were William S. Harris, Ph.D., plus eight others of the Mid America Heart Institute. The study was conducted at Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, a private, university-associated hospital.
"The purpose of the present study was to attempt to replicate Byrd's findings by testing the hypothesis that patients who are unknowingly and remotely prayed for by blinded intercessors will experience fewer complications and have a shorter hospital stay than patients not receiving such prayer," admitted the investigators.
The intercessors (five to pray for each patient compared to three to seven in Byrd's study), were to pray for "a speedy recovery with no complications" plus "anything else that seemed appropriate to them." 1013 patients were randomized, 484 to the prayer group and 529 to the usual care group. After removal of those patients who spent less than 24 hours in the CCU (prayer was not started until 24 hours after admission), 524 remained in the usual care group and 466 in the prayer group (a high drop-out rate).
A list of events after entry into the study was compiled, much like the one in the Byrd study, but with 34 events instead of the 26 in the Byrd Study. Again, a scheme was devised to evaluate the overall hospital course, a totally new and untested system, but different from the also new and untested one devised by Byrd. The Harris study scheme was called the Mid America Heart Institute Cardiac Care Unit (MAHI-CCU) Scoring System, and its criteria are presented in "Table 1" of his paper.
The only finding in the Harris study that indicated the prayer group outperformed the control group was in using the MAHI-CCU Scoring System and then only at a probability level of (.04), a figure very close to the cut-off level of (.05).
The Harris study is a much better study than the Byrd study because the number of patients is larger, it appears to be completely blinded, and the degree of religiosity of the investigators appears to be lower (although Dr. Harris supposedly supports the idea of "intelligent design"). Nevertheless, scientific investigators have noted flaws:
1) As already noted, the MAHI-CCU Scoring System has never been previously scientifically validated. Without such validation, any result produced by it is subject to question.
2) The much higher dropout rate in the first 24 hours in the prayer group is a very serious criticism of the study. The statistical probability that this finding would appear by chance is (.001), or 1 chance in a 1000, a statistically very significant finding. This higher dropout rate, since the mortality rate in the two groups was the same, suggests that the prayer group, for unknown reasons, was not quite as ill as the control group since patients discharged within a day often turn out not to have serious problems. If they were a little less ill at the start, we would expect them to have a more favorable course.
3) The conclusions stated in this investigation, as I'll describe shortly, are not justified by the data.
Positive findings in a scientific study are not considered valid until replicated by independent investigators. So did the Harris study replicate the positive findings of the Byrd study? The answer is a resounding no! Of the 6 items in the list of 26 items previously described in the Byrd study where the prayed-for group did better, not one was statistically significant in the Harris study. When the Harris study subjected its data to the same scheme that Byrd had used in his evaluation of the hospital course of the patients (Table 3 in the Byrd study), the Harris study found the difference between the two groups of (.29) was not even close to being statistically significant. The Harris study did replicate the negative findings from the Byrd Study. There was no statistical difference in days in the CCU, days in the hospital, or mortality.
In remarks at the end of the Harris study, the investigators stated: "Our findings support Byrd's conclusions despite the fact that we could not document an effect of prayer using his scoring system." This statement is erroneous. Not only do these findings not support Byrd's conclusions, they directly refute them.
The most recent study and, I believe, the best designed one, was published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings in December 2001, entitled "Intercessory Prayer and Cardiovascular Disease Progression in a Coronary Care Unit Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial." This third "gold standard" study should settle the matter once and for all scientifically. The investigators were Jennifer M. Aviles, M.D., and six others. This trial was done on patients immediately after discharge from the Coronary Care Unit, a time when the intensity of extraneous intercessory praying by family and friends would generally be waning.
Here is their summary of the findings:
"Patients and Methods: In this randomized, controlled trial conducted between 1997 and 1999, a total of 799 coronary care unit patients were randomized at hospital discharge to the intercessory prayer group or to the control group. . . . The primary end point after 26 weeks was any of the following: death, cardiac arrest, rehospitalization for cardiovascular disease, coronary revascularization, or an emergency department visit for cardiovascular disease. Patients were divided into a high-group based on the presence of any of 5 risk factors (age > or = 70 years, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease) or a low-risk group (absence of risk factors) for subsequent primary events."
The investigators summarized their findings as follows:
"Conclusions: As delivered in this study, intercessory prayer had no significant effect on medical outcomes after hospitalization in a coronary care unit." Not even one difference showed up between the control group and the prayed-for group.
The statistical studies from the nineteenth century, and the three CCU studies on prayer are quite consistent with the fact that humanity is wasting a huge amount of time on a procedure that simply doesn't work. Nonetheless, faith in prayer is so pervasive and deeply rooted, you can be sure believers will continue to devise future studies in a desperate effort to confirm their beliefs.
Now that you have the scientific information, don't let the statement that the efficacy of prayer has been proven by scientific studies go unchallenged. It's simply untrue.
James W. Williamson, a retired medical doctor, is a Foundation member from Florida. | [
6385,
262,
7417,
3434,
286,
2693,
1367,
11,
1541,
13795,
1393,
287,
11443,
468,
3220,
355,
636,
286,
262,
22832,
89,
798,
510,
11793,
469,
287,
5737,
287,
2276,
13,
1675,
2105,
383,
968,
1971,
3782,
6,
1266,
32932,
1351,
318,
257,
1402,
1492,
1444,
383,
33189,
286,
24404,
8471,
11,
351,
366,
896,
3275,
326,
3160,
460,
307,
27377,
3421,
416,
262,
1176,
286,
11443,
526,
5382,
35285,
514,
319,
5581,
7987,
286,
14568,
286,
9265,
42687,
287,
802,
10142,
11,
26002,
284,
617,
477,
12,
44548,
26462,
13,
2312,
4263,
691,
2620,
262,
11202,
326,
11443,
318,
257,
16739,
2700,
287,
7219,
351,
262,
995,
338,
2761,
326,
318,
17441,
416,
2048,
477,
286,
9265,
13,
198,
7085,
4158,
661,
765,
284,
36331,
284,
262,
6156,
4901,
287,
262,
22239,
11,
1390,
11443,
11,
290,
1865,
2453,
262,
13242,
290,
4034,
286,
3660,
3783,
13,
1119,
460,
470,
423,
340,
1111,
2842,
13,
1675,
2050,
262,
3288,
995,
11,
5519,
1276,
423,
281,
16992,
13196,
326,
340,
14051,
691,
416,
3288,
11,
20039,
7767,
11,
543,
2314,
307,
5676,
40647,
416,
281,
477,
12,
44548,
26462,
13,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
1688,
2842,
326,
5519,
2148,
6617,
286,
10946,
318,
832,
880,
12,
30473,
3640,
11,
286,
543,
262,
366,
24267,
3210,
1,
318,
262,
1588,
11,
23925,
11,
17530,
11,
6856,
11,
4274,
12,
27461,
2099,
13,
1002,
884,
257,
2050,
714,
307,
12824,
416,
257,
2614,
5770,
508,
7082,
284,
15707,
284,
1487,
262,
2482,
11,
3783,
561,
307,
287,
427,
4131,
829,
13,
1318,
561,
307,
645,
835,
1683,
284,
466,
257,
4938,
6306,
1201,
10093,
3521,
470,
307,
1654,
326,
2130,
11,
7382,
11,
8020,
470,
36144,
257,
2176,
393,
14276,
11443,
326,
561,
2689,
262,
2050,
13,
554,
1790,
11,
3783,
416,
663,
845,
3450,
11,
28317,
597,
4588,
286,
11443,
319,
262,
3518,
995,
13,
198,
6104,
996,
11443,
318,
281,
25086,
3721,
11,
714,
340,
19032,
307,
6789,
32627,
30,
12155,
5027,
1122,
11,
262,
10457,
290,
29303,
16933,
286,
7516,
21450,
11,
1807,
523,
290,
2921,
262,
2126,
5654,
22726,
13,
5027,
1122,
373,
262,
2988,
286,
3182,
15748,
290,
257,
4318,
3785,
287,
262,
16636,
286,
3660,
13905,
3781,
13,
679,
7189,
326,
7692,
286,
703,
262,
15707,
366,
11261,
307,
4385,
284,
8076,
553,
262,
20179,
286,
11443,
764,
764,
764,
318,
257,
7138,
5035,
290,
9829,
2426,
286,
5654,
12069,
1,
780,
340,
460,
307,
6789,
19941,
13,
679,
788,
18814,
284,
900,
510,
884,
3640,
13,
198,
818,
530,
13905,
2050,
11,
5027,
1122,
11068,
262,
28188,
286,
26014,
13,
679,
37857,
326,
26014,
815,
307,
262,
14069,
5615,
286,
477,
1201,
484,
547,
262,
749,
366,
1050,
2794,
913,
1398,
1,
286,
477,
290,
1871,
262,
749,
32168,
329,
13,
1649,
5027,
1122,
3688,
262,
28188,
286,
37820,
26014,
351,
37820,
7519,
290,
9326,
11,
262,
26014,
547,
262,
35581,
5615,
286,
262,
1115,
2628,
13,
554,
428,
2050,
286,
262,
26014,
11,
339,
9181,
257,
2180,
2050,
416,
13145,
357,
26552,
1122,
2492,
470,
262,
717,
284,
892,
286,
22712,
11443,
19941,
475,
3221,
3011,
262,
3884,
8,
810,
13145,
1043,
11443,
750,
407,
1805,
29359,
11,
508,
547,
881,
32168,
329,
11,
618,
3688,
284,
584,
1866,
286,
262,
50025,
13,
554,
22712,
262,
1366,
319,
29359,
11,
5027,
1122,
8391,
25,
366,
50,
33518,
570,
82,
389,
7360,
262,
35581,
5615,
286,
477,
508,
423,
262,
4621,
286,
1527,
23079,
526,
198,
26552,
1122,
3114,
329,
584,
13905,
1366,
13,
679,
11068,
262,
5096,
3965,
329,
7937,
13,
679,
37857,
326,
7937,
6872,
37458,
290,
42408,
815,
423,
2793,
3965,
1201,
10792,
26002,
416,
262,
35242,
815,
10070,
262,
1271,
286,
17390,
13,
679,
1043,
326,
262,
3965,
547,
262,
976,
26,
7937,
6872,
37458,
290,
42408,
30895,
655,
355,
1690,
355,
584,
7937,
13,
198,
14291,
510,
319,
5027,
1122,
338,
13905,
3640,
319,
11443,
11,
34315,
1375,
335,
33788,
11,
257,
14457,
12,
35311,
4618,
35261,
11,
750,
530,
286,
465,
898,
11,
17247,
262,
3048,
286,
11443,
287,
3794,
13,
4042,
661,
612,
4702,
1719,
257,
3367,
11,
290,
257,
12465,
2033,
286,
26002,
2925,
656,
262,
3626,
284,
4439,
530,
13,
1375,
335,
33788,
11068,
7869,
286,
2107,
4257,
27244,
287,
3794,
290,
973,
1366,
422,
4492,
355,
257,
1630,
810,
262,
12741,
329,
11989,
373,
1342,
1913,
13,
679,
1043,
326,
287,
1111,
4492,
290,
3794,
612,
547,
15696,
10835,
284,
1802,
12366,
11,
655,
355,
287,
790,
584,
1499,
13,
679,
5081,
11,
366,
361,
428,
9812,
2033,
286,
25058,
3626,
290,
26002,
286,
11386,
1450,
547,
1762,
11,
345,
561,
1607,
319,
2811,
262,
5873,
286,
2107,
4257,
27244,
284,
307,
2440,
526,
198,
7003,
777,
13905,
3640,
422,
262,
29666,
4289,
7634,
1950,
326,
11443,
318,
407,
4050,
11,
484,
466,
407,
1826,
262,
366,
24267,
3210,
1,
286,
257,
3190,
4938,
5654,
2050,
13,
383,
2056,
7987,
3068,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
11811,
3640,
326,
13519,
32627,
26571,
262,
13205,
3048,
286,
11443,
319,
1692,
1535,
13,
1406,
644,
318,
262,
3872,
287,
428,
2300,
30,
18689,
11,
612,
389,
691,
1115,
326,
1826,
262,
366,
24267,
3210,
526,
18321,
813,
11,
262,
1109,
326,
612,
389,
691,
1115,
3640,
15394,
12850,
262,
2033,
286,
1321,
2030,
2788,
676,
364,
761,
284,
12831,
284,
45071,
10792,
290,
35366,
3667,
13,
198,
2215,
356,
910,
326,
257,
4917,
287,
257,
5654,
2050,
318,
19941,
2383,
11,
366,
36591,
1,
468,
257,
2176,
13905,
3616,
13,
1675,
307,
3177,
2383,
11,
257,
4917,
1276,
307,
20262,
2713,
8,
393,
1342,
11,
543,
1724,
262,
12867,
326,
340,
714,
307,
2233,
284,
2863,
318,
642,
287,
1802,
13,
383,
1388,
966,
284,
9144,
318,
326,
428,
3785,
11,
3584,
6397,
11,
318,
14084,
14977,
13,
8447,
11,
262,
3785,
286,
20262,
2713,
8,
318,
38422,
2383,
11,
764,
3023,
357,
64,
12867,
286,
604,
287,
257,
1802,
286,
852,
2233,
284,
2863,
8,
318,
3177,
2383,
11,
290,
764,
3312,
357,
21,
287,
1802,
8,
318,
3177,
407,
2383,
13,
198,
464,
3785,
20262,
2713,
8,
318,
262,
530,
6292,
329,
366,
35947,
1,
5654,
3640,
13,
887,
644,
34054,
815,
307,
5625,
287,
17742,
257,
22239,
4917,
30,
2293,
477,
11,
355,
262,
1468,
2497,
2925,
11,
11359,
3667,
815,
2421,
11359,
6617,
11,
290,
428,
9079,
815,
2592,
4174,
284,
3667,
286,
262,
22239,
13,
198,
464,
3700,
8790,
72,
30038,
5693,
468,
257,
5055,
2897,
286,
530,
1510,
5054,
284,
2687,
508,
460,
10176,
597,
22239,
1785,
739,
7773,
6856,
5654,
3403,
13,
383,
8489,
468,
1239,
550,
257,
2060,
1048,
508,
772,
1392,
1613,
262,
15223,
4856,
13,
6363,
1866,
892,
326,
257,
2050,
326,
561,
5879,
257,
1624,
286,
262,
22239,
815,
11005,
262,
5885,
326,
262,
1255,
714,
307,
416,
2863,
11,
287,
262,
2837,
286,
352,
287,
838,
11,
830,
11,
830,
11,
257,
1290,
3960,
422,
642,
287,
1802,
13,
198,
19156,
3250,
11,
287,
465,
6275,
1492,
11,
569,
36038,
5800,
11,
34526,
326,
257,
16704,
286,
410,
36038,
3783,
318,
326,
612,
389,
1464,
845,
1402,
5400,
287,
3640,
11,
655,
8523,
44187,
11,
290,
326,
460,
470,
307,
37479,
287,
2252,
10986,
13,
2312,
8523,
44187,
3967,
2482,
3221,
7603,
17978,
287,
262,
3640,
2405,
2138,
621,
1103,
6373,
13,
198,
5756,
338,
10716,
287,
617,
3703,
262,
1115,
3640,
319,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
326,
547,
1588,
11,
17530,
11,
23925,
11,
4274,
12,
27461,
3392,
438,
1169,
691,
1115,
326,
1208,
36394,
355,
4938,
5654,
10986,
286,
262,
3048,
286,
11443,
319,
1692,
1535,
13,
4225,
919,
652,
11443,
357,
1050,
2794,
379,
257,
5253,
8,
373,
7147,
523,
326,
262,
17651,
1245,
286,
1277,
11443,
561,
307,
15254,
13,
1439,
286,
777,
3640,
547,
1760,
319,
37151,
1337,
4326,
357,
4093,
52,
8,
3871,
13,
198,
464,
717,
2050,
373,
9080,
366,
21604,
1800,
12634,
1758,
18089,
17417,
286,
4225,
919,
652,
33189,
287,
257,
2744,
261,
560,
7276,
11801,
20133,
1,
416,
39845,
44972,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
3199,
287,
262,
8050,
8366,
4913,
11,
2901,
12122,
13,
1583,
13,
44972,
5081,
25,
198,
1,
3666,
2050,
9305,
11443,
290,
3871,
287,
257,
2276,
4436,
37151,
1337,
4326,
373,
3562,
284,
3280,
734,
2683,
25,
357,
16,
8,
8314,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
284,
262,
30044,
78,
12,
20298,
1793,
423,
597,
1245,
319,
262,
5827,
338,
3315,
4006,
290,
7628,
981,
287,
262,
4436,
30,
357,
17,
8,
1374,
389,
777,
3048,
16264,
11,
611,
1944,
1701,
198,
5886,
3478,
1933,
11,
5014,
18,
3871,
6848,
284,
262,
12624,
52,
379,
2986,
6033,
3611,
9256,
547,
23925,
284,
281,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
1448,
357,
17477,
3871,
8,
393,
284,
257,
1630,
1448,
357,
1264,
3871,
737,
2293,
4738,
1634,
11,
1123,
5827,
287,
262,
11443,
1448,
373,
8686,
284,
1115,
284,
3598,
987,
919,
669,
11,
508,
547,
477,
366,
6286,
12,
17776,
9316,
357,
38169,
284,
262,
23244,
286,
1757,
513,
25,
18,
16725,
286,
2972,
49735,
13,
198,
6187,
13,
44972,
2630,
25,
366,
464,
3871,
6,
717,
1438,
11,
13669,
11,
290,
2276,
4006,
11,
1863,
351,
35268,
5992,
319,
511,
4006,
11,
547,
1813,
284,
262,
987,
919,
669,
13,
383,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
373,
1760,
2354,
262,
4436,
4445,
1566,
262,
5827,
373,
26476,
422,
262,
4436,
13,
4698,
262,
4571,
286,
257,
16052,
11,
1123,
987,
919,
273,
373,
1965,
284,
12472,
4445,
329,
257,
5801,
7628,
290,
329,
14196,
286,
19481,
290,
1918,
11,
287,
3090,
284,
584,
3006,
286,
11443,
484,
4762,
284,
307,
13205,
284,
262,
5827,
526,
198,
464,
2482,
547,
31880,
287,
366,
10962,
362,
1,
286,
262,
44972,
2050,
9080,
366,
25468,
286,
987,
919,
652,
33189,
526,
1318,
373,
645,
19941,
2383,
3580,
1022,
262,
11443,
290,
1630,
1448,
287,
777,
13871,
25,
1528,
287,
12624,
52,
706,
5726,
26,
1528,
287,
4436,
706,
5726,
26,
1271,
286,
17655,
17638,
13,
5514,
618,
257,
1351,
286,
2608,
366,
3791,
32093,
11,
31549,
4629,
11,
290,
12634,
1758,
18089,
18715,
2293,
21617,
1,
373,
14102,
373,
597,
19941,
5400,
1043,
290,
788,
691,
287,
718,
286,
262,
3709,
25,
22791,
425,
2612,
5287,
20262,
3070,
1776,
2566,
495,
14094,
20262,
2713,
1776,
2657,
14922,
377,
36639,
3251,
20262,
2999,
1776,
35647,
20262,
3070,
1776,
22392,
20262,
22544,
1776,
493,
549,
341,
14,
34834,
20262,
21601,
737,
1649,
1583,
13,
44972,
16164,
777,
3709,
284,
1963,
42524,
3781,
357,
64,
13905,
2446,
286,
22712,
262,
4045,
12085,
618,
3294,
5087,
389,
3967,
828,
339,
1043,
262,
11443,
1448,
284,
1365,
262,
1630,
1448,
379,
262,
19941,
2383,
1241,
286,
20262,
18005,
737,
198,
818,
366,
10962,
513,
553,
366,
25468,
286,
1446,
3255,
262,
2947,
13000,
9256,
20537,
553,
339,
12006,
1115,
9376,
11,
366,
10248,
11,
42540,
11,
290,
7772,
553,
1262,
257,
2116,
12,
30473,
290,
4271,
407,
32627,
31031,
2446,
13,
383,
11443,
1448,
731,
4400,
262,
1630,
1448,
379,
257,
1241,
286,
20262,
486,
737,
198,
7003,
428,
2050,
3568,
284,
1826,
262,
366,
24267,
3210,
1,
286,
257,
1588,
11,
17530,
11,
23925,
11,
4274,
12,
27461,
3645,
11,
5519,
423,
6235,
503,
257,
1271,
286,
17978,
25,
198,
464,
2050,
373,
407,
366,
27461,
276,
6,
287,
734,
19410,
25,
352,
8,
28111,
28132,
11,
262,
16052,
286,
262,
2050,
11,
319,
4150,
1583,
13,
44972,
33785,
329,
262,
4947,
286,
1366,
11,
2993,
3446,
508,
373,
852,
32168,
329,
11,
290,
49236,
7987,
351,
262,
3871,
287,
262,
2050,
13,
362,
8,
366,
10962,
513,
1,
373,
34391,
416,
1583,
13,
44972,
379,
262,
2581,
286,
15719,
508,
7317,
16726,
465,
3348,
706,
262,
366,
2436,
6020,
1,
550,
587,
4615,
13,
198,
1858,
373,
645,
3580,
287,
1598,
12,
8968,
886,
2173,
884,
355,
1528,
287,
262,
12624,
52,
11,
1528,
287,
262,
4436,
11,
393,
12430,
1022,
262,
734,
2628,
13,
5514,
618,
8253,
13905,
13523,
547,
1760,
319,
257,
890,
1351,
286,
3709,
466,
597,
1366,
14740,
326,
2661,
262,
32168,
12,
1640,
1448,
438,
10424,
306,
2370,
286,
281,
477,
12,
44548,
26462,
13,
4418,
11,
611,
11443,
550,
597,
1245,
11,
281,
4045,
9025,
561,
307,
2938,
13,
3226,
262,
2237,
3709,
810,
262,
11443,
1448,
750,
1365,
11,
1440,
547,
286,
38422,
13905,
12085,
290,
691,
734,
547,
4084,
2383,
13,
4231,
356,
284,
13796,
326,
262,
26462,
318,
691,
5213,
351,
8868,
29883,
779,
290,
7435,
346,
803,
3871,
287,
262,
12624,
52,
30,
770,
2050,
3769,
645,
1321,
319,
262,
17206,
2950,
287,
428,
2050,
13,
770,
1321,
714,
307,
1593,
1201,
1728,
17206,
779,
22392,
290,
493,
549,
378,
3871,
881,
517,
14704,
621,
1854,
13,
198,
464,
2446,
326,
1583,
13,
44972,
973,
287,
465,
9689,
287,
366,
10962,
513,
1,
550,
407,
587,
31031,
416,
597,
2180,
3640,
13,
198,
2215,
48470,
39412,
805,
11,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
6240,
286,
10685,
19838,
379,
34699,
2059,
11,
9167,
286,
1583,
13,
44972,
326,
1583,
13,
39412,
805,
307,
3142,
284,
2423,
262,
8246,
1366,
326,
1816,
656,
262,
2050,
11,
339,
373,
6520,
13,
4619,
1583,
13,
44972,
338,
1624,
318,
530,
286,
262,
22239,
11,
340,
561,
1283,
5035,
326,
477,
7612,
286,
262,
2050,
307,
11765,
416,
4795,
10093,
13,
198,
464,
4922,
286,
3489,
2789,
15023,
28412,
416,
1583,
13,
44972,
12073,
17188,
326,
339,
714,
307,
3190,
9432,
319,
257,
5654,
3645,
286,
11443,
11,
1223,
326,
339,
7744,
5804,
318,
4050,
13,
4698,
366,
39482,
11726,
1,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
3348,
11,
339,
6797,
25,
366,
40,
5875,
1793,
329,
14409,
284,
262,
867,
15707,
925,
319,
8378,
286,
262,
3871,
526,
198,
464,
1218,
2050,
326,
3568,
284,
1826,
262,
366,
24267,
3210,
1,
329,
5654,
3640,
318,
366,
32,
14534,
1143,
11,
43253,
21960,
286,
262,
17417,
286,
21520,
11,
4225,
919,
652,
33189,
319,
3806,
8988,
287,
28021,
1215,
3291,
284,
262,
2744,
261,
560,
7276,
11801,
1,
3199,
287,
262,
3267,
1679,
11,
7358,
8313,
286,
262,
22275,
286,
18628,
11558,
13,
383,
10093,
547,
3977,
311,
13,
10026,
11,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
5556,
3624,
1854,
286,
262,
7215,
2253,
8894,
5136,
13,
383,
2050,
373,
5952,
379,
9281,
11336,
338,
9256,
11,
9470,
2254,
11,
11565,
11,
257,
2839,
11,
6403,
12,
32852,
4436,
13,
198,
1,
464,
4007,
286,
262,
1944,
2050,
373,
284,
2230,
284,
24340,
44972,
338,
6373,
416,
4856,
262,
14078,
326,
3871,
508,
389,
39472,
4420,
290,
19863,
32168,
329,
416,
38497,
987,
919,
669,
481,
1998,
7380,
19481,
290,
423,
257,
12238,
4436,
2652,
621,
3871,
407,
6464,
884,
11443,
553,
6848,
262,
10093,
13,
198,
464,
987,
919,
669,
357,
13261,
284,
12472,
329,
1123,
5827,
3688,
284,
1115,
284,
3598,
287,
44972,
338,
2050,
828,
547,
284,
12472,
329,
366,
64,
35564,
7628,
351,
645,
19481,
1,
5556,
366,
49459,
2073,
326,
3947,
5035,
284,
606,
526,
8949,
18,
3871,
547,
23925,
11,
4764,
19,
284,
262,
11443,
1448,
290,
49888,
284,
262,
6678,
1337,
1448,
13,
2293,
9934,
286,
883,
3871,
508,
3377,
1342,
621,
1987,
2250,
287,
262,
12624,
52,
357,
1050,
2794,
373,
407,
2067,
1566,
1987,
2250,
706,
13938,
828,
642,
1731,
6150,
287,
262,
6678,
1337,
1448,
290,
604,
2791,
287,
262,
11443,
1448,
357,
64,
1029,
4268,
12,
448,
2494,
737,
198,
32,
1351,
286,
2995,
706,
5726,
656,
262,
2050,
373,
14102,
11,
881,
588,
262,
530,
287,
262,
44972,
2050,
11,
475,
351,
4974,
2995,
2427,
286,
262,
2608,
287,
262,
44972,
12481,
13,
6521,
11,
257,
7791,
373,
28964,
284,
13446,
262,
4045,
4436,
1781,
11,
257,
6635,
649,
290,
1418,
7287,
1080,
11,
475,
1180,
422,
262,
635,
649,
290,
1418,
7287,
530,
28964,
416,
44972,
13,
383,
10026,
2050,
7791,
373,
1444,
262,
7215,
2253,
8894,
5136,
5172,
9607,
7276,
11801,
357,
5673,
25374,
12,
4093,
52,
8,
1446,
3255,
4482,
11,
290,
663,
9987,
389,
5545,
287,
366,
10962,
352,
1,
286,
465,
3348,
13,
198,
464,
691,
4917,
287,
262,
10026,
2050,
326,
8203,
262,
11443,
1448,
33597,
12214,
262,
1630,
1448,
373,
287,
1262,
262,
8779,
25374,
12,
4093,
52,
1446,
3255,
4482,
290,
788,
691,
379,
257,
12867,
1241,
286,
20262,
3023,
828,
257,
3785,
845,
1969,
284,
262,
2005,
12,
2364,
1241,
286,
20262,
2713,
737,
198,
464,
10026,
2050,
318,
257,
881,
1365,
2050,
621,
262,
44972,
2050,
780,
262,
1271,
286,
3871,
318,
4025,
11,
340,
3568,
284,
307,
3190,
38497,
11,
290,
262,
4922,
286,
2789,
15023,
286,
262,
10093,
3568,
284,
307,
2793,
357,
16670,
1583,
13,
10026,
13519,
6971,
262,
2126,
286,
366,
600,
32940,
1486,
11074,
15933,
11,
5654,
10093,
423,
4367,
17978,
25,
198,
16,
8,
1081,
1541,
4367,
11,
262,
8779,
25374,
12,
4093,
52,
1446,
3255,
4482,
468,
1239,
587,
4271,
32627,
31031,
13,
9170,
884,
21201,
11,
597,
1255,
4635,
416,
340,
318,
2426,
284,
1808,
13,
198,
17,
8,
383,
881,
2440,
4268,
448,
2494,
287,
262,
717,
1987,
2250,
287,
262,
11443,
1448,
318,
257,
845,
2726,
7734,
286,
262,
2050,
13,
383,
13905,
12867,
326,
428,
4917,
561,
1656,
416,
2863,
318,
20262,
8298,
828,
393,
352,
2863,
287,
257,
8576,
11,
257,
19941,
845,
2383,
4917,
13,
770,
2440,
4268,
448,
2494,
11,
1201,
262,
12430,
2494,
287,
262,
734,
2628,
373,
262,
976,
11,
5644,
326,
262,
11443,
1448,
11,
329,
6439,
3840,
11,
373,
407,
2407,
355,
2801,
355,
262,
1630,
1448,
1201,
3871,
26476,
1626,
257,
1110,
1690,
1210,
503,
407,
284,
423,
2726,
2761,
13,
1002,
484,
547,
257,
1310,
1342,
2801,
379,
262,
923,
11,
356,
561,
1607,
606,
284,
423,
257,
517,
17070,
1781,
13,
198,
18,
8,
383,
13242,
5081,
287,
428,
3645,
11,
355,
314,
1183,
6901,
8972,
11,
389,
407,
14460,
416,
262,
1366,
13,
198,
21604,
1800,
6373,
287,
257,
5654,
2050,
389,
407,
3177,
4938,
1566,
35108,
416,
4795,
10093,
13,
1406,
750,
262,
10026,
2050,
24340,
262,
3967,
6373,
286,
262,
44972,
2050,
30,
383,
3280,
318,
257,
581,
9969,
645,
0,
3226,
262,
718,
3709,
287,
262,
1351,
286,
2608,
3709,
4271,
3417,
287,
262,
44972,
2050,
810,
262,
32168,
12,
1640,
1448,
750,
1365,
11,
407,
530,
373,
19941,
2383,
287,
262,
10026,
2050,
13,
1649,
262,
10026,
2050,
16164,
663,
1366,
284,
262,
976,
7791,
326,
44972,
550,
973,
287,
465,
12660,
286,
262,
4436,
1781,
286,
262,
3871,
357,
10962,
513,
287,
262,
44972,
2050,
828,
262,
10026,
2050,
1043,
262,
3580,
1022,
262,
734,
2628,
286,
20262,
1959,
8,
373,
407,
772,
1969,
284,
852,
19941,
2383,
13,
383,
10026,
2050,
750,
24340,
262,
4633,
6373,
422,
262,
44972,
12481,
13,
1318,
373,
645,
13905,
3580,
287,
1528,
287,
262,
12624,
52,
11,
1528,
287,
262,
4436,
11,
393,
12430,
13,
198,
818,
10252,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
10026,
2050,
11,
262,
10093,
5081,
25,
366,
5122,
6373,
1104,
44972,
338,
13242,
3805,
262,
1109,
326,
356,
714,
407,
3188,
281,
1245,
286,
11443,
1262,
465,
9689,
1080,
526,
770,
2643,
318,
35366,
13,
1892,
691,
466,
777,
6373,
407,
1104,
44972,
338,
13242,
11,
484,
3264,
45071,
606,
13,
198,
464,
749,
2274,
2050,
290,
11,
314,
1975,
11,
262,
1266,
3562,
530,
11,
373,
3199,
287,
262,
32987,
26690,
30641,
287,
3426,
5878,
11,
9080,
366,
9492,
919,
652,
33189,
290,
5172,
19381,
17344,
1041,
32383,
287,
257,
2744,
261,
560,
7276,
11801,
20133,
25,
317,
14534,
1143,
43253,
21960,
526,
770,
2368,
366,
24267,
3210,
1,
2050,
815,
12259,
262,
2300,
1752,
290,
329,
477,
32627,
13,
383,
10093,
547,
16348,
337,
13,
5184,
2915,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
290,
2237,
1854,
13,
770,
4473,
373,
1760,
319,
3871,
3393,
706,
17655,
422,
262,
2744,
261,
560,
7276,
11801,
11,
257,
640,
618,
262,
12245,
286,
22820,
11655,
987,
919,
652,
26002,
416,
1641,
290,
2460,
561,
4143,
307,
50073,
13,
198,
4342,
318,
511,
10638,
286,
262,
6373,
25,
198,
1,
12130,
2334,
290,
25458,
25,
554,
428,
23925,
11,
6856,
4473,
5952,
1022,
8309,
290,
7358,
11,
257,
2472,
286,
767,
2079,
37151,
1337,
4326,
3871,
547,
23925,
379,
4436,
17655,
284,
262,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
1448,
393,
284,
262,
1630,
1448,
13,
764,
764,
764,
383,
4165,
886,
966,
706,
2608,
2745,
373,
597,
286,
262,
1708,
25,
1918,
11,
26077,
3251,
11,
302,
49257,
1634,
329,
21134,
4369,
11,
37151,
2710,
14767,
1634,
11,
393,
281,
6334,
5011,
3187,
329,
21134,
4369,
13,
28021,
547,
9086,
656,
257,
1029,
12,
8094,
1912,
319,
262,
4931,
286,
597,
286,
642,
2526,
5087,
357,
496,
1875,
393,
796,
4317,
812,
11,
12593,
33748,
17506,
11,
3161,
616,
44412,
498,
1167,
283,
596,
11,
6736,
7957,
85,
14767,
4369,
11,
393,
25514,
39495,
4369,
8,
393,
257,
1877,
12,
19121,
1448,
357,
8937,
594,
286,
2526,
5087,
8,
329,
8840,
4165,
2995,
526,
198,
464,
10093,
31880,
511,
6373,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
1,
3103,
11539,
25,
1081,
6793,
287,
428,
2050,
11,
987,
919,
652,
11443,
550,
645,
2383,
1245,
319,
3315,
10906,
706,
4436,
1634,
287,
257,
37151,
1337,
4326,
526,
1892,
772,
530,
3580,
3751,
510,
1022,
262,
1630,
1448,
290,
262,
32168,
12,
1640,
1448,
13,
198,
464,
13905,
3640,
422,
262,
29666,
4289,
11,
290,
262,
1115,
12624,
52,
3640,
319,
11443,
389,
2407,
6414,
351,
262,
1109,
326,
9265,
318,
24430,
257,
3236,
2033,
286,
640,
319,
257,
8771,
326,
2391,
1595,
470,
670,
13,
27251,
11,
4562,
287,
11443,
318,
523,
29280,
290,
7744,
19459,
11,
345,
460,
307,
1654,
23142,
481,
2555,
284,
44668,
2003,
3640,
287,
257,
12111,
3626,
284,
6216,
511,
9056,
13,
198,
3844,
326,
345,
423,
262,
5654,
1321,
11,
836,
470,
1309,
262,
2643,
326,
262,
20179,
286,
11443,
468,
587,
9157,
416,
5654,
3640,
467,
16258,
439,
47422,
13,
632,
338,
2391,
35212,
13,
198,
14731,
370,
13,
34974,
11,
257,
9880,
3315,
6253,
11,
318,
257,
5693,
2888,
422,
4744,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,684 |
Many people are confused about the concepts in DBus. This page gives an analogy to the web which should help to explain things.
- unique bus name
- well-known bus name
- object path
- method name
- in parameters
- out parameters
Web Server Analogy
- unique bus name is like an IP address. In particular it is dynamic.
- well-known bus name is like a hostname. It can be held by different programs at different times, but they should all implement the same API
- object path is like the path on the server
- interface/method name is like GET or POST
- in parameters are like like GET/POST variables
- out parameters are like the page which is returned.
Object-Oriented Language Analogy
- an object path refers to an object, such as a java.lang.Object
- an interface is exactly like a Java interface
- in parameters are method arguments
- out parameters are method return values
- unique bus name identifies the running process or application uniquely (these bus names are never re-used by a different process)
- well-known bus name is a "symlink" that points to the process providing a particular API
- an API is made up of objects that are expected to exist, which are expected to implement certain interfaces
- see also http://log.ometer.com/2007-05.html#17 | [
7085,
661,
389,
10416,
546,
262,
10838,
287,
360,
16286,
13,
770,
2443,
3607,
281,
23970,
284,
262,
3992,
543,
815,
1037,
284,
4727,
1243,
13,
198,
12,
3748,
1323,
1438,
198,
12,
880,
12,
4002,
1323,
1438,
198,
12,
2134,
3108,
198,
12,
2446,
1438,
198,
12,
287,
10007,
198,
12,
503,
10007,
198,
13908,
9652,
1052,
48909,
198,
12,
3748,
1323,
1438,
318,
588,
281,
6101,
2209,
13,
554,
1948,
340,
318,
8925,
13,
198,
12,
880,
12,
4002,
1323,
1438,
318,
588,
257,
2583,
3672,
13,
632,
460,
307,
2714,
416,
1180,
4056,
379,
1180,
1661,
11,
475,
484,
815,
477,
3494,
262,
976,
7824,
198,
12,
2134,
3108,
318,
588,
262,
3108,
319,
262,
4382,
198,
12,
7071,
14,
24396,
1438,
318,
588,
17151,
393,
24582,
198,
12,
287,
10007,
389,
588,
588,
17151,
14,
32782,
9633,
198,
12,
503,
10007,
389,
588,
262,
2443,
543,
318,
4504,
13,
198,
10267,
12,
46,
380,
4714,
15417,
1052,
48909,
198,
12,
281,
2134,
3108,
10229,
284,
281,
2134,
11,
884,
355,
257,
20129,
13,
17204,
13,
10267,
198,
12,
281,
7071,
318,
3446,
588,
257,
7349,
7071,
198,
12,
287,
10007,
389,
2446,
7159,
198,
12,
503,
10007,
389,
2446,
1441,
3815,
198,
12,
3748,
1323,
1438,
21079,
262,
2491,
1429,
393,
3586,
24139,
357,
27218,
1323,
3891,
389,
1239,
302,
12,
1484,
416,
257,
1180,
1429,
8,
198,
12,
880,
12,
4002,
1323,
1438,
318,
257,
366,
1837,
4029,
676,
1,
326,
2173,
284,
262,
1429,
4955,
257,
1948,
7824,
198,
12,
281,
7824,
318,
925,
510,
286,
5563,
326,
389,
2938,
284,
2152,
11,
543,
389,
2938,
284,
3494,
1728,
20314,
198,
12,
766,
635,
2638,
1378,
6404,
13,
15635,
13,
785,
14,
12726,
12,
2713,
13,
6494,
2,
1558,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 296 |
Most Americans believe that the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 began American independence. While this date announced the formal break between the American colonists and the “mother country,” it did not guarantee independence. Not all Americans favored independence and most historical estimates place the number of Loyalist, or Tory, Americans near one-third of the population. Winning independence required an eight-year war that began in April, 1775 and ended with a peace treaty finalized on September 3, 1783. Unfortunately the infant nation found itself born in a world dominated by a superpower struggle between England and France. The more powerful European nations viewed the vulnerable United States, correctly, as weak and ripe for exploitation. Tragically, few Americans know of this period of crisis in our nation’s history because of the irresponsible neglect of the American education system.
American independence marked the end of one chapter in American history and the beginning of another. As with all historical events this declaration continued the endless cycle of action and reaction, because nothing occurs in a vacuum. Tragically, most Americans’ historical perspective begins with their birth, rendering everything that previously occurred irrelevant. Furthermore, most educators conveniently “compartmentalize” their subjects and do not place them in the proper historical context. Since most Americans only remember the United States as a superpower they do not know of our previous struggles. Unfortunately our agenda driven education system also ignores this period and often portrays America in the most negative light.
Without delving too deeply into the deteriorating relations between the American colonists and their “mother country,” declaring independence came slowly. None of the thirteen colonies trusted the other colonies and rarely acted in concert, even during times of crisis. Regional and cultural differences between New England, mid-Atlantic and the Southern colonies deeply divided the colonists. Even in these early days of America slavery proved a dividing issue, although few believed in racial equality. The “umbilical cord” with England provided the only unifying constant that bound them together culturally and politically.
The colonies further possessed different forms of government as well, although they steadfastly expressed their liberties and “rights as Englishmen.” Some colonies existed as royal colonies, where the English monarch selected the governor. Proprietary colonies formed when merchant companies or individuals, called proprietors, received a royal grant and appointed the governor. Charter colonies received their charters much as proprietary colonies with individuals or merchants receiving royal charters and shareholders selected the governor. Each colony elected its own legislature and local communities made their laws mostly based on English common law. Any form of national, or “continental,” unity remained an illusion largely in the minds of the delegates of the First Continental Congress.
The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775 because England ignored the grievances submitted by the First Continental Congress. Furthermore, open warfare erupted in Massachusetts between British troops and the colonial militia at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. Known today as Patriot’s Day few Americans outside of Massachusetts celebrate it, or even know of it. Setting forth their reasons for taking up arms against England, they established the Continental Army on June 14, 1775. For attempting a united front, they appointed George Washington, a Virginian, as commander-in-chief. On July 10, 1775, the Congress sent Parliament one last appeal for resolving their differences, which proved futile.
While Congress determined the political future of the colonies fighting continued around Boston, beginning with the bloody battle on Breed’s Hill on June 17, 1775. Known as the Battle of Bunker Hill in our history the British victory cost over 1,000 British and over 400 American casualties. This battle encouraged the Americans because it proved the “colonials” capable of standing against British regulars. British forces withdrew from Boston in March, 1776 and awaited reinforcements from England as fighting erupted in other colonies.
While Washington and the Continental Army watched the British in Boston, Congress authorized an expedition against Canada. They hoped for significant resentment of British rule by the majority of French inhabitants, something they misjudged. In September, 1775 the fledgling Continental Army launched an ambitious, but futile, two-pronged invasion of Canada. Launched late in the season, particularly for Canada, it nevertheless almost succeeded, capturing Montreal and moving on Quebec. It ended in a night attack in a snowstorm on December 31, 1775 when the commander fell dead and the second-in-command fell severely wounded. American forces did breach the city walls, however when the attack broke down these men became prisoners of war.
For disrupting the flow of British supplies into America Congress organized the Continental Navy and Continental Marines on October 13, 1775 and November 10, 1775, respectively. Still, no demands for independence despite the creation of national armed forces, the invasion of a “foreign country” and all the trappings of a national government.
The full title of the Declaration of Independence ends with “thirteen united States of America,” with united in lower case. I found no evidence that the Founding Fathers did this intentionally, or whether it merely reflected the writing style of the time. Despite everything mentioned previously regarding “continental” actions, the thirteen colonies jealously guarded their sovereignty.
Although Congress declared independence England did not acknowledge the legality of this resolution and considered the colonies “in rebellion.” England assembled land and naval forces of over 40,000, including German mercenaries, for subduing the “insurrection.” This timeless lesson proves the uselessness of passing resolutions with no credible threat of force backing them up. Unfortunately our academic-dominated society today believes merely the passage of laws and international resolutions forces compliance.
We hear much in the news today about “intelligence failures” regarding the war against terrorism. England definitely experienced an “intelligence failure” as it launched an expedition for “suppressing” this “insurrection” by a “few hotheads.” First, they under estimated the extent of dissatisfaction among the Americans, spurred into action by such “rabble rousers” as John Adams. They further under estimated the effectiveness of Washington and the Continental Army, particularly after the American victories at Trenton and Princeton.
British officials further under estimated the number of Loyalists with the enthusiasm for taking up arms for the British. While Loyalist units fought well, particularly in the South and the New York frontier, they depended heavily on the support of British regulars. Once British forces withdrew, particularly in the South, the Loyalist forces either followed them or disappeared. A perennial lesson for military planners today, do not worry about your “footprint,” decisively defeat your enemy. This hardens the resolve of your supporters, influences the “neutrals” in your favor and reduces the favorability of your enemies.
Regarding the “national defense” the Continental Congress and “states” did not fully cooperate against the superpower, England. The raising of the Continental Army fell on the individual colonies almost throughout the war with the Congress establishing quotas. Unfortunately, none of the colonies ever met their quota for Continental regiments, with the soldiers negotiating one-year enlistments.
Continental Army recruiters often met with competition from the individual colonies, who preferred fielding their militias. The Congress offered bounties in the almost worthless “Continental Currency” and service far from home in the Continental Army. Colonial governments offered higher bounties in local currencies, or British pounds, and part-time service near home.
Congress only possessed the authority for requesting troops and supplies from the colonial governors, who often did not comply. For most of the war the Continental Army remained under strength, poorly supplied, poorly armed and mostly unpaid. Volumes of history describe the harsh winters endured by the Continentals at Valley Forge and Morristown, New Jersey the following year.
Colonial governments often refused supplies for troops from other colonies, even though those troops fought inside their borders. As inflation continued devaluing “Continental Currency” farmers and merchants preferred trading with British agents, who often paid in gold. This created strong resentment from the soldiers who suffered the hardships of war and the civilians who profited from this trade. In fairness, the staggering cost of financing the war severely taxed the colonial governments and local economies, forcing hard choices.
Congress further declared independence as a cry for help from England’s superpower rival, France, and other nations jealous of England. Smarting from defeat in the Seven Years War (French and Indian War in America), and a significant reduction in its colonial empire, France burned for revenge. France’s ally, Spain, also suffered defeat and loss of territory during this war and sought advantage in the American war. However, France and Spain both needed American victories before they risked their troops and treasures. With vast colonial empires of their own they hesitated at supporting a colonial rebellion in America. As monarchies, France and Spain held no love of “republican ideals” or “liberties,” and mostly pursued independent strategies against England. Fortunately their focus at recouping their former possessions helped diminish the number of British forces facing the Americans.
On the political front the Congress knew that the new nation needed some form of national government for its survival. Unfortunately the Congress fell short on this issue, enacting the weak Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777. Delegates so feared the “tyranny” of a strong central government, as well as they feared their neighbors, that they rejected national authority. In effect, the congressional delegates created thirteen independent nations instead of one, and our nation suffered from it. Amending this confederation required the approval of all thirteen states, virtually paralyzing any national effort. This form of government lasted until the adoption of the US Constitution on September 17, 1787.
Despite these weaknesses the fledgling “United States” survived and even achieved some success against British forces. Particularly early in the war, the British forces possessed several opportunities for destroying the Continental Army and ending the rebellion. Fortunately for us British commanders proved lethargic and complacent, believing the “colonial rabble” incapable of defeating them. Furthermore, as the Continental Army gained experience and training it grew more professional, standing toe-to-toe against the British. Since the US achieved superpower status it fell into the same trap, continuously underestimating less powerful enemies.
The surrender of British forces at Yorktown, Virginia on October 19, 1781 changed British policy regarding its American colonies. British forces now controlled mainly three enclaves: New York City; Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. Loyalist forces, discouraged by British reverses, either retreated into these enclaves, departed America or surrendered. Waging a global war against France and Spain further reduced the number of troops available for the American theater. This serves another modern lesson for maintaining adequate forces for meeting not only your superpower responsibilities, but executing unforeseen contingencies.
Ironically, the victory at Yorktown almost defeated the Americans as well, since the civil authorities almost stopped military recruitment. Washington struggled at maintaining significant forces for confronting the remaining British forces in their enclaves. An aggressive British commander may still score a strategic advantage by striking at demobilizing American forces. Fortunately, the British government lost heart for retaining America and announced the beginning of peace negotiations in August, 1782.
The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783 officially ended the American Revolution; however it did not end America’s struggles. American negotiators proved somewhat naïve in these negotiations against their more experienced European counterparts. Of importance, the British believed American independence a short-lived situation, given the disunity among Americans. Congress began discharging the Continental Army before the formal signing of the treaty, leaving less than one hundred on duty.
Instead of a united “allied” front, America, France and Spain virtually negotiated separate treaties with England, delighting the British. They believed that by creating dissension among the wartime allies they furthered their position with their former colonies. If confronted with a new war with more powerful France and Spain, America might rejoin the British Empire.
When England formally established the western boundary of the US at the Mississippi River it did not consult its Indian allies. These tribes did not see themselves as “defeated nations,” since they often defeated the Americans. Spanish forces captured several British posts in this territory and therefore claimed a significant part of the southeastern US.
France, who practically bankrupted itself in financing the American cause and waging its own war against England, expected an American ally. Unfortunately, the US proved a liability and incapable of repaying France for the money loaned during the war. France soon faced domestic problems that resulted in the French Revolution in 1789.
For several reasons England believed itself the winner of these negotiations, and in a more favorable situation, globally. England controlled Canada, from where it closely monitored the unfolding events in the US, and sowed mischief. It illegally occupied several military forts on American territory and incited the Indian tribes against the American frontier. By default, England controlled all of the American territory north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Economically, England still believed that the US needed them as its primary trading partner, whether independent or not. A strong pro-British faction in America called for closer economic ties with the former “mother country.” As England observed the chaos that gripped the US at this time, they felt that its collapse, and reconquest by England, only a matter of time.
Most Americans today, knowing only the economic, industrial and military power of America cannot fathom the turmoil of this time. The weak central government and all the states accumulated a huge war debt, leaving them financially unstable. While the US possessed rich natural resources it lacked the industrial capabilities for developing them, without foreign investment. With no military forces, the nation lacked the ability of defending its sovereignty and its citizens. From all appearances our infant nation seemed stillborn, or as the vulnerable prey for the more powerful Europeans.
As stated previously the Articles of Confederation actually created thirteen independent nations, with no national executive for enforcing the law. Therefore each state ignored the resolutions from Congress and served its own self-interest. Each state established its own rules for interstate commerce, printed its own money and even established treaties with foreign nations. No system existed for governing the interactions between the states, who often treated each other like hostile powers.
The new nation did possess one thing in abundance, land; the vast wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Conceded by the British in the Treaty of Paris, the Americans looked at this as their economic solution. The nation owed the veterans of the Revolution a huge debt and paid them in the only currency available, land grants. Unfortunately, someone must inform the Indians living on this land and make treaties regarding land distribution.
For the Americans this seemed simple, the Indians, as British allies, suffered defeat with the British and must pay the price. After all, under the rules of European “civilized” warfare, defeated nations surrendered territory and life went on. Unfortunately no one, neither American nor British, informed the Indians of these rules, because no one felt they deserved explanation. Besides, the British hoped that by inciting Indian troubles they might recoup their former colonies.
With British arms and encouragement the tribes of the “Old Northwest” raided the western frontier with a vengeance. From western New York down through modern Kentucky these Indians kept up their war with the Americans. In Kentucky between 1783 and 1790 the various tribes killed an estimated 1,500 people, stole 20,000 horses and destroyed an unknown amount of property.
Our former ally, Spain, controlled all of the territory west of the Mississippi River before the American Revolution. From here they launched expeditions that captured British posts at modern Vicksburg and Natchez, Mississippi, and the entire Gulf Coast. However, they claimed about two-thirds of the southeastern US based on this “conquest” including land far beyond the occupation of their troops. Like the British, they incited the Indians living in this region for keeping out American settlers.
Spain also controlled the port of New Orleans and access into the Mississippi River. Americans living in Kentucky and other western settlements depended on the Mississippi River for their commerce. The national government seemed unable, or unwilling, at forcing concessions from Spain, and many westerners considered seceding from the Union. Known as the “Spanish Conspiracy” this plot included many influential Americans and only disappeared after the American victory at Fallen Timbers.
While revisionist historians ignore the “Spanish Conspiracy” they illuminate land speculation by Americans in Spanish territory. Of course they conveniently ignore the duplicity of Spanish officials in these plots, and their acceptance of American money. In signing the Declaration of Independence the Founding Fathers pledged “their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor.” Many Continental Army officers bankrupted themselves when Congress and their states proved recalcitrant at reimbursing them for incurred expenses. These officers often personally financed their troops and their expeditions because victory required timely action. Of importance for the western region, George Rogers Clark used his personal credit for financing his campaigns, which secured America’s claim. It takes no “lettered” historian for determining that without Clark’s campaign that America’s western boundary ends with the Appalachian Mountains, instead of the Mississippi River. With the bankrupt Congress and Virginia treasuries not reimbursing him he fell into the South Carolina Yazoo Company. Clark’s brother-in-law, Dr. James O’Fallon, negotiated this deal for 3,000,000 acres of land in modern Mississippi. This negotiation involved the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Don Estavan Miro, a somewhat corrupt official. When the Spanish king negated the treaty, Clark, O’Fallon and the other investors lost their money and grew hateful of Spain.
Another, lesser known, negotiation involved former Continental Army Colonel George Morgan and the Spanish ambassador, Don Diego de Gardoqui. Morgan received title for 15,000,000 acres near modern New Madrid, Missouri for establishing a colony. Ironically, an unscrupulous American, James Wilkinson, discussed later in the document, working in conjunction with Miro, negated this deal.
Both of these land deals involved the establishment of American colonies in Spanish territory, with Americans declaring themselves Spanish subjects. Few Spaniards lived in the area west of the Mississippi River and saw the growing number of American settlers as a threat. However, if these Americans, already disgusted with their government, became Spanish subjects, they now became assets. If they cleared and farmed the land, they provided revenue that Spanish Louisiana desperately needed. Since many of these men previously served in the Revolution, they provided a ready militia for defending their property. This included defending it against their former country, the United States, with little authority west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Internationally, the weak US became a tragic pawn in the continuing superpower struggle between England and France. With no naval forces for protection, American merchant mariners became victims of both nations on the high seas. British and French warships stopped American ships bound for their enemy, confiscating cargo and conscripting sailors into their navies. In the Mediterranean Sea, our ships became the targets of the Barbary Pirates, the ancestors of our enemies today. Helpless, our government paid ransoms for prisoners and tribute for safe passage until the Barbary Wars of the early 19th Century.
Despite all of these problems most influential Americans still “looked inward,” and feared a strong central government more than foreign domination. When the cries of outrage came from the western frontiers regarding Indian depredations, our leaders still more feared a “standing army.” In the world of the Founding Fathers the tyranny of King George III’s central government created their problem. The king further used his “standing army” for oppressing the colonists and infringing on their liberties.
Congress also possessed more recent examples of the problems with a “standing army” during the American Revolution. First came the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line in January, 1781 for addressing their grievances. Since the beginning of the war, in 1775, the Continental soldiers endured almost insurmountable hardships, as explained previously. The soldiers rarely received pay, and then received the almost worthless “Continental Currency,” which inflation further devalued. This forced severe hardships also on the soldiers’ families, and many lost their homes and farms. The soldiers marched on the then-capital, Philadelphia, for seeking redress for these grievances. Forced into action, Congress addressed their problems with pay and the soldiers rejoined the Army.
A second, though less well known, mutiny occurred with the New Jersey Line shortly thereafter with different results. For “nipping” a growing problem “in the bud,” Washington ordered courts-martial and the execution of the ring leaders. The last such trouble occurred in the final months of the war in the Continental Army camp at Newburgh, New York. Dissatisfied with congressional inaction on their long-overdue pay, many officers urged a march on Philadelphia. Fortunately, Washington defused this perceived threat against civil authority, and squashed the strong possibility of a military dictatorship.
However, Congress realized that it needed some military force for defending the veterans settling on their land grants. The delegates authorized the First United States Regiment, consisting of 700 men drawn from four state militias for a one year period. I read countless sources describing the inadequacy of this force, highlighting congressional incompetence and non-compliance by the states. The unit never achieved its authorized strength, the primitive conditions on the frontier hindered its effectiveness and corrupt officials mismanaged supplies. Scattered in small garrisons throughout the western territories, it never proved a deterrent against the Indians.
No incentives existed for enlisting in this regiment, and it attracted a minority of what we call today “quality people.” Again, confirming state dominance over the central government, this “army” came from a militia levy from four states, a draft. A tradition at the time provided for the paying of substitutes for the men conscripted during these militia levies. Sources reflect that most of these substitutes came from the lowest levels of society, including those escaping the law. From whatever source these men came, at least they served and mostly did their best under difficult circumstances.
Routinely, once the soldiers assembled they must learn the skills needed for performing their duties. For defending the western settlements the small garrisons must reach their destination via river travel. Once at their destination they must often construct their new installations using the primitive tools and resources available. The primitive transportation system often delayed the arrival of the soldiers’ pay and supplies, forcing hardships on the troops. Few amenities existed at these frontier installations and the few settlements provided little entertainment for the troops. Unfortunately, once the soldiers achieved a level of professionalism, they reached the end of their enlistment. With few incentives for reenlistment, the process must begin again, with recruiting and training a new force.
Fortunately many prominent Americans saw that the country needed a different form of government for ensuring its survival. Despite the best intentions and established rules, few people followed these rules or respected our intentions. The Constitutional Convention convened in Philadelphia in May, 1787 with George Washington unanimously elected as its president. As the delegates began the process of forming a “more perfect Union,” the old, traditional “colonial” rivalries influenced the process.
While most Americans possess at least ancillary knowledge of the heated debates among the delegates, few know the conditions. Meeting throughout the hot summer, the delegates kept the windows of their meeting hall closed, preventing the “leaking” of information. We must remember that this occurred before electric-powered ventilation systems or air conditioning. They kept out the “media,” and none of the delegates spoke with “journalists,” again for maintaining secrecy. Modern Americans, often obsessed with media access, do not understand why the delegates kept their deliberations secret.
Most of the delegates felt they possessed one chance for creating this new government and achieving the best possible needed their focus. “Media access” jeopardized this focus and “leaked” information, with potential interruptions, jeopardized their chance for success. We find this incomprehensible today, with politicians running toward television cameras, “leaking” information and disclosing national secrets. Unfortunately a “journalistic elite” exists today, misusing the First Amendment, with many “media moguls” believing themselves the “kingmakers” of favorite politicians.
The delegates sought the best document for satisfying the needs of the most people, making “special interest groups” secondary. Creating a united nation proved more important than prioritizing regional and state desires. These delegates debated, and compromised, on various issues; many of which remain important today. They worried over the threat of dominance by large, well-populated states over smaller, less-populated states. Other issues concerned taxation, the issue that sparked the American Revolution, and import duties, which pitted manufacturing states against agricultural states. Disposition of the mostly unsettled western land, claimed by many states, proved a substantial problem for the delegates. The issue of slavery almost ended the convention and the delegates compromised, achieving the best agreement possible at the time. On September 17, 1787 the delegates adopted the US Constitution and submitted it for approval by the individual states.
Again, merely passing laws and adopting resolutions does not immediately solve the problems, or change people’s attitudes. Ratification of the Constitution required the approval of nine states, (three-fourths) which occurred on June 21, 1788. However, two important large states, New York and Virginia, still debated ratification. Several signers of the Declaration of Independence, and delegates at the Constitutional Convention, urged the defeat of the Constitution. Fiery orator, Patrick Henry, of “Give me liberty, or give me death,” fame worked hard for defeating it in Virginia. Even the most optimistic supporters gave the Constitution, and the nation, only a marginal chance at survival. | [
6943,
3399,
1975,
326,
262,
24720,
286,
20153,
416,
262,
30462,
3162,
319,
2901,
604,
11,
1596,
4304,
2540,
1605,
10404,
13,
2893,
428,
3128,
3414,
262,
8766,
2270,
1022,
262,
1605,
43430,
290,
262,
564,
250,
13552,
1499,
11,
447,
251,
340,
750,
407,
9149,
10404,
13,
1892,
477,
3399,
19344,
10404,
290,
749,
6754,
7746,
1295,
262,
1271,
286,
34986,
396,
11,
393,
19037,
11,
3399,
1474,
530,
12,
17089,
286,
262,
3265,
13,
40983,
10404,
2672,
281,
3624,
12,
1941,
1175,
326,
2540,
287,
3035,
11,
1596,
2425,
290,
4444,
351,
257,
4167,
15775,
32013,
319,
2693,
513,
11,
1596,
5999,
13,
8989,
262,
11212,
3277,
1043,
2346,
4642,
287,
257,
995,
13354,
416,
257,
47481,
6531,
1022,
4492,
290,
4881,
13,
383,
517,
3665,
3427,
7027,
9569,
262,
8826,
1578,
1829,
11,
9380,
11,
355,
4939,
290,
29036,
329,
17238,
13,
833,
39066,
11,
1178,
3399,
760,
286,
428,
2278,
286,
4902,
287,
674,
3277,
447,
247,
82,
2106,
780,
286,
262,
28726,
17985,
286,
262,
1605,
3707,
1080,
13,
198,
7437,
10404,
7498,
262,
886,
286,
530,
6843,
287,
1605,
2106,
290,
262,
3726,
286,
1194,
13,
1081,
351,
477,
6754,
2995,
428,
14305,
3767,
262,
13079,
6772,
286,
2223,
290,
6317,
11,
780,
2147,
8833,
287,
257,
17076,
13,
833,
39066,
11,
749,
3399,
447,
247,
6754,
6650,
6140,
351,
511,
4082,
11,
14837,
2279,
326,
4271,
5091,
18046,
13,
11399,
11,
749,
30770,
29801,
564,
250,
5589,
1823,
282,
1096,
447,
251,
511,
7481,
290,
466,
407,
1295,
606,
287,
262,
1774,
6754,
4732,
13,
4619,
749,
3399,
691,
3505,
262,
1578,
1829,
355,
257,
47481,
484,
466,
407,
760,
286,
674,
2180,
12766,
13,
8989,
674,
8666,
7986,
3707,
1080,
635,
24245,
428,
2278,
290,
1690,
44771,
2253,
287,
262,
749,
4633,
1657,
13,
198,
16249,
1619,
1075,
1165,
7744,
656,
262,
43229,
2316,
1022,
262,
1605,
43430,
290,
511,
564,
250,
13552,
1499,
11,
447,
251,
18684,
10404,
1625,
6364,
13,
6045,
286,
262,
28306,
20848,
13467,
262,
584,
20848,
290,
8365,
13134,
287,
10010,
11,
772,
1141,
1661,
286,
4902,
13,
15994,
290,
6467,
5400,
1022,
968,
4492,
11,
3095,
12,
41120,
290,
262,
8050,
20848,
7744,
9086,
262,
43430,
13,
3412,
287,
777,
1903,
1528,
286,
2253,
13503,
8302,
257,
27241,
2071,
11,
3584,
1178,
4762,
287,
8425,
10537,
13,
383,
564,
250,
2178,
346,
605,
15050,
447,
251,
351,
4492,
2810,
262,
691,
555,
4035,
6937,
326,
5421,
606,
1978,
30573,
290,
11889,
13,
198,
464,
20848,
2252,
17273,
1180,
5107,
286,
1230,
355,
880,
11,
3584,
484,
35690,
306,
6241,
511,
22008,
290,
564,
250,
28046,
355,
3594,
3653,
13,
447,
251,
2773,
20848,
11196,
355,
15100,
20848,
11,
810,
262,
3594,
26464,
6163,
262,
8153,
13,
1041,
3448,
8527,
20848,
7042,
618,
20729,
2706,
393,
3925,
11,
1444,
38090,
669,
11,
2722,
257,
15100,
7264,
290,
9899,
262,
8153,
13,
23006,
20848,
2722,
511,
1149,
1010,
881,
355,
20622,
20848,
351,
3925,
393,
21779,
6464,
15100,
1149,
1010,
290,
19195,
6163,
262,
8153,
13,
5501,
18815,
7018,
663,
898,
15928,
290,
1957,
5348,
925,
511,
3657,
4632,
1912,
319,
3594,
2219,
1099,
13,
4377,
1296,
286,
2260,
11,
393,
564,
250,
35415,
11,
447,
251,
14111,
6150,
281,
17878,
5688,
287,
262,
9017,
286,
262,
15265,
286,
262,
3274,
30462,
3162,
13,
198,
464,
5498,
30462,
3162,
39828,
319,
1737,
838,
11,
1596,
2425,
780,
4492,
9514,
262,
36121,
8948,
416,
262,
3274,
30462,
3162,
13,
11399,
11,
1280,
15611,
23681,
287,
10140,
1022,
3517,
6553,
290,
262,
17091,
21085,
379,
39540,
290,
34732,
319,
3035,
678,
11,
1596,
2425,
13,
29454,
1909,
355,
26888,
447,
247,
82,
3596,
1178,
3399,
2354,
286,
10140,
10648,
340,
11,
393,
772,
760,
286,
340,
13,
25700,
6071,
511,
3840,
329,
2263,
510,
5101,
1028,
4492,
11,
484,
4920,
262,
30462,
5407,
319,
2795,
1478,
11,
1596,
2425,
13,
1114,
9361,
257,
16503,
2166,
11,
484,
9899,
4502,
2669,
11,
257,
5283,
666,
11,
355,
11561,
12,
259,
12,
17351,
13,
1550,
2901,
838,
11,
1596,
2425,
11,
262,
3162,
1908,
8411,
530,
938,
5198,
329,
31038,
511,
5400,
11,
543,
8302,
35322,
13,
198,
3633,
3162,
5295,
262,
1964,
2003,
286,
262,
20848,
4330,
3767,
1088,
6182,
11,
3726,
351,
262,
15222,
3344,
319,
45958,
447,
247,
82,
3327,
319,
2795,
1596,
11,
1596,
2425,
13,
29454,
355,
262,
5838,
286,
44761,
3327,
287,
674,
2106,
262,
3517,
5373,
1575,
625,
352,
11,
830,
3517,
290,
625,
7337,
1605,
18499,
13,
770,
3344,
10085,
262,
3399,
780,
340,
8302,
262,
564,
250,
4033,
261,
8231,
447,
251,
6007,
286,
5055,
1028,
3517,
48128,
13,
3517,
3386,
25518,
422,
6182,
287,
2805,
11,
1596,
4304,
290,
39576,
38578,
422,
4492,
355,
4330,
23681,
287,
584,
20848,
13,
198,
3633,
2669,
290,
262,
30462,
5407,
7342,
262,
3517,
287,
6182,
11,
3162,
10435,
281,
22817,
1028,
3340,
13,
1119,
10719,
329,
2383,
28888,
286,
3517,
3896,
416,
262,
3741,
286,
4141,
17622,
11,
1223,
484,
2984,
10456,
2004,
13,
554,
2693,
11,
1596,
2425,
262,
48525,
30462,
5407,
5611,
281,
14742,
11,
475,
35322,
11,
734,
12,
1050,
506,
276,
11796,
286,
3340,
13,
19826,
1740,
2739,
287,
262,
1622,
11,
3573,
329,
3340,
11,
340,
19032,
2048,
14131,
11,
21430,
12871,
290,
3867,
319,
14778,
13,
632,
4444,
287,
257,
1755,
1368,
287,
257,
6729,
12135,
319,
3426,
3261,
11,
1596,
2425,
618,
262,
11561,
3214,
2636,
290,
262,
1218,
12,
259,
12,
21812,
3214,
15052,
10657,
13,
1605,
3386,
750,
13694,
262,
1748,
7714,
11,
2158,
618,
262,
1368,
6265,
866,
777,
1450,
2627,
10577,
286,
1175,
13,
198,
1890,
37915,
262,
5202,
286,
3517,
9416,
656,
2253,
3162,
8389,
262,
30462,
8565,
290,
30462,
19586,
319,
3267,
1511,
11,
1596,
2425,
290,
3389,
838,
11,
1596,
2425,
11,
8148,
13,
7831,
11,
645,
8665,
329,
10404,
3805,
262,
6282,
286,
2260,
6936,
3386,
11,
262,
11796,
286,
257,
564,
250,
38823,
1499,
447,
251,
290,
477,
262,
1291,
37840,
286,
257,
2260,
1230,
13,
198,
464,
1336,
3670,
286,
262,
24720,
286,
20153,
5645,
351,
564,
250,
400,
22530,
16503,
1829,
286,
2253,
11,
447,
251,
351,
16503,
287,
2793,
1339,
13,
314,
1043,
645,
2370,
326,
262,
44593,
30969,
750,
428,
16464,
11,
393,
1771,
340,
6974,
12548,
262,
3597,
3918,
286,
262,
640,
13,
7945,
2279,
4750,
4271,
5115,
564,
250,
35415,
447,
251,
4028,
11,
262,
28306,
20848,
474,
2287,
3481,
28178,
511,
18582,
13,
198,
7003,
3162,
6875,
10404,
4492,
750,
407,
12127,
262,
38209,
286,
428,
6323,
290,
3177,
262,
20848,
564,
250,
259,
21540,
13,
447,
251,
4492,
16030,
1956,
290,
19014,
3386,
286,
625,
2319,
11,
830,
11,
1390,
2679,
37569,
11,
329,
35041,
278,
262,
564,
250,
1040,
21384,
13,
447,
251,
770,
36464,
11483,
17021,
262,
13894,
1108,
286,
6427,
21811,
351,
645,
18409,
2372,
286,
2700,
12285,
606,
510,
13,
8989,
674,
8233,
12,
34475,
3592,
1909,
5804,
6974,
262,
10066,
286,
3657,
290,
3230,
21811,
3386,
11846,
13,
198,
1135,
3285,
881,
287,
262,
1705,
1909,
546,
564,
250,
32683,
15536,
447,
251,
5115,
262,
1175,
1028,
8649,
13,
4492,
4753,
5924,
281,
564,
250,
32683,
5287,
447,
251,
355,
340,
5611,
281,
22817,
329,
564,
250,
18608,
11697,
447,
251,
428,
564,
250,
1040,
21384,
447,
251,
416,
257,
564,
250,
32146,
3024,
16600,
13,
447,
251,
3274,
11,
484,
739,
6108,
262,
6287,
286,
41393,
1871,
262,
3399,
11,
34601,
656,
2223,
416,
884,
564,
250,
25619,
903,
374,
516,
364,
447,
251,
355,
1757,
12620,
13,
1119,
2252,
739,
6108,
262,
13530,
286,
2669,
290,
262,
30462,
5407,
11,
3573,
706,
262,
1605,
19017,
379,
24269,
261,
290,
23173,
13,
198,
25631,
2828,
2252,
739,
6108,
262,
1271,
286,
34986,
1023,
351,
262,
17131,
329,
2263,
510,
5101,
329,
262,
3517,
13,
2893,
34986,
396,
4991,
8350,
880,
11,
3573,
287,
262,
2520,
290,
262,
968,
1971,
27580,
11,
484,
33785,
7272,
319,
262,
1104,
286,
3517,
48128,
13,
4874,
3517,
3386,
25518,
11,
3573,
287,
262,
2520,
11,
262,
34986,
396,
3386,
2035,
3940,
606,
393,
12120,
13,
317,
39983,
11483,
329,
2422,
33596,
1909,
11,
466,
407,
5490,
546,
534,
564,
250,
5898,
4798,
11,
447,
251,
47948,
7433,
534,
4472,
13,
770,
1327,
641,
262,
10568,
286,
534,
5941,
11,
16717,
262,
564,
250,
710,
315,
30691,
447,
251,
287,
534,
2661,
290,
12850,
262,
2661,
1799,
286,
534,
5775,
13,
198,
39424,
262,
564,
250,
14648,
3761,
447,
251,
262,
30462,
3162,
290,
564,
250,
27219,
447,
251,
750,
407,
3938,
21270,
1028,
262,
47481,
11,
4492,
13,
383,
8620,
286,
262,
30462,
5407,
3214,
319,
262,
1981,
20848,
2048,
3690,
262,
1175,
351,
262,
3162,
15010,
38736,
13,
8989,
11,
4844,
286,
262,
20848,
1683,
1138,
511,
32539,
329,
30462,
842,
6800,
11,
351,
262,
5795,
19025,
530,
12,
1941,
33858,
902,
13,
198,
17875,
2470,
5407,
10960,
364,
1690,
1138,
351,
5449,
422,
262,
1981,
20848,
11,
508,
9871,
43985,
511,
28195,
13,
383,
3162,
4438,
49937,
444,
287,
262,
2048,
28063,
564,
250,
17875,
2470,
20113,
447,
251,
290,
2139,
1290,
422,
1363,
287,
262,
30462,
5407,
13,
37726,
6905,
4438,
2440,
49937,
444,
287,
1957,
19247,
11,
393,
3517,
8059,
11,
290,
636,
12,
2435,
2139,
1474,
1363,
13,
198,
25916,
691,
17273,
262,
4934,
329,
20623,
6553,
290,
9416,
422,
262,
17091,
26824,
11,
508,
1690,
750,
407,
11997,
13,
1114,
749,
286,
262,
1175,
262,
30462,
5407,
6150,
739,
4202,
11,
13455,
14275,
11,
13455,
6936,
290,
4632,
24268,
13,
4709,
8139,
286,
2106,
6901,
262,
11859,
45764,
24067,
416,
262,
45778,
874,
379,
6916,
24855,
290,
3461,
1585,
593,
11,
968,
8221,
262,
1708,
614,
13,
198,
5216,
30752,
6905,
1690,
6520,
9416,
329,
6553,
422,
584,
20848,
11,
772,
996,
883,
6553,
8350,
2641,
511,
11637,
13,
1081,
10610,
3767,
35966,
4250,
564,
250,
17875,
2470,
20113,
447,
251,
9818,
290,
21779,
9871,
7313,
351,
3517,
6554,
11,
508,
1690,
3432,
287,
3869,
13,
770,
2727,
1913,
28888,
422,
262,
5795,
508,
6989,
262,
44618,
286,
1175,
290,
262,
10380,
508,
1534,
863,
422,
428,
3292,
13,
554,
22692,
11,
262,
23508,
1575,
286,
15435,
262,
1175,
15052,
31075,
262,
17091,
6905,
290,
1957,
16533,
11,
10833,
1327,
7747,
13,
198,
25916,
2252,
6875,
10404,
355,
257,
3960,
329,
1037,
422,
4492,
447,
247,
82,
47481,
8976,
11,
4881,
11,
290,
584,
7027,
19354,
286,
4492,
13,
10880,
278,
422,
7433,
287,
262,
13723,
13212,
1810,
357,
24111,
290,
3942,
1810,
287,
2253,
828,
290,
257,
2383,
7741,
287,
663,
17091,
13735,
11,
4881,
11544,
329,
15827,
13,
4881,
447,
247,
82,
12525,
11,
8602,
11,
635,
6989,
7433,
290,
2994,
286,
7674,
1141,
428,
1175,
290,
7194,
4621,
287,
262,
1605,
1175,
13,
2102,
11,
4881,
290,
8602,
1111,
2622,
1605,
19017,
878,
484,
42179,
511,
6553,
290,
29561,
13,
2080,
5909,
17091,
44982,
286,
511,
898,
484,
41723,
379,
6493,
257,
17091,
21540,
287,
2253,
13,
1081,
26464,
444,
11,
4881,
290,
8602,
2714,
645,
1842,
286,
564,
250,
7856,
841,
272,
22247,
447,
251,
393,
564,
250,
33203,
4278,
11,
447,
251,
290,
4632,
19189,
4795,
10064,
1028,
4492,
13,
20525,
511,
2962,
379,
664,
10486,
278,
511,
1966,
23309,
4193,
29889,
262,
1271,
286,
3517,
3386,
6476,
262,
3399,
13,
198,
2202,
262,
1964,
2166,
262,
3162,
2993,
326,
262,
649,
3277,
2622,
617,
1296,
286,
2260,
1230,
329,
663,
9441,
13,
8989,
262,
3162,
3214,
1790,
319,
428,
2071,
11,
10865,
278,
262,
4939,
22698,
286,
47186,
319,
3389,
1315,
11,
1596,
3324,
13,
1024,
37061,
523,
15240,
262,
564,
250,
774,
81,
7737,
447,
251,
286,
257,
1913,
4318,
1230,
11,
355,
880,
355,
484,
15240,
511,
12020,
11,
326,
484,
8606,
2260,
4934,
13,
554,
1245,
11,
262,
11702,
15265,
2727,
28306,
4795,
7027,
2427,
286,
530,
11,
290,
674,
3277,
6989,
422,
340,
13,
1703,
1571,
428,
1013,
9748,
2672,
262,
7546,
286,
477,
28306,
2585,
11,
9826,
26901,
9510,
597,
2260,
3626,
13,
770,
1296,
286,
1230,
15436,
1566,
262,
12695,
286,
262,
1294,
7965,
319,
2693,
1596,
11,
1596,
5774,
13,
198,
8332,
777,
20256,
262,
48525,
564,
250,
17013,
1829,
447,
251,
11803,
290,
772,
8793,
617,
1943,
1028,
3517,
3386,
13,
47674,
1903,
287,
262,
1175,
11,
262,
3517,
3386,
17273,
1811,
6443,
329,
13897,
262,
30462,
5407,
290,
7464,
262,
21540,
13,
20525,
329,
514,
3517,
22576,
8302,
45481,
853,
291,
290,
2299,
12643,
11,
14773,
262,
564,
250,
49787,
27998,
903,
447,
251,
23402,
286,
21320,
606,
13,
11399,
11,
355,
262,
30462,
5407,
8618,
1998,
290,
3047,
340,
6348,
517,
4708,
11,
5055,
21189,
12,
1462,
12,
44579,
1028,
262,
3517,
13,
4619,
262,
1294,
8793,
47481,
3722,
340,
3214,
656,
262,
976,
12840,
11,
17282,
20164,
39204,
1342,
3665,
5775,
13,
198,
464,
16908,
286,
3517,
3386,
379,
1971,
12735,
11,
6025,
319,
3267,
678,
11,
1596,
6659,
3421,
3517,
2450,
5115,
663,
1605,
20848,
13,
3517,
3386,
783,
6856,
8384,
1115,
13507,
3080,
25,
968,
1971,
2254,
26,
26070,
11,
2520,
5913,
290,
40695,
11,
7859,
13,
34986,
396,
3386,
11,
30170,
416,
3517,
10372,
274,
11,
2035,
35622,
656,
777,
13507,
3080,
11,
24057,
2253,
393,
29209,
13,
370,
3039,
257,
3298,
1175,
1028,
4881,
290,
8602,
2252,
5322,
262,
1271,
286,
6553,
1695,
329,
262,
1605,
13766,
13,
770,
9179,
1194,
3660,
11483,
329,
10941,
12872,
3386,
329,
3249,
407,
691,
534,
47481,
15171,
11,
475,
23710,
49591,
17982,
3976,
13,
198,
44850,
11,
262,
5373,
379,
1971,
12735,
2048,
9772,
262,
3399,
355,
880,
11,
1201,
262,
3026,
4773,
2048,
5025,
2422,
19624,
13,
2669,
11615,
379,
10941,
2383,
3386,
329,
31291,
262,
5637,
3517,
3386,
287,
511,
13507,
3080,
13,
1052,
8361,
3517,
11561,
743,
991,
4776,
257,
10039,
4621,
416,
8871,
379,
1357,
25898,
2890,
1605,
3386,
13,
20525,
11,
262,
3517,
1230,
2626,
2612,
329,
26645,
2253,
290,
3414,
262,
3726,
286,
4167,
9825,
287,
2932,
11,
1596,
6469,
13,
198,
464,
21345,
286,
6342,
11,
4488,
319,
2693,
513,
11,
1596,
5999,
8720,
4444,
262,
1605,
9303,
26,
2158,
340,
750,
407,
886,
2253,
447,
247,
82,
12766,
13,
1605,
45373,
8302,
6454,
41492,
287,
777,
9825,
1028,
511,
517,
5924,
3427,
16054,
13,
3226,
6817,
11,
262,
3517,
4762,
1605,
10404,
257,
1790,
12,
24489,
3074,
11,
1813,
262,
595,
9531,
1871,
3399,
13,
3162,
2540,
595,
31498,
262,
30462,
5407,
878,
262,
8766,
8415,
286,
262,
15775,
11,
4305,
1342,
621,
530,
3470,
319,
7077,
13,
198,
13193,
286,
257,
16503,
564,
250,
439,
798,
447,
251,
2166,
11,
2253,
11,
4881,
290,
8602,
9826,
22368,
4553,
30734,
351,
4492,
11,
10974,
278,
262,
3517,
13,
1119,
4762,
326,
416,
4441,
6249,
3004,
1871,
262,
35382,
7681,
484,
46186,
445,
511,
2292,
351,
511,
1966,
20848,
13,
1002,
16675,
351,
257,
649,
1175,
351,
517,
3665,
4881,
290,
8602,
11,
2253,
1244,
302,
22179,
262,
3517,
8065,
13,
198,
2215,
4492,
15832,
4920,
262,
8830,
18645,
286,
262,
1294,
379,
262,
13797,
5866,
340,
750,
407,
5725,
663,
3942,
7681,
13,
2312,
15663,
750,
407,
766,
2405,
355,
564,
250,
4299,
68,
515,
7027,
11,
447,
251,
1201,
484,
1690,
9772,
262,
3399,
13,
7897,
3386,
7907,
1811,
3517,
6851,
287,
428,
7674,
290,
4361,
4752,
257,
2383,
636,
286,
262,
35618,
1294,
13,
198,
28572,
11,
508,
14547,
13158,
276,
2346,
287,
15435,
262,
1605,
2728,
290,
41747,
663,
898,
1175,
1028,
4492,
11,
2938,
281,
1605,
12525,
13,
8989,
11,
262,
1294,
8302,
257,
12247,
290,
23402,
286,
1128,
8369,
4881,
329,
262,
1637,
8063,
276,
1141,
262,
1175,
13,
4881,
2582,
7452,
5928,
2761,
326,
8724,
287,
262,
4141,
9303,
287,
1596,
4531,
13,
198,
1890,
1811,
3840,
4492,
4762,
2346,
262,
8464,
286,
777,
9825,
11,
290,
287,
257,
517,
17070,
3074,
11,
18309,
13,
4492,
6856,
3340,
11,
422,
810,
340,
7173,
20738,
262,
34502,
2995,
287,
262,
1294,
11,
290,
264,
6972,
38625,
13,
632,
15572,
12030,
1811,
2422,
329,
912,
319,
1605,
7674,
290,
753,
863,
262,
3942,
15663,
1028,
262,
1605,
27580,
13,
2750,
4277,
11,
4492,
6856,
477,
286,
262,
1605,
7674,
5093,
286,
262,
6835,
5866,
290,
7421,
286,
262,
45375,
21124,
13,
198,
28489,
1146,
11,
4492,
991,
4762,
326,
262,
1294,
2622,
606,
355,
663,
4165,
7313,
5212,
11,
1771,
4795,
393,
407,
13,
317,
1913,
386,
12,
25631,
17710,
287,
2253,
1444,
329,
5699,
3034,
8470,
351,
262,
1966,
564,
250,
13552,
1499,
13,
447,
251,
1081,
4492,
6515,
262,
11918,
326,
42046,
262,
1294,
379,
428,
640,
11,
484,
2936,
326,
663,
9807,
11,
290,
8195,
6138,
416,
4492,
11,
691,
257,
2300,
286,
640,
13,
198,
6943,
3399,
1909,
11,
6970,
691,
262,
3034,
11,
7593,
290,
2422,
1176,
286,
2253,
2314,
277,
32910,
262,
26962,
286,
428,
640,
13,
383,
4939,
4318,
1230,
290,
477,
262,
2585,
22425,
257,
3236,
1175,
5057,
11,
4305,
606,
18786,
21354,
13,
2893,
262,
1294,
17273,
5527,
3288,
4133,
340,
19989,
262,
7593,
9889,
329,
5922,
606,
11,
1231,
3215,
4896,
13,
2080,
645,
2422,
3386,
11,
262,
3277,
19989,
262,
2694,
286,
11749,
663,
18582,
290,
663,
4290,
13,
3574,
477,
11057,
674,
11212,
3277,
3947,
991,
6286,
11,
393,
355,
262,
8826,
15974,
329,
262,
517,
3665,
20006,
13,
198,
1722,
5081,
4271,
262,
22698,
286,
47186,
1682,
2727,
28306,
4795,
7027,
11,
351,
645,
2260,
4640,
329,
26587,
262,
1099,
13,
8447,
1123,
1181,
9514,
262,
21811,
422,
3162,
290,
4983,
663,
898,
2116,
12,
9446,
13,
5501,
1181,
4920,
663,
898,
3173,
329,
33078,
19497,
11,
10398,
663,
898,
1637,
290,
772,
4920,
30734,
351,
3215,
7027,
13,
1400,
1080,
11196,
329,
15030,
262,
12213,
1022,
262,
2585,
11,
508,
1690,
5716,
1123,
584,
588,
12524,
5635,
13,
198,
464,
649,
3277,
750,
8588,
530,
1517,
287,
20038,
11,
1956,
26,
262,
5909,
22775,
1022,
262,
45375,
21124,
290,
262,
13797,
5866,
13,
1482,
771,
276,
416,
262,
3517,
287,
262,
21345,
286,
6342,
11,
262,
3399,
3114,
379,
428,
355,
511,
3034,
4610,
13,
383,
3277,
21057,
262,
11255,
286,
262,
9303,
257,
3236,
5057,
290,
3432,
606,
287,
262,
691,
7395,
1695,
11,
1956,
11455,
13,
8989,
11,
2130,
1276,
4175,
262,
12746,
2877,
319,
428,
1956,
290,
787,
30734,
5115,
1956,
6082,
13,
198,
1890,
262,
3399,
428,
3947,
2829,
11,
262,
12746,
11,
355,
3517,
7681,
11,
6989,
7433,
351,
262,
3517,
290,
1276,
1414,
262,
2756,
13,
2293,
477,
11,
739,
262,
3173,
286,
3427,
564,
250,
37636,
1143,
447,
251,
15611,
11,
9772,
7027,
29209,
7674,
290,
1204,
1816,
319,
13,
8989,
645,
530,
11,
6159,
1605,
4249,
3517,
11,
7981,
262,
12746,
286,
777,
3173,
11,
780,
645,
530,
2936,
484,
20143,
7468,
13,
16238,
11,
262,
3517,
10719,
326,
416,
47494,
3942,
14979,
484,
1244,
664,
10486,
511,
1966,
20848,
13,
198,
3152,
3517,
5101,
290,
27529,
262,
15663,
286,
262,
564,
250,
19620,
20572,
447,
251,
31158,
262,
8830,
27580,
351,
257,
30657,
13,
3574,
8830,
968,
1971,
866,
832,
3660,
11867,
777,
12746,
4030,
510,
511,
1175,
351,
262,
3399,
13,
554,
11867,
1022,
1596,
5999,
290,
1596,
3829,
262,
2972,
15663,
2923,
281,
6108,
352,
11,
4059,
661,
11,
18240,
1160,
11,
830,
14260,
290,
6572,
281,
6439,
2033,
286,
3119,
13,
198,
5122,
1966,
12525,
11,
8602,
11,
6856,
477,
286,
262,
7674,
7421,
286,
262,
13797,
5866,
878,
262,
1605,
9303,
13,
3574,
994,
484,
5611,
13604,
1756,
326,
7907,
3517,
6851,
379,
3660,
569,
3378,
7423,
290,
14393,
2395,
89,
11,
13797,
11,
290,
262,
2104,
12108,
8545,
13,
2102,
11,
484,
4752,
546,
734,
12,
17936,
286,
262,
35618,
1294,
1912,
319,
428,
564,
250,
1102,
6138,
447,
251,
1390,
1956,
1290,
3675,
262,
13755,
286,
511,
6553,
13,
4525,
262,
3517,
11,
484,
753,
863,
262,
12746,
2877,
287,
428,
3814,
329,
5291,
503,
1605,
25371,
13,
198,
45355,
635,
6856,
262,
2493,
286,
968,
12255,
290,
1895,
656,
262,
13797,
5866,
13,
3399,
2877,
287,
11867,
290,
584,
8830,
18573,
33785,
319,
262,
13797,
5866,
329,
511,
19497,
13,
383,
2260,
1230,
3947,
5906,
11,
393,
19084,
11,
379,
10833,
26739,
422,
8602,
11,
290,
867,
8830,
364,
3177,
384,
771,
278,
422,
262,
4479,
13,
29454,
355,
262,
564,
250,
43584,
38786,
447,
251,
428,
7110,
3017,
867,
14212,
3399,
290,
691,
12120,
706,
262,
1605,
5373,
379,
28693,
40200,
13,
198,
3633,
18440,
396,
21262,
8856,
262,
564,
250,
43584,
38786,
447,
251,
484,
38407,
1956,
13367,
416,
3399,
287,
7897,
7674,
13,
3226,
1781,
484,
29801,
8856,
262,
14184,
8467,
286,
7897,
2828,
287,
777,
21528,
11,
290,
511,
13427,
286,
1605,
1637,
13,
554,
8415,
262,
24720,
286,
20153,
262,
44593,
30969,
16387,
564,
250,
24571,
3160,
11,
511,
27806,
290,
511,
13626,
7522,
13,
447,
251,
4650,
30462,
5407,
3790,
13158,
276,
2405,
618,
3162,
290,
511,
2585,
8302,
42653,
47992,
5250,
379,
46496,
1834,
278,
606,
329,
23436,
9307,
13,
2312,
3790,
1690,
7620,
29768,
511,
6553,
290,
511,
13604,
1756,
780,
5373,
2672,
19376,
2223,
13,
3226,
6817,
329,
262,
8830,
3814,
11,
4502,
15372,
11264,
973,
465,
2614,
3884,
329,
15435,
465,
9964,
11,
543,
13659,
2253,
447,
247,
82,
1624,
13,
632,
2753,
645,
564,
250,
1616,
4400,
447,
251,
18026,
329,
13213,
326,
1231,
11264,
447,
247,
82,
1923,
326,
2253,
447,
247,
82,
8830,
18645,
5645,
351,
262,
45375,
21124,
11,
2427,
286,
262,
13797,
5866,
13,
2080,
262,
13158,
3162,
290,
6025,
2054,
292,
4740,
407,
46496,
1834,
278,
683,
339,
3214,
656,
262,
2520,
5913,
35856,
2238,
5834,
13,
11264,
447,
247,
82,
3956,
12,
259,
12,
6270,
11,
1583,
13,
3700,
440,
447,
247,
24750,
261,
11,
22368,
428,
1730,
329,
513,
11,
830,
11,
830,
16051,
286,
1956,
287,
3660,
13797,
13,
770,
24462,
2950,
262,
7897,
8153,
286,
13340,
11,
2094,
10062,
12421,
337,
7058,
11,
257,
6454,
10622,
1743,
13,
1649,
262,
7897,
5822,
2469,
515,
262,
15775,
11,
11264,
11,
440,
447,
247,
24750,
261,
290,
262,
584,
7713,
2626,
511,
1637,
290,
6348,
30367,
286,
8602,
13,
198,
6610,
11,
14494,
1900,
11,
24462,
2950,
1966,
30462,
5407,
21636,
4502,
10805,
290,
262,
7897,
14791,
11,
2094,
9500,
390,
12790,
22696,
72,
13,
10805,
2722,
3670,
329,
1315,
11,
830,
11,
830,
16051,
1474,
3660,
968,
14708,
11,
11565,
329,
15010,
257,
18815,
13,
37731,
11,
281,
28594,
46272,
1605,
11,
3700,
46463,
11,
6693,
1568,
287,
262,
3188,
11,
1762,
287,
17856,
351,
337,
7058,
11,
2469,
515,
428,
1730,
13,
198,
10265,
286,
777,
1956,
7529,
2950,
262,
9323,
286,
1605,
20848,
287,
7897,
7674,
11,
351,
3399,
18684,
2405,
7897,
7481,
13,
20463,
37506,
1371,
5615,
287,
262,
1989,
7421,
286,
262,
13797,
5866,
290,
2497,
262,
3957,
1271,
286,
1605,
25371,
355,
257,
2372,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
777,
3399,
11,
1541,
36943,
351,
511,
1230,
11,
2627,
7897,
7481,
11,
484,
783,
2627,
6798,
13,
1002,
484,
12539,
290,
1290,
1150,
262,
1956,
11,
484,
2810,
6426,
326,
7897,
13340,
16459,
2622,
13,
4619,
867,
286,
777,
1450,
4271,
4983,
287,
262,
9303,
11,
484,
2810,
257,
3492,
21085,
329,
11749,
511,
3119,
13,
770,
3017,
11749,
340,
1028,
511,
1966,
1499,
11,
262,
1578,
1829,
11,
351,
1310,
4934,
7421,
286,
262,
45375,
21124,
13,
198,
15865,
15208,
11,
262,
4939,
1294,
2627,
257,
15444,
29649,
287,
262,
8282,
47481,
6531,
1022,
4492,
290,
4881,
13,
2080,
645,
19014,
3386,
329,
4800,
11,
1605,
20729,
1667,
21257,
2627,
4970,
286,
1111,
7027,
319,
262,
1029,
21547,
13,
3517,
290,
4141,
44304,
5025,
1605,
7937,
5421,
329,
511,
4472,
11,
22735,
803,
15892,
290,
762,
6519,
278,
29996,
656,
511,
6812,
444,
13,
554,
262,
19517,
6896,
11,
674,
7937,
2627,
262,
6670,
286,
262,
10593,
560,
20169,
11,
262,
18668,
286,
674,
5775,
1909,
13,
5053,
14570,
11,
674,
1230,
3432,
374,
504,
3150,
329,
10577,
290,
17547,
329,
3338,
10066,
1566,
262,
10593,
560,
6176,
286,
262,
1903,
678,
400,
13641,
13,
198,
8332,
477,
286,
777,
2761,
749,
14212,
3399,
991,
564,
250,
5460,
276,
29879,
11,
447,
251,
290,
15240,
257,
1913,
4318,
1230,
517,
621,
3215,
24288,
13,
1649,
262,
24691,
286,
11616,
1625,
422,
262,
8830,
2166,
3183,
5115,
3942,
1207,
445,
602,
11,
674,
2766,
991,
517,
15240,
257,
564,
250,
5646,
5428,
13,
447,
251,
554,
262,
995,
286,
262,
44593,
30969,
262,
29977,
286,
2677,
4502,
6711,
447,
247,
82,
4318,
1230,
2727,
511,
1917,
13,
383,
5822,
2252,
973,
465,
564,
250,
5646,
5428,
447,
251,
329,
1269,
11697,
262,
43430,
290,
43498,
319,
511,
22008,
13,
198,
25916,
635,
17273,
517,
2274,
6096,
286,
262,
2761,
351,
257,
564,
250,
5646,
5428,
447,
251,
1141,
262,
1605,
9303,
13,
3274,
1625,
262,
4517,
3541,
286,
262,
9589,
6910,
287,
3269,
11,
1596,
6659,
329,
13593,
511,
36121,
13,
4619,
262,
3726,
286,
262,
1175,
11,
287,
1596,
2425,
11,
262,
30462,
5795,
24067,
2048,
49741,
14948,
540,
44618,
11,
355,
4893,
4271,
13,
383,
5795,
8365,
2722,
1414,
11,
290,
788,
2722,
262,
2048,
28063,
564,
250,
17875,
2470,
20113,
11,
447,
251,
543,
10610,
2252,
35966,
1739,
13,
770,
4137,
6049,
44618,
635,
319,
262,
5795,
447,
247,
4172,
11,
290,
867,
2626,
511,
5682,
290,
15893,
13,
383,
5795,
23558,
319,
262,
788,
12,
27544,
11,
8857,
11,
329,
6095,
48586,
329,
777,
36121,
13,
40731,
656,
2223,
11,
3162,
9469,
511,
2761,
351,
1414,
290,
262,
5795,
30668,
1389,
262,
5407,
13,
198,
32,
1218,
11,
996,
1342,
880,
1900,
11,
4517,
3541,
5091,
351,
262,
968,
8221,
6910,
8972,
19547,
351,
1180,
2482,
13,
1114,
564,
250,
77,
4501,
447,
251,
257,
3957,
1917,
564,
250,
259,
262,
3600,
11,
447,
251,
2669,
6149,
8028,
12,
13822,
498,
290,
262,
9706,
286,
262,
5858,
2766,
13,
383,
938,
884,
5876,
5091,
287,
262,
2457,
1933,
286,
262,
1175,
287,
262,
30462,
5407,
1413,
379,
968,
9228,
11,
968,
1971,
13,
35305,
17403,
798,
351,
11702,
44376,
319,
511,
890,
12,
2502,
23301,
1414,
11,
867,
3790,
11643,
257,
9960,
319,
8857,
13,
20525,
11,
2669,
825,
1484,
428,
11067,
2372,
1028,
3026,
4934,
11,
290,
2809,
5263,
262,
1913,
5885,
286,
257,
2422,
26457,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
3162,
6939,
326,
340,
2622,
617,
2422,
2700,
329,
11749,
262,
11255,
25446,
319,
511,
1956,
11455,
13,
383,
15265,
10435,
262,
3274,
1578,
1829,
35588,
11,
17747,
286,
13037,
1450,
7428,
422,
1440,
1181,
28195,
329,
257,
530,
614,
2278,
13,
314,
1100,
12925,
4237,
12059,
262,
17881,
1590,
286,
428,
2700,
11,
21292,
11702,
39674,
290,
1729,
12,
47587,
416,
262,
2585,
13,
383,
4326,
1239,
8793,
663,
10435,
4202,
11,
262,
20049,
3403,
319,
262,
27580,
49186,
663,
13530,
290,
10622,
2828,
2984,
39935,
9416,
13,
1446,
10228,
287,
1402,
5482,
2442,
684,
3690,
262,
8830,
16771,
11,
340,
1239,
8302,
257,
34207,
1028,
262,
12746,
13,
198,
2949,
16538,
11196,
329,
33858,
278,
287,
428,
34792,
11,
290,
340,
12725,
257,
9137,
286,
644,
356,
869,
1909,
564,
250,
13237,
661,
13,
447,
251,
6521,
11,
23366,
1181,
18648,
625,
262,
4318,
1230,
11,
428,
564,
250,
1670,
88,
447,
251,
1625,
422,
257,
21085,
35783,
422,
1440,
2585,
11,
257,
4538,
13,
317,
6761,
379,
262,
640,
2810,
329,
262,
5989,
286,
44234,
329,
262,
1450,
762,
6519,
276,
1141,
777,
21085,
23145,
444,
13,
26406,
4079,
326,
749,
286,
777,
44234,
1625,
422,
262,
9016,
2974,
286,
3592,
11,
1390,
883,
25071,
262,
1099,
13,
3574,
4232,
2723,
777,
1450,
1625,
11,
379,
1551,
484,
4983,
290,
4632,
750,
511,
1266,
739,
2408,
5917,
13,
198,
49,
28399,
306,
11,
1752,
262,
5795,
16030,
484,
1276,
2193,
262,
4678,
2622,
329,
9489,
511,
10741,
13,
1114,
11749,
262,
8830,
18573,
262,
1402,
5482,
2442,
684,
1276,
3151,
511,
10965,
2884,
7850,
3067,
13,
4874,
379,
511,
10965,
484,
1276,
1690,
5678,
511,
649,
26162,
1262,
262,
20049,
4899,
290,
4133,
1695,
13,
383,
20049,
9358,
1080,
1690,
11038,
262,
10325,
286,
262,
5795,
447,
247,
1414,
290,
9416,
11,
10833,
44618,
319,
262,
6553,
13,
20463,
35468,
11196,
379,
777,
27580,
26162,
290,
262,
1178,
18573,
2810,
1310,
9739,
329,
262,
6553,
13,
8989,
11,
1752,
262,
5795,
8793,
257,
1241,
286,
42554,
11,
484,
4251,
262,
886,
286,
511,
33858,
434,
13,
2080,
1178,
16538,
329,
302,
268,
4868,
434,
11,
262,
1429,
1276,
2221,
757,
11,
351,
16517,
290,
3047,
257,
649,
2700,
13,
198,
31276,
867,
9208,
3399,
2497,
326,
262,
1499,
2622,
257,
1180,
1296,
286,
1230,
329,
13359,
663,
9441,
13,
7945,
262,
1266,
14953,
290,
4920,
3173,
11,
1178,
661,
3940,
777,
3173,
393,
14462,
674,
14953,
13,
383,
26740,
11680,
39828,
287,
8857,
287,
1737,
11,
1596,
5774,
351,
4502,
2669,
28355,
7018,
355,
663,
1893,
13,
1081,
262,
15265,
2540,
262,
1429,
286,
14583,
257,
564,
250,
3549,
2818,
4479,
11,
447,
251,
262,
1468,
11,
4569,
564,
250,
49787,
447,
251,
8976,
1678,
12824,
262,
1429,
13,
198,
3633,
749,
3399,
8588,
379,
1551,
281,
66,
15856,
3725,
286,
262,
16968,
15389,
1871,
262,
15265,
11,
1178,
760,
262,
3403,
13,
22244,
3690,
262,
3024,
3931,
11,
262,
15265,
4030,
262,
9168,
286,
511,
3249,
6899,
4838,
11,
12174,
262,
564,
250,
293,
868,
447,
251,
286,
1321,
13,
775,
1276,
3505,
326,
428,
5091,
878,
5186,
12,
12293,
34834,
3341,
393,
1633,
21143,
13,
1119,
4030,
503,
262,
564,
250,
11431,
11,
447,
251,
290,
4844,
286,
262,
15265,
5158,
351,
564,
250,
24891,
1023,
11,
447,
251,
757,
329,
10941,
22780,
13,
12495,
3399,
11,
1690,
21366,
351,
2056,
1895,
11,
466,
407,
1833,
1521,
262,
15265,
4030,
511,
45863,
3200,
13,
198,
6943,
286,
262,
15265,
2936,
484,
17273,
530,
2863,
329,
4441,
428,
649,
1230,
290,
16937,
262,
1266,
1744,
2622,
511,
2962,
13,
564,
250,
13152,
1895,
447,
251,
22451,
1143,
428,
2962,
290,
564,
250,
293,
4335,
447,
251,
1321,
11,
351,
2785,
11313,
507,
11,
22451,
1143,
511,
2863,
329,
1943,
13,
775,
1064,
428,
47757,
1909,
11,
351,
7602,
2491,
3812,
5581,
9073,
11,
564,
250,
293,
868,
447,
251,
1321,
290,
39916,
2260,
13141,
13,
8989,
257,
564,
250,
24891,
2569,
9085,
447,
251,
7160,
1909,
11,
2984,
3500,
262,
3274,
8441,
11,
351,
867,
564,
250,
11431,
32985,
5753,
447,
251,
14773,
2405,
262,
564,
250,
3364,
6620,
447,
251,
286,
4004,
7602,
13,
198,
464,
15265,
7194,
262,
1266,
3188,
329,
19201,
262,
2476,
286,
262,
749,
661,
11,
1642,
564,
250,
20887,
1393,
2628,
447,
251,
9233,
13,
30481,
257,
16503,
3277,
8302,
517,
1593,
621,
19086,
2890,
7915,
290,
1181,
15997,
13,
2312,
15265,
24594,
11,
290,
19066,
11,
319,
2972,
2428,
26,
867,
286,
543,
3520,
1593,
1909,
13,
1119,
7960,
625,
262,
2372,
286,
18648,
416,
1588,
11,
880,
12,
12924,
4817,
2585,
625,
4833,
11,
1342,
12,
12924,
4817,
2585,
13,
3819,
2428,
5213,
21843,
11,
262,
2071,
326,
16752,
262,
1605,
9303,
11,
290,
1330,
10741,
11,
543,
46852,
9138,
2585,
1028,
14240,
2585,
13,
3167,
9150,
286,
262,
4632,
29286,
992,
8830,
1956,
11,
4752,
416,
867,
2585,
11,
8302,
257,
8904,
1917,
329,
262,
15265,
13,
383,
2071,
286,
13503,
2048,
4444,
262,
9831,
290,
262,
15265,
19066,
11,
16937,
262,
1266,
4381,
1744,
379,
262,
640,
13,
1550,
2693,
1596,
11,
1596,
5774,
262,
15265,
8197,
262,
1294,
7965,
290,
8948,
340,
329,
7546,
416,
262,
1981,
2585,
13,
198,
15316,
11,
6974,
6427,
3657,
290,
22868,
21811,
857,
407,
3393,
8494,
262,
2761,
11,
393,
1487,
661,
447,
247,
82,
14479,
13,
11738,
2649,
286,
262,
7965,
2672,
262,
7546,
286,
5193,
2585,
11,
357,
15542,
12,
14337,
9998,
8,
543,
5091,
319,
2795,
2310,
11,
1596,
3459,
13,
2102,
11,
734,
1593,
1588,
2585,
11,
968,
1971,
290,
6025,
11,
991,
24594,
48815,
13,
12168,
1051,
364,
286,
262,
24720,
286,
20153,
11,
290,
15265,
379,
262,
26740,
11680,
11,
11643,
262,
7433,
286,
262,
7965,
13,
376,
23012,
393,
1352,
11,
9925,
8616,
11,
286,
564,
250,
23318,
502,
12354,
11,
393,
1577,
502,
1918,
11,
447,
251,
16117,
3111,
1327,
329,
21320,
340,
287,
6025,
13,
3412,
262,
749,
16915,
5941,
2921,
262,
7965,
11,
290,
262,
3277,
11,
691,
257,
14461,
2863,
379,
9441,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 5,421 |
The effect of UVR on biological systems is wavelength dependent. Action spectrum for DNA damage is an essential component of understanding the effects of increased UVB on a range of Antarctic invertebrate larvae. The wavelength dependency is quantified using spectral weighting functions which provide information such as the target organelles/molecules of the UVR, the degree that organisms are ... influenced by wavelengths that are enhanced by the process of ozone depletion and the activity of sunscreening and anti-oxidant compounds. Biological weighting functions (BWFs) were made for 3 embryonic stages of Sterechinus (eggs, blastula, 4 armed larvae) and embryos of Acodantaster, Perknaster and Parbolarsis. The embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial lights for 3 days. Three filter treatments with 50% nominal cut-off at 280, 305, 320, 375 and 400nm wavelengths were used. DNA was analysed for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Using the species specific BWF and spectral irradiance data, biological effective irradiances were calculated for a given ambient light environment. Modelling of the species specific and stage specific effects of ozone depletion on larval stage were made using the BWFs and the change in ambient light field during ozone depletion. | [
464,
1245,
286,
471,
13024,
319,
10685,
3341,
318,
28400,
10795,
13,
7561,
10958,
329,
7446,
2465,
318,
281,
6393,
7515,
286,
4547,
262,
3048,
286,
3220,
22033,
33,
319,
257,
2837,
286,
33149,
40631,
660,
40804,
37346,
13,
383,
28400,
20203,
318,
5554,
1431,
1262,
37410,
3463,
278,
5499,
543,
2148,
1321,
884,
355,
262,
2496,
1618,
695,
274,
14,
76,
2305,
13930,
286,
262,
471,
13024,
11,
262,
4922,
326,
20296,
389,
2644,
12824,
416,
45656,
326,
389,
13105,
416,
262,
1429,
286,
37170,
42435,
290,
262,
3842,
286,
44221,
278,
290,
3098,
12,
1140,
312,
415,
16439,
13,
32827,
3463,
278,
5499,
357,
48802,
42388,
8,
547,
925,
329,
513,
49710,
9539,
286,
520,
567,
24658,
385,
357,
33856,
82,
11,
11975,
4712,
11,
604,
6936,
37346,
8,
290,
39966,
286,
4013,
375,
415,
1603,
11,
2448,
15418,
1603,
290,
2547,
65,
7828,
271,
13,
383,
39966,
290,
37346,
547,
7362,
284,
11666,
7588,
329,
513,
1528,
13,
7683,
8106,
13820,
351,
2026,
4,
26934,
2005,
12,
2364,
379,
21355,
11,
32747,
11,
20959,
11,
29414,
290,
7337,
21533,
45656,
547,
973,
13,
7446,
373,
34763,
329,
11700,
672,
315,
1531,
279,
17302,
39422,
5391,
364,
357,
34,
5760,
82,
737,
8554,
262,
4693,
2176,
37869,
37,
290,
37410,
47537,
3610,
1366,
11,
10685,
4050,
47537,
16097,
547,
10488,
329,
257,
1813,
25237,
1657,
2858,
13,
3401,
9417,
286,
262,
4693,
2176,
290,
3800,
2176,
3048,
286,
37170,
42435,
319,
26371,
2100,
3800,
547,
925,
1262,
262,
37869,
42388,
290,
262,
1487,
287,
25237,
1657,
2214,
1141,
37170,
42435,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 264 |
Active RNA polymerase (RNAP) somehow remains both stable and mobile. In the 28 July Science Korzheva et al. combine the X-ray crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) core RNAP with their own crosslinking data to derive a model of a functioning bacterial core RNAP (Science 2000, 289:619-625). At the front, a 20° hinged movement closes the RNAP "jaws" around the downstream DNA. At the back of the RNAP, the rudder region is positioned to separate the exiting RNA from the DNA template strand. Termination probably comes when an RNA hairpin disrupts interactions with the rudder, triggering collapse of the transcription bubble. | [
13739,
25897,
30528,
589,
357,
42336,
2969,
8,
7599,
3793,
1111,
8245,
290,
5175,
13,
554,
262,
2579,
2901,
5800,
14769,
89,
258,
6862,
2123,
435,
13,
12082,
262,
1395,
12,
2433,
15121,
4645,
286,
12634,
14664,
37115,
385,
357,
51,
30188,
8,
4755,
43112,
2969,
351,
511,
898,
3272,
75,
8040,
1366,
284,
27099,
257,
2746,
286,
257,
15025,
23462,
4755,
43112,
2969,
357,
26959,
4751,
11,
38902,
25,
21,
1129,
12,
26704,
737,
1629,
262,
2166,
11,
257,
1160,
7200,
289,
24431,
3356,
20612,
262,
43112,
2969,
366,
73,
8356,
1,
1088,
262,
33218,
7446,
13,
1629,
262,
736,
286,
262,
43112,
2969,
11,
262,
28906,
1082,
3814,
318,
19378,
284,
4553,
262,
33895,
25897,
422,
262,
7446,
11055,
37923,
13,
15527,
341,
2192,
2058,
618,
281,
25897,
4190,
11635,
10114,
82,
12213,
351,
262,
28906,
1082,
11,
26555,
9807,
286,
262,
26955,
14310,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 148 |
Glaucoma is a disease that can cause vision to be permanently lost very slowly over time. The disease starts by enlarging an individual’s “blind spot,” then may progress leading to complete blindness. Glaucoma is sometimes referred to as “the silent thief of sight” because a typical person would have absolutely no symptoms in the early stages of the disease, and would only notice after it was too late and the damage was done.
The disease essentially attacks the optic nerve in the back of the eye. Typically high pressure inside of the eye - the Intra Ocular Pressure, or IOP - causes this damage. The number one risk factor for glaucoma is a family history of the disease, but glaucoma may affect anyone.
As with most diseases of the body, the earlier the findings are caught, the more we are able to do. With modern medicine, it is rare that any new case of early glaucoma caught progresses past the “early” stage.
How Do I Know if I am at Risk or Have Glaucoma?
Annual eye exams. Many eye doctors today are equipped with advanced instruments that allow us to catch the earliest signs of elevated eye pressures and damage to the optic nerve. Carillon Vision Care has multiple instruments to check the pressure, and has the most advanced optic nerve imaging instrument available: the Optical Coherence Tomographer, or OCT.
The OCT technology measures every attribute of an optic nerve in micrometers (one-thousandth of a millimeter!). This allows us to know ABSOLUTELY if any damage is present.
I Am Told I am a “Glaucoma Suspect.” What is That?
A Glaucoma Suspect is a medical diagnosis. This typically means that there is either high eye pressures with no optic nerve damage, or the optic nerve looks suspicious for possible damage. A Glaucoma Suspect may never actually go on to develop the disease, but we watch these patients very carefully. Treatment is initiated only when we are certain that there is early damage.
Okay, I Have Glaucoma. How is it Treated?
A number of ways. The first line of treatment is typically to lower the eye pressure by using prescription eye drops. Usually 1 drop once per day is enough.
Our doctors carefully review all of the new research to make sure we use only the best type of medication for each particular patient. The very first generic glaucoma medication came out a year ago, Latanoprost. All other brand name glaucoma medications are very expensive. All of the 1 year published studies on Latanoprost confirm the medicine is just as effective as the name brand, and our doctors have a number of glaucoma patients responding very well to this new formulation.
When these drops are not enough to lower the pressure, there are a group of simple laser surgeries that are effective for most patients. These lasers essentially increase the drainage channels inside the eye helping lower the pressure.
The take home message here is preventative care. If you or a loved one does not require corrective lenses and has not been in for an eye exam for a while, the time is now. If you would like more information on Glaucoma, or any other common eye disease, check out www.allaboutvision.com.
Dr. Andrew Neukirch is the CEO of Carillon Vision Care located in Glenview, IL
Sources: Merk Manual “Glaucoma,” Jack Kanski’s “Clinical Ohpthalmology,” and allaboutvision.com | [
9861,
559,
785,
64,
318,
257,
4369,
326,
460,
2728,
5761,
284,
307,
15043,
2626,
845,
6364,
625,
640,
13,
383,
4369,
4940,
416,
26537,
278,
281,
1981,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
27461,
4136,
11,
447,
251,
788,
743,
4371,
3756,
284,
1844,
37673,
13,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
318,
3360,
6412,
284,
355,
564,
250,
1169,
10574,
25906,
286,
6504,
447,
251,
780,
257,
7226,
1048,
561,
423,
5543,
645,
7460,
287,
262,
1903,
9539,
286,
262,
4369,
11,
290,
561,
691,
4003,
706,
340,
373,
1165,
2739,
290,
262,
2465,
373,
1760,
13,
198,
464,
4369,
6986,
3434,
262,
43151,
16384,
287,
262,
736,
286,
262,
4151,
13,
27095,
1029,
3833,
2641,
286,
262,
4151,
532,
262,
2558,
430,
440,
10440,
30980,
11,
393,
314,
3185,
532,
5640,
428,
2465,
13,
383,
1271,
530,
2526,
5766,
329,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
318,
257,
1641,
2106,
286,
262,
4369,
11,
475,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
743,
2689,
2687,
13,
198,
1722,
351,
749,
10040,
286,
262,
1767,
11,
262,
2961,
262,
6373,
389,
4978,
11,
262,
517,
356,
389,
1498,
284,
466,
13,
2080,
3660,
9007,
11,
340,
318,
4071,
326,
597,
649,
1339,
286,
1903,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
4978,
33226,
1613,
262,
564,
250,
11458,
447,
251,
3800,
13,
198,
2437,
2141,
314,
9365,
611,
314,
716,
379,
19602,
393,
8192,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
30,
198,
18858,
723,
4151,
26420,
13,
4650,
4151,
7519,
1909,
389,
10911,
351,
6190,
12834,
326,
1249,
514,
284,
4929,
262,
14555,
5895,
286,
15321,
4151,
18895,
290,
2465,
284,
262,
43151,
16384,
13,
1879,
23027,
19009,
7276,
468,
3294,
12834,
284,
2198,
262,
3833,
11,
290,
468,
262,
749,
6190,
43151,
16384,
19560,
8875,
1695,
25,
262,
49593,
1766,
23545,
4186,
18539,
11,
393,
42256,
13,
198,
464,
42256,
3037,
5260,
790,
11688,
286,
281,
43151,
16384,
287,
12314,
398,
7307,
357,
505,
12,
400,
29910,
400,
286,
257,
3939,
16912,
19588,
770,
3578,
514,
284,
760,
29950,
3535,
3843,
30943,
611,
597,
2465,
318,
1944,
13,
198,
40,
1703,
309,
727,
314,
716,
257,
564,
250,
9861,
559,
785,
64,
8932,
806,
13,
447,
251,
1867,
318,
1320,
30,
198,
32,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
8932,
806,
318,
257,
3315,
13669,
13,
770,
6032,
1724,
326,
612,
318,
2035,
1029,
4151,
18895,
351,
645,
43151,
16384,
2465,
11,
393,
262,
43151,
16384,
3073,
13678,
329,
1744,
2465,
13,
317,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
8932,
806,
743,
1239,
1682,
467,
319,
284,
1205,
262,
4369,
11,
475,
356,
2342,
777,
3871,
845,
7773,
13,
21415,
318,
16862,
691,
618,
356,
389,
1728,
326,
612,
318,
1903,
2465,
13,
198,
16454,
11,
314,
8192,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
13,
1374,
318,
340,
4700,
515,
30,
198,
32,
1271,
286,
2842,
13,
383,
717,
1627,
286,
3513,
318,
6032,
284,
2793,
262,
4151,
3833,
416,
1262,
15077,
4151,
10532,
13,
19672,
352,
4268,
1752,
583,
1110,
318,
1576,
13,
198,
5122,
7519,
7773,
2423,
477,
286,
262,
649,
2267,
284,
787,
1654,
356,
779,
691,
262,
1266,
2099,
286,
14103,
329,
1123,
1948,
5827,
13,
383,
845,
717,
14276,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
14103,
1625,
503,
257,
614,
2084,
11,
5476,
272,
404,
23341,
13,
1439,
584,
4508,
1438,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
17638,
389,
845,
5789,
13,
1439,
286,
262,
352,
614,
3199,
3640,
319,
5476,
272,
404,
23341,
6216,
262,
9007,
318,
655,
355,
4050,
355,
262,
1438,
4508,
11,
290,
674,
7519,
423,
257,
1271,
286,
1278,
559,
785,
64,
3871,
14409,
845,
880,
284,
428,
649,
31760,
13,
198,
2215,
777,
10532,
389,
407,
1576,
284,
2793,
262,
3833,
11,
612,
389,
257,
1448,
286,
2829,
12855,
33624,
326,
389,
4050,
329,
749,
3871,
13,
2312,
34628,
6986,
2620,
262,
37664,
9619,
2641,
262,
4151,
5742,
2793,
262,
3833,
13,
198,
464,
1011,
1363,
3275,
994,
318,
2948,
876,
1337,
13,
1002,
345,
393,
257,
6151,
530,
857,
407,
2421,
46534,
18405,
290,
468,
407,
587,
287,
329,
281,
4151,
2814,
329,
257,
981,
11,
262,
640,
318,
783,
13,
1002,
345,
561,
588,
517,
1321,
319,
2671,
559,
785,
64,
11,
393,
597,
584,
2219,
4151,
4369,
11,
2198,
503,
7324,
13,
439,
10755,
10178,
13,
785,
13,
198,
6187,
13,
6858,
3169,
2724,
343,
354,
318,
262,
6123,
286,
1879,
23027,
19009,
7276,
5140,
287,
20716,
1177,
11,
14639,
198,
21188,
25,
4638,
74,
17969,
564,
250,
9861,
559,
785,
64,
11,
447,
251,
3619,
509,
44978,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
2601,
32352,
3966,
79,
11669,
29126,
11,
447,
251,
290,
477,
10755,
10178,
13,
785,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 763 |
50 years ago this week, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded. The United States finally decided to first blockade rather than immediately attack Cuba to prevent the Soviet Union from finishing installation of missiles that could reach the continental United States. This article introduces the little-known story of the battles between the “hawks” and the “doves” in the Kennedy Administration as related in a new publication, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 8, 1961-1964.
When President John F. Kennedy finally announced the naval blockade of Cuba and the reasons for it on national television, Americans huddled together, practiced nuclear drills, and prayed for some peaceful solution to prevent all-out nuclear war. Only decades later did the full story of brinkmanship, bravado and brilliance come out about what really happened behind the scenes during those two weeks.
Image Credit: The Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
A little known side of the story comes from the top military commanders who were serving the Kennedy administration during the crisis, found in the surprisingly fascinating book titled The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 8, 1961-1964, from the Office of Joint History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Kennedy Administration
This accounting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during this tumultuous period in the history of American foreign affairs goes beyond the normal third party historian’s post mortem, since the author was actually able to meet with several members of the joint chiefs in the 1970’s to add more of their personal insights, including Admiral Arleigh Burke, Admiral George Anderson, General Lyman Lemnitzer, Chairman during 1960-1962, and the Chairman who succeeded him, General Maxwell D. Taylor.
Image: President John F. Kennedy meets with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Photograph includes: (L-R) United States Marine Corps General David Shoup; United States Army General Earle Wheeler; United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay, President Kennedy; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Maxwell Taylor; United States Navy Admiral George Anderson. West Wing Lawn. White House. Washington, D.C. Credit: Robert Knudsen. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston
What results is an interesting amalgam of history and a peek into the tensions between military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. Describing the relationship of the Kennedy administration and the military establishment, author Walter S. Poole says: “During 1961-1962, relations between the JCS and their civilian superiors were often awkward and even confrontational” particularly between Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara and Lemnitzer.
The old-school Joint Chiefs were concerned about the new approach to foreign policy being espoused by the Kennedy administration, and tensions grew. According to the author:
“What most concerned the JCS was an apparent erosion of US credibility that emboldened communist leaders to pursue more adventurous policies. President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara pursued what they conceived as more flexible approaches to strategy and crisis management.”
Quick Background on the Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, the Soviet Union was losing the arms race with the United States. In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba to double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union from the Jupiter missiles the U.S. had just placed in Turkey. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion the previous year, Fidel Castro felt a second attack by the U.S. on Cuba was inevitable, so he agreed to host the missiles as protection.
Image: Initial U.S. intelligence estimates of possible U.S. targets within range of the nuclear-capable Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) and SS-5 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) found by the U-2 spy plane surveillance photographs if they were launched from Cuba. Credit: Bettmann/CORBIS
On October 15, 1962, the National Photographic Intelligence Center confirmed that secret reconnaissance photographs from an American U-2 spy plane flight the day before were finally able to definitively prove the suspicion that Soviet medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles capable of hitting Atlanta, the Midwest, Washington, DC, and even Los Angeles and Seattle were indeed in place and in the process of being installed and ready in Cuba within days. In response, President Kennedy and Secretary McNamara assembled the Executive Committee of the National Security Council call “ExComm” as a task force that, together with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and experts from the State Department and other intelligence agencies, would debate the United States’ options to deter the Soviets from nuclear escalation.
To Blockade, Strike or Invade?
Earlier in September 1962, after cloud-obscured U-2 photos had hinted at Soviet build-up in Cuba, the Joint Strategic Survey Council had submitted a recommendation for blockading rather than invading Cuba, on grounds that a blockade would be less dramatic, require smaller resources, cause fewer casualties, and be more plausibly related to upholding the Monroe Doctrine. In his 1823 annual message to Congress, President James Monroe had established this doctrine followed by the U.S. ever since that warned European countries not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere, stating “that the American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
However, as the crisis unfolded, the primary debate among the military commanders of the Joint Chiefs was over whether to carry out an all-inclusive attack against Soviet and Cuban forces on the island or a surgical strike confined to just attacking the missiles themselves, the nuclear storage sites, and Soviet MiG planes.
Both President Kennedy and McNamara thought that an all-inclusive attack would inevitably lead to invasion of Cuba, and then possible counter-attacks elsewhere by the Soviets or escalation to all-out war.
But General Taylor reported that the Joint Chiefs and the combatant commanders felt “so strongly about the dangers inherent in [only] the limited strike that they would prefer taking no military action. They feel it’s opening up the United States to attacks which they can’t prevent, if we don’t take advantage of surprise.” Taylor added that his personal inclination was “all against invasion, but nonetheless trying to eliminate as effectively as possible every weapon [present in Cuba] that can strike the United States”.
According to the reports by the author, the Joint Chiefs were opposed to only attacking the medium-range ballistic missiles themselves, saying it would incur “an unacceptable risk” and that not attacking the enemy’s planes would expose the continental United States and Puerto Rico to air attack and could cause unnecessary casualties among the garrison at Guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. Instead, the JCS initially recommended “also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a ‘complete’ blockade.”
Image: A meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council in the Cabinet Room during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 29, 1962, 10:10-10:58am. Clockwise from left: Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (standing); Assistant Sec. Defense Paul Nitze; Dep. USIA Dir. Donald Wilson; Special Counsel Theodore Sorensen; Exec. Sec. NSC Bromley Smith; Special Assistant McGeorge Bundy; Sec. Treasury Douglas Dillon; Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson; Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson; William C. Foster; CIA Dir. John McCone (hidden); Under Secretary of State George Ball (hidden); President John F. Kennedy; Sec. State Dean Rusk; Sec. Defense Robert McNamara; Dep. Sec. Defense Roswell Gilpatric; Chairman JCS Gen. Maxwell Taylor. Credit: Photo by Cecil Stoughton, JFK Library ST-A26-18-62
The Blues vs. the Reds
Even more fascinating was the story of the war gaming techniques used. To quickly develop two alternative scenarios for the President to consider, the ExComm task force split into two groups that constantly exchanged position papers and critiqued each other’s work. The “Blues,” who were to prepare the scenario for a surprise air strike, included General Maxwell Taylor, Robert Kennedy, Treasury Secretary Douglas Dillon, Director McCone, Dean Acheson, and McGeorge Bundy. The “Reds,” drafting the blockade option, included Chief of U.S. Naval Operations Adm. George Anderson, Marine Corps Commandant David Shoup, Secretary Rusk, Deputy Secretary Gilpatric, and Theodore Sorensen.
Image: On October 11 last week, certain documents from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy’s personal papers about the Cuban Missile Crisis were declassified. In it was the above personal list of who RFK thought among the ExComm were the “Hawks” who favored an air strike (shown in the right column labeled “Strike”) vs. the “Doves” who favored a blockade of Cuba (in the left column). Note that the “Chiefs” meaning the Joint Chiefs of Staff along with General Taylor are shown on the “Hawks” Strike side of his list on the right. Source: The National Security Archive
In less than two days, two complete scenarios were prepared and presented to President Kennedy on October 20, with competing input coming from the Pentagon and the State Department.
From this insider accounting of events, we learn that the Chairman thought that the probable sequence of events to be green-lighted would be: a political approach; a warning; air attack on the missile sites; blockade; and, if necessary, invasion, with the earliest air strike date set for October 21 (optimally the 23rd), and an invasion to begin on October 28.
However, to find out exactly what happened and how the drama played out behind the scenes, pick up a copy of this fascinating book.
HOW DO I OBTAIN “The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 8, 1961-1964”?
- Buy it online 24/7 at GPO’s Online Bookstore.
- Buy it at GPO’s retail bookstore at 710 North Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20401, open Monday-Friday, 9am to 4pm, except Federal holidays, (202) 512-0132.
- Find it in a library.
Find this and other Government publications about Cuba in our Cuba collection.
About the Author: Michele Bartram is Promotions Manager for GPO’s Publication and Information Sales Division and is responsible for online and offline marketing of the US Government Online Bookstore (http://bookstore.gpo.gov) and promoting Federal government content to the public. | [
1120,
812,
2084,
428,
1285,
11,
262,
995,
6204,
319,
262,
29585,
286,
4523,
1175,
355,
262,
18147,
25350,
18660,
34660,
13,
383,
1578,
1829,
3443,
3066,
284,
717,
30974,
2138,
621,
3393,
1368,
14159,
284,
2948,
262,
7570,
4479,
422,
12848,
9988,
286,
12798,
326,
714,
3151,
262,
29843,
1578,
1829,
13,
770,
2708,
20718,
262,
1310,
12,
4002,
1621,
286,
262,
10181,
1022,
262,
564,
250,
27221,
447,
251,
290,
262,
564,
250,
67,
5241,
447,
251,
287,
262,
10401,
8694,
355,
3519,
287,
257,
649,
9207,
11,
383,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
290,
2351,
7820,
11,
4709,
13,
807,
11,
20510,
12,
46477,
13,
198,
2215,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
3443,
3414,
262,
19014,
30974,
286,
14159,
290,
262,
3840,
329,
340,
319,
2260,
5581,
11,
3399,
289,
32745,
1978,
11,
19893,
4523,
26721,
11,
290,
32168,
329,
617,
12309,
4610,
284,
2948,
477,
12,
448,
4523,
1175,
13,
5514,
4647,
1568,
750,
262,
1336,
1621,
286,
29585,
25428,
11,
49025,
4533,
290,
37451,
1282,
503,
546,
644,
1107,
3022,
2157,
262,
8188,
1141,
883,
734,
2745,
13,
198,
5159,
10504,
25,
383,
7943,
1812,
10074,
11,
22275,
290,
5094,
13407,
198,
32,
1310,
1900,
1735,
286,
262,
1621,
2058,
422,
262,
1353,
2422,
22576,
508,
547,
7351,
262,
10401,
3662,
1141,
262,
4902,
11,
1043,
287,
262,
12362,
13899,
1492,
11946,
383,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
290,
2351,
7820,
11,
4709,
13,
807,
11,
20510,
12,
46477,
11,
422,
262,
4452,
286,
16798,
7443,
286,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
13,
198,
464,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
1141,
262,
10401,
8694,
198,
1212,
14317,
286,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
1141,
428,
47312,
2278,
287,
262,
2106,
286,
1605,
3215,
9674,
2925,
3675,
262,
3487,
2368,
2151,
18026,
447,
247,
82,
1281,
5596,
368,
11,
1201,
262,
1772,
373,
1682,
1498,
284,
1826,
351,
1811,
1866,
286,
262,
6466,
30217,
287,
262,
8069,
447,
247,
82,
284,
751,
517,
286,
511,
2614,
17218,
11,
1390,
24646,
943,
42342,
23259,
11,
24646,
4502,
9918,
11,
3611,
9334,
805,
20607,
77,
10557,
11,
12787,
1141,
9507,
12,
1129,
5237,
11,
290,
262,
12787,
508,
14131,
683,
11,
3611,
28276,
360,
13,
8121,
13,
198,
5159,
25,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
11185,
351,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
13,
18903,
3407,
25,
357,
43,
12,
49,
8,
1578,
1829,
11000,
12778,
3611,
3271,
911,
10486,
26,
1578,
1829,
5407,
3611,
2905,
293,
27512,
26,
1578,
1829,
3701,
5221,
3611,
25157,
1004,
6747,
11,
1992,
10401,
26,
12787,
286,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
3611,
28276,
8121,
26,
1578,
1829,
8565,
24646,
4502,
9918,
13,
2688,
13405,
46007,
13,
2635,
2097,
13,
2669,
11,
360,
13,
34,
13,
10504,
25,
5199,
6102,
463,
6248,
13,
2635,
2097,
18903,
82,
13,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
17471,
10074,
290,
9594,
11,
6182,
198,
2061,
2482,
318,
281,
3499,
45541,
321,
286,
2106,
290,
257,
27185,
656,
262,
15733,
1022,
2422,
6466,
30217,
290,
262,
10380,
284,
4150,
484,
2098,
13,
39373,
23098,
262,
2776,
286,
262,
10401,
3662,
290,
262,
2422,
9323,
11,
1772,
15819,
311,
13,
41778,
293,
1139,
25,
564,
250,
7191,
20510,
12,
1129,
5237,
11,
2316,
1022,
262,
449,
7902,
290,
511,
11107,
41557,
547,
1690,
13006,
290,
772,
7239,
864,
447,
251,
3573,
1022,
4986,
286,
5947,
5199,
311,
13,
22586,
47848,
290,
20607,
77,
10557,
13,
198,
464,
1468,
12,
14347,
16798,
18733,
547,
5213,
546,
262,
649,
3164,
284,
3215,
2450,
852,
15024,
29997,
416,
262,
10401,
3662,
11,
290,
15733,
6348,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
1772,
25,
198,
447,
250,
2061,
749,
5213,
262,
449,
7902,
373,
281,
4156,
29337,
286,
1294,
16532,
326,
42221,
2945,
20555,
2766,
284,
10660,
517,
39770,
4788,
13,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
290,
4986,
286,
5947,
5199,
311,
13,
22586,
47848,
19189,
644,
484,
21581,
355,
517,
12846,
10581,
284,
4811,
290,
4902,
4542,
13,
447,
251,
198,
21063,
25353,
319,
262,
18147,
25350,
18660,
198,
818,
20033,
11,
262,
7570,
4479,
373,
6078,
262,
5101,
3234,
351,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
554,
2739,
3035,
20033,
11,
7570,
9952,
11271,
5350,
5311,
37357,
49916,
21581,
262,
2126,
286,
12560,
19898,
12,
9521,
12798,
287,
14159,
284,
4274,
262,
7570,
10039,
24375,
290,
2148,
257,
1103,
34207,
284,
257,
2785,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1368,
1028,
262,
7570,
4479,
422,
262,
22721,
12798,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
550,
655,
4624,
287,
7137,
13,
10776,
1201,
262,
4054,
4696,
286,
49210,
11796,
262,
2180,
614,
11,
42320,
21193,
2936,
257,
1218,
1368,
416,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
319,
14159,
373,
13203,
11,
523,
339,
4987,
284,
2583,
262,
12798,
355,
4800,
13,
198,
5159,
25,
20768,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4430,
7746,
286,
1744,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6670,
1626,
2837,
286,
262,
4523,
12,
11128,
540,
7570,
6723,
12,
19,
7090,
12,
9521,
22681,
12798,
357,
13599,
33,
10128,
8,
290,
6723,
12,
20,
19898,
12,
9521,
22681,
12798,
357,
4663,
33,
10128,
8,
1043,
416,
262,
471,
12,
17,
13997,
6614,
8452,
12566,
611,
484,
547,
5611,
422,
14159,
13,
10504,
25,
43599,
9038,
14,
44879,
33,
1797,
198,
2202,
3267,
1315,
11,
20033,
11,
262,
2351,
5919,
6826,
9345,
3337,
4999,
326,
3200,
39471,
12566,
422,
281,
1605,
471,
12,
17,
13997,
6614,
5474,
262,
1110,
878,
547,
3443,
1498,
284,
41385,
5879,
262,
15123,
326,
7570,
7090,
12,
9521,
290,
19898,
12,
9521,
22681,
12798,
6007,
286,
9008,
9371,
11,
262,
25701,
11,
2669,
11,
6257,
11,
290,
772,
5401,
5652,
290,
7312,
547,
5600,
287,
1295,
290,
287,
262,
1429,
286,
852,
6589,
290,
3492,
287,
14159,
1626,
1528,
13,
554,
2882,
11,
1992,
10401,
290,
4986,
22586,
47848,
16030,
262,
10390,
4606,
286,
262,
2351,
4765,
4281,
869,
564,
250,
3109,
6935,
447,
251,
355,
257,
4876,
2700,
326,
11,
1978,
351,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
290,
6154,
422,
262,
1812,
2732,
290,
584,
4430,
5942,
11,
561,
4384,
262,
1578,
1829,
447,
247,
3689,
284,
2206,
262,
31062,
422,
4523,
29459,
13,
198,
2514,
9726,
671,
11,
12282,
393,
10001,
671,
30,
198,
13689,
287,
2693,
20033,
11,
706,
6279,
12,
672,
1416,
1522,
471,
12,
17,
5205,
550,
27388,
379,
7570,
1382,
12,
929,
287,
14159,
11,
262,
16798,
24999,
13084,
4281,
550,
8948,
257,
15602,
329,
2512,
4980,
2138,
621,
33827,
14159,
11,
319,
9384,
326,
257,
30974,
561,
307,
1342,
10092,
11,
2421,
4833,
4133,
11,
2728,
7380,
18499,
11,
290,
307,
517,
48923,
3193,
3519,
284,
46004,
262,
26249,
35541,
13,
554,
465,
1248,
1954,
5079,
3275,
284,
3162,
11,
1992,
3700,
26249,
550,
4920,
428,
13115,
3940,
416,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1683,
1201,
326,
7728,
3427,
2678,
407,
284,
18135,
287,
262,
4885,
42811,
11,
12316,
564,
250,
5562,
262,
1605,
33431,
1399,
389,
12891,
25718,
407,
284,
307,
3177,
355,
7481,
329,
2003,
40337,
416,
597,
3427,
5635,
13,
447,
251,
198,
4864,
11,
355,
262,
4902,
34660,
11,
262,
4165,
4384,
1871,
262,
2422,
22576,
286,
262,
16798,
18733,
373,
625,
1771,
284,
3283,
503,
281,
477,
12,
259,
5731,
1368,
1028,
7570,
290,
18147,
3386,
319,
262,
7022,
393,
257,
21998,
5587,
19733,
284,
655,
9274,
262,
12798,
2405,
11,
262,
4523,
6143,
5043,
11,
290,
7570,
13756,
38,
13016,
13,
198,
10265,
1992,
10401,
290,
22586,
47848,
1807,
326,
281,
477,
12,
259,
5731,
1368,
561,
16857,
1085,
284,
11796,
286,
14159,
11,
290,
788,
1744,
3753,
12,
38458,
8057,
416,
262,
31062,
393,
29459,
284,
477,
12,
448,
1175,
13,
198,
1537,
3611,
8121,
2098,
326,
262,
16798,
18733,
290,
262,
5249,
415,
22576,
2936,
564,
250,
568,
7634,
546,
262,
16169,
11519,
287,
685,
8807,
60,
262,
3614,
5587,
326,
484,
561,
4702,
2263,
645,
2422,
2223,
13,
1119,
1254,
340,
447,
247,
82,
4756,
510,
262,
1578,
1829,
284,
3434,
543,
484,
460,
447,
247,
83,
2948,
11,
611,
356,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
4621,
286,
5975,
13,
447,
251,
8121,
2087,
326,
465,
2614,
36793,
373,
564,
250,
439,
1028,
11796,
11,
475,
19018,
2111,
284,
11005,
355,
6840,
355,
1744,
790,
4282,
685,
25579,
287,
14159,
60,
326,
460,
5587,
262,
1578,
1829,
447,
251,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
3136,
416,
262,
1772,
11,
262,
16798,
18733,
547,
6886,
284,
691,
9274,
262,
7090,
12,
9521,
22681,
12798,
2405,
11,
2282,
340,
561,
35870,
564,
250,
272,
18010,
2526,
447,
251,
290,
326,
407,
9274,
262,
4472,
447,
247,
82,
13016,
561,
15651,
262,
29843,
1578,
1829,
290,
15295,
16707,
284,
1633,
1368,
290,
714,
2728,
13114,
18499,
1871,
262,
45416,
379,
34378,
290,
262,
3386,
40525,
329,
11796,
13,
5455,
11,
262,
449,
7902,
7317,
7151,
564,
250,
14508,
9008,
16106,
12798,
11,
6215,
11,
7937,
11,
11657,
11,
290,
584,
5035,
6670,
11,
355,
880,
355,
20814,
257,
564,
246,
20751,
447,
247,
30974,
13,
447,
251,
198,
5159,
25,
317,
3249,
286,
262,
10390,
4606,
286,
262,
2351,
4765,
4281,
287,
262,
20384,
10096,
1141,
262,
18147,
25350,
18660,
11,
3267,
2808,
11,
20033,
11,
838,
25,
940,
12,
940,
25,
3365,
321,
13,
21328,
3083,
422,
1364,
25,
8123,
3611,
5199,
376,
13,
10401,
357,
5646,
1776,
15286,
1882,
13,
5947,
3362,
24282,
2736,
26,
2129,
13,
1294,
3539,
36202,
13,
3759,
8127,
26,
6093,
21023,
36494,
311,
382,
5907,
268,
26,
8393,
13,
1882,
13,
399,
6173,
31455,
1636,
4176,
26,
6093,
15286,
1982,
20191,
35259,
26,
1882,
13,
13419,
15796,
40057,
26,
11079,
1992,
47309,
347,
13,
5030,
26,
20656,
406,
293,
4053,
2047,
11654,
26,
3977,
327,
13,
18489,
26,
7688,
36202,
13,
1757,
5108,
505,
357,
30342,
1776,
4698,
4986,
286,
1812,
4502,
6932,
357,
30342,
1776,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
26,
1882,
13,
1812,
11325,
9223,
74,
26,
1882,
13,
5947,
5199,
22586,
47848,
26,
2129,
13,
1882,
13,
5947,
10018,
4053,
10689,
8071,
1173,
26,
12787,
449,
7902,
5215,
13,
28276,
8121,
13,
10504,
25,
5555,
416,
32234,
520,
619,
1122,
11,
35216,
10074,
3563,
12,
32,
2075,
12,
1507,
12,
5237,
198,
464,
15261,
3691,
13,
262,
14703,
198,
6104,
517,
13899,
373,
262,
1621,
286,
262,
1175,
7776,
7605,
973,
13,
1675,
2952,
1205,
734,
5559,
13858,
329,
262,
1992,
284,
2074,
11,
262,
1475,
6935,
4876,
2700,
6626,
656,
734,
2628,
326,
7558,
22112,
2292,
9473,
290,
1955,
1557,
276,
1123,
584,
447,
247,
82,
670,
13,
383,
564,
250,
3629,
947,
11,
447,
251,
508,
547,
284,
8335,
262,
8883,
329,
257,
5975,
1633,
5587,
11,
3017,
3611,
28276,
8121,
11,
5199,
10401,
11,
13419,
4986,
15796,
40057,
11,
5890,
5108,
505,
11,
11325,
317,
2052,
261,
11,
290,
1982,
20191,
35259,
13,
383,
564,
250,
49,
5379,
11,
447,
251,
26931,
262,
30974,
3038,
11,
3017,
5953,
286,
471,
13,
50,
13,
20818,
16205,
1215,
76,
13,
4502,
9918,
11,
11000,
12778,
9455,
415,
3271,
911,
10486,
11,
4986,
9223,
74,
11,
15110,
4986,
10689,
8071,
1173,
11,
290,
36494,
311,
382,
5907,
268,
13,
198,
5159,
25,
1550,
3267,
1367,
938,
1285,
11,
1728,
4963,
422,
8123,
3611,
5199,
376,
13,
10401,
447,
247,
82,
2614,
9473,
546,
262,
18147,
25350,
18660,
547,
42794,
1431,
13,
554,
340,
373,
262,
2029,
2614,
1351,
286,
508,
20445,
42,
1807,
1871,
262,
1475,
6935,
547,
262,
564,
250,
39,
11890,
447,
251,
508,
19344,
281,
1633,
5587,
357,
42579,
287,
262,
826,
5721,
15494,
564,
250,
31584,
447,
251,
8,
3691,
13,
262,
564,
250,
35,
5241,
447,
251,
508,
19344,
257,
30974,
286,
14159,
357,
259,
262,
1364,
5721,
737,
5740,
326,
262,
564,
250,
23675,
82,
447,
251,
3616,
262,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
1863,
351,
3611,
8121,
389,
3402,
319,
262,
564,
250,
39,
11890,
447,
251,
12282,
1735,
286,
465,
1351,
319,
262,
826,
13,
8090,
25,
383,
2351,
4765,
20816,
198,
818,
1342,
621,
734,
1528,
11,
734,
1844,
13858,
547,
5597,
290,
5545,
284,
1992,
10401,
319,
3267,
1160,
11,
351,
11780,
5128,
2406,
422,
262,
12651,
290,
262,
1812,
2732,
13,
198,
4863,
428,
25851,
14317,
286,
2995,
11,
356,
2193,
326,
262,
12787,
1807,
326,
262,
17939,
8379,
286,
2995,
284,
307,
4077,
12,
2971,
276,
561,
307,
25,
257,
1964,
3164,
26,
257,
6509,
26,
1633,
1368,
319,
262,
10105,
5043,
26,
30974,
26,
290,
11,
611,
3306,
11,
11796,
11,
351,
262,
14555,
1633,
5587,
3128,
900,
329,
3267,
2310,
357,
40085,
453,
262,
2242,
4372,
828,
290,
281,
11796,
284,
2221,
319,
3267,
2579,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
284,
1064,
503,
3446,
644,
3022,
290,
703,
262,
10512,
2826,
503,
2157,
262,
8188,
11,
2298,
510,
257,
4866,
286,
428,
13899,
1492,
13,
198,
37181,
8410,
314,
25334,
30339,
564,
250,
464,
16798,
18733,
286,
9983,
290,
2351,
7820,
11,
4709,
13,
807,
11,
20510,
12,
46477,
447,
251,
30,
198,
12,
11763,
340,
2691,
1987,
14,
22,
379,
14714,
46,
447,
247,
82,
7467,
4897,
8095,
13,
198,
12,
11763,
340,
379,
14714,
46,
447,
247,
82,
6308,
44346,
379,
767,
940,
2258,
13241,
3530,
21966,
11,
2669,
11,
6257,
1160,
21844,
11,
1280,
3321,
12,
20610,
11,
860,
321,
284,
604,
4426,
11,
2845,
5618,
17122,
11,
357,
19004,
8,
22243,
12,
486,
2624,
13,
198,
12,
9938,
340,
287,
257,
5888,
13,
198,
16742,
428,
290,
584,
5070,
16125,
546,
14159,
287,
674,
14159,
4947,
13,
198,
8585,
262,
6434,
25,
38872,
13167,
859,
318,
10335,
36083,
9142,
329,
14714,
46,
447,
247,
82,
45065,
290,
6188,
17329,
7458,
290,
318,
4497,
329,
2691,
290,
18043,
7124,
286,
262,
1294,
5070,
7467,
4897,
8095,
357,
4023,
1378,
2070,
8095,
13,
70,
7501,
13,
9567,
8,
290,
11560,
5618,
1230,
2695,
284,
262,
1171,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,285 |
Author Contact: [email protected]
Biocatalysis and biotransformations are important alternatives to consider when one is looking to substitute a conventional method with a greener one. One of the many advantages of using biotransformation as a synthetic method is that they are usually done in water and at ambient conditions. In addition, the reagents themselves are readily available, safe, and inexpensive to both buy and dispose of.
This experiment uses shredded carrots to enantioselectively reduce benzofuran-2-yl methyl ketone, yielding the optically pure alcohol. This lab illustrates the topics of green chemistry, biocatalysis, biotransformations, reductions, carbonyl chemistry, stereochemistry, stereoselectivity, optical activity, thin-layer chromatography, liquid-liquid extractions, and column chromatography.
The authors also suggest that students perform the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone to compare and contrast the ease, safety, "greenness" and stereoselectivity of the two reactions.
The supplemental materials include lab procedures, lab report outline, lab questions, instructor notes, a list of necessary lab equipment, and CAS numbers.
Summary prepared October 2008 by Douglas M. Young at the University of Oregon.
Ravía, S.; Gamenara, D.; Schapiro, V.; Bellomo, A.; Adum, J.; Seoane, G.; Gonzalez, D. J. Chem. Educ., Print 2006, 83, pp 1049-1051. | [
13838,
14039,
25,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
198,
23286,
420,
265,
8767,
290,
3182,
313,
26084,
687,
602,
389,
1593,
14693,
284,
2074,
618,
530,
318,
2045,
284,
15373,
257,
10224,
2446,
351,
257,
10536,
877,
530,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
867,
13391,
286,
1262,
3182,
313,
26084,
1161,
355,
257,
18512,
2446,
318,
326,
484,
389,
3221,
1760,
287,
1660,
290,
379,
25237,
3403,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
262,
302,
49638,
2405,
389,
14704,
1695,
11,
3338,
11,
290,
24475,
284,
1111,
2822,
290,
34291,
286,
13,
198,
1212,
6306,
3544,
37624,
34397,
284,
551,
17096,
577,
801,
2280,
4646,
39601,
1659,
42211,
12,
17,
12,
2645,
27664,
22354,
505,
11,
39127,
262,
2172,
1146,
5899,
5548,
13,
770,
2248,
21290,
262,
10233,
286,
4077,
16585,
11,
3182,
420,
265,
8767,
11,
3182,
313,
26084,
687,
602,
11,
20691,
11,
13265,
1647,
75,
16585,
11,
10268,
37074,
11,
10268,
577,
801,
3458,
11,
18480,
3842,
11,
7888,
12,
29289,
15358,
45501,
11,
8122,
12,
39250,
7925,
507,
11,
290,
5721,
15358,
45501,
13,
198,
464,
7035,
635,
1950,
326,
2444,
1620,
262,
21072,
275,
273,
15782,
13154,
7741,
286,
262,
22354,
505,
284,
8996,
290,
6273,
262,
10152,
11,
3747,
11,
366,
14809,
1108,
1,
290,
10268,
577,
801,
3458,
286,
262,
734,
12737,
13,
198,
464,
34885,
5696,
2291,
2248,
9021,
11,
2248,
989,
19001,
11,
2248,
2683,
11,
21187,
4710,
11,
257,
1351,
286,
3306,
2248,
5112,
11,
290,
35106,
3146,
13,
198,
22093,
5597,
3267,
3648,
416,
15796,
337,
13,
6960,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
8819,
13,
198,
49,
615,
29690,
11,
311,
15089,
14014,
268,
3301,
11,
360,
15089,
3059,
499,
7058,
11,
569,
15089,
7459,
17902,
11,
317,
15089,
1215,
388,
11,
449,
15089,
1001,
78,
1531,
11,
402,
15089,
24416,
11,
360,
13,
449,
13,
12870,
13,
7005,
1539,
12578,
4793,
11,
9698,
11,
9788,
838,
2920,
12,
940,
4349,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 320 |
Aging is something that we all have to go through, and thinking about this makes all of us sad and a little scared. Aging is linked to many complex and various biological mechanisms in human body, which are irreversible and destructive. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs and discoveries to help people look, feel and live their lives as the young, till now, unfortunately, it is completely impossible to stop aging. At the same time, a lot has been found out about the opportunities to slow aging and help people remain in their excellent physical and mental health. A great deal of people around the world are wondering how to prevent aging and how to effectively slow down aging processes in the body. Below, check out 5 most important tips and rules on how to slow down aging and maintain our good health and vitality.
1. Protect your cells from free radical damage and oxidative stress. The process known as oxidative stress occurs when free radicals are in plenty in our cells, so they can not be neutralized by the existing amounts of antioxidants. As a result of this, free radicals go on multiplying and creating more and more of volatile free radicals which very soon start damaging cell membranes, fats, proteins, vessel walls, and sometimes even DNA molecules in cells. It was found out that oxidative stress causes over 70 chronic generative diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart attack, a stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, macular degeneration, and so on. In order to slow aging processes in the body, one should use plenty of natural antioxidant sources, like green tea, broccoli, tomatoes, spinach, carrots, and so on. Remember that vitamins A, E and C have clear antioxidant properties, so using natural sources of this vitamins like vegetable oils or oily fish can assist your cells in preventing cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, cataract and Alzheimer’s disease.
2. Always monitor your heart health. Staying active is considered one of the best ways to support the function of cardiovascular system and slow aging. In addition to the known benefits of a healthy lifestyle, it was recently found out that active body produces increased amounts of co-enzyme Q10. This substance plays a key role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. Make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats (add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables) that can assist you in reducing cholesterol levels and maintaining a healthy body weight. Monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol level and blood sugar level at least once per every 6 months.
3. Maintain high energy levels. To slow aging, it is very important to remain energetic and keep positive attitude all the time. Learn to reduce stresses and learn effective stress management techniques. Try to achieve balance in your life, avoid multitasking, worrying or scaring situations. Get plenty of sleep and make a habit of going to sleep early. Take good time to rest, have a number of hobbies to relax your mind, and many good friends to talk to about life. Focuse on positive and take a good care about yourself. For the diet, you can use a combination of carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid as a very effective energy boosting mixture working on cellular level and supporting the function of cells to produce proper amounts of energy.
4. Support your vision and take a good care about your eye health. If you are wondering how to prevent aging and stay healthy for many years, you should keep in mind the importance of vision problem prevention as a part of your program to slow aging. Usually, following a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle is quite eonugh to reduce your risks to suffer from serious eye problems. It is necessary to have periodic eye exams and observe the rules of daily eye care. To support you vision, you can use such herbal remedies as common chickweed (Stellaria media), fennel flower (Nigella sativa), as well as enrich your diet with carotene high foods like carrots, bell peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, and so on.
5. Do everything you can to support your memory. It is very important to stay focused, organized, and mentally active. Solve puzzles, memorize new things, develop your problem-solving skills. Using special foods to improve memory or herbal remedies for memory support can be one of the smartest ideas to slow aging. Many herbalists recommend using ginkgo biloba as a great support for memory function. This natural remedy can stimulate blood circulation and boosts blood flow to the brain, prevents blood clots formation, and has excellent antioxidant effects. Ginkgo biloba is the greatest natural remedy to prevent Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia-like diseases.Author Info: Hi! My name is Carla and I am a 5th year medical student at HYMS. I am interested in alternative medicine and I have done months researching the topic of herbal medicine. Besides, I like interviewing people and learning more about their experiences with one or another type of herbal treatments. I am willing to contribute to this site with my knowledge, and I would be happy to help you out to the best of my ability with any specific questions or problems related to alternative medicine. | [
32,
2667,
318,
1223,
326,
356,
477,
423,
284,
467,
832,
11,
290,
3612,
546,
428,
1838,
477,
286,
514,
6507,
290,
257,
1310,
12008,
13,
44581,
318,
6692,
284,
867,
3716,
290,
2972,
10685,
11701,
287,
1692,
1767,
11,
543,
389,
43635,
290,
17656,
13,
7945,
6409,
5654,
19304,
82,
290,
24362,
284,
1037,
661,
804,
11,
1254,
290,
2107,
511,
3160,
355,
262,
1862,
11,
10597,
783,
11,
12716,
11,
340,
318,
3190,
5340,
284,
2245,
14736,
13,
1629,
262,
976,
640,
11,
257,
1256,
468,
587,
1043,
503,
546,
262,
6443,
284,
3105,
14736,
290,
1037,
661,
3520,
287,
511,
6275,
3518,
290,
5110,
1535,
13,
317,
1049,
1730,
286,
661,
1088,
262,
995,
389,
11263,
703,
284,
2948,
14736,
290,
703,
284,
6840,
3105,
866,
14736,
7767,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
10383,
11,
2198,
503,
642,
749,
1593,
9040,
290,
3173,
319,
703,
284,
3105,
866,
14736,
290,
5529,
674,
922,
1535,
290,
41687,
13,
198,
16,
13,
21916,
534,
4778,
422,
1479,
7702,
2465,
290,
37736,
5503,
13,
383,
1429,
1900,
355,
37736,
5503,
8833,
618,
1479,
32842,
389,
287,
6088,
287,
674,
4778,
11,
523,
484,
460,
407,
307,
8500,
1143,
416,
262,
4683,
6867,
286,
49148,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
286,
428,
11,
1479,
32842,
467,
319,
48816,
290,
4441,
517,
290,
517,
286,
22750,
1479,
32842,
543,
845,
2582,
923,
14790,
2685,
43447,
11,
27997,
11,
15568,
11,
8837,
7714,
11,
290,
3360,
772,
7446,
17745,
287,
4778,
13,
632,
373,
1043,
503,
326,
37736,
5503,
5640,
625,
4317,
10726,
1152,
876,
10040,
11,
1390,
4890,
11,
12593,
11,
2612,
1368,
11,
257,
14000,
11,
22434,
447,
247,
82,
4369,
11,
8352,
934,
25419,
341,
11,
290,
523,
319,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
3105,
14736,
7767,
287,
262,
1767,
11,
530,
815,
779,
6088,
286,
3288,
39766,
4237,
11,
588,
4077,
8887,
11,
44653,
11,
23972,
11,
39129,
11,
34397,
11,
290,
523,
319,
13,
11436,
326,
29091,
317,
11,
412,
290,
327,
423,
1598,
39766,
6608,
11,
523,
1262,
3288,
4237,
286,
428,
29091,
588,
20236,
20629,
393,
44560,
5916,
460,
3342,
534,
4778,
287,
12174,
21134,
10040,
11,
7633,
4890,
11,
3797,
283,
529,
290,
22434,
447,
247,
82,
4369,
13,
198,
17,
13,
16622,
5671,
534,
2612,
1535,
13,
520,
8369,
4075,
318,
3177,
530,
286,
262,
1266,
2842,
284,
1104,
262,
2163,
286,
21134,
1080,
290,
3105,
14736,
13,
554,
3090,
284,
262,
1900,
4034,
286,
257,
5448,
12263,
11,
340,
373,
2904,
1043,
503,
326,
4075,
1767,
11073,
3220,
6867,
286,
763,
12,
268,
24266,
1195,
940,
13,
770,
9136,
5341,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
12174,
21134,
10040,
290,
1479,
7702,
2465,
13,
6889,
1654,
326,
534,
4445,
5496,
318,
1029,
287,
5448,
27997,
357,
2860,
44560,
5916,
11,
11904,
11,
2187,
21824,
11,
19450,
3056,
11,
355,
880,
355,
6088,
286,
4713,
8234,
290,
13701,
8,
326,
460,
3342,
345,
287,
8868,
18759,
2974,
290,
10941,
257,
5448,
1767,
3463,
13,
18289,
534,
2910,
3833,
11,
18759,
1241,
290,
2910,
7543,
1241,
379,
1551,
1752,
583,
790,
718,
1933,
13,
198,
18,
13,
337,
32725,
1029,
2568,
2974,
13,
1675,
3105,
14736,
11,
340,
318,
845,
1593,
284,
3520,
26758,
290,
1394,
3967,
9408,
477,
262,
640,
13,
14365,
284,
4646,
29787,
290,
2193,
4050,
5503,
4542,
7605,
13,
9993,
284,
4620,
5236,
287,
534,
1204,
11,
3368,
41785,
30463,
11,
18916,
393,
629,
1723,
7445,
13,
3497,
6088,
286,
3993,
290,
787,
257,
7947,
286,
1016,
284,
3993,
1903,
13,
7214,
922,
640,
284,
1334,
11,
423,
257,
1271,
286,
45578,
284,
8960,
534,
2000,
11,
290,
867,
922,
2460,
284,
1561,
284,
546,
1204,
13,
376,
420,
1904,
319,
3967,
290,
1011,
257,
922,
1337,
546,
3511,
13,
1114,
262,
5496,
11,
345,
460,
779,
257,
6087,
286,
18466,
270,
500,
290,
17130,
12,
40712,
78,
291,
7408,
355,
257,
845,
4050,
2568,
27611,
11710,
1762,
319,
19824,
1241,
290,
6493,
262,
2163,
286,
4778,
284,
4439,
1774,
6867,
286,
2568,
13,
198,
19,
13,
7929,
534,
5761,
290,
1011,
257,
922,
1337,
546,
534,
4151,
1535,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
11263,
703,
284,
2948,
14736,
290,
2652,
5448,
329,
867,
812,
11,
345,
815,
1394,
287,
2000,
262,
6817,
286,
5761,
1917,
14196,
355,
257,
636,
286,
534,
1430,
284,
3105,
14736,
13,
19672,
11,
1708,
257,
5448,
5496,
290,
5448,
12263,
318,
2407,
304,
261,
6724,
284,
4646,
534,
7476,
284,
8659,
422,
2726,
4151,
2761,
13,
632,
318,
3306,
284,
423,
27458,
4151,
26420,
290,
12414,
262,
3173,
286,
4445,
4151,
1337,
13,
1675,
1104,
345,
5761,
11,
345,
460,
779,
884,
35867,
29604,
355,
2219,
17943,
39054,
357,
7447,
297,
10312,
2056,
828,
277,
1697,
417,
15061,
357,
45,
328,
12627,
3332,
12151,
828,
355,
880,
355,
22465,
534,
5496,
351,
1097,
313,
1734,
1029,
9013,
588,
34397,
11,
8966,
31804,
11,
39129,
11,
6029,
18821,
11,
290,
523,
319,
13,
198,
20,
13,
2141,
2279,
345,
460,
284,
1104,
534,
4088,
13,
632,
318,
845,
1593,
284,
2652,
5670,
11,
8389,
11,
290,
14946,
4075,
13,
4294,
303,
24367,
11,
16181,
1096,
649,
1243,
11,
1205,
534,
1917,
12,
82,
10890,
4678,
13,
8554,
2041,
9013,
284,
2987,
4088,
393,
35867,
29604,
329,
4088,
1104,
460,
307,
530,
286,
262,
44730,
4213,
284,
3105,
14736,
13,
4650,
35867,
1023,
4313,
1262,
308,
676,
2188,
47027,
19981,
355,
257,
1049,
1104,
329,
4088,
2163,
13,
770,
3288,
21210,
460,
26020,
2910,
19133,
290,
31822,
2910,
5202,
284,
262,
3632,
11,
15174,
2910,
537,
1747,
9978,
11,
290,
468,
6275,
39766,
3048,
13,
402,
676,
2188,
47027,
19981,
318,
262,
6000,
3288,
21210,
284,
2948,
22434,
447,
247,
82,
4369,
393,
584,
27886,
12,
2339,
10040,
13,
13838,
14151,
25,
15902,
0,
2011,
1438,
318,
1879,
5031,
290,
314,
716,
257,
642,
400,
614,
3315,
3710,
379,
43624,
5653,
13,
314,
716,
4609,
287,
5559,
9007,
290,
314,
423,
1760,
1933,
24114,
262,
7243,
286,
35867,
9007,
13,
16238,
11,
314,
588,
31481,
661,
290,
4673,
517,
546,
511,
6461,
351,
530,
393,
1194,
2099,
286,
35867,
13820,
13,
314,
716,
4684,
284,
8676,
284,
428,
2524,
351,
616,
3725,
11,
290,
314,
561,
307,
3772,
284,
1037,
345,
503,
284,
262,
1266,
286,
616,
2694,
351,
597,
2176,
2683,
393,
2761,
3519,
284,
5559,
9007,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,057 |
[Viacheslav] built a keypad that uses human capacitance to detect key presses. Unlike normal keys which close a physical connection, his project detects touch through the PCB substrate. He uses the analog comparator of an AVR ATmega8 to detect the moment of zero crossing and then measures the time it takes to discharge in order to detect key presses.
I use analog comparator to detect the moment of zero crossing and the charge is evaluated by measuring time. Builtin AVR ADC probably wouldn’t be very useful here because the charge that can be built up is very small.
Update: [Viacheslav] left a comment to let us know we had it wrong. Instead of using the ADC, the analog comparitor is used. This change has been made above. | [
58,
38432,
3694,
18809,
60,
3170,
257,
1994,
15636,
326,
3544,
1692,
18457,
42942,
284,
4886,
1994,
31048,
13,
12101,
3487,
8251,
543,
1969,
257,
3518,
4637,
11,
465,
1628,
39382,
3638,
832,
262,
28700,
32305,
13,
679,
3544,
262,
15075,
4616,
1352,
286,
281,
317,
13024,
5161,
13731,
23,
284,
4886,
262,
2589,
286,
6632,
12538,
290,
788,
5260,
262,
640,
340,
2753,
284,
17655,
287,
1502,
284,
4886,
1994,
31048,
13,
198,
40,
779,
15075,
4616,
1352,
284,
4886,
262,
2589,
286,
6632,
12538,
290,
262,
3877,
318,
16726,
416,
15964,
640,
13,
28477,
259,
317,
13024,
49169,
2192,
3636,
447,
247,
83,
307,
845,
4465,
994,
780,
262,
3877,
326,
460,
307,
3170,
510,
318,
845,
1402,
13,
198,
10260,
25,
685,
38432,
3694,
18809,
60,
1364,
257,
2912,
284,
1309,
514,
760,
356,
550,
340,
2642,
13,
5455,
286,
1262,
262,
49169,
11,
262,
15075,
4616,
2072,
318,
973,
13,
770,
1487,
468,
587,
925,
2029,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 162 |
As the Crossroads of the Pacific, Hawaii played a vital role in the development of both commercial and military air travel. The first flight in Hawaii occurred on December 31, 1910. It captured the imagination and hearts of residents who dreamed of traveling by air between islands and the Mainland, Asia and Australia.On this site you'll find the incredible story of the first trans-Pacific flight by Navy Commander John Rodgers in 1925. Inter-Island Airways made its first commercial interisland flight in 1929, and Pan American Airways entered the trans-Pacific market in 1935. You'll find hundreds of historical documents and publications, and the complete book Above the Pacific written by the late William J. Horvat and originally published in 1966. This website features more than 4,000 photos. | [
1722,
262,
6372,
21372,
286,
262,
8211,
11,
13708,
2826,
257,
9204,
2597,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
1111,
5068,
290,
2422,
1633,
3067,
13,
383,
717,
5474,
287,
13708,
5091,
319,
3426,
3261,
11,
31953,
13,
632,
7907,
262,
13843,
290,
11954,
286,
5085,
508,
27947,
286,
11300,
416,
1633,
1022,
14807,
290,
262,
8774,
1044,
11,
7229,
290,
4505,
13,
2202,
428,
2524,
345,
1183,
1064,
262,
8082,
1621,
286,
262,
717,
1007,
12,
22933,
5474,
416,
8565,
13353,
1757,
19947,
287,
36864,
13,
4225,
12,
3792,
1044,
40020,
925,
663,
717,
5068,
987,
271,
1044,
5474,
287,
31883,
11,
290,
5961,
1605,
40020,
5982,
262,
1007,
12,
22933,
1910,
287,
30704,
13,
921,
1183,
1064,
5179,
286,
6754,
4963,
290,
16125,
11,
290,
262,
1844,
1492,
23302,
262,
8211,
3194,
416,
262,
2739,
3977,
449,
13,
6075,
85,
265,
290,
6198,
3199,
287,
19322,
13,
770,
3052,
3033,
517,
621,
604,
11,
830,
5205,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 158 |
Tomorrow is World AIDS Day. This is an important day to recognize, not just for those of us that love to talk about sex and sexual health, but for everyone. But does having one day a year set aside for such an important issue really address the significance of AIDS? Claire Keeton, the senior HIV reporter at the Sunday Times newspaper, recently had a blog post about World AIDS Day and what this day means:
“ Some people with HIV/AIDS and activists object to World AIDS Day – essentially saying it allows people to ignore the epidemic the rest of the year, as long as they remember it for a single day.
Paying lip service. Window dressing… From my side, World AIDS Day does have advantages. It’s the one time of the year that all media make space for HIV/AIDS stories.”
Many people still don’t know the facts about HIV/AIDS- like how it’s transmitted, how to get tested and how protect yourself, or that it’s not curable, though it is treatable. The goal of having a day about AIDS that is advertised and supported all over the world is so that more people will learn important information for their own sexual health. World AIDS Day is important and necessary. As Keeton says, having a day set aside ensures that AIDS is not forgotten and not ignored. But having one day a year is not enough. Hopefully tomorrow will encourage people to get tested and get information. But more importantly, it will hopefully encourage people to take action and educate themselves and others all year long. If this day exists to make sure people don’t forget about AIDS, then we can’t stop there. What happens on December 2 and for the next 364 days until World AIDS Day 2010? Let’s make every day a day to talk about HIV/AIDS and sexual health, to support those living with HIV/AIDS, and to make sure that in the future, we won’t need one day a year to tackle this enormous issue because we are always thinking about it.
Don’t forget that Head & Hands is hosting a free anonymous HIV screening clinic for youth 12-25 on Tuesday, December 1 between 5-9:30 pm. Check out http://www.senseproject.org/2009/11/know-your-status-savoir-cest-pouvoir/ for more info. | [
49488,
318,
2159,
20408,
3596,
13,
770,
318,
281,
1593,
1110,
284,
7564,
11,
407,
655,
329,
883,
286,
514,
326,
1842,
284,
1561,
546,
1714,
290,
3206,
1535,
11,
475,
329,
2506,
13,
887,
857,
1719,
530,
1110,
257,
614,
900,
7263,
329,
884,
281,
1593,
2071,
1107,
2209,
262,
12085,
286,
20408,
30,
20758,
3873,
18483,
11,
262,
4664,
10498,
9095,
379,
262,
3502,
3782,
7533,
11,
2904,
550,
257,
4130,
1281,
546,
2159,
20408,
3596,
290,
644,
428,
1110,
1724,
25,
198,
447,
250,
2773,
661,
351,
10498,
14,
39338,
290,
7941,
2134,
284,
2159,
20408,
3596,
784,
6986,
2282,
340,
3578,
661,
284,
8856,
262,
18195,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
614,
11,
355,
890,
355,
484,
3505,
340,
329,
257,
2060,
1110,
13,
198,
47,
8369,
10645,
2139,
13,
26580,
18544,
1399,
3574,
616,
1735,
11,
2159,
20408,
3596,
857,
423,
13391,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
262,
530,
640,
286,
262,
614,
326,
477,
2056,
787,
2272,
329,
10498,
14,
39338,
3923,
13,
447,
251,
198,
7085,
661,
991,
836,
447,
247,
83,
760,
262,
6419,
546,
10498,
14,
39338,
12,
588,
703,
340,
447,
247,
82,
18307,
11,
703,
284,
651,
6789,
290,
703,
1805,
3511,
11,
393,
326,
340,
447,
247,
82,
407,
1090,
540,
11,
996,
340,
318,
2190,
540,
13,
383,
3061,
286,
1719,
257,
1110,
546,
20408,
326,
318,
23944,
290,
4855,
477,
625,
262,
995,
318,
523,
326,
517,
661,
481,
2193,
1593,
1321,
329,
511,
898,
3206,
1535,
13,
2159,
20408,
3596,
318,
1593,
290,
3306,
13,
1081,
3873,
18483,
1139,
11,
1719,
257,
1110,
900,
7263,
19047,
326,
20408,
318,
407,
11564,
290,
407,
9514,
13,
887,
1719,
530,
1110,
257,
614,
318,
407,
1576,
13,
19996,
9439,
481,
7898,
661,
284,
651,
6789,
290,
651,
1321,
13,
887,
517,
11003,
11,
340,
481,
11481,
7898,
661,
284,
1011,
2223,
290,
20771,
2405,
290,
1854,
477,
614,
890,
13,
1002,
428,
1110,
7160,
284,
787,
1654,
661,
836,
447,
247,
83,
6044,
546,
20408,
11,
788,
356,
460,
447,
247,
83,
2245,
612,
13,
1867,
4325,
319,
3426,
362,
290,
329,
262,
1306,
44969,
1528,
1566,
2159,
20408,
3596,
3050,
30,
3914,
447,
247,
82,
787,
790,
1110,
257,
1110,
284,
1561,
546,
10498,
14,
39338,
290,
3206,
1535,
11,
284,
1104,
883,
2877,
351,
10498,
14,
39338,
11,
290,
284,
787,
1654,
326,
287,
262,
2003,
11,
356,
1839,
447,
247,
83,
761,
530,
1110,
257,
614,
284,
9761,
428,
9812,
2071,
780,
356,
389,
1464,
3612,
546,
340,
13,
198,
3987,
447,
247,
83,
6044,
326,
7123,
1222,
22237,
318,
13662,
257,
1479,
11614,
10498,
14135,
15760,
329,
6205,
1105,
12,
1495,
319,
3431,
11,
3426,
352,
1022,
642,
12,
24,
25,
1270,
9114,
13,
6822,
503,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
33819,
16302,
13,
2398,
14,
10531,
14,
1157,
14,
16275,
12,
14108,
12,
13376,
12,
39308,
10840,
12,
9165,
12,
79,
280,
85,
10840,
14,
329,
517,
7508,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 496 |
Obesity is a condition in which you have a high body mass index (BMI), or too much body fat for your height. Obesity is the not the same as being overweight, which is when your weight is higher than what is healthy for your height. In people who are overweight, the excess weight may be caused by high bone density, body structure, or excess body fat.
Morbid obesity occurs when the excess body fat becomes a danger to your overall health.
When you eat, your body stores the calories you consume for energy in your muscles and tissues. If those calories are not used, the body stores them as fat. If you continue to eat more calories than your body can use during daily activities and exercise, your body will build up fat stores. Obesity and morbid obesity are the result of too much fat being stored in your body.
Many behavioral factors play a role in obesity, including your eating habits and daily activity level. Many people develop their eating habits as children and have trouble refining them to maintain proper body weight as they age. As an adult, you may be inactive at your job and have less time for exercise, meal planning, and physical activity.
Other factors, such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, can lead to weight gain. People who quit smoking often experience temporary weight gain. Women may also have trouble losing the weight they gain during pregnancy or gain additional weight during menopause. These rarely lead to morbid obesity by themselves, but can be a contributing factor.
Genetic factors can play a role in how your body stores energy, but this relationship has not been fully researched. Current research is investigating the relationship between genetics and body weight.
Anyone can gain weight and become obese if they eat more calories than their bodies can use.
The symptoms of obesity are weight gain and a body mass index (BMI) above 30. BMI is an estimate of your body fat content and is calculated using your height and weight measurements.
Without proper treatment, obesity can lead to other serious health problems, such as:
- heart disease
- sleep apnea (when you periodically stop breathing during sleep)
Your doctor will measure your weight and height in order to calculate your BMI. Your BMI is an estimate of your body fat and is used as a primary screening tool for obesity. Your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. These combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
The acceptable percentage of body fat can vary by age, sex, and ethnicity, but typically ranges between 10 and 22 percent for men and 20 to 32 percent for women. Your doctor will provide more specific information about your BMI and what it means for you.
BMI Ranges are as follows (CDC):
18.5 to 24.9
25.0 to 29.9
30.0 and above
Calculating Body Fat Percentage
A skinfold test may also be done to check your body fat percentage. In this test, a doctor measures the thickness of a fold of skin from the arm, abdomen, or thigh with a caliper.
Your healthcare provider may also ask questions about your lifestyle to find out more about your eating and exercise habits. Your doctor may order additional blood tests to look for hormonal or other medical problems that could be causing your weight gain.
Diet & Exercise
The most effective way to lose weight is to adopt healthy eating habits, exercise routines, and stress management techniques. Regular exercise and healthy eating are important, and even modest weight loss will improve your health. It is also important to learn stress management tools that can be used in place of overeating or snacking during stressful times.
You should work with your doctor and a dietician to set realistic goals that will help you lose weight slowly through diet and exercise. It may be helpful to find support from friends, family, or your community in order to make lifestyle changes that will lead to long-term weight loss.
Weight Loss Drugs
Sometimes, weight loss drugs may be prescribed. While these medications may cause weight loss, most people regain the weight once they stop taking the medication. There are many herbal and over-the-counter supplements that claim to help you lose weight, but many of these claims have not been verified.
Surgery may also be an option to treat obesity if you have tried other methods for losing weight but have not been successful in maintaining long-term weight loss. It can often help reduce the risk of other diseases (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea) that are associated with severe obesity.
Surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. There are two common types of weight-loss (bariatric) surgeries:
Laparoscopic gastric bypass: In this procedure, the surgeon will place a band around the upper part of your stomach. This limits the amount of food you can eat at one time by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food.
Gastric bypass surgery: This surgery will change how the food you eat travels through your digestive tract by bypassing a portion of your stomach and small bowel. It will make you feel full when you’ve eaten less food.
Obesity and morbid obesity are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions. A healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for preventing obesity.
Diet and Exercise
People who are morbidly obese should avoid “fad” diets and focus instead on changing eating behaviors. Recommendations include:
- adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet
- eating smaller meals
- count calories
- avoid saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars
Physical activity is good for overall health and is especially important if you’re trying to lose weight. To begin losing weight, you will need to do moderate to vigorous exercise for more than three hours per week. Vigorous activity raises your heart rate significantly. Examples include:
- running or jogging
- jumping rope
Moderate exercises include brisk walking or biking, and can also include everyday activities like shoveling snow or yard work (CDC). | [
5944,
11924,
318,
257,
4006,
287,
543,
345,
423,
257,
1029,
1767,
2347,
6376,
357,
33,
8895,
828,
393,
1165,
881,
1767,
3735,
329,
534,
6001,
13,
41936,
318,
262,
407,
262,
976,
355,
852,
22652,
11,
543,
318,
618,
534,
3463,
318,
2440,
621,
644,
318,
5448,
329,
534,
6001,
13,
554,
661,
508,
389,
22652,
11,
262,
6992,
3463,
743,
307,
4073,
416,
1029,
9970,
12109,
11,
1767,
4645,
11,
393,
6992,
1767,
3735,
13,
198,
20044,
14065,
13825,
8833,
618,
262,
6992,
1767,
3735,
4329,
257,
3514,
284,
534,
4045,
1535,
13,
198,
2215,
345,
4483,
11,
534,
1767,
7000,
262,
14653,
345,
15000,
329,
2568,
287,
534,
12749,
290,
21379,
13,
1002,
883,
14653,
389,
407,
973,
11,
262,
1767,
7000,
606,
355,
3735,
13,
1002,
345,
2555,
284,
4483,
517,
14653,
621,
534,
1767,
460,
779,
1141,
4445,
4568,
290,
5517,
11,
534,
1767,
481,
1382,
510,
3735,
7000,
13,
41936,
290,
34813,
13825,
389,
262,
1255,
286,
1165,
881,
3735,
852,
8574,
287,
534,
1767,
13,
198,
7085,
17211,
5087,
711,
257,
2597,
287,
13825,
11,
1390,
534,
6600,
13870,
290,
4445,
3842,
1241,
13,
4650,
661,
1205,
511,
6600,
13870,
355,
1751,
290,
423,
5876,
39634,
606,
284,
5529,
1774,
1767,
3463,
355,
484,
2479,
13,
1081,
281,
4044,
11,
345,
743,
307,
28621,
379,
534,
1693,
290,
423,
1342,
640,
329,
5517,
11,
9799,
5410,
11,
290,
3518,
3842,
13,
198,
6395,
5087,
11,
884,
355,
5503,
11,
9751,
11,
290,
3092,
286,
3993,
11,
460,
1085,
284,
3463,
4461,
13,
4380,
508,
11238,
9216,
1690,
1998,
8584,
3463,
4461,
13,
6926,
743,
635,
423,
5876,
6078,
262,
3463,
484,
4461,
1141,
10241,
393,
4461,
3224,
3463,
1141,
1450,
404,
682,
13,
2312,
8365,
1085,
284,
34813,
13825,
416,
2405,
11,
475,
460,
307,
257,
14329,
5766,
13,
198,
13746,
5139,
5087,
460,
711,
257,
2597,
287,
703,
534,
1767,
7000,
2568,
11,
475,
428,
2776,
468,
407,
587,
3938,
30066,
13,
9236,
2267,
318,
10240,
262,
2776,
1022,
25862,
290,
1767,
3463,
13,
198,
21129,
460,
4461,
3463,
290,
1716,
20779,
611,
484,
4483,
517,
14653,
621,
511,
5920,
460,
779,
13,
198,
464,
7460,
286,
13825,
389,
3463,
4461,
290,
257,
1767,
2347,
6376,
357,
33,
8895,
8,
2029,
1542,
13,
22456,
318,
281,
8636,
286,
534,
1767,
3735,
2695,
290,
318,
10488,
1262,
534,
6001,
290,
3463,
13871,
13,
198,
16249,
1774,
3513,
11,
13825,
460,
1085,
284,
584,
2726,
1535,
2761,
11,
884,
355,
25,
198,
12,
2612,
4369,
198,
12,
3993,
2471,
39718,
357,
12518,
345,
26034,
2245,
12704,
1141,
3993,
8,
198,
7120,
6253,
481,
3953,
534,
3463,
290,
6001,
287,
1502,
284,
15284,
534,
22456,
13,
3406,
22456,
318,
281,
8636,
286,
534,
1767,
3735,
290,
318,
973,
355,
257,
4165,
14135,
2891,
329,
13825,
13,
3406,
10131,
743,
635,
1011,
257,
15558,
286,
534,
16139,
38447,
13,
2312,
5929,
13871,
481,
1037,
8636,
703,
881,
1767,
3735,
345,
423,
290,
5004,
534,
2526,
286,
10040,
11,
884,
355,
2612,
4369,
11,
14000,
11,
290,
2099,
362,
12593,
13,
198,
464,
10909,
5873,
286,
1767,
3735,
460,
7565,
416,
2479,
11,
1714,
11,
290,
26289,
11,
475,
6032,
16069,
1022,
838,
290,
2534,
1411,
329,
1450,
290,
1160,
284,
3933,
1411,
329,
1466,
13,
3406,
6253,
481,
2148,
517,
2176,
1321,
546,
534,
22456,
290,
644,
340,
1724,
329,
345,
13,
198,
33,
8895,
371,
6231,
389,
355,
5679,
357,
47667,
2599,
198,
1507,
13,
20,
284,
1987,
13,
24,
198,
1495,
13,
15,
284,
2808,
13,
24,
198,
1270,
13,
15,
290,
2029,
198,
9771,
3129,
803,
12290,
12301,
36013,
198,
32,
4168,
11379,
1332,
743,
635,
307,
1760,
284,
2198,
534,
1767,
3735,
5873,
13,
554,
428,
1332,
11,
257,
6253,
5260,
262,
20735,
286,
257,
5591,
286,
4168,
422,
262,
3211,
11,
32956,
11,
393,
19341,
351,
257,
2386,
9346,
13,
198,
7120,
11409,
10131,
743,
635,
1265,
2683,
546,
534,
12263,
284,
1064,
503,
517,
546,
534,
6600,
290,
5517,
13870,
13,
3406,
6253,
743,
1502,
3224,
2910,
5254,
284,
804,
329,
36956,
393,
584,
3315,
2761,
326,
714,
307,
6666,
534,
3463,
4461,
13,
198,
35,
1155,
1222,
32900,
198,
464,
749,
4050,
835,
284,
4425,
3463,
318,
284,
11206,
5448,
6600,
13870,
11,
5517,
31878,
11,
290,
5503,
4542,
7605,
13,
23603,
5517,
290,
5448,
6600,
389,
1593,
11,
290,
772,
12949,
3463,
2994,
481,
2987,
534,
1535,
13,
632,
318,
635,
1593,
284,
2193,
5503,
4542,
4899,
326,
460,
307,
973,
287,
1295,
286,
31471,
34567,
393,
3013,
5430,
1141,
27177,
1661,
13,
198,
1639,
815,
670,
351,
534,
6253,
290,
257,
5496,
6749,
284,
900,
12653,
4661,
326,
481,
1037,
345,
4425,
3463,
6364,
832,
5496,
290,
5517,
13,
632,
743,
307,
7613,
284,
1064,
1104,
422,
2460,
11,
1641,
11,
393,
534,
2055,
287,
1502,
284,
787,
12263,
2458,
326,
481,
1085,
284,
890,
12,
4354,
3463,
2994,
13,
198,
25844,
22014,
26722,
198,
15468,
11,
3463,
2994,
5010,
743,
307,
14798,
13,
2893,
777,
17638,
743,
2728,
3463,
2994,
11,
749,
661,
21509,
262,
3463,
1752,
484,
2245,
2263,
262,
14103,
13,
1318,
389,
867,
35867,
290,
625,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
20864,
326,
1624,
284,
1037,
345,
4425,
3463,
11,
475,
867,
286,
777,
3667,
423,
407,
587,
19000,
13,
198,
14214,
7076,
743,
635,
307,
281,
3038,
284,
2190,
13825,
611,
345,
423,
3088,
584,
5050,
329,
6078,
3463,
475,
423,
407,
587,
4388,
287,
10941,
890,
12,
4354,
3463,
2994,
13,
632,
460,
1690,
1037,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
584,
10040,
357,
68,
13,
70,
13,
12593,
11,
2612,
4369,
11,
3993,
2471,
39718,
8,
326,
389,
3917,
351,
6049,
13825,
13,
198,
14214,
7076,
743,
2728,
19481,
11,
290,
345,
815,
1561,
351,
534,
6253,
284,
5004,
611,
428,
318,
281,
3038,
329,
345,
13,
1318,
389,
734,
2219,
3858,
286,
3463,
12,
22462,
357,
65,
21621,
1173,
8,
33624,
25,
198,
43,
499,
283,
48228,
21956,
1173,
17286,
25,
554,
428,
8771,
11,
262,
23923,
481,
1295,
257,
4097,
1088,
262,
6727,
636,
286,
534,
11384,
13,
770,
7095,
262,
2033,
286,
2057,
345,
460,
4483,
379,
530,
640,
416,
1642,
345,
1254,
1336,
706,
6600,
1402,
6867,
286,
2057,
13,
198,
38,
459,
1173,
17286,
8185,
25,
770,
8185,
481,
1487,
703,
262,
2057,
345,
4483,
17781,
832,
534,
34616,
14998,
416,
17286,
278,
257,
6903,
286,
534,
11384,
290,
1402,
35711,
13,
632,
481,
787,
345,
1254,
1336,
618,
345,
447,
247,
303,
17065,
1342,
2057,
13,
198,
5944,
11924,
290,
34813,
13825,
389,
2726,
290,
6196,
1204,
12,
26159,
3403,
13,
317,
5448,
12263,
326,
3407,
257,
5448,
5496,
290,
3218,
5517,
389,
1593,
329,
12174,
13825,
13,
198,
35,
1155,
290,
32900,
198,
8061,
508,
389,
34813,
306,
20779,
815,
3368,
564,
250,
69,
324,
447,
251,
18977,
290,
2962,
2427,
319,
5609,
6600,
14301,
13,
30361,
602,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
4375,
517,
15921,
290,
13701,
284,
534,
5496,
198,
12,
6600,
4833,
13840,
198,
12,
954,
14653,
198,
12,
3368,
24725,
27997,
11,
1007,
27997,
11,
290,
20449,
34476,
198,
31611,
3842,
318,
922,
329,
4045,
1535,
290,
318,
2592,
1593,
611,
345,
447,
247,
260,
2111,
284,
4425,
3463,
13,
1675,
2221,
6078,
3463,
11,
345,
481,
761,
284,
466,
10768,
284,
31543,
5517,
329,
517,
621,
1115,
2250,
583,
1285,
13,
569,
328,
9610,
3842,
12073,
534,
2612,
2494,
5566,
13,
21066,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
2491,
393,
474,
30853,
198,
12,
14284,
17182,
198,
5841,
21620,
13565,
2291,
35984,
6155,
393,
38088,
11,
290,
460,
635,
2291,
10908,
4568,
588,
33677,
278,
6729,
393,
12699,
670,
357,
47667,
737,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,279 |
An episiotomy is an incision through the vaginal wall and the perineum (the area between the thighs, extending from the vaginal opening to the anus) to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth.
During a vaginal birth, the physician/midwife will assist the fetus' head and chin out of the vagina when it becomes visible. Once the head is out of the vagina, the physician/midwife usually rotates the fetus to the side and eases the shoulders out, followed by the rest of the body.
In some cases, the vaginal opening does not stretch enough to accommodate the fetus. The physician/midwife may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the fetus. The episiotomy is usually performed when the fetal head has stretched the vaginal opening to several centimeters during a contraction. Although episiotomy was a very common procedure in the past, more recent studies have found that routine or preventive use of episiotomy does not benefit the health of mother or baby. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) no longer recommends performing an episiotomy on a routine basis. Discuss with your physician the best treatment option for you and your baby.
An episiotomy may be classified into two types:
Midline or median - refers to a vertical incision that is made from the lower opening of the vagina toward the rectum. This type of episiotomy usually heals well but may be more likely to tear and extend into the rectal area, called a third or fourth degree laceration.
Mediolateral - refers to an incision that is made at a 45-degree angle from the lower opening of the vagina to either side. This type of episiotomy does not tend to tear or extend, but is associated with greater blood loss and may not heal as well.
After the delivery of the baby, the mother is asked to continue to push during the next few uterine contractions to deliver the placenta. Once the placenta is delivered, the episiotomy incision is sutured. If a mother does not have regional anesthesia such as an epidural, a local anesthesia may be injected in the perineum to numb the area for repair of a tear or episiotomy after delivery.
Other related procedures that may be used during labor and birth include caesarean delivery and external and internal fetal monitoring. Please see these procedures for additional information.
Not all women will require an episiotomy, and assisting the tissues to stretch naturally may help reduce the need for this procedure. If an episiotomy is not performed, tearing of the perineal tissues may or may not occur. An episiotomy may be used to assist in the treatment of the following conditions:
Complicated birth such as a breech presentation (bottom or feet first) or shoulder dystocia (when the fetal head has been delivered but the shoulders are trapped)
Prolonged second stage (pushing stage of labor)
Forceps or vacuum delivery
There may be other reasons for your physician to recommend an episiotomy.
As with any surgical procedure, complications may occur. Some possible complications of an episiotomy may include, but are not limited to, the following:
Tearing past the incision into the rectal tissues and anal sphincter
Perineal hematoma (collection of blood in the perineal tissues)
Pain during sexual intercourse
Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications or latex should notify their physician/midwife.
If the birth of the baby occurs too rapidly, an episiotomy may not be performed.
There may be other risks depending upon your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your physician/midwife prior to the delivery.
Your physician/midwife will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure.
You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear. The consent form for an episiotomy may be included as part of the general consent for your delivery.
Notify your physician/midwife if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, iodine, latex, tape, and anesthetic agents (local and general).
Notify your physician/midwife of all medications (prescribed and over-the-counter) and herbal supplements that you are taking.
Notify your physician/midwife if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure.
Based upon your medical condition, your physician/midwife may request other specific preparation.
An episiotomy may be performed as part of a vaginal birth. The procedure and the type of episiotomy may vary depending on your condition and your physician/midwife’s practices.
Generally, an episiotomy follows this process:
You will be positioned on a labor bed, with your feet and legs supported for the birth.
If you have not been given any labor or delivery anesthesia, a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues before the incision. If epidural anesthesia is used, you will have no feeling from your waist down and no additional anesthesia will be needed for the episiotomy.
During the second stage of labor (pushing stage), as the fetal head stretches the vaginal opening, the physician/midwife will use special scissors or a scalpel to make the episiotomy incision.
The baby will be delivered.
The placenta will be delivered.
The episiotomy incision will be examined for any further tearing.
A local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues.
The perineal tissues and muscle will be repaired using sutures, which will dissolve over time.
After an episiotomy, you may experience incisional pain. An ice pack may be applied immediately after birth to help reduce swelling and pain. During your stay in the hospital and at home after your baby’s birth, sitz baths (warm or cold shallow baths) may relieve soreness and speed healing. Medicated creams or local anesthetic sprays applied to your perineum may also be helpful.
You may take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your physician. Aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. Be sure to take only recommended medications.
You should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. If bowel movements are painful, stool softeners recommended by your physician/midwife may be helpful.
You should not douche, use tampons, or have intercourse until the time instructed by your physician/midwife. You may also have other restrictions on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting.
You may resume your normal diet unless your physician/midwife advises you differently.
Your physician/midwife will advise you when to return for further treatment or care.
Notify your physician/midwife if you have any of the following:
Bleeding from the episiotomy site
Foul-smelling drainage from the vagina
Fever and/or chills
Severe perineal pain
Your physician/midwife may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.
The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your physician. Please consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition.
This page contains links to other Web sites with information about this procedure and related health conditions. We hope you find these sites helpful, but please remember we do not control or endorse the information presented on these Web sites, nor do these sites endorse the information contained here. | [
2025,
48177,
5151,
9145,
318,
281,
753,
1166,
832,
262,
30131,
3355,
290,
262,
583,
500,
388,
357,
1169,
1989,
1022,
262,
30389,
11,
16610,
422,
262,
30131,
4756,
284,
262,
47285,
8,
284,
27475,
262,
30131,
4756,
290,
15570,
43886,
13,
198,
7191,
257,
30131,
4082,
11,
262,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
481,
3342,
262,
31076,
6,
1182,
290,
22531,
503,
286,
262,
26150,
618,
340,
4329,
7424,
13,
4874,
262,
1182,
318,
503,
286,
262,
26150,
11,
262,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
3221,
5724,
689,
262,
31076,
284,
262,
1735,
290,
304,
1386,
262,
12450,
503,
11,
3940,
416,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
1767,
13,
198,
818,
617,
2663,
11,
262,
30131,
4756,
857,
407,
7539,
1576,
284,
15550,
262,
31076,
13,
383,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
743,
1620,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
284,
1037,
27475,
262,
4756,
290,
5203,
262,
31076,
13,
383,
48177,
5151,
9145,
318,
3221,
6157,
618,
262,
27652,
1182,
468,
19110,
262,
30131,
4756,
284,
1811,
48829,
1141,
257,
36246,
13,
4900,
48177,
5151,
9145,
373,
257,
845,
2219,
8771,
287,
262,
1613,
11,
517,
2274,
3640,
423,
1043,
326,
8027,
393,
37197,
779,
286,
48177,
5151,
9145,
857,
407,
4414,
262,
1535,
286,
2802,
393,
5156,
13,
383,
1605,
5535,
286,
46378,
19482,
1547,
290,
18488,
32984,
9251,
357,
2246,
7730,
8,
645,
2392,
20829,
9489,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
319,
257,
8027,
4308,
13,
36691,
351,
534,
14325,
262,
1266,
3513,
3038,
329,
345,
290,
534,
5156,
13,
198,
2025,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
307,
10090,
656,
734,
3858,
25,
198,
22622,
1370,
393,
14288,
532,
10229,
284,
257,
11723,
753,
1166,
326,
318,
925,
422,
262,
2793,
4756,
286,
262,
26150,
3812,
262,
13621,
388,
13,
770,
2099,
286,
48177,
5151,
9145,
3221,
38673,
880,
475,
743,
307,
517,
1884,
284,
11626,
290,
9117,
656,
262,
13621,
282,
1989,
11,
1444,
257,
2368,
393,
5544,
4922,
300,
11736,
341,
13,
198,
9921,
1669,
10534,
532,
10229,
284,
281,
753,
1166,
326,
318,
925,
379,
257,
4153,
12,
16863,
9848,
422,
262,
2793,
4756,
286,
262,
26150,
284,
2035,
1735,
13,
770,
2099,
286,
48177,
5151,
9145,
857,
407,
4327,
284,
11626,
393,
9117,
11,
475,
318,
3917,
351,
3744,
2910,
2994,
290,
743,
407,
12035,
355,
880,
13,
198,
3260,
262,
7585,
286,
262,
5156,
11,
262,
2802,
318,
1965,
284,
2555,
284,
4574,
1141,
262,
1306,
1178,
31500,
500,
2775,
507,
284,
5203,
262,
458,
12643,
64,
13,
4874,
262,
458,
12643,
64,
318,
6793,
11,
262,
48177,
5151,
9145,
753,
1166,
318,
264,
315,
1522,
13,
1002,
257,
2802,
857,
407,
423,
7915,
49592,
884,
355,
281,
12851,
1523,
11,
257,
1957,
49592,
743,
307,
25077,
287,
262,
583,
500,
388,
284,
35519,
262,
1989,
329,
9185,
286,
257,
11626,
393,
48177,
5151,
9145,
706,
7585,
13,
198,
6395,
3519,
9021,
326,
743,
307,
973,
1141,
4827,
290,
4082,
2291,
1275,
274,
533,
272,
7585,
290,
7097,
290,
5387,
27652,
9904,
13,
4222,
766,
777,
9021,
329,
3224,
1321,
13,
198,
3673,
477,
1466,
481,
2421,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
11,
290,
26508,
262,
21379,
284,
7539,
8752,
743,
1037,
4646,
262,
761,
329,
428,
8771,
13,
1002,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
318,
407,
6157,
11,
24447,
286,
262,
583,
500,
282,
21379,
743,
393,
743,
407,
3051,
13,
1052,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
307,
973,
284,
3342,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
262,
1708,
3403,
25,
198,
38143,
3474,
4082,
884,
355,
257,
20780,
354,
10470,
357,
22487,
393,
3625,
717,
8,
393,
8163,
20268,
301,
420,
544,
357,
12518,
262,
27652,
1182,
468,
587,
6793,
475,
262,
12450,
389,
13640,
8,
198,
2964,
6511,
276,
1218,
3800,
357,
79,
8023,
3800,
286,
4827,
8,
198,
10292,
862,
393,
17076,
7585,
198,
1858,
743,
307,
584,
3840,
329,
534,
14325,
284,
4313,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
13,
198,
1722,
351,
597,
21998,
8771,
11,
19481,
743,
3051,
13,
2773,
1744,
19481,
286,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
2291,
11,
475,
389,
407,
3614,
284,
11,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
51,
6648,
1613,
262,
753,
1166,
656,
262,
13621,
282,
21379,
290,
2037,
599,
71,
4612,
263,
198,
5990,
500,
282,
339,
6759,
6086,
357,
43681,
286,
2910,
287,
262,
583,
500,
282,
21379,
8,
198,
38490,
1141,
3206,
22409,
198,
12130,
2334,
508,
389,
31856,
284,
393,
8564,
284,
17638,
393,
47038,
815,
19361,
511,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
13,
198,
1532,
262,
4082,
286,
262,
5156,
8833,
1165,
8902,
11,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
407,
307,
6157,
13,
198,
1858,
743,
307,
584,
7476,
6906,
2402,
534,
2176,
3315,
4006,
13,
1355,
1654,
284,
2112,
597,
4786,
351,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
3161,
284,
262,
7585,
13,
198,
7120,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
481,
4727,
262,
8771,
284,
345,
290,
2897,
345,
262,
3663,
284,
1265,
597,
2683,
326,
345,
1244,
423,
546,
262,
8771,
13,
198,
1639,
481,
307,
1965,
284,
1051,
257,
8281,
1296,
326,
3607,
534,
7170,
284,
466,
262,
8771,
13,
4149,
262,
1296,
7773,
290,
1265,
2683,
611,
1223,
318,
407,
1598,
13,
383,
8281,
1296,
329,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
307,
3017,
355,
636,
286,
262,
2276,
8281,
329,
534,
7585,
13,
198,
3673,
1958,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
611,
345,
389,
8564,
284,
393,
389,
31856,
284,
597,
17638,
11,
50047,
11,
47038,
11,
9154,
11,
290,
281,
37531,
6554,
357,
12001,
290,
2276,
737,
198,
3673,
1958,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
286,
477,
17638,
357,
18302,
32968,
290,
625,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
8,
290,
35867,
20864,
326,
345,
389,
2263,
13,
198,
3673,
1958,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
611,
345,
423,
257,
2106,
286,
16832,
11916,
393,
611,
345,
389,
2263,
597,
1885,
3713,
363,
377,
415,
357,
18041,
12,
400,
23062,
8,
17638,
11,
49550,
11,
393,
584,
17638,
326,
2689,
2910,
5148,
889,
13,
632,
743,
307,
3306,
329,
345,
284,
2245,
777,
17638,
3161,
284,
262,
8771,
13,
198,
15001,
2402,
534,
3315,
4006,
11,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
743,
2581,
584,
2176,
11824,
13,
198,
2025,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
307,
6157,
355,
636,
286,
257,
30131,
4082,
13,
383,
8771,
290,
262,
2099,
286,
48177,
5151,
9145,
743,
7565,
6906,
319,
534,
4006,
290,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
447,
247,
82,
6593,
13,
198,
37058,
11,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
5679,
428,
1429,
25,
198,
1639,
481,
307,
19378,
319,
257,
4827,
3996,
11,
351,
534,
3625,
290,
7405,
4855,
329,
262,
4082,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
407,
587,
1813,
597,
4827,
393,
7585,
49592,
11,
257,
1957,
281,
37531,
743,
307,
25077,
656,
262,
583,
500,
282,
4168,
290,
8280,
284,
35519,
262,
21379,
878,
262,
753,
1166,
13,
1002,
12851,
1523,
49592,
318,
973,
11,
345,
481,
423,
645,
4203,
422,
534,
16139,
866,
290,
645,
3224,
49592,
481,
307,
2622,
329,
262,
48177,
5151,
9145,
13,
198,
7191,
262,
1218,
3800,
286,
4827,
357,
79,
8023,
3800,
828,
355,
262,
27652,
1182,
23687,
262,
30131,
4756,
11,
262,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
481,
779,
2041,
41786,
393,
257,
16578,
30242,
284,
787,
262,
48177,
5151,
9145,
753,
1166,
13,
198,
464,
5156,
481,
307,
6793,
13,
198,
464,
458,
12643,
64,
481,
307,
6793,
13,
198,
464,
48177,
5151,
9145,
753,
1166,
481,
307,
11068,
329,
597,
2252,
24447,
13,
198,
32,
1957,
281,
37531,
743,
307,
25077,
656,
262,
583,
500,
282,
4168,
290,
8280,
284,
35519,
262,
21379,
13,
198,
464,
583,
500,
282,
21379,
290,
8280,
481,
307,
27457,
1262,
264,
315,
942,
11,
543,
481,
33862,
625,
640,
13,
198,
3260,
281,
48177,
5151,
9145,
11,
345,
743,
1998,
753,
1166,
282,
2356,
13,
1052,
4771,
2353,
743,
307,
5625,
3393,
706,
4082,
284,
1037,
4646,
29844,
290,
2356,
13,
5856,
534,
2652,
287,
262,
4436,
290,
379,
1363,
706,
534,
5156,
447,
247,
82,
4082,
11,
1650,
89,
49076,
357,
31975,
393,
4692,
19337,
49076,
8,
743,
26958,
19597,
1108,
290,
2866,
11516,
13,
2019,
3474,
1126,
4105,
393,
1957,
281,
37531,
7500,
592,
5625,
284,
534,
583,
500,
388,
743,
635,
307,
7613,
13,
198,
1639,
743,
1011,
257,
2356,
48460,
329,
19597,
1108,
355,
7151,
416,
534,
14325,
13,
1081,
4063,
259,
393,
1728,
584,
2356,
17638,
743,
2620,
262,
2863,
286,
16832,
13,
1355,
1654,
284,
1011,
691,
7151,
17638,
13,
198,
1639,
815,
1394,
262,
753,
1166,
3424,
290,
5894,
11,
1262,
262,
32784,
2446,
7151,
416,
534,
14325,
706,
2956,
1883,
290,
35711,
8650,
13,
1002,
35711,
8650,
389,
12132,
11,
38753,
2705,
36014,
7151,
416,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
743,
307,
7613,
13,
198,
1639,
815,
407,
2255,
2395,
11,
779,
47039,
684,
11,
393,
423,
22409,
1566,
262,
640,
17767,
416,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
13,
921,
743,
635,
423,
584,
8733,
319,
534,
3842,
11,
1390,
645,
43071,
5623,
3842,
393,
4334,
16842,
13,
198,
1639,
743,
15294,
534,
3487,
5496,
4556,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
34138,
345,
10338,
13,
198,
7120,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
481,
18595,
345,
618,
284,
1441,
329,
2252,
3513,
393,
1337,
13,
198,
3673,
1958,
534,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
611,
345,
423,
597,
286,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
43413,
8228,
422,
262,
48177,
5151,
9145,
2524,
198,
37,
2852,
12,
5796,
9417,
37664,
422,
262,
26150,
198,
37,
964,
290,
14,
273,
442,
2171,
198,
4653,
4119,
583,
500,
282,
2356,
198,
7120,
14325,
14,
13602,
22095,
743,
1577,
345,
3224,
393,
13527,
7729,
706,
262,
8771,
11,
6906,
319,
534,
1948,
3074,
13,
198,
464,
2695,
2810,
994,
318,
329,
21524,
4959,
691,
11,
290,
373,
407,
3562,
284,
37489,
393,
2190,
257,
1535,
1917,
393,
4369,
11,
393,
6330,
262,
4708,
3315,
5608,
345,
3328,
422,
534,
14325,
13,
4222,
5725,
534,
14325,
351,
597,
2683,
393,
4786,
345,
743,
423,
5115,
534,
4006,
13,
198,
1212,
2443,
4909,
6117,
284,
584,
5313,
5043,
351,
1321,
546,
428,
8771,
290,
3519,
1535,
3403,
13,
775,
2911,
345,
1064,
777,
5043,
7613,
11,
475,
3387,
3505,
356,
466,
407,
1630,
393,
11438,
262,
1321,
5545,
319,
777,
5313,
5043,
11,
4249,
466,
777,
5043,
11438,
262,
1321,
7763,
994,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,694 |
You may have heard that there are several kinds of fats. But how do we know which to avoid, and which are okay to eat?
We need some fat in our diets. Fats provide energy. They help build hormones and cells. While all fats are high in calories, some fats are better choices than others.
Choose unsaturated fats. They can actually help lower your cholesterol. These healthier fats usually stay liquid at room temperature, and are found in most vegetable oils. Good fats are also found in avocados, some fish, and nuts.
Saturated fats and trans fats are not good choices. They can clog up the arteries that carry blood to your heart. Most of these fats stay solid at room temperature. They’re found in fried foods, fatty meats, and baked goods.
Just like there are several sources of fats, there are also several sources of carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is found in many foods. It provides fuel for our heart, brain and muscles.
But, as with fats, some carbs are better than others. And if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes, controlling carbohydrate is important because when you eat too much carbohydrate, your blood sugar may rise too high.
The best carbs provide fiber. Fiber can help lower cholesterol. We can get fiber from fruits, vegetables and beans, as well as whole grain products -- whole wheat pastas and breads, and brown rice. It’s best to eat at least three ounces of whole grains per day. Check the food’s packaging to make sure that’s what you’re getting.
The not-so-good carbohydrate, like white flour and white sugar, is usually higher in calories and has little nutritional value. For too many of us, these make up too large a part of what we eat and drink everyday. Choosing less white bread and fewer soft drinks and sweets is a move in the right direction.
Fats and carbohydrate. Choose the ones that are better for you, and you’re on your way to healthier eating for life. | [
1639,
743,
423,
2982,
326,
612,
389,
1811,
6982,
286,
27997,
13,
887,
703,
466,
356,
760,
543,
284,
3368,
11,
290,
543,
389,
8788,
284,
4483,
30,
198,
1135,
761,
617,
3735,
287,
674,
18977,
13,
376,
1381,
2148,
2568,
13,
1119,
1037,
1382,
21311,
290,
4778,
13,
2893,
477,
27997,
389,
1029,
287,
14653,
11,
617,
27997,
389,
1365,
7747,
621,
1854,
13,
198,
31851,
5576,
30192,
27997,
13,
1119,
460,
1682,
1037,
2793,
534,
18759,
13,
2312,
22841,
27997,
3221,
2652,
8122,
379,
2119,
5951,
11,
290,
389,
1043,
287,
749,
20236,
20629,
13,
4599,
27997,
389,
635,
1043,
287,
1196,
420,
22484,
11,
617,
5916,
11,
290,
14380,
13,
198,
50,
30192,
27997,
290,
1007,
27997,
389,
407,
922,
7747,
13,
1119,
460,
537,
519,
510,
262,
45894,
326,
3283,
2910,
284,
534,
2612,
13,
4042,
286,
777,
27997,
2652,
4735,
379,
2119,
5951,
13,
1119,
447,
247,
260,
1043,
287,
23018,
9013,
11,
19251,
32219,
11,
290,
22979,
7017,
13,
198,
5703,
588,
612,
389,
1811,
4237,
286,
27997,
11,
612,
389,
635,
1811,
4237,
286,
28205,
13,
20453,
46358,
318,
1043,
287,
867,
9013,
13,
632,
3769,
5252,
329,
674,
2612,
11,
3632,
290,
12749,
13,
198,
1537,
11,
355,
351,
27997,
11,
617,
33037,
389,
1365,
621,
1854,
13,
843,
611,
345,
423,
12593,
393,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
11,
12755,
28205,
318,
1593,
780,
618,
345,
4483,
1165,
881,
28205,
11,
534,
2910,
7543,
743,
4485,
1165,
1029,
13,
198,
464,
1266,
33037,
2148,
13608,
13,
29933,
460,
1037,
2793,
18759,
13,
775,
460,
651,
13608,
422,
15921,
11,
13701,
290,
16567,
11,
355,
880,
355,
2187,
13020,
3186,
1377,
2187,
17135,
1613,
292,
290,
8509,
82,
11,
290,
7586,
11464,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1266,
284,
4483,
379,
1551,
1115,
24405,
286,
2187,
21824,
583,
1110,
13,
6822,
262,
2057,
447,
247,
82,
16846,
284,
787,
1654,
326,
447,
247,
82,
644,
345,
447,
247,
260,
1972,
13,
198,
464,
407,
12,
568,
12,
11274,
28205,
11,
588,
2330,
10601,
290,
2330,
7543,
11,
318,
3221,
2440,
287,
14653,
290,
468,
1310,
24000,
1988,
13,
1114,
1165,
867,
286,
514,
11,
777,
787,
510,
1165,
1588,
257,
636,
286,
644,
356,
4483,
290,
4144,
10908,
13,
10031,
2752,
1342,
2330,
8509,
290,
7380,
2705,
11758,
290,
42402,
318,
257,
1445,
287,
262,
826,
4571,
13,
198,
37,
1381,
290,
28205,
13,
17489,
262,
3392,
326,
389,
1365,
329,
345,
11,
290,
345,
447,
247,
260,
319,
534,
835,
284,
22841,
6600,
329,
1204,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 425 |
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body in very limited amounts and are excreted through the urine. Therefore, it is a good idea to have them in your daily diet. Vitamin B12, the most complex of the vitamins, contains the metal cobalt, in its structure.
Vitamin B12’s functions include the following:
|Age Group (in years)||
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Most diets provide adequate B12; deficiency is often a result of absorption problems. In the stomach's acidic environment and through the action of the enzyme pepsin, vitamin B12 is released from food. People who do not have enough stomach acid (such as those taking strong acid-neutralizing medications) may not be able to separate B12 from food. People with this problem, however, absorb B12 supplements without difficulty.
Two proteins are also important for the vitamin's absorption and transport: intrinsic factor (IF) and R proteins. A B12 deficiency can result if there are any problems with pepsin, IF, or R proteins. Reduced secretion may occur in mid- to late-life. Severely reduced levels of IF lead to a condition called pernicious anemia. People with pernicious anemia have trouble absorbing B12 supplements and may need either very high doses or injections.
Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include the following:
Vitamin B12 has a very low potential for toxicity. The tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin B12 from dietary sources and supplements combined has not been determined. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Because data is limited, caution should be used when supplementing.
No symptoms of vitamin B12 toxicity have been reported.
Vitamin B12 can be found in animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. Some foods high in vitamin B12 include:
The following populations may be at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency and may require a supplement:
Megaloblastic anemia can occur as a result of either a folate deficiency or a vitamin B12 deficiency. Supplementing with folate can correct this anemia. But, it will not correct the B12 deficiency. Permanent nerve damage can result if a B12 deficiency is left untreated. If you have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your B12 status as well as your folate status.
Here are tips to help increase your intake of vitamin B12:
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
American Society for Nutrition
Centre for Science in the Public Interest
Andres E, Federici L, Affenberger S, et al. B12 deficiency: a look beyond pernicious anemia [review]. J Fam Pract. 2007;56:537-542.
Groff JL, Gropper S. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning; 2000.
Vitamin B12. EBSCO Dynamed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated December 14, 2011. Accessed September 19, 2012.
Vitamin B12. Office of Dietary Supplements website. Available at: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/. Accessed September 19, 2012.
Vitamin B12. Oregon State Linus Pauling Institute website. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminB12/. Accessed September 19, 2012
Wierzbicki AS. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4:143-150.
3/6/2013 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/ : Marti-Carvajal AJ, Lathyris D, Salanti G. Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD006612.
Last reviewed September 2012 by Brian Randall, MD
Last Updated: 3/6/2013 | [
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
11,
635,
1444,
269,
2572,
5669,
11,
318,
257,
1660,
12,
34453,
26664,
14411,
13,
5638,
12,
34453,
26664,
29091,
389,
8574,
287,
262,
1767,
287,
845,
3614,
6867,
290,
389,
2859,
1186,
276,
832,
262,
18922,
13,
8447,
11,
340,
318,
257,
922,
2126,
284,
423,
606,
287,
534,
4445,
5496,
13,
27533,
347,
1065,
11,
262,
749,
3716,
286,
262,
29091,
11,
4909,
262,
6147,
22843,
2501,
11,
287,
663,
4645,
13,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
447,
247,
82,
5499,
2291,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
91,
23396,
4912,
357,
259,
812,
14726,
91,
198,
36171,
40767,
22507,
590,
198,
6943,
18977,
2148,
12872,
347,
1065,
26,
23580,
318,
1690,
257,
1255,
286,
24774,
2761,
13,
554,
262,
11384,
338,
42987,
2858,
290,
832,
262,
2223,
286,
262,
27679,
279,
25386,
259,
11,
14411,
347,
1065,
318,
2716,
422,
2057,
13,
4380,
508,
466,
407,
423,
1576,
11384,
7408,
357,
10508,
355,
883,
2263,
1913,
7408,
12,
29797,
2890,
17638,
8,
743,
407,
307,
1498,
284,
4553,
347,
1065,
422,
2057,
13,
4380,
351,
428,
1917,
11,
2158,
11,
17565,
347,
1065,
20864,
1231,
8722,
13,
198,
7571,
15568,
389,
635,
1593,
329,
262,
14411,
338,
24774,
290,
4839,
25,
28327,
5766,
357,
5064,
8,
290,
371,
15568,
13,
317,
347,
1065,
23580,
460,
1255,
611,
612,
389,
597,
2761,
351,
279,
25386,
259,
11,
16876,
11,
393,
371,
15568,
13,
39963,
42432,
743,
3051,
287,
3095,
12,
284,
2739,
12,
6042,
13,
1001,
4119,
306,
5322,
2974,
286,
16876,
1085,
284,
257,
4006,
1444,
583,
77,
6243,
281,
22859,
13,
4380,
351,
583,
77,
6243,
281,
22859,
423,
5876,
34418,
347,
1065,
20864,
290,
743,
761,
2035,
845,
1029,
16376,
393,
35849,
13,
198,
43094,
35533,
286,
14411,
347,
1065,
23580,
2291,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
468,
257,
845,
1877,
2785,
329,
28152,
13,
383,
8214,
540,
6727,
10337,
1241,
357,
6239,
8,
329,
14411,
347,
1065,
422,
15429,
4237,
290,
20864,
5929,
468,
407,
587,
5295,
13,
770,
857,
407,
1612,
326,
612,
318,
645,
2785,
329,
12681,
3048,
7186,
422,
1029,
42219,
13,
4362,
1366,
318,
3614,
11,
13041,
815,
307,
973,
618,
10327,
278,
13,
198,
2949,
7460,
286,
14411,
347,
1065,
28152,
423,
587,
2098,
13,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
460,
307,
1043,
287,
5044,
3186,
11,
884,
355,
5916,
11,
6174,
11,
34101,
11,
9653,
11,
290,
7545,
13,
2773,
9013,
1029,
287,
14411,
347,
1065,
2291,
25,
198,
464,
1708,
9684,
743,
307,
379,
2526,
329,
14411,
347,
1065,
23580,
290,
743,
2421,
257,
10327,
25,
198,
44,
39839,
45292,
3477,
281,
22859,
460,
3051,
355,
257,
1255,
286,
2035,
257,
5955,
378,
23580,
393,
257,
14411,
347,
1065,
23580,
13,
23150,
278,
351,
5955,
378,
460,
3376,
428,
281,
22859,
13,
887,
11,
340,
481,
407,
3376,
262,
347,
1065,
23580,
13,
36814,
16384,
2465,
460,
1255,
611,
257,
347,
1065,
23580,
318,
1364,
41539,
13,
1002,
345,
423,
502,
13528,
45292,
3477,
281,
22859,
11,
1561,
351,
534,
6253,
546,
24171,
534,
347,
1065,
3722,
355,
880,
355,
534,
5955,
378,
3722,
13,
198,
4342,
389,
9040,
284,
1037,
2620,
534,
10337,
286,
14411,
347,
1065,
25,
198,
12832,
324,
3065,
286,
23285,
290,
16292,
14596,
198,
7437,
7023,
329,
23285,
198,
19085,
260,
329,
5800,
287,
262,
5094,
12033,
198,
1870,
411,
412,
11,
35089,
44070,
406,
11,
6708,
268,
21041,
311,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
347,
1065,
23580,
25,
257,
804,
3675,
583,
77,
6243,
281,
22859,
685,
19023,
4083,
449,
16513,
13672,
13,
4343,
26,
3980,
25,
46096,
12,
20,
3682,
13,
198,
42921,
487,
449,
43,
11,
10299,
2848,
311,
13,
13435,
23285,
290,
5524,
3395,
28426,
1042,
13,
3944,
8691,
11,
7257,
25,
48986,
30567,
32425,
18252,
26,
4751,
13,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
13,
412,
4462,
8220,
39530,
2434,
3052,
13,
14898,
379,
25,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
68,
1443,
1073,
4774,
13,
785,
14,
67,
2047,
2434,
13,
19433,
3426,
1478,
11,
2813,
13,
48547,
2693,
678,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
13,
4452,
286,
40767,
8105,
3639,
3052,
13,
14898,
379,
25,
2638,
1378,
12978,
13,
375,
13,
37373,
13,
9567,
14,
22584,
42011,
14,
53,
40746,
33,
1065,
12,
18081,
49138,
11757,
48547,
2693,
678,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
53,
40746,
347,
1065,
13,
8819,
1812,
5164,
385,
3362,
278,
5136,
3052,
13,
14898,
379,
25,
2638,
1378,
75,
14415,
13,
382,
14520,
5219,
13,
15532,
14,
10745,
420,
9255,
14,
85,
270,
24937,
14,
85,
40746,
33,
1065,
11757,
48547,
2693,
678,
11,
2321,
198,
54,
959,
14969,
624,
72,
7054,
13,
8074,
13733,
4169,
500,
290,
21134,
4369,
25,
257,
2423,
286,
262,
2370,
13,
6031,
397,
569,
3372,
3167,
1874,
13,
4343,
26,
19,
25,
21139,
12,
8628,
13,
198,
18,
14,
21,
14,
6390,
39530,
64,
9921,
338,
4482,
1512,
33818,
34818,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
68,
1443,
1073,
4774,
13,
785,
14,
67,
2047,
2434,
14,
1058,
3981,
72,
12,
9914,
85,
1228,
282,
25347,
11,
406,
776,
2417,
271,
360,
11,
4849,
17096,
402,
13,
8074,
13733,
4169,
500,
21683,
19901,
329,
12174,
21134,
2995,
13,
33005,
14579,
24047,
1632,
301,
5416,
13,
2211,
26,
16,
25,
8610,
405,
2791,
1065,
13,
198,
5956,
11765,
2693,
2321,
416,
8403,
29799,
11,
10670,
198,
5956,
19433,
25,
513,
14,
21,
14,
6390,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 901 |
Through the Hebrew Catholic Year, by Judy Bratten
The most well-known and elaborate of the Jewish feasts, Pesach commemorates the miraculous exodus of the Jewish people from the land of Egypt under the leadership of Moses. It is also a springtime celebration, provoking a flurry of cleaning in the traditional Jewish home as the mother removes all trace of leaven and prepares for the Seder, the ritual Passover meal.
Passover includes the weeklong Feast of Unleavened Bread when particular foods are prohibited while other symbolic foods are eaten. The Hagaddah, a collection of scripture readings, prayers, rabbinical commentaries, songs and poetry is the guide for the Seder and sets the tone for the entire eight days.
The Feast of First Fruits, which occurs during Passover, was a feast of thanksgiving in biblical times for the first grain of the season.
With its direct association with Easter, Passover is a very special holiday in our family. It is also a time of spring cleaning, a culmination of our Lenten purifications. We always invite guests to our seders so they can see for themselves the origins of the Mass. Our family prefers to use a traditional Jewish Hagaddah for the Seder, commenting frequently on the significance of many of the prayers and Messianic symbols and prophecies. We enjoy preparing the special foods: charoseth, bitter herbs, roasted eggs, etc. We made our own Matzoh Tash with three compartments for the three matzohs used during the Seder, a clear symbol of the Trinity. And we have plenty of matzoh, matzoh brei (fried matzoh), knoedlech (matzoh balls) and sponge cake (with matzoh flour). Recipes are available in any Jewish cookbook.
(Ed. For the first two nights of Passover, we recommend the Hagaddahs available here or a traditional Jewish Hagaddah, available from regular book stores. The AHC has not yet produced a Hagaddah for Passover.)
This abbreviated service may be used on the other nights of Passover.
Mother lights candles and says:
Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, Creator of the radiance of fire.
Father: Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people.
All: Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who has preserved us alive, sustained us and brought us to enjoy this season. Amen.
Child: We praise thee, O Lord, for as we eat this matzoh, the bread of affliction, we remember the Seder meal when Yeshua transformed the bread into His body.
Father: Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who gives us the fruits of the earth.
All: Amen. (All eat some matzoh)
Child: We praise thee, O Lord, for as we drink the cup of Passover deliverance, we remember that Seder meal when Yeshua transformed the cup of redemption into His blood.
Father: (raising a cup of wine) Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who createst the fruit of the vine.
All: Amen (everyone sip from the cup)
Father: The name of the Eternal be blessed from now unto eternity.
All: Blessed be He of whose gifts we partake and by whose goodness we exist.
Father: May He who is most merciful make us worthy to behold the day of the Messiah and eternal life.
He gives great salvation through His Son, Yeshua His anointed. May He who maketh peace in high heavens grant peace to us and all Israel.
We ask this in the name of Yeshua, Thy Son, who lives and reigns with Thee and Ruach haKodesh, one God, for ever and ever.
ŠAssociation of Hebrew Catholics. All Rights Reserved. • 4120 W Pine Blvd • St Louis MO 63108 | [
15046,
262,
16505,
7835,
6280,
11,
416,
26395,
1709,
41769,
198,
464,
749,
880,
12,
4002,
290,
15962,
286,
262,
5582,
730,
5773,
11,
38434,
620,
28723,
689,
262,
40336,
39524,
286,
262,
5582,
661,
422,
262,
1956,
286,
6365,
739,
262,
5531,
286,
19010,
13,
632,
318,
635,
257,
6076,
2435,
14395,
11,
45625,
257,
36418,
286,
12724,
287,
262,
4569,
5582,
1363,
355,
262,
2802,
20694,
477,
12854,
286,
443,
4005,
290,
25978,
329,
262,
311,
5702,
11,
262,
12146,
6251,
2502,
9799,
13,
198,
14478,
2502,
3407,
262,
1285,
6511,
42936,
286,
36471,
4005,
276,
28731,
618,
1948,
9013,
389,
12244,
981,
584,
18975,
9013,
389,
17065,
13,
383,
21375,
2860,
993,
11,
257,
4947,
286,
36739,
24654,
11,
15707,
11,
19368,
32352,
2912,
3166,
11,
7259,
290,
19518,
318,
262,
5698,
329,
262,
311,
5702,
290,
5621,
262,
8216,
329,
262,
2104,
3624,
1528,
13,
198,
464,
42936,
286,
3274,
376,
50187,
11,
543,
8833,
1141,
6251,
2502,
11,
373,
257,
26951,
286,
5176,
13992,
287,
24726,
1661,
329,
262,
717,
13020,
286,
262,
1622,
13,
198,
3152,
663,
1277,
8112,
351,
20111,
11,
6251,
2502,
318,
257,
845,
2041,
9912,
287,
674,
1641,
13,
632,
318,
635,
257,
640,
286,
6076,
12724,
11,
257,
41089,
286,
674,
43751,
268,
1308,
6637,
13,
775,
1464,
14037,
10650,
284,
674,
10081,
364,
523,
484,
460,
766,
329,
2405,
262,
15587,
286,
262,
5674,
13,
3954,
1641,
26237,
284,
779,
257,
4569,
5582,
21375,
2860,
993,
329,
262,
311,
5702,
11,
26387,
6777,
319,
262,
12085,
286,
867,
286,
262,
15707,
290,
10626,
666,
291,
14354,
290,
16951,
3171,
13,
775,
2883,
10629,
262,
2041,
9013,
25,
1149,
418,
2788,
11,
12922,
25411,
11,
30490,
9653,
11,
3503,
13,
775,
925,
674,
898,
6550,
89,
1219,
309,
1077,
351,
1115,
552,
32514,
329,
262,
1115,
2603,
89,
1219,
82,
973,
1141,
262,
311,
5702,
11,
257,
1598,
6194,
286,
262,
22844,
13,
843,
356,
423,
6088,
286,
2603,
89,
1219,
11,
2603,
89,
1219,
1449,
72,
357,
25520,
2603,
89,
1219,
828,
638,
78,
276,
293,
354,
357,
6759,
89,
1219,
11333,
8,
290,
40206,
12187,
357,
4480,
2603,
89,
1219,
10601,
737,
44229,
389,
1695,
287,
597,
5582,
4255,
2070,
13,
198,
7,
7407,
13,
1114,
262,
717,
734,
12513,
286,
6251,
2502,
11,
356,
4313,
262,
21375,
2860,
39095,
1695,
994,
393,
257,
4569,
5582,
21375,
2860,
993,
11,
1695,
422,
3218,
1492,
7000,
13,
383,
317,
16045,
468,
407,
1865,
4635,
257,
21375,
2860,
993,
329,
6251,
2502,
2014,
198,
1212,
37640,
515,
2139,
743,
307,
973,
319,
262,
584,
12513,
286,
6251,
2502,
13,
198,
31398,
7588,
32268,
290,
1139,
25,
198,
33,
1203,
276,
1242,
34048,
11,
440,
4453,
674,
1793,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
11950,
11,
21038,
286,
262,
2511,
3610,
286,
2046,
13,
198,
34823,
25,
33398,
1242,
34048,
11,
440,
4453,
674,
1793,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
11950,
11,
508,
468,
25417,
1431,
777,
1528,
290,
468,
25417,
1431,
11906,
661,
13,
198,
3237,
25,
33398,
1242,
14210,
11,
440,
4453,
674,
1793,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
11950,
11,
508,
468,
17232,
514,
6776,
11,
12605,
514,
290,
3181,
514,
284,
2883,
428,
1622,
13,
34717,
13,
198,
16424,
25,
775,
13463,
17903,
11,
440,
4453,
11,
329,
355,
356,
4483,
428,
2603,
89,
1219,
11,
262,
8509,
286,
1527,
41101,
11,
356,
3505,
262,
311,
5702,
9799,
618,
3363,
33061,
14434,
262,
8509,
656,
2399,
1767,
13,
198,
34823,
25,
33398,
1242,
34048,
11,
440,
4453,
674,
1793,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
11950,
11,
508,
3607,
514,
262,
15921,
286,
262,
4534,
13,
198,
3237,
25,
34717,
13,
357,
3237,
4483,
617,
2603,
89,
1219,
8,
198,
16424,
25,
775,
13463,
17903,
11,
440,
4453,
11,
329,
355,
356,
4144,
262,
6508,
286,
6251,
2502,
5203,
590,
11,
356,
3505,
326,
311,
5702,
9799,
618,
3363,
33061,
14434,
262,
6508,
286,
26831,
656,
2399,
2910,
13,
198,
34823,
25,
357,
32741,
257,
6508,
286,
8237,
8,
33398,
1242,
34048,
11,
440,
4453,
674,
1793,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
11950,
11,
508,
1827,
395,
262,
8234,
286,
262,
17793,
13,
198,
3237,
25,
34717,
357,
47057,
31145,
422,
262,
6508,
8,
198,
34823,
25,
383,
1438,
286,
262,
21475,
307,
18259,
422,
783,
12722,
28989,
13,
198,
3237,
25,
33398,
307,
679,
286,
3025,
13201,
356,
48513,
290,
416,
3025,
20437,
356,
2152,
13,
198,
34823,
25,
1737,
679,
508,
318,
749,
11991,
4135,
787,
514,
12733,
284,
23700,
262,
1110,
286,
262,
38216,
290,
15851,
1204,
13,
198,
1544,
3607,
1049,
21005,
832,
2399,
6295,
11,
3363,
33061,
2399,
281,
20909,
13,
1737,
679,
508,
285,
461,
2788,
4167,
287,
1029,
27636,
7264,
4167,
284,
514,
290,
477,
2692,
13,
198,
1135,
1265,
428,
287,
262,
1438,
286,
3363,
33061,
11,
31468,
6295,
11,
508,
3160,
290,
13580,
82,
351,
383,
68,
290,
11667,
620,
387,
42,
4147,
71,
11,
530,
1793,
11,
329,
1683,
290,
1683,
13,
198,
129,
254,
8021,
41003,
286,
16505,
21374,
13,
1439,
6923,
33876,
13,
5595,
604,
10232,
370,
23076,
29402,
5595,
520,
5593,
13070,
8093,
15711,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 855 |
1. Tolkien's Usage of "Thou" and "Thee"
I. Thou, Thee
I grew up in a religiously conservative environment, of the Protestant sort. As this was some decades ago, the preferred Bible version was, of course, the King James. By reading and studying the Bible, and memorizing parts of it, I acquired an intuitive familiarity with the archaic language in use 500 years ago, before I ever read The Lord of the Rings, or heard of Tolkien.
I say "intuitive", because I absorbed the proper grammatical usage without understanding. As "Thou" and "Thee" were used mostly for God, and often capitalized, to boot, I associated them with formal usage, and "you, you" with ordinary usage.
When I first read LOTR, and dived into the appendices, at about age thirteen, I was quite puzzled by Tolkien's reference to "thou, thee" as familiar as opposed to the formal "you, you". It was only when I took high school German, and later Spanish and French, that I realized "thou, thee" were cognates for "du, dich", "tu, ti", "tu, te", all of which are familiar. "You, you" in English were at one time plural or formal, but have gradually displaced "thou, thee".
Why am I putting these pronouns in quoted pairs? Not only that, I have "you, you" as a pair, when they're the same word, right? Not really.
At one time, English, like many other languages, had a case system for all its nouns—they would change form depending on usage in the sentence, whether nominative (subject) or accusative (object). The pronouns are the only ones left that retain cases—"I, me", "she, her", "they, them". "You" however, is used for both nominative and accusative.
Here is where I believe some writers, in an effort to give a sense of intimate, familiar, or even derogatory speech, have misinterpreted Tolkien's commentary on usage.
In LOTR, Appendix F, II On Translation, Tolkien wrote in a footnote:
In one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. Since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language; but a change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women normal, forms to the familiar.
When I first read it, I was already familiar with the correct grammatical usage of "thou, thee", so I read the pertinent sentence thus:
...a change from you to [thou, thee] is sometimes meant to show ... a significant change from the deferential ... forms to the familiar.
It seems some authors read the sentence like this:
...a change from [you to thou], [thee is sometimes meant to show ... a significant change from the deferential ... forms to the familiar].
apparently interpreting this sentence to mean "thou" is deferential or formal, and "thee" is familiar.
From my understanding of archaic English, this is not what Tolkien intended. He surely, as a linguist, and expert on the various stages through which our language passed, was intimately familiar with the accurate, historical usage of pronouns in the English of the times when "thou" and "thee" were in use.
I have pulled out a few quotes from LOTR using "thou" and / or "thee".
TT, Book III - Chapter 5 The White Rider
Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree!
TT, Book III - Chapter 6 The King of the Golden Hall
The king now rose, and at once Éowyn came forward bearing wine. 'Ferthu Théoden hál!' she said. 'Receive now this cup and drink in happy hour. Health be with thee at thy going and coming!'
ROTK, Book V - Chapter 2 The Passing of the Grey Company
The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the Dead.'
The days now are short. Either our hope cometh, or all hope's end. Therefore I send thee what I have made for thee. Fare well, Elfstone!'
Then Isildur said to their king: "Thou shalt be the last king. And if the West prove mightier than thy Black Master, this curse I lay upon thee and thy folk: to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. For this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end."
'Nor would I,' he said. 'Therefore I say to you, lady: Stay! For you have no errand to the South.'
'Neither have those others who go with thee. They go only because they would not be parted from thee - because they love thee.' Then she turned and vanished into the night.
But she said: 'Aragorn, wilt thou go?'
'I will,' he said.
'Then wilt thou not let me ride with this company, as I have asked?'
'I will not, lady,' he said. 'For that I could not grant without leave of the king and of your brother; and they will not return until tomorrow. But I count now every hour, indeed every minute. Farewell!'
Then she fell on her knees, saying: 'I beg thee!'
ROTK, Book V - Chapter 4 The Siege of Gondor
'What is this, my lord?' said the wizard. 'The houses of the dead are no places for the living. And why do men fight here in the Hallows when there is war enough before the Gate? Or has our Enemy come even to Rath Dínen?'
'Since when has the Lord of Gondor been answerable to thee?' said Denethor. 'Or may I not command my own servants?'
'You may,' said Gandalf. 'But others may contest your will, when it is turned to madness and evil. Where is your son, Faramir?'
'Pride and despair!' he cried. 'Didst thou think that the eyes of the White Tower were blind? Nay, I have seen more than thou knowest, Grey Fool. For thy hope is but ignorance. Go then and labour in healing! Go forth and fight! Vanity. For a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. But against the Power that now arises there is no victory. To this City only the first finger of its hand has yet been stretched. All the East is moving. And even now the wind of thy hope cheats thee and wafts up Anduin a fleet with black sails. The West has failed. It is time for all to depart who would not be slaves.'
'Such counsels will make the Enemy's victory certain indeed,' said Gandalf.
ROTK, Book V - Chapter 6 The Battle of the Pelennor Fields
A cold voice answered: 'Come not between the Nazgûl and his prey! Or he will not slay thee in thy turn. He will bear thee away to the houses of lamentation, beyond all darkness, where thy flesh shall be devoured, and thy shrivelled mind be left naked to the Lidless Eye.'
A sword rang as it was drawn. 'Do what you will; but I will hinder it, if I may.'
'Hinder me? Thou fool. No living man may hinder me!'
Then Merry heard of all sounds in that hour the strangest. It seemed that Dernhelm laughed, and the clear voice was like the ring of steel. 'But no living man am I! You look upon a woman. Éowyn I am, Éomund's daughter. You stand between me and my lord and kin. Begone, if you be not deathless! For living or dark undead, I will smite you, if you touch him.'
ROTK, Book V - Chapter 10 The Black Gate Opens
'So!' said the Messenger. 'Then thou art the spokesman, old greybeard? Have we not heard of thee at whiles, and of thy wanderings, ever hatching plots and mischief at a safe distance? But this time thou hast stuck out thy nose too far, Master Gandalf; and thou shalt see what comes to him who sets his foolish webs before the feet of Sauron the Great. I have tokens that I was bidden to show to thee - to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come.'
ROTK, Book VI - Chapter 6 Many Partings
Then Éowyn looked in the eyes of Aragorn, and she said: 'Wish me joy, my liege-lord and healer!'
And he answered: 'I have wished thee joy ever since first I saw thee. It heals my heart to see thee now in bliss.'
In the above quotes, some use only one or the other. The shortest that uses both "thou" and "thee" is Galadriel's message to Gimli— Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Note that "thou" is in the position of subject and "thee" in that of object (object of the preposition, rather than of the verb, but it would be the same). If you read through all the quotes, you'll find that this is absolutely consistent—"thou" is subject and "thee" is object.
If you have difficulties figuring out which is which, recast the sentence using "he, him" or "she, her", which are "subject, object" as well. For example: wherever he goes my thought goes with him.
Note also, in the conversations between Aragorn and Éowyn in The Passing of the Grey Company, he uses "you" or "your" in addressing her, that is, polite usage, while she uses the intimate "thou" and "thee". Aragorn keeps her linguistically at arm's length, and she's trying to get closer to him. Contrast this to Aragorn's usage at Éowyn and Faramir's trothplighting, in Many Partings, where he addresses her familiarly with "thee".
Again, in the Gandalf / Denethor conversations, Gandalf consistently uses the polite, deferential "you" (both subject and object), while Denethor talks down to him, using "thou, thee" in a derogatory fashion, as to an inferior or servant. Ditto with Sauron's Messenger.
Interestingly, in the bit about Isildur: Then Isildur said to their king: "Thou shalt be the last king. And if the West prove mightier than thy Black Master, this curse I lay upon thee and thy folk: to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. For this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end." Isildur switches from "thee" and "thou" when addressing the king, his vassal and inferior, to "you", not as a polite form, but as a plural form, including the king's folk in the curse.
I also went and dug up some Shakespeare, who switches back and forth between "thou, thee" and "you, you", as well.
From Shakespeare, here's Sonnet 18, which uses "thou, thee":
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed,
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
In his plays, the different usage for familiar / derogatory and polite / plural is also quite evident.
And, from the King James Version:
16 And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God: 17 Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me.
Of course, throughout the Bible, you can find many instances of "thou, thee".
A curious phenomenon is the "Quaker thee", in which "thee" is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! This was an artificial construct, promoted by a leader of the Quakers, to preserve "plain speaking", or humility and equality in language. They used third-person verb inflections, however—"Thee is" or "Thee has".
II. Thy, Thine
The possessives "thy" and "thine" are similar, and rather easier, once you have a grip on "thou, thee". They work almost like "my" and "mine".
"Is this thy book?"
"No, it is thine. The other book is mine."
There is an exception, which shows up in the Galadriel quote—Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Notice that instead of "thy axe", she uses "thine axe". This is because "axe" begins with a vowel; that is, it follows the same rule as "a, an"—"a book", "an apple". In archaic English, "my, mine" would have behaved the same way. If you are familiar with The Battle Hymn of the Republic, recall that it starts with "Mine eyes have seen...".
III. Doth, Dost
Here's just a bit on verb inflections, as the web resources are many.
In general, "thou" requires the verb to take the "-st" or "est" ending (with a couple of exceptions), while "she", "he", "it" and all other third person singular nouns might lead to "-th" or "-eth". Notice that Tolkien doesn't typically go that far—he limits his archaicisms to the "thou", etc.: Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Here, he uses the archaic "thou goest" alongside the more modern "my thought goes", instead of the archaic "my thought goeth".
The LOTR quotes above use a number of verbs with "thou", most in the "-st" form:
thou art (this is an exception the the "-st" rule)
Thou shalt (also an exception)
wilt thou go? (ditto)
Didst thou think
Verbs from the Shakespeare sonnet, all but one in the "-st" form:
thou ow'st (owest)
and one in the "-th" form:
summer's lease hath all too short a date
That last would be rendered "thou hast" in second person singular.
Once again, of course, both Shakespeare and the King James Bible make great examples of archaic English in actual usage.
I hope you've found this interesting and useful. If you need more information, here are some links.
"A Note on Shakespeare's Grammar"
Includes chart with some typical verb inflections.
More background, grammar, discussion of Quaker usage:
"Plain Speech FAQ"
This is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of J R R Tolkien. The characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the Tolkien Estate, Tolkien Enterprises, and possibly New Line Cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. The author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. The work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of Henneth Annûn Story Archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author. | [
16,
13,
32447,
338,
29566,
286,
366,
817,
280,
1,
290,
366,
464,
68,
1,
198,
40,
13,
34048,
11,
383,
68,
198,
40,
6348,
510,
287,
257,
42194,
5940,
2858,
11,
286,
262,
25310,
3297,
13,
1081,
428,
373,
617,
4647,
2084,
11,
262,
9871,
9111,
2196,
373,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
262,
2677,
3700,
13,
2750,
3555,
290,
11065,
262,
9111,
11,
290,
16181,
2890,
3354,
286,
340,
11,
314,
9477,
281,
19933,
33065,
351,
262,
40435,
3303,
287,
779,
5323,
812,
2084,
11,
878,
314,
1683,
1100,
383,
4453,
286,
262,
26028,
11,
393,
2982,
286,
32447,
13,
198,
40,
910,
366,
42105,
1600,
780,
314,
19233,
262,
1774,
14599,
44935,
8748,
1231,
4547,
13,
1081,
366,
817,
280,
1,
290,
366,
464,
68,
1,
547,
973,
4632,
329,
1793,
11,
290,
1690,
3139,
1143,
11,
284,
6297,
11,
314,
3917,
606,
351,
8766,
8748,
11,
290,
366,
5832,
11,
345,
1,
351,
8850,
8748,
13,
198,
2215,
314,
717,
1100,
30314,
49,
11,
290,
288,
1572,
656,
262,
24443,
1063,
11,
379,
546,
2479,
28306,
11,
314,
373,
2407,
36907,
416,
32447,
338,
4941,
284,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1,
355,
5385,
355,
6886,
284,
262,
8766,
366,
5832,
11,
345,
1911,
632,
373,
691,
618,
314,
1718,
1029,
1524,
2679,
11,
290,
1568,
7897,
290,
4141,
11,
326,
314,
6939,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1,
547,
8866,
689,
329,
366,
646,
11,
36638,
1600,
366,
28047,
11,
46668,
1600,
366,
28047,
11,
573,
1600,
477,
286,
543,
389,
5385,
13,
366,
1639,
11,
345,
1,
287,
3594,
547,
379,
530,
640,
22801,
393,
8766,
11,
475,
423,
11835,
20085,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1911,
198,
5195,
716,
314,
5137,
777,
43947,
287,
10947,
14729,
30,
1892,
691,
326,
11,
314,
423,
366,
5832,
11,
345,
1,
355,
257,
5166,
11,
618,
484,
821,
262,
976,
1573,
11,
826,
30,
1892,
1107,
13,
198,
2953,
530,
640,
11,
3594,
11,
588,
867,
584,
8950,
11,
550,
257,
1339,
1080,
329,
477,
663,
23227,
82,
960,
9930,
561,
1487,
1296,
6906,
319,
8748,
287,
262,
6827,
11,
1771,
4515,
259,
876,
357,
32796,
8,
393,
10458,
876,
357,
15252,
737,
383,
43947,
389,
262,
691,
3392,
1364,
326,
12377,
2663,
19056,
40,
11,
502,
1600,
366,
7091,
11,
607,
1600,
366,
9930,
11,
606,
1911,
366,
1639,
1,
2158,
11,
318,
973,
329,
1111,
4515,
259,
876,
290,
10458,
876,
13,
198,
4342,
318,
810,
314,
1975,
617,
8786,
11,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
1577,
257,
2565,
286,
16584,
11,
5385,
11,
393,
772,
44094,
4046,
11,
423,
40882,
276,
32447,
338,
14604,
319,
8748,
13,
198,
818,
30314,
49,
11,
30378,
376,
11,
2873,
1550,
33322,
11,
32447,
2630,
287,
257,
38512,
25,
198,
818,
530,
393,
734,
4113,
281,
2230,
468,
587,
925,
284,
9254,
379,
777,
36640,
416,
281,
18326,
779,
286,
14210,
13,
4619,
428,
28636,
318,
783,
8468,
290,
40435,
340,
318,
9322,
8384,
284,
2380,
262,
779,
286,
20166,
699,
3303,
26,
475,
257,
1487,
422,
345,
284,
14210,
11,
17903,
318,
3360,
4001,
284,
905,
11,
612,
852,
645,
584,
1724,
286,
1804,
428,
11,
257,
2383,
1487,
422,
262,
825,
33369,
11,
393,
1022,
1450,
290,
1466,
3487,
11,
5107,
284,
262,
5385,
13,
198,
2215,
314,
717,
1100,
340,
11,
314,
373,
1541,
5385,
351,
262,
3376,
14599,
44935,
8748,
286,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1600,
523,
314,
1100,
262,
35268,
6827,
4145,
25,
198,
986,
64,
1487,
422,
345,
284,
685,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
60,
318,
3360,
4001,
284,
905,
2644,
257,
2383,
1487,
422,
262,
825,
33369,
2644,
5107,
284,
262,
5385,
13,
198,
1026,
2331,
617,
7035,
1100,
262,
6827,
588,
428,
25,
198,
986,
64,
1487,
422,
685,
5832,
284,
14210,
4357,
685,
1169,
68,
318,
3360,
4001,
284,
905,
2644,
257,
2383,
1487,
422,
262,
825,
33369,
2644,
5107,
284,
262,
5385,
4083,
198,
1324,
13773,
35391,
428,
6827,
284,
1612,
366,
400,
280,
1,
318,
825,
33369,
393,
8766,
11,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
318,
5385,
13,
198,
4863,
616,
4547,
286,
40435,
3594,
11,
428,
318,
407,
644,
32447,
5292,
13,
679,
10403,
11,
355,
257,
20280,
396,
11,
290,
5887,
319,
262,
2972,
9539,
832,
543,
674,
3303,
3804,
11,
373,
42075,
5385,
351,
262,
7187,
11,
6754,
8748,
286,
43947,
287,
262,
3594,
286,
262,
1661,
618,
366,
400,
280,
1,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
547,
287,
779,
13,
198,
40,
423,
5954,
503,
257,
1178,
13386,
422,
30314,
49,
1262,
366,
400,
280,
1,
290,
1220,
393,
366,
1169,
68,
1911,
198,
15751,
11,
4897,
6711,
532,
7006,
642,
383,
2635,
16414,
198,
25392,
12,
1350,
11258,
11,
14530,
14210,
467,
395,
616,
1807,
2925,
351,
17903,
13,
887,
423,
257,
1337,
284,
3830,
294,
500,
23272,
284,
262,
826,
5509,
0,
198,
15751,
11,
4897,
6711,
532,
7006,
718,
383,
2677,
286,
262,
8407,
4789,
198,
464,
5822,
783,
8278,
11,
290,
379,
1752,
43052,
322,
2047,
1625,
2651,
14121,
8237,
13,
705,
43362,
400,
84,
536,
2634,
375,
268,
289,
6557,
75,
13679,
673,
531,
13,
705,
3041,
15164,
783,
428,
6508,
290,
4144,
287,
3772,
1711,
13,
3893,
307,
351,
17903,
379,
11906,
1016,
290,
2406,
13679,
198,
49,
2394,
42,
11,
4897,
569,
532,
7006,
362,
383,
46389,
286,
262,
13980,
5834,
198,
464,
1528,
389,
1790,
13,
1002,
14210,
1242,
287,
36797,
11,
3505,
262,
10644,
82,
286,
262,
5542,
2637,
198,
464,
1528,
783,
389,
1790,
13,
15467,
674,
2911,
401,
2788,
11,
393,
477,
2911,
338,
886,
13,
8447,
314,
3758,
17903,
644,
314,
423,
925,
329,
17903,
13,
35205,
880,
11,
19067,
6440,
13679,
198,
6423,
1148,
688,
333,
531,
284,
511,
5822,
25,
366,
817,
280,
36258,
307,
262,
938,
5822,
13,
843,
611,
262,
2688,
5879,
1244,
959,
621,
11906,
2619,
5599,
11,
428,
17328,
314,
3830,
2402,
17903,
290,
11906,
15504,
25,
284,
1334,
1239,
1566,
534,
17865,
318,
23085,
13,
1114,
428,
1175,
481,
938,
832,
812,
4591,
608,
276,
11,
290,
345,
2236,
307,
20056,
1752,
757,
304,
260,
262,
886,
526,
198,
6,
21991,
561,
314,
4032,
339,
531,
13,
705,
26583,
314,
910,
284,
345,
11,
10846,
25,
16160,
0,
1114,
345,
423,
645,
11454,
392,
284,
262,
2520,
2637,
198,
6,
27270,
423,
883,
1854,
508,
467,
351,
17903,
13,
1119,
467,
691,
780,
484,
561,
407,
307,
37813,
422,
17903,
532,
780,
484,
1842,
17903,
2637,
3244,
673,
2900,
290,
23717,
656,
262,
1755,
13,
198,
1537,
673,
531,
25,
705,
3163,
363,
1211,
11,
266,
2326,
14210,
467,
8348,
198,
6,
40,
481,
4032,
339,
531,
13,
198,
6,
6423,
266,
2326,
14210,
407,
1309,
502,
6594,
351,
428,
1664,
11,
355,
314,
423,
1965,
8348,
198,
6,
40,
481,
407,
11,
10846,
4032,
339,
531,
13,
705,
1890,
326,
314,
714,
407,
7264,
1231,
2666,
286,
262,
5822,
290,
286,
534,
3956,
26,
290,
484,
481,
407,
1441,
1566,
9439,
13,
887,
314,
954,
783,
790,
1711,
11,
5600,
790,
5664,
13,
35205,
4053,
13679,
198,
6423,
673,
3214,
319,
607,
14475,
11,
2282,
25,
705,
40,
4123,
17903,
13679,
198,
49,
2394,
42,
11,
4897,
569,
532,
7006,
604,
383,
30207,
286,
402,
623,
273,
198,
6,
2061,
318,
428,
11,
616,
15876,
8348,
531,
262,
18731,
13,
705,
464,
7777,
286,
262,
2636,
389,
645,
4113,
329,
262,
2877,
13,
843,
1521,
466,
1450,
1907,
994,
287,
262,
4789,
1666,
618,
612,
318,
1175,
1576,
878,
262,
12816,
30,
1471,
468,
674,
21785,
1282,
772,
284,
26494,
360,
8836,
38572,
8348,
198,
6,
6385,
618,
468,
262,
4453,
286,
402,
623,
273,
587,
3280,
540,
284,
17903,
8348,
531,
5601,
2788,
273,
13,
705,
5574,
743,
314,
407,
3141,
616,
898,
17523,
8348,
198,
6,
1639,
743,
4032,
531,
17727,
1604,
13,
705,
1537,
1854,
743,
8414,
534,
481,
11,
618,
340,
318,
2900,
284,
23208,
290,
6181,
13,
6350,
318,
534,
3367,
11,
6755,
321,
343,
8348,
198,
6,
6836,
485,
290,
20234,
13679,
339,
16896,
13,
705,
11633,
301,
14210,
892,
326,
262,
2951,
286,
262,
2635,
8765,
547,
7770,
30,
38808,
11,
314,
423,
1775,
517,
621,
14210,
760,
395,
11,
13980,
36458,
13,
1114,
11906,
2911,
318,
475,
17010,
13,
1514,
788,
290,
10515,
287,
11516,
0,
1514,
6071,
290,
1907,
0,
46584,
13,
1114,
257,
1310,
2272,
345,
743,
15499,
319,
262,
2214,
11,
329,
257,
1110,
13,
887,
1028,
262,
4333,
326,
783,
22068,
612,
318,
645,
5373,
13,
1675,
428,
2254,
691,
262,
717,
7660,
286,
663,
1021,
468,
1865,
587,
19110,
13,
1439,
262,
3687,
318,
3867,
13,
843,
772,
783,
262,
2344,
286,
11906,
2911,
1125,
1381,
17903,
290,
2082,
35594,
510,
843,
48441,
257,
11026,
351,
2042,
48370,
13,
383,
2688,
468,
4054,
13,
632,
318,
640,
329,
477,
284,
6313,
508,
561,
407,
307,
13384,
2637,
198,
6,
16678,
7739,
82,
481,
787,
262,
21785,
338,
5373,
1728,
5600,
4032,
531,
17727,
1604,
13,
198,
49,
2394,
42,
11,
4897,
569,
532,
7006,
718,
383,
5838,
286,
262,
12903,
1697,
273,
23948,
198,
32,
4692,
3809,
9373,
25,
705,
16773,
407,
1022,
262,
12819,
70,
42324,
75,
290,
465,
15974,
0,
1471,
339,
481,
407,
42596,
17903,
287,
11906,
1210,
13,
679,
481,
6842,
17903,
1497,
284,
262,
7777,
286,
23146,
341,
11,
3675,
477,
11854,
11,
810,
11906,
11222,
2236,
307,
1614,
8167,
11,
290,
11906,
427,
11590,
3353,
2000,
307,
1364,
12105,
284,
262,
406,
312,
1203,
14144,
2637,
198,
32,
8429,
28077,
355,
340,
373,
7428,
13,
705,
5211,
644,
345,
481,
26,
475,
314,
481,
34541,
340,
11,
611,
314,
743,
2637,
198,
6,
39,
5540,
502,
30,
34048,
9192,
13,
1400,
2877,
582,
743,
34541,
502,
13679,
198,
6423,
39001,
2982,
286,
477,
5238,
287,
326,
1711,
262,
36666,
395,
13,
632,
3947,
326,
360,
1142,
33485,
13818,
11,
290,
262,
1598,
3809,
373,
588,
262,
5858,
286,
7771,
13,
705,
1537,
645,
2877,
582,
716,
314,
0,
921,
804,
2402,
257,
2415,
13,
43052,
322,
2047,
314,
716,
11,
43052,
296,
917,
338,
4957,
13,
921,
1302,
1022,
502,
290,
616,
15876,
290,
18967,
13,
1355,
21260,
11,
611,
345,
307,
407,
1918,
1203,
0,
1114,
2877,
393,
3223,
26805,
11,
314,
481,
895,
578,
345,
11,
611,
345,
3638,
683,
2637,
198,
49,
2394,
42,
11,
4897,
569,
532,
7006,
838,
383,
2619,
12816,
8670,
641,
198,
6,
2396,
13679,
531,
262,
24306,
13,
705,
6423,
14210,
1242,
262,
6523,
11,
1468,
13791,
39433,
30,
8192,
356,
407,
2982,
286,
17903,
379,
348,
2915,
11,
290,
286,
11906,
27776,
654,
11,
1683,
289,
19775,
21528,
290,
38625,
379,
257,
3338,
5253,
30,
887,
428,
640,
14210,
19338,
7819,
503,
11906,
9686,
1165,
1290,
11,
5599,
17727,
1604,
26,
290,
14210,
36258,
766,
644,
2058,
284,
683,
508,
5621,
465,
19538,
2639,
878,
262,
3625,
286,
46197,
261,
262,
3878,
13,
314,
423,
16326,
326,
314,
373,
275,
4651,
284,
905,
284,
17903,
532,
284,
17903,
287,
1658,
431,
2413,
11,
611,
14210,
815,
301,
16498,
284,
1282,
2637,
198,
49,
2394,
42,
11,
4897,
13889,
532,
7006,
718,
4650,
2142,
654,
198,
6423,
43052,
322,
2047,
3114,
287,
262,
2951,
286,
943,
363,
1211,
11,
290,
673,
531,
25,
705,
54,
680,
502,
8716,
11,
616,
6486,
469,
12,
10572,
290,
44325,
13679,
198,
1870,
339,
9373,
25,
705,
40,
423,
16555,
17903,
8716,
1683,
1201,
717,
314,
2497,
17903,
13,
632,
38673,
616,
2612,
284,
766,
17903,
783,
287,
30533,
2637,
198,
818,
262,
2029,
13386,
11,
617,
779,
691,
530,
393,
262,
584,
13,
383,
35581,
326,
3544,
1111,
366,
400,
280,
1,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
318,
5027,
324,
11719,
338,
3275,
284,
41123,
4528,
960,
13656,
12,
1350,
11258,
11,
14530,
14210,
467,
395,
616,
1807,
2925,
351,
17903,
13,
887,
423,
257,
1337,
284,
3830,
294,
500,
23272,
284,
262,
826,
5509,
0,
5740,
326,
366,
400,
280,
1,
318,
287,
262,
2292,
286,
2426,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
287,
326,
286,
2134,
357,
15252,
286,
262,
662,
9150,
11,
2138,
621,
286,
262,
15942,
11,
475,
340,
561,
307,
262,
976,
737,
1002,
345,
1100,
832,
477,
262,
13386,
11,
345,
1183,
1064,
326,
428,
318,
5543,
6414,
19056,
400,
280,
1,
318,
2426,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
318,
2134,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
13156,
22714,
503,
543,
318,
543,
11,
664,
459,
262,
6827,
1262,
366,
258,
11,
683,
1,
393,
366,
7091,
11,
607,
1600,
543,
389,
366,
32796,
11,
2134,
1,
355,
880,
13,
1114,
1672,
25,
14530,
339,
2925,
616,
1807,
2925,
351,
683,
13,
198,
6425,
635,
11,
287,
262,
10275,
1022,
943,
363,
1211,
290,
43052,
322,
2047,
287,
383,
46389,
286,
262,
13980,
5834,
11,
339,
3544,
366,
5832,
1,
393,
366,
14108,
1,
287,
13593,
607,
11,
326,
318,
11,
23507,
8748,
11,
981,
673,
3544,
262,
16584,
366,
400,
280,
1,
290,
366,
1169,
68,
1911,
943,
363,
1211,
7622,
607,
20280,
16772,
379,
3211,
338,
4129,
11,
290,
673,
338,
2111,
284,
651,
5699,
284,
683,
13,
47011,
428,
284,
943,
363,
1211,
338,
8748,
379,
43052,
322,
2047,
290,
6755,
321,
343,
338,
4161,
400,
489,
47610,
11,
287,
4650,
2142,
654,
11,
810,
339,
9405,
607,
5385,
306,
351,
366,
1169,
68,
1911,
198,
15316,
11,
287,
262,
17727,
1604,
1220,
5601,
2788,
273,
10275,
11,
17727,
1604,
9835,
3544,
262,
23507,
11,
825,
33369,
366,
5832,
1,
357,
16885,
2426,
290,
2134,
828,
981,
5601,
2788,
273,
6130,
866,
284,
683,
11,
1262,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1,
287,
257,
44094,
6977,
11,
355,
284,
281,
18536,
393,
18807,
13,
360,
37606,
351,
46197,
261,
338,
24306,
13,
198,
33092,
11,
287,
262,
1643,
546,
1148,
688,
333,
25,
3244,
1148,
688,
333,
531,
284,
511,
5822,
25,
366,
817,
280,
36258,
307,
262,
938,
5822,
13,
843,
611,
262,
2688,
5879,
1244,
959,
621,
11906,
2619,
5599,
11,
428,
17328,
314,
3830,
2402,
17903,
290,
11906,
15504,
25,
284,
1334,
1239,
1566,
534,
17865,
318,
23085,
13,
1114,
428,
1175,
481,
938,
832,
812,
4591,
608,
276,
11,
290,
345,
2236,
307,
20056,
1752,
757,
304,
260,
262,
886,
526,
1148,
688,
333,
18225,
422,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
290,
366,
400,
280,
1,
618,
13593,
262,
5822,
11,
465,
410,
562,
282,
290,
18536,
11,
284,
366,
5832,
1600,
407,
355,
257,
23507,
1296,
11,
475,
355,
257,
22801,
1296,
11,
1390,
262,
5822,
338,
15504,
287,
262,
17328,
13,
198,
40,
635,
1816,
290,
18735,
510,
617,
22197,
11,
508,
18225,
736,
290,
6071,
1022,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1,
290,
366,
5832,
11,
345,
1600,
355,
880,
13,
198,
4863,
22197,
11,
994,
338,
6295,
3262,
1248,
11,
543,
3544,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1298,
198,
2484,
439,
314,
8996,
17903,
284,
257,
3931,
338,
1110,
30,
198,
817,
280,
1242,
517,
14081,
290,
517,
4124,
378,
25,
198,
49,
619,
13520,
466,
13279,
262,
40003,
36402,
286,
1737,
11,
198,
1870,
3931,
338,
15278,
22027,
477,
1165,
1790,
257,
3128,
25,
198,
50,
47056,
1165,
3024,
262,
4151,
286,
9538,
32481,
11,
198,
1870,
1690,
318,
465,
3869,
48026,
5391,
1150,
11,
198,
1870,
790,
3148,
422,
3148,
17291,
24459,
11,
198,
3886,
2863,
11,
393,
3450,
338,
5609,
1781,
1418,
3036,
1150,
25,
198,
1537,
11906,
15851,
3931,
2236,
407,
22100,
11,
198,
21991,
4425,
7797,
286,
326,
3148,
14210,
12334,
338,
83,
11,
198,
21991,
2236,
1918,
865,
363,
14210,
11569,
821,
301,
287,
465,
17979,
11,
198,
2215,
287,
15851,
3951,
284,
640,
14210,
1663,
338,
83,
11,
198,
2396,
890,
355,
1450,
460,
18044,
393,
2951,
460,
766,
11,
198,
2396,
890,
3160,
428,
11,
290,
428,
3607,
1204,
284,
17903,
13,
198,
818,
465,
5341,
11,
262,
1180,
8748,
329,
5385,
1220,
44094,
290,
23507,
1220,
22801,
318,
635,
2407,
10678,
13,
198,
1870,
11,
422,
262,
2677,
3700,
10628,
25,
198,
1433,
843,
22132,
531,
11,
2558,
630,
502,
407,
284,
2666,
17903,
11,
393,
284,
1441,
422,
1708,
706,
17903,
25,
329,
348,
1555,
14210,
467,
395,
11,
314,
481,
467,
26,
290,
810,
14210,
19527,
3495,
11,
314,
481,
35362,
25,
11906,
661,
2236,
307,
616,
661,
11,
290,
11906,
1793,
616,
1793,
25,
1596,
6350,
14210,
2566,
395,
11,
481,
314,
4656,
11,
290,
612,
481,
314,
307,
11694,
25,
262,
35750,
466,
523,
284,
502,
11,
290,
517,
635,
11,
611,
10783,
475,
1918,
636,
17903,
290,
502,
13,
198,
5189,
1781,
11,
3690,
262,
9111,
11,
345,
460,
1064,
867,
10245,
286,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1911,
198,
32,
11040,
10733,
318,
262,
366,
4507,
3110,
17903,
1600,
287,
543,
366,
1169,
68,
1,
318,
973,
355,
2426,
11,
355,
880,
355,
2134,
11,
3360,
772,
355,
8588,
425,
0,
770,
373,
281,
11666,
5678,
11,
13722,
416,
257,
3554,
286,
262,
2264,
3979,
11,
284,
12201,
366,
25638,
5486,
1600,
393,
34935,
290,
10537,
287,
3303,
13,
1119,
973,
2368,
12,
6259,
15942,
1167,
26448,
11,
2158,
19056,
464,
68,
318,
1,
393,
366,
464,
68,
468,
1911,
198,
3978,
13,
31468,
11,
536,
500,
198,
464,
8588,
1083,
366,
20057,
1,
290,
366,
400,
500,
1,
389,
2092,
11,
290,
2138,
4577,
11,
1752,
345,
423,
257,
11762,
319,
366,
400,
280,
11,
17903,
1911,
1119,
670,
2048,
588,
366,
1820,
1,
290,
366,
3810,
1911,
198,
1,
3792,
428,
11906,
1492,
1701,
198,
1,
2949,
11,
340,
318,
294,
500,
13,
383,
584,
1492,
318,
6164,
526,
198,
1858,
318,
281,
6631,
11,
543,
2523,
510,
287,
262,
5027,
324,
11719,
9577,
960,
25392,
12,
1350,
11258,
11,
14530,
14210,
467,
395,
616,
1807,
2925,
351,
17903,
13,
887,
423,
257,
1337,
284,
3830,
294,
500,
23272,
284,
262,
826,
5509,
0,
17641,
326,
2427,
286,
366,
20057,
23272,
1600,
673,
3544,
366,
400,
500,
23272,
1911,
770,
318,
780,
366,
38231,
1,
6140,
351,
257,
48617,
26,
326,
318,
11,
340,
5679,
262,
976,
3896,
355,
366,
64,
11,
281,
15327,
1,
64,
1492,
1600,
366,
272,
17180,
1911,
554,
40435,
3594,
11,
366,
1820,
11,
6164,
1,
561,
423,
39207,
262,
976,
835,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
5385,
351,
383,
5838,
367,
4948,
77,
286,
262,
2066,
11,
10014,
326,
340,
4940,
351,
366,
24461,
2951,
423,
1775,
9313,
13,
198,
10855,
13,
360,
849,
11,
360,
455,
198,
4342,
338,
655,
257,
1643,
319,
15942,
1167,
26448,
11,
355,
262,
3992,
4133,
389,
867,
13,
198,
818,
2276,
11,
366,
400,
280,
1,
4433,
262,
15942,
284,
1011,
262,
27444,
301,
1,
393,
366,
395,
1,
7464,
357,
4480,
257,
3155,
286,
13269,
828,
981,
366,
7091,
1600,
366,
258,
1600,
366,
270,
1,
290,
477,
584,
2368,
1048,
18032,
23227,
82,
1244,
1085,
284,
27444,
400,
1,
393,
27444,
2788,
1911,
17641,
326,
32447,
1595,
470,
6032,
467,
326,
1290,
960,
258,
7095,
465,
40435,
6583,
284,
262,
366,
400,
280,
1600,
3503,
11207,
13656,
12,
1350,
11258,
11,
14530,
14210,
467,
395,
616,
1807,
2925,
351,
17903,
13,
887,
423,
257,
1337,
284,
3830,
294,
500,
23272,
284,
262,
826,
5509,
0,
3423,
11,
339,
3544,
262,
40435,
366,
400,
280,
467,
395,
1,
7848,
262,
517,
3660,
366,
1820,
1807,
2925,
1600,
2427,
286,
262,
40435,
366,
1820,
1807,
467,
2788,
1911,
198,
464,
30314,
49,
13386,
2029,
779,
257,
1271,
286,
41781,
351,
366,
400,
280,
1600,
749,
287,
262,
27444,
301,
1,
1296,
25,
198,
400,
280,
1242,
357,
5661,
318,
281,
6631,
262,
262,
27444,
301,
1,
3896,
8,
198,
817,
280,
36258,
357,
14508,
281,
6631,
8,
198,
86,
2326,
14210,
467,
30,
357,
67,
37606,
8,
198,
11633,
301,
14210,
892,
198,
13414,
1443,
422,
262,
22197,
3367,
3262,
11,
477,
475,
530,
287,
262,
27444,
301,
1,
1296,
25,
198,
400,
280,
12334,
338,
83,
357,
322,
395,
8,
198,
392,
530,
287,
262,
27444,
400,
1,
1296,
25,
198,
16345,
647,
338,
15278,
22027,
477,
1165,
1790,
257,
3128,
198,
2504,
938,
561,
307,
15111,
366,
400,
280,
19338,
1,
287,
1218,
1048,
18032,
13,
198,
7454,
757,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
1111,
22197,
290,
262,
2677,
3700,
9111,
787,
1049,
6096,
286,
40435,
3594,
287,
4036,
8748,
13,
198,
40,
2911,
345,
1053,
1043,
428,
3499,
290,
4465,
13,
1002,
345,
761,
517,
1321,
11,
994,
389,
617,
6117,
13,
198,
1,
32,
5740,
319,
22197,
338,
20159,
3876,
1,
198,
42986,
8262,
351,
617,
7226,
15942,
1167,
26448,
13,
198,
5167,
4469,
11,
23491,
11,
5114,
286,
2264,
3110,
8748,
25,
198,
1,
3646,
391,
24709,
18749,
1,
198,
1212,
318,
257,
670,
286,
4336,
10165,
11,
3194,
780,
262,
1772,
468,
281,
48637,
1842,
329,
262,
2499,
286,
449,
371,
371,
32447,
13,
383,
3435,
11,
6460,
11,
4113,
11,
290,
8950,
973,
287,
428,
670,
389,
262,
3119,
286,
262,
32447,
23015,
11,
32447,
41253,
11,
290,
5457,
968,
6910,
31535,
11,
2845,
329,
1728,
2656,
3435,
508,
5594,
284,
262,
1772,
286,
262,
531,
670,
13,
383,
1772,
481,
407,
3328,
597,
1637,
393,
584,
816,
38886,
341,
329,
17728,
262,
670,
319,
428,
15424,
2524,
13,
383,
670,
318,
262,
9028,
3119,
286,
262,
1772,
11,
318,
1695,
9944,
329,
262,
23334,
286,
367,
1697,
2788,
5506,
42324,
77,
8362,
20816,
7183,
11,
290,
743,
407,
307,
18984,
393,
38913,
416,
597,
1724,
1231,
262,
7952,
3194,
8281,
286,
262,
1772,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,596 |
Aims and Objectives
The Centre was established to cover development oriented research, training and teaching on survival, adaptation and productivity of mountain plants. Thus the major objectives of the Centre are:
- To undertake fundamental and applied studies on mountain plants.
- To undertake studies on conservation of endangered plant species.
- To set up demonstration units.
- Teaching and information diffusion.
- Framework of functioning
The activities of the Centre are organized under following groups:
- Seed biology and physiology of reproduction in threatened/endangered species and wild edibles.
- Biomass production potential in mountain plant species.
- Physiology and biochemistry of adaptation in high altitude plants.
Training and Teaching
- Ph.D. programme in the proposed fields of research.
- Environmental Plant Biology course at M.Phil. level.
- Post Graduate Diploma in Biotechniques of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
- Certificate Course on Biotechniques of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
- Short term orientation course in nursery practices, plant form and functions, conservation
of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and environmental management.
- To develop package of practices for the cultivation of endangered MAPs and mountain
- Establishment of nursery and demonstration units.
- Demonstration unit on revegetation of wasteland in mountains.
- Publication and consultation in relevant fields.
The Centre has its Main Building and Laboratory at Srinagar Garhwal and Field Station at Tungnath. The main building at Srinagar has an analytical laboratory (800 sq.m), four glass houses and a net house. In addition, a Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Laboratory has also been set up at Srinagar hosing tissue culture labs, green houses and analytical laboratories.
The Alpine Research Station of the Centre in 10 acres land is situated at Tungnath (3600 m a.s.l.). This Station has residential facilities and Weather Monitoring System. At present the Garden at this station has about 50 rare species of alpine herbs and more will be added to this collection in coming years. In addition to this, a sub-station for medicinal plants has been established at Pothibasa (2200 m).
Alpine field station Tungnath (3600m)
Main Laboratory at Srinagar, Garhwal (550m)
Alpine Field Station, Tungnath (3600 m)
Demonstration site at Pothibasa (2200m)
A small library is housed in the Centre which contains important reference books. So far, nearly 1000 accessions of books have been procured and more are being added regularly. The Centre has been subscribing to 14 Indian and 4 foreign journals. This facility is frequently used by the researchers from other departments and institutions. | [
32,
12078,
290,
9515,
1083,
198,
464,
9072,
373,
4920,
284,
3002,
2478,
25921,
2267,
11,
3047,
290,
7743,
319,
9441,
11,
16711,
290,
13714,
286,
8598,
6134,
13,
6660,
262,
1688,
15221,
286,
262,
9072,
389,
25,
198,
12,
1675,
25340,
7531,
290,
5625,
3640,
319,
8598,
6134,
13,
198,
12,
1675,
25340,
3640,
319,
14903,
286,
22700,
4618,
4693,
13,
198,
12,
1675,
900,
510,
13646,
4991,
13,
198,
12,
38094,
290,
1321,
44258,
13,
198,
12,
25161,
286,
15025,
198,
464,
4568,
286,
262,
9072,
389,
8389,
739,
1708,
2628,
25,
198,
12,
23262,
17219,
290,
38033,
286,
20728,
287,
8556,
14,
437,
19041,
4693,
290,
4295,
1225,
18764,
13,
198,
12,
8436,
296,
562,
3227,
2785,
287,
8598,
4618,
4693,
13,
198,
12,
8687,
12371,
290,
3182,
37074,
286,
16711,
287,
1029,
20334,
6134,
13,
198,
44357,
290,
38094,
198,
12,
1380,
13,
35,
13,
11383,
287,
262,
5150,
7032,
286,
2267,
13,
198,
12,
13272,
16561,
24698,
1781,
379,
337,
13,
18673,
13,
1241,
13,
198,
12,
2947,
30930,
6031,
35728,
287,
8436,
1258,
1349,
6368,
286,
5786,
1292,
290,
317,
398,
1512,
39269,
13,
198,
12,
27895,
20537,
319,
8436,
1258,
1349,
6368,
286,
5786,
1292,
290,
317,
398,
1512,
39269,
13,
198,
12,
10073,
3381,
12852,
1781,
287,
41326,
6593,
11,
4618,
1296,
290,
5499,
11,
14903,
198,
1659,
30381,
290,
48440,
6134,
357,
33767,
82,
8,
290,
6142,
4542,
13,
198,
12,
1675,
1205,
5301,
286,
6593,
329,
262,
23089,
286,
22700,
34645,
82,
290,
8598,
198,
12,
37132,
286,
41326,
290,
13646,
4991,
13,
198,
12,
7814,
12401,
4326,
319,
2697,
1136,
341,
286,
46045,
287,
12269,
13,
198,
12,
45065,
290,
18103,
287,
5981,
7032,
13,
198,
464,
9072,
468,
663,
8774,
11819,
290,
18643,
379,
311,
12769,
32452,
7164,
71,
16783,
290,
7663,
9327,
379,
309,
2150,
77,
776,
13,
383,
1388,
2615,
379,
311,
12769,
32452,
468,
281,
30063,
14010,
357,
7410,
19862,
13,
76,
828,
1440,
5405,
7777,
290,
257,
2010,
2156,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
257,
5786,
1292,
16561,
8436,
31201,
18643,
468,
635,
587,
900,
510,
379,
311,
12769,
32452,
289,
2752,
10712,
3968,
27887,
11,
4077,
7777,
290,
30063,
35650,
13,
198,
464,
46994,
4992,
9327,
286,
262,
9072,
287,
838,
16051,
1956,
318,
22765,
379,
309,
2150,
77,
776,
357,
2623,
405,
285,
257,
13,
82,
13,
75,
15729,
770,
9327,
468,
12420,
7291,
290,
15615,
37484,
4482,
13,
1629,
1944,
262,
11652,
379,
428,
4429,
468,
546,
2026,
4071,
4693,
286,
435,
23908,
25411,
290,
517,
481,
307,
2087,
284,
428,
4947,
287,
2406,
812,
13,
554,
3090,
284,
428,
11,
257,
850,
12,
17529,
329,
30381,
6134,
468,
587,
4920,
379,
350,
849,
571,
15462,
357,
34294,
285,
737,
198,
2348,
23908,
2214,
4429,
309,
2150,
77,
776,
357,
2623,
405,
76,
8,
198,
13383,
18643,
379,
311,
12769,
32452,
11,
7164,
71,
16783,
357,
22730,
76,
8,
198,
2348,
23908,
7663,
9327,
11,
309,
2150,
77,
776,
357,
2623,
405,
285,
8,
198,
35477,
12401,
2524,
379,
350,
849,
571,
15462,
357,
34294,
76,
8,
198,
32,
1402,
5888,
318,
23707,
287,
262,
9072,
543,
4909,
1593,
4941,
3835,
13,
1406,
1290,
11,
3016,
8576,
1895,
507,
286,
3835,
423,
587,
13834,
1522,
290,
517,
389,
852,
2087,
7987,
13,
383,
9072,
468,
587,
18412,
284,
1478,
3942,
290,
604,
3215,
22790,
13,
770,
6841,
318,
6777,
973,
416,
262,
4837,
422,
584,
13346,
290,
6712,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 578 |
The Thai Alphabet Flash Cards can be used to help learn how to write the Thai Alphabet. In the videos below we have an expert teacher provide instruction in correcting simple errors that a beginner Thai language speaker encounters in first starting to write.
These videos are available in High Definition, and it is best to size the video to the full screen of your computer or mobile device. Contact us at [email protected] if you have any questions, comments or suggestions.
7 Thai Mid-Consonants part 1 of 3
7 Thai Mid-Consonants part 2 of 3
7 Thai Mid-Consonants part 3 of 3
- Purchase the Thai Alphabet Flash Cards | [
464,
18933,
45695,
9973,
15824,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1037,
2193,
703,
284,
3551,
262,
18933,
45695,
13,
554,
262,
5861,
2174,
356,
423,
281,
5887,
4701,
2148,
12064,
287,
39038,
2829,
8563,
326,
257,
31516,
18933,
3303,
10834,
16925,
287,
717,
3599,
284,
3551,
13,
198,
4711,
5861,
389,
1695,
287,
3334,
30396,
11,
290,
340,
318,
1266,
284,
2546,
262,
2008,
284,
262,
1336,
3159,
286,
534,
3644,
393,
5175,
3335,
13,
14039,
514,
379,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
611,
345,
423,
597,
2683,
11,
3651,
393,
11776,
13,
198,
22,
18933,
7215,
12,
9444,
261,
1187,
636,
352,
286,
513,
198,
22,
18933,
7215,
12,
9444,
261,
1187,
636,
362,
286,
513,
198,
22,
18933,
7215,
12,
9444,
261,
1187,
636,
513,
286,
513,
198,
12,
27637,
262,
18933,
45695,
9973,
15824,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 141 |
What it is:
White blood cells play a role in reducing inflammation in the body. A high white blood cell count could mean that there is inflammation somewhere in the body, such as can occur in the gastrointestinal tract of people who have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The white blood cell (WBC) count is also sometimes known as a leukocyte count or white count. A WBC count is typically done along with another common blood test, the complete blood cell count (CBC). A WBC count is the number of white blood cells per volume of blood, and is reported in either thousands in a microliter or millions in a liter of blood.
What it's used for:
A high WBC count can be an indicator of an infection, inflammation, or allergy. Some conditions may cause a decrease in the WBC count.
Leukocytosis is the presence of an elevated WBC count; leukopenia is a decreased WBC count. Leukocytosis may be caused by several conditions including bacterial infection, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, or stress. Leukopenia may occur as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immune system disorders.
How it's done:
A blood sample will be taken, normally from the arm. If several tests are ordered, more than one vial of blood will be taken.
The normal range for WBC count is 4,300 to 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter (cmm) or 4.3 to 10.8 x 109 cells per liter. A range of 11 to 17 x 109/L may be considered mild to moderate leukocytosis, and a range of 3.0 to 5.0x109/L may be considered mild leukopenia. | [
2061,
340,
318,
25,
198,
12256,
2910,
4778,
711,
257,
2597,
287,
8868,
20881,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
317,
1029,
2330,
2910,
2685,
954,
714,
1612,
326,
612,
318,
20881,
7382,
287,
262,
1767,
11,
884,
355,
460,
3051,
287,
262,
40887,
14998,
286,
661,
508,
423,
23760,
35711,
4369,
357,
9865,
35,
737,
383,
2330,
2910,
2685,
357,
54,
2749,
8,
954,
318,
635,
3360,
1900,
355,
257,
443,
2724,
43320,
954,
393,
2330,
954,
13,
317,
370,
2749,
954,
318,
6032,
1760,
1863,
351,
1194,
2219,
2910,
1332,
11,
262,
1844,
2910,
2685,
954,
357,
29208,
737,
317,
370,
2749,
954,
318,
262,
1271,
286,
2330,
2910,
4778,
583,
6115,
286,
2910,
11,
290,
318,
2098,
287,
2035,
4138,
287,
257,
4580,
17201,
393,
5242,
287,
257,
4187,
286,
2910,
13,
198,
2061,
340,
338,
973,
329,
25,
198,
32,
1029,
370,
2749,
954,
460,
307,
281,
16916,
286,
281,
10280,
11,
20881,
11,
393,
36197,
13,
2773,
3403,
743,
2728,
257,
10070,
287,
262,
370,
2749,
954,
13,
198,
3123,
2724,
13733,
83,
5958,
318,
262,
4931,
286,
281,
15321,
370,
2749,
954,
26,
443,
2724,
9654,
544,
318,
257,
11832,
370,
2749,
954,
13,
1004,
2724,
13733,
83,
5958,
743,
307,
4073,
416,
1811,
3403,
1390,
23462,
10280,
11,
20881,
11,
49030,
11,
14649,
11,
393,
5503,
13,
1004,
2724,
9654,
544,
743,
3051,
355,
257,
1255,
286,
34696,
11,
11881,
9102,
11,
393,
10900,
1080,
11916,
13,
198,
2437,
340,
338,
1760,
25,
198,
32,
2910,
6291,
481,
307,
2077,
11,
7685,
422,
262,
3211,
13,
1002,
1811,
5254,
389,
6149,
11,
517,
621,
530,
410,
498,
286,
2910,
481,
307,
2077,
13,
198,
464,
3487,
2837,
329,
370,
2749,
954,
318,
604,
11,
6200,
284,
838,
11,
7410,
4778,
583,
27216,
3939,
16912,
357,
66,
3020,
8,
393,
604,
13,
18,
284,
838,
13,
23,
2124,
16003,
4778,
583,
4187,
13,
317,
2837,
286,
1367,
284,
1596,
2124,
16003,
14,
43,
743,
307,
3177,
11607,
284,
10768,
443,
2724,
13733,
83,
5958,
11,
290,
257,
2837,
286,
513,
13,
15,
284,
642,
13,
15,
87,
14454,
14,
43,
743,
307,
3177,
11607,
443,
2724,
9654,
544,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 364 |
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
The Natural Resources Commission adopts rules that govern the administrative and regulatory functions of the Department of Natural Resources. These rules are important to citizens and businesses in Indiana because they cover an array of activities, including construction in or near rivers and streams, historic preservation, fish and wildlife management, and timber sales from private and public lands.
Following is the current status of the agency's permanent rules:
General Definitions (312 IAC 1)
This article contains a number of definitions that have general application throughout the commission's rules. Examples include terms such as DNR "director" and "department."
Procedures and Delegations (312 IAC 2)
This article contains procedures for the Natural Resources Commission and the various boards of the Department of Natural Resources, as well as delegations of authority by the commission. Also included are procedures for informal factfinding hearings held by divisions of the DNR before making decisions concerning permits and other issues.
Appeals of DNR Decisions (312 IAC 3)
This article provides procedural rules for court-type proceedings held before the commission and its administrative law judges. These rules provide a "cookbook" for how to file and pursue an appeal (technically called "administrative review") of a determination by the DNR or another determination over which the commission has jurisdiction. The homepage version of these rules includes unofficial annotations to help understand how these rules were interpreted in particular cases.
Law Enforcement Procedures and Personnel (312 IAC 4)
These rules govern standards of conduct and discipline, and appellate procedures, for conservation officers.
Watercraft Standards (312 IAC 5)
Effective January 1, 2002, these rules supplement statutory standards for the operation and equipping of boats on public waters. A new emphasis is placed on enforcement directed to the disposal of wastewater from boats. New procedural standards are also included to help implement 2000 legislation to authorize the establishment of ecological zones and the licensing of fishing tournaments and other organized activities on public waters. For the remainder of 2001, 310 IAC 2.1 applies.
Navigable Waterways (312 IAC 6)
One of the most asked-about areas of NRC responsibility is navigable waters. The Division of Hearings has recently developed a research aid to better understanding of the history and application of this important legal area. The aid annotates Commission rules for navigable waters but also goes beyond those rules to outline important precedents from Indiana and federal courts. Navigable Waters Ways Roster.
Great Lakes Basin (312 IAC 6.2)
This article would address diversions from the Indiana portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Rules adopted in 2005 provided the genesis for state procedures.
Water Withdrawal Contracts from State Reservoirs (312 IAC 6.3)
This article governs the procedures for, and the substance of, consideration of any contract proposal made to the state and submitted to the Division of Water after February 28, 2009, for the withdrawal or release of water from the water supply storage of a reservoir.
Off-Road Vehicles and Snowmobiles (312 IAC 6.5)
This article addresses the registration of off-road vehicles and snowmobiles. The article is administered primarily through the Division of Accounting.
Trails and Scenic Rivers (312 IAC 7)
This very brief article sets general standards for the maintenance of snowmobile trails. Also identified are the state's three scenic waterways. The DNR division of outdoor recreation administers the article.
Public Use of DNR Properties (312 IAC 8)
The article guides public use of state parks, forests, nature preserves, historic sites, state reservoirs, and similar properties. . Several amendments became effective January 1, 2000, including those for activities on shooting ranges. The article does not include hunting or fishing regulations; these are in 312 IAC 9. Neither does the article apply to DNR administration of floodways, navigable waterways, or public freshwater lakes.
Fish and Wildlife (312 IAC 9)
This extensive article includes a wide variety of provisions designed to help manage fish and wildlife in Indiana. Hunting and fishing seasons and bag limits are set. Endangered and threatened wild animals are given legal protection. Permitting processes are set for scientific investigations, the possession of certain wild animals, falconry, and similar activities. Recent amendments were directed to reptiles and amphibians native to Indiana and to potentially dangerous reptiles.
Flood Plain Management (312 IAC 10)
Effective January 1, 2002, these rules govern construction activities within floodways (regulated by the DNR) and construction activities for the portions of flood plains outside floodways (regulated by local government). A new "general license" is approved that allows for the placement of qualified outfall structures in floodways. Additional licensing coordination is provided with respect to the floodways of navigable waters.
Regulation of Dams (312 IAC 10.5)
This article governs an activity that is controlled by IC 14-27-7.5; and establishes definitions and creates procedures related to hazard classifications of dams.
Lake Construction Activities (312 IAC 11)
This article addresses construction activities on and along lakes. Rules recodified in 1999 were concerned with shoreline changes and with the placement of such structures as seawalls and piers along public freshwater lakes. . The rules governing surface water rights and the emergency regulation of freshwater lakes were recodified effective February 4, 2000.
Water Well Construction Standards (312 IAC 12)
This article sets minimum standards for water well construction in order for a well to qualify its owner for relief under IC 14-25-4 (sometimes called the "Groundwater Protection Act").
Water Well Drillers (312 IAC 13)
The rules governing the conduct of water well drilling contractors were recodified effective in December 1999. Amendments were made to coordinate with standards approved by the water pollution control board at 327 IAC 8-3.4 for the design and construction of public water supply wells. Also addressed is the proper abandonment of water wells by landowners.
Timber Buyers, Their Agents, and Timber Growers (312 IAC 14)
This article helps to administer the statute that governs the licensing of timber buyers. Also included are provisions relating to complaints by landowners who believe they have not been paid for timber cut from their property. In most cases brought under this article, the DNR is not a party.
Classified Forests (312 IAC 15)
A few provisions help assure private forests lands, classified by request of the owners as forest plantations or as native forests, apply a management plan to help maintain a healthy forest environment.
Oil and Gas (312 IAC 16)
This extensive article provides the primary structure for regulation of the oil and gas production industry in Indiana. Included are technical standards designed to protect water quality and other environmental concerns, as well as to support public safety and minimize the "waste" of petroleum and other mineral resources. Incorporated within the rules are standards governing Class II injection wells, a program for which the division of oil and gas has primacy through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Other Petroleum Regulation (312 IAC 17)
As with article 16, this article is administered by the division of oil and gas. Included are standards for the exploration of oil or gas on state-owned real estate; test hole drilling; and geophysical surveying for petroleum resources through seismic or other methodologies.
Entomology and Plant Pathology (312 IAC 18)
This article includes rules for the DNR division of entomology and plant pathology. Included are provisions regulating nursery dealers and beekeepers. There are also standards designed to control pests or pathogens, such as africanized bees or purple loosestrife.
Ginseng Management (312 IAC 19)
This article governs the collection and sale of ginseng from public and private properties. New standards require that wild ginseng be harvested only after a plant reaches maturity. The article is administered through DNR division of nature preserves, with support from the division of law enforcement.
Historic Preservation Review Board (312 IAC 20)
These rules outline procedures of the Historic Preservation Review Board, as well as appeals from decisions of the board. The rules also reference the status of the State Historic Preservation Officer (who, in Indiana, is also the DNR Director).
Archaeological Review and Recovery (312 IAC 21)
These rules set minimum qualifications among the levels of professionals and amateurs in order to conduct archaeological excavations and analyses. The Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology is authorized to maintain a roster of persons who may conduct the activities, as well as to initiate a complaint with the Natural Resources Commission to remove a person from the roster where the Division believes the person has not performed according to those standards.
Human Remains, Burial Objects, and Artifacts (312 IAC 22)
These rules set standards for the excavation of archaeological sites by both professionals and amateurs, including the development of formal "plans" to conduct those excavations.
Cemeteries and Burial Grounds; Registration and Management (312 IAC 22.5)
These rules set standards for the submission, review, and implementation of a development plan within 100 feet of a cemetery.
State Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit (312 IAC 23)
This article governs the administration of the state historic rehabilitation tax credit established by IC 6-3.1-16, and is administered by the Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology.
State Museums and Historic Sites (312 IAC 24)
This article helps administer some of the activities of the DNR division of state museums and historic sites. Included are standards for the receipt and disposal of museum artifacts, a process call "accession and deaccession." Ethical standards are set for DNR employees relative to the state museum's collection; these are in addition to the general state employee ethics requirements.
Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation (312 IAC 25)
These rules govern environmental standards for suface coal mining (including surface impacts resulting from underground coal mines) and the reclamation of those sites. Through what is commonly called "primacy," this Indiana program administers Federal SMCRA. Rule recodification has completed the process established by state law, but 312 IAC 25 becomes effective only upon approval by the Federal Office of Surface Mining and Reclamation, and notice of the approval being published in the Indiana Register. Until publication of the notice, the program will be addressed at 310 IAC 12.
DNR Grant Programs (312 IAC 26)
This article provides standards for administration of the Hometown Indiana Grant Program. Various elements of the program are managed within the DNR by the division of outdoor recreation, the division of historic preservation and archeology, and the division of forestry. The program also gives recognition to the SCORP and to some other grant programs administered by the division of outdoor recreation.
Flood Control Revolving Fund (312 IAC 27)
This article assists with the implementation of the Flood Control Revolving Fund. | [
6425,
25,
770,
3275,
318,
9066,
611,
357,
16,
8,
534,
6444,
318,
407,
5423,
12,
23855,
3014,
393,
357,
17,
8,
345,
423,
345,
10058,
17391,
13,
4149,
674,
42283,
329,
517,
1321,
13,
198,
464,
12068,
13864,
4513,
4344,
912,
3173,
326,
1089,
262,
11553,
290,
11344,
5499,
286,
262,
2732,
286,
12068,
13864,
13,
2312,
3173,
389,
1593,
284,
4290,
290,
5692,
287,
10278,
780,
484,
3002,
281,
7177,
286,
4568,
11,
1390,
5103,
287,
393,
1474,
18180,
290,
15190,
11,
9566,
22459,
11,
5916,
290,
15599,
4542,
11,
290,
30605,
4200,
422,
2839,
290,
1171,
8604,
13,
198,
14291,
318,
262,
1459,
3722,
286,
262,
4086,
338,
7748,
3173,
25,
198,
12218,
45205,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
352,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
4909,
257,
1271,
286,
17336,
326,
423,
2276,
3586,
3690,
262,
5810,
338,
3173,
13,
21066,
2291,
2846,
884,
355,
360,
24723,
366,
35248,
1,
290,
366,
10378,
1823,
526,
198,
2964,
771,
942,
290,
1024,
1455,
602,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
362,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
4909,
9021,
329,
262,
12068,
13864,
4513,
290,
262,
2972,
11490,
286,
262,
2732,
286,
12068,
13864,
11,
355,
880,
355,
8570,
602,
286,
4934,
416,
262,
5810,
13,
4418,
3017,
389,
9021,
329,
22176,
1109,
41070,
18921,
2714,
416,
17397,
286,
262,
360,
24723,
878,
1642,
5370,
9305,
13892,
290,
584,
2428,
13,
198,
4677,
10621,
286,
360,
24723,
4280,
3279,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
513,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
3769,
27931,
3173,
329,
2184,
12,
4906,
13106,
2714,
878,
262,
5810,
290,
663,
11553,
1099,
10266,
13,
2312,
3173,
2148,
257,
366,
27916,
2070,
1,
329,
703,
284,
2393,
290,
10660,
281,
5198,
357,
23873,
1146,
1444,
366,
39081,
13260,
2423,
4943,
286,
257,
12123,
416,
262,
360,
24723,
393,
1194,
12123,
625,
543,
262,
5810,
468,
12934,
13,
383,
34940,
2196,
286,
777,
3173,
3407,
27220,
37647,
284,
1037,
1833,
703,
777,
3173,
547,
16173,
287,
1948,
2663,
13,
198,
16966,
19198,
43698,
290,
41623,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
604,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
1089,
5423,
286,
3189,
290,
12883,
11,
290,
43175,
9021,
11,
329,
14903,
3790,
13,
198,
19184,
3323,
20130,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
642,
8,
198,
44831,
3269,
352,
11,
6244,
11,
777,
3173,
10327,
20693,
5423,
329,
262,
4905,
290,
1602,
4501,
286,
16659,
319,
1171,
10150,
13,
317,
649,
12476,
318,
4624,
319,
5394,
7924,
284,
262,
18264,
286,
42073,
422,
16659,
13,
968,
27931,
5423,
389,
635,
3017,
284,
1037,
3494,
4751,
5520,
284,
29145,
262,
9323,
286,
25047,
14123,
290,
262,
15665,
286,
12478,
18130,
290,
584,
8389,
4568,
319,
1171,
10150,
13,
1114,
262,
17675,
286,
5878,
11,
28947,
314,
2246,
362,
13,
16,
8991,
13,
198,
30575,
328,
540,
5638,
1322,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
718,
8,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
749,
1965,
12,
10755,
3006,
286,
399,
7397,
5798,
318,
20436,
540,
10150,
13,
383,
7458,
286,
26319,
654,
468,
2904,
4166,
257,
2267,
6133,
284,
1365,
4547,
286,
262,
2106,
290,
3586,
286,
428,
1593,
2742,
1989,
13,
383,
6133,
24708,
689,
4513,
3173,
329,
20436,
540,
10150,
475,
635,
2925,
3675,
883,
3173,
284,
19001,
1593,
8555,
658,
422,
10278,
290,
2717,
8028,
13,
13244,
328,
540,
21827,
26658,
371,
6197,
13,
198,
13681,
24153,
32666,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
718,
13,
17,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
561,
2209,
15070,
507,
422,
262,
10278,
6903,
286,
262,
3878,
24153,
32666,
13,
14252,
8197,
287,
5075,
2810,
262,
48861,
329,
1181,
9021,
13,
198,
19184,
2080,
19334,
282,
49199,
422,
1812,
40425,
10840,
82,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
718,
13,
18,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
47049,
262,
9021,
329,
11,
290,
262,
9136,
286,
11,
9110,
286,
597,
2775,
6961,
925,
284,
262,
1181,
290,
8948,
284,
262,
7458,
286,
5638,
706,
3945,
2579,
11,
3717,
11,
329,
262,
15220,
393,
2650,
286,
1660,
422,
262,
1660,
5127,
6143,
286,
257,
22115,
13,
198,
9362,
12,
29197,
31365,
290,
7967,
76,
36329,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
718,
13,
20,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
9405,
262,
9352,
286,
572,
12,
6344,
5672,
290,
6729,
76,
36329,
13,
383,
2708,
318,
17169,
7525,
832,
262,
7458,
286,
40964,
13,
198,
15721,
4487,
290,
1446,
35866,
18280,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
767,
8,
198,
1212,
845,
4506,
2708,
5621,
2276,
5423,
329,
262,
9262,
286,
6729,
24896,
19196,
13,
4418,
5174,
389,
262,
1181,
338,
1115,
43251,
47518,
13,
383,
360,
24723,
7297,
286,
15162,
27702,
13169,
6223,
262,
2708,
13,
198,
15202,
5765,
286,
360,
24723,
24946,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
807,
8,
198,
464,
2708,
17555,
1171,
779,
286,
1181,
14860,
11,
17039,
11,
3450,
43759,
11,
9566,
5043,
11,
1181,
46637,
11,
290,
2092,
6608,
13,
764,
12168,
17835,
2627,
4050,
3269,
352,
11,
4751,
11,
1390,
883,
329,
4568,
319,
4395,
16069,
13,
383,
2708,
857,
407,
2291,
10988,
393,
12478,
6647,
26,
777,
389,
287,
34465,
314,
2246,
860,
13,
16126,
857,
262,
2708,
4174,
284,
360,
24723,
3662,
286,
6947,
1322,
11,
20436,
540,
47518,
11,
393,
1171,
40941,
24768,
13,
198,
39428,
290,
18006,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
860,
8,
198,
1212,
7667,
2708,
3407,
257,
3094,
4996,
286,
8617,
3562,
284,
1037,
6687,
5916,
290,
15599,
287,
10278,
13,
22059,
290,
12478,
7028,
290,
6131,
7095,
389,
900,
13,
5268,
19041,
290,
8556,
4295,
4695,
389,
1813,
2742,
4800,
13,
2448,
16138,
7767,
389,
900,
329,
5654,
10986,
11,
262,
7797,
286,
1728,
4295,
4695,
11,
24215,
1102,
563,
11,
290,
2092,
4568,
13,
22926,
17835,
547,
7924,
284,
46617,
290,
38255,
1547,
6868,
284,
10278,
290,
284,
6196,
4923,
46617,
13,
198,
7414,
702,
28847,
8549,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
838,
8,
198,
44831,
3269,
352,
11,
6244,
11,
777,
3173,
1089,
5103,
4568,
1626,
6947,
1322,
357,
27739,
416,
262,
360,
24723,
8,
290,
5103,
4568,
329,
262,
16690,
286,
6947,
36149,
2354,
6947,
1322,
357,
27739,
416,
1957,
1230,
737,
317,
649,
366,
24622,
5964,
1,
318,
6325,
326,
3578,
329,
262,
13127,
286,
10617,
503,
7207,
8573,
287,
6947,
1322,
13,
15891,
15665,
19877,
318,
2810,
351,
2461,
284,
262,
6947,
1322,
286,
20436,
540,
10150,
13,
198,
8081,
1741,
286,
360,
4105,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
838,
13,
20,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
47049,
281,
3842,
326,
318,
6856,
416,
12460,
1478,
12,
1983,
12,
22,
13,
20,
26,
290,
30742,
17336,
290,
8075,
9021,
3519,
284,
15834,
1398,
6637,
286,
40907,
13,
198,
43035,
20395,
36270,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1367,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
9405,
5103,
4568,
319,
290,
1863,
24768,
13,
14252,
664,
375,
1431,
287,
7358,
547,
5213,
351,
15191,
1370,
2458,
290,
351,
262,
13127,
286,
884,
8573,
355,
32085,
5691,
290,
279,
3183,
1863,
1171,
40941,
24768,
13,
764,
383,
3173,
15030,
4417,
1660,
2489,
290,
262,
6334,
9001,
286,
40941,
24768,
547,
664,
375,
1431,
4050,
3945,
604,
11,
4751,
13,
198,
19184,
3894,
20395,
20130,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1105,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
5621,
5288,
5423,
329,
1660,
880,
5103,
287,
1502,
329,
257,
880,
284,
12780,
663,
4870,
329,
8259,
739,
12460,
1478,
12,
1495,
12,
19,
357,
29810,
1444,
262,
366,
35539,
7050,
9985,
2191,
11074,
198,
19184,
3894,
46350,
364,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1511,
8,
198,
464,
3173,
15030,
262,
3189,
286,
1660,
880,
19747,
17736,
547,
664,
375,
1431,
4050,
287,
3426,
7358,
13,
39169,
547,
925,
284,
20435,
351,
5423,
6325,
416,
262,
1660,
12231,
1630,
3096,
379,
36203,
314,
2246,
807,
12,
18,
13,
19,
329,
262,
1486,
290,
5103,
286,
1171,
1660,
5127,
22571,
13,
4418,
9469,
318,
262,
1774,
38968,
286,
1660,
22571,
416,
44868,
13,
198,
14967,
527,
11763,
364,
11,
5334,
28295,
11,
290,
27893,
26936,
364,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1478,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
5419,
284,
21766,
262,
14195,
326,
47049,
262,
15665,
286,
30605,
14456,
13,
4418,
3017,
389,
8617,
11270,
284,
9687,
416,
44868,
508,
1975,
484,
423,
407,
587,
3432,
329,
30605,
2005,
422,
511,
3119,
13,
554,
749,
2663,
3181,
739,
428,
2708,
11,
262,
360,
24723,
318,
407,
257,
2151,
13,
198,
9487,
1431,
4558,
6448,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1315,
8,
198,
32,
1178,
8617,
1037,
19832,
2839,
17039,
8604,
11,
10090,
416,
2581,
286,
262,
4393,
355,
8222,
49441,
393,
355,
6868,
17039,
11,
4174,
257,
4542,
1410,
284,
1037,
5529,
257,
5448,
8222,
2858,
13,
198,
44142,
290,
14345,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1467,
8,
198,
1212,
7667,
2708,
3769,
262,
4165,
4645,
329,
9001,
286,
262,
3056,
290,
3623,
3227,
2831,
287,
10278,
13,
34774,
389,
6276,
5423,
3562,
284,
1805,
1660,
3081,
290,
584,
6142,
4786,
11,
355,
880,
355,
284,
1104,
1171,
3747,
290,
17775,
262,
366,
86,
4594,
1,
286,
30918,
290,
584,
18352,
4133,
13,
3457,
40132,
1626,
262,
3173,
389,
5423,
15030,
5016,
2873,
16954,
22571,
11,
257,
1430,
329,
543,
262,
7297,
286,
3056,
290,
3623,
468,
2684,
1590,
832,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13272,
9985,
7732,
13,
198,
6395,
39970,
26472,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1596,
8,
198,
1722,
351,
2708,
1467,
11,
428,
2708,
318,
17169,
416,
262,
7297,
286,
3056,
290,
3623,
13,
34774,
389,
5423,
329,
262,
13936,
286,
3056,
393,
3623,
319,
1181,
12,
11990,
1103,
7964,
26,
1332,
7604,
19747,
26,
290,
4903,
41789,
6549,
1112,
329,
30918,
4133,
832,
37463,
393,
584,
2446,
5823,
13,
198,
14539,
296,
1435,
290,
16561,
10644,
1435,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1248,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
3407,
3173,
329,
262,
360,
24723,
7297,
286,
920,
296,
1435,
290,
4618,
40572,
13,
34774,
389,
8617,
26379,
41326,
15737,
290,
20697,
24952,
13,
1318,
389,
635,
5423,
3562,
284,
1630,
44283,
393,
38366,
11,
884,
355,
6580,
37189,
1143,
17002,
393,
14032,
37222,
395,
81,
901,
13,
198,
38,
1040,
1516,
8549,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
678,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
47049,
262,
4947,
290,
5466,
286,
308,
1040,
1516,
422,
1171,
290,
2839,
6608,
13,
968,
5423,
2421,
326,
4295,
308,
1040,
1516,
307,
34262,
691,
706,
257,
4618,
12229,
24841,
13,
383,
2708,
318,
17169,
832,
360,
24723,
7297,
286,
3450,
43759,
11,
351,
1104,
422,
262,
7297,
286,
1099,
5394,
13,
198,
13749,
8146,
47805,
6602,
5926,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1160,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
19001,
9021,
286,
262,
30426,
47805,
6602,
5926,
11,
355,
880,
355,
15192,
422,
5370,
286,
262,
3096,
13,
383,
3173,
635,
4941,
262,
3722,
286,
262,
1812,
30426,
47805,
10391,
357,
8727,
11,
287,
10278,
11,
318,
635,
262,
360,
24723,
5890,
737,
198,
19895,
3609,
2770,
6602,
290,
21007,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2310,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
900,
5288,
24751,
1871,
262,
2974,
286,
11153,
290,
716,
45211,
287,
1502,
284,
3189,
30971,
22659,
602,
290,
13523,
13,
383,
7458,
286,
30426,
47805,
290,
32187,
1435,
318,
10435,
284,
5529,
257,
9354,
286,
6506,
508,
743,
3189,
262,
4568,
11,
355,
880,
355,
284,
22118,
257,
8224,
351,
262,
12068,
13864,
4513,
284,
4781,
257,
1048,
422,
262,
9354,
810,
262,
7458,
5804,
262,
1048,
468,
407,
6157,
1864,
284,
883,
5423,
13,
198,
20490,
3982,
1299,
11,
5481,
498,
35832,
11,
290,
3683,
37199,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2534,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
900,
5423,
329,
262,
45499,
286,
30971,
5043,
416,
1111,
11153,
290,
716,
45211,
11,
1390,
262,
2478,
286,
8766,
366,
489,
504,
1,
284,
3189,
883,
22659,
602,
13,
198,
34,
368,
2357,
444,
290,
5481,
498,
44201,
26,
24610,
290,
8549,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2534,
13,
20,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
900,
5423,
329,
262,
14498,
11,
2423,
11,
290,
7822,
286,
257,
2478,
1410,
1626,
1802,
3625,
286,
257,
27316,
13,
198,
9012,
30426,
41640,
18194,
9241,
10504,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2242,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
47049,
262,
3662,
286,
262,
1181,
9566,
23668,
1687,
3884,
4920,
416,
12460,
718,
12,
18,
13,
16,
12,
1433,
11,
290,
318,
17169,
416,
262,
2732,
286,
12068,
13864,
11,
7458,
286,
30426,
47805,
290,
32187,
1435,
13,
198,
9012,
32887,
5700,
290,
30426,
37034,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1987,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
5419,
21766,
617,
286,
262,
4568,
286,
262,
360,
24723,
7297,
286,
1181,
30794,
290,
9566,
5043,
13,
34774,
389,
5423,
329,
262,
14507,
290,
18264,
286,
13257,
20316,
11,
257,
1429,
869,
366,
15526,
295,
290,
390,
15526,
295,
526,
9956,
605,
5423,
389,
900,
329,
360,
24723,
4409,
3585,
284,
262,
1181,
13257,
338,
4947,
26,
777,
389,
287,
3090,
284,
262,
2276,
1181,
6538,
14458,
5359,
13,
198,
14214,
2550,
12896,
29269,
290,
797,
20931,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
1679,
8,
198,
4711,
3173,
1089,
6142,
5423,
329,
424,
2550,
5655,
9691,
357,
8201,
4417,
12751,
7186,
422,
11447,
5655,
18446,
8,
290,
262,
302,
20931,
286,
883,
5043,
13,
9561,
644,
318,
8811,
1444,
366,
19795,
1590,
553,
428,
10278,
1430,
13169,
6223,
5618,
9447,
34,
3861,
13,
14330,
664,
375,
2649,
468,
5668,
262,
1429,
4920,
416,
1181,
1099,
11,
475,
34465,
314,
2246,
1679,
4329,
4050,
691,
2402,
7546,
416,
262,
5618,
4452,
286,
20321,
29269,
290,
797,
20931,
11,
290,
4003,
286,
262,
7546,
852,
3199,
287,
262,
10278,
17296,
13,
14303,
9207,
286,
262,
4003,
11,
262,
1430,
481,
307,
9469,
379,
28947,
314,
2246,
1105,
13,
198,
35,
24723,
12181,
26179,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2608,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
3769,
5423,
329,
3662,
286,
262,
367,
19191,
10278,
12181,
6118,
13,
26386,
4847,
286,
262,
1430,
389,
5257,
1626,
262,
360,
24723,
416,
262,
7297,
286,
15162,
27702,
11,
262,
7297,
286,
9566,
22459,
290,
20944,
1435,
11,
290,
262,
7297,
286,
37683,
13,
383,
1430,
635,
3607,
9465,
284,
262,
6374,
1581,
47,
290,
284,
617,
584,
7264,
4056,
17169,
416,
262,
7297,
286,
15162,
27702,
13,
198,
7414,
702,
6779,
5416,
10890,
7557,
357,
27970,
314,
2246,
2681,
8,
198,
1212,
2708,
13648,
351,
262,
7822,
286,
262,
25588,
6779,
5416,
10890,
7557,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,316 |
Project Learning Tree’s “Web of Life” lets students investigate relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers by acting as organisms connected by string in a food web. Want to make this lively activity have more energy? A fun musical variation to this activity is to assign a different sound to each plant. The consumers must say the respective sound when they feel the tug. Each organism must repeat the sounds that the previous organism said. (For example, hazelnut trees say “da,” oak trees say “dee,” raspberries say “mo,” grass says “tie.” The deer eats acorns and hazelnut trees so it will say “da, dee.” Rabbits eat raspberries and grass, so it will say “mo, tie.” Coyotes eat deer and rabbits, they will say “da, dee, mo, tie”) The top consumers will likely have so many sounds to say that they will have a difficult time remembering them.
Want to expand this activity? Try incorporating the following Project Learning Tree activities:
- Are Vacant Lots Vacant?
- Dynamic Duos
- Field, Forest and Stream
- Planet Diveristy
- School Yard Safari
Hickman, P. 1997. Hungry Animals: My First Look at a Foodchain. Kids Can Press Ltd.
Johansson, P. 2004. Wide Open Grasslands: A Web of Life. Enslow Publishers, Incorporated.
Kitchen, B. 1994. When Hunger Calls. Candlewick Press.
Lauber, P. 1995. Who Eats What?: Food Chains and Food Webs. HarperCollins Publishers.
Mckinney, B.S. 2000. Pass the Energy, Please! Dawn Publications.
Relf, P. 1996. Magic School Bus Gets Eaten: A Book about Food Chains. Scholastic, Inc.
Cole, J. 1996. The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten. A Book About Food Chains. Scholastic Inc.
Crenson, V. and R. Gurevich. 2003. Horseshoe Crabs and Shorebirds: The Story of a Food Web. Marshall Cavendish Inc.
Ellis, B. 2006. The Web at Dragonfly Pond. Dawn Publications.
Greenaway, T. 2001. Cycles in Nature Food Chain. Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers.
Heinz, B.J. 2006. Butternut Hollow Pond. Lerner Publishing Group.
Kalman, B. and J. Langille. 1998. What Are Food Chains and Webs? Crabtree.
Mason, C. 2003. Everybody's Somebody's Lunch: The Role of Predator and Prey in Nature. Tilbury House Publishers.
Nadeau, I. 2002. Food Chains in a Backyard Habitat. Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Nadeau, I. 2001. Food Chains in a Forest Habitat. Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Nadeau, I. 2002. Food Chains in a Meadow Habitat. Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Nadeau, I. 2001. Food Chains in a Pond Habitat. Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Norsgaard, E.J. 1990. Nature's Great Balancing Act: In Our Own Backyard. Penguin Young Readers Group.
Penny, M. 1998. The Foodchain. The Bookwright Press.
Pringle, L.P. 1975. Chains, Webs and Pyramids: The Flow of Energy in Nature. HarperCollins Publishers.
Rice, D.L. 1997. Lifetimes. Dawn Publications.
Riley, P. 2002. Food Chains. Franklin Watts.
Spilsbury, L., Spilsbury R. 2004. Food Chains and Food Webs: From Producers to Decomposers. Heinemann Library.
Staub, F. 2004. World of Wonder; The Food Chain. Creative Education.
Capeci, A. 2003. Food Chain Frenzy (The Magic School Bus Chapter Book). Scholastic Inc.
Hemsley, W. 1992. Feeding to Digestion: Projects with Biology. Scholastic Library Publishing.
Silverstein, A. 1998. Food Chains. Lerner Publishing Group. | [
16775,
18252,
12200,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
13908,
286,
5155,
447,
251,
8781,
2444,
9161,
6958,
1022,
11408,
11,
7008,
11,
290,
26969,
1930,
364,
416,
7205,
355,
20296,
5884,
416,
4731,
287,
257,
2057,
3992,
13,
16168,
284,
787,
428,
29696,
3842,
423,
517,
2568,
30,
317,
1257,
10530,
12291,
284,
428,
3842,
318,
284,
8333,
257,
1180,
2128,
284,
1123,
4618,
13,
383,
7008,
1276,
910,
262,
11756,
2128,
618,
484,
1254,
262,
27762,
13,
5501,
26433,
1276,
9585,
262,
5238,
326,
262,
2180,
26433,
531,
13,
357,
1890,
1672,
11,
11595,
417,
14930,
7150,
910,
564,
250,
6814,
11,
447,
251,
26210,
7150,
910,
564,
250,
67,
1453,
11,
447,
251,
374,
5126,
20853,
910,
564,
250,
5908,
11,
447,
251,
8701,
1139,
564,
250,
36224,
13,
447,
251,
383,
20096,
25365,
936,
19942,
290,
11595,
417,
14930,
7150,
523,
340,
481,
910,
564,
250,
6814,
11,
390,
68,
13,
447,
251,
22502,
896,
4483,
374,
5126,
20853,
290,
8701,
11,
523,
340,
481,
910,
564,
250,
5908,
11,
9839,
13,
447,
251,
42228,
4483,
20096,
290,
33043,
11,
484,
481,
910,
564,
250,
6814,
11,
390,
68,
11,
6941,
11,
9839,
447,
251,
8,
383,
1353,
7008,
481,
1884,
423,
523,
867,
5238,
284,
910,
326,
484,
481,
423,
257,
2408,
640,
24865,
606,
13,
198,
19633,
284,
4292,
428,
3842,
30,
9993,
29927,
262,
1708,
4935,
18252,
12200,
4568,
25,
198,
12,
4231,
25709,
415,
25024,
25709,
415,
30,
198,
12,
26977,
10343,
418,
198,
12,
7663,
11,
9115,
290,
13860,
198,
12,
11397,
50137,
396,
88,
198,
12,
3961,
30822,
23298,
198,
39,
624,
805,
11,
350,
13,
8309,
13,
42939,
25390,
25,
2011,
3274,
6803,
379,
257,
7318,
7983,
13,
17476,
1680,
4332,
12052,
13,
198,
41,
1219,
44038,
11,
350,
13,
5472,
13,
23399,
4946,
19062,
4447,
25,
317,
5313,
286,
5155,
13,
2039,
38246,
43403,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
198,
20827,
6607,
11,
347,
13,
9162,
13,
1649,
32367,
27592,
13,
44973,
16239,
4332,
13,
198,
43,
559,
527,
11,
350,
13,
8735,
13,
5338,
412,
1381,
1867,
27514,
7318,
34950,
290,
7318,
47736,
13,
12686,
49645,
43403,
13,
198,
44,
694,
259,
1681,
11,
347,
13,
50,
13,
4751,
13,
6251,
262,
6682,
11,
4222,
0,
12258,
40865,
13,
198,
6892,
69,
11,
350,
13,
8235,
13,
6139,
3961,
5869,
29620,
27574,
268,
25,
317,
4897,
546,
7318,
34950,
13,
3059,
349,
3477,
11,
3457,
13,
198,
46509,
11,
449,
13,
8235,
13,
383,
6139,
3961,
5869,
29620,
27574,
268,
13,
317,
4897,
7994,
7318,
34950,
13,
3059,
349,
3477,
3457,
13,
198,
34,
918,
1559,
11,
569,
13,
290,
371,
13,
402,
495,
49547,
13,
5816,
13,
367,
669,
5069,
2577,
3864,
8937,
290,
25759,
32002,
25,
383,
8362,
286,
257,
7318,
5313,
13,
13606,
19931,
48442,
3457,
13,
198,
30639,
271,
11,
347,
13,
4793,
13,
383,
5313,
379,
2851,
12254,
41598,
13,
12258,
40865,
13,
198,
13719,
8272,
11,
309,
13,
5878,
13,
5934,
5427,
287,
10362,
7318,
21853,
13,
371,
2913,
631,
2441,
694,
12,
53,
1567,
77,
43403,
13,
198,
1544,
259,
89,
11,
347,
13,
41,
13,
4793,
13,
887,
759,
315,
18710,
41598,
13,
49750,
23499,
4912,
13,
198,
41428,
805,
11,
347,
13,
290,
449,
13,
16332,
8270,
13,
7795,
13,
1867,
4231,
7318,
34950,
290,
47736,
30,
32379,
21048,
13,
198,
44,
888,
11,
327,
13,
5816,
13,
23080,
338,
43141,
338,
40514,
25,
383,
20934,
286,
38871,
290,
3771,
88,
287,
10362,
13,
40422,
10711,
2097,
43403,
13,
198,
45,
671,
559,
11,
314,
13,
6244,
13,
7318,
34950,
287,
257,
5157,
9413,
41950,
265,
13,
15564,
23499,
4912,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
198,
45,
671,
559,
11,
314,
13,
5878,
13,
7318,
34950,
287,
257,
9115,
41950,
265,
13,
15564,
23499,
4912,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
198,
45,
671,
559,
11,
314,
13,
6244,
13,
7318,
34950,
287,
257,
43868,
41950,
265,
13,
15564,
23499,
4912,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
198,
45,
671,
559,
11,
314,
13,
5878,
13,
7318,
34950,
287,
257,
41598,
41950,
265,
13,
15564,
23499,
4912,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
198,
45,
669,
36232,
11,
412,
13,
41,
13,
6303,
13,
10362,
338,
3878,
8528,
5077,
2191,
25,
554,
3954,
11744,
5157,
9413,
13,
34424,
6960,
41969,
4912,
13,
198,
47,
11870,
11,
337,
13,
7795,
13,
383,
7318,
7983,
13,
383,
4897,
29995,
4332,
13,
198,
47,
1806,
293,
11,
406,
13,
47,
13,
15231,
13,
34950,
11,
47736,
290,
9485,
43591,
25,
383,
27782,
286,
6682,
287,
10362,
13,
12686,
49645,
43403,
13,
198,
49,
501,
11,
360,
13,
43,
13,
8309,
13,
21073,
46874,
13,
12258,
40865,
13,
198,
49,
9618,
11,
350,
13,
6244,
13,
7318,
34950,
13,
14021,
27555,
13,
198,
4561,
4487,
10711,
11,
406,
1539,
1338,
4487,
10711,
371,
13,
5472,
13,
7318,
34950,
290,
7318,
47736,
25,
3574,
1041,
41213,
284,
4280,
296,
1930,
364,
13,
679,
7749,
1236,
10074,
13,
198,
1273,
64,
549,
11,
376,
13,
5472,
13,
2159,
286,
12902,
26,
383,
7318,
21853,
13,
17404,
7868,
13,
198,
34,
1758,
979,
11,
317,
13,
5816,
13,
7318,
21853,
48522,
357,
464,
6139,
3961,
5869,
7006,
4897,
737,
3059,
349,
3477,
3457,
13,
198,
39,
5232,
1636,
11,
370,
13,
9768,
13,
18272,
278,
284,
44255,
295,
25,
29898,
351,
24698,
13,
3059,
349,
3477,
10074,
23499,
13,
198,
26766,
5714,
11,
317,
13,
7795,
13,
7318,
34950,
13,
49750,
23499,
4912,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 911 |
Posted by: Roger King
3D animation, 3D graphics, Autodesk Maya, materials and textures in Maya, NURBS modeling, polygon modeling, Web development
I teach 3D animation at the University of Colorado in Boulder (in the computer science department).
I got a good response from the previous posting where I listed the first five Vimeo videos I have created on how to use Autodesk Maya to create animated projects, so I have added 7 more. They are short, meant for beginners, and each is focused on a specific topic. They are meant to more or less be watched in order.
They are on:
All of the videos are on my Vimeo account. | [
14231,
416,
25,
13637,
2677,
198,
18,
35,
11034,
11,
513,
35,
9382,
11,
5231,
4147,
74,
26041,
11,
5696,
290,
20028,
287,
26041,
11,
399,
4261,
4462,
21128,
11,
7514,
14520,
21128,
11,
5313,
2478,
198,
40,
4545,
513,
35,
11034,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
7492,
287,
27437,
357,
259,
262,
3644,
3783,
5011,
737,
198,
40,
1392,
257,
922,
2882,
422,
262,
2180,
10754,
810,
314,
5610,
262,
717,
1936,
569,
47776,
5861,
314,
423,
2727,
319,
703,
284,
779,
5231,
4147,
74,
26041,
284,
2251,
15108,
4493,
11,
523,
314,
423,
2087,
767,
517,
13,
1119,
389,
1790,
11,
4001,
329,
31729,
11,
290,
1123,
318,
5670,
319,
257,
2176,
7243,
13,
1119,
389,
4001,
284,
517,
393,
1342,
307,
7342,
287,
1502,
13,
198,
2990,
389,
319,
25,
198,
3237,
286,
262,
5861,
389,
319,
616,
569,
47776,
1848,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 145 |
Mobile pastoralists the world over are the subject of an unusually large number of myths and misconceptions. These misconceptions have led to inadequate, often hostile, development policies and interventions which have erected major barriers to sustainable land management and have entrenched pastoral poverty. In order to achieve the twin goals of WISP, rangeland environmental sustainability and pastoral poverty reduction, it is therefore necessary to overcome anti-pastoral prejudice and bring an end to damaging policy and practice.
In recent years there has been a growing consensus that pastoral poverty is rooted in the social, economic and political marginalisation of pastoralists. It is widely accepted that in rangelande environments, mobility is a pre-requisite for effective natural resource use, and it is understood that failure to support mobility of pastoralists has resulted in service delivery failure. Yet the underlying, and usually under recognized, reality is that pastoralism is also a conservation strategy that can make best use of rangelands both in space (in terms of accessing extensive ranges) and time (making best use of seasonal grazing). Questions remain unanswered over the role that pastoralists could play in conservation, given a more supportive policy and legal environment. WISP will contribute to closing this knowledge gap through a series of studies by national partners and sharing of best practice from the development and environment sectors.
It is important to note however that the project neither supports “turning the clock back” nor “freezing” pastoralists in their current state. Tremendous losses of rangelands have occurred in the past, which simply negates such a strategy. Whatever the future of pastoralism, it has been shaped by many distinctive twentieth century influences, which confound a return to some prior or imagined condition. Such influences include, for example, losses of prime grazing land to cultivation, gazetting of pastoral lands for conservation and political, economic and social marginalization. It is possible nonetheless to ensure that appropriate policies, legal mechanisms, and support systems are in place to enable pastoralists to enhance the economic, social and ecological sustainability of their livelihoods. WISP’s role is to facilitate this process by gathering and managing knowledge, developing advocacy tools, building capacity to influence policy, supporting advocacy processes and networking to enhance learning and strengthen policy debate. | [
17066,
45950,
1023,
262,
995,
625,
389,
262,
2426,
286,
281,
23708,
1588,
1271,
286,
22886,
290,
45679,
13,
2312,
45679,
423,
2957,
284,
20577,
11,
1690,
12524,
11,
2478,
4788,
290,
19901,
543,
423,
28415,
1688,
14725,
284,
13347,
1956,
4542,
290,
423,
32472,
45950,
8098,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
4620,
262,
15203,
4661,
286,
370,
1797,
47,
11,
374,
8368,
392,
6142,
26809,
290,
45950,
8098,
7741,
11,
340,
318,
4361,
3306,
284,
10980,
3098,
12,
30119,
6864,
20226,
290,
2222,
281,
886,
284,
14790,
2450,
290,
3357,
13,
198,
818,
2274,
812,
612,
468,
587,
257,
3957,
11529,
326,
45950,
8098,
318,
19459,
287,
262,
1919,
11,
3034,
290,
1964,
14461,
5612,
286,
45950,
1023,
13,
632,
318,
6768,
6292,
326,
287,
374,
8368,
40004,
12493,
11,
15873,
318,
257,
662,
12,
27614,
329,
4050,
3288,
8271,
779,
11,
290,
340,
318,
7247,
326,
5287,
284,
1104,
15873,
286,
45950,
1023,
468,
8724,
287,
2139,
7585,
5287,
13,
6430,
262,
10238,
11,
290,
3221,
739,
8018,
11,
3950,
318,
326,
45950,
1042,
318,
635,
257,
14903,
4811,
326,
460,
787,
1266,
779,
286,
374,
8368,
1746,
1111,
287,
2272,
357,
259,
2846,
286,
22534,
7667,
16069,
8,
290,
640,
357,
8601,
1266,
779,
286,
21819,
40470,
737,
20396,
3520,
34001,
625,
262,
2597,
326,
45950,
1023,
714,
711,
287,
14903,
11,
1813,
257,
517,
16443,
2450,
290,
2742,
2858,
13,
370,
1797,
47,
481,
8676,
284,
9605,
428,
3725,
7625,
832,
257,
2168,
286,
3640,
416,
2260,
4887,
290,
7373,
286,
1266,
3357,
422,
262,
2478,
290,
2858,
16020,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
1593,
284,
3465,
2158,
326,
262,
1628,
6159,
6971,
564,
250,
15344,
278,
262,
8801,
736,
447,
251,
4249,
564,
250,
5787,
9510,
447,
251,
45950,
1023,
287,
511,
1459,
1181,
13,
46656,
437,
516,
9089,
286,
374,
8368,
1746,
423,
5091,
287,
262,
1613,
11,
543,
2391,
2469,
689,
884,
257,
4811,
13,
15935,
262,
2003,
286,
45950,
1042,
11,
340,
468,
587,
14292,
416,
867,
18778,
29112,
4289,
16717,
11,
543,
1013,
633,
257,
1441,
284,
617,
3161,
393,
15758,
4006,
13,
8013,
16717,
2291,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
9089,
286,
6994,
40470,
1956,
284,
23089,
11,
308,
1031,
35463,
286,
45950,
8604,
329,
14903,
290,
1964,
11,
3034,
290,
1919,
14461,
1634,
13,
632,
318,
1744,
19018,
284,
4155,
326,
5035,
4788,
11,
2742,
11701,
11,
290,
1104,
3341,
389,
287,
1295,
284,
7139,
45950,
1023,
284,
9494,
262,
3034,
11,
1919,
290,
25047,
26809,
286,
511,
30489,
82,
13,
370,
1797,
47,
447,
247,
82,
2597,
318,
284,
15570,
428,
1429,
416,
11228,
290,
11149,
3725,
11,
5922,
15364,
4899,
11,
2615,
5339,
284,
4588,
2450,
11,
6493,
15364,
7767,
290,
19140,
284,
9494,
4673,
290,
12160,
2450,
4384,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 461 |
Mario Schenberg, Brazil’s most important theoretical physicist, who researched the formation of supernova stars, was born in Recife on this date in 1914. In the 1940s, together with Indian physicist and Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chanrasekhar, he discovered the Schenberg-Chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass of the core of a star prior to its gravitational collapse. Schenberg also made significant contributions to mathematics vis-a-vis quantum physics, and was widely respected as a writer and art critic. He was twice elected to be Sao Paolo state legislator on the Communist ticket; following Brazil’s 1964 military coup d’etat, he was forced into retirement by presidential decree and was jailed for several months (his second jailing for communist activism). He also received death threats from Brazilian neo-Nazis for his opposition to a joint Brazil-Germany plan to build nuclear power stations in Brazil in 1975. Schenberg died in 1990. To view a video about the “Mario Schenberg Space Ship,” an interactive educational program for kids at the University of Sao Paolo, click here.
“The energy disappears in the nucleus of the supernova as quickly as . . . money disappeared at that roulette table.”—Mario Schenberg | [
42315,
1446,
831,
3900,
11,
7595,
447,
247,
82,
749,
1593,
16200,
33013,
11,
508,
30066,
262,
9978,
286,
2208,
38438,
5788,
11,
373,
4642,
287,
3311,
901,
319,
428,
3128,
287,
26833,
13,
554,
262,
16236,
82,
11,
1978,
351,
3942,
33013,
290,
20715,
49734,
3834,
11392,
805,
4121,
18704,
22789,
74,
9869,
11,
339,
5071,
262,
1446,
831,
3900,
12,
1925,
392,
22789,
74,
9869,
4179,
11,
543,
318,
262,
5415,
2347,
286,
262,
4755,
286,
257,
3491,
3161,
284,
663,
29973,
9807,
13,
1446,
831,
3900,
635,
925,
2383,
9284,
284,
19473,
1490,
12,
64,
12,
4703,
14821,
11887,
11,
290,
373,
6768,
14462,
355,
257,
6260,
290,
1242,
4014,
13,
679,
373,
5403,
7018,
284,
307,
47040,
11243,
14057,
1181,
44840,
319,
262,
14884,
7846,
26,
1708,
7595,
447,
247,
82,
17575,
2422,
12092,
288,
447,
247,
316,
265,
11,
339,
373,
4137,
656,
10737,
416,
4787,
25931,
290,
373,
22159,
329,
1811,
1933,
357,
14363,
1218,
7356,
278,
329,
20555,
23034,
737,
679,
635,
2722,
1918,
7432,
422,
17036,
19102,
12,
44527,
329,
465,
5471,
284,
257,
6466,
7595,
12,
27079,
1410,
284,
1382,
4523,
1176,
8985,
287,
7595,
287,
15231,
13,
1446,
831,
3900,
3724,
287,
6303,
13,
1675,
1570,
257,
2008,
546,
262,
564,
250,
42315,
1446,
831,
3900,
4687,
16656,
11,
447,
251,
281,
14333,
9856,
1430,
329,
3988,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
47040,
11243,
14057,
11,
3904,
994,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
2568,
27934,
287,
262,
29984,
286,
262,
2208,
38438,
355,
2952,
355,
764,
764,
764,
1637,
12120,
379,
326,
13805,
21348,
3084,
13,
447,
251,
960,
42315,
1446,
831,
3900,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 273 |
A young person named K. asks Yahoo, How do I go about writing a research paper on the JFK assassination?
What would President John F. Kennedy have thought about the enigmatic circumstances of his murder?
Fifty years later, I think we don’t ask this question often enough. Instead we argue about what Rachel Maddow and Bill O’Reilly think. Media criticism is important, but it is no substitute for historical analysis. There are certainly other ways to think about the story.
Counterfactually, for example.
Imagine JFK had survived the gunfire in Dealey Plaza. What would he have said about its causes?
Kennedy, of course, did not have time to comment on the gunfire that claimed his life, other than to say, after a bullet struck him in the back, “My God, I’m hit.” But that exclamation illuminated his instantaneous awareness of a lethal situation. JFK had been a soldier/sailor in World War II. Twenty years before he had faced gunfire. He had seen men die from it. He knew that he had been shot. Before he could say anything more another bullet struck him in the head, fatally wounding him.
That was not inevitable.
Earlier this month Rachel Maddow told the little-known story of how Senator John F. Kennedy introduced legislation to ban the importation of weapons produced for foreign armies, only to be thwarted by pro-gun legislators. Then, on November 22, 1963, Maddow said, Lee Oswald used an Italian-made military rifle to shoot and kill President Kennedy. For the popular MSNBC anchor, this story illuminates the enduring and pernicious effects of the gun lobby from Dallas to Newtown.
As a contemporary polemic, this novel interpretation of JFK’s assassination — the Gun Lobby Did It — is strong. As history it is weak. It’s hard not to agree with Maddow’s broad point: the gun manufacturers and gun violence have had a pernicious effect on American life for a long time. She is correct that an Italian-made rifle, cheap and easily obtained under permissive U.S. gun laws, played a central role in the JFK assassination story.
But her implication that the gun lobby, as a power sector in American politics, was an important causal factor in enabling JFK’s assassination is not founded in historical fact. Read more
A lot of people at the scene of the crime thought so. But don’t take my word for it.
In the latest installment of Len Osanic’s “50 Reasons for 50 Years” video series, JFK photo expert Robert Groden compiles photographic imagery from the first few minutes after the assassination of President Kennedy. View the pictures and decide for yourself.
The Pittsburgh Tribune Review recently asked Dr. Cyril Wecht of Duquesne University a question:
The ONI, according to researacher Bill Kelly, is withholding records of its own internal investigations of Oswald after he defected to the Soviet Union in 1959 and after JFK was killed in 1963. The latter reports would be explosive if they showed that U.S. Marine Corps investigators doubted that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy.
ONI representatives assert that America’s oldest intelligence service doesn’t have any such records. That claim is dubious, for a number of reasons.
No. Read this unpersuasive (some would say nutty) article and you will find proof that even the piously Paulite advocates of this theory have no actual evidence for it.
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s comments that his father did not believe that a “lone-gunman” killed his uncle, President John F. Kennedy, have now been covered by all four television networks (CBS, NBC, Fox, and ABC), and gone viral on the internet. The remarks marked the first time a Kennedy family member has publicly questioned the official theory that JFK was killed by a lone gunman.
Were RFK Jr.’s remarks factually accurate? Read more
Yes. The tape was probably destroyed in January 1986.
This question, prompted by a comment from reader JSA, is a natural follow up to yesterday’s question, “Did the CIA track Oswald before JFK was killed?” And there is a lot of evidence to support our answer. Read more
Yes, closely and constantly.
This is one of the biggest JFK revelations of the past 20 years, and one that we need talk up in social and news media the 50th anniversary of JFK’s assassination.
While the CIA assured Congress in the 1970s that its interest in Lee Harvey Oswald before JFK was killed was “routine,” the newest documents tell a very different story: Oswald was monitored closely and constantly by an supersecret office within the CIA’s Counterintelligence Staff from 1959 to 1963, known as the Special Investigations Group.
Somebody did talk. His name was John Martino. In 1963 he was an anti-Castro militant who mixed with organized crime figures and CIA officers. His story is one of the clearest indicators that opponents of JFK’s Cuba policy had foreknowledge that President Kennedy might be assassinated in Dallas.
To put it another way, those who doubt there was a conspiracy, need to address John Martino’s story. It is corroborated in multiple ways.
Martino, a native of New Jersey, was a petty racketeer as a young man with arrests for gambling and loan sharking. In the 1950s, he developed an expertise in electronic equipment related to gambling. He gravitated to south Florida and then to Havana where his skills won him a security job at the casino in the new Deauville Hotel in the Cuban capital. Havana was then dominated by organized crime syndicates who reaped big profits from gambling and related tourist attractions.
In this balanced, if breathless, 1998 History Channel video entitled “Missing Files,” we learn what the government sought to hide from public view. The approach is skeptical without crazy conspiracy mongering.
Operation Northwoods was a Pentagon plan to provoke a U.S. invasion of Cuba in 1963 through the use of deception operations. First disclosed by the Assassination Records Review Board in 1997, the Northwoods plans are among the most significant new JFK documents to emerge since Oliver Stone’s “JFK” movie.
Operation Northwoods envisioned U.S. intelligence operatives staging violent attacks on U.S. targets and arranging for the blame for the mayhem to fall on Fidel Castro and his communist government. The idea, wrote one planner, was to creates a “justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba,” by orchestrating a crime that placed the U.S. government “in the apparent position of suffering defensible grievances from a rash and irresponsible government” in Cuba.
These plans included the use of violence on American soil against American citizens.
The question is still “hotly debated” says the JFK Library and Museum, not the least because the question has become part of the debate over the causes of JFK’s assassination.
What does the record show about Kennedy’s thinking and actions on Vietnam? Read more | [
32,
1862,
1048,
3706,
509,
13,
7893,
16551,
11,
1374,
466,
314,
467,
546,
3597,
257,
2267,
3348,
319,
262,
35216,
18898,
30,
198,
2061,
561,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
423,
1807,
546,
262,
48584,
5917,
286,
465,
5123,
30,
198,
37,
24905,
812,
1568,
11,
314,
892,
356,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1265,
428,
1808,
1690,
1576,
13,
5455,
356,
7267,
546,
644,
15984,
21457,
322,
290,
3941,
440,
447,
247,
25819,
892,
13,
6343,
7734,
318,
1593,
11,
475,
340,
318,
645,
15373,
329,
6754,
3781,
13,
1318,
389,
3729,
584,
2842,
284,
892,
546,
262,
1621,
13,
198,
31694,
22584,
935,
11,
329,
1672,
13,
198,
25153,
35216,
550,
11803,
262,
29276,
287,
1024,
16730,
23280,
13,
1867,
561,
339,
423,
531,
546,
663,
5640,
30,
198,
39324,
4716,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
750,
407,
423,
640,
284,
2912,
319,
262,
29276,
326,
4752,
465,
1204,
11,
584,
621,
284,
910,
11,
706,
257,
10492,
7425,
683,
287,
262,
736,
11,
564,
250,
3666,
1793,
11,
314,
447,
247,
76,
2277,
13,
447,
251,
887,
326,
409,
20931,
35162,
465,
47707,
9359,
286,
257,
17769,
3074,
13,
35216,
550,
587,
257,
10686,
14,
82,
603,
273,
287,
2159,
1810,
2873,
13,
22381,
812,
878,
339,
550,
7452,
29276,
13,
679,
550,
1775,
1450,
4656,
422,
340,
13,
679,
2993,
326,
339,
550,
587,
2823,
13,
7413,
339,
714,
910,
1997,
517,
1194,
10492,
7425,
683,
287,
262,
1182,
11,
27546,
40942,
683,
13,
198,
2504,
373,
407,
13203,
13,
198,
13689,
428,
1227,
15984,
21457,
322,
1297,
262,
1310,
12,
4002,
1621,
286,
703,
8962,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
5495,
5520,
284,
3958,
262,
1330,
341,
286,
3777,
4635,
329,
3215,
18837,
11,
691,
284,
307,
44200,
416,
386,
12,
7145,
19964,
13,
3244,
11,
319,
3389,
2534,
11,
19342,
11,
21457,
322,
531,
11,
5741,
34374,
973,
281,
8200,
12,
9727,
2422,
11575,
284,
2686,
290,
1494,
1992,
10401,
13,
1114,
262,
2968,
22128,
18021,
11,
428,
1621,
2801,
7230,
689,
262,
24056,
290,
583,
77,
6243,
3048,
286,
262,
2485,
10866,
422,
8533,
284,
37261,
13,
198,
1722,
257,
11811,
16825,
9383,
11,
428,
5337,
10794,
286,
35216,
447,
247,
82,
18898,
851,
262,
6748,
35068,
7731,
632,
851,
318,
1913,
13,
1081,
2106,
340,
318,
4939,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1327,
407,
284,
4236,
351,
21457,
322,
447,
247,
82,
3154,
966,
25,
262,
2485,
11372,
290,
2485,
3685,
423,
550,
257,
583,
77,
6243,
1245,
319,
1605,
1204,
329,
257,
890,
640,
13,
1375,
318,
3376,
326,
281,
8200,
12,
9727,
11575,
11,
7026,
290,
3538,
6492,
739,
583,
33532,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2485,
3657,
11,
2826,
257,
4318,
2597,
287,
262,
35216,
18898,
1621,
13,
198,
1537,
607,
26863,
326,
262,
2485,
10866,
11,
355,
257,
1176,
6567,
287,
1605,
4819,
11,
373,
281,
1593,
26558,
5766,
287,
15882,
35216,
447,
247,
82,
18898,
318,
407,
9393,
287,
6754,
1109,
13,
4149,
517,
198,
32,
1256,
286,
661,
379,
262,
3715,
286,
262,
4065,
1807,
523,
13,
887,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
616,
1573,
329,
340,
13,
198,
818,
262,
3452,
25168,
286,
12592,
8834,
26277,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
1120,
44923,
329,
2026,
13212,
447,
251,
2008,
2168,
11,
35216,
4590,
5887,
5199,
10299,
6559,
552,
2915,
35788,
19506,
422,
262,
717,
1178,
2431,
706,
262,
18898,
286,
1992,
10401,
13,
3582,
262,
5986,
290,
5409,
329,
3511,
13,
198,
464,
12767,
17588,
6602,
2904,
1965,
1583,
13,
40399,
346,
775,
21474,
286,
10343,
13281,
710,
2059,
257,
1808,
25,
198,
464,
6177,
40,
11,
1864,
284,
4027,
3493,
3941,
9077,
11,
318,
34180,
4406,
286,
663,
898,
5387,
10986,
286,
34374,
706,
339,
825,
11197,
284,
262,
7570,
4479,
287,
23859,
290,
706,
35216,
373,
2923,
287,
19342,
13,
383,
6846,
3136,
561,
307,
13835,
611,
484,
3751,
326,
471,
13,
50,
13,
11000,
12778,
10093,
37104,
326,
34374,
13134,
3436,
287,
5170,
10401,
13,
198,
1340,
40,
10826,
6818,
326,
2253,
447,
247,
82,
13325,
4430,
2139,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
423,
597,
884,
4406,
13,
1320,
1624,
318,
25292,
11,
329,
257,
1271,
286,
3840,
13,
198,
2949,
13,
4149,
428,
8593,
364,
84,
17443,
357,
11246,
561,
910,
6701,
774,
8,
2708,
290,
345,
481,
1064,
6617,
326,
772,
262,
279,
6819,
3362,
578,
11009,
286,
428,
4583,
423,
645,
4036,
2370,
329,
340,
13,
198,
19156,
376,
13,
10401,
7504,
13,
447,
247,
82,
3651,
326,
465,
2988,
750,
407,
1975,
326,
257,
564,
250,
75,
505,
12,
7145,
805,
447,
251,
2923,
465,
7711,
11,
1992,
1757,
376,
13,
10401,
11,
423,
783,
587,
5017,
416,
477,
1440,
5581,
7686,
357,
22923,
11,
9716,
11,
5426,
11,
290,
9738,
828,
290,
3750,
14416,
319,
262,
5230,
13,
383,
10252,
7498,
262,
717,
640,
257,
10401,
1641,
2888,
468,
7271,
11434,
262,
1743,
4583,
326,
35216,
373,
2923,
416,
257,
13497,
23128,
13,
198,
35653,
20445,
42,
7504,
13,
447,
247,
82,
10252,
1109,
935,
7187,
30,
4149,
517,
198,
5297,
13,
383,
9154,
373,
2192,
6572,
287,
3269,
12113,
13,
198,
1212,
1808,
11,
12053,
416,
257,
2912,
422,
9173,
449,
4090,
11,
318,
257,
3288,
1061,
510,
284,
7415,
447,
247,
82,
1808,
11,
564,
250,
11633,
262,
7688,
2610,
34374,
878,
35216,
373,
2923,
30,
447,
251,
843,
612,
318,
257,
1256,
286,
2370,
284,
1104,
674,
3280,
13,
4149,
517,
198,
5297,
11,
7173,
290,
7558,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
530,
286,
262,
4094,
35216,
19111,
286,
262,
1613,
1160,
812,
11,
290,
530,
326,
356,
761,
1561,
510,
287,
1919,
290,
1705,
2056,
262,
2026,
400,
11162,
286,
35216,
447,
247,
82,
18898,
13,
198,
3633,
262,
7688,
13933,
3162,
287,
262,
8069,
82,
326,
663,
1393,
287,
5741,
14943,
34374,
878,
35216,
373,
2923,
373,
564,
250,
81,
28399,
11,
447,
251,
262,
15530,
4963,
1560,
257,
845,
1180,
1621,
25,
34374,
373,
20738,
7173,
290,
7558,
416,
281,
2208,
21078,
2607,
1626,
262,
7688,
447,
247,
82,
15034,
32683,
9983,
422,
23859,
284,
19342,
11,
1900,
355,
262,
6093,
38111,
4912,
13,
198,
4366,
2618,
750,
1561,
13,
2399,
1438,
373,
1757,
3981,
2879,
13,
554,
19342,
339,
373,
281,
3098,
12,
19248,
305,
18614,
508,
7668,
351,
8389,
4065,
5538,
290,
7688,
3790,
13,
2399,
1621,
318,
530,
286,
262,
1190,
12423,
21337,
326,
7691,
286,
35216,
447,
247,
82,
14159,
2450,
550,
1674,
45066,
326,
1992,
10401,
1244,
307,
39981,
287,
8533,
13,
198,
2514,
1234,
340,
1194,
835,
11,
883,
508,
4719,
612,
373,
257,
10086,
11,
761,
284,
2209,
1757,
3981,
2879,
447,
247,
82,
1621,
13,
632,
318,
30220,
515,
287,
3294,
2842,
13,
198,
13143,
2879,
11,
257,
6868,
286,
968,
8221,
11,
373,
257,
25229,
37391,
28153,
355,
257,
1862,
582,
351,
14794,
329,
19029,
290,
8063,
21027,
278,
13,
554,
262,
11445,
82,
11,
339,
4166,
281,
13572,
287,
7914,
5112,
3519,
284,
19029,
13,
679,
9067,
13939,
284,
5366,
4744,
290,
788,
284,
40274,
810,
465,
4678,
1839,
683,
257,
2324,
1693,
379,
262,
21507,
287,
262,
649,
1024,
559,
4244,
12696,
287,
262,
18147,
3139,
13,
40274,
373,
788,
13354,
416,
8389,
4065,
11150,
16856,
508,
302,
5813,
1263,
10177,
422,
19029,
290,
3519,
18473,
29156,
13,
198,
818,
428,
12974,
11,
611,
8033,
1203,
11,
7795,
7443,
11102,
2008,
9080,
564,
250,
43730,
13283,
11,
447,
251,
356,
2193,
644,
262,
1230,
7194,
284,
7808,
422,
1171,
1570,
13,
383,
3164,
318,
17988,
1231,
7165,
10086,
285,
506,
1586,
13,
198,
32180,
2258,
39493,
373,
257,
12651,
1410,
284,
29791,
257,
471,
13,
50,
13,
11796,
286,
14159,
287,
19342,
832,
262,
779,
286,
26337,
4560,
13,
3274,
16404,
416,
262,
16722,
1883,
13407,
6602,
5926,
287,
8309,
11,
262,
2258,
39493,
3352,
389,
1871,
262,
749,
2383,
649,
35216,
4963,
284,
14740,
1201,
15416,
8026,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
41,
26236,
447,
251,
3807,
13,
198,
32180,
2258,
39493,
32295,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4430,
27269,
29475,
6590,
3434,
319,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6670,
290,
41878,
329,
262,
8138,
329,
262,
43744,
284,
2121,
319,
42320,
21193,
290,
465,
20555,
1230,
13,
383,
2126,
11,
2630,
530,
42351,
11,
373,
284,
8075,
257,
564,
250,
3137,
2649,
329,
471,
13,
50,
13,
9572,
287,
14159,
11,
447,
251,
416,
28127,
803,
257,
4065,
326,
4624,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1230,
564,
250,
259,
262,
4156,
2292,
286,
7195,
825,
27339,
36121,
422,
257,
28509,
290,
28726,
1230,
447,
251,
287,
14159,
13,
198,
4711,
3352,
3017,
262,
779,
286,
3685,
319,
1605,
9260,
1028,
1605,
4290,
13,
198,
464,
1808,
318,
991,
564,
250,
8940,
306,
24594,
447,
251,
1139,
262,
35216,
10074,
290,
9594,
11,
407,
262,
1551,
780,
262,
1808,
468,
1716,
636,
286,
262,
4384,
625,
262,
5640,
286,
35216,
447,
247,
82,
18898,
13,
198,
2061,
857,
262,
1700,
905,
546,
10401,
447,
247,
82,
3612,
290,
4028,
319,
10836,
30,
4149,
517,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,499 |
What Is Tetanus?
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that attacks the nervous system. Tetanus may result in severe muscle spasms, and this can lead to a condition known as lockjaw, which prevents the mouth from opening and closing. Tetanus can be fatal.
Tetanus is caused when the bacterium, Clostridium tetani , enters the body through a break in the skin. The bacterium can come from soil, dust, or manure. It produces a toxin that causes the illness.
In the United States and other countries with tetanus vaccination programs, the condition is rare.
What Is the Tetanus Vaccine?
The tetanus vaccine is an inactivated toxoid (a substance that can create an antitoxin). There are different types of the vaccines to prevent tetanus, including:
Who Should Get Vaccinated and When?
The DTaP vaccine is generally required before starting school. The regular immunization schedule is to give the vaccine at:
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 15-18 months
- 4-6 years
Tdap is routinely recommended for children aged 11-12 years who have completed the DTaP series. Tdap can also be given to:
- Children aged 7-10 years who have not been fully vaccinated
- Children and teens aged 13-18 years who did not get the Tdap when they were 11-12 years old
- Adults under 65 years who have never received Tdap
- Pregnant women after 20 weeks gestation who have not previously received Tdap
- Adults who have not been previously vaccinated and who have contact with babies aged 12 months or younger
- Healthcare providers who have not previously received Tdap
Td is given as a booster shot every 10 years. The vaccine may also be given if you have a severe cut or burn.
If you or your child has not been fully vaccinated against tetanus, talk to the doctor.
What Are the Risks Associated With the Tetanus Vaccine?
Most people tolerate the tetanus-containing vaccines without any trouble. The most common side effects are pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, mild fever, headache, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea , or stomachache.
Rarely, a fever of more than 102ºF, severe gastrointestinal problems, or severe headache may occur. Nervous system problems and severe allergic reactions are extremely rare. Localized allergic reactions (redness and swelling) at the injection site may occur, while anaphylaxis (life-threatening, widespread allergic reaction) is extremely rare.
Acetaminophen (eg, Tylenol) is sometimes given to reduce pain and fever that may occur after getting a vaccine. In infants, the medicine may weaken the vaccine's effectiveness. However, in children at risk for siezures, a fever lowering medicine may be important to take. Discuss the risks and benefits of taking acetaminophen with the doctor.
Who Should Not Get Vaccinated?
The vast majority of people should receive their tetanus-containing vaccinations on schedule. However, individuals in whom the risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits include those who:
- Have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to DTP, DTap, DT, Tdap, or Td vaccine
- Have had a severe allergy to any component of the vaccine to be given
- Have gone into a coma or long seizure within seven days after a dose of DTP or DTaP
Talk with your doctor before getting the vaccine if you have:
- Allergy to latex
- Epilepsy or other nervous system problem
- Severe swelling or severe pain after a previous dose of any component of the vaccination to be given
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
Wait until you recover to get the vaccine if you have moderate or severe illness on the day your shot is scheduled.
What Other Ways Can Tetanus Be Prevented Besides Vaccination?
Caring properly for wounds, including promptly cleaning them and seeing a doctor for medical care, can prevent a tetanus infection.
- Reviewer: Lawrence Frisch, MD, MPH
- Review Date: 06/2012 -
- Update Date: 00/61/2012 - | [
2061,
1148,
27351,
41141,
30,
198,
51,
316,
41141,
318,
257,
23462,
10280,
326,
3434,
262,
10927,
1080,
13,
27351,
41141,
743,
1255,
287,
6049,
8280,
599,
34432,
11,
290,
428,
460,
1085,
284,
257,
4006,
1900,
355,
5793,
73,
707,
11,
543,
15174,
262,
5422,
422,
4756,
290,
9605,
13,
27351,
41141,
460,
307,
10800,
13,
198,
51,
316,
41141,
318,
4073,
618,
262,
19241,
1505,
11,
1012,
455,
6058,
1505,
28408,
3216,
837,
14170,
262,
1767,
832,
257,
2270,
287,
262,
4168,
13,
383,
19241,
1505,
460,
1282,
422,
9260,
11,
8977,
11,
393,
48577,
13,
632,
11073,
257,
43026,
326,
5640,
262,
8526,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1578,
1829,
290,
584,
2678,
351,
28408,
41141,
22827,
4056,
11,
262,
4006,
318,
4071,
13,
198,
2061,
1148,
262,
27351,
41141,
31749,
500,
30,
198,
464,
28408,
41141,
12319,
318,
281,
287,
33106,
8293,
1868,
357,
64,
9136,
326,
460,
2251,
281,
26092,
39366,
737,
1318,
389,
1180,
3858,
286,
262,
18336,
284,
2948,
28408,
41141,
11,
1390,
25,
198,
8241,
10358,
3497,
31749,
3898,
290,
1649,
30,
198,
464,
24311,
64,
47,
12319,
318,
4143,
2672,
878,
3599,
1524,
13,
383,
3218,
16217,
1634,
7269,
318,
284,
1577,
262,
12319,
379,
25,
198,
12,
362,
1933,
198,
12,
604,
1933,
198,
12,
718,
1933,
198,
12,
1315,
12,
1507,
1933,
198,
12,
604,
12,
21,
812,
198,
51,
67,
499,
318,
16231,
7151,
329,
1751,
9722,
1367,
12,
1065,
812,
508,
423,
5668,
262,
24311,
64,
47,
2168,
13,
309,
67,
499,
460,
635,
307,
1813,
284,
25,
198,
12,
8990,
9722,
767,
12,
940,
812,
508,
423,
407,
587,
3938,
37663,
198,
12,
8990,
290,
15508,
9722,
1511,
12,
1507,
812,
508,
750,
407,
651,
262,
309,
67,
499,
618,
484,
547,
1367,
12,
1065,
812,
1468,
198,
12,
35154,
739,
6135,
812,
508,
423,
1239,
2722,
309,
67,
499,
198,
12,
350,
2301,
22057,
1466,
706,
1160,
2745,
47110,
508,
423,
407,
4271,
2722,
309,
67,
499,
198,
12,
35154,
508,
423,
407,
587,
4271,
37663,
290,
508,
423,
2800,
351,
11903,
9722,
1105,
1933,
393,
7099,
198,
12,
30289,
9549,
508,
423,
407,
4271,
2722,
309,
67,
499,
198,
51,
67,
318,
1813,
355,
257,
30430,
2823,
790,
838,
812,
13,
383,
12319,
743,
635,
307,
1813,
611,
345,
423,
257,
6049,
2005,
393,
4245,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
393,
534,
1200,
468,
407,
587,
3938,
37663,
1028,
28408,
41141,
11,
1561,
284,
262,
6253,
13,
198,
2061,
4231,
262,
371,
36730,
10575,
2080,
262,
27351,
41141,
31749,
500,
30,
198,
6943,
661,
21923,
262,
28408,
41141,
12,
38301,
18336,
1231,
597,
5876,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
389,
2356,
11,
2266,
1108,
11,
393,
29844,
379,
262,
16954,
2524,
11,
11607,
17372,
11,
24902,
11,
10032,
1108,
11,
32122,
11,
30874,
11,
36004,
837,
393,
11384,
4891,
13,
198,
26737,
306,
11,
257,
17372,
286,
517,
621,
15143,
36165,
37,
11,
6049,
40887,
2761,
11,
393,
6049,
24902,
743,
3051,
13,
399,
712,
516,
1080,
2761,
290,
6049,
31856,
12737,
389,
4457,
4071,
13,
10714,
1143,
31856,
12737,
357,
445,
1108,
290,
29844,
8,
379,
262,
16954,
2524,
743,
3051,
11,
981,
281,
6570,
2645,
22704,
357,
6042,
12,
26159,
11,
10095,
31856,
6317,
8,
318,
4457,
4071,
13,
198,
12832,
316,
5669,
47806,
357,
1533,
11,
309,
2645,
268,
349,
8,
318,
3360,
1813,
284,
4646,
2356,
290,
17372,
326,
743,
3051,
706,
1972,
257,
12319,
13,
554,
18775,
11,
262,
9007,
743,
13813,
262,
12319,
338,
13530,
13,
2102,
11,
287,
1751,
379,
2526,
329,
264,
494,
89,
942,
11,
257,
17372,
21683,
9007,
743,
307,
1593,
284,
1011,
13,
36691,
262,
7476,
290,
4034,
286,
2263,
25174,
5669,
47806,
351,
262,
6253,
13,
198,
8241,
10358,
1892,
3497,
31749,
3898,
30,
198,
464,
5909,
3741,
286,
661,
815,
3328,
511,
28408,
41141,
12,
38301,
46419,
319,
7269,
13,
2102,
11,
3925,
287,
4150,
262,
7476,
286,
22827,
31405,
262,
4034,
2291,
883,
508,
25,
198,
12,
8192,
550,
257,
1204,
12,
26159,
31856,
6317,
284,
360,
7250,
11,
24311,
499,
11,
24311,
11,
309,
67,
499,
11,
393,
309,
67,
12319,
198,
12,
8192,
550,
257,
6049,
36197,
284,
597,
7515,
286,
262,
12319,
284,
307,
1813,
198,
12,
8192,
3750,
656,
257,
33658,
393,
890,
22338,
1626,
3598,
1528,
706,
257,
10742,
286,
360,
7250,
393,
24311,
64,
47,
198,
25685,
351,
534,
6253,
878,
1972,
262,
12319,
611,
345,
423,
25,
198,
12,
1439,
26079,
284,
47038,
198,
12,
4551,
576,
13764,
393,
584,
10927,
1080,
1917,
198,
12,
1001,
4119,
29844,
393,
6049,
2356,
706,
257,
2180,
10742,
286,
597,
7515,
286,
262,
22827,
284,
307,
1813,
198,
12,
1962,
359,
391,
12,
33,
9624,
14027,
198,
21321,
1566,
345,
8551,
284,
651,
262,
12319,
611,
345,
423,
10768,
393,
6049,
8526,
319,
262,
1110,
534,
2823,
318,
7530,
13,
198,
2061,
3819,
26658,
1680,
27351,
41141,
1355,
31572,
276,
16238,
31749,
1883,
30,
198,
34,
1723,
6105,
329,
14129,
11,
1390,
19268,
12724,
606,
290,
4379,
257,
6253,
329,
3315,
1337,
11,
460,
2948,
257,
28408,
41141,
10280,
13,
198,
12,
6602,
263,
25,
13914,
1305,
25308,
11,
10670,
11,
43822,
198,
12,
6602,
7536,
25,
9130,
14,
6999,
532,
198,
12,
10133,
7536,
25,
3571,
14,
5333,
14,
6999,
532,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 886 |
Web and Book design,
Copyright, Kellscraft Studio
(Return to Web Text-ures)
Chapter 15. OBSERVATIONS OF THE GUDGEON, THE RUFFE, AND THE BLEAK, AND HOW TO FISH FOR THEM
PISCATOR. The Gudgeon is reputed a fish of excellent taste, and to be very wholesome: he is of a fine shape, of a silver color, and beautified with black spots both on his body and tail. He breeds two or three times in the year, and always in summer. He is com mended for a fish of excellent nourishment: the Germans call him Groundling, by reason of his feeding on the ground; and he there feasts himself in sharp streams, and on the gravel. He and the Barbel both feed so, and do not hunt for flies at any time, as most other fishes do: he is an excellent fish to enter a young Angler, being easy to be taken with a small red-worm, on or very near to the ground. He is one of those leather-mouthed fish that has his teeth in his throat, and will hardly be lost from off the hook if he be once strucken. They be usually scattered up and down every river in the shallows, in the heat of summer; but in autumn, when the weeds begin to grow sour or rot, and the weather colder, then they gather together, and get into the deeper parts of the water. and are to be fished for there, with your hook always touching the ground, if you fish for him with a float, or with a cork. But many will fish for the Gudgeon by hand, with a running-line upon the ground, without a cork, as a Trout is fished for, and it is an excel lent way, if you have a gentle rod and as gentle a hand.
There is also another fish called a Pope, and by some a Ruffe; a fish that is not known to be in some rivers: he is much like the Pearch for his shape, and taken to be better than the Pearch, but will not grow to be bigger than a Gudgeon: he is an excellent fish, no fish that swims is of a pleasanter taste, and he is also excellent to enter a young Angler, for he is a greedy biter, and they will usually lie, abundance of them together, in one reserved place, where the water is deep, and runs quietly; and an easy Angler, if he has found where they lie, may catch forty or fifty, or sometimes twice so many, at a standing.
You must fish for him with a small red worm, and if you bait the ground with earth, it is excellent.
There is also a Bleak, or Fresh-water Sprat, a fish that is ever in Motion, and therefore called by some the River-Swallow; for just as you shall observe the Swallow to be, most evenings in summer, ever in motion, making short and quick turns when he flies to catch flies in the air, by which he lives, so does the Bleak at the top of the water. Ausonius would have him called Bleak, from his whit ish color: his back is of a pleasant sad or sea-water-green, his belly white and shining as the mountain snow. And, doubtless, though he have the fortune, which virtue has in poor people, to be neglected, yet the Bleak ought to be much valued, though we want Allamot-salt, and the skill that the Italians have to turn them into Anchovies. This fish may be caught with a Pater-noster line; that is, six or eight very small hooks tied along the line, one half a foot above the other: I have seen five caught thus at one time, and the bait has been gentles, than which none is better.
Or this fish may be caught with a fine small artificial fly, which is to be of a very sad brown color, and very small, and the hook answerable. There is no better sport than whipping for Bleaks in a boat, or on a bank in the swift water in a summer's evening, with a hazel top about five or six foot long, and a line twice the length of the rod. I have heard Sir Henry Wotton say, that there be many that in Italy will catch swallows so, or especially martins, this bird-angler standing on the top of a steeple to do it, and with a line twice so long as I have spoken of: and let me tell you, Scholar, that both Martins and Bleaks be most excellent meat.
And let me tell you, that I have known a Hern that did constantly frequent one place caught with a hook baited with a big minnow or a small gudgeon. The line and hook must be strong, and tied to some loose staff, so big as she cannot fly away with it, — a line not exceeding two yards. | [
13908,
290,
4897,
1486,
11,
198,
15269,
11,
25043,
1416,
1617,
11733,
198,
7,
13615,
284,
5313,
8255,
12,
942,
8,
198,
14126,
1315,
13,
440,
4462,
1137,
53,
18421,
3963,
3336,
402,
8322,
8264,
1340,
11,
3336,
46432,
5777,
36,
11,
5357,
3336,
347,
2538,
10206,
11,
5357,
29630,
5390,
376,
18422,
7473,
44788,
198,
47,
37719,
25633,
13,
383,
402,
463,
6281,
318,
1128,
7241,
257,
5916,
286,
6275,
6938,
11,
290,
284,
307,
845,
17950,
462,
25,
339,
318,
286,
257,
3734,
5485,
11,
286,
257,
8465,
3124,
11,
290,
3566,
1431,
351,
2042,
10222,
1111,
319,
465,
1767,
290,
7894,
13,
679,
29580,
734,
393,
1115,
1661,
287,
262,
614,
11,
290,
1464,
287,
3931,
13,
679,
318,
401,
285,
1631,
329,
257,
5916,
286,
6275,
31219,
17862,
25,
262,
16064,
869,
683,
13706,
1359,
11,
416,
1738,
286,
465,
13017,
319,
262,
2323,
26,
290,
339,
612,
730,
5773,
2241,
287,
7786,
15190,
11,
290,
319,
262,
34375,
13,
679,
290,
262,
2409,
6667,
1111,
3745,
523,
11,
290,
466,
407,
12601,
329,
17607,
379,
597,
640,
11,
355,
749,
584,
49765,
466,
25,
339,
318,
281,
6275,
5916,
284,
3802,
257,
1862,
2895,
1754,
11,
852,
2562,
284,
307,
2077,
351,
257,
1402,
2266,
12,
25323,
11,
319,
393,
845,
1474,
284,
262,
2323,
13,
679,
318,
530,
286,
883,
11620,
12,
76,
448,
704,
5916,
326,
468,
465,
9941,
287,
465,
13589,
11,
290,
481,
8941,
307,
2626,
422,
572,
262,
8011,
611,
339,
307,
1752,
7425,
268,
13,
1119,
307,
3221,
16830,
510,
290,
866,
790,
7850,
287,
262,
2236,
1666,
11,
287,
262,
4894,
286,
3931,
26,
475,
287,
23608,
11,
618,
262,
36708,
2221,
284,
1663,
11348,
393,
5724,
11,
290,
262,
6193,
38427,
11,
788,
484,
6431,
1978,
11,
290,
651,
656,
262,
9211,
3354,
286,
262,
1660,
13,
290,
389,
284,
307,
277,
1348,
329,
612,
11,
351,
534,
8011,
1464,
15241,
262,
2323,
11,
611,
345,
5916,
329,
683,
351,
257,
12178,
11,
393,
351,
257,
269,
967,
13,
887,
867,
481,
5916,
329,
262,
402,
463,
6281,
416,
1021,
11,
351,
257,
2491,
12,
1370,
2402,
262,
2323,
11,
1231,
257,
269,
967,
11,
355,
257,
42542,
318,
277,
1348,
329,
11,
290,
340,
318,
281,
27336,
26269,
835,
11,
611,
345,
423,
257,
10296,
15299,
290,
355,
10296,
257,
1021,
13,
198,
1858,
318,
635,
1194,
5916,
1444,
257,
13258,
11,
290,
416,
617,
257,
42409,
68,
26,
257,
5916,
326,
318,
407,
1900,
284,
307,
287,
617,
18180,
25,
339,
318,
881,
588,
262,
350,
3679,
329,
465,
5485,
11,
290,
2077,
284,
307,
1365,
621,
262,
350,
3679,
11,
475,
481,
407,
1663,
284,
307,
5749,
621,
257,
402,
463,
6281,
25,
339,
318,
281,
6275,
5916,
11,
645,
5916,
326,
9422,
82,
318,
286,
257,
21289,
272,
353,
6938,
11,
290,
339,
318,
635,
6275,
284,
3802,
257,
1862,
2895,
1754,
11,
329,
339,
318,
257,
31828,
1643,
263,
11,
290,
484,
481,
3221,
6486,
11,
20038,
286,
606,
1978,
11,
287,
530,
10395,
1295,
11,
810,
262,
1660,
318,
2769,
11,
290,
4539,
12703,
26,
290,
281,
2562,
2895,
1754,
11,
611,
339,
468,
1043,
810,
484,
6486,
11,
743,
4929,
16571,
393,
15334,
11,
393,
3360,
5403,
523,
867,
11,
379,
257,
5055,
13,
198,
1639,
1276,
5916,
329,
683,
351,
257,
1402,
2266,
23849,
11,
290,
611,
345,
26536,
262,
2323,
351,
4534,
11,
340,
318,
6275,
13,
198,
1858,
318,
635,
257,
17175,
461,
11,
393,
20138,
12,
7050,
5522,
265,
11,
257,
5916,
326,
318,
1683,
287,
20843,
11,
290,
4361,
1444,
416,
617,
262,
5866,
12,
10462,
12154,
26,
329,
655,
355,
345,
2236,
12414,
262,
2451,
12154,
284,
307,
11,
749,
37119,
287,
3931,
11,
1683,
287,
6268,
11,
1642,
1790,
290,
2068,
4962,
618,
339,
17607,
284,
4929,
17607,
287,
262,
1633,
11,
416,
543,
339,
3160,
11,
523,
857,
262,
17175,
461,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
262,
1660,
13,
27545,
261,
3754,
561,
423,
683,
1444,
17175,
461,
11,
422,
465,
20542,
318,
71,
3124,
25,
465,
736,
318,
286,
257,
15497,
6507,
393,
5417,
12,
7050,
12,
14809,
11,
465,
19921,
2330,
290,
22751,
355,
262,
8598,
6729,
13,
843,
11,
48662,
11,
996,
339,
423,
262,
15807,
11,
543,
14675,
468,
287,
3595,
661,
11,
284,
307,
24007,
11,
1865,
262,
17175,
461,
10783,
284,
307,
881,
17560,
11,
996,
356,
765,
1439,
321,
313,
12,
82,
2501,
11,
290,
262,
5032,
326,
262,
41720,
423,
284,
1210,
606,
656,
29253,
20526,
13,
770,
5916,
743,
307,
4978,
351,
257,
350,
729,
12,
77,
6197,
1627,
26,
326,
318,
11,
2237,
393,
3624,
845,
1402,
26569,
8165,
1863,
262,
1627,
11,
530,
2063,
257,
2366,
2029,
262,
584,
25,
314,
423,
1775,
1936,
4978,
4145,
379,
530,
640,
11,
290,
262,
26536,
468,
587,
25049,
829,
11,
621,
543,
4844,
318,
1365,
13,
198,
5574,
428,
5916,
743,
307,
4978,
351,
257,
3734,
1402,
11666,
6129,
11,
543,
318,
284,
307,
286,
257,
845,
6507,
7586,
3124,
11,
290,
845,
1402,
11,
290,
262,
8011,
3280,
540,
13,
1318,
318,
645,
1365,
6332,
621,
44637,
329,
17175,
4730,
287,
257,
8848,
11,
393,
319,
257,
3331,
287,
262,
14622,
1660,
287,
257,
3931,
338,
6180,
11,
351,
257,
11595,
417,
1353,
546,
1936,
393,
2237,
2366,
890,
11,
290,
257,
1627,
5403,
262,
4129,
286,
262,
15299,
13,
314,
423,
2982,
7361,
8616,
370,
11324,
910,
11,
326,
612,
307,
867,
326,
287,
8031,
481,
4929,
20301,
1666,
523,
11,
393,
2592,
11277,
1040,
11,
428,
6512,
12,
49910,
5055,
319,
262,
1353,
286,
257,
14559,
293,
284,
466,
340,
11,
290,
351,
257,
1627,
5403,
523,
890,
355,
314,
423,
9635,
286,
25,
290,
1309,
502,
1560,
345,
11,
11713,
11,
326,
1111,
3981,
1040,
290,
17175,
4730,
307,
749,
6275,
6174,
13,
198,
1870,
1309,
502,
1560,
345,
11,
326,
314,
423,
1900,
257,
367,
1142,
326,
750,
7558,
10792,
530,
1295,
4978,
351,
257,
8011,
26605,
863,
351,
257,
1263,
949,
2197,
393,
257,
1402,
308,
463,
6281,
13,
383,
1627,
290,
8011,
1276,
307,
1913,
11,
290,
8165,
284,
617,
9155,
3085,
11,
523,
1263,
355,
673,
2314,
6129,
1497,
351,
340,
11,
851,
257,
1627,
407,
23353,
734,
5695,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,055 |
According to the National Program for Playground Safety (NPPS), a nonprofit organization that funds efforts to reduce playground injuries, more than 200,000 preschool and elementary aged children are injured on playgrounds every year to the extent that they require hospital care.
What’s more, while many of us assume that such dangers lurk only on public playgrounds, the reality is that private playgrounds – the ones in our own backyards – also pose a hazard and, consequently, potential legal liability. In fact, at least 19% of playground injuries occur on home playground equipment.
However, with just a bit more awareness and increased diligence, we can ensure that our children get the most out of their playtime and that we aren’t unwittingly placing ourselves in legal jeopardy.
NPPS recommends using the acronym S.A.F.E. to guide us in our playground safety mission.
Supervise: Children should never be left alone while playing on playground equipment. Parents who supervise are able to better assess situations that children can’t and are consequently able to prevent injuries.
Age-Appropriate: Consider the level of difficulty in maneuvering the playground your child is using. Are the tasks and movements those that your child is capable of mastering? Taking kids to age-appropriate play sets drastically reduce the likelihood of injury.
Fall Surface: A vast majority of playground injuries result directly from falls. As a result, playground owners should always use a fall surface material that takes into account equipment height, durability, surface depth, and American Society for Testing & Materials standards. Recommended materials include shredded rubber, sand, pea gravel, and hardwood fiber.
Equipment Maintenance: Playgrounds that are kept free of splinters, rust, cracks, structural weaknesses, and openings in which children could become stuck are much safer for children to play on. Maintenance should be a routine endeavor. If a play set is visibly deteriorated, don’t go near it!
By following these basic guidelines, we can reduce the number of annual injuries our children sustain from playgrounds. After all, many of such unfortunate incidents are completely preventable. What’s more, by applying such recommendations to the play sets in our own backyards, we can minimize our liability and keep our personal assets out of jeopardy.
Author: Paul B. Harding; Martin, Harding & Mazzotti LLP ® | [
4821,
284,
262,
2351,
6118,
329,
3811,
2833,
11233,
357,
22182,
3705,
828,
257,
15346,
4009,
326,
5153,
4040,
284,
4646,
24817,
6821,
11,
517,
621,
939,
11,
830,
38725,
290,
19823,
9722,
1751,
389,
6686,
319,
24817,
82,
790,
614,
284,
262,
6287,
326,
484,
2421,
4436,
1337,
13,
198,
2061,
447,
247,
82,
517,
11,
981,
867,
286,
514,
7048,
326,
884,
16169,
20605,
74,
691,
319,
1171,
24817,
82,
11,
262,
3950,
318,
326,
2839,
24817,
82,
784,
262,
3392,
287,
674,
898,
736,
33750,
784,
635,
12705,
257,
15834,
290,
11,
25578,
11,
2785,
2742,
12247,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
379,
1551,
678,
4,
286,
24817,
6821,
3051,
319,
1363,
24817,
5112,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
351,
655,
257,
1643,
517,
9359,
290,
3220,
34136,
11,
356,
460,
4155,
326,
674,
1751,
651,
262,
749,
503,
286,
511,
711,
2435,
290,
326,
356,
3588,
447,
247,
83,
48726,
12560,
6731,
287,
2742,
38606,
13,
198,
22182,
3705,
20829,
1262,
262,
38787,
311,
13,
32,
13,
37,
13,
36,
13,
284,
5698,
514,
287,
674,
24817,
3747,
4365,
13,
198,
12442,
85,
786,
25,
8990,
815,
1239,
307,
1364,
3436,
981,
2712,
319,
24817,
5112,
13,
28231,
508,
29745,
786,
389,
1498,
284,
1365,
4659,
7445,
326,
1751,
460,
447,
247,
83,
290,
389,
25578,
1498,
284,
2948,
6821,
13,
198,
23396,
12,
4677,
9219,
378,
25,
12642,
262,
1241,
286,
8722,
287,
20186,
278,
262,
24817,
534,
1200,
318,
1262,
13,
4231,
262,
8861,
290,
8650,
883,
326,
534,
1200,
318,
6007,
286,
45116,
30,
20879,
3988,
284,
2479,
12,
13335,
711,
5621,
22188,
4646,
262,
14955,
286,
5095,
13,
198,
24750,
20321,
25,
317,
5909,
3741,
286,
24817,
6821,
1255,
3264,
422,
8953,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
24817,
4393,
815,
1464,
779,
257,
2121,
4417,
2587,
326,
2753,
656,
1848,
5112,
6001,
11,
26578,
11,
4417,
6795,
11,
290,
1605,
7023,
329,
23983,
1222,
24310,
5423,
13,
31117,
5696,
2291,
37624,
14239,
11,
6450,
11,
613,
64,
34375,
11,
290,
1327,
3822,
13608,
13,
198,
23588,
4667,
34857,
25,
3811,
40520,
326,
389,
4030,
1479,
286,
4328,
20193,
11,
17000,
11,
23217,
11,
13204,
20256,
11,
290,
28431,
287,
543,
1751,
714,
1716,
7819,
389,
881,
14178,
329,
1751,
284,
711,
319,
13,
34857,
815,
307,
257,
8027,
28251,
13,
1002,
257,
711,
900,
318,
30544,
44525,
11,
836,
447,
247,
83,
467,
1474,
340,
0,
198,
3886,
1708,
777,
4096,
9949,
11,
356,
460,
4646,
262,
1271,
286,
5079,
6821,
674,
1751,
8080,
422,
24817,
82,
13,
2293,
477,
11,
867,
286,
884,
14855,
10207,
389,
3190,
2948,
540,
13,
1867,
447,
247,
82,
517,
11,
416,
11524,
884,
10763,
284,
262,
711,
5621,
287,
674,
898,
736,
33750,
11,
356,
460,
17775,
674,
12247,
290,
1394,
674,
2614,
6798,
503,
286,
38606,
13,
198,
13838,
25,
3362,
347,
13,
45732,
26,
5780,
11,
45732,
1222,
337,
8101,
26380,
43245,
38852,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 489 |
If you've ever been sick to your stomach while riding in a car, train, airplane, or boat, you know exactly what motion sickness feels like. It's no fun.
To understand motion sickness, it helps to understand a few parts of your body and how they affect the way you feel movement:
Inner ears: Liquid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear allows you to sense if you're moving, and, if you are, which way you're moving — up, down, side to side, round and round, forward, or backward.
Eyes: What you see also lets your body know whether you're moving and in which direction.
Skin receptors: These receptors tell your brain which parts of your body are touching the ground.
Muscles and joint sensory receptors: These sensing receptors tell your brain if you're moving your muscles and which position your body is in.
The brain gets an instant report from these different parts of your body and tries to put together a total picture about what you are doing just at that moment. But if any of the pieces of this picture don't match, you can get motion sickness.
For example, if you're riding in a car and reading a book, your inner ears and skin receptors will detect that you are moving forward. However, your eyes are looking at a book that isn't moving, and your muscle receptors are telling your brain that you're sitting still. So the brain gets a little confused. Things may begin to feel a little scrambled inside your head at that point.
When this happens, you might feel really tired, dizzy, or sick to your stomach. Sometimes you might even throw up. And if you're feeling scared or anxious, your motion sickness might get even worse.
Put your best face forward. Always sit facing forward. Don't face backward in your seat or sit in a seat that faces backward. Sitting forward helps keep the motion sensed by your eyes and ears the same.
Examine the great outdoors. Look outside. From inside a car, look at stuff far away, like the barn up ahead or a mountain. If you're seasick on a boat, go to the top deck (in the middle of the boat) and look far out into the horizon — where the sea and sky meet. On an airplane, try looking out the window. This way, your eyes won't be fooled into thinking you're not moving when you actually are.
Get to the middle of things. Whatever you're riding in, find the place with the least amount of movement. This means sitting closer to the center of a plane (in the aisle seats over the wings) or in the middle of a boat — rather than at the sides or the front, where you're more likely to feel seasick.
If you feel this way easily during any kind of movement, it's a good idea to go to the doctor. He or she will want to make sure there's nothing wrong with your inner ears or any of the other body parts that sense movement.
But for typical motion sickness, your parent may be able to give you medicine before you travel. For some kids, it may help to wear pressure bracelets that can be bought at the drugstore.
If you feel yourself getting sick while you're traveling in a car, it might help if the driver finds a safe spot where you can get out and walk around a little bit. If you can't pull over, make sure you have a plastic bag in the car — just in case! | [
1532,
345,
1053,
1683,
587,
6639,
284,
534,
11384,
981,
10311,
287,
257,
1097,
11,
4512,
11,
19401,
11,
393,
8848,
11,
345,
760,
3446,
644,
6268,
26359,
5300,
588,
13,
632,
338,
645,
1257,
13,
198,
2514,
1833,
6268,
26359,
11,
340,
5419,
284,
1833,
257,
1178,
3354,
286,
534,
1767,
290,
703,
484,
2689,
262,
835,
345,
1254,
3356,
25,
198,
818,
1008,
11368,
25,
21020,
287,
262,
39290,
1980,
934,
460,
874,
286,
262,
8434,
1027,
3578,
345,
284,
2565,
611,
345,
821,
3867,
11,
290,
11,
611,
345,
389,
11,
543,
835,
345,
821,
3867,
851,
510,
11,
866,
11,
1735,
284,
1735,
11,
2835,
290,
2835,
11,
2651,
11,
393,
19528,
13,
198,
36,
8505,
25,
1867,
345,
766,
635,
8781,
534,
1767,
760,
1771,
345,
821,
3867,
290,
287,
543,
4571,
13,
198,
42455,
20099,
25,
2312,
20099,
1560,
534,
3632,
543,
3354,
286,
534,
1767,
389,
15241,
262,
2323,
13,
198,
10694,
5427,
290,
6466,
23326,
20099,
25,
2312,
34244,
20099,
1560,
534,
3632,
611,
345,
821,
3867,
534,
12749,
290,
543,
2292,
534,
1767,
318,
287,
13,
198,
464,
3632,
3011,
281,
9113,
989,
422,
777,
1180,
3354,
286,
534,
1767,
290,
8404,
284,
1234,
1978,
257,
2472,
4286,
546,
644,
345,
389,
1804,
655,
379,
326,
2589,
13,
887,
611,
597,
286,
262,
5207,
286,
428,
4286,
836,
470,
2872,
11,
345,
460,
651,
6268,
26359,
13,
198,
1890,
1672,
11,
611,
345,
821,
10311,
287,
257,
1097,
290,
3555,
257,
1492,
11,
534,
8434,
11368,
290,
4168,
20099,
481,
4886,
326,
345,
389,
3867,
2651,
13,
2102,
11,
534,
2951,
389,
2045,
379,
257,
1492,
326,
2125,
470,
3867,
11,
290,
534,
8280,
20099,
389,
5149,
534,
3632,
326,
345,
821,
5586,
991,
13,
1406,
262,
3632,
3011,
257,
1310,
10416,
13,
11597,
743,
2221,
284,
1254,
257,
1310,
34351,
2641,
534,
1182,
379,
326,
966,
13,
198,
2215,
428,
4325,
11,
345,
1244,
1254,
1107,
10032,
11,
29527,
88,
11,
393,
6639,
284,
534,
11384,
13,
8975,
345,
1244,
772,
3714,
510,
13,
843,
611,
345,
821,
4203,
12008,
393,
18116,
11,
534,
6268,
26359,
1244,
651,
772,
4785,
13,
198,
11588,
534,
1266,
1986,
2651,
13,
16622,
1650,
6476,
2651,
13,
2094,
470,
1986,
19528,
287,
534,
5852,
393,
1650,
287,
257,
5852,
326,
6698,
19528,
13,
46547,
2651,
5419,
1394,
262,
6268,
39243,
416,
534,
2951,
290,
11368,
262,
976,
13,
198,
3109,
9862,
262,
1049,
24349,
13,
6803,
2354,
13,
3574,
2641,
257,
1097,
11,
804,
379,
3404,
1290,
1497,
11,
588,
262,
25203,
510,
4058,
393,
257,
8598,
13,
1002,
345,
821,
21547,
624,
319,
257,
8848,
11,
467,
284,
262,
1353,
6203,
357,
259,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
8848,
8,
290,
804,
1290,
503,
656,
262,
17810,
851,
810,
262,
5417,
290,
6766,
1826,
13,
1550,
281,
19401,
11,
1949,
2045,
503,
262,
4324,
13,
770,
835,
11,
534,
2951,
1839,
470,
307,
35820,
656,
3612,
345,
821,
407,
3867,
618,
345,
1682,
389,
13,
198,
3855,
284,
262,
3504,
286,
1243,
13,
15935,
345,
821,
10311,
287,
11,
1064,
262,
1295,
351,
262,
1551,
2033,
286,
3356,
13,
770,
1724,
5586,
5699,
284,
262,
3641,
286,
257,
6614,
357,
259,
262,
28960,
8632,
625,
262,
12098,
8,
393,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
257,
8848,
851,
2138,
621,
379,
262,
5389,
393,
262,
2166,
11,
810,
345,
821,
517,
1884,
284,
1254,
21547,
624,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
1254,
428,
835,
3538,
1141,
597,
1611,
286,
3356,
11,
340,
338,
257,
922,
2126,
284,
467,
284,
262,
6253,
13,
679,
393,
673,
481,
765,
284,
787,
1654,
612,
338,
2147,
2642,
351,
534,
8434,
11368,
393,
597,
286,
262,
584,
1767,
3354,
326,
2565,
3356,
13,
198,
1537,
329,
7226,
6268,
26359,
11,
534,
2560,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
1577,
345,
9007,
878,
345,
3067,
13,
1114,
617,
3988,
11,
340,
743,
1037,
284,
5806,
3833,
22581,
5289,
326,
460,
307,
5839,
379,
262,
2563,
8095,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
1254,
3511,
1972,
6639,
981,
345,
821,
11300,
287,
257,
1097,
11,
340,
1244,
1037,
611,
262,
4639,
7228,
257,
3338,
4136,
810,
345,
460,
651,
503,
290,
2513,
1088,
257,
1310,
1643,
13,
1002,
345,
460,
470,
2834,
625,
11,
787,
1654,
345,
423,
257,
7309,
6131,
287,
262,
1097,
851,
655,
287,
1339,
0,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 723 |
With warm weather and family events, the Fourth of July can be a fun time with great memories. But before your family celebrates, make sure everyone knows about fireworks safety.
If not handled properly, fireworks can cause burn and eye injuries in kids and adults. The best way to protect your family is not to use any fireworks at home — period. Attend public fireworks displays, and leave the lighting to the professionals.
Lighting fireworks at home isn't even legal in many areas, so if you still want to use them, be sure to check with your local police department first. If they're legal where you live, keep these safety tips in mind:
Kids should never play with fireworks. Things like firecrackers, rockets, and sparklers are just too dangerous. If you give kids sparklers, make sure they keep them outside and away from the face, clothing, and hair. Sparklers can reach 1,800° Fahrenheit (982° Celsius) — hot enough to melt gold.
Buy only legal fireworks (legal fireworks have a label with the manufacturer's name and directions; illegal ones are unlabeled), and store them in a cool, dry place. Illegal fireworks usually go by the names M-80, M100, blockbuster, or quarterpounder. These explosives were banned in 1966, but still account for many fireworks injuries.
Never try to make your own fireworks.
Always use fireworks outside and have a bucket of water and a hose nearby in case of accidents.
Steer clear of others — fireworks have been known to backfire or shoot off in the wrong direction. Never throw or point fireworks at someone, even in jest.
Don't hold fireworks in your hand or have any part of your body over them while lighting. Wear some sort of eye protection, and avoid carrying fireworks in your pocket — the friction could set them off.
Point fireworks away from homes, and keep away from brush and leaves and flammable substances. The National Fire Protection Association estimates that local fire departments respond to more 50,000 fires caused by fireworks each year.
Light one firework at a time (not in glass or metal containers), and never relight a dud.
Don't allow kids to pick up pieces of fireworks after an event. Some may still be ignited and can explode at any time.
Soak all fireworks in a bucket of water before throwing them in the trash can.
Think about your pet. Animals have sensitive ears and can be extremely frightened or stressed on the Fourth of July. Keep pets indoors to reduce the risk that they'll run loose or get injured.
If a child is injured by fireworks, immediately go to a doctor or hospital. If an eye injury occurs, don't allow your child to touch or rub it, as this may cause even more damage. Also, don't flush the eye out with water or attempt to put any ointment on it. Instead, cut out the bottom of a paper cup, place it around the eye, and immediately seek medical attention — your child's eyesight may depend on it. If it's a burn, remove clothing from the burned area and run cool, not cold, water over the burn (do not use ice). Call your doctor immediately.
Fireworks are meant to be enjoyed, but you'll enjoy them much more knowing your family is safe. Take extra precautions this Fourth of July and your holiday will be a blast! | [
3152,
5814,
6193,
290,
1641,
2995,
11,
262,
15692,
286,
2901,
460,
307,
257,
1257,
640,
351,
1049,
9846,
13,
887,
878,
534,
1641,
24538,
11,
787,
1654,
2506,
4206,
546,
26056,
3747,
13,
198,
1532,
407,
12118,
6105,
11,
26056,
460,
2728,
4245,
290,
4151,
6821,
287,
3988,
290,
6490,
13,
383,
1266,
835,
284,
1805,
534,
1641,
318,
407,
284,
779,
597,
26056,
379,
1363,
851,
2278,
13,
46502,
1171,
26056,
11298,
11,
290,
2666,
262,
12019,
284,
262,
11153,
13,
198,
15047,
278,
26056,
379,
1363,
2125,
470,
772,
2742,
287,
867,
3006,
11,
523,
611,
345,
991,
765,
284,
779,
606,
11,
307,
1654,
284,
2198,
351,
534,
1957,
1644,
5011,
717,
13,
1002,
484,
821,
2742,
810,
345,
2107,
11,
1394,
777,
3747,
9040,
287,
2000,
25,
198,
40229,
815,
1239,
711,
351,
26056,
13,
11597,
588,
2046,
6098,
28874,
11,
20293,
11,
290,
9009,
8116,
389,
655,
1165,
4923,
13,
1002,
345,
1577,
3988,
9009,
8116,
11,
787,
1654,
484,
1394,
606,
2354,
290,
1497,
422,
262,
1986,
11,
9528,
11,
290,
4190,
13,
17732,
8116,
460,
3151,
352,
11,
7410,
7200,
35935,
357,
4089,
17,
7200,
34186,
8,
851,
3024,
1576,
284,
16867,
3869,
13,
198,
14518,
691,
2742,
26056,
357,
18011,
26056,
423,
257,
6167,
351,
262,
11554,
338,
1438,
290,
11678,
26,
5293,
3392,
389,
9642,
9608,
276,
828,
290,
3650,
606,
287,
257,
3608,
11,
5894,
1295,
13,
42272,
26056,
3221,
467,
416,
262,
3891,
337,
12,
1795,
11,
337,
3064,
11,
32034,
11,
393,
3860,
19568,
263,
13,
2312,
20732,
547,
9301,
287,
19322,
11,
475,
991,
1848,
329,
867,
26056,
6821,
13,
198,
12295,
1949,
284,
787,
534,
898,
26056,
13,
198,
30374,
779,
26056,
2354,
290,
423,
257,
19236,
286,
1660,
290,
257,
31489,
6716,
287,
1339,
286,
17390,
13,
198,
7447,
263,
1598,
286,
1854,
851,
26056,
423,
587,
1900,
284,
736,
6495,
393,
2686,
572,
287,
262,
2642,
4571,
13,
7236,
3714,
393,
966,
26056,
379,
2130,
11,
772,
287,
474,
395,
13,
198,
3987,
470,
1745,
26056,
287,
534,
1021,
393,
423,
597,
636,
286,
534,
1767,
625,
606,
981,
12019,
13,
27539,
617,
3297,
286,
4151,
4800,
11,
290,
3368,
6872,
26056,
287,
534,
10000,
851,
262,
23822,
714,
900,
606,
572,
13,
198,
12727,
26056,
1497,
422,
5682,
11,
290,
1394,
1497,
422,
14093,
290,
5667,
290,
781,
6475,
540,
15938,
13,
383,
2351,
3764,
9985,
5396,
7746,
326,
1957,
2046,
13346,
3031,
284,
517,
2026,
11,
830,
12252,
4073,
416,
26056,
1123,
614,
13,
198,
15047,
530,
2046,
1818,
379,
257,
640,
357,
1662,
287,
5405,
393,
6147,
16472,
828,
290,
1239,
823,
432,
257,
288,
463,
13,
198,
3987,
470,
1249,
3988,
284,
2298,
510,
5207,
286,
26056,
706,
281,
1785,
13,
2773,
743,
991,
307,
40442,
290,
460,
22818,
379,
597,
640,
13,
198,
2396,
461,
477,
26056,
287,
257,
19236,
286,
1660,
878,
9644,
606,
287,
262,
13913,
460,
13,
198,
22073,
546,
534,
4273,
13,
25390,
423,
8564,
11368,
290,
460,
307,
4457,
24776,
393,
15033,
319,
262,
15692,
286,
2901,
13,
9175,
17252,
31797,
284,
4646,
262,
2526,
326,
484,
1183,
1057,
9155,
393,
651,
6686,
13,
198,
1532,
257,
1200,
318,
6686,
416,
26056,
11,
3393,
467,
284,
257,
6253,
393,
4436,
13,
1002,
281,
4151,
5095,
8833,
11,
836,
470,
1249,
534,
1200,
284,
3638,
393,
6437,
340,
11,
355,
428,
743,
2728,
772,
517,
2465,
13,
4418,
11,
836,
470,
24773,
262,
4151,
503,
351,
1660,
393,
2230,
284,
1234,
597,
267,
600,
434,
319,
340,
13,
5455,
11,
2005,
503,
262,
4220,
286,
257,
3348,
6508,
11,
1295,
340,
1088,
262,
4151,
11,
290,
3393,
5380,
3315,
3241,
851,
534,
1200,
338,
2951,
432,
743,
4745,
319,
340,
13,
1002,
340,
338,
257,
4245,
11,
4781,
9528,
422,
262,
11544,
1989,
290,
1057,
3608,
11,
407,
4692,
11,
1660,
625,
262,
4245,
357,
4598,
407,
779,
4771,
737,
4889,
534,
6253,
3393,
13,
198,
13543,
5225,
389,
4001,
284,
307,
8359,
11,
475,
345,
1183,
2883,
606,
881,
517,
6970,
534,
1641,
318,
3338,
13,
7214,
3131,
31320,
428,
15692,
286,
2901,
290,
534,
9912,
481,
307,
257,
11975,
0,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 699 |
Kawasaki disease is an illness that involves the skin, mouth, and lymph nodes, and most often affects kids under age 5. The cause is unknown, but if the symptoms are recognized early, kids with Kawasaki disease can fully recover within a few days. Untreated, it can lead to serious complications that can affect the heart.
Kawasaki disease occurs in 19 out of every 100,000 kids in the United States. It is most common among children of Japanese and Korean descent, but can affect all ethnic groups.
Signs and Symptoms
Kawasaki disease can't be prevented, but usually has telltale symptoms and signs that appear in phases.
The first phase, which can last for up to 2 weeks, usually involves a persistent fever higher than 104°F (39°C) and lasts for at least 5 days.
Other symptoms that typically develop include:
severe redness in the eyes
a rash on the stomach, chest, and genitals
red, dry, cracked lips
swollen tongue with a white coating and big red bumps
sore, irritated throat
swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet with a purple-red color
swollen lymph nodes
During the second phase, which usually begins within 2 weeks of when the fever started, the skin on the hands and feet may begin to peel in large pieces. The child also may experience joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. If your child shows any of these symptoms, call your doctor.
Doctors can manage the symptoms of Kawasaki disease if they catch it early. Symptoms often disappear within just 2 days of the start of treatment. If Kawasaki disease is treated within 10 days of the onset of symptoms, heart problems usually do not develop.
Cases that go untreated can lead to more serious complications, such as vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels. This can be particularly dangerous because it can affect the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
In addition to the coronary arteries, the heart muscle, lining, valves, and the outer membrane that surrounds the heart can become inflamed. Arrhythmias (changes in the normal pattern of the heartbeat) or abnormal functioning of some heart valves also can occur.
No single test can detect Kawasaki disease, so doctors usually diagnose it by evaluating the symptoms and ruling out other conditions.
Most kids diagnosed with Kawasaki disease will have a fever lasting 5 or more days and at least four of these symptoms:
redness in both eyes
changes around the lips, tongue, or mouth
changes in the fingers and toes, such as swelling, discoloration, or peeling
Treatment should begin as soon as possible, ideally within 10 days of when the fever begins. Usually, a child is treated with intravenous doses of gamma globulin (purified antibodies), an ingredient of blood that helps the body fight infection. The child also might be given a high dose of aspirin to reduce the risk of heart problems. | [
42,
707,
33846,
4369,
318,
281,
8526,
326,
9018,
262,
4168,
11,
5422,
11,
290,
28837,
13760,
11,
290,
749,
1690,
10975,
3988,
739,
2479,
642,
13,
383,
2728,
318,
6439,
11,
475,
611,
262,
7460,
389,
8018,
1903,
11,
3988,
351,
23043,
33846,
4369,
460,
3938,
8551,
1626,
257,
1178,
1528,
13,
26970,
15978,
11,
340,
460,
1085,
284,
2726,
19481,
326,
460,
2689,
262,
2612,
13,
198,
42,
707,
33846,
4369,
8833,
287,
678,
503,
286,
790,
1802,
11,
830,
3988,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
632,
318,
749,
2219,
1871,
1751,
286,
4960,
290,
6983,
18598,
11,
475,
460,
2689,
477,
9450,
2628,
13,
198,
11712,
82,
290,
49559,
198,
42,
707,
33846,
4369,
460,
470,
307,
13351,
11,
475,
3221,
468,
1560,
29429,
7460,
290,
5895,
326,
1656,
287,
21164,
13,
198,
464,
717,
7108,
11,
543,
460,
938,
329,
510,
284,
362,
2745,
11,
3221,
9018,
257,
16218,
17372,
2440,
621,
14436,
7200,
37,
357,
2670,
7200,
34,
8,
290,
20374,
329,
379,
1551,
642,
1528,
13,
198,
6395,
7460,
326,
6032,
1205,
2291,
25,
198,
43070,
2266,
1108,
287,
262,
2951,
198,
64,
28509,
319,
262,
11384,
11,
7721,
11,
290,
35853,
198,
445,
11,
5894,
11,
21368,
11914,
198,
2032,
29952,
11880,
351,
257,
2330,
26749,
290,
1263,
2266,
34029,
198,
82,
382,
11,
38635,
13589,
198,
2032,
29952,
39513,
286,
262,
2832,
290,
1540,
274,
286,
262,
3625,
351,
257,
14032,
12,
445,
3124,
198,
2032,
29952,
28837,
13760,
198,
7191,
262,
1218,
7108,
11,
543,
3221,
6140,
1626,
362,
2745,
286,
618,
262,
17372,
2067,
11,
262,
4168,
319,
262,
2832,
290,
3625,
743,
2221,
284,
31738,
287,
1588,
5207,
13,
383,
1200,
635,
743,
1998,
6466,
2356,
11,
36004,
11,
30874,
11,
393,
32692,
2356,
13,
1002,
534,
1200,
2523,
597,
286,
777,
7460,
11,
869,
534,
6253,
13,
198,
47087,
460,
6687,
262,
7460,
286,
23043,
33846,
4369,
611,
484,
4929,
340,
1903,
13,
49559,
1690,
10921,
1626,
655,
362,
1528,
286,
262,
923,
286,
3513,
13,
1002,
23043,
33846,
4369,
318,
5716,
1626,
838,
1528,
286,
262,
21228,
286,
7460,
11,
2612,
2761,
3221,
466,
407,
1205,
13,
198,
34,
1386,
326,
467,
41539,
460,
1085,
284,
517,
2726,
19481,
11,
884,
355,
34439,
3129,
11815,
11,
281,
20881,
286,
262,
2910,
14891,
13,
770,
460,
307,
3573,
4923,
780,
340,
460,
2689,
262,
37151,
45894,
11,
543,
5127,
2910,
284,
262,
2612,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
284,
262,
37151,
45894,
11,
262,
2612,
8280,
11,
20883,
11,
41843,
11,
290,
262,
12076,
25019,
326,
36550,
262,
2612,
460,
1716,
28472,
2434,
13,
943,
17179,
34853,
4448,
357,
36653,
287,
262,
3487,
3912,
286,
262,
36051,
8,
393,
18801,
15025,
286,
617,
2612,
41843,
635,
460,
3051,
13,
198,
2949,
2060,
1332,
460,
4886,
23043,
33846,
4369,
11,
523,
7519,
3221,
37489,
340,
416,
22232,
262,
7460,
290,
6922,
503,
584,
3403,
13,
198,
6943,
3988,
14641,
351,
23043,
33846,
4369,
481,
423,
257,
17372,
15727,
642,
393,
517,
1528,
290,
379,
1551,
1440,
286,
777,
7460,
25,
198,
445,
1108,
287,
1111,
2951,
198,
36653,
1088,
262,
11914,
11,
11880,
11,
393,
5422,
198,
36653,
287,
262,
9353,
290,
23932,
11,
884,
355,
29844,
11,
1221,
349,
6944,
11,
393,
613,
10809,
198,
51,
21731,
815,
2221,
355,
2582,
355,
1744,
11,
30274,
1626,
838,
1528,
286,
618,
262,
17372,
6140,
13,
19672,
11,
257,
1200,
318,
5716,
351,
45840,
516,
16376,
286,
34236,
15095,
11599,
357,
14225,
1431,
30869,
828,
281,
18734,
286,
2910,
326,
5419,
262,
1767,
1907,
10280,
13,
383,
1200,
635,
1244,
307,
1813,
257,
1029,
10742,
286,
49550,
284,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
2612,
2761,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 615 |
Sickle cell disease. It's a strange sounding name — and, no, the word "sickle" isn't related to "sick." The disease got this name because it causes blood cells to be curved or C-shaped, like the shape of an old-fashioned farm tool called a sickle.
Normally, blood cells are round and look a bit like donuts. In people with sickle cell disease, some of the red blood cells harden and curve. They also break down faster than healthy red blood cells and can clog a person's small blood vessels.
Sickle cell disease is inherited. You can't catch it from someone. It's most common among people of African or Hispanic descent, but it can occur in many different ethnic groups.
There's no easy cure for sickle cell disease. In rare cases, it is possible to get sick enough to die, but most teens and kids are able to manage sickle cell disease by eating carefully and taking vitamins (especially folic acid), getting enough rest, and scheduling regular visits to the doctor — and by having supportive friends like you who let them just be themselves!
What's My Friend Going Through?
Your friend may be tired more often than you are or have trouble fighting infections. People with sickle cell disease can develop . They also may have some .
Your friend also might have bouts of severe pain, caused by the red blood cells restricting blood flow. These are called "pain crises" and they can happen anywhere in the body. Pain crises can last anywhere from a few moments to several days or even longer. Right now, there's no cure, but doctors can give a person medications to help lessen the pain.
If you want to know what it's like to have sickle cell disease, ask your friend: Your gentle curiosity may help your friend feel less self-conscious or less embarrassed (after all, we all can feel awkward about the things that make us feel different from our friends). If your friend doesn't feel like talking, though, don't press. Doing a little research online can help you get a sense of what it's like to live with sickle cell disease.
Most teens with sickle cell disease have to pay extra attention to diet, exercise, and watching how their bodies respond to common infections. Some may take antibiotics to help fight off common bacteria. They might need to have frequent doctor's appointments to stay well.
First, be there for your friend. OK, so this is obvious. But sometimes a friend may not realize how important it can be. People with chronic illnesses often feel isolated and alone, especially if their symptoms keep them out of school for stretches of time.
Visit your friend as often as you can. Even if you aren't sure what to say, just being there to listen to music, share some quiet time together, and show your support will mean a lot.
If you can't be there in person, take a moment to text, call, or IM. Set up a social network group so your friend can stay connected to a bunch of people. Or surprise your friend by sending a card or note through the mail.
Talk about it — and listen. Most of us like to talk with people we love and trust when we're going through tough times. Listen, ask questions, and do some basic research on your own so you can understand more about the condition and what your friend might be feeling. Don't be afraid to ask questions of your friend's family, the doctors, and other people with sickle cell disease.
Your friend might have to limit some of activities, especially sports, and may feel self-conscious about having sickle cell disease. Try to be understanding and remind your friend of the skills that make him or her shine — like a great singing voice or debating skills. Having a chronic illness is only a part of who your friend is.
Encourage healthy habits. Eating well and staying hydrated is important for all of us, but it's especially important for someone with sickle cell disease. Help your friend avoid alcohol and smoking, both of which can aggravate the condition. It's a huge help to a friend (not to mention your own health!) when you don't drink or smoke, since people who feel like they're "different" may think they have to drink or smoke in order to fit in.
Know the warning signs. Talk to your friend if you notice any of these symptoms. They may be signs of a serious problem:
severe chest pain
shortness of breath (difficulty breathing)
abdominal swelling or pain
any sudden weakness or loss of feeling, slurring of speech
sudden changes in vision
Sickle cell disease carries a (small) risk of , so it's a good idea to know the signs so your friend can get medical attention if he or she needs it. But don't panic, and don't let watching for danger signs get in the way of having fun together. Most problems won't be serious.
Be the go-to person. Managing a chronic disease takes a lot of energy and your friend may tire more easily than you do. If your friend has to miss school or starts to fall behind, nominate yourself to be the point person in charge of bringing books and assignments, and keeping him or her up to date on what classmates and friends are doing.
Take care of yourself. When a close friend has a disease like sickle cell, it can take a toll on you, too. So try to be aware of your own emotional needs. It's particularly hard to watch someone you care about endure a pain crisis — it can feel helpless and scary. Think about how you want to respond and talk to your friend about what's most helpful. Talk with a trusted adult about the impact this has on you, or keep a journal or write poetry or songs to get your feelings out.
It can feel good to be there for your friend, in whatever way feels natural, so that the disease doesn't take center stage. More than anything, just focus on having fun together. | [
50,
39423,
2685,
4369,
13,
632,
338,
257,
6283,
22655,
1438,
851,
290,
11,
645,
11,
262,
1573,
366,
82,
39423,
1,
2125,
470,
3519,
284,
366,
82,
624,
526,
383,
4369,
1392,
428,
1438,
780,
340,
5640,
2910,
4778,
284,
307,
26929,
393,
327,
12,
16760,
11,
588,
262,
5485,
286,
281,
1468,
12,
28776,
5318,
2891,
1444,
257,
6639,
293,
13,
198,
43625,
11,
2910,
4778,
389,
2835,
290,
804,
257,
1643,
588,
836,
5500,
13,
554,
661,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
11,
617,
286,
262,
2266,
2910,
4778,
1327,
268,
290,
12133,
13,
1119,
635,
2270,
866,
5443,
621,
5448,
2266,
2910,
4778,
290,
460,
537,
519,
257,
1048,
338,
1402,
2910,
14891,
13,
198,
50,
39423,
2685,
4369,
318,
19552,
13,
921,
460,
470,
4929,
340,
422,
2130,
13,
632,
338,
749,
2219,
1871,
661,
286,
5510,
393,
16949,
18598,
11,
475,
340,
460,
3051,
287,
867,
1180,
9450,
2628,
13,
198,
1858,
338,
645,
2562,
13996,
329,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
13,
554,
4071,
2663,
11,
340,
318,
1744,
284,
651,
6639,
1576,
284,
4656,
11,
475,
749,
15508,
290,
3988,
389,
1498,
284,
6687,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
416,
6600,
7773,
290,
2263,
29091,
357,
16480,
277,
4160,
7408,
828,
1972,
1576,
1334,
11,
290,
26925,
3218,
11864,
284,
262,
6253,
851,
290,
416,
1719,
16443,
2460,
588,
345,
508,
1309,
606,
655,
307,
2405,
0,
198,
2061,
338,
2011,
9182,
19219,
9561,
30,
198,
7120,
1545,
743,
307,
10032,
517,
1690,
621,
345,
389,
393,
423,
5876,
4330,
16079,
13,
4380,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
460,
1205,
764,
1119,
635,
743,
423,
617,
764,
198,
7120,
1545,
635,
1244,
423,
41764,
286,
6049,
2356,
11,
4073,
416,
262,
2266,
2910,
4778,
28267,
2910,
5202,
13,
2312,
389,
1444,
366,
35436,
25712,
1,
290,
484,
460,
1645,
6609,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
15627,
25712,
460,
938,
6609,
422,
257,
1178,
7188,
284,
1811,
1528,
393,
772,
2392,
13,
6498,
783,
11,
612,
338,
645,
13996,
11,
475,
7519,
460,
1577,
257,
1048,
17638,
284,
1037,
40856,
262,
2356,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
765,
284,
760,
644,
340,
338,
588,
284,
423,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
11,
1265,
534,
1545,
25,
3406,
10296,
20136,
743,
1037,
534,
1545,
1254,
1342,
2116,
12,
16796,
393,
1342,
21100,
357,
8499,
477,
11,
356,
477,
460,
1254,
13006,
546,
262,
1243,
326,
787,
514,
1254,
1180,
422,
674,
2460,
737,
1002,
534,
1545,
1595,
470,
1254,
588,
3375,
11,
996,
11,
836,
470,
1803,
13,
25327,
257,
1310,
2267,
2691,
460,
1037,
345,
651,
257,
2565,
286,
644,
340,
338,
588,
284,
2107,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
13,
198,
6943,
15508,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
423,
284,
1414,
3131,
3241,
284,
5496,
11,
5517,
11,
290,
4964,
703,
511,
5920,
3031,
284,
2219,
16079,
13,
2773,
743,
1011,
22392,
284,
1037,
1907,
572,
2219,
11492,
13,
1119,
1244,
761,
284,
423,
10792,
6253,
338,
23976,
284,
2652,
880,
13,
198,
5962,
11,
307,
612,
329,
534,
1545,
13,
7477,
11,
523,
428,
318,
3489,
13,
887,
3360,
257,
1545,
743,
407,
6537,
703,
1593,
340,
460,
307,
13,
4380,
351,
10726,
24024,
1690,
1254,
11557,
290,
3436,
11,
2592,
611,
511,
7460,
1394,
606,
503,
286,
1524,
329,
23687,
286,
640,
13,
198,
31141,
534,
1545,
355,
1690,
355,
345,
460,
13,
3412,
611,
345,
3588,
470,
1654,
644,
284,
910,
11,
655,
852,
612,
284,
6004,
284,
2647,
11,
2648,
617,
5897,
640,
1978,
11,
290,
905,
534,
1104,
481,
1612,
257,
1256,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
460,
470,
307,
612,
287,
1048,
11,
1011,
257,
2589,
284,
2420,
11,
869,
11,
393,
8959,
13,
5345,
510,
257,
1919,
3127,
1448,
523,
534,
1545,
460,
2652,
5884,
284,
257,
7684,
286,
661,
13,
1471,
5975,
534,
1545,
416,
7216,
257,
2657,
393,
3465,
832,
262,
6920,
13,
198,
25685,
546,
340,
851,
290,
6004,
13,
4042,
286,
514,
588,
284,
1561,
351,
661,
356,
1842,
290,
3774,
618,
356,
821,
1016,
832,
5802,
1661,
13,
20600,
11,
1265,
2683,
11,
290,
466,
617,
4096,
2267,
319,
534,
898,
523,
345,
460,
1833,
517,
546,
262,
4006,
290,
644,
534,
1545,
1244,
307,
4203,
13,
2094,
470,
307,
7787,
284,
1265,
2683,
286,
534,
1545,
338,
1641,
11,
262,
7519,
11,
290,
584,
661,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
13,
198,
7120,
1545,
1244,
423,
284,
4179,
617,
286,
4568,
11,
2592,
5701,
11,
290,
743,
1254,
2116,
12,
16796,
546,
1719,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
13,
9993,
284,
307,
4547,
290,
7101,
534,
1545,
286,
262,
4678,
326,
787,
683,
393,
607,
18340,
851,
588,
257,
1049,
13777,
3809,
393,
31174,
4678,
13,
11136,
257,
10726,
8526,
318,
691,
257,
636,
286,
508,
534,
1545,
318,
13,
198,
27195,
32885,
5448,
13870,
13,
37537,
880,
290,
10589,
7409,
4111,
318,
1593,
329,
477,
286,
514,
11,
475,
340,
338,
2592,
1593,
329,
2130,
351,
6639,
293,
2685,
4369,
13,
10478,
534,
1545,
3368,
5548,
290,
9216,
11,
1111,
286,
543,
460,
20072,
378,
262,
4006,
13,
632,
338,
257,
3236,
1037,
284,
257,
1545,
357,
1662,
284,
3068,
534,
898,
1535,
8133,
618,
345,
836,
470,
4144,
393,
7523,
11,
1201,
661,
508,
1254,
588,
484,
821,
366,
39799,
1,
743,
892,
484,
423,
284,
4144,
393,
7523,
287,
1502,
284,
4197,
287,
13,
198,
23812,
262,
6509,
5895,
13,
12167,
284,
534,
1545,
611,
345,
4003,
597,
286,
777,
7460,
13,
1119,
743,
307,
5895,
286,
257,
2726,
1917,
25,
198,
43070,
7721,
2356,
198,
19509,
1108,
286,
8033,
357,
26069,
22402,
12704,
8,
198,
397,
3438,
1292,
29844,
393,
2356,
198,
1092,
4802,
10453,
393,
2994,
286,
4203,
11,
1017,
14924,
286,
4046,
198,
82,
16557,
2458,
287,
5761,
198,
50,
39423,
2685,
4369,
10732,
257,
357,
17470,
8,
2526,
286,
837,
523,
340,
338,
257,
922,
2126,
284,
760,
262,
5895,
523,
534,
1545,
460,
651,
3315,
3241,
611,
339,
393,
673,
2476,
340,
13,
887,
836,
470,
13619,
11,
290,
836,
470,
1309,
4964,
329,
3514,
5895,
651,
287,
262,
835,
286,
1719,
1257,
1978,
13,
4042,
2761,
1839,
470,
307,
2726,
13,
198,
3856,
262,
467,
12,
1462,
1048,
13,
37108,
257,
10726,
4369,
2753,
257,
1256,
286,
2568,
290,
534,
1545,
743,
15867,
517,
3538,
621,
345,
466,
13,
1002,
534,
1545,
468,
284,
2051,
1524,
393,
4940,
284,
2121,
2157,
11,
40376,
3511,
284,
307,
262,
966,
1048,
287,
3877,
286,
6079,
3835,
290,
25815,
11,
290,
5291,
683,
393,
607,
510,
284,
3128,
319,
644,
28999,
290,
2460,
389,
1804,
13,
198,
12322,
1337,
286,
3511,
13,
1649,
257,
1969,
1545,
468,
257,
4369,
588,
6639,
293,
2685,
11,
340,
460,
1011,
257,
13592,
319,
345,
11,
1165,
13,
1406,
1949,
284,
307,
3910,
286,
534,
898,
7016,
2476,
13,
632,
338,
3573,
1327,
284,
2342,
2130,
345,
1337,
546,
21178,
257,
2356,
4902,
851,
340,
460,
1254,
21144,
290,
14343,
13,
11382,
546,
703,
345,
765,
284,
3031,
290,
1561,
284,
534,
1545,
546,
644,
338,
749,
7613,
13,
12167,
351,
257,
13467,
4044,
546,
262,
2928,
428,
468,
319,
345,
11,
393,
1394,
257,
3989,
393,
3551,
19518,
393,
7259,
284,
651,
534,
7666,
503,
13,
198,
1026,
460,
1254,
922,
284,
307,
612,
329,
534,
1545,
11,
287,
4232,
835,
5300,
3288,
11,
523,
326,
262,
4369,
1595,
470,
1011,
3641,
3800,
13,
3125,
621,
1997,
11,
655,
2962,
319,
1719,
1257,
1978,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,243 |
You have probably seen people who have Down syndrome. They have certain physical features, such as a flatter face and upward slanting eyes. They may have medical problems, too, such as heart defects. Kids with Down syndrome usually have trouble learning and are slower to learn how to talk and take care of themselves.
But despite their challenges, kids with Down syndrome can go to regular schools, make friends, enjoy life, and get jobs when they're older. Getting special help early — often when they are just babies and toddlers — can be the key to healthier, happier, more independent lives.
Chromosomes Are the Cause
To understand why Down syndrome happens, you need to understand a little about chromosomes. What are chromosomes? They're thread-like structures within each cell and are made up of genes. Genes provide the information that determines everything about people, from hair color to whether they are girls or boys.
Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. But a baby with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46) or one chromosome has an extra part. This extra genetic material causes problems with the way their bodies develop.
Health Problems Are Common
About half of babies with Down syndrome are born with heart defects, which means their hearts developed differently and don't work as they should. Usually, these problems can be corrected by surgery. Some babies may have intestinal problems that also require surgery to fix.
Kids with Down syndrome are more likely to get infections that affect their lungs and breathing. When they do get infections, they often last longer. They may have eye or ear problems or digestion problems like constipation. Some may develop leukemia, a type of cancer. Each person with Down syndrome is different and may have one, several, or all of these problems.
Kids with Down syndrome tend to grow and develop more slowly than other children do. They may start walking or talking later than other babies. Special help, such as physical therapy and speech therapy, can give kids a boost with their walking and talking skills.
About 1 out of every 800 babies born in the United States has Down syndrome, no matter what race or nationality the parents are. It is not contagious, so you can't catch it from someone else. You are born with it. No one gets Down syndrome later in life.
Now you know that Down syndrome is caused by a problem with a chromosome. You might already know that we get our chromosomes from our mother and father. Remember the 23 pairs of chromosomes — half are from your mom and half are from your dad.
But doctors aren't sure why this chromosome problem happens to some babies. It's nothing the mom or dad did before the child was born. Anyone can have a baby with Down syndrome. But the older the mother, the greater the risk.
Times Have Changed
At one time, most kids with Down syndrome did not live past childhood. Many would often become sick from infections. Others would die from their heart problems or other problems they had at birth. Today, most of these health problems can be treated and most kids who have it will grow into adulthood.
Medicines can help with infections and surgery can correct heart, intestinal, and other problems. If the person gets leukemia, medical treatments can be very successful.
Down syndrome is something a person will have all of his or her life. But scientists continue to do research in the hope of finding ways to prevent Down syndrome or at least improve the health and lives of people who have it.
What's Life Like for Kids With Down Syndrome?
Many kids with Down syndrome go to regular schools and may attend regular classes. Some need special classes to help them in areas where they have more trouble learning. Their parents work with teachers and others to come up with a plan for the best way for each child to learn. Kids with Down syndrome like their playtime, too. They play sports and participate in activities, such as music lessons or dance classes.
Kids with Down syndrome may look different, but they want to be treated the same way all kids want to be treated — with respect, fairness, and friendship. | [
1639,
423,
2192,
1775,
661,
508,
423,
5588,
14027,
13,
1119,
423,
1728,
3518,
3033,
11,
884,
355,
257,
781,
1436,
1986,
290,
18644,
1017,
20482,
2951,
13,
1119,
743,
423,
3315,
2761,
11,
1165,
11,
884,
355,
2612,
22448,
13,
17476,
351,
5588,
14027,
3221,
423,
5876,
4673,
290,
389,
13611,
284,
2193,
703,
284,
1561,
290,
1011,
1337,
286,
2405,
13,
198,
1537,
3805,
511,
6459,
11,
3988,
351,
5588,
14027,
460,
467,
284,
3218,
4266,
11,
787,
2460,
11,
2883,
1204,
11,
290,
651,
3946,
618,
484,
821,
4697,
13,
18067,
2041,
1037,
1903,
851,
1690,
618,
484,
389,
655,
11903,
290,
50142,
851,
460,
307,
262,
1994,
284,
22841,
11,
23030,
11,
517,
4795,
3160,
13,
198,
1925,
398,
418,
2586,
4231,
262,
24228,
198,
2514,
1833,
1521,
5588,
14027,
4325,
11,
345,
761,
284,
1833,
257,
1310,
546,
42742,
13,
1867,
389,
42742,
30,
1119,
821,
4704,
12,
2339,
8573,
1626,
1123,
2685,
290,
389,
925,
510,
286,
10812,
13,
5215,
274,
2148,
262,
1321,
326,
15947,
2279,
546,
661,
11,
422,
4190,
3124,
284,
1771,
484,
389,
4813,
393,
6510,
13,
198,
6943,
661,
423,
2242,
14729,
286,
42742,
11,
329,
257,
2472,
286,
6337,
13,
887,
257,
5156,
351,
5588,
14027,
468,
281,
3131,
34348,
357,
2857,
2427,
286,
6337,
8,
393,
530,
34348,
468,
281,
3131,
636,
13,
770,
3131,
8513,
2587,
5640,
2761,
351,
262,
835,
511,
5920,
1205,
13,
198,
18081,
32093,
4231,
8070,
198,
8585,
2063,
286,
11903,
351,
5588,
14027,
389,
4642,
351,
2612,
22448,
11,
543,
1724,
511,
11954,
4166,
10338,
290,
836,
470,
670,
355,
484,
815,
13,
19672,
11,
777,
2761,
460,
307,
19267,
416,
8185,
13,
2773,
11903,
743,
423,
32031,
2761,
326,
635,
2421,
8185,
284,
4259,
13,
198,
40229,
351,
5588,
14027,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
651,
16079,
326,
2689,
511,
21726,
290,
12704,
13,
1649,
484,
466,
651,
16079,
11,
484,
1690,
938,
2392,
13,
1119,
743,
423,
4151,
393,
1027,
2761,
393,
44639,
2761,
588,
1500,
25857,
13,
2773,
743,
1205,
49030,
11,
257,
2099,
286,
4890,
13,
5501,
1048,
351,
5588,
14027,
318,
1180,
290,
743,
423,
530,
11,
1811,
11,
393,
477,
286,
777,
2761,
13,
198,
40229,
351,
5588,
14027,
4327,
284,
1663,
290,
1205,
517,
6364,
621,
584,
1751,
466,
13,
1119,
743,
923,
6155,
393,
3375,
1568,
621,
584,
11903,
13,
6093,
1037,
11,
884,
355,
3518,
9102,
290,
4046,
9102,
11,
460,
1577,
3988,
257,
5750,
351,
511,
6155,
290,
3375,
4678,
13,
198,
8585,
352,
503,
286,
790,
10460,
11903,
4642,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
468,
5588,
14027,
11,
645,
2300,
644,
3234,
393,
29835,
262,
3397,
389,
13,
632,
318,
407,
43944,
11,
523,
345,
460,
470,
4929,
340,
422,
2130,
2073,
13,
921,
389,
4642,
351,
340,
13,
1400,
530,
3011,
5588,
14027,
1568,
287,
1204,
13,
198,
3844,
345,
760,
326,
5588,
14027,
318,
4073,
416,
257,
1917,
351,
257,
34348,
13,
921,
1244,
1541,
760,
326,
356,
651,
674,
42742,
422,
674,
2802,
290,
2988,
13,
11436,
262,
2242,
14729,
286,
42742,
851,
2063,
389,
422,
534,
1995,
290,
2063,
389,
422,
534,
9955,
13,
198,
1537,
7519,
3588,
470,
1654,
1521,
428,
34348,
1917,
4325,
284,
617,
11903,
13,
632,
338,
2147,
262,
1995,
393,
9955,
750,
878,
262,
1200,
373,
4642,
13,
17462,
460,
423,
257,
5156,
351,
5588,
14027,
13,
887,
262,
4697,
262,
2802,
11,
262,
3744,
262,
2526,
13,
198,
28595,
8192,
32068,
198,
2953,
530,
640,
11,
749,
3988,
351,
5588,
14027,
750,
407,
2107,
1613,
9963,
13,
4650,
561,
1690,
1716,
6639,
422,
16079,
13,
12691,
561,
4656,
422,
511,
2612,
2761,
393,
584,
2761,
484,
550,
379,
4082,
13,
6288,
11,
749,
286,
777,
1535,
2761,
460,
307,
5716,
290,
749,
3988,
508,
423,
340,
481,
1663,
656,
28003,
13,
198,
39112,
1127,
460,
1037,
351,
16079,
290,
8185,
460,
3376,
2612,
11,
32031,
11,
290,
584,
2761,
13,
1002,
262,
1048,
3011,
49030,
11,
3315,
13820,
460,
307,
845,
4388,
13,
198,
8048,
14027,
318,
1223,
257,
1048,
481,
423,
477,
286,
465,
393,
607,
1204,
13,
887,
5519,
2555,
284,
466,
2267,
287,
262,
2911,
286,
4917,
2842,
284,
2948,
5588,
14027,
393,
379,
1551,
2987,
262,
1535,
290,
3160,
286,
661,
508,
423,
340,
13,
198,
2061,
338,
5155,
4525,
329,
17476,
2080,
5588,
27109,
30,
198,
7085,
3988,
351,
5588,
14027,
467,
284,
3218,
4266,
290,
743,
5262,
3218,
6097,
13,
2773,
761,
2041,
6097,
284,
1037,
606,
287,
3006,
810,
484,
423,
517,
5876,
4673,
13,
5334,
3397,
670,
351,
7799,
290,
1854,
284,
1282,
510,
351,
257,
1410,
329,
262,
1266,
835,
329,
1123,
1200,
284,
2193,
13,
17476,
351,
5588,
14027,
588,
511,
711,
2435,
11,
1165,
13,
1119,
711,
5701,
290,
8277,
287,
4568,
11,
884,
355,
2647,
11658,
393,
9280,
6097,
13,
198,
40229,
351,
5588,
14027,
743,
804,
1180,
11,
475,
484,
765,
284,
307,
5716,
262,
976,
835,
477,
3988,
765,
284,
307,
5716,
851,
351,
2461,
11,
22692,
11,
290,
14738,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 844 |
The complete solution for ant control.
1. Search - The queens of most species remain in the nest producing eggs and only venture out when moving to set up a new nest. The queens of Argentine ants are an exception in that they will also forage for food with the workers. This makes Argentines more invasive, as the queens can be spread by being transported on vehicles, plants, boxes and goods of all sorts. A single queen can set up a new colony with as few as 20 workers.
In most cases the nest(s) will be in warm, dry sandy soil, often under a rock, paving stone, driveway etc. The position of the nest might be given away by a stream of worker ants going back and forth into a hole in the ground. Do not spray this entrance with insecticide yet. Spraying might serve only to induce the colony to leave and set up a nest or nests elsewhere and spread the problem.
2. 'Kill the queen/s' - First use NO ANTS GEL BAIT. Workers feed on the bait and take it back to the nest to feed the queen(s), other workers and larvae. Use many small amounts of bait where you see ants or have seen them in the past. Ants change their feeding habits depending on the requirements of the nest. NO ANTS GEL BAIT contains a high level of protein and carbohydrate to attract a wide range of pest species and to satisfy their needs for both protein and sugar.
Squeeze a small (pea sized) amount of NO ANTS GEL BAIT into the base of each of the 3 BAIT STATIONS. Fold over lid and insert the 4 nibs into the corresponding holes with a pen or pencil.
Place the bait stations containing bait where ants are seen or have been seen in the past.
Additional baits can be placed on dishes, clean foil or other containers if there are many trails of ants. Ants are very sensitive to strong chemicals. All dishes or containers used to hold bait should be rinsed well with clean water and dried before use (this should not be necessary with the included bait stations).
Replenish the bait regularly until you see no more (or very few) insects feeding. Only then should you use spray insecticide to eradicate the nests and to act as a barrier to further infestation.
Note: White Footed Ants are less susceptible to baits as they do not feed it directly to rest of the colony. They process food and produce a sweet secretion which they feed queens and larvae with. Thus they may have filtered out the toxin or have died before having a chance to pass it on. However, it is still worthwhile baiting first when treating for White Footed Ants.
3. Stop them with barriers – Make up NO ANTS SUPER spray. Mix 20 ml of NO ANTS SUPER CONCENTRATE into 1 Litre of clean water or total contents into 5 litres of water (once diluted use the entire preparation).
It is the trails of worker ants getting into your home, other building or onto your deck that are usually the nuisance caused by ants. NO ANTS SUPER spray concentrate can be used to spray the nest sites after baiting and to spray around your house to prevent ants pestering you. NO ANTS SUPER surface spray will kill ants that cross the treated surfaces but will also act as a barrier. Many trailing ant species will detect the insecticide and avoid it.
ANTS INSIDE: Cover or remove food, food utensils and food preparation surfaces. Spray or paint skirtings, cupboards bases, inlet and outlet water pipes, and anywhere ants are moving or where you have seen them in the past. Wash down food preparation surfaces after treatment.
ANTS OUTSIDE: Thoroughly spray the base of walls, paths, vents, gaps around pipes and cables and other points of entry to buildings. We recommend using KIWICARE NO ANTS BAIT before spraying nest sites to prevent spreading ant problems by nest budding (colonies splitting and forming multiple new nests).
Note: Some ant species, particularly White Footed ants climb trees and walls, so check for trails going up surfaces and spray or paint NO ANTS SUPER around the trunks of trees and plants close to the building and walls.
Note: Some ants such as Argentine Ants 'farm' aphids and scale insects for sweet secretions and it worth treating your plants with NO INSECTS OR DISEASE SPECTRUM to control these sap sucking plant pests and deny the ants their food supply.
4. Deny the ants a nest site – NO ANTS SUPER should be sprayed at the entrance to previously identified nest sites, even if there is now no activity. Also spray all the cracks and crevices around paving, driveways, stones, and the bases of walls to prevent new ant nest being set up.
Note: KIWICARE NO ANTS OUTDOORS or NO INSECTS LAWNGARD PRILLS can be useful in areas of garden where ants are a nuisance and as an additional barrier around a house or other building. The prills (granules) are sprinkled onto soil and gravel surfaces where ants are travelling and then watered in to take the insecticide deep into the soil, forming a curtain barrier.
NO ANTS SUPER concentrate - 100g/L permethrin
NO ANTS GEL BAIT - 50g/kg boric acid in the form of a bait.
HSNO Aproval code: NO ANTS GEL BAIT - HSR000683. NO ANTS SUPER - HSR000314. | [
464,
1844,
4610,
329,
1885,
1630,
13,
198,
16,
13,
11140,
532,
383,
38771,
286,
749,
4693,
3520,
287,
262,
16343,
9194,
9653,
290,
691,
13189,
503,
618,
3867,
284,
900,
510,
257,
649,
16343,
13,
383,
38771,
286,
36399,
27842,
389,
281,
6631,
287,
326,
484,
481,
635,
329,
496,
329,
2057,
351,
262,
3259,
13,
770,
1838,
12335,
1127,
517,
27376,
11,
355,
262,
38771,
460,
307,
4104,
416,
852,
18665,
319,
5672,
11,
6134,
11,
10559,
290,
7017,
286,
477,
10524,
13,
317,
2060,
16599,
460,
900,
510,
257,
649,
18815,
351,
355,
1178,
355,
1160,
3259,
13,
198,
818,
749,
2663,
262,
16343,
7,
82,
8,
481,
307,
287,
5814,
11,
5894,
44039,
9260,
11,
1690,
739,
257,
3881,
11,
47711,
7815,
11,
33515,
3503,
13,
383,
2292,
286,
262,
16343,
1244,
307,
1813,
1497,
416,
257,
4269,
286,
8383,
27842,
1016,
736,
290,
6071,
656,
257,
7604,
287,
262,
2323,
13,
2141,
407,
11662,
428,
10384,
351,
12833,
5285,
1865,
13,
5522,
8369,
1244,
4691,
691,
284,
21155,
262,
18815,
284,
2666,
290,
900,
510,
257,
16343,
393,
44382,
8057,
290,
4104,
262,
1917,
13,
198,
17,
13,
705,
27100,
262,
16599,
14,
82,
6,
532,
3274,
779,
8005,
3537,
4694,
402,
3698,
23715,
2043,
13,
16847,
3745,
319,
262,
26536,
290,
1011,
340,
736,
284,
262,
16343,
284,
3745,
262,
16599,
7,
82,
828,
584,
3259,
290,
37346,
13,
5765,
867,
1402,
6867,
286,
26536,
810,
345,
766,
27842,
393,
423,
1775,
606,
287,
262,
1613,
13,
3738,
82,
1487,
511,
13017,
13870,
6906,
319,
262,
5359,
286,
262,
16343,
13,
8005,
3537,
4694,
402,
3698,
23715,
2043,
4909,
257,
1029,
1241,
286,
7532,
290,
28205,
284,
4729,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
28064,
4693,
290,
284,
15959,
511,
2476,
329,
1111,
7532,
290,
7543,
13,
198,
22266,
1453,
2736,
257,
1402,
357,
431,
64,
19943,
8,
2033,
286,
8005,
3537,
4694,
402,
3698,
23715,
2043,
656,
262,
2779,
286,
1123,
286,
262,
513,
23715,
2043,
3563,
18421,
13,
39957,
625,
19789,
290,
7550,
262,
604,
33272,
82,
656,
262,
11188,
10421,
351,
257,
3112,
393,
21613,
13,
198,
27271,
262,
26536,
8985,
7268,
26536,
810,
27842,
389,
1775,
393,
423,
587,
1775,
287,
262,
1613,
13,
198,
17699,
26605,
896,
460,
307,
4624,
319,
16759,
11,
3424,
25501,
393,
584,
16472,
611,
612,
389,
867,
19196,
286,
27842,
13,
3738,
82,
389,
845,
8564,
284,
1913,
12910,
13,
1439,
16759,
393,
16472,
973,
284,
1745,
26536,
815,
307,
374,
1040,
276,
880,
351,
3424,
1660,
290,
16577,
878,
779,
357,
5661,
815,
407,
307,
3306,
351,
262,
3017,
26536,
8985,
737,
198,
39232,
268,
680,
262,
26536,
7987,
1566,
345,
766,
645,
517,
357,
273,
845,
1178,
8,
19435,
13017,
13,
5514,
788,
815,
345,
779,
11662,
12833,
5285,
284,
39339,
262,
44382,
290,
284,
719,
355,
257,
13054,
284,
2252,
1167,
27364,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
2635,
7870,
276,
3738,
82,
389,
1342,
22084,
284,
26605,
896,
355,
484,
466,
407,
3745,
340,
3264,
284,
1334,
286,
262,
18815,
13,
1119,
1429,
2057,
290,
4439,
257,
6029,
42432,
543,
484,
3745,
38771,
290,
37346,
351,
13,
6660,
484,
743,
423,
29083,
503,
262,
43026,
393,
423,
3724,
878,
1719,
257,
2863,
284,
1208,
340,
319,
13,
2102,
11,
340,
318,
991,
24769,
26605,
1780,
717,
618,
13622,
329,
2635,
7870,
276,
3738,
82,
13,
198,
18,
13,
13707,
606,
351,
14725,
784,
6889,
510,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
11662,
13,
15561,
1160,
25962,
286,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
39962,
3525,
49,
6158,
656,
352,
25659,
260,
286,
3424,
1660,
393,
2472,
10154,
656,
642,
49622,
286,
1660,
357,
27078,
37936,
779,
262,
2104,
11824,
737,
198,
1026,
318,
262,
19196,
286,
8383,
27842,
1972,
656,
534,
1363,
11,
584,
2615,
393,
4291,
534,
6203,
326,
389,
3221,
262,
36212,
4073,
416,
27842,
13,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
11662,
20062,
460,
307,
973,
284,
11662,
262,
16343,
5043,
706,
26605,
1780,
290,
284,
11662,
1088,
534,
2156,
284,
2948,
27842,
279,
7834,
278,
345,
13,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
4417,
11662,
481,
1494,
27842,
326,
3272,
262,
5716,
16649,
475,
481,
635,
719,
355,
257,
13054,
13,
4650,
25462,
1885,
4693,
481,
4886,
262,
12833,
5285,
290,
3368,
340,
13,
198,
1565,
4694,
29194,
14114,
25,
17546,
393,
4781,
2057,
11,
2057,
3384,
641,
4487,
290,
2057,
11824,
16649,
13,
43536,
393,
7521,
23967,
654,
11,
6508,
12821,
12536,
11,
287,
1616,
290,
16615,
1660,
19860,
11,
290,
6609,
27842,
389,
3867,
393,
810,
345,
423,
1775,
606,
287,
262,
1613,
13,
22892,
866,
2057,
11824,
16649,
706,
3513,
13,
198,
1565,
4694,
16289,
50,
14114,
25,
536,
7985,
306,
11662,
262,
2779,
286,
7714,
11,
13532,
11,
42777,
11,
17332,
1088,
19860,
290,
18018,
290,
584,
2173,
286,
5726,
284,
6832,
13,
775,
4313,
1262,
509,
40,
54,
2149,
12203,
8005,
3537,
4694,
23715,
2043,
878,
40170,
16343,
5043,
284,
2948,
14342,
1885,
2761,
416,
16343,
44194,
357,
4033,
17300,
26021,
290,
14583,
3294,
649,
44382,
737,
198,
6425,
25,
2773,
1885,
4693,
11,
3573,
2635,
7870,
276,
27842,
12080,
7150,
290,
7714,
11,
523,
2198,
329,
19196,
1016,
510,
16649,
290,
11662,
393,
7521,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
1088,
262,
491,
14125,
286,
7150,
290,
6134,
1969,
284,
262,
2615,
290,
7714,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
2773,
27842,
884,
355,
36399,
3738,
82,
705,
43323,
6,
49812,
2340,
290,
5046,
19435,
329,
6029,
3200,
507,
290,
340,
2861,
13622,
534,
6134,
351,
8005,
3268,
23683,
4694,
6375,
13954,
36,
11159,
28196,
5446,
5883,
284,
1630,
777,
31841,
27904,
4618,
44283,
290,
10129,
262,
27842,
511,
2057,
5127,
13,
198,
19,
13,
5601,
88,
262,
27842,
257,
16343,
2524,
784,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
815,
307,
35729,
379,
262,
10384,
284,
4271,
5174,
16343,
5043,
11,
772,
611,
612,
318,
783,
645,
3842,
13,
4418,
11662,
477,
262,
23217,
290,
1126,
85,
1063,
1088,
47711,
11,
3708,
1322,
11,
14966,
11,
290,
262,
12536,
286,
7714,
284,
2948,
649,
1885,
16343,
852,
900,
510,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
509,
40,
54,
2149,
12203,
8005,
3537,
4694,
16289,
18227,
20673,
393,
8005,
3268,
23683,
4694,
38675,
10503,
9795,
4810,
8267,
50,
460,
307,
4465,
287,
3006,
286,
11376,
810,
27842,
389,
257,
36212,
290,
355,
281,
3224,
13054,
1088,
257,
2156,
393,
584,
2615,
13,
383,
778,
2171,
357,
46324,
5028,
8,
389,
49692,
4291,
9260,
290,
34375,
16649,
810,
27842,
389,
16574,
290,
788,
48024,
287,
284,
1011,
262,
12833,
5285,
2769,
656,
262,
9260,
11,
14583,
257,
29461,
13054,
13,
198,
15285,
3537,
4694,
33088,
20062,
532,
1802,
70,
14,
43,
9943,
2788,
12769,
198,
15285,
3537,
4694,
402,
3698,
23715,
2043,
532,
2026,
70,
14,
10025,
275,
8146,
7408,
287,
262,
1296,
286,
257,
26536,
13,
198,
7998,
15285,
317,
1676,
2100,
2438,
25,
8005,
3537,
4694,
402,
3698,
23715,
2043,
532,
367,
12562,
830,
47521,
13,
8005,
3537,
4694,
33088,
532,
367,
12562,
830,
33638,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,157 |
“Chasing Venus is [a] thrilling adventure story. . . . Wulf’s marvelous eye for detail and talent for simplifying complex science make the book, timed for release a month before the last transit of this century, well worth reading before June.” —The Denver Post
The author of the highly acclaimed Founding Gardeners now gives us an enlightening chronicle of the first truly international scientific endeavor—the eighteenth-century quest to observe the transit of Venus and measure the solar system.
On June 6, 1761, the world paused to observe a momentous occasion: the first transit of Venus between the earth and the sun in more than a century. Through that observation, astronomers could calculate the size of the solar system—but only if they could compile data from many different points of the globe, all recorded during the short period of the transit. Overcoming incredible odds and political strife, astronomers from Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Sweden, and the American colonies set up observatories in remote corners of the world, only to have their efforts thwarted by unpredictable weather and warring armies. Fortunately, transits of Venus occur in pairs: eight years later, the scientists would have another opportunity to succeed.
Chasing Venus brings to life the personalities of the eighteenth-century astronomers who embarked upon this complex and essential scientific venture, painting a vivid portrait of the collaborations, the rivalries, and the volatile international politics that hindered them at every turn. In the end, what they accomplished would change our conception of the universe and would forever alter the nature of scientific research.
Andrea Wulf was born in India and moved to Germany as a child. She trained as a design historian at the Royal College of Art and is the author of Founding Gardeners, The Brother Gardeners and, most recently, Chasing Venus, as well as the coauthor (with Emma Gieben-Gamal) of This Other Eden: Seven Great Gardens and 300 Years of English History. She has written for The Sunday Times, Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times, and she regularly reviews for several newspapers, including The New York Times, The Guardian and The Times Literary Supplement. | [
447,
250,
1925,
2313,
21094,
318,
685,
64,
60,
31610,
8855,
1621,
13,
764,
764,
764,
370,
4754,
447,
247,
82,
43937,
4151,
329,
3703,
290,
7401,
329,
7106,
4035,
3716,
3783,
787,
262,
1492,
11,
28805,
329,
2650,
257,
1227,
878,
262,
938,
11168,
286,
428,
4289,
11,
880,
2861,
3555,
878,
2795,
13,
447,
251,
851,
464,
10656,
2947,
198,
464,
1772,
286,
262,
4047,
27023,
44593,
11652,
364,
783,
3607,
514,
281,
19128,
3101,
16199,
1548,
286,
262,
717,
4988,
3230,
5654,
28251,
960,
1169,
45592,
12,
14792,
1235,
284,
12414,
262,
11168,
286,
21094,
290,
3953,
262,
6591,
1080,
13,
198,
2202,
2795,
718,
11,
1596,
5333,
11,
262,
995,
24487,
284,
12414,
257,
2589,
516,
6695,
25,
262,
717,
11168,
286,
21094,
1022,
262,
4534,
290,
262,
4252,
287,
517,
621,
257,
4289,
13,
9561,
326,
13432,
11,
33162,
714,
15284,
262,
2546,
286,
262,
6591,
1080,
960,
4360,
691,
611,
484,
714,
17632,
1366,
422,
867,
1180,
2173,
286,
262,
13342,
11,
477,
6264,
1141,
262,
1790,
2278,
286,
262,
11168,
13,
3827,
4976,
8082,
10402,
290,
1964,
39809,
11,
33162,
422,
5491,
11,
4881,
11,
3284,
11,
4486,
11,
10710,
11,
290,
262,
1605,
20848,
900,
510,
3799,
19854,
287,
6569,
14371,
286,
262,
995,
11,
691,
284,
423,
511,
4040,
44200,
416,
22900,
6193,
290,
1175,
1806,
18837,
13,
20525,
11,
1007,
896,
286,
21094,
3051,
287,
14729,
25,
3624,
812,
1568,
11,
262,
5519,
561,
423,
1194,
3663,
284,
6758,
13,
198,
1925,
2313,
21094,
6774,
284,
1204,
262,
20929,
286,
262,
45592,
12,
14792,
33162,
508,
36385,
2402,
428,
3716,
290,
6393,
5654,
13189,
11,
12036,
257,
21002,
18560,
286,
262,
48421,
11,
262,
8976,
1678,
11,
290,
262,
22750,
3230,
4819,
326,
49186,
606,
379,
790,
1210,
13,
554,
262,
886,
11,
644,
484,
13013,
561,
1487,
674,
19759,
286,
262,
6881,
290,
561,
8097,
8343,
262,
3450,
286,
5654,
2267,
13,
198,
1870,
21468,
370,
4754,
373,
4642,
287,
3794,
290,
3888,
284,
4486,
355,
257,
1200,
13,
1375,
8776,
355,
257,
1486,
18026,
379,
262,
8111,
5535,
286,
3683,
290,
318,
262,
1772,
286,
44593,
11652,
364,
11,
383,
8402,
11652,
364,
290,
11,
749,
2904,
11,
609,
2313,
21094,
11,
355,
880,
355,
262,
763,
9800,
357,
4480,
18966,
402,
494,
11722,
12,
34777,
282,
8,
286,
770,
3819,
23369,
25,
13723,
3878,
29330,
290,
5867,
13212,
286,
3594,
7443,
13,
1375,
468,
3194,
329,
383,
3502,
3782,
11,
11302,
3782,
11,
383,
5007,
3530,
4913,
290,
262,
5401,
5652,
3782,
11,
290,
673,
7987,
8088,
329,
1811,
14741,
11,
1390,
383,
968,
1971,
3782,
11,
383,
8283,
290,
383,
3782,
38412,
23150,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 449 |
If you click on any of the resources listed in this
window, a new browser window will open to display an Internet site
located "beyond" The Knowledge Loom. To return to the Knowledge Loom,
simply close the new window that opened.
Resources for Redesigning High Schools to Personalize Learning
Redesign Network at Stanford University
Internet Resources on Starting Small Schools
A Starting Point: Top 5 websites with links to research on small schools
Why Small Schools?
Articles and studies showing the importance of small schools
The Research in Brief
ERIC digests and other research summaries
Small Schools as a Systemic Reform
How school districts are adopting small schools strategies
The Bottom Line
Research on cost-effectiveness and facilities
Regional small schools organization
Resources for High School Reform
This compilation lists a variety of government, public and private groups that have demonstrated an interest in high school reform. Those organizations in boldface co-sponsored the New American High School Conference held in Washington, D.C., May 22-24, 1996.
The Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory
Serving Small Learning Communities
Web-based resources that give a good introduction and links to smaller learning communities research, programs, and activities | [
1532,
345,
3904,
319,
597,
286,
262,
4133,
5610,
287,
428,
198,
17497,
11,
257,
649,
6444,
4324,
481,
1280,
284,
3359,
281,
4455,
2524,
198,
75,
10533,
366,
1350,
3243,
1,
383,
20414,
406,
4207,
13,
1675,
1441,
284,
262,
20414,
406,
4207,
11,
198,
14323,
2145,
1969,
262,
649,
4324,
326,
4721,
13,
198,
33236,
329,
2297,
274,
38944,
3334,
20357,
284,
15644,
1096,
18252,
198,
7738,
274,
570,
7311,
379,
13863,
2059,
198,
28566,
13864,
319,
17962,
10452,
20357,
198,
32,
17962,
6252,
25,
5849,
642,
9293,
351,
6117,
284,
2267,
319,
1402,
4266,
198,
5195,
10452,
20357,
30,
198,
8001,
2983,
290,
3640,
4478,
262,
6817,
286,
1402,
4266,
198,
464,
4992,
287,
22821,
198,
1137,
2149,
3100,
3558,
290,
584,
2267,
30114,
3166,
198,
18712,
20357,
355,
257,
4482,
291,
17893,
198,
2437,
1524,
12815,
389,
22868,
1402,
4266,
10064,
198,
464,
24530,
6910,
198,
25104,
319,
1575,
12,
10760,
6517,
290,
7291,
198,
8081,
1538,
1402,
4266,
4009,
198,
33236,
329,
3334,
3961,
17893,
198,
1212,
23340,
8341,
257,
4996,
286,
1230,
11,
1171,
290,
2839,
2628,
326,
423,
9555,
281,
1393,
287,
1029,
1524,
4975,
13,
5845,
5745,
287,
10758,
2550,
763,
12,
25427,
262,
968,
1605,
3334,
3961,
8785,
2714,
287,
2669,
11,
360,
13,
34,
1539,
1737,
2534,
12,
1731,
11,
8235,
13,
198,
464,
20572,
15994,
30038,
18643,
198,
11838,
278,
10452,
18252,
35530,
198,
13908,
12,
3106,
4133,
326,
1577,
257,
922,
9793,
290,
6117,
284,
4833,
4673,
5348,
2267,
11,
4056,
11,
290,
4568,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 257 |
|"If I Only Had A Brain!"|
The brain is usually referred to as if it were a single organ. However, the brain is a system with multiple and distinct components performing certain tasks for the body and mind. One such component, the Amygdala (amygdaloid nucleus), plays an important part in our emotional processes. It can jolt our bodies in fear, form emotional memories, helps us feel our dreams and can shape the effects of certain stress disorders and phobias. Indeed, the amygdala is where the excitement is at in our bodies.
Amygdala is the Latin word for almond. Anatomically, it is part of our limbic system including the hippocampus and basal ganglia. This group of structures deals with motivation, learning and memory. The amygdala is a mass of gray matter reaching into each hemisphere of the brain. The two amygdale sit on the horn-like tips of the hippocampus. They work with our sympathetic nervous system to put the body in a state of “fight-or-flight”. This means the body puts all its resources towards surviving a threat. The amygdala assesses stimuli extremely fast and that is how we get excited – information on a potential threat is sent directly from the thalamus and our body reacts with increased heart rate and better vision among other effects, such as processes of the bowels being stopped. While this is occuring, the thalamus sends information about the stimulus to the cortex which, to put it loosely, takes a while to think about it. This dual appraisal system gets us on our feet to aid in survival. However, the cortex could determine the stimulus was only a harmless spooking thus signaling the amygdala an all-clear so our body can relax.
The amygdala has an important role in memory. It reminds us, for better or worse, of past situations. Since it is so emotional, the amygdala is responsible for those persistent thoughts we wish we would forget (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 6.5.7). It nags us with recollections of painful or shocking events. Flash bulb memories are vivid in our minds where we can remember where we were and what we were doing at the moment bad news came. Now when I hear someone say, “I still get worked up over that old situation”, I know it is the amygdala causing physiological reactions. We need not fret too much however, as we can deal with persistence in memory and reframe things to help cope with lingering emotional pain (16.3.1). It’s about looking at the past in a new way that can facilitate emotional healing.
The amygdala is central in fear conditioning. Rats who were conditioned to associate a tone with pain reacted with freezing, which is a natural response to a threat where they crouch down motionless. The animal’s appraisal of the tone caused its amygdala to activate the sympathetic nervous system’s physiological effects.
Rats were conditioned in a lab experiment to get physically stressed out by a tone. But some people get stressed at the mere thought of rats! A quick trip to the Phobia List site tells us this is referred to as zemmiphobia. While this is a pseudo-medical term, the real fear could be based in preparedness theory, which means there is a natural reason to be afraid of rats who can bite and spread disease. As a result of adaptation, humans could be predisposed to fear rats. I have seen a person shriek at the sight of a rat – an example of the amygdala in action! Phobias are also linked to high levels of activity in the amygdala (14.2.2). A phobic disorder is persistent and excessive fear of specific objects. For example, this means some people can be really afraid of rats in a way that is irrational.
The size of the amygdala can also affect our behavior. Japanese researchers have evidence produced by brain scans that a smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder (Hayano, et al., 2009). The researchers first diagnosed the patients using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Anxiety disorders are number 7 on the DSM-IV list. The research states, “The basic conception of PD [panic disorder] is fear of panic attack and anticipatory anxiety, ‘Panic attack may happen to me’. Fear and anxiety are inseparably connected the function of the amygdala, and the sense of fear is stored in the hippocampus area (267).” It is that nagging, persistent memory that creates the vicious circle of the fear of a panic attack causing an attack itself. The research suggests a smaller amygdala could indicate a dysfunctional aspect of that region of the brain (274). In other words, the little amygdala is causing big worries that lead to negative physical reactions.
Being an excitable part of the brain, the amygdala works day and night to even affect our sleep. This is how we intensely feel emotion in our dreams, whether it is bliss, terror, love or awe (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 5.2.2). The amygdala is acting with the visual association area of the brain, conjuring emotionally stirring images that can result in a nightmare and waking up from a scary dream.
Why am I compelled by the amygdala? I suppose it is my frequent interaction with it. Certain emotional memories persist in my mind. Some are good but I can’t seem to shake many that are bad. Recollections of painful events and personal losses come back to me every now and then. I still feel these events and that is my amygdala at work. Personally, hard life experiences have almost always resulted in hard lessons. It is not like Dr. B.F. Skinner experimenting on a rat, but it can be fear conditioning of sorts. The term, “once bitten, twice shy” could be about reacting to memories of real pain stored in the amygdala. Sometimes, with those persistent memories, I wonder if I only knew then what I know now? It is not about so much about knowledge but rather it is wisdom and that is something time and experience can produce – or I would at least hope so! The amygdala is there to remind us of what experiences felt like so we can avoid them if possible. Those little “almonds” strung together in the middle of our brain could be the roots of our own wisdom – which means knowing how to go about current situations because we are frequently reminded by feeling similar past experiences.
Hayano, F., Nakamura, M., Asami, T., Uehara, K., Yoshida, T., Roppongi, T., Otsuka, T., Hirayasu, Y., Inoue, T., (2009) Smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 63 266–276
Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner Psychology (Second Edition) | [
91,
1,
1532,
314,
5514,
11161,
317,
14842,
2474,
91,
198,
464,
3632,
318,
3221,
6412,
284,
355,
611,
340,
547,
257,
2060,
1618,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
3632,
318,
257,
1080,
351,
3294,
290,
7310,
6805,
9489,
1728,
8861,
329,
262,
1767,
290,
2000,
13,
1881,
884,
7515,
11,
262,
14235,
40420,
357,
14814,
21287,
282,
1868,
29984,
828,
5341,
281,
1593,
636,
287,
674,
7016,
7767,
13,
632,
460,
474,
5978,
674,
5920,
287,
3252,
11,
1296,
7016,
9846,
11,
5419,
514,
1254,
674,
10625,
290,
460,
5485,
262,
3048,
286,
1728,
5503,
11916,
290,
872,
672,
4448,
13,
9676,
11,
262,
44562,
318,
810,
262,
14067,
318,
379,
287,
674,
5920,
13,
198,
40797,
40420,
318,
262,
9133,
1573,
329,
26948,
13,
28880,
296,
1146,
11,
340,
318,
636,
286,
674,
25035,
291,
1080,
1390,
262,
38587,
290,
41202,
7706,
24660,
13,
770,
1448,
286,
8573,
7529,
351,
14052,
11,
4673,
290,
4088,
13,
383,
44562,
318,
257,
2347,
286,
12768,
2300,
8978,
656,
1123,
33169,
286,
262,
3632,
13,
383,
734,
716,
35641,
14597,
1650,
319,
262,
12718,
12,
2339,
9040,
286,
262,
38587,
13,
1119,
670,
351,
674,
22335,
10927,
1080,
284,
1234,
262,
1767,
287,
257,
1181,
286,
564,
250,
15481,
12,
273,
12,
22560,
447,
251,
13,
770,
1724,
262,
1767,
7584,
477,
663,
4133,
3371,
16997,
257,
2372,
13,
383,
44562,
4659,
274,
25973,
4457,
3049,
290,
326,
318,
703,
356,
651,
6568,
784,
1321,
319,
257,
2785,
2372,
318,
1908,
3264,
422,
262,
294,
282,
25509,
290,
674,
1767,
30174,
351,
3220,
2612,
2494,
290,
1365,
5761,
1871,
584,
3048,
11,
884,
355,
7767,
286,
262,
9563,
1424,
852,
5025,
13,
2893,
428,
318,
1609,
870,
11,
262,
294,
282,
25509,
12800,
1321,
546,
262,
19819,
284,
262,
20223,
543,
11,
284,
1234,
340,
28845,
11,
2753,
257,
981,
284,
892,
546,
340,
13,
770,
10668,
45436,
1080,
3011,
514,
319,
674,
3625,
284,
6133,
287,
9441,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
20223,
714,
5004,
262,
19819,
373,
691,
257,
23585,
599,
566,
278,
4145,
22049,
262,
44562,
281,
477,
12,
20063,
523,
674,
1767,
460,
8960,
13,
198,
464,
44562,
468,
281,
1593,
2597,
287,
4088,
13,
632,
17603,
514,
11,
329,
1365,
393,
4785,
11,
286,
1613,
7445,
13,
4619,
340,
318,
523,
7016,
11,
262,
44562,
318,
4497,
329,
883,
16218,
6066,
356,
4601,
356,
561,
6044,
357,
14874,
7321,
11,
24023,
11,
775,
70,
1008,
718,
13,
20,
13,
22,
737,
632,
299,
3775,
514,
351,
26330,
26448,
286,
12132,
393,
14702,
2995,
13,
9973,
28287,
9846,
389,
21002,
287,
674,
9017,
810,
356,
460,
3505,
810,
356,
547,
290,
644,
356,
547,
1804,
379,
262,
2589,
2089,
1705,
1625,
13,
2735,
618,
314,
3285,
2130,
910,
11,
564,
250,
40,
991,
651,
3111,
510,
625,
326,
1468,
3074,
447,
251,
11,
314,
760,
340,
318,
262,
44562,
6666,
25033,
12737,
13,
775,
761,
407,
33960,
1165,
881,
2158,
11,
355,
356,
460,
1730,
351,
30802,
287,
4088,
290,
1006,
28073,
1243,
284,
1037,
19271,
351,
28528,
7016,
2356,
357,
1433,
13,
18,
13,
16,
737,
632,
447,
247,
82,
546,
2045,
379,
262,
1613,
287,
257,
649,
835,
326,
460,
15570,
7016,
11516,
13,
198,
464,
44562,
318,
4318,
287,
3252,
21143,
13,
44164,
508,
547,
31964,
284,
11602,
257,
8216,
351,
2356,
22798,
351,
20884,
11,
543,
318,
257,
3288,
2882,
284,
257,
2372,
810,
484,
33838,
354,
866,
6268,
1203,
13,
383,
5044,
447,
247,
82,
45436,
286,
262,
8216,
4073,
663,
44562,
284,
15155,
262,
22335,
10927,
1080,
447,
247,
82,
25033,
3048,
13,
198,
49,
1381,
547,
31964,
287,
257,
2248,
6306,
284,
651,
10170,
15033,
503,
416,
257,
8216,
13,
887,
617,
661,
651,
15033,
379,
262,
5019,
1807,
286,
13623,
0,
317,
2068,
5296,
284,
262,
1380,
30665,
7343,
2524,
4952,
514,
428,
318,
6412,
284,
355,
1976,
368,
76,
13323,
30665,
13,
2893,
428,
318,
257,
24543,
12,
41693,
3381,
11,
262,
1103,
3252,
714,
307,
1912,
287,
5597,
1108,
4583,
11,
543,
1724,
612,
318,
257,
3288,
1738,
284,
307,
7787,
286,
13623,
508,
460,
13197,
290,
4104,
4369,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
286,
16711,
11,
5384,
714,
307,
2747,
8802,
1335,
284,
3252,
13623,
13,
314,
423,
1775,
257,
1048,
35064,
988,
379,
262,
6504,
286,
257,
4227,
784,
281,
1672,
286,
262,
44562,
287,
2223,
0,
1380,
672,
4448,
389,
635,
6692,
284,
1029,
2974,
286,
3842,
287,
262,
44562,
357,
1415,
13,
17,
13,
17,
737,
317,
872,
20803,
8967,
318,
16218,
290,
13181,
3252,
286,
2176,
5563,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
428,
1724,
617,
661,
460,
307,
1107,
7787,
286,
13623,
287,
257,
835,
326,
318,
25086,
13,
198,
464,
2546,
286,
262,
44562,
460,
635,
2689,
674,
4069,
13,
4960,
4837,
423,
2370,
4635,
416,
3632,
23824,
326,
257,
4833,
44562,
318,
3917,
351,
9751,
287,
3871,
351,
13619,
8967,
357,
31306,
5733,
11,
2123,
435,
1539,
3717,
737,
383,
4837,
717,
14641,
262,
3871,
1262,
262,
31549,
15132,
290,
34931,
17969,
286,
21235,
37966,
357,
5258,
44,
12,
3824,
737,
48276,
11916,
389,
1271,
767,
319,
262,
37297,
12,
3824,
1351,
13,
383,
2267,
2585,
11,
564,
250,
464,
4096,
19759,
286,
14340,
685,
35843,
8967,
60,
318,
3252,
286,
13619,
1368,
290,
8462,
2870,
9751,
11,
564,
246,
15730,
291,
1368,
743,
1645,
284,
502,
447,
247,
13,
16132,
290,
9751,
389,
50140,
1346,
5884,
262,
2163,
286,
262,
44562,
11,
290,
262,
2565,
286,
3252,
318,
8574,
287,
262,
38587,
1989,
357,
25674,
737,
447,
251,
632,
318,
326,
299,
16406,
11,
16218,
4088,
326,
8075,
262,
17686,
9197,
286,
262,
3252,
286,
257,
13619,
1368,
6666,
281,
1368,
2346,
13,
383,
2267,
5644,
257,
4833,
44562,
714,
7603,
257,
38127,
4843,
286,
326,
3814,
286,
262,
3632,
357,
28857,
737,
554,
584,
2456,
11,
262,
1310,
44562,
318,
6666,
1263,
18572,
326,
1085,
284,
4633,
3518,
12737,
13,
198,
18357,
281,
2859,
4674,
636,
286,
262,
3632,
11,
262,
44562,
2499,
1110,
290,
1755,
284,
772,
2689,
674,
3993,
13,
770,
318,
703,
356,
31146,
1254,
9942,
287,
674,
10625,
11,
1771,
340,
318,
30533,
11,
3246,
11,
1842,
393,
25030,
357,
14874,
7321,
11,
24023,
11,
775,
70,
1008,
642,
13,
17,
13,
17,
737,
383,
44562,
318,
7205,
351,
262,
5874,
8112,
1989,
286,
262,
3632,
11,
11644,
870,
17991,
26547,
4263,
326,
460,
1255,
287,
257,
17123,
290,
23137,
510,
422,
257,
14343,
4320,
13,
198,
5195,
716,
314,
20232,
416,
262,
44562,
30,
314,
11691,
340,
318,
616,
10792,
10375,
351,
340,
13,
16272,
7016,
9846,
21160,
287,
616,
2000,
13,
2773,
389,
922,
475,
314,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1283,
284,
13279,
867,
326,
389,
2089,
13,
3311,
349,
26448,
286,
12132,
2995,
290,
2614,
9089,
1282,
736,
284,
502,
790,
783,
290,
788,
13,
314,
991,
1254,
777,
2995,
290,
326,
318,
616,
44562,
379,
670,
13,
31342,
11,
1327,
1204,
6461,
423,
2048,
1464,
8724,
287,
1327,
11658,
13,
632,
318,
407,
588,
1583,
13,
347,
13,
37,
13,
42899,
27826,
319,
257,
4227,
11,
475,
340,
460,
307,
3252,
21143,
286,
10524,
13,
383,
3381,
11,
564,
250,
27078,
38854,
11,
5403,
15800,
447,
251,
714,
307,
546,
33413,
284,
9846,
286,
1103,
2356,
8574,
287,
262,
44562,
13,
8975,
11,
351,
883,
16218,
9846,
11,
314,
4240,
611,
314,
691,
2993,
788,
644,
314,
760,
783,
30,
632,
318,
407,
546,
523,
881,
546,
3725,
475,
2138,
340,
318,
11501,
290,
326,
318,
1223,
640,
290,
1998,
460,
4439,
784,
393,
314,
561,
379,
1551,
2911,
523,
0,
383,
44562,
318,
612,
284,
7101,
514,
286,
644,
6461,
2936,
588,
523,
356,
460,
3368,
606,
611,
1744,
13,
5845,
1310,
564,
250,
282,
42620,
447,
251,
965,
2150,
1978,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
674,
3632,
714,
307,
262,
11135,
286,
674,
898,
11501,
784,
543,
1724,
6970,
703,
284,
467,
546,
1459,
7445,
780,
356,
389,
6777,
14516,
416,
4203,
2092,
1613,
6461,
13,
198,
31306,
5733,
11,
376,
1539,
22255,
37324,
11,
337,
1539,
1081,
6277,
11,
309,
1539,
471,
17231,
3301,
11,
509,
1539,
28563,
3755,
11,
309,
1539,
5564,
381,
506,
72,
11,
309,
1539,
440,
912,
14852,
11,
309,
1539,
29379,
323,
27345,
11,
575,
1539,
554,
280,
68,
11,
309,
1539,
357,
10531,
8,
10452,
263,
44562,
318,
3917,
351,
9751,
287,
3871,
351,
13619,
8967,
13,
28897,
290,
21234,
13782,
36216,
3007,
8093,
37737,
1906,
27988,
198,
14874,
7321,
11,
24023,
11,
775,
70,
1008,
18430,
357,
12211,
5061,
8,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,426 |
Adorable 3-Year-Old Helps You Remember the Elements
For the uninitiated, ‘The Elements’ is a song written in 1959 by musical humorist and mathematician Tom Lehrer, which recites the names of all the chemical elements on the periodic table. Actor Daniel Radcliffe famously sang it on a British chat show and helped introduce the song to a new generation. One such fan is three-year-old Rose, who first attempted to sing the catchy tune when she was just two.
A year later, she recites it again, but this time amazingly well (and adorably).
Wow, even three-year-olds are capable of making us adults look dumb these days. Tom Lehrer must be proud to know his song continues to live on thanks to the internet. And we’re happy to know that Vanadium is part of the periodic table. | [
2782,
10475,
513,
12,
17688,
12,
19620,
5053,
862,
921,
11436,
262,
26632,
198,
1890,
262,
26329,
8846,
515,
11,
564,
246,
464,
26632,
447,
247,
318,
257,
3496,
3194,
287,
23859,
416,
10530,
14733,
396,
290,
48251,
4186,
29921,
11751,
11,
543,
664,
2737,
262,
3891,
286,
477,
262,
5931,
4847,
319,
262,
27458,
3084,
13,
27274,
7806,
5325,
33783,
20524,
25889,
340,
319,
257,
3517,
8537,
905,
290,
4193,
10400,
262,
3496,
284,
257,
649,
5270,
13,
1881,
884,
4336,
318,
1115,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
8049,
11,
508,
717,
7482,
284,
1702,
262,
46124,
14009,
618,
673,
373,
655,
734,
13,
198,
32,
614,
1568,
11,
673,
664,
2737,
340,
757,
11,
475,
428,
640,
32513,
880,
357,
392,
512,
273,
1346,
737,
198,
22017,
11,
772,
1115,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
389,
6007,
286,
1642,
514,
6490,
804,
13526,
777,
1528,
13,
4186,
29921,
11751,
1276,
307,
6613,
284,
760,
465,
3496,
4477,
284,
2107,
319,
5176,
284,
262,
5230,
13,
843,
356,
447,
247,
260,
3772,
284,
760,
326,
6656,
6271,
318,
636,
286,
262,
27458,
3084,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 184 |
At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To screen for or diagnose a chlamydia infection
When to Get Tested?
For screening: may be recommended if you are sexually active, pregnant or considering pregnancy, or at increased risk for this sexually transmitted disease (STD)
For diagnosis: when you have symptoms of this STD, such as such as vaginal discharge and abdominal pain (for women) or unusual discharge from the penis or pain on urination (for men); when a newborn has conjunctivitis
A swab or brush of cells or secretion from the infected area or a first-catch urine sample
Test Preparation Needed?
Tell your doctor about use of antibiotics or, for women, douches or vaginal creams within 24 hours before testing vaginal samples, as they may affect test results. You may be instructed to wait one to two hours after you last urinated before collecting a urine sample. Follow any instructions you are given.
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
This test is looking for evidence of infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States and is especially common among people 15 to 25 years of age. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 2.8 million Americans are infected with chlamydia each year and notes that women are frequently re-infected if their partners don't get treatment. Actual incidence may be higher since many people do not experience any symptoms and their cases go undiagnosed and unreported. Still, over one million new cases are reported each year. Diagnosing and treating chlamydia is very important to prevent long-term complications and spread of the infection to others.
Chlamydia is generally transmitted through sexual contact (oral, vaginal, or anal) with an infected partner. Risk factors include having multiple sex partners, coinfection or previous infection with another STD, and not using barrier contraception consistently. An infected mother can pass the infection to her baby during childbirth. These babies are in danger of developing conjunctivitis, an inflammation that can threaten eyesight, and pneumonia.
About 75% of infected women and 50% of infected men have no symptoms; some may experience only mild symptoms. For women, symptoms, if they occur, include bleeding between menstrual periods and after sexual intercourse, abdominal pain, painful intercourse, and an abnormal vaginal discharge. For men, symptoms include pus or milky discharge from the penis and inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) or of the rectal area (proctitis). Both sexes can experience painful or frequent urination.
Chlamydia is easily treated with a course of antibiotics, but if left untreated, it can cause severe reproductive and other health problems. If left untreated, women may develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) from infections that start on the cervix but that can spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries. This can cause infertility and increase the risk of tubal (ectopic) pregnancy, which is often fatal. Women who are infected and pregnant may experience heavy bleeding before delivery and premature rupture of the membranes. Men may become sterile. Both sexes may develop rectal itching and red, swollen, itchy eyes.
How is the sample collected for testing?
Many different kinds of samples may be used for testing, but not all laboratories can test every kind of sample. A doctor may use a swab or brush to collect a sample of cells or secretion from the infected area, such as the urethra, penis, anus, throat, cervix or vagina. Sometimes a vaginal sample may be collected with a swab by the woman who is undergoing testing (self-collection). A first-catch urine sample may be collected in a container provided by the doctor or laboratory.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
Tell your doctor about use of antibiotics or, if you are a woman, douches or vaginal creams within 24 hours before testing vaginal samples, as they may affect test results. You may be instructed to wait one to two hours after you last urinated before collecting a urine sample. Follow any instructions you are given.
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
This form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. If your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our Contact Us form. Thank you.
* indicates a required field
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Kimberly A. Workowski and Stuart Berman. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Guidelines, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. PDF available for download at http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/STD-Treatment-2010-RR5912.pdf through http://www.cdc.gov. Published December 27, 2010. Accessed July 2, 2012.
United States Preventive Service Task Force. USPSTF Recommendations for STI Screening. Available online at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/methods/stinfections.htm through http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. Last updated March 2008. Accessed July 2, 2012.
Laboratory Procedure Manual. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PDF available for download at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_05_06/chlmda_d_met_chlamydia.pdf through http://www.cdc.gov. Published October 2007. Accessed July 2, 2012.
Sexual Conditions Health Center: Chlamydia Tests. Medscape. Available online at http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/chlamydia-tests?page=3 through http://www.webmd.com. Last Updated: December 15, 2010. Accessed Jul 2, 2012.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Last updated February 8, 2012. Accessed July 2, 2012.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea — Two Most Commonly Reported Infectious Diseases in the United States. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/Features/dsSTDData/ through http://www.cdc.gov. Last updated April 22, 2011. Accessed July 2, 2012.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010 Treatment Guidelines, Special Populations. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/specialpops.htm#msm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed September 2012.
(January 13, 2009) Association for Public Health Laboratories. Expert Consultation Meeting Summary Report, Laboratory Diagnostic Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PDF available for download at http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/infectious/std/Documents/CTGCLabGuidelinesMeetingReport.pdf through http://www.aphl.org. Accessed Sept 2012.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia Fact Sheet. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
Arnot Ogden Medical Center. Chlamydia. Available online at http://www.aomc.org/chlamydia.html through http://www.aomc.org.
American Social Health Association. Learn Chlamydia Facts. Available online at http://www.ashastd.org/learn/learn_chlamydia_facts.cfm through http://www.ashastd.org.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR 2002;51 (No. RR-6) [32-41].
Planned Parenthood. Chlamydia. Available online at http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/stds-hiv-safer-sex/chlamydia-4266.htm through http://www.plannedparenthood.org. Accessed February 2009.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed February 2009.
TeensHealth. Chlamydia. Available online at http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std_chlamydia.html through http://kidshealth.org. Accessed February 2009.
ARUP Consult. Sexually Transmitted Infections, Bacteria. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/InfectiousDz/Bacteria/STIs.html# through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed February 2009.
WebMD. Chlamydia Tests. Available online at http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/chlamydia-tests through http://www.webmd.com. Accessed February 2009. | [
2953,
257,
2671,
590,
198,
5195,
3497,
6208,
276,
30,
198,
2514,
3159,
329,
393,
37489,
257,
442,
2543,
30708,
10280,
198,
2215,
284,
3497,
6208,
276,
30,
198,
1890,
14135,
25,
743,
307,
7151,
611,
345,
389,
11363,
4075,
11,
10423,
393,
6402,
10241,
11,
393,
379,
3220,
2526,
329,
428,
11363,
18307,
4369,
357,
32147,
8,
198,
1890,
13669,
25,
618,
345,
423,
7460,
286,
428,
48571,
11,
884,
355,
884,
355,
30131,
17655,
290,
32692,
2356,
357,
1640,
1466,
8,
393,
8468,
17655,
422,
262,
16360,
393,
2356,
319,
2956,
1883,
357,
1640,
1450,
1776,
618,
257,
23856,
468,
11644,
16260,
452,
11815,
198,
32,
1509,
397,
393,
14093,
286,
4778,
393,
42432,
422,
262,
14112,
1989,
393,
257,
717,
12,
40198,
18922,
6291,
198,
14402,
38397,
341,
10664,
276,
30,
198,
24446,
534,
6253,
546,
779,
286,
22392,
393,
11,
329,
1466,
11,
2255,
2052,
393,
30131,
1126,
4105,
1626,
1987,
2250,
878,
4856,
30131,
8405,
11,
355,
484,
743,
2689,
1332,
2482,
13,
921,
743,
307,
17767,
284,
4043,
530,
284,
734,
2250,
706,
345,
938,
2956,
3898,
878,
13157,
257,
18922,
6291,
13,
7281,
597,
7729,
345,
389,
1813,
13,
198,
464,
6208,
27565,
198,
2061,
318,
852,
6789,
30,
198,
1212,
1332,
318,
2045,
329,
2370,
286,
10280,
416,
262,
19241,
1505,
609,
2543,
30708,
491,
620,
296,
37749,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
318,
262,
749,
2219,
23462,
11363,
18307,
4369,
357,
32147,
8,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
290,
318,
2592,
2219,
1871,
661,
1315,
284,
1679,
812,
286,
2479,
13,
383,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
357,
47667,
8,
7746,
326,
362,
13,
23,
1510,
3399,
389,
14112,
351,
442,
2543,
30708,
1123,
614,
290,
4710,
326,
1466,
389,
6777,
302,
12,
27816,
276,
611,
511,
4887,
836,
470,
651,
3513,
13,
33520,
18349,
743,
307,
2440,
1201,
867,
661,
466,
407,
1998,
597,
7460,
290,
511,
2663,
467,
3318,
72,
4660,
1335,
290,
14880,
9213,
13,
7831,
11,
625,
530,
1510,
649,
2663,
389,
2098,
1123,
614,
13,
31549,
2752,
290,
13622,
442,
2543,
30708,
318,
845,
1593,
284,
2948,
890,
12,
4354,
19481,
290,
4104,
286,
262,
10280,
284,
1854,
13,
198,
1925,
2543,
30708,
318,
4143,
18307,
832,
3206,
2800,
357,
6864,
11,
30131,
11,
393,
2037,
8,
351,
281,
14112,
5212,
13,
19602,
5087,
2291,
1719,
3294,
1714,
4887,
11,
10752,
2309,
295,
393,
2180,
10280,
351,
1194,
48571,
11,
290,
407,
1262,
13054,
27503,
9835,
13,
1052,
14112,
2802,
460,
1208,
262,
10280,
284,
607,
5156,
1141,
43886,
13,
2312,
11903,
389,
287,
3514,
286,
5922,
11644,
16260,
452,
11815,
11,
281,
20881,
326,
460,
16180,
2951,
432,
11,
290,
35647,
13,
198,
8585,
5441,
4,
286,
14112,
1466,
290,
2026,
4,
286,
14112,
1450,
423,
645,
7460,
26,
617,
743,
1998,
691,
11607,
7460,
13,
1114,
1466,
11,
7460,
11,
611,
484,
3051,
11,
2291,
16832,
1022,
37230,
9574,
290,
706,
3206,
22409,
11,
32692,
2356,
11,
12132,
22409,
11,
290,
281,
18801,
30131,
17655,
13,
1114,
1450,
11,
7460,
2291,
4192,
393,
1465,
2584,
17655,
422,
262,
16360,
290,
20881,
286,
262,
26711,
357,
1676,
14269,
11815,
8,
393,
286,
262,
13621,
282,
1989,
357,
1676,
310,
11815,
737,
5747,
32487,
460,
1998,
12132,
393,
10792,
2956,
1883,
13,
198,
1925,
2543,
30708,
318,
3538,
5716,
351,
257,
1781,
286,
22392,
11,
475,
611,
1364,
41539,
11,
340,
460,
2728,
6049,
18391,
290,
584,
1535,
2761,
13,
1002,
1364,
41539,
11,
1466,
743,
1205,
43510,
23760,
4369,
357,
47,
2389,
8,
422,
16079,
326,
923,
319,
262,
28987,
844,
475,
326,
460,
4104,
284,
262,
2121,
37548,
21103,
290,
19643,
3166,
13,
770,
460,
2728,
47906,
290,
2620,
262,
2526,
286,
12202,
282,
357,
478,
16603,
8,
10241,
11,
543,
318,
1690,
10800,
13,
6926,
508,
389,
14112,
290,
10423,
743,
1998,
4334,
16832,
878,
7585,
290,
19905,
46836,
286,
262,
43447,
13,
6065,
743,
1716,
38697,
13,
5747,
32487,
743,
1205,
13621,
282,
48140,
290,
2266,
11,
37327,
11,
340,
29658,
2951,
13,
198,
2437,
318,
262,
6291,
7723,
329,
4856,
30,
198,
7085,
1180,
6982,
286,
8405,
743,
307,
973,
329,
4856,
11,
475,
407,
477,
35650,
460,
1332,
790,
1611,
286,
6291,
13,
317,
6253,
743,
779,
257,
1509,
397,
393,
14093,
284,
2824,
257,
6291,
286,
4778,
393,
42432,
422,
262,
14112,
1989,
11,
884,
355,
262,
334,
40978,
430,
11,
16360,
11,
47285,
11,
13589,
11,
28987,
844,
393,
26150,
13,
8975,
257,
30131,
6291,
743,
307,
7723,
351,
257,
1509,
397,
416,
262,
2415,
508,
318,
23247,
4856,
357,
944,
12,
43681,
737,
317,
717,
12,
40198,
18922,
6291,
743,
307,
7723,
287,
257,
9290,
2810,
416,
262,
6253,
393,
14010,
13,
198,
16580,
25,
1002,
23247,
3315,
5254,
1838,
345,
393,
2130,
345,
1337,
329,
18116,
11,
21100,
11,
393,
772,
2408,
284,
6687,
11,
345,
1244,
2074,
3555,
530,
393,
517,
286,
262,
1708,
6685,
25,
6955,
278,
351,
6208,
15627,
11,
3167,
21598,
11,
290,
48276,
11,
27558,
319,
7235,
23983,
11,
27558,
284,
10478,
8990,
832,
5334,
8366,
30307,
11,
290,
27558,
284,
10478,
262,
15624,
306,
832,
5334,
8366,
30307,
13,
198,
6610,
2708,
11,
7281,
1320,
27565,
11,
3769,
257,
19350,
379,
262,
4947,
290,
7587,
286,
257,
2910,
6291,
290,
13589,
3968,
13,
198,
3792,
597,
1332,
11824,
2622,
284,
4155,
262,
3081,
286,
262,
6291,
30,
198,
24446,
534,
6253,
546,
779,
286,
22392,
393,
11,
611,
345,
389,
257,
2415,
11,
2255,
2052,
393,
30131,
1126,
4105,
1626,
1987,
2250,
878,
4856,
30131,
8405,
11,
355,
484,
743,
2689,
1332,
2482,
13,
921,
743,
307,
17767,
284,
4043,
530,
284,
734,
2250,
706,
345,
938,
2956,
3898,
878,
13157,
257,
18922,
6291,
13,
7281,
597,
7729,
345,
389,
1813,
13,
198,
25214,
257,
18643,
33374,
198,
1212,
1296,
13536,
345,
284,
1265,
2176,
2683,
546,
534,
5254,
13,
3406,
2683,
481,
307,
9373,
416,
257,
14010,
11444,
355,
636,
286,
257,
16171,
2139,
2810,
416,
530,
286,
674,
4887,
11,
1605,
7023,
329,
21234,
18643,
5800,
13,
1002,
534,
2683,
389,
407,
3519,
284,
534,
2248,
5254,
11,
3387,
9199,
606,
2884,
674,
14039,
4021,
1296,
13,
6952,
345,
13,
198,
9,
9217,
257,
2672,
2214,
198,
16580,
25,
770,
2708,
318,
1912,
319,
2267,
326,
34547,
262,
4237,
9181,
994,
355,
880,
355,
262,
10098,
1998,
286,
262,
3498,
30307,
7467,
39525,
6602,
5926,
13,
770,
2708,
318,
26034,
11765,
416,
262,
39525,
5926,
290,
743,
307,
6153,
355,
257,
1255,
286,
262,
2423,
13,
4377,
649,
4237,
9181,
481,
307,
2087,
284,
262,
1351,
290,
18876,
422,
262,
2656,
4237,
973,
13,
198,
21188,
16718,
287,
9236,
6602,
198,
26374,
527,
306,
317,
13,
5521,
12079,
290,
22559,
43859,
13,
14419,
935,
3602,
3291,
39988,
31072,
11,
3050,
13,
3461,
14065,
414,
290,
10788,
1483,
18168,
6358,
13,
12960,
1695,
329,
4321,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
19282,
14,
42487,
14,
10333,
14,
32147,
12,
51,
21731,
12,
10333,
12,
21095,
3270,
1065,
13,
12315,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
26372,
3426,
2681,
11,
3050,
13,
48547,
2901,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
17013,
1829,
31572,
425,
4809,
15941,
5221,
13,
1294,
47,
2257,
37,
30361,
602,
329,
3563,
40,
15216,
278,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
385,
3866,
1151,
1083,
712,
291,
395,
2093,
3174,
13,
2398,
14,
17723,
301,
69,
2919,
14,
24396,
82,
14,
301,
27816,
507,
13,
19211,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
385,
3866,
1151,
1083,
712,
291,
395,
2093,
3174,
13,
2398,
13,
4586,
6153,
2805,
3648,
13,
48547,
2901,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
42230,
2870,
34997,
17969,
13,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
12960,
1695,
329,
4321,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
77,
354,
82,
14,
7890,
14,
77,
71,
7305,
14,
77,
71,
7305,
62,
2713,
62,
3312,
14,
354,
75,
76,
6814,
62,
67,
62,
4164,
62,
354,
2543,
30708,
13,
12315,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
26372,
3267,
4343,
13,
48547,
2901,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
49161,
27617,
3893,
3337,
25,
609,
2543,
30708,
30307,
13,
2019,
6794,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
12384,
9132,
13,
785,
14,
18338,
12,
17561,
1756,
14,
354,
2543,
30708,
12,
41989,
30,
7700,
28,
18,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
12384,
9132,
13,
785,
13,
4586,
19433,
25,
3426,
1315,
11,
3050,
13,
48547,
5979,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
1925,
2543,
30708,
532,
20434,
19020,
21616,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
19282,
14,
354,
2543,
30708,
14,
301,
7568,
529,
12,
354,
2543,
30708,
13,
19211,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
4586,
6153,
3945,
807,
11,
2321,
13,
48547,
2901,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
290,
35371,
38890,
21632,
851,
4930,
4042,
8070,
306,
30588,
26065,
699,
39988,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
23595,
14,
9310,
32147,
6601,
14,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
4586,
6153,
3035,
2534,
11,
2813,
13,
48547,
2901,
362,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
3050,
21415,
31072,
11,
6093,
8099,
5768,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
19282,
14,
42487,
14,
10333,
14,
20887,
79,
2840,
13,
19211,
2,
907,
76,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
48547,
2693,
2321,
13,
198,
7,
21339,
1511,
11,
3717,
8,
5396,
329,
5094,
3893,
46779,
13,
25516,
21651,
341,
22244,
21293,
6358,
11,
18643,
31549,
15132,
23983,
329,
609,
2543,
30708,
491,
620,
296,
37749,
290,
3169,
747,
5142,
35140,
273,
17179,
2577,
3609,
13,
12960,
1695,
329,
4321,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
6570,
75,
13,
2398,
14,
6570,
75,
23065,
82,
14,
27816,
699,
14,
19282,
14,
38354,
14,
4177,
38,
5097,
397,
8205,
7984,
5308,
13629,
19100,
13,
12315,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
6570,
75,
13,
2398,
13,
48547,
2362,
2321,
13,
198,
21188,
16718,
287,
21801,
20871,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
19020,
21616,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
19282,
14,
1925,
2543,
30708,
14,
2257,
8068,
529,
12,
1925,
2543,
30708,
13,
19211,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
198,
3163,
1662,
25686,
6559,
8366,
3337,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
64,
296,
66,
13,
2398,
14,
354,
2543,
30708,
13,
6494,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
64,
296,
66,
13,
2398,
13,
198,
7437,
5483,
3893,
5396,
13,
14365,
609,
2543,
30708,
26972,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
1077,
459,
67,
13,
2398,
14,
35720,
14,
35720,
62,
354,
2543,
30708,
62,
37473,
13,
12993,
76,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
1077,
459,
67,
13,
2398,
13,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
14419,
935,
1007,
2175,
10040,
3513,
9949,
6244,
13,
337,
14326,
49,
6244,
26,
4349,
357,
2949,
13,
26067,
12,
21,
8,
685,
2624,
12,
3901,
4083,
198,
3646,
3577,
18461,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
36800,
11730,
12951,
13,
2398,
14,
13948,
12,
4852,
873,
14,
301,
9310,
12,
71,
452,
12,
82,
34659,
12,
8044,
14,
354,
2543,
30708,
12,
19,
25540,
13,
19211,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
36800,
11730,
12951,
13,
2398,
13,
48547,
3945,
3717,
13,
198,
19085,
364,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
532,
20434,
19020,
21616,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
14,
19282,
14,
1925,
2543,
30708,
14,
2257,
8068,
529,
12,
1925,
2543,
30708,
13,
19211,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
10210,
66,
13,
9567,
13,
48547,
3945,
3717,
13,
198,
6767,
641,
18081,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
45235,
13948,
13,
2398,
14,
7821,
14,
18338,
62,
13948,
14,
301,
9310,
14,
19282,
62,
354,
2543,
30708,
13,
6494,
832,
2638,
1378,
45235,
13948,
13,
2398,
13,
48547,
3945,
3717,
13,
198,
1503,
8577,
21651,
13,
14419,
935,
3602,
3291,
26065,
507,
11,
347,
10634,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
283,
929,
5936,
586,
13,
785,
14,
25902,
14,
818,
2309,
699,
35,
89,
14,
33,
10634,
14,
2257,
3792,
13,
6494,
2,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
283,
929,
5936,
586,
13,
785,
13,
48547,
3945,
3717,
13,
198,
13908,
12740,
13,
609,
2543,
30708,
30307,
13,
14898,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
12384,
9132,
13,
785,
14,
18338,
12,
17561,
1756,
14,
354,
2543,
30708,
12,
41989,
832,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
12384,
9132,
13,
785,
13,
48547,
3945,
3717,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,163 |
Growth hormone (GH) controls the growth of soft tissue and bone. Elevated GH causes an excess of bone and soft tissue growth. In adults, this can cause a rare disorder called acromegaly. It can cause serious complications and early death if not treated.
In young children, bone fusion and growth is still occurring. Excess GH can cause a similar condition called gigantism.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It produces many hormones, including GH.
In most cases, the elevation of GH is caused by a benign tumor of this gland. In a small number of cases, malignant tumors of other organs (pancreas, adrenal, lung) may be the source of excess GH.
Risk factors that increase your chance of developing acromegaly include:
- Family history (rare)
- Age: 40-45 years old
Symptoms usually develop slowly over time.
In children, the bones are elongated and cause soft tissue swelling. If not treated, children can grow to a height of 7-8 feet.
Symptoms and complications in adults may include:
Abnormally large growth and deformity of the:
- Hands (rings no longer fit)
- Feet (need a bigger size shoe)
- Face (protrusion of brow and lower jaw)
- Jaw (teeth do not line up correctly when the mouth is closed)
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
Skin changes, such as:
- Thickened, oily, and sometimes darkened skin
- Severe acne
- Excessive sweating and unpleasant body order due to enlargement of the sweat glands
- Deepening voice due to enlarged sinuses, vocal cords, and soft tissues of the throat
- Fatigue and weakness in legs and arms
- Sleep apnea
- Arthritis and other joint problems, especially in the jaw
- Abnormally large liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and/or other internal organs, which can lead to:
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Galactorrhea (abnormal production of breast milk) in about 50% of cases
- Impotence in about 50% of cases
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Acromegaly is often not diagnosed until years after its onset.
Blood tests will be done to measure the level of:
- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I)
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Other pituitary hormones
A glucose tolerance test may also be given to see if the GH level drops. It will not drop in cases of acromegaly.
If these tests confirm acromegaly, the following may be done to locate the tumor that is causing the disorder:
The goals of treatment are to:
- Reduce production of GH to normal levels
- Stop and reverse the symptoms caused by excess GH
- Correct other endocrine abnormalities (thyroid, adrenal, sex organs)
- Reduce the tumor size
Treatment may include:
The tumor that is believed to be causing acromegaly may be removed. In most cases, this is the preferred treatment. However, drug treatment is becoming more popular as the primary treatment approach.
External beams of radiation are used to shrink the tumor. It is most often used when surgery cannot be used or when medications have failed.
Drugs may be given to reduce the level of GH. These include:
- Cabergoline (Dostinex)—given orally
- Pergolide (Permax)—given orally
- Bromocriptine (Parlodel)—may be given before surgery to shrink tumor
- Octreotide (Sandostatin)—given by injections (may be the most effective medication for this condition)
- Pegvisomant —given by injections if not responding to other forms of treatment
There are no known steps to prevent acromegaly. Early treatment will help to prevent serious complications.
- Reviewer: Kari Kassir, MD
- Review Date: 10/2012 -
- Update Date: 10/30/2012 - | [
38,
13046,
17770,
357,
17511,
8,
6973,
262,
3349,
286,
2705,
10712,
290,
9970,
13,
37881,
515,
24739,
5640,
281,
6992,
286,
9970,
290,
2705,
10712,
3349,
13,
554,
6490,
11,
428,
460,
2728,
257,
4071,
8967,
1444,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
13,
632,
460,
2728,
2726,
19481,
290,
1903,
1918,
611,
407,
5716,
13,
198,
818,
1862,
1751,
11,
9970,
21748,
290,
3349,
318,
991,
14963,
13,
1475,
919,
24739,
460,
2728,
257,
2092,
4006,
1444,
12526,
415,
1042,
13,
198,
464,
6028,
5013,
560,
37917,
318,
257,
1402,
37917,
5140,
379,
262,
2779,
286,
262,
3632,
13,
632,
11073,
867,
21311,
11,
1390,
24739,
13,
198,
818,
749,
2663,
11,
262,
22910,
286,
24739,
318,
4073,
416,
257,
32293,
22359,
286,
428,
37917,
13,
554,
257,
1402,
1271,
286,
2663,
11,
6428,
25114,
31155,
286,
584,
16613,
357,
79,
1192,
260,
292,
11,
26999,
282,
11,
12317,
8,
743,
307,
262,
2723,
286,
6992,
24739,
13,
198,
49,
1984,
5087,
326,
2620,
534,
2863,
286,
5922,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
7884,
2106,
357,
430,
260,
8,
198,
12,
7129,
25,
2319,
12,
2231,
812,
1468,
198,
43094,
35533,
3221,
1205,
6364,
625,
640,
13,
198,
818,
1751,
11,
262,
11945,
389,
39696,
515,
290,
2728,
2705,
10712,
29844,
13,
1002,
407,
5716,
11,
1751,
460,
1663,
284,
257,
6001,
286,
767,
12,
23,
3625,
13,
198,
43094,
35533,
290,
19481,
287,
6490,
743,
2291,
25,
198,
4826,
27237,
453,
1588,
3349,
290,
47577,
414,
286,
262,
25,
198,
12,
22237,
357,
33173,
645,
2392,
4197,
8,
198,
12,
43391,
357,
31227,
257,
5749,
2546,
17292,
8,
198,
12,
15399,
357,
1676,
2213,
4241,
286,
4772,
290,
2793,
19218,
8,
198,
12,
40863,
357,
660,
2788,
466,
407,
1627,
510,
9380,
618,
262,
5422,
318,
4838,
8,
198,
12,
1879,
18596,
13275,
14027,
198,
42455,
2458,
11,
884,
355,
25,
198,
12,
45816,
2945,
11,
44560,
11,
290,
3360,
44261,
4168,
198,
12,
1001,
4119,
32877,
198,
12,
1475,
45428,
38912,
290,
22029,
1767,
1502,
2233,
284,
26537,
972,
286,
262,
15488,
42093,
198,
12,
10766,
3101,
3809,
2233,
284,
37287,
7813,
2664,
11,
12435,
45173,
11,
290,
2705,
21379,
286,
262,
13589,
198,
12,
12301,
15212,
290,
10453,
287,
7405,
290,
5101,
198,
12,
17376,
2471,
39718,
198,
12,
943,
34043,
290,
584,
6466,
2761,
11,
2592,
287,
262,
19218,
198,
12,
2275,
27237,
453,
1588,
14383,
11,
41395,
11,
599,
20042,
11,
2612,
11,
290,
14,
273,
584,
5387,
16613,
11,
543,
460,
1085,
284,
25,
198,
12,
5686,
16338,
37230,
16006,
198,
12,
5027,
11218,
81,
21632,
357,
397,
11265,
3227,
286,
9296,
7545,
8,
287,
546,
2026,
4,
286,
2663,
198,
12,
9855,
313,
594,
287,
546,
2026,
4,
286,
2663,
198,
464,
6253,
481,
1265,
546,
534,
7460,
290,
3315,
2106,
13,
317,
3518,
2814,
481,
307,
1760,
13,
4013,
398,
1533,
3400,
318,
1690,
407,
14641,
1566,
812,
706,
663,
21228,
13,
198,
21659,
5254,
481,
307,
1760,
284,
3953,
262,
1241,
286,
25,
198,
12,
7088,
11599,
12,
2339,
3349,
5766,
357,
3528,
37,
12,
40,
8,
198,
12,
19045,
17770,
13011,
17770,
357,
38,
17184,
39,
8,
198,
12,
3819,
6028,
5013,
560,
21311,
198,
32,
15701,
15621,
1332,
743,
635,
307,
1813,
284,
766,
611,
262,
24739,
1241,
10532,
13,
632,
481,
407,
4268,
287,
2663,
286,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
13,
198,
1532,
777,
5254,
6216,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
11,
262,
1708,
743,
307,
1760,
284,
17276,
262,
22359,
326,
318,
6666,
262,
8967,
25,
198,
464,
4661,
286,
3513,
389,
284,
25,
198,
12,
44048,
3227,
286,
24739,
284,
3487,
2974,
198,
12,
13707,
290,
9575,
262,
7460,
4073,
416,
6992,
24739,
198,
12,
22941,
584,
886,
38658,
34615,
357,
20057,
3882,
11,
26999,
282,
11,
1714,
16613,
8,
198,
12,
44048,
262,
22359,
2546,
198,
51,
21731,
743,
2291,
25,
198,
464,
22359,
326,
318,
4762,
284,
307,
6666,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
743,
307,
4615,
13,
554,
749,
2663,
11,
428,
318,
262,
9871,
3513,
13,
2102,
11,
2563,
3513,
318,
5033,
517,
2968,
355,
262,
4165,
3513,
3164,
13,
198,
41506,
26741,
286,
11881,
389,
973,
284,
22085,
262,
22359,
13,
632,
318,
749,
1690,
973,
618,
8185,
2314,
307,
973,
393,
618,
17638,
423,
4054,
13,
198,
37943,
82,
743,
307,
1813,
284,
4646,
262,
1241,
286,
24739,
13,
2312,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
15976,
6422,
14453,
357,
35,
455,
500,
87,
27920,
35569,
47311,
198,
12,
2448,
70,
349,
485,
357,
5990,
9806,
27920,
35569,
47311,
198,
12,
31455,
420,
1968,
500,
357,
47,
7063,
375,
417,
27920,
11261,
307,
1813,
878,
8185,
284,
22085,
22359,
198,
12,
2556,
260,
45608,
357,
18471,
455,
10680,
27920,
35569,
416,
35849,
357,
11261,
307,
262,
749,
4050,
14103,
329,
428,
4006,
8,
198,
12,
31084,
4703,
296,
415,
851,
35569,
416,
35849,
611,
407,
14409,
284,
584,
5107,
286,
3513,
198,
1858,
389,
645,
1900,
4831,
284,
2948,
936,
398,
1533,
3400,
13,
12556,
3513,
481,
1037,
284,
2948,
2726,
19481,
13,
198,
12,
6602,
263,
25,
509,
2743,
40511,
343,
11,
10670,
198,
12,
6602,
7536,
25,
838,
14,
6999,
532,
198,
12,
10133,
7536,
25,
838,
14,
1270,
14,
6999,
532,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 874 |
Healthy eating will take center stage as Scotland County joins the rest of the nation in recognizing “National Nutrition Month” this March.
Sponsored by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the National Nutrition Month program was created to encourage consumers to develop a healthy eating plan.
Promoting the theme “Eat Right, Your Way, Every Day,” Cardra E. Burns of the Scotland County Department of Public Health said that healthy eating does not have to be painful.
“Eating healthy doesn’t mean taste is compromised and most favorite foods can fit (within a healthy diet pattern),” Burns said.
Advising locals to choose foods packed with vitamins, minerals, fiber and other nutrients, the WIC program director said that it is also important to choose foods that are low in calories.
Asked what foods should be included in a healthy diet, Burns praised “fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fat-free or low-fat dairy” as healthy meal choices.
Included in Burns’ recommendation was a warning: “Be aware of portion sizes. Even low-calorie foods can add up when portions are larger than you need. The key to eating right, your way is moderation with appropriate portion size … combined with physical activity.”
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, there are several ways to “Eat Right, Your Way, Every Day.”
The personalization of a diet plan is among the most important steps that must be taken to achieve a balanced dietary plan. According to the academy, the easiest way to eat healthy is to find healthy foods that you enjoy.
Eating foods appropriate for your lifestyle is also important. Whether you live a sedentary lifestyle or the lifestyle of an athlete, each person has unique nutritional requirements.
The academy also recommends the incorporation of cultural and ethnic foods into the diet, as a way to keep traditions alive and to make eating enjoyable.
National Nutrition Month comes just a month after a study was published linking the southern diet with the American South’s elevated stroke risk.
Over the past several decades medical science has observed that residents of the southeastern United States are approximately 20 percent more likely to suffer stroke than the rest of the country.
Using data from a national survey University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers learned that those most likely to eat the typical southern diet, including fried foods and sweet tea, were at a 41% increased risk of stroke compared with those less likely to observe the southern diet.
As part of this public education campaign, the Scotland County Department of Public Health’s website has been set up to include a variety of helpful tips, games, promotional tools and nutrition education resources – all designed to spread the message of good tradition and the “Eat Right, Your Way, Every Day” theme.
For information about National Nutrition Month, contact Cardra E. Burns at 277-2470 (ex. 4462). | [
18081,
88,
6600,
481,
1011,
3641,
3800,
355,
8838,
3418,
15449,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
3277,
287,
22650,
564,
250,
16186,
23285,
16061,
447,
251,
428,
2805,
13,
198,
43522,
1850,
416,
262,
8581,
286,
23285,
290,
16292,
14596,
11,
262,
2351,
23285,
16061,
1430,
373,
2727,
284,
7898,
7008,
284,
1205,
257,
5448,
6600,
1410,
13,
198,
24129,
10720,
262,
7505,
564,
250,
47659,
6498,
11,
3406,
6378,
11,
3887,
3596,
11,
447,
251,
5172,
430,
412,
13,
23592,
286,
262,
8838,
3418,
2732,
286,
5094,
3893,
531,
326,
5448,
6600,
857,
407,
423,
284,
307,
12132,
13,
198,
447,
250,
36,
803,
5448,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
1612,
6938,
318,
19066,
290,
749,
4004,
9013,
460,
4197,
357,
33479,
257,
5448,
5496,
3912,
828,
447,
251,
23592,
531,
13,
198,
22856,
1710,
17205,
284,
3853,
9013,
11856,
351,
29091,
11,
21622,
11,
13608,
290,
584,
20901,
11,
262,
370,
2149,
1430,
3437,
531,
326,
340,
318,
635,
1593,
284,
3853,
9013,
326,
389,
1877,
287,
14653,
13,
198,
18932,
644,
9013,
815,
307,
3017,
287,
257,
5448,
5496,
11,
23592,
15342,
564,
250,
69,
50187,
11,
13701,
11,
2187,
21824,
290,
3735,
12,
5787,
393,
1877,
12,
17359,
17659,
447,
251,
355,
5448,
9799,
7747,
13,
198,
818,
10341,
287,
23592,
447,
247,
15602,
373,
257,
6509,
25,
564,
250,
3856,
3910,
286,
6903,
10620,
13,
3412,
1877,
12,
9948,
19257,
9013,
460,
751,
510,
618,
16690,
389,
4025,
621,
345,
761,
13,
383,
1994,
284,
6600,
826,
11,
534,
835,
318,
34401,
351,
5035,
6903,
2546,
3926,
5929,
351,
3518,
3842,
13,
447,
251,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
8581,
286,
23285,
290,
16292,
14596,
11,
612,
389,
1811,
2842,
284,
564,
250,
47659,
6498,
11,
3406,
6378,
11,
3887,
3596,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
2614,
1634,
286,
257,
5496,
1410,
318,
1871,
262,
749,
1593,
4831,
326,
1276,
307,
2077,
284,
4620,
257,
12974,
15429,
1410,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
21531,
11,
262,
16638,
835,
284,
4483,
5448,
318,
284,
1064,
5448,
9013,
326,
345,
2883,
13,
198,
36,
803,
9013,
5035,
329,
534,
12263,
318,
635,
1593,
13,
10127,
345,
2107,
257,
10081,
48648,
12263,
393,
262,
12263,
286,
281,
16076,
11,
1123,
1048,
468,
3748,
24000,
5359,
13,
198,
464,
21531,
635,
20829,
262,
43619,
286,
6467,
290,
9450,
9013,
656,
262,
5496,
11,
355,
257,
835,
284,
1394,
15421,
6776,
290,
284,
787,
6600,
20050,
13,
198,
16186,
23285,
16061,
2058,
655,
257,
1227,
706,
257,
2050,
373,
3199,
17795,
262,
8372,
5496,
351,
262,
1605,
2520,
447,
247,
82,
15321,
14000,
2526,
13,
198,
5886,
262,
1613,
1811,
4647,
3315,
3783,
468,
6515,
326,
5085,
286,
262,
35618,
1578,
1829,
389,
6702,
1160,
1411,
517,
1884,
284,
8659,
14000,
621,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
1499,
13,
198,
12814,
1366,
422,
257,
2260,
5526,
2059,
286,
9266,
379,
18899,
4837,
4499,
326,
883,
749,
1884,
284,
4483,
262,
7226,
8372,
5496,
11,
1390,
23018,
9013,
290,
6029,
8887,
11,
547,
379,
257,
6073,
4,
3220,
2526,
286,
14000,
3688,
351,
883,
1342,
1884,
284,
12414,
262,
8372,
5496,
13,
198,
1722,
636,
286,
428,
1171,
3707,
1923,
11,
262,
8838,
3418,
2732,
286,
5094,
3893,
447,
247,
82,
3052,
468,
587,
900,
510,
284,
2291,
257,
4996,
286,
7613,
9040,
11,
1830,
11,
18767,
4899,
290,
16633,
3707,
4133,
784,
477,
3562,
284,
4104,
262,
3275,
286,
922,
6761,
290,
262,
564,
250,
47659,
6498,
11,
3406,
6378,
11,
3887,
3596,
447,
251,
7505,
13,
198,
1890,
1321,
546,
2351,
23285,
16061,
11,
2800,
5172,
430,
412,
13,
23592,
379,
38703,
12,
1731,
2154,
357,
1069,
13,
604,
39997,
737,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 608 |
In recent years, the State of Georgia has been faced with a new crisis: the deadly surge of prescription (Rx) drug abuse. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has labeled this emerging form of drug abuse a “national epidemic,” and reports that Rx drugs are the cause of more deaths by overdose than “street drugs” such as cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine. A recent CDC study found that in 2009 more Americans died from Rx drugs than motor vehicle accidents, marking the first time drug-related deaths have outnumbered motor vehicle-related deaths since 1979, when the government started tracking drug-related deaths.
The 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that about 7 million people regularly use Rx drugs for non-medical purposes. Unfortunately, Georgia has not been immune to this growing problem. In 2010 alone, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) Medical Examiner’s Office reported there were 560 Rx drug related deaths in the 152 of 159 counties for which it performs autopsies, at least a 10 percent increase since 2009.
What is extremely troubling is that the abuse is particularly prevalent among teens. In fact, the CDC reports that one in five high school students school has taken a Rx drug without a doctor’s prescription. Even more alarming, many teens are getting these drugs from friends and family. | [
818,
2274,
812,
11,
262,
1812,
286,
7859,
468,
587,
7452,
351,
257,
649,
4902,
25,
262,
10309,
13853,
286,
15077,
357,
49,
87,
8,
2563,
5076,
13,
383,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
357,
47667,
8,
468,
15494,
428,
11823,
1296,
286,
2563,
5076,
257,
564,
250,
14648,
18195,
11,
447,
251,
290,
3136,
326,
49715,
5010,
389,
262,
2728,
286,
517,
7040,
416,
27357,
621,
564,
250,
25662,
5010,
447,
251,
884,
355,
15144,
11,
16914,
290,
39278,
13,
317,
2274,
20434,
2050,
1043,
326,
287,
3717,
517,
3399,
3724,
422,
49715,
5010,
621,
5584,
4038,
17390,
11,
18730,
262,
717,
640,
2563,
12,
5363,
7040,
423,
46673,
5584,
4038,
12,
5363,
7040,
1201,
13521,
11,
618,
262,
1230,
2067,
9646,
2563,
12,
5363,
7040,
13,
198,
464,
3050,
2351,
13084,
319,
11095,
5765,
290,
3893,
1043,
326,
546,
767,
1510,
661,
7987,
779,
49715,
5010,
329,
1729,
12,
41693,
4959,
13,
8989,
11,
7859,
468,
407,
587,
10900,
284,
428,
3957,
1917,
13,
554,
3050,
3436,
11,
262,
7859,
9840,
286,
21505,
357,
38,
3483,
8,
8366,
35855,
447,
247,
82,
4452,
2098,
612,
547,
38089,
49715,
2563,
3519,
7040,
287,
262,
24848,
286,
26422,
14683,
329,
543,
340,
17706,
1960,
2840,
444,
11,
379,
1551,
257,
838,
1411,
2620,
1201,
3717,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
4457,
20294,
318,
326,
262,
5076,
318,
3573,
21854,
1871,
15508,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
262,
20434,
3136,
326,
530,
287,
1936,
1029,
1524,
2444,
1524,
468,
2077,
257,
49715,
2563,
1231,
257,
6253,
447,
247,
82,
15077,
13,
3412,
517,
24128,
11,
867,
15508,
389,
1972,
777,
5010,
422,
2460,
290,
1641,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 275 |
How LCLS X-ray pulses can be used to determine the atomic structure of a complicated molecule.
A New Kind of Laser
SLAC's two-mile-long linear accelerator (or linac) has begun a new phase of its career, with the creation of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).
For nearly 50 years, SLAC's linac has produced high-energy electrons for cutting-edge physics experiments. Now, scientists continue this tradition of discovery by using the linac to drive a new kind of laser, creating X-ray pulses of unprecedented brilliance.
LCLS produces pulses of X-rays more than a billion times brighter than the most powerful existing sources, the so-called synchrotron sources which are also based on large electron accelerators.
The ultrafast X-ray pulses are used much like flashes from a high-speed strobe light, enabling scientists to take stop-motion pictures of atoms and molecules in motion, shedding light on the fundamental processes of chemistry, technology, and life itself.
Probing the Ultrasmall
The diameter of a human hair is about 1/1000 of an inch. The wavelength of visible light is about 50 times smaller than this, so ordinary microscopes can easily resolve a hair. But a molecule, about 10,000 times smaller than a hair, is too small to be resolved with visible light. X-rays, with wavelengths that are even smaller than a molecule, are ideal for imaging at the atomic scale.
Capturing the Ultrafast
The atomic and molecular world is abuzz with frenetic motion. Because they are so small and light, molecules and atoms react incredibly quickly to forces that act on them. Chemical reactions, in which molecules join or split, can take place in mere quadrillionths of a second.
The ultrafast LCLS X-ray flash captures images of these events with a “shutter speed” of less than 100 femtoseconds (100 femtoseconds = 1/10 of a trillionth of a second).
A Long History of Imaging Breakthroughs
The LCLS photographs atomic motion much as a “strobe” flash is used to photograph the motion of a bullet in flight. This latest advance in stop-action imaging at Stanford has roots going back more than 100 years. Around 1872, Eadweard Muybridge started making stop-motion photographs of people, animals, and trains in motion on Leland Stanford’s farm. He is famous for showing that all four of a horse’s feet leave the ground during a gallop. To be able to click a shutter fast enough to show each stride a horse makes when galloping required tremendous engineering ingenuity. The LCLS provides X-rays of such shortness and precision that stroboscopic experiments can be done with materials on the nanoscale, and even with individual molecules and atoms.
How Fast Is a Femtosecond?
2.4 seconds: The time it takes light to travel the distance to the moon and back—about 480,000 miles.
100 femtoseconds: the time it takes light to travel the width of a human hair. | [
2437,
406,
5097,
50,
1395,
12,
2433,
37783,
460,
307,
973,
284,
5004,
262,
17226,
4645,
286,
257,
8253,
27756,
13,
198,
32,
968,
14927,
286,
23222,
198,
8634,
2246,
338,
734,
12,
18085,
12,
6511,
14174,
44219,
357,
273,
9493,
330,
8,
468,
9258,
257,
649,
7108,
286,
663,
3451,
11,
351,
262,
6282,
286,
262,
5164,
330,
1766,
8334,
4401,
8090,
357,
43,
5097,
50,
737,
198,
1890,
3016,
2026,
812,
11,
12419,
2246,
338,
9493,
330,
468,
4635,
1029,
12,
22554,
28722,
329,
7720,
12,
14907,
11887,
10256,
13,
2735,
11,
5519,
2555,
428,
6761,
286,
9412,
416,
1262,
262,
9493,
330,
284,
3708,
257,
649,
1611,
286,
12855,
11,
4441,
1395,
12,
2433,
37783,
286,
13029,
37451,
13,
198,
43,
5097,
50,
11073,
37783,
286,
1395,
12,
20477,
517,
621,
257,
2997,
1661,
26083,
621,
262,
749,
3665,
4683,
4237,
11,
262,
523,
12,
7174,
6171,
354,
10599,
1313,
4237,
543,
389,
635,
1912,
319,
1588,
11538,
8320,
2024,
13,
198,
464,
14764,
7217,
1395,
12,
2433,
37783,
389,
973,
881,
588,
29227,
422,
257,
1029,
12,
12287,
9660,
1350,
1657,
11,
15882,
5519,
284,
1011,
2245,
12,
38714,
5986,
286,
23235,
290,
17745,
287,
6268,
11,
39543,
1657,
319,
262,
7531,
7767,
286,
16585,
11,
3037,
11,
290,
1204,
2346,
13,
198,
2964,
4623,
262,
46487,
8597,
439,
198,
464,
14753,
286,
257,
1692,
4190,
318,
546,
352,
14,
12825,
286,
281,
11111,
13,
383,
28400,
286,
7424,
1657,
318,
546,
2026,
1661,
4833,
621,
428,
11,
523,
8850,
21145,
13920,
460,
3538,
10568,
257,
4190,
13,
887,
257,
27756,
11,
546,
838,
11,
830,
1661,
4833,
621,
257,
4190,
11,
318,
1165,
1402,
284,
307,
12939,
351,
7424,
1657,
13,
1395,
12,
20477,
11,
351,
45656,
326,
389,
772,
4833,
621,
257,
27756,
11,
389,
7306,
329,
19560,
379,
262,
17226,
5046,
13,
198,
19209,
870,
262,
14563,
7217,
198,
464,
17226,
290,
18955,
995,
318,
450,
4715,
351,
22832,
5139,
6268,
13,
4362,
484,
389,
523,
1402,
290,
1657,
11,
17745,
290,
23235,
6324,
8131,
2952,
284,
3386,
326,
719,
319,
606,
13,
24872,
12737,
11,
287,
543,
17745,
4654,
393,
6626,
11,
460,
1011,
1295,
287,
5019,
15094,
81,
1131,
9998,
286,
257,
1218,
13,
198,
464,
14764,
7217,
406,
5097,
50,
1395,
12,
2433,
7644,
23007,
4263,
286,
777,
2995,
351,
257,
564,
250,
1477,
10381,
2866,
447,
251,
286,
1342,
621,
1802,
2796,
83,
577,
17561,
82,
357,
3064,
2796,
83,
577,
17561,
82,
796,
352,
14,
940,
286,
257,
12989,
400,
286,
257,
1218,
737,
198,
32,
5882,
7443,
286,
48656,
12243,
9579,
82,
198,
464,
406,
5097,
50,
12566,
17226,
6268,
881,
355,
257,
564,
250,
20661,
1350,
447,
251,
7644,
318,
973,
284,
8408,
262,
6268,
286,
257,
10492,
287,
5474,
13,
770,
3452,
5963,
287,
2245,
12,
2673,
19560,
379,
13863,
468,
11135,
1016,
736,
517,
621,
1802,
812,
13,
16824,
1248,
4761,
11,
412,
324,
732,
446,
337,
4669,
9458,
2067,
1642,
2245,
12,
38714,
12566,
286,
661,
11,
4695,
11,
290,
13404,
287,
6268,
319,
406,
8822,
13863,
447,
247,
82,
5318,
13,
679,
318,
5863,
329,
4478,
326,
477,
1440,
286,
257,
8223,
447,
247,
82,
3625,
2666,
262,
2323,
1141,
257,
7976,
404,
13,
1675,
307,
1498,
284,
3904,
257,
31168,
3049,
1576,
284,
905,
1123,
33769,
257,
8223,
1838,
618,
7976,
15816,
2672,
12465,
8705,
45207,
13,
383,
406,
5097,
50,
3769,
1395,
12,
20477,
286,
884,
1790,
1108,
290,
15440,
326,
9660,
65,
48228,
10256,
460,
307,
1760,
351,
5696,
319,
262,
15709,
17500,
1000,
11,
290,
772,
351,
1981,
17745,
290,
23235,
13,
198,
2437,
12549,
1148,
257,
31149,
83,
577,
17561,
30,
198,
17,
13,
19,
4201,
25,
383,
640,
340,
2753,
1657,
284,
3067,
262,
5253,
284,
262,
8824,
290,
736,
960,
10755,
23487,
11,
830,
4608,
13,
198,
3064,
2796,
83,
577,
17561,
82,
25,
262,
640,
340,
2753,
1657,
284,
3067,
262,
9647,
286,
257,
1692,
4190,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 664 |
Properties of Water
Life would not have existed on earth without water. Water molecules
are composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Together, the
hydrogen and oxygen molecules form a shape that resembles the head of
While water molecules seem to be simple compounds, their properties
have profound impact on life. Because of the arrangement of hydrogen
and oxygen atoms, water molecules have polarized charges (one end is
positive and the other end is negative). Due to their polarized nature, 2
adjacent water molecules can form a linkage via a hydrogen bond.
The polarized nature of water causes other molecules to be either
hydrophilic (like water) or hydrophobic (afraid of water). This
property allows certain molecules to dissolve in water while preventing others from entering the cell. For example, hydrophobic
interaction can hold molecules together.
Another important property of water is its ability
to facilitate the transfer of molecules through osmosis. When 2
aqueous solutions are separated by a membrane that only allows the
passage of water molecules, water will move from the less concentrated
to the more concentrated side (Shown in the diagram below).
Hydrophobic interactions can hold molecules together: 2 or more
hydrophobic groups surrounded by water will tend to coalesce since
they thereby cause less disruption to the hydrogen-bonded structure of
water (Shown in the diagram below. Red hexagons represent hydrophobic
material and blue dots represent water molecules.). | [
2964,
18200,
286,
5638,
198,
14662,
561,
407,
423,
11196,
319,
4534,
1231,
1660,
13,
5638,
17745,
198,
533,
13160,
286,
530,
11863,
22037,
290,
734,
17669,
23235,
13,
17083,
11,
262,
198,
15511,
8648,
290,
11863,
17745,
1296,
257,
5485,
326,
22960,
262,
1182,
286,
198,
3633,
1660,
17745,
1283,
284,
307,
2829,
16439,
11,
511,
6608,
198,
14150,
11982,
2928,
319,
1204,
13,
4362,
286,
262,
13888,
286,
17669,
198,
392,
11863,
23235,
11,
1660,
17745,
423,
46469,
4530,
357,
505,
886,
318,
198,
24561,
290,
262,
584,
886,
318,
4633,
737,
14444,
284,
511,
46469,
3450,
11,
362,
198,
41255,
12643,
1660,
17745,
460,
1296,
257,
45945,
2884,
257,
17669,
6314,
13,
198,
464,
46469,
3450,
286,
1660,
5640,
584,
17745,
284,
307,
2035,
198,
15511,
10051,
41896,
357,
2339,
1660,
8,
393,
7409,
10051,
20803,
357,
1878,
7086,
286,
1660,
737,
770,
198,
26745,
3578,
1728,
17745,
284,
33862,
287,
1660,
981,
12174,
1854,
422,
8218,
262,
2685,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
7409,
10051,
20803,
198,
3849,
2673,
460,
1745,
17745,
1978,
13,
198,
6610,
1593,
3119,
286,
1660,
318,
663,
2694,
198,
1462,
15570,
262,
4351,
286,
17745,
832,
267,
5796,
5958,
13,
1649,
362,
198,
18251,
516,
8136,
389,
11266,
416,
257,
25019,
326,
691,
3578,
262,
198,
6603,
496,
286,
1660,
17745,
11,
1660,
481,
1445,
422,
262,
1342,
17298,
198,
1462,
262,
517,
17298,
1735,
357,
2484,
593,
287,
262,
16362,
2174,
737,
198,
40436,
10051,
20803,
12213,
460,
1745,
17745,
1978,
25,
362,
393,
517,
198,
15511,
10051,
20803,
2628,
11191,
416,
1660,
481,
4327,
284,
46064,
344,
1201,
198,
9930,
12839,
2728,
1342,
19911,
284,
262,
17669,
12,
65,
623,
276,
4645,
286,
198,
7050,
357,
2484,
593,
287,
262,
16362,
2174,
13,
2297,
17910,
34765,
2380,
7409,
10051,
20803,
198,
33665,
290,
4171,
22969,
2380,
1660,
17745,
15729,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 310 |
Thank you for signing up!
About Eco-Friendly Mattresses
As adults, we should spend 7-8 hours each day sleeping in bed, or one-third of our day. Therefore, the mattress we sleep on may affect our everyday health. Unfortunately, most mattress makers use petrochemicals in their production, as well as synthetic foam products and chemical protective layers in the construction of our beds. As we breathe through the night, sleeping in our skin, these chemicals off-gas are absorbed into our bodies unknowingly.
Documented in the book Toxic Bedrooms by Walter Bader, several mattresses were sent to an Atlanta-based lab revealing chemical emissions from up to 61 chemicals in a memory-foam mattress. Switching to an eco-friendly mattress will support healthy sleeping and eliminate the unseen pollutants from your bedroom.
Chemicals in conventional mattresses
The CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission) requires conventional mattresses to undergo a 70-second open flame test in an effort to save lives, compelling most mattress manufacturers to use polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as a flame retardant. PBDEs slow the rate of open fire spreading and lower the temperature of combustion.
According to Environmental Defence, an active Canadian non-profit organization dedicated to protecting people and the environment, PBDEs may cause reproductive and developmental disorders, and can cause cancer. There are still a lot of questions regarding the long-term effects to PBDE exposure, reports the EPA's Experimental Toxicology Division.
Most conventional mattresses in the US (reported by Mark Strobel, founder of Strobel Technologies, which manufactures toxin-free matresses) also contain the chemicals boric acid, antimony trioxide, formaldehyde and ammonium polyphosphate to meet flammability tests and standards. The US Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) proves these poisonous chemicals may leach to the surface of our beds and are consequently absorbed by our skin into our bodies, but has not restricted or regulated their usage.
What are eco-friendly mattresses made of?
A smart alternative to the nonrenewable and chemical materials used in conventional mattresses is the eco-friendly (and human friendly) mattress. Eco-friendly mattresses generally contain sustainable and natural materials such as organic cotton, humanely produced wool, kapok filling and natural rubber.
Wool is naturally flame retardant and also regulates moisture, making it ideal for peaceful slumber without worrying about mildew and mold buildup. Organic cotton is grown and produced without the harmful pesticides and chemicals used in conventionally produced cotton. Kapok is a natural, renewable alternative to down from the sustainably harvested seed pods of Kapok trees. Many eco-friendly mattresses are made from natural rubber or latex, which comes from tapping the wood of rubber trees for sap used for production. These environmentally preferable materials are free of chemical components and are responsibly farmed and harvested.
Choosing an eco-friendly mattress
Fortunately, natural and eco-friendly mattresses are more available on the market now. You can find many retailers and ordering options on the Internet or find an organic mattress in a bed store near you. You may expect the price of these mattresses to be higher than conventional mattresses, but remember that your investment helps the health of your family.
Additionally, some eco-friendly mattresses are even biodegradable. Eco-friendly foam mattresses are made from natural latex or rubber which can be made into different densities depending on your preference. Eco-friendly foam mattresses conform to your body, supporting peaceful and comfortable sleep. The natural rubber in eco-friendly foam mattresses comes from the sap of rubber trees. Natural rubber or latex is inherently resistant to bacteria, mildew and mold. If you're in love with memory foam, there are now natural alternatives to the memory foam mattress called Naturapedic.
Regardless of your mattress preferences, it's important to decide what your priorities are in relation to your comfort, budget and health, and commit to these values prior to shopping and before you purchase any eco-friendly mattress.
Eco-friendly mattress toppers are also available to consumers. Eco-friendly toppers are the most economical way to healthier bed health. These can be added on top of your existing mattress, providing extra comfort and keeping natural materials closest to your skin as you sleep. Eco-friendly toppers are produced without harmful petrochemical additives, most frequently replacing man-made products with natural fibers such as wool and organic cotton. Wool is absorbent and breathable, making it a perfect layer to put between your skin and your mattress. To care for this organic product, simply expose to air and sun on each side every two months. | [
10449,
345,
329,
8415,
510,
0,
198,
8585,
38719,
12,
23331,
306,
4705,
16746,
198,
1722,
6490,
11,
356,
815,
4341,
767,
12,
23,
2250,
1123,
1110,
11029,
287,
3996,
11,
393,
530,
12,
17089,
286,
674,
1110,
13,
8447,
11,
262,
33388,
356,
3993,
319,
743,
2689,
674,
10908,
1535,
13,
8989,
11,
749,
33388,
14429,
779,
4273,
305,
15245,
20155,
287,
511,
3227,
11,
355,
880,
355,
18512,
19828,
3186,
290,
5931,
14153,
11685,
287,
262,
5103,
286,
674,
20237,
13,
1081,
356,
18044,
832,
262,
1755,
11,
11029,
287,
674,
4168,
11,
777,
12910,
572,
12,
22649,
389,
19233,
656,
674,
5920,
39472,
4420,
13,
198,
35,
17664,
287,
262,
1492,
29274,
15585,
9649,
416,
15819,
347,
5067,
11,
1811,
23963,
16746,
547,
1908,
284,
281,
9371,
12,
3106,
2248,
13477,
5931,
8971,
422,
510,
284,
8454,
12910,
287,
257,
4088,
12,
6513,
321,
33388,
13,
14645,
278,
284,
281,
34286,
12,
13120,
33388,
481,
1104,
5448,
11029,
290,
11005,
262,
29587,
41824,
422,
534,
14043,
13,
198,
41829,
20155,
287,
10224,
23963,
16746,
198,
464,
32084,
34,
357,
49106,
8721,
11233,
4513,
8,
4433,
10224,
23963,
16746,
284,
17777,
257,
4317,
12,
12227,
1280,
16506,
1332,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
3613,
3160,
11,
13206,
749,
33388,
11372,
284,
779,
7514,
65,
398,
3898,
19550,
831,
2645,
28475,
82,
357,
49079,
7206,
82,
8,
355,
257,
16506,
42964,
415,
13,
30524,
7206,
82,
3105,
262,
2494,
286,
1280,
2046,
14342,
290,
2793,
262,
5951,
286,
33607,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
13272,
16721,
11,
281,
4075,
5398,
1729,
12,
9183,
4009,
7256,
284,
10192,
661,
290,
262,
2858,
11,
30524,
7206,
82,
743,
2728,
18391,
290,
23456,
11916,
11,
290,
460,
2728,
4890,
13,
1318,
389,
991,
257,
1256,
286,
2683,
5115,
262,
890,
12,
4354,
3048,
284,
30524,
7206,
7111,
11,
3136,
262,
10193,
338,
32286,
29274,
1435,
7458,
13,
198,
6943,
10224,
23963,
16746,
287,
262,
1294,
357,
26263,
416,
2940,
30183,
6667,
11,
9119,
286,
30183,
6667,
21852,
11,
543,
46306,
43026,
12,
5787,
2603,
16746,
8,
635,
3994,
262,
12910,
275,
8146,
7408,
11,
1885,
33969,
1333,
28885,
11,
1296,
44895,
290,
34946,
1505,
7514,
746,
14222,
378,
284,
1826,
781,
6475,
1799,
5254,
290,
5423,
13,
383,
1294,
18110,
18675,
11233,
4513,
357,
34,
3705,
34,
8,
17021,
777,
32199,
12910,
743,
443,
620,
284,
262,
4417,
286,
674,
20237,
290,
389,
25578,
19233,
416,
674,
4168,
656,
674,
5920,
11,
475,
468,
407,
10770,
393,
17153,
511,
8748,
13,
198,
2061,
389,
34286,
12,
13120,
23963,
16746,
925,
286,
30,
198,
32,
4451,
5559,
284,
262,
1729,
918,
413,
540,
290,
5931,
5696,
973,
287,
10224,
23963,
16746,
318,
262,
34286,
12,
13120,
357,
392,
1692,
8030,
8,
33388,
13,
38719,
12,
13120,
23963,
16746,
4143,
3994,
13347,
290,
3288,
5696,
884,
355,
10469,
15985,
11,
31533,
306,
4635,
25749,
11,
479,
499,
482,
12591,
290,
3288,
14239,
13,
198,
54,
970,
318,
8752,
16506,
42964,
415,
290,
635,
39474,
20160,
11,
1642,
340,
7306,
329,
12309,
1017,
4494,
1231,
18916,
546,
11607,
413,
290,
15936,
40502,
13,
31734,
15985,
318,
7334,
290,
4635,
1231,
262,
13568,
27482,
290,
12910,
973,
287,
9831,
453,
4635,
15985,
13,
27344,
482,
318,
257,
3288,
11,
15713,
5559,
284,
866,
422,
262,
8080,
1346,
34262,
9403,
37185,
286,
27344,
482,
7150,
13,
4650,
34286,
12,
13120,
23963,
16746,
389,
925,
422,
3288,
14239,
393,
47038,
11,
543,
2058,
422,
24435,
262,
4898,
286,
14239,
7150,
329,
31841,
973,
329,
3227,
13,
2312,
34132,
33887,
5696,
389,
1479,
286,
5931,
6805,
290,
389,
43493,
1290,
1150,
290,
34262,
13,
198,
22164,
2752,
281,
34286,
12,
13120,
33388,
198,
31276,
11,
3288,
290,
34286,
12,
13120,
23963,
16746,
389,
517,
1695,
319,
262,
1910,
783,
13,
921,
460,
1064,
867,
16167,
290,
16216,
3689,
319,
262,
4455,
393,
1064,
281,
10469,
33388,
287,
257,
3996,
3650,
1474,
345,
13,
921,
743,
1607,
262,
2756,
286,
777,
23963,
16746,
284,
307,
2440,
621,
10224,
23963,
16746,
11,
475,
3505,
326,
534,
4896,
5419,
262,
1535,
286,
534,
1641,
13,
198,
23216,
11,
617,
34286,
12,
13120,
23963,
16746,
389,
772,
3182,
1098,
9744,
540,
13,
38719,
12,
13120,
19828,
23963,
16746,
389,
925,
422,
3288,
47038,
393,
14239,
543,
460,
307,
925,
656,
1180,
29509,
871,
6906,
319,
534,
12741,
13,
38719,
12,
13120,
19828,
23963,
16746,
17216,
284,
534,
1767,
11,
6493,
12309,
290,
6792,
3993,
13,
383,
3288,
14239,
287,
34286,
12,
13120,
19828,
23963,
16746,
2058,
422,
262,
31841,
286,
14239,
7150,
13,
12068,
14239,
393,
47038,
318,
20108,
18290,
284,
11492,
11,
11607,
413,
290,
15936,
13,
1002,
345,
821,
287,
1842,
351,
4088,
19828,
11,
612,
389,
783,
3288,
14693,
284,
262,
4088,
19828,
33388,
1444,
399,
2541,
5813,
291,
13,
198,
27894,
286,
534,
33388,
15387,
11,
340,
338,
1593,
284,
5409,
644,
534,
15369,
389,
287,
8695,
284,
534,
4467,
11,
4466,
290,
1535,
11,
290,
4589,
284,
777,
3815,
3161,
284,
9735,
290,
878,
345,
5001,
597,
34286,
12,
13120,
33388,
13,
198,
36,
1073,
12,
13120,
33388,
284,
11799,
389,
635,
1695,
284,
7008,
13,
38719,
12,
13120,
284,
11799,
389,
262,
749,
40590,
835,
284,
22841,
3996,
1535,
13,
2312,
460,
307,
2087,
319,
1353,
286,
534,
4683,
33388,
11,
4955,
3131,
4467,
290,
5291,
3288,
5696,
11706,
284,
534,
4168,
355,
345,
3993,
13,
38719,
12,
13120,
284,
11799,
389,
4635,
1231,
13568,
4273,
305,
31379,
48348,
11,
749,
6777,
13586,
582,
12,
9727,
3186,
351,
3288,
26742,
884,
355,
25749,
290,
10469,
15985,
13,
24759,
318,
17565,
298,
290,
8033,
540,
11,
1642,
340,
257,
2818,
7679,
284,
1234,
1022,
534,
4168,
290,
534,
33388,
13,
1675,
1337,
329,
428,
10469,
1720,
11,
2391,
15651,
284,
1633,
290,
4252,
319,
1123,
1735,
790,
734,
1933,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 971 |
Lisa G Kahle
Therapy Horses for
The use of animals to
provide service and therapy to enhance people’s health and lives and
to provide greater independence has been practiced throughout
recorded history. Today, many different types of
animals – monkeys, birds, pigs, dogs, and horses, to name a few –
provide therapeutic benefits to humans with physical and mental
illnesses as well as providing assistance to people with
disabilities. For deaf people of all ages, animals can provide
love, protection, and companionship. While the most commonly recognized
therapy and/or service animals are dogs, the use of horses as
therapy animals for people who are Deaf is becoming increasingly
popular. The emphasis here on the use of horses for
therapy rather than
is important since the research suggests that horses are not
well-suited as service animals. In fact, the Guide Horse Foundation
(2005), states the following:
1. The Guide Horse Foundation is against the use of riding-size horses indoors because of the risk of injury to the horses, the
... handler and the general public. While our research has
indicated that Miniature horses make suitable guide animals, large
guide animals of any species can create a hazard for the public when
used in an inappropriate setting for an animal of that size.
2. Miniature horses are not well suited for assisting
[people who are
deaf]. Horses do not possess the "watch dog" instinct which is
important for a hearing assistance animal.
Horses are known
to possess a particular ability to break through the wall of isolation and frustration which can be
frequently present in the lives of people who are deaf. According to the Professional
Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH), an international
organization dedicated to serve as a resource and advocate for
equine-assisted activities and therapies, “People
who are deaf or hard of hearing may experience improved self-esteem
and a sense of independence and empowerment by becoming an
independent equestrian. People with hearing impairments will develop
unique ways to communicate with their instructor and equine partner
while learning riding or driving.” (2012)
Britton (1991) identified additional benefits of horse therapy to
balance and coordination;
Communication with a horse, which responds to actions, is often
easier than communicating with another person, who responds to
words. For example, when a rider pulls on the right rein, the horse
turns to the right. If they pull both reins, the horse stops. If
they don’t do anything at all, the horse usually will not do
deaf person will need to be taught how to
interpret the language of the horse, the horse can still compensate
for sensory deficits of the rider. For example, if a horse hears
something, like a loud noise, dog barking, or people laughing, they
are able to alert the rider by responding with different body
signals; Such as, raising of the head, tensing of the body, turning
towards of the sound. As a deaf rider becomes
more astute at recognizing these types of signals, it will contribute to
developing an increased sensory awareness.
There are also unique
challenges to teaching the deaf to ride. Robin
Hulsey writes, “Since effective communication is the key in teaching
riding to anyone, regardless of disability, it is especially
important in the case of a deaf child”. (1979). The author offers
person can’t see the instructor, they can’t "hear" the instructor. An
instructor will need to place themselves in the arena such that the
person can see them as they ride. Anything that can be done to
promote more effective communication with deaf students will make
learning to ride easier and more enjoyable.
persons may have a diminished sense of rhythm, teaching
them concepts, such as posting to a trot, should be taught at a walk
before moving to the next level.
Demonstration is one of the most effective techniques to introduce
and reiterate riding concepts. It’s important for the instructor to
establish new techniques by direct communication with the deaf rider before they then try it on their own.
I had the privilege of meeting and
observing a session with a local individual who provides horse therapy
to the disabled. Deb Amidon, owner of EdgeCort farms has been
providing therapeutic services with horses since 1996. The service
is offered to several different organizations in the Cortland
County, New York area. There are two thirty-minute sessions
conducted a day, twice a week. The students range widely
including those who are
severely autistic, mentally disabled, blind, hard of hearing,
and deaf. Several of her students have gone to the Special Olympics
with horses from her stable.
In speaking with Ms.
Amidon about her experiences with deaf persons she reiterated
positively all of the
areas identified by Vanessa Britton above.
Students who are deaf achieve a sense of
well-being, independence, and freedom through interacting with her
horses. She also agreed that as an instructor teaching a deaf student to ride, it’s
important that they see you and that you develop a language you both
understand. One of the things she strives to do with all her
students is to have them “be as independent as they can be.” (Amidon,
A riding instructor does
not need to be someone well-versed in American Sign Language, but
they should be well-versed in the knowledge and techniques of
teaching riding. It will be important for the instructor to
establish a means of communication with a deaf
or hard of hearing person, learning the basics of sign language and
additional signs unique to riding instruction. When an instructor
is able to develop a connection between the student and the therapy
horse, the benefits of teaching the deaf to
ride far outweigh the challenges.
Adams, K. & Rice, S.
(2011, Sept. 19). A Brief Information Resource on Assistance
Animals for the Disabled. Animal Welfare Information Center,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 27, 2012: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/companimals/assist.htm
Amidon, D. (2012).
EdgeCort Horse Farm. Route 11, Cortland, NY 13045. Interview
conducted July 11, 2012
Britton, V. (1991). Riding for the Disabled. London: B.T.
Hulsey, R. (1979). Horseback Riding for the Hearing Impaired.
Chesterfield, Missouri: Riding High, Inc.
Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH)
International. (2012). Benefits-Deafness. Resources, Industry
Links, Equine Welfare. Retrieved July 5, 2012:
The Guide Horse Foundation. (2005). Main web page and
Frequently asked Miniature Horse Questions. Retrieved July 1,
U.S. Department of Justice. (2008, Jan. 14). Commonly Asked
Questions about Service Animals in Places of Business.
Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section. Retrieved July 4,
Websites of additional
articles on Therapy horses & Service Animals:
Bragg, R. (nd). Animals that Help Deaf People. Retrieved July
1, 2012: http://www.ehow.com/list_6851997_animals-deaf-people.html
National Technical Institute for the Deaf. (nd). Success
Stories: Dacia Anastasia Hirsch. Rochester Institute of
Technology. Rochester, NY 14623. Retrieved June 28, 2012:
Dogs for the Deaf, Inc. An organization dedicated to rescuing and
professional dogs to assist with hearing loss, autism,
panic/anxiety, and other challenges. http://www.dogsforthedeaf.org/
Interview conducted with Ms. Deb Amidon
Owner of Edge-Cort Horse
How long have you been providing horse therapy to the
Overall what has been your experience doing this type of
Have you ever had a deaf or hearing impaired person?
If yes, what are the unique challenges of these individuals?
What has been the positive to teaching these individuals
Can I meet them?
Anything else you would like to share?
Notes: Observed 4 different riders, some who had to be assisted, one
who was able to ride by himself and understood direction and could
guide the horse independently.
You can learn American Sign Language (ASL) online at American Sign Language University ™
ASL resources by Lifeprint.com © Dr. William Vicars | [
44203,
402,
38798,
293,
198,
35048,
12826,
49122,
329,
198,
464,
779,
286,
4695,
284,
198,
15234,
485,
2139,
290,
9102,
284,
9494,
661,
447,
247,
82,
1535,
290,
3160,
290,
198,
1462,
2148,
3744,
10404,
468,
587,
19893,
3690,
198,
47398,
2106,
13,
6288,
11,
867,
1180,
3858,
286,
198,
11227,
874,
784,
26697,
11,
10087,
11,
22333,
11,
6844,
11,
290,
14260,
11,
284,
1438,
257,
1178,
784,
198,
15234,
485,
21546,
4034,
284,
5384,
351,
3518,
290,
5110,
198,
359,
47556,
355,
880,
355,
4955,
6829,
284,
661,
351,
198,
6381,
5738,
13,
1114,
21815,
661,
286,
477,
9337,
11,
4695,
460,
2148,
198,
23205,
11,
4800,
11,
290,
19429,
1056,
13,
2893,
262,
749,
8811,
8018,
198,
490,
12826,
290,
14,
273,
2139,
4695,
389,
6844,
11,
262,
779,
286,
14260,
355,
198,
490,
12826,
4695,
329,
661,
508,
389,
1024,
1878,
318,
5033,
6481,
198,
47568,
13,
383,
12476,
994,
319,
262,
779,
286,
14260,
329,
198,
490,
12826,
2138,
621,
198,
271,
1593,
1201,
262,
2267,
5644,
326,
14260,
389,
407,
198,
4053,
12,
2385,
863,
355,
2139,
4695,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
262,
10005,
18455,
5693,
198,
7,
14315,
828,
2585,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
16,
13,
383,
10005,
18455,
5693,
318,
1028,
262,
779,
286,
10311,
12,
7857,
14260,
31797,
780,
286,
262,
2526,
286,
5095,
284,
262,
14260,
11,
262,
198,
986,
21360,
290,
262,
2276,
1171,
13,
2893,
674,
2267,
468,
198,
521,
3474,
326,
12558,
1300,
14260,
787,
11080,
5698,
4695,
11,
1588,
198,
41311,
4695,
286,
597,
4693,
460,
2251,
257,
15834,
329,
262,
1171,
618,
198,
1484,
287,
281,
15679,
4634,
329,
281,
5044,
286,
326,
2546,
13,
198,
17,
13,
12558,
1300,
14260,
389,
407,
880,
16662,
329,
26508,
198,
58,
15332,
508,
389,
198,
2934,
1878,
4083,
49122,
466,
407,
8588,
262,
366,
8340,
3290,
1,
13311,
543,
318,
198,
18049,
329,
257,
4854,
6829,
5044,
13,
198,
39,
11836,
389,
1900,
198,
1462,
8588,
257,
1948,
2694,
284,
2270,
832,
262,
3355,
286,
15133,
290,
14285,
543,
460,
307,
198,
69,
37971,
1944,
287,
262,
3160,
286,
661,
508,
389,
21815,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
18612,
198,
8021,
41003,
286,
12634,
1758,
18089,
18455,
25428,
357,
34219,
828,
281,
3230,
198,
9971,
1634,
7256,
284,
4691,
355,
257,
8271,
290,
12811,
329,
198,
4853,
500,
12,
42191,
4568,
290,
29596,
11,
564,
250,
8061,
198,
8727,
389,
21815,
393,
1327,
286,
4854,
743,
1998,
6596,
2116,
12,
31869,
198,
392,
257,
2565,
286,
10404,
290,
39309,
416,
5033,
281,
198,
34750,
1602,
395,
4484,
13,
4380,
351,
4854,
17253,
902,
481,
1205,
198,
34642,
2842,
284,
10996,
351,
511,
21187,
290,
1602,
500,
5212,
198,
4514,
4673,
10311,
393,
5059,
13,
447,
251,
357,
6999,
8,
198,
9414,
47304,
357,
24529,
8,
5174,
3224,
4034,
286,
8223,
9102,
284,
198,
20427,
290,
19877,
26,
198,
30813,
3299,
351,
257,
8223,
11,
543,
20067,
284,
4028,
11,
318,
1690,
198,
30412,
959,
621,
22889,
351,
1194,
1048,
11,
508,
20067,
284,
198,
10879,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
618,
257,
17876,
16194,
319,
262,
826,
6865,
11,
262,
8223,
198,
15344,
82,
284,
262,
826,
13,
1002,
484,
2834,
1111,
35627,
11,
262,
8223,
9911,
13,
1002,
198,
9930,
836,
447,
247,
83,
466,
1997,
379,
477,
11,
262,
8223,
3221,
481,
407,
466,
198,
2934,
1878,
1048,
481,
761,
284,
307,
7817,
703,
284,
198,
27381,
262,
3303,
286,
262,
8223,
11,
262,
8223,
460,
991,
21392,
198,
1640,
23326,
22729,
286,
262,
17876,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
611,
257,
8223,
23180,
198,
18927,
11,
588,
257,
7812,
7838,
11,
3290,
48961,
11,
393,
661,
14376,
11,
484,
198,
533,
1498,
284,
7995,
262,
17876,
416,
14409,
351,
1180,
1767,
198,
12683,
874,
26,
8013,
355,
11,
8620,
286,
262,
1182,
11,
11192,
278,
286,
262,
1767,
11,
6225,
198,
83,
322,
1371,
286,
262,
2128,
13,
1081,
257,
21815,
17876,
4329,
198,
3549,
6468,
1133,
379,
22650,
777,
3858,
286,
10425,
11,
340,
481,
8676,
284,
198,
16244,
278,
281,
3220,
23326,
9359,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
635,
3748,
198,
36747,
34120,
284,
7743,
262,
21815,
284,
6594,
13,
12325,
198,
39,
377,
4397,
6797,
11,
564,
250,
6385,
4050,
6946,
318,
262,
1994,
287,
7743,
198,
81,
2530,
284,
2687,
11,
7692,
286,
14013,
11,
340,
318,
2592,
198,
18049,
287,
262,
1339,
286,
257,
21815,
1200,
447,
251,
13,
357,
33581,
737,
383,
1772,
4394,
198,
6259,
460,
447,
247,
83,
766,
262,
21187,
11,
484,
460,
447,
247,
83,
366,
258,
283,
1,
262,
21187,
13,
1052,
198,
259,
7249,
273,
481,
761,
284,
1295,
2405,
287,
262,
13478,
884,
326,
262,
198,
6259,
460,
766,
606,
355,
484,
6594,
13,
21035,
326,
460,
307,
1760,
284,
198,
16963,
1258,
517,
4050,
6946,
351,
21815,
2444,
481,
787,
198,
40684,
284,
6594,
4577,
290,
517,
20050,
13,
198,
19276,
684,
743,
423,
257,
23476,
2565,
286,
18662,
11,
7743,
198,
18855,
10838,
11,
884,
355,
10754,
284,
257,
4161,
83,
11,
815,
307,
7817,
379,
257,
2513,
198,
19052,
3867,
284,
262,
1306,
1241,
13,
198,
35477,
12401,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
4050,
7605,
284,
10400,
198,
392,
49852,
10311,
10838,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1593,
329,
262,
21187,
284,
198,
40037,
649,
7605,
416,
1277,
6946,
351,
262,
21815,
17876,
878,
484,
788,
1949,
340,
319,
511,
898,
13,
198,
40,
550,
262,
11941,
286,
3249,
290,
198,
672,
31293,
257,
6246,
351,
257,
1957,
1981,
508,
3769,
8223,
9102,
198,
1462,
262,
10058,
13,
8965,
41816,
261,
11,
4870,
286,
13113,
34,
419,
15893,
468,
587,
198,
15234,
2530,
21546,
2594,
351,
14260,
1201,
8235,
13,
383,
2139,
198,
271,
4438,
284,
1811,
1180,
5745,
287,
262,
18418,
1044,
198,
12332,
88,
11,
968,
1971,
1989,
13,
1318,
389,
734,
12277,
12,
11374,
10991,
198,
36495,
276,
257,
1110,
11,
5403,
257,
1285,
13,
383,
2444,
2837,
6768,
198,
8201,
883,
508,
389,
198,
43070,
306,
33686,
11,
14946,
10058,
11,
7770,
11,
1327,
286,
4854,
11,
198,
392,
21815,
13,
12168,
286,
607,
2444,
423,
3750,
284,
262,
6093,
14935,
198,
4480,
14260,
422,
607,
8245,
13,
198,
818,
5486,
351,
6997,
13,
198,
43541,
261,
546,
607,
6461,
351,
21815,
6506,
673,
27116,
198,
24561,
306,
477,
286,
262,
198,
533,
292,
5174,
416,
42100,
26036,
261,
2029,
13,
198,
28239,
508,
389,
21815,
4620,
257,
2565,
286,
198,
4053,
12,
11873,
11,
10404,
11,
290,
4925,
832,
24986,
351,
607,
198,
71,
11836,
13,
1375,
635,
4987,
326,
355,
281,
21187,
7743,
257,
21815,
3710,
284,
6594,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
198,
18049,
326,
484,
766,
345,
290,
326,
345,
1205,
257,
3303,
345,
1111,
198,
4625,
1481,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
1243,
673,
37873,
284,
466,
351,
477,
607,
198,
19149,
658,
318,
284,
423,
606,
564,
250,
1350,
355,
4795,
355,
484,
460,
307,
13,
447,
251,
357,
43541,
261,
11,
198,
32,
10311,
21187,
857,
198,
1662,
761,
284,
307,
2130,
880,
12,
690,
276,
287,
1605,
5865,
15417,
11,
475,
198,
9930,
815,
307,
880,
12,
690,
276,
287,
262,
3725,
290,
7605,
286,
198,
660,
8103,
10311,
13,
632,
481,
307,
1593,
329,
262,
21187,
284,
198,
40037,
257,
1724,
286,
6946,
351,
257,
21815,
198,
273,
1327,
286,
4854,
1048,
11,
4673,
262,
19165,
286,
1051,
3303,
290,
198,
2860,
1859,
5895,
3748,
284,
10311,
12064,
13,
1649,
281,
21187,
198,
271,
1498,
284,
1205,
257,
4637,
1022,
262,
3710,
290,
262,
9102,
198,
30527,
11,
262,
4034,
286,
7743,
262,
21815,
284,
198,
13154,
1290,
31405,
262,
6459,
13,
198,
47462,
11,
509,
13,
1222,
13823,
11,
311,
13,
198,
7,
9804,
11,
2362,
13,
678,
737,
317,
22821,
6188,
20857,
319,
25126,
198,
35320,
874,
329,
262,
43201,
13,
13792,
32404,
6188,
3337,
11,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
19717,
13,
43024,
2795,
2681,
11,
2321,
25,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
77,
282,
13,
385,
6814,
13,
9567,
14,
707,
291,
14,
5589,
11227,
874,
14,
562,
396,
13,
19211,
198,
43541,
261,
11,
360,
13,
357,
6999,
737,
198,
37021,
34,
419,
18455,
11272,
13,
18956,
1367,
11,
18418,
1044,
11,
6645,
11323,
2231,
13,
19371,
198,
36495,
276,
2901,
1367,
11,
2321,
198,
9414,
47304,
11,
569,
13,
357,
24529,
737,
36032,
329,
262,
43201,
13,
3576,
25,
347,
13,
51,
13,
198,
39,
377,
4397,
11,
371,
13,
357,
33581,
737,
18455,
1891,
36032,
329,
262,
34663,
1846,
8957,
1202,
13,
198,
7376,
1706,
3245,
11,
11565,
25,
36032,
3334,
11,
3457,
13,
198,
49138,
5396,
286,
12634,
1758,
18089,
18455,
25428,
357,
34219,
8,
198,
24274,
13,
357,
6999,
737,
30582,
12,
5005,
1878,
1108,
13,
13864,
11,
17420,
198,
31815,
11,
7889,
500,
32404,
13,
43024,
2901,
642,
11,
2321,
25,
198,
464,
10005,
18455,
5693,
13,
357,
14315,
737,
8774,
3992,
2443,
290,
198,
37,
37971,
1965,
12558,
1300,
18455,
20396,
13,
43024,
2901,
352,
11,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
4796,
13,
357,
11528,
11,
2365,
13,
1478,
737,
8070,
306,
26220,
198,
35741,
546,
4809,
25390,
287,
37291,
286,
7320,
13,
198,
32610,
6923,
7458,
11,
46454,
6923,
7275,
13,
43024,
2901,
604,
11,
198,
1135,
1443,
2737,
286,
3224,
198,
26845,
319,
30878,
14260,
1222,
4809,
25390,
25,
198,
9414,
9460,
11,
371,
13,
357,
358,
737,
25390,
326,
10478,
1024,
1878,
4380,
13,
43024,
2901,
198,
16,
11,
2321,
25,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
68,
4919,
13,
785,
14,
4868,
62,
35978,
21498,
62,
11227,
874,
12,
2934,
1878,
12,
15332,
13,
6494,
198,
16186,
20671,
5136,
329,
262,
1024,
1878,
13,
357,
358,
737,
16282,
198,
1273,
1749,
25,
360,
47431,
1052,
459,
23218,
367,
47108,
13,
27008,
5136,
286,
198,
44893,
13,
27008,
11,
6645,
22986,
1954,
13,
43024,
2795,
2579,
11,
2321,
25,
198,
35,
18463,
329,
262,
1024,
1878,
11,
3457,
13,
1052,
4009,
7256,
284,
48329,
290,
198,
33163,
6844,
284,
3342,
351,
4854,
2994,
11,
15998,
11,
198,
35843,
14,
272,
35753,
11,
290,
584,
6459,
13,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
22242,
3319,
704,
68,
1878,
13,
2398,
14,
198,
39945,
5952,
351,
6997,
13,
8965,
41816,
261,
198,
42419,
286,
13113,
12,
34,
419,
18455,
198,
2437,
890,
423,
345,
587,
4955,
8223,
9102,
284,
262,
198,
16350,
644,
468,
587,
534,
1998,
1804,
428,
2099,
286,
198,
11980,
345,
1683,
550,
257,
21815,
393,
4854,
22753,
1048,
30,
198,
1532,
3763,
11,
644,
389,
262,
3748,
6459,
286,
777,
3925,
30,
198,
2061,
468,
587,
262,
3967,
284,
7743,
777,
3925,
198,
6090,
314,
1826,
606,
30,
198,
40028,
2073,
345,
561,
588,
284,
2648,
30,
198,
16130,
25,
11086,
8520,
604,
1180,
13750,
11,
617,
508,
550,
284,
307,
18419,
11,
530,
198,
8727,
373,
1498,
284,
6594,
416,
2241,
290,
7247,
4571,
290,
714,
198,
41311,
262,
8223,
14799,
13,
198,
1639,
460,
2193,
1605,
5865,
15417,
357,
1921,
43,
8,
2691,
379,
1605,
5865,
15417,
2059,
2343,
8008,
198,
1921,
43,
4133,
416,
21073,
538,
22272,
13,
785,
10673,
1583,
13,
3977,
24017,
945,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,855 |
Akkadian is a cover term for the Semitic languages of ancient Mesopotamia,
constituting the eastern branch of the Semitic family.
Akkadian, the most ancient Semitic linguistic continuum attested, was
written in the cuneiform script, mainly on clay tablets. It is attested
from the third millennium BCE to the third century CE. Linguistic research
of Akkadian has been relatively scanty, and grammatical descriptions of any
of the attested languages and dialects were intended primarily for didactic
purposes. Research has concentrated on phonology, and, especially, on
morphology, which is typically Semitic. Syntactic structures have remained
The grammatical description offered in LW/M is based on the language of
mythological narratives from the Old Babylonian period (the first half of
the second millennium BCE). Considering the state of the art and the frame
and goals of this series, the authors have confined themselves to a brief
model of the language and to defining the basic linguistic strategies of
Akkadian. As such, it may also serve as a guide to Semitic grammatical
All levels of the grammar of this language are treated together for the
first time: phonology, morphology, micro- and macro-syntax. Some attention
is given to linguistic variation, acknowledging the (relatively small)
diversity within the time-space continuum of the texts which constitute
this corpus. A short description of the cuneiform script will aim at giving
some idea of the problems one encounters in attempting to elicit the
linguistic data of Akkadian.
This grammatical description is written with a systemic, structural
conception of language in mind. It is intended first and foremost for
linguists for whom the language is inaccessible for various reasons, and
for Semitists whose expertise is not in Akkadian. However,
Assyriologists will benefit from it as well, as this description is unique
in its linguistic presentation, revealing important details hitherto unknown.
Shlomo Izre'el is professor of Semitic linguistics at Tel-Aviv University.
Eran Cohen is lecturer in linguistics at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
A provisional list of corrections to Literary Old Babylonian by Shlomo
Izre'el and Eran Cohen (Languages of the World/Materials, 81, München:
LINCOM, 2004) can be found at | [
32,
28747,
18425,
318,
257,
3002,
3381,
329,
262,
12449,
16233,
8950,
286,
6156,
14937,
43372,
49442,
11,
198,
9979,
270,
15129,
262,
10183,
8478,
286,
262,
12449,
16233,
1641,
13,
198,
32,
28747,
18425,
11,
262,
749,
6156,
12449,
16233,
29929,
44422,
708,
7287,
11,
373,
198,
15266,
287,
262,
269,
1726,
6933,
4226,
11,
8384,
319,
21558,
17255,
13,
632,
318,
708,
7287,
198,
6738,
262,
2368,
39210,
37078,
284,
262,
2368,
4289,
18671,
13,
406,
6680,
2569,
2267,
198,
1659,
9084,
74,
18425,
468,
587,
5365,
35183,
88,
11,
290,
14599,
44935,
16969,
286,
597,
198,
1659,
262,
708,
7287,
8950,
290,
23637,
82,
547,
5292,
7525,
329,
750,
12009,
198,
14225,
4832,
13,
4992,
468,
17298,
319,
32896,
1435,
11,
290,
11,
2592,
11,
319,
198,
24503,
1435,
11,
543,
318,
6032,
12449,
16233,
13,
26375,
12009,
8573,
423,
6150,
198,
464,
14599,
44935,
6764,
4438,
287,
38492,
14,
44,
318,
1912,
319,
262,
3303,
286,
198,
1820,
400,
2770,
26274,
422,
262,
5706,
28028,
666,
2278,
357,
1169,
717,
2063,
286,
198,
1169,
1218,
39210,
37078,
737,
27662,
262,
1181,
286,
262,
1242,
290,
262,
5739,
198,
392,
4661,
286,
428,
2168,
11,
262,
7035,
423,
19733,
2405,
284,
257,
4506,
198,
19849,
286,
262,
3303,
290,
284,
16215,
262,
4096,
29929,
10064,
286,
198,
32,
28747,
18425,
13,
1081,
884,
11,
340,
743,
635,
4691,
355,
257,
5698,
284,
12449,
16233,
14599,
44935,
198,
3237,
2974,
286,
262,
23491,
286,
428,
3303,
389,
5716,
1978,
329,
262,
198,
11085,
640,
25,
32896,
1435,
11,
46320,
11,
4580,
12,
290,
15021,
12,
1837,
41641,
13,
2773,
3241,
198,
271,
1813,
284,
29929,
12291,
11,
25937,
262,
357,
2411,
9404,
1402,
8,
198,
67,
1608,
1626,
262,
640,
12,
13200,
44422,
286,
262,
13399,
543,
15613,
198,
5661,
35789,
13,
317,
1790,
6764,
286,
262,
269,
1726,
6933,
4226,
481,
4031,
379,
3501,
198,
11246,
2126,
286,
262,
2761,
530,
16925,
287,
9361,
284,
44055,
262,
198,
1359,
84,
2569,
1366,
286,
9084,
74,
18425,
13,
198,
1212,
14599,
44935,
6764,
318,
3194,
351,
257,
21971,
11,
13204,
198,
1102,
4516,
286,
3303,
287,
2000,
13,
632,
318,
5292,
717,
290,
20976,
329,
198,
1359,
84,
1023,
329,
4150,
262,
3303,
318,
40604,
329,
2972,
3840,
11,
290,
198,
1640,
12449,
270,
1023,
3025,
13572,
318,
407,
287,
9084,
74,
18425,
13,
2102,
11,
198,
8021,
88,
380,
9251,
481,
4414,
422,
340,
355,
880,
11,
355,
428,
6764,
318,
3748,
198,
259,
663,
29929,
10470,
11,
13477,
1593,
3307,
45053,
6439,
13,
198,
2484,
75,
17902,
28493,
260,
6,
417,
318,
6240,
286,
12449,
16233,
20280,
3969,
379,
12088,
12,
7355,
452,
2059,
13,
198,
36,
2596,
17154,
318,
40228,
287,
20280,
3969,
379,
383,
16505,
2059,
286,
10843,
13,
198,
32,
37042,
1351,
286,
26251,
284,
38412,
5706,
28028,
666,
416,
911,
75,
17902,
198,
40,
89,
260,
6,
417,
290,
412,
2596,
17154,
357,
43,
33213,
286,
262,
2159,
14,
41657,
11,
9773,
11,
40790,
77,
6607,
25,
198,
34509,
9858,
11,
5472,
8,
460,
307,
1043,
379,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 516 |
By Jeannine Stein for TakePart.com
A new study discovered just how much stress in the workplace increases your risk of a heart attack.
Having a job that’s high in stress but low in power could be bad for your heart.
A study released this week in the Lancet found that people who experience job strain have a 23 percent increased risk of having a heart attack compared to their peers who have it easier at work.
Researchers analyzed 13 studies that included 197,473 people who were followed for an average 7.5 years. Even after controlling for age, gender, lifestyle and other factors, the increased risk remained. The study didn’t find a cause and effect between stress and heart attack. But if there were a direct link, by reducing workplace stress, the authors said, heart attacks would come down in number too.
What we already know: Stress is a factor in heart disease, along with usual suspects such as smoking, diet and lack of activity. How does stress affect the heart? Stress prompts the production of adrenaline and cortisol, which can boost blood pressure and give you energy, the Mayo Clinic says. But if that surge surges stays elevated, over time it can result in damage to the body’s systems and organs. A 2010 study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism linked high cortisol levels to a substantial increase in death rates from heart attack and stroke.
How stressed are we? A 2010Galluppoll found that when Americans were asked to rate aspects of their job environments, they were least happy about workplace stress.
A 2011 Stress in the Workplace report from the American Psychological Association found that 36 percent of people surveyed said they usually feel stressed out or tense during the workday, and 49 percent said their low pay has a pretty strong influence on that stress. Since stress is so prevalent and is linked with a number of health problems, many health experts argue that it’s become a public health issue.
What this means for you: Although factors like smoking and being a couch potato may have a bigger impact on heart disease than stress, stress shouldn’t be ignored. The Mayo Clinic recommends being proactive about stressors such as lack of time and finding ways to alleviate them.
Even taking a five or 10-minute break to clear your head and shake off some anxiety can go a long way in easing tension.
Environmental News from Living Green Magazine – Where Green Is Read | [
3886,
3852,
1236,
500,
15215,
329,
7214,
7841,
13,
785,
198,
32,
649,
2050,
5071,
655,
703,
881,
5503,
287,
262,
15383,
5732,
534,
2526,
286,
257,
2612,
1368,
13,
198,
14698,
257,
1693,
326,
447,
247,
82,
1029,
287,
5503,
475,
1877,
287,
1176,
714,
307,
2089,
329,
534,
2612,
13,
198,
32,
2050,
2716,
428,
1285,
287,
262,
45122,
1043,
326,
661,
508,
1998,
1693,
14022,
423,
257,
2242,
1411,
3220,
2526,
286,
1719,
257,
2612,
1368,
3688,
284,
511,
14495,
508,
423,
340,
4577,
379,
670,
13,
198,
25606,
15475,
1511,
3640,
326,
3017,
29903,
11,
37804,
661,
508,
547,
3940,
329,
281,
2811,
767,
13,
20,
812,
13,
3412,
706,
12755,
329,
2479,
11,
5279,
11,
12263,
290,
584,
5087,
11,
262,
3220,
2526,
6150,
13,
383,
2050,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
1064,
257,
2728,
290,
1245,
1022,
5503,
290,
2612,
1368,
13,
887,
611,
612,
547,
257,
1277,
2792,
11,
416,
8868,
15383,
5503,
11,
262,
7035,
531,
11,
2612,
3434,
561,
1282,
866,
287,
1271,
1165,
13,
198,
2061,
356,
1541,
760,
25,
36957,
318,
257,
5766,
287,
2612,
4369,
11,
1863,
351,
6678,
11826,
884,
355,
9216,
11,
5496,
290,
3092,
286,
3842,
13,
1374,
857,
5503,
2689,
262,
2612,
30,
36957,
36454,
262,
3227,
286,
37607,
290,
41547,
11,
543,
460,
5750,
2910,
3833,
290,
1577,
345,
2568,
11,
262,
32987,
26690,
1139,
13,
887,
611,
326,
13853,
47433,
14768,
15321,
11,
625,
640,
340,
460,
1255,
287,
2465,
284,
262,
1767,
447,
247,
82,
3341,
290,
16613,
13,
317,
3050,
2050,
287,
262,
4913,
286,
21234,
5268,
39913,
1435,
1222,
3395,
28426,
1042,
6692,
1029,
41547,
2974,
284,
257,
8904,
2620,
287,
1918,
3965,
422,
2612,
1368,
290,
14000,
13,
198,
2437,
15033,
389,
356,
30,
317,
3050,
37122,
7211,
692,
1043,
326,
618,
3399,
547,
1965,
284,
2494,
7612,
286,
511,
1693,
12493,
11,
484,
547,
1551,
3772,
546,
15383,
5503,
13,
198,
32,
2813,
36957,
287,
262,
5521,
5372,
989,
422,
262,
1605,
30583,
5396,
1043,
326,
4570,
1411,
286,
661,
20840,
531,
484,
3221,
1254,
15033,
503,
393,
20170,
1141,
262,
670,
820,
11,
290,
5125,
1411,
531,
511,
1877,
1414,
468,
257,
2495,
1913,
4588,
319,
326,
5503,
13,
4619,
5503,
318,
523,
21854,
290,
318,
6692,
351,
257,
1271,
286,
1535,
2761,
11,
867,
1535,
6154,
7267,
326,
340,
447,
247,
82,
1716,
257,
1171,
1535,
2071,
13,
198,
2061,
428,
1724,
329,
345,
25,
4900,
5087,
588,
9216,
290,
852,
257,
18507,
21219,
743,
423,
257,
5749,
2928,
319,
2612,
4369,
621,
5503,
11,
5503,
6584,
447,
247,
83,
307,
9514,
13,
383,
32987,
26690,
20829,
852,
33943,
546,
5503,
669,
884,
355,
3092,
286,
640,
290,
4917,
2842,
284,
30885,
606,
13,
198,
6104,
2263,
257,
1936,
393,
838,
12,
11374,
2270,
284,
1598,
534,
1182,
290,
13279,
572,
617,
9751,
460,
467,
257,
890,
835,
287,
33672,
12097,
13,
198,
47213,
3000,
422,
13728,
3469,
11175,
784,
6350,
3469,
1148,
4149,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 499 |
How a microwave oven works
Ever wondered exactly how a microwave oven heats your food? EngineerGuy Bill Hammack has you covered.
A professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Illinois, US, Hammack goes by the moniker "EngineerGuy" online, demystifying complicated mechanical concepts.
His explanation of the microwave oven, below, is fascinating, breaking down the components that drive the machine and then describing exactly what happens on a molecular level. | [
2437,
257,
27000,
14361,
2499,
198,
23921,
14028,
3446,
703,
257,
27000,
14361,
37876,
534,
2057,
30,
23164,
31080,
3941,
40801,
441,
468,
345,
5017,
13,
198,
32,
6240,
287,
262,
2732,
286,
24872,
14044,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
9486,
11,
1294,
11,
40801,
441,
2925,
416,
262,
45237,
366,
13798,
263,
31080,
1,
2691,
11,
1357,
88,
301,
4035,
8253,
12370,
10838,
13,
198,
6653,
7468,
286,
262,
27000,
14361,
11,
2174,
11,
318,
13899,
11,
7163,
866,
262,
6805,
326,
3708,
262,
4572,
290,
788,
12059,
3446,
644,
4325,
319,
257,
18955,
1241,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 97 |
|U.S. Naval Observatory||Earth Orientation Department|
In 1956, following several years of work, two astronomers at the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO) and two astronomers at the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England) determined the relationship between the frequency of the Cesium atom (the standard of time) and the rotation of the Earth at a particular epoch. As a result, they defined the second of atomic time as the length of time required for 9 192 631 770 cycles of the Cesium atom at zero magnetic field. The second thus defined was equivalent to the second defined by the fraction 1 / 31 556 925.9747 of the year 1900. The atomic second was set equal, then, to an average second of Earth rotation time near the end of the 19th century.
The Rapid Service/Prediction Center of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), located at the U.S. Naval Observatory, monitors the Earth's rotation. Part of its mission involves the determination of a time scale based on the current rate of the rotation of the Earth. UT1 is the non-uniform time based on the Earth's rotation.
The Earth is constantly undergoing a deceleration caused by the braking action of the ocean tides. Through the use of ancient observations of eclipses, it is possible to determine the deceleration of the Earth to be roughly 2 milliseconds per day per century. This is an effect which causes the Earth's rotational time to slow with respect to the atomic clock time. Since it has been about 1 century since the defining epoch (i.e., the duration since 1900), the difference has accumulated to roughly 2 milliseconds per day. Other factors also affect the Earth's dynamics, some in unpredictable ways, so that it is necessary to monitor the Earth's rotation continuously.
In order to keep the cumulative difference in UT1-UTC less than 0.9 seconds, a leap second is inserted periodically in the atomic UTC time scale to decrease the difference between the two. This leap second can be either positive or negative depending on the Earth's rotation. Since the first leap second in 1972, all leap seconds have been positive (click here for a list of all announced leap seconds). This reflects the general slowing trend of the Earth due to tidal braking.
Confusion sometimes arises over the misconception that the occasional insertion of leap seconds every few years indicates that the Earth should stop rotating within a few millennia. The confusion arises because some mistake leap seconds as a measure of the rate at which the Earth is slowing. The one-second increments are, however, indications of the accumulated difference in time between the two systems. As an example, the situation is similar to what would happen if a person owned a watch that lost two seconds per day. If it were set to a perfect clock today, the watch would be found to be slow by two seconds tomorrow. At the end of a month, the watch will be roughly a minute in error (thirty days of the two second error accumulated each day). The person would then find it convenient to reset the watch by one minute to have the correct time again.
This scenario is analogous to that encountered with the leap second. The difference is that instead of resetting the clock that is running slow, we choose to adjust the clock that is keeping a uniform, precise time. The reason for this is that we can change the time of an atomic clock while it is not possible to alter the Earth's rotational speed to match the atomic clocks. Currently the Earth runs slow at roughly 2 milliseconds per day. After 500 days, the difference between the Earth rotation time and the atomic time would be one second. Instead of allowing this to happen a leap second is inserted to bring the two times closer together.
The decision of when to introduce a leap second in UTC is the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). According to international agreements, first preference is given to the opportunities at the end of December and June, and second preference to those at the end of March and September. Since the system was introduced in 1972, only dates in June and December have been used.
The official United States time is determined by the Master Clock at the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO). The Observatory is charged with the responsibility for precise time determination and management of time dissemination. Modern electronic systems, such as electronic navigation or communication systems, depend increasingly on precise time and time interval (PTTI). Examples are the ground-based LORAN-C navigation system and the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS). Navigation systems are the most critical application for precise time. GPS, in particular, is widely used for navigating ships, planes, missiles, trucks, and cars anywhere on Earth. These systems are all based on the travel time of electromagnetic signals: an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds (10 one-billionths of a second) corresponds to a position accuracy of about 3 meters (or 10 feet).
Precise time measurements are needed for the synchronization of clocks at two or more sites. Such synchronization is necessary, for example, for high-speed communications systems. Power companies use precise time to control power distribution grids and reduce power loss. Radio and television stations require precise time (the time of day) and precise frequencies in order to broadcast their transmissions. Many programs are transmitted from coast to coast to affiliate stations around the country. Without precise timing the stations would not be able to synchronize the transmission of these programs to local audiences. All of these systems are referenced to the USNO Master Clock.
Very precise time is kept by using atomic clocks. The principle of operation of the atomic clock is based on measuring the microwave resonance frequency (9,192,631,770 cycles per seconds) of the cesium atom. At the Observatory, the atomic time scale (AT) is determined by averaging 60 to 70 atomic clocks placed in separate, environmentally controlled vaults. Atomic Time is a very uniform measure of time (one tenth of one billionth of a second per day).
The USNO must maintain and continually improve its clock system so that it can stay one step ahead of the demands made on its accuracy, stability and reliability. The present Master Clock of the USNO is based on a system of some 60 independently operating cesium atomic clocks and 7 to 10 hydrogen maser atomic clocks. These clocks are distributed over 20 environmentally controlled clock vaults, to ensure their stability. By automatic inter-comparison of all clocks every 100 seconds, a time scale is computed which is not only reliable but also extremely stable. Its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds (.0000000001 seconds) per day from day to day.
On the basis of this computed time scale, a clock reference system is steered to produce clock signals which serve as the USNO Master Clock. The clock reference system is driven by a hydrogen maser atomic clock. Hydrogen masers are extremely stable clocks over short time periods (less than one week). They provide the stability and reliability needed to maintain the accuracy of the Master Clock System.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is used to determine Universal Time (UT1) based on the rotation of the Earth about its axis. VLBI is an advanced astronomical technique of observing extra-galactic sources (typically quasars) with radio telescopes. The information gained using VLBI can be used to generate images of the distant radio sources, measure the rotation rate of the Earth, the motions of the Earth in space, or even measure how the tectonic plates where the telescopes are located are moving on the surface of the Earth. Measuring the Earth's rotational motion is critical for navigation. The most accurate navigation systems rely on measurements using satellite systems which are not tied to the Earth's surface. These systems can provide a position accurate to a about a meter (few feet), but the position of the Earth relative to the satellites must also be known to avoid potentially far larger errors.
The U.S. Naval Observatory has been in the forefront of timekeeping since the early 1800s. In 1845, the Observatory offered its first time service to the public: a time ball was dropped at noon. Beginning in 1865 time signals were sent daily by telegraph to Western Union and others. In 1904, a U.S. Navy station broadcast the first worldwide radio time signals based on a clock provided and controlled by the Observatory.
A time of day announcement can be obtained by calling 202-762-1401 locally in the Washington area. For long distance callers the number is 900-410-TIME. The latter number is a commercial service for which the telephone company charges 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each additional minute. Australia, Hong Kong, and Bermuda can also access this service at international direct dialing rates. You can also get time for your computer by calling 202-762-1594. Use 1200 baud, no parity, 8 bit ASCII.
|Last modified: 24 October 2001||Approved by EO Dept. Head, USNO| | [
91,
52,
13,
50,
13,
20818,
25758,
15886,
22840,
35275,
341,
2732,
91,
198,
818,
25190,
11,
1708,
1811,
812,
286,
670,
11,
734,
33162,
379,
262,
471,
13,
311,
13,
20818,
25758,
357,
2937,
15285,
8,
290,
734,
33162,
379,
262,
2351,
16331,
18643,
357,
51,
6048,
9557,
11,
4492,
8,
5295,
262,
2776,
1022,
262,
8373,
286,
262,
42518,
1505,
22037,
357,
1169,
3210,
286,
640,
8,
290,
262,
13179,
286,
262,
3668,
379,
257,
1948,
36835,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
484,
5447,
262,
1218,
286,
17226,
640,
355,
262,
4129,
286,
640,
2672,
329,
860,
17817,
718,
3132,
44586,
16006,
286,
262,
42518,
1505,
22037,
379,
6632,
14091,
2214,
13,
383,
1218,
4145,
5447,
373,
7548,
284,
262,
1218,
5447,
416,
262,
13390,
352,
1220,
3261,
642,
3980,
860,
1495,
13,
5607,
2857,
286,
262,
614,
21489,
13,
383,
17226,
1218,
373,
900,
4961,
11,
788,
11,
284,
281,
2811,
1218,
286,
3668,
13179,
640,
1474,
262,
886,
286,
262,
678,
400,
4289,
13,
198,
464,
26430,
4809,
14,
39156,
2867,
3337,
286,
262,
4037,
3668,
371,
14221,
4809,
357,
40,
4877,
828,
5140,
379,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
20818,
25758,
11,
19374,
262,
3668,
338,
13179,
13,
2142,
286,
663,
4365,
9018,
262,
12123,
286,
257,
640,
5046,
1912,
319,
262,
1459,
2494,
286,
262,
13179,
286,
262,
3668,
13,
19255,
16,
318,
262,
1729,
12,
403,
6933,
640,
1912,
319,
262,
3668,
338,
13179,
13,
198,
464,
3668,
318,
7558,
23247,
257,
390,
7015,
341,
4073,
416,
262,
36682,
2223,
286,
262,
9151,
46128,
13,
9561,
262,
779,
286,
6156,
13050,
286,
39097,
274,
11,
340,
318,
1744,
284,
5004,
262,
390,
7015,
341,
286,
262,
3668,
284,
307,
7323,
362,
38694,
583,
1110,
583,
4289,
13,
770,
318,
281,
1245,
543,
5640,
262,
3668,
338,
5724,
864,
640,
284,
3105,
351,
2461,
284,
262,
17226,
8801,
640,
13,
4619,
340,
468,
587,
546,
352,
4289,
1201,
262,
16215,
36835,
357,
72,
13,
68,
1539,
262,
9478,
1201,
21489,
828,
262,
3580,
468,
22425,
284,
7323,
362,
38694,
583,
1110,
13,
3819,
5087,
635,
2689,
262,
3668,
338,
17262,
11,
617,
287,
22900,
2842,
11,
523,
326,
340,
318,
3306,
284,
5671,
262,
3668,
338,
13179,
17282,
13,
198,
818,
1502,
284,
1394,
262,
23818,
3580,
287,
19255,
16,
12,
17429,
1342,
621,
657,
13,
24,
4201,
11,
257,
16470,
1218,
318,
18846,
26034,
287,
262,
17226,
18119,
640,
5046,
284,
10070,
262,
3580,
1022,
262,
734,
13,
770,
16470,
1218,
460,
307,
2035,
3967,
393,
4633,
6906,
319,
262,
3668,
338,
13179,
13,
4619,
262,
717,
16470,
1218,
287,
16101,
11,
477,
16470,
4201,
423,
587,
3967,
357,
12976,
994,
329,
257,
1351,
286,
477,
3414,
16470,
4201,
737,
770,
12497,
262,
2276,
21605,
5182,
286,
262,
3668,
2233,
284,
40738,
36682,
13,
198,
18546,
4241,
3360,
22068,
625,
262,
43122,
326,
262,
12209,
36075,
286,
16470,
4201,
790,
1178,
812,
9217,
326,
262,
3668,
815,
2245,
24012,
1626,
257,
1178,
38710,
13,
383,
10802,
22068,
780,
617,
7457,
16470,
4201,
355,
257,
3953,
286,
262,
2494,
379,
543,
262,
3668,
318,
21605,
13,
383,
530,
12,
12227,
41867,
389,
11,
2158,
11,
26496,
286,
262,
22425,
3580,
287,
640,
1022,
262,
734,
3341,
13,
1081,
281,
1672,
11,
262,
3074,
318,
2092,
284,
644,
561,
1645,
611,
257,
1048,
6898,
257,
2342,
326,
2626,
734,
4201,
583,
1110,
13,
1002,
340,
547,
900,
284,
257,
2818,
8801,
1909,
11,
262,
2342,
561,
307,
1043,
284,
307,
3105,
416,
734,
4201,
9439,
13,
1629,
262,
886,
286,
257,
1227,
11,
262,
2342,
481,
307,
7323,
257,
5664,
287,
4049,
357,
400,
5893,
1528,
286,
262,
734,
1218,
4049,
22425,
1123,
1110,
737,
383,
1048,
561,
788,
1064,
340,
11282,
284,
13259,
262,
2342,
416,
530,
5664,
284,
423,
262,
3376,
640,
757,
13,
198,
1212,
8883,
318,
34657,
284,
326,
12956,
351,
262,
16470,
1218,
13,
383,
3580,
318,
326,
2427,
286,
13259,
889,
262,
8801,
326,
318,
2491,
3105,
11,
356,
3853,
284,
4532,
262,
8801,
326,
318,
5291,
257,
8187,
11,
7141,
640,
13,
383,
1738,
329,
428,
318,
326,
356,
460,
1487,
262,
640,
286,
281,
17226,
8801,
981,
340,
318,
407,
1744,
284,
8343,
262,
3668,
338,
5724,
864,
2866,
284,
2872,
262,
17226,
29906,
13,
16888,
262,
3668,
4539,
3105,
379,
7323,
362,
38694,
583,
1110,
13,
2293,
5323,
1528,
11,
262,
3580,
1022,
262,
3668,
13179,
640,
290,
262,
17226,
640,
561,
307,
530,
1218,
13,
5455,
286,
5086,
428,
284,
1645,
257,
16470,
1218,
318,
18846,
284,
2222,
262,
734,
1661,
5699,
1978,
13,
198,
464,
2551,
286,
618,
284,
10400,
257,
16470,
1218,
287,
18119,
318,
262,
5798,
286,
262,
4037,
3668,
371,
14221,
4809,
357,
40,
4877,
737,
4784,
284,
3230,
11704,
11,
717,
12741,
318,
1813,
284,
262,
6443,
379,
262,
886,
286,
3426,
290,
2795,
11,
290,
1218,
12741,
284,
883,
379,
262,
886,
286,
2805,
290,
2693,
13,
4619,
262,
1080,
373,
5495,
287,
16101,
11,
691,
9667,
287,
2795,
290,
3426,
423,
587,
973,
13,
198,
464,
1743,
1578,
1829,
640,
318,
5295,
416,
262,
5599,
21328,
379,
262,
471,
13,
311,
13,
20818,
25758,
357,
2937,
15285,
737,
383,
25758,
318,
5047,
351,
262,
5798,
329,
7141,
640,
12123,
290,
4542,
286,
640,
44832,
13,
12495,
7914,
3341,
11,
884,
355,
7914,
16408,
393,
6946,
3341,
11,
4745,
6481,
319,
7141,
640,
290,
640,
16654,
357,
11571,
25621,
737,
21066,
389,
262,
2323,
12,
3106,
406,
1581,
1565,
12,
34,
16408,
1080,
290,
262,
11210,
12,
3106,
8060,
23158,
278,
4482,
357,
38,
3705,
737,
42115,
3341,
389,
262,
749,
4688,
3586,
329,
7141,
640,
13,
15472,
11,
287,
1948,
11,
318,
6768,
973,
329,
35210,
7937,
11,
13016,
11,
12798,
11,
13960,
11,
290,
5006,
6609,
319,
3668,
13,
2312,
3341,
389,
477,
1912,
319,
262,
3067,
640,
286,
31094,
10425,
25,
281,
9922,
286,
838,
15709,
577,
17561,
82,
357,
940,
530,
12,
24540,
9998,
286,
257,
1218,
8,
24866,
284,
257,
2292,
9922,
286,
546,
513,
10700,
357,
273,
838,
3625,
737,
198,
6719,
37561,
640,
13871,
389,
2622,
329,
262,
42133,
286,
29906,
379,
734,
393,
517,
5043,
13,
8013,
42133,
318,
3306,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
329,
1029,
12,
12287,
8062,
3341,
13,
4333,
2706,
779,
7141,
640,
284,
1630,
1176,
6082,
50000,
290,
4646,
1176,
2994,
13,
8829,
290,
5581,
8985,
2421,
7141,
640,
357,
1169,
640,
286,
1110,
8,
290,
7141,
19998,
287,
1502,
284,
7025,
511,
45649,
13,
4650,
4056,
389,
18307,
422,
7051,
284,
7051,
284,
17375,
8985,
1088,
262,
1499,
13,
9170,
7141,
10576,
262,
8985,
561,
407,
307,
1498,
284,
18305,
1096,
262,
11478,
286,
777,
4056,
284,
1957,
15579,
13,
1439,
286,
777,
3341,
389,
20717,
284,
262,
1294,
15285,
5599,
21328,
13,
198,
16371,
7141,
640,
318,
4030,
416,
1262,
17226,
29906,
13,
383,
7989,
286,
4905,
286,
262,
17226,
8801,
318,
1912,
319,
15964,
262,
27000,
29371,
8373,
357,
24,
11,
17477,
11,
21,
3132,
11,
41820,
16006,
583,
4201,
8,
286,
262,
269,
274,
1505,
22037,
13,
1629,
262,
25758,
11,
262,
17226,
640,
5046,
357,
1404,
8,
318,
5295,
416,
20430,
3126,
284,
4317,
17226,
29906,
4624,
287,
4553,
11,
34132,
6856,
410,
13185,
13,
28976,
3862,
318,
257,
845,
8187,
3953,
286,
640,
357,
505,
24395,
286,
530,
2997,
400,
286,
257,
1218,
583,
1110,
737,
198,
464,
1294,
15285,
1276,
5529,
290,
17451,
2987,
663,
8801,
1080,
523,
326,
340,
460,
2652,
530,
2239,
4058,
286,
262,
8665,
925,
319,
663,
9922,
11,
10159,
290,
17843,
13,
383,
1944,
5599,
21328,
286,
262,
1294,
15285,
318,
1912,
319,
257,
1080,
286,
617,
3126,
14799,
5361,
269,
274,
1505,
17226,
29906,
290,
767,
284,
838,
17669,
285,
6005,
17226,
29906,
13,
2312,
29906,
389,
9387,
625,
1160,
34132,
6856,
8801,
410,
13185,
11,
284,
4155,
511,
10159,
13,
2750,
11353,
987,
12,
785,
1845,
1653,
286,
477,
29906,
790,
1802,
4201,
11,
257,
640,
5046,
318,
29231,
543,
318,
407,
691,
9314,
475,
635,
4457,
8245,
13,
6363,
2494,
857,
407,
1487,
416,
517,
621,
546,
1802,
8301,
577,
17561,
82,
20262,
8269,
486,
4201,
8,
583,
1110,
422,
1110,
284,
1110,
13,
198,
2202,
262,
4308,
286,
428,
29231,
640,
5046,
11,
257,
8801,
4941,
1080,
318,
49300,
284,
4439,
8801,
10425,
543,
4691,
355,
262,
1294,
15285,
5599,
21328,
13,
383,
8801,
4941,
1080,
318,
7986,
416,
257,
17669,
285,
6005,
17226,
8801,
13,
15084,
8648,
12422,
364,
389,
4457,
8245,
29906,
625,
1790,
640,
9574,
357,
1203,
621,
530,
1285,
737,
1119,
2148,
262,
10159,
290,
17843,
2622,
284,
5529,
262,
9922,
286,
262,
5599,
21328,
4482,
13,
198,
16371,
5882,
6455,
4470,
4225,
2232,
15748,
357,
47468,
3483,
8,
318,
973,
284,
5004,
14499,
3862,
357,
3843,
16,
8,
1912,
319,
262,
13179,
286,
262,
3668,
546,
663,
16488,
13,
569,
43,
3483,
318,
281,
6190,
37209,
8173,
286,
21769,
3131,
12,
13528,
12009,
4237,
357,
48126,
627,
292,
945,
8,
351,
5243,
42067,
13,
383,
1321,
8618,
1262,
569,
43,
3483,
460,
307,
973,
284,
7716,
4263,
286,
262,
12899,
5243,
4237,
11,
3953,
262,
13179,
2494,
286,
262,
3668,
11,
262,
25530,
286,
262,
3668,
287,
2272,
11,
393,
772,
3953,
703,
262,
256,
478,
9229,
13375,
810,
262,
42067,
389,
5140,
389,
3867,
319,
262,
4417,
286,
262,
3668,
13,
2185,
45925,
262,
3668,
338,
5724,
864,
6268,
318,
4688,
329,
16408,
13,
383,
749,
7187,
16408,
3341,
8814,
319,
13871,
1262,
11210,
3341,
543,
389,
407,
8165,
284,
262,
3668,
338,
4417,
13,
2312,
3341,
460,
2148,
257,
2292,
7187,
284,
257,
546,
257,
16430,
357,
32146,
3625,
828,
475,
262,
2292,
286,
262,
3668,
3585,
284,
262,
20372,
1276,
635,
307,
1900,
284,
3368,
6196,
1290,
4025,
8563,
13,
198,
464,
471,
13,
50,
13,
20818,
25758,
468,
587,
287,
262,
26401,
286,
640,
19934,
1201,
262,
1903,
21431,
82,
13,
554,
1248,
2231,
11,
262,
25758,
4438,
663,
717,
640,
2139,
284,
262,
1171,
25,
257,
640,
2613,
373,
5710,
379,
19613,
13,
25976,
287,
47801,
640,
10425,
547,
1908,
4445,
416,
573,
16606,
284,
4885,
4479,
290,
1854,
13,
554,
43785,
11,
257,
471,
13,
50,
13,
8565,
4429,
7025,
262,
717,
8688,
5243,
640,
10425,
1912,
319,
257,
8801,
2810,
290,
6856,
416,
262,
25758,
13,
198,
32,
640,
286,
1110,
8009,
460,
307,
6492,
416,
4585,
22131,
12,
48194,
12,
1415,
486,
15726,
287,
262,
2669,
1989,
13,
1114,
890,
5253,
869,
364,
262,
1271,
318,
15897,
12,
33289,
12,
34694,
13,
383,
6846,
1271,
318,
257,
5068,
2139,
329,
543,
262,
11426,
1664,
4530,
2026,
16059,
329,
262,
717,
5664,
290,
4153,
16059,
329,
1123,
3224,
5664,
13,
4505,
11,
9764,
9071,
11,
290,
41410,
460,
635,
1895,
428,
2139,
379,
3230,
1277,
5980,
278,
3965,
13,
921,
460,
635,
651,
640,
329,
534,
3644,
416,
4585,
22131,
12,
48194,
12,
1314,
5824,
13,
5765,
24938,
275,
3885,
11,
645,
34383,
11,
807,
1643,
37101,
13,
198,
91,
5956,
9518,
25,
1987,
3267,
5878,
15886,
4677,
305,
1079,
416,
412,
46,
28786,
13,
7123,
11,
1294,
15285,
91,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,862 |
Map-making has often adapted technologies designed for purposes other than making maps.
I recall Scitex hardware as the state-of-the-art in large format color computer mapping in the early 1980s when I was first learning cartography. Cartography applications were developed when Scitex, its origins in designing and printing textiles, noticed “the similarity between printing large fabric surfaces and coloring topographic surfaces.” (PDF source).
Step back a few generations and we find the then ubiquitous typewriter adapted to making maps by DIY cartographers.
It is not difficult to find old DIY maps that used a typewriter to create type, like this 1950s map (below) of Camp Tonkawa in east Texas (source). This is a sketch map that was run through a typewriter for typographic annotations:
A more sophisticated DIY approach to typing maps was detailed by R. A. Daly in the March 1905 issue of the American Journal of Science. Daly describes a typewriter with special characters – examples shown in the graphic which heads this posting – for creating area patterns on maps:
It is safe to say that the majority of persons are seriously hampered in the preparation of text illustrations by the difficulty and expense entailed in the tedious drawing of map, section or diagram. Yet the desirability of greatly increasing the proportion of such illustrations in the thousands of scientific articles published each year is manifest. That clearness, precision and conciseness in the exposition of a theme are generally enhanced by the use of abundant, appropriate diagrams and maps is as evident as that the blackboard is the constant friend of the teacher.
Ideally, the author should himself be able to make the original drawing quickly, neatly and artistically. The usual execution of drawing with the pen is, to the average author, discouragingly slow and expensive, not always neat, and still less often artistic. The following note relates to some experiments made to increase rapidity and neatness in the production of line drawings by the use of a machine. Enough success has been attained to warrant the recommendation of the machine method to geologists, geographers, and others.
Recently the Hammond Typewriter Company of New York has constructed, for the Geological Survey Department of Canada, a typewriter provided with a carbon ribbon and with ninety special characters designed for the preparation of line drawings to accompany geological and geographical papers.
It is to be understood, of course, in the preparation of a diagram that an outline drawing is first prepared, and that the spaces thus formed are filled with the symbols shown in the legends, by means of the machine.
The earliest printed computer maps, such as the map below created with SYMAP software in the mid-1960s, used a line printer. Line printers were, more or less, a typewriter adapted to printing from a computer.
Computer output, on monitors and printers, was limited to typical typewriter characters – letters, numbers, and symbols such as + or = or %. These limited symbols could be used to create area patterns on maps. A modification of the line printer hardware allowed the overprinting of characters, the darkest being overprinted OXAV ranging down to a “-” for the lightest area pattern. The table below provides the overprint line printer symbols for a nine step range of grey tones:
The output was actually less sophisticated than the output from the 1905 map typewriter given the limited symbology of the line printer:
A recent book by Nick Chrisman called Charting the Unknown (ESRI Press, 2006) documents the early history of computer mapping and GIS at Harvard University’s Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, including the SYMAP software which produced the above map.
• • •
Source of above quotes: “Machine-Made Line Drawings for the Illustration of Scientific Papers” by R. A. Daly. American Journal of Science, March 1905.
Source of Line Printer Symbols table: R. Mould and C. Wyld, “A comparison between line printer and conventional Polaroid gamma camera displays using a liver phantom. Off-line computer and contour mapping package.” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 18:1, January 1973, p. 88-99. | [
13912,
12,
8601,
468,
1690,
16573,
8514,
3562,
329,
4959,
584,
621,
1642,
8739,
13,
198,
40,
10014,
1446,
578,
87,
6890,
355,
262,
1181,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
433,
287,
1588,
5794,
3124,
3644,
16855,
287,
262,
1903,
7169,
82,
618,
314,
373,
717,
4673,
6383,
4867,
13,
13690,
4867,
5479,
547,
4166,
618,
1446,
578,
87,
11,
663,
15587,
287,
18492,
290,
13570,
2420,
2915,
11,
6810,
564,
250,
1169,
26789,
1022,
13570,
1588,
9664,
16649,
290,
33988,
1353,
6826,
16649,
13,
447,
251,
357,
20456,
2723,
737,
198,
8600,
736,
257,
1178,
10439,
290,
356,
1064,
262,
788,
27888,
49938,
43407,
16573,
284,
1642,
8739,
416,
25134,
6383,
34063,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
407,
2408,
284,
1064,
1468,
25134,
8739,
326,
973,
257,
49938,
43407,
284,
2251,
2099,
11,
588,
428,
11445,
82,
3975,
357,
35993,
8,
286,
5425,
16859,
74,
6909,
287,
7627,
3936,
357,
10459,
737,
770,
318,
257,
17548,
3975,
326,
373,
1057,
832,
257,
49938,
43407,
329,
2170,
6826,
37647,
25,
198,
32,
517,
13767,
25134,
3164,
284,
19720,
8739,
373,
6496,
416,
371,
13,
317,
13,
43692,
287,
262,
2805,
37166,
2071,
286,
262,
1605,
4913,
286,
5800,
13,
43692,
8477,
257,
49938,
43407,
351,
2041,
3435,
784,
6096,
3402,
287,
262,
13028,
543,
6665,
428,
10754,
784,
329,
4441,
1989,
7572,
319,
8739,
25,
198,
1026,
318,
3338,
284,
910,
326,
262,
3741,
286,
6506,
389,
6411,
42629,
287,
262,
11824,
286,
2420,
27128,
416,
262,
8722,
290,
10907,
920,
6255,
287,
262,
32460,
8263,
286,
3975,
11,
2665,
393,
16362,
13,
6430,
262,
748,
343,
1799,
286,
9257,
3649,
262,
9823,
286,
884,
27128,
287,
262,
4138,
286,
5654,
6685,
3199,
1123,
614,
318,
10561,
13,
1320,
1598,
1108,
11,
15440,
290,
1673,
271,
9449,
287,
262,
45357,
286,
257,
7505,
389,
4143,
13105,
416,
262,
779,
286,
23263,
11,
5035,
37067,
290,
8739,
318,
355,
10678,
355,
326,
262,
2042,
3526,
318,
262,
6937,
1545,
286,
262,
4701,
13,
198,
41452,
453,
11,
262,
1772,
815,
2241,
307,
1498,
284,
787,
262,
2656,
8263,
2952,
11,
29776,
290,
6802,
1146,
13,
383,
6678,
9706,
286,
8263,
351,
262,
3112,
318,
11,
284,
262,
2811,
1772,
11,
48001,
306,
3105,
290,
5789,
11,
407,
1464,
15049,
11,
290,
991,
1342,
1690,
17290,
13,
383,
1708,
3465,
18436,
284,
617,
10256,
925,
284,
2620,
5801,
414,
290,
15049,
1108,
287,
262,
3227,
286,
1627,
23388,
416,
262,
779,
286,
257,
4572,
13,
31779,
1943,
468,
587,
28681,
284,
8084,
262,
15602,
286,
262,
4572,
2446,
284,
4903,
9251,
11,
4903,
34063,
11,
290,
1854,
13,
198,
24661,
262,
26649,
17134,
413,
43407,
5834,
286,
968,
1971,
468,
12006,
11,
329,
262,
34246,
13084,
2732,
286,
3340,
11,
257,
49938,
43407,
2810,
351,
257,
6588,
29092,
290,
351,
37989,
2041,
3435,
3562,
329,
262,
11824,
286,
1627,
23388,
284,
13873,
41917,
290,
27465,
9473,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
284,
307,
7247,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
287,
262,
11824,
286,
257,
16362,
326,
281,
19001,
8263,
318,
717,
5597,
11,
290,
326,
262,
9029,
4145,
7042,
389,
5901,
351,
262,
14354,
3402,
287,
262,
24901,
11,
416,
1724,
286,
262,
4572,
13,
198,
464,
14555,
10398,
3644,
8739,
11,
884,
355,
262,
3975,
2174,
2727,
351,
19704,
33767,
3788,
287,
262,
3095,
12,
38503,
82,
11,
973,
257,
1627,
20632,
13,
6910,
34654,
547,
11,
517,
393,
1342,
11,
257,
49938,
43407,
16573,
284,
13570,
422,
257,
3644,
13,
198,
34556,
5072,
11,
319,
19374,
290,
34654,
11,
373,
3614,
284,
7226,
49938,
43407,
3435,
784,
7475,
11,
3146,
11,
290,
14354,
884,
355,
1343,
393,
796,
393,
4064,
13,
2312,
3614,
14354,
714,
307,
973,
284,
2251,
1989,
7572,
319,
8739,
13,
317,
17613,
286,
262,
1627,
20632,
6890,
3142,
262,
625,
4798,
278,
286,
3435,
11,
262,
35995,
852,
625,
49695,
440,
55,
10116,
12897,
866,
284,
257,
564,
250,
12,
447,
251,
329,
262,
1657,
395,
1989,
3912,
13,
383,
3084,
2174,
3769,
262,
625,
4798,
1627,
20632,
14354,
329,
257,
5193,
2239,
2837,
286,
13791,
23755,
25,
198,
464,
5072,
373,
1682,
1342,
13767,
621,
262,
5072,
422,
262,
37166,
3975,
49938,
43407,
1813,
262,
3614,
5307,
1435,
286,
262,
1627,
20632,
25,
198,
32,
2274,
1492,
416,
8047,
5180,
805,
1444,
22086,
278,
262,
16185,
357,
1546,
7112,
4332,
11,
4793,
8,
4963,
262,
1903,
2106,
286,
3644,
16855,
290,
402,
1797,
379,
11131,
2059,
447,
247,
82,
18643,
329,
13851,
19840,
290,
1338,
34961,
14691,
11,
1390,
262,
19704,
33767,
3788,
543,
4635,
262,
2029,
3975,
13,
198,
3581,
5595,
5595,
198,
7416,
286,
2029,
13386,
25,
564,
250,
37573,
12,
24616,
6910,
15315,
654,
329,
262,
23279,
1358,
286,
22060,
27420,
447,
251,
416,
371,
13,
317,
13,
43692,
13,
1605,
4913,
286,
5800,
11,
2805,
37166,
13,
198,
7416,
286,
6910,
1736,
3849,
41327,
10220,
3084,
25,
371,
13,
337,
426,
290,
327,
13,
12958,
335,
11,
564,
250,
32,
7208,
1022,
1627,
20632,
290,
10224,
32909,
1868,
34236,
4676,
11298,
1262,
257,
14383,
36381,
13,
3242,
12,
1370,
3644,
290,
542,
454,
16855,
5301,
13,
447,
251,
23123,
287,
11558,
290,
24698,
11,
1248,
25,
16,
11,
3269,
15674,
11,
279,
13,
9193,
12,
2079,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 874 |
more teachable race. But with these the difficulty for the new law-givers is that they find nothing corresponding to the productions of the country from which they had come. Fruits are in abundance, but there is no grain which requires culture, and which would give origin to a continued industry. The legend relates, somewhat naively, the hunger and distress of these elevated beings, until at length they discover the maize, and other nutritious fruits and grains in the county of Paxil and Cayala.
Our author places these latter in the state of Chiapas, and the countries watered by the Usumasinta. The provinces of Mexico and the Atlantic border of Central America he supposes to be those where the first legislators of America landed, and where was the cradle of the first American civilization. In these regions, the great city attributed to Votan,--Palenque,--the ruins of whose magnificent temples and palaces even yet astonish the traveller, was one of the first products of this civilization.
With regard to | [
3549,
4545,
540,
3234,
13,
887,
351,
777,
262,
8722,
329,
262,
649,
1099,
12,
70,
1191,
318,
326,
484,
1064,
2147,
11188,
284,
262,
32260,
286,
262,
1499,
422,
543,
484,
550,
1282,
13,
376,
50187,
389,
287,
20038,
11,
475,
612,
318,
645,
13020,
543,
4433,
3968,
11,
290,
543,
561,
1577,
8159,
284,
257,
3767,
2831,
13,
383,
8177,
18436,
11,
6454,
12385,
2280,
11,
262,
16460,
290,
17087,
286,
777,
15321,
9791,
11,
1566,
379,
4129,
484,
7073,
262,
49235,
11,
290,
584,
48102,
15921,
290,
21824,
287,
262,
7968,
286,
48008,
346,
290,
28335,
6081,
13,
198,
5122,
1772,
4113,
777,
6846,
287,
262,
1181,
286,
21380,
499,
292,
11,
290,
262,
2678,
48024,
416,
262,
4021,
388,
292,
600,
64,
13,
383,
17812,
286,
5828,
290,
262,
10596,
4865,
286,
5694,
2253,
339,
802,
4629,
284,
307,
883,
810,
262,
717,
19964,
286,
2253,
11406,
11,
290,
810,
373,
262,
49147,
286,
262,
717,
1605,
14355,
13,
554,
777,
7652,
11,
262,
1049,
1748,
14183,
284,
569,
313,
272,
11,
438,
11531,
268,
4188,
11,
438,
1169,
20073,
286,
3025,
25023,
27081,
290,
6340,
2114,
772,
1865,
16128,
680,
262,
49130,
11,
373,
530,
286,
262,
717,
3186,
286,
428,
14355,
13,
198,
3152,
2754,
284,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 213 |
If you’re in the market for some new threads, consider buying old ones. Thrift store shopping can be a great way to save money and reduce your impact on the environment, if you can stand to wear gently-used garments — ones that have seen a wash cycle, of course.
Also, donating your old clothes to a second-hand store in Marina del Rey instead of throwing them in the trash will keep your contribution from ending up in a landfill. Some thrift shops will even buy your old digs, cha-ching.
Like any other industrialized nation, the United States produces a lot. We are a nation of producers and consumers. We buy new things, then we throw away the packaging. In some cases, we trash the actual things we buy when they become damaged or obsolete, then we buy more new things.
This makes for a lot of waste, most of which — 56 percent, according to the Environmental Protection Agency — will end up in a landfill
Though clothing and other textiles made up less than 10 percent of municipal solid waste — things we use and throw away each day, like product packaging, food scraps, grass clippings, sofas, computers, tires and refrigerators — produced in 2010, it’s still about 13 million tons of the stuff, according to the EPA.
Only 15 percent of the textiles thrown away in 2010 were recovered for recycling.
We are getting better at recycling, but we’re also producing more waste. The EPA estimates that the rate at which we recycle municipal solid waste has increased from less than 10 percent in 1980 to approximately 34 percent in 2010. However, during that time, the amount of waste produced per person per day has increased from 3.66-4.43 pounds, according to the agency.
Are you a thrift shopper or donator? Have you sold your threads to a second-hand store? Let us know in the comments section. | [
1532,
345,
447,
247,
260,
287,
262,
1910,
329,
617,
649,
14390,
11,
2074,
7067,
1468,
3392,
13,
16283,
2135,
3650,
9735,
460,
307,
257,
1049,
835,
284,
3613,
1637,
290,
4646,
534,
2928,
319,
262,
2858,
11,
611,
345,
460,
1302,
284,
5806,
15165,
12,
1484,
36097,
851,
3392,
326,
423,
1775,
257,
13502,
6772,
11,
286,
1781,
13,
198,
7583,
11,
29798,
534,
1468,
8242,
284,
257,
1218,
12,
4993,
3650,
287,
35321,
1619,
24448,
2427,
286,
9644,
606,
287,
262,
13913,
481,
1394,
534,
10156,
422,
7464,
510,
287,
257,
47712,
13,
2773,
5636,
2135,
12437,
481,
772,
2822,
534,
1468,
46561,
11,
17792,
12,
10813,
13,
198,
7594,
597,
584,
47670,
3277,
11,
262,
1578,
1829,
11073,
257,
1256,
13,
775,
389,
257,
3277,
286,
11408,
290,
7008,
13,
775,
2822,
649,
1243,
11,
788,
356,
3714,
1497,
262,
16846,
13,
554,
617,
2663,
11,
356,
13913,
262,
4036,
1243,
356,
2822,
618,
484,
1716,
9694,
393,
26533,
11,
788,
356,
2822,
517,
649,
1243,
13,
198,
1212,
1838,
329,
257,
1256,
286,
7030,
11,
749,
286,
543,
851,
7265,
1411,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
13272,
9985,
7732,
851,
481,
886,
510,
287,
257,
47712,
198,
10915,
9528,
290,
584,
2420,
2915,
925,
510,
1342,
621,
838,
1411,
286,
13474,
4735,
7030,
851,
1243,
356,
779,
290,
3714,
1497,
1123,
1110,
11,
588,
1720,
16846,
11,
2057,
44496,
11,
8701,
537,
3974,
654,
11,
523,
69,
292,
11,
9061,
11,
17920,
290,
19866,
2024,
851,
4635,
287,
3050,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
991,
546,
1511,
1510,
10860,
286,
262,
3404,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
10193,
13,
198,
10049,
1315,
1411,
286,
262,
2420,
2915,
8754,
1497,
287,
3050,
547,
11911,
329,
25914,
13,
198,
1135,
389,
1972,
1365,
379,
25914,
11,
475,
356,
447,
247,
260,
635,
9194,
517,
7030,
13,
383,
10193,
7746,
326,
262,
2494,
379,
543,
356,
48914,
13474,
4735,
7030,
468,
3220,
422,
1342,
621,
838,
1411,
287,
7169,
284,
6702,
4974,
1411,
287,
3050,
13,
2102,
11,
1141,
326,
640,
11,
262,
2033,
286,
7030,
4635,
583,
1048,
583,
1110,
468,
3220,
422,
513,
13,
2791,
12,
19,
13,
3559,
8059,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
4086,
13,
198,
8491,
345,
257,
5636,
2135,
7354,
2848,
393,
836,
1352,
30,
8192,
345,
2702,
534,
14390,
284,
257,
1218,
12,
4993,
3650,
30,
3914,
514,
760,
287,
262,
3651,
2665,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 400 |
See also the
Browse High School Calculus
Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
Selected answers to common questions:
Maximizing the volume of a box.
Maximizing the volume of a cylinder.
Volume of a tank.
What is a derivative?
- Modelling Discrete Data with Exponential Functions [5/14/1996]
How can I fit an exponential function to a set of three discrete data
- Monkey Climbing a Chain [09/22/1999]
A 20-lb. monkey is attached to a 50-ft. chain that weighs 0.5 lb. per
- The Monotone Convergence Theorem [10/02/1998]
Could you please explain the meaning and purpose of the monotone
- Moving a Circle on a Polar Graph [05/04/2001]
How do you move a circle so the center is not (0,0), but to where the
center can be (r,[theta])?
- Moving Particle [07/14/1999]
Assume a particle moves on the x-axis according to the formula x = t^ 3-
6t^2+9t+5. Find: the velocity when t = 3...
- The Moving Shadow [03/24/1999]
A man walks toward a light... at what rate does the tip of his shadow
move and at what rate does its length change?
- Multidimensional Calculus and Vector Geometry [02/09/1999]
The depth of iron ore can be approximated by a plane...
- Navigation Formula [10/14/1996]
Given the starting latitude, longitude, distance, and course of a plane,
what formula gives its destination latitude and longitude?
- Newton-Raphson Method [02/28/2000]
How can I find the 1st, 2nd, 3rd iterations and the parameters of x^3 -
13.1x^2 + 48.48x - 46.62 using the Newton-Raphson method?
- Newton-Raphson Method [06/24/2009]
Are there any equations that cannot be solved using the Newton-Raphson
method, regardless of the initial estimate?
- Newton's Method and Square Roots [12/04/1998]
Can you explain how finding square roots by hand relates to Newton's
method for approximating the zero of a function?
- Non-Constant Functions [02/12/2001]
Are there any non-constant functions f and g such that (f*g)' = f'*g'?
- Nondifferentiable Functions [11/6/1994]
In my calculus book, it mentions a function that is not differentiable
at any point due to the fact that it is not smooth at any point. It does
not go any farther, and I was interested in hearing more.
- Non-Linear Equation [2/13/1996]
Solve 5x^2 + log(x) = 0 for x...
- Nonvertical Asymptotes [10/16/2001]
Does this problem have slant asymptotes? f(x)=(x^(4/3)+x^(1/3)-2)/(x^
(4/3)-16). I'm also having trouble taking the derivative of this problem:
- A Norman Window [1/16/1995]
A Norman window is a window in the shape of a rectangle with a semicircle
attached to the top. Assuming that the perimeter of the window is 12
feet, find the dimensions that allow the maximum amount of light to
- The N Targets Problem [11/15/2001]
Given n targets with equal probability of being hit by a cannon, that is,
1/n. Let X be the number of firings required to hit all the targets. What
is the expectation E(X) of X?
- Numeric Derivatives Using TI-83, TI-92 [10/17/2003]
My calculator says that the numeric derivative of sin(x) is
sin(2x)/(2x). Shouldn't it be cos(x)?
- Oblique Asymptotes [04/03/2002]
I'm stuck on how to calculate oblique limits, for example, x^2/(x-3).
- Odd Bernoulli Numbers Must Be 0 [02/16/2003]
Take the second derivative of t/exp(t) -1 and find that it is an even
function; show that an even function, when expressed as a Taylor
Series, has only even powers of t; draw the conclusion that the odd
Bernoulli numbers have to be 0.
- ODEs and Integration with the Chain Rule [05/30/1998]
What is an ordinary differential equation? How do you integrate f'(x) =
- Oil Can Dimensions [12/11/2001]
What are the dimensions of an oil can with a one-liter capacity that uses
the least amount of tin?
- Operating a Tour Service [5/21/1996]
How many people does it take to maximize your profit?
- Optimization [12/13/1995]
An AP Calculus student asks questions about his chapter test.
- Optimization [11/26/1996]
To make a funnel, we take a circular piece of metal, cut out a sector,
and connect the two radial edges together to make an open cone. What
should the angle of the sector be to maximize the volume of the cone?
- Optimization: Minimum Area [11/07/1997]
How do you fold a piece of paper (rect. with width a and unlimited
length) so one corner just reaches the righthand side for minimum area?
- Optimization (Min-Max) [01/21/2001]
If a piece of string of fixed length is made to enclose a rectangle, show
that the enclosed area is greatest when the rectangle is a square.
- Optimizing Advertising [10/15/2003]
Doubling the amount spent on advertising increases total income by 20
percent. What is the optimum level of advertising?
- Ordinary Differential Equation, Second Order [10/26/2002]
I've been looking for solutions to the differential equation y'' = x^2
- Parametric Equations [07/21/1998]
A curve is given parametrically by the equations: x = (3-2k)^2 and y
= (2+k)^2. Find dy/dx, the x-intercept, the cartesian equation...
- Partial Derivatives [03/24/2001]
What sense do partial derivatives make in the case where u is given as a
function of two variables, say x and y...?
- Partial Fractions [06/08/1997]
How do you break 1/x^2*(x+2) into partial fractions?
- Partial Fractions [11/23/2003]
I need to put this fraction into power series formation: (3x^2 - x)/(x^3 - x^2 - x + 1). I've tried to use partial fractions but keep getting stuck.
- Percentage of Numbers Divisible by 6, 8 [03/18/2003]
What percentage of numbers is divisible by 6? by 8?
- Permutation and Combination Equality [07/18/1999]
Prove that (nC0)^2 + (nC1)^2 + (nC2)^2 + ... + (nCn)^2 = (2nCn), where
nCi = n!/((n-i)!*i!).
- Picard's Method [08/10/1997]
Can you tell me about Picard's iteration method of solving differential
- Plane Flying Parametrically [06/28/1999]
How can I find out when a plane, whose position approaching an airport is
described parametrically by P_t = (1000,500,900)+ t[-100,-50,-90], will
be closest to the traffic control center, located at (24,11,13)?
- Point of Inflection [05/17/1997]
The cubic polynomial h(x) = x^3 - 3bx^2 + 3cx + d has a local maximum and
a local minimum...
- Point on a Parabola [1/9/1995]
How do you find the point on the parabola y = x^2 nearest the point (-
- Points of Intersection [08/31/1997]
Estimate all points of intersection of the graphs f(x) = x + sin x and
g(x) = x^3 by using a calculator or computer. How do you know you have
found them all? | [
6214,
635,
262,
198,
32635,
325,
3334,
3961,
2199,
17576,
198,
29366,
7603,
3573,
3499,
7429,
393,
198,
11274,
4113,
284,
2221,
23182,
13,
198,
4653,
12609,
7429,
284,
2219,
2683,
25,
198,
11518,
320,
2890,
262,
6115,
286,
257,
3091,
13,
198,
11518,
320,
2890,
262,
6115,
286,
257,
24911,
13,
198,
31715,
286,
257,
6873,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
257,
27255,
30,
198,
12,
3401,
9417,
8444,
8374,
6060,
351,
5518,
35470,
40480,
685,
20,
14,
1415,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
2437,
460,
314,
4197,
281,
39682,
2163,
284,
257,
900,
286,
1115,
28810,
1366,
198,
12,
26997,
28573,
4623,
257,
21853,
685,
2931,
14,
1828,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
32,
1160,
12,
23160,
13,
21657,
318,
7223,
284,
257,
2026,
12,
701,
13,
6333,
326,
24034,
657,
13,
20,
18360,
13,
583,
198,
12,
383,
2892,
313,
505,
35602,
12745,
383,
29625,
685,
940,
14,
2999,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
23722,
345,
3387,
4727,
262,
3616,
290,
4007,
286,
262,
937,
313,
505,
198,
12,
26768,
257,
16291,
319,
257,
32909,
29681,
685,
2713,
14,
3023,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
1445,
257,
9197,
523,
262,
3641,
318,
407,
357,
15,
11,
15,
828,
475,
284,
810,
262,
198,
16159,
460,
307,
357,
81,
17414,
1169,
8326,
12962,
30,
198,
12,
26768,
2142,
1548,
685,
2998,
14,
1415,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
8021,
2454,
257,
18758,
6100,
319,
262,
2124,
12,
22704,
1864,
284,
262,
10451,
2124,
796,
256,
61,
513,
12,
198,
21,
83,
61,
17,
10,
24,
83,
10,
20,
13,
9938,
25,
262,
15432,
618,
256,
796,
513,
986,
198,
12,
383,
26768,
8843,
685,
3070,
14,
1731,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
32,
582,
11114,
3812,
257,
1657,
986,
379,
644,
2494,
857,
262,
8171,
286,
465,
9082,
198,
21084,
290,
379,
644,
2494,
857,
663,
4129,
1487,
30,
198,
12,
7854,
312,
16198,
2199,
17576,
290,
20650,
2269,
15748,
685,
2999,
14,
2931,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
464,
6795,
286,
6953,
23751,
460,
307,
5561,
15655,
416,
257,
6614,
986,
198,
12,
42115,
19639,
685,
940,
14,
1415,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
15056,
262,
3599,
32477,
11,
890,
3984,
11,
5253,
11,
290,
1781,
286,
257,
6614,
11,
198,
10919,
10451,
3607,
663,
10965,
32477,
290,
890,
3984,
30,
198,
12,
17321,
12,
49,
6570,
1559,
11789,
685,
2999,
14,
2078,
14,
11024,
60,
198,
2437,
460,
314,
1064,
262,
352,
301,
11,
362,
358,
11,
513,
4372,
34820,
290,
262,
10007,
286,
2124,
61,
18,
532,
198,
1485,
13,
16,
87,
61,
17,
1343,
4764,
13,
2780,
87,
532,
6337,
13,
5237,
1262,
262,
17321,
12,
49,
6570,
1559,
2446,
30,
198,
12,
17321,
12,
49,
6570,
1559,
11789,
685,
3312,
14,
1731,
14,
10531,
60,
198,
8491,
612,
597,
27490,
326,
2314,
307,
16019,
1262,
262,
17321,
12,
49,
6570,
1559,
198,
24396,
11,
7692,
286,
262,
4238,
8636,
30,
198,
12,
17321,
338,
11789,
290,
9276,
34341,
685,
1065,
14,
3023,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
6090,
345,
4727,
703,
4917,
6616,
11135,
416,
1021,
18436,
284,
17321,
338,
198,
24396,
329,
5561,
39204,
262,
6632,
286,
257,
2163,
30,
198,
12,
8504,
12,
3103,
18797,
40480,
685,
2999,
14,
1065,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
8491,
612,
597,
1729,
12,
9979,
415,
5499,
277,
290,
308,
884,
326,
357,
69,
9,
70,
33047,
796,
277,
6,
9,
70,
30960,
198,
12,
399,
623,
17125,
3379,
40480,
685,
1157,
14,
21,
14,
22666,
60,
198,
818,
616,
41443,
1492,
11,
340,
15802,
257,
2163,
326,
318,
407,
1180,
3379,
198,
265,
597,
966,
2233,
284,
262,
1109,
326,
340,
318,
407,
7209,
379,
597,
966,
13,
632,
857,
198,
1662,
467,
597,
18485,
11,
290,
314,
373,
4609,
287,
4854,
517,
13,
198,
12,
8504,
12,
14993,
451,
7889,
341,
685,
17,
14,
1485,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
50,
6442,
642,
87,
61,
17,
1343,
2604,
7,
87,
8,
796,
657,
329,
2124,
986,
198,
12,
8504,
1851,
605,
1081,
4948,
457,
6421,
685,
940,
14,
1433,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
13921,
428,
1917,
423,
1017,
415,
355,
4948,
457,
6421,
30,
277,
7,
87,
35793,
87,
61,
7,
19,
14,
18,
47762,
87,
61,
7,
16,
14,
18,
13219,
17,
20679,
7,
87,
61,
198,
7,
19,
14,
18,
13219,
1433,
737,
314,
1101,
635,
1719,
5876,
2263,
262,
27255,
286,
428,
1917,
25,
198,
12,
317,
19636,
26580,
685,
16,
14,
1433,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
32,
19636,
4324,
318,
257,
4324,
287,
262,
5485,
286,
257,
35991,
351,
257,
39290,
1980,
293,
198,
1078,
2317,
284,
262,
1353,
13,
33238,
326,
262,
25317,
286,
262,
4324,
318,
1105,
198,
39690,
11,
1064,
262,
15225,
326,
1249,
262,
5415,
2033,
286,
1657,
284,
198,
12,
383,
399,
31089,
1039,
20647,
685,
1157,
14,
1314,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
15056,
299,
6670,
351,
4961,
12867,
286,
852,
2277,
416,
257,
21202,
11,
326,
318,
11,
198,
16,
14,
77,
13,
3914,
1395,
307,
262,
1271,
286,
37979,
654,
2672,
284,
2277,
477,
262,
6670,
13,
1867,
198,
271,
262,
17507,
412,
7,
55,
8,
286,
1395,
30,
198,
12,
399,
39223,
9626,
452,
2929,
8554,
31598,
12,
5999,
11,
31598,
12,
5892,
685,
940,
14,
1558,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
3666,
28260,
1139,
326,
262,
35575,
27255,
286,
7813,
7,
87,
8,
318,
198,
31369,
7,
17,
87,
20679,
7,
17,
87,
737,
10358,
77,
470,
340,
307,
8615,
7,
87,
19427,
198,
12,
1835,
41522,
1081,
4948,
457,
6421,
685,
3023,
14,
3070,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
40,
1101,
7819,
319,
703,
284,
15284,
909,
41522,
7095,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
2124,
61,
17,
29006,
87,
12,
18,
737,
198,
12,
20664,
6206,
280,
15516,
27797,
12039,
1355,
657,
685,
2999,
14,
1433,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
12322,
262,
1218,
27255,
286,
256,
14,
11201,
7,
83,
8,
532,
16,
290,
1064,
326,
340,
318,
281,
772,
198,
8818,
26,
905,
326,
281,
772,
2163,
11,
618,
6241,
355,
257,
8121,
198,
27996,
11,
468,
691,
772,
5635,
286,
256,
26,
3197,
262,
7664,
326,
262,
5629,
198,
23927,
280,
15516,
3146,
423,
284,
307,
657,
13,
198,
12,
440,
7206,
82,
290,
38410,
351,
262,
21853,
14330,
685,
2713,
14,
1270,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
2061,
318,
281,
8850,
22577,
16022,
30,
1374,
466,
345,
19386,
277,
6,
7,
87,
8,
796,
198,
12,
11474,
1680,
41265,
685,
1065,
14,
1157,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
2061,
389,
262,
15225,
286,
281,
3056,
460,
351,
257,
530,
12,
17201,
5339,
326,
3544,
198,
1169,
1551,
2033,
286,
19783,
30,
198,
12,
24850,
257,
9852,
4809,
685,
20,
14,
2481,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
2437,
867,
661,
857,
340,
1011,
284,
20487,
534,
7630,
30,
198,
12,
30011,
1634,
685,
1065,
14,
1485,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
2025,
3486,
2199,
17576,
3710,
7893,
2683,
546,
465,
6843,
1332,
13,
198,
12,
30011,
1634,
685,
1157,
14,
2075,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
2514,
787,
257,
28214,
11,
356,
1011,
257,
18620,
3704,
286,
6147,
11,
2005,
503,
257,
6567,
11,
198,
392,
2018,
262,
734,
44503,
13015,
1978,
284,
787,
281,
1280,
27763,
13,
1867,
198,
21754,
262,
9848,
286,
262,
6567,
307,
284,
20487,
262,
6115,
286,
262,
27763,
30,
198,
12,
30011,
1634,
25,
26265,
9498,
685,
1157,
14,
2998,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
5591,
257,
3704,
286,
3348,
357,
2554,
13,
351,
9647,
257,
290,
15822,
198,
13664,
8,
523,
530,
5228,
655,
12229,
262,
374,
10887,
392,
1735,
329,
5288,
1989,
30,
198,
12,
30011,
1634,
357,
9452,
12,
11518,
8,
685,
486,
14,
2481,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
1532,
257,
3704,
286,
4731,
286,
5969,
4129,
318,
925,
284,
13507,
577,
257,
35991,
11,
905,
198,
5562,
262,
28543,
1989,
318,
6000,
618,
262,
35991,
318,
257,
6616,
13,
198,
12,
30011,
2890,
40113,
685,
940,
14,
1314,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
40287,
11108,
262,
2033,
3377,
319,
8560,
5732,
2472,
3739,
416,
1160,
198,
25067,
13,
1867,
318,
262,
39475,
1241,
286,
8560,
30,
198,
12,
14230,
3219,
20615,
498,
7889,
341,
11,
5498,
8284,
685,
940,
14,
2075,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
40,
1053,
587,
2045,
329,
8136,
284,
262,
22577,
16022,
331,
7061,
796,
2124,
61,
17,
198,
12,
25139,
19482,
7889,
602,
685,
2998,
14,
2481,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
32,
12133,
318,
1813,
5772,
21879,
1146,
416,
262,
27490,
25,
2124,
796,
357,
18,
12,
17,
74,
8,
61,
17,
290,
331,
198,
28,
357,
17,
10,
74,
8,
61,
17,
13,
9938,
20268,
14,
34350,
11,
262,
2124,
12,
3849,
984,
11,
262,
6383,
35610,
16022,
986,
198,
12,
43689,
9626,
452,
2929,
685,
3070,
14,
1731,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
2061,
2565,
466,
13027,
28486,
787,
287,
262,
1339,
810,
334,
318,
1813,
355,
257,
198,
8818,
286,
734,
9633,
11,
910,
2124,
290,
331,
44825,
198,
12,
43689,
376,
37810,
685,
3312,
14,
2919,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
2270,
352,
14,
87,
61,
17,
9,
7,
87,
10,
17,
8,
656,
13027,
49876,
30,
198,
12,
43689,
376,
37810,
685,
1157,
14,
1954,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
40,
761,
284,
1234,
428,
13390,
656,
1176,
2168,
9978,
25,
357,
18,
87,
61,
17,
532,
2124,
20679,
7,
87,
61,
18,
532,
2124,
61,
17,
532,
2124,
1343,
352,
737,
314,
1053,
3088,
284,
779,
13027,
49876,
475,
1394,
1972,
7819,
13,
198,
12,
36013,
286,
27797,
4777,
12843,
416,
718,
11,
807,
685,
3070,
14,
1507,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
2061,
5873,
286,
3146,
318,
2659,
12843,
416,
718,
30,
416,
807,
30,
198,
12,
2448,
76,
7094,
290,
14336,
1883,
31428,
685,
2998,
14,
1507,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
2964,
303,
326,
357,
77,
34,
15,
8,
61,
17,
1343,
357,
77,
34,
16,
8,
61,
17,
1343,
357,
77,
34,
17,
8,
61,
17,
1343,
2644,
1343,
357,
77,
34,
77,
8,
61,
17,
796,
357,
17,
77,
34,
77,
828,
810,
198,
77,
34,
72,
796,
299,
48443,
19510,
77,
12,
72,
31520,
9,
72,
19588,
198,
12,
36614,
338,
11789,
685,
2919,
14,
940,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
6090,
345,
1560,
502,
546,
36614,
338,
24415,
2446,
286,
18120,
22577,
198,
12,
36829,
19903,
25139,
21879,
1146,
685,
3312,
14,
2078,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
2437,
460,
314,
1064,
503,
618,
257,
6614,
11,
3025,
2292,
13885,
281,
9003,
318,
198,
34869,
5772,
21879,
1146,
416,
350,
62,
83,
796,
357,
12825,
11,
4059,
11,
12865,
47762,
256,
58,
12,
3064,
12095,
1120,
12095,
3829,
4357,
481,
198,
1350,
11706,
284,
262,
4979,
1630,
3641,
11,
5140,
379,
357,
1731,
11,
1157,
11,
1485,
19427,
198,
12,
6252,
286,
4806,
1564,
685,
2713,
14,
1558,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
464,
27216,
745,
6213,
49070,
289,
7,
87,
8,
796,
2124,
61,
18,
532,
513,
65,
87,
61,
17,
1343,
513,
66,
87,
1343,
288,
468,
257,
1957,
5415,
290,
198,
64,
1957,
5288,
986,
198,
12,
6252,
319,
257,
2547,
397,
5708,
685,
16,
14,
24,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
1064,
262,
966,
319,
262,
1582,
397,
5708,
331,
796,
2124,
61,
17,
16936,
262,
966,
13841,
198,
12,
11045,
286,
4225,
5458,
685,
2919,
14,
3132,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
22362,
1920,
477,
2173,
286,
16246,
286,
262,
28770,
277,
7,
87,
8,
796,
2124,
1343,
7813,
2124,
290,
198,
70,
7,
87,
8,
796,
2124,
61,
18,
416,
1262,
257,
28260,
393,
3644,
13,
1374,
466,
345,
760,
345,
423,
198,
9275,
606,
477,
30,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,914 |
See also the
Dr. Math FAQ:
order of operations
3D and higher
Browse Middle School Algebra
Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
Selected answers to common questions:
Direct and indirect variation.
Inequalities and negative numbers.
Positive/negative integer rules.
Solving simple linear equations.
- Formulas for the Equation of a Line [09/28/1998]
Can you explain the meaning behind the point-slope formula? What about
other formulas for the equation of a line?
- Four Methods of Solving Classic Chicken and Egg Problems [02/24/2009]
If 6 cats can kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it take to
kill 100 rats in 50 minutes? A look at four different solution methods
for this sort of problem.
- The Fourth Dimension [8/24/1995]
What is the fourth dimension mathematically?
- Fraction: Algebra without the Equations [8/23/1996]
I have come up with a way to solve fraction problems like "2/3 of ? =
66", but I have no idea why it works.
- Fraction Equation Problem [5/10/1995]
Let 1/a = a + 1/b = b + 1/c = c + 1/d = 2. What is the value of abcd?
- Fraction Equivalents of Decimals that Repeat ... Mostly [05/04/2010]
How do you find the fraction equivalent of a repeating decimals that also includes
digits that do not repeat? Doctor Greenie tweaks a student's formal algebraic
approach, introduces another wrinkle grounded in the base ten number system, then
shares two algorithms based on his work with high school students who take part in
- Fraction or Decimal Form? [07/30/2002]
Is it better to write 1/2(6x-3(2x-1)) or 0.5(6x-3(2x-1)), and why?
- Fractions and Cross Multiplication [07/14/1998]
When do you cross-multiply in solving fractions?
- Fractions and Lowest Terms [07/19/2001]
Simplifying expressions: how do you finish cancelling fractions, and then
what do you multiply? What is the lowest term?
- From Word Problems to Equations [01/28/1999]
If the sides of a square are lengthened by 3m, the area becomes 81m
squared. Find the length of a side of the original square.
- Functions and Equations [02/10/2001]
When is an equation also a function? How do you recognize a function?
- A Game in Three Rounds [04/19/1999]
After three rounds each of the girls has 8 chips. How many chips did they
have at the start?
- Geometrically Completing the Square [08/07/1997]
What are the steps for geometrically completing the square?
- Getting the Job Done [12/17/1996]
Two typists share a job and each does half of the work. The second typist
begins working one hour after the first...
- Given Perimeters, Find Sides [8/5/1996]
A triangle and a rectangle have equal perimeters... find the sides.
- Grade Averages [11/16/1995]
If Johnny has an 82% average for the 1st 9wks and a 75% average for the
2nd 9wks, what grade would he have to get on the final to receive an 80%
semester grade? The grades are weighted as follows: each 9wks 40% and the
semester test 20%.
- Graphing Intercepts [11/06/1997]
How would I find the intercept for a problem such as 3x-2y = 12?
- Graphing Slope Intercept [02/13/1999]
When given the slope intercept form, how do you know whether you rise or
drop when looking at the slope?
- Grid Patterns [09/10/99]
Finding a formula for the difference between the diagonal products of the
numbers in a 2x2 square within a 3x5 rectangle of numbers, and
generalizing it for any rectangle of numbers.
- Guess and Check Tables, Algebra [10/12/2002]
Find the mass of Hector's math, science, and Spanish textbooks.
- Hands of a Clock [10/10/1997]
How many times do the hour and minute hands cross in a 12-hour period of
- Heads and Legs [07/25/2001]
Joe counts 48 heads and 134 legs among the chickens and dogs on his farm.
How many dogs and how many chickens does he have?
- A Hen and a Half [09/23/1998]
If a hen and a half lays an egg and a half in a day and a half, how many
eggs will five hens lay in 6 days?
- Hot Air Balloons [12/25/1996]
A hot air balloon covered 2100 miles in 7 days. If it covered 50 miles
more each day than the day before, how many miles did it cover each day?
- How Does the Trick Work? [06/20/2003]
From time to time I've run across math tricks that ask me to give a
number, then take me through a series of other questions and by the
time I work my way to the end, the trick tells me my original number.
- How Does the Volume Change? [03/04/1999]
We have been doing a project where we change one side of an object and
see how it affects the volume...
- How Long is Duke the Dog? [09/04/2001]
Duke the dog's head is 6 inches long, his tail is as long as his head
plus half the length of his body, and his body is as long as the head and
the tail combined.
- How Long is the Train? [05/21/1999]
Two trains are traveling in opposite directions along parallel tracks,
train A at 72kph and train B at 54kph...
- How Many Apples? [09/19/2002]
How many apples did John get from his boss?
- How Many Coins Did Each Originally Have? [10/22/2001]
Natalie has some nickels, Dirk has some dimes, and Quincy has some
quarters. Dirk has five more dimes than Quincy has quarters... How many
coins did each originally have?
- How Many Factor Pairs Does a Given Number Have? [03/19/2004]
I'm wondering if there is a formula or algorithm that will tell me
exactly how many pairs of factors a number has?
- How Many Games Were Tied? [06/07/1999]
How many games are tied if each team receives 3 points for a win, 1 point
for a tie, and no points for a loss, and after 4 rounds the accumulated
points are: Lions 22, Tigers 19, Mounties 14, Royals 12?
- How Many Mice, Cats, and Dogs? [01/13/2003]
You must spend $100 to buy 100 pets, choosing at least one of each
pet. The pets and their prices are: mice @ $0.25 each, cats @ $1.00
each, and dogs @ $15.00 each. How many mice, cats, and dogs must you
- How Many of Each Ticket Were Sold? [09/06/2001]
Five hundred tickets were sold for a play, for $8 at the lower level and
$6 at the upper level, totaling $3600.
- How Many Stools? How Many Tables? [12/13/2002]
In their spare time, the Buffalo Bills operations staff members build
3-legged stools and 4-legged tables. Last month they used 72 legs to
build 3 more stools than tables.
- How Many Trains Meet? [09/17/2001]
Every hour, on the hour, a train leaves Tallahassee for Jacksonville,
while another train leaves Jacksonville for Tallahassee. The trip between
the two cities takes exactly two hours. How many trains going in the
opposite direction will a Tallahassee train to Jacksonville meet?
- How Many Valentines? [02/10/2003]
If everyone in your class gave a Valentine to everyone else in your
class, how many valentines would be exchanged?
- How Much Does the Youngest Boy Get? [05/25/2000]
Five brothers, each born in a different year, share a gift of $100...
- How Much Money Entering the First Store? [09/26/2002]
Timothy spent all of his money at five stores. At each store, he spent
$1 more than half of the amount he had when entering the store. How
much money did he have when he entered the first store?
- How Much Popcorn did Paul Sell? [01/28/2002]
Paul made $44.14 selling 27 items (beer and popcorn). If he made $1.22
selling popcorn and $2.62 selling beer, how many boxes of popcorn were | [
6214,
635,
262,
198,
6187,
13,
16320,
18749,
25,
198,
2875,
286,
4560,
198,
18,
35,
290,
2440,
198,
32635,
325,
6046,
3961,
978,
29230,
198,
29366,
7603,
3573,
3499,
7429,
393,
198,
11274,
4113,
284,
2221,
23182,
13,
198,
4653,
12609,
7429,
284,
2219,
2683,
25,
198,
13470,
290,
12913,
12291,
13,
198,
40,
710,
13255,
871,
290,
4633,
3146,
13,
198,
21604,
1800,
14,
31591,
18253,
3173,
13,
198,
50,
10890,
2829,
14174,
27490,
13,
198,
12,
5178,
25283,
329,
262,
7889,
341,
286,
257,
6910,
685,
2931,
14,
2078,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
6090,
345,
4727,
262,
3616,
2157,
262,
966,
12,
6649,
3008,
10451,
30,
1867,
546,
198,
847,
32126,
329,
262,
16022,
286,
257,
1627,
30,
198,
12,
6675,
25458,
286,
4294,
1075,
13449,
16405,
290,
14562,
32093,
685,
2999,
14,
1731,
14,
10531,
60,
198,
1532,
718,
11875,
460,
1494,
718,
13623,
287,
718,
2431,
11,
703,
867,
11875,
481,
340,
1011,
284,
198,
12728,
1802,
13623,
287,
2026,
2431,
30,
317,
804,
379,
1440,
1180,
4610,
5050,
198,
1640,
428,
3297,
286,
1917,
13,
198,
12,
383,
15692,
34024,
685,
23,
14,
1731,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
5544,
15793,
2603,
46558,
30,
198,
12,
376,
7861,
25,
978,
29230,
1231,
262,
7889,
602,
685,
23,
14,
1954,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
40,
423,
1282,
510,
351,
257,
835,
284,
8494,
13390,
2761,
588,
366,
17,
14,
18,
286,
5633,
796,
198,
2791,
1600,
475,
314,
423,
645,
2126,
1521,
340,
2499,
13,
198,
12,
376,
7861,
7889,
341,
20647,
685,
20,
14,
940,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
5756,
352,
14,
64,
796,
257,
1343,
352,
14,
65,
796,
275,
1343,
352,
14,
66,
796,
269,
1343,
352,
14,
67,
796,
362,
13,
1867,
318,
262,
1988,
286,
450,
10210,
30,
198,
12,
376,
7861,
7889,
2473,
658,
286,
4280,
320,
874,
326,
30021,
2644,
33495,
685,
2713,
14,
3023,
14,
10333,
60,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
1064,
262,
13390,
7548,
286,
257,
20394,
875,
320,
874,
326,
635,
3407,
198,
12894,
896,
326,
466,
407,
9585,
30,
9356,
3469,
494,
26957,
257,
3710,
338,
8766,
37139,
291,
198,
21064,
620,
11,
20718,
1194,
1319,
19894,
22804,
287,
262,
2779,
3478,
1271,
1080,
11,
788,
198,
1477,
3565,
734,
16113,
1912,
319,
465,
670,
351,
1029,
1524,
2444,
508,
1011,
636,
287,
198,
12,
376,
7861,
393,
4280,
4402,
5178,
30,
685,
2998,
14,
1270,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
3792,
340,
1365,
284,
3551,
352,
14,
17,
7,
21,
87,
12,
18,
7,
17,
87,
12,
16,
4008,
393,
657,
13,
20,
7,
21,
87,
12,
18,
7,
17,
87,
12,
16,
36911,
290,
1521,
30,
198,
12,
376,
37810,
290,
6372,
15237,
489,
3299,
685,
2998,
14,
1415,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
2215,
466,
345,
3272,
12,
16680,
541,
306,
287,
18120,
49876,
30,
198,
12,
376,
37810,
290,
7754,
395,
17637,
685,
2998,
14,
1129,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
8890,
489,
4035,
14700,
25,
703,
466,
345,
5461,
10450,
2680,
49876,
11,
290,
788,
198,
10919,
466,
345,
29162,
30,
1867,
318,
262,
9016,
3381,
30,
198,
12,
3574,
9678,
32093,
284,
7889,
602,
685,
486,
14,
2078,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
1532,
262,
5389,
286,
257,
6616,
389,
40038,
8524,
276,
416,
513,
76,
11,
262,
1989,
4329,
9773,
76,
198,
16485,
1144,
13,
9938,
262,
4129,
286,
257,
1735,
286,
262,
2656,
6616,
13,
198,
12,
40480,
290,
7889,
602,
685,
2999,
14,
940,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
2215,
318,
281,
16022,
635,
257,
2163,
30,
1374,
466,
345,
7564,
257,
2163,
30,
198,
12,
317,
3776,
287,
7683,
49049,
685,
3023,
14,
1129,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
3260,
1115,
9196,
1123,
286,
262,
4813,
468,
807,
12014,
13,
1374,
867,
12014,
750,
484,
198,
14150,
379,
262,
923,
30,
198,
12,
2269,
908,
81,
1146,
955,
47130,
262,
9276,
685,
2919,
14,
2998,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
2061,
389,
262,
4831,
329,
4903,
908,
81,
1146,
14339,
262,
6616,
30,
198,
12,
18067,
262,
15768,
24429,
685,
1065,
14,
1558,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
7571,
2170,
1023,
2648,
257,
1693,
290,
1123,
857,
2063,
286,
262,
670,
13,
383,
1218,
2170,
396,
198,
1350,
29878,
1762,
530,
1711,
706,
262,
717,
986,
198,
12,
11259,
2448,
31551,
11,
9938,
311,
1460,
685,
23,
14,
20,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
32,
22950,
290,
257,
35991,
423,
4961,
583,
31551,
986,
1064,
262,
5389,
13,
198,
12,
22653,
317,
23118,
685,
1157,
14,
1433,
14,
21908,
60,
198,
1532,
15470,
468,
281,
9415,
4,
2811,
329,
262,
352,
301,
860,
86,
591,
290,
257,
5441,
4,
2811,
329,
262,
198,
17,
358,
860,
86,
591,
11,
644,
9559,
561,
339,
423,
284,
651,
319,
262,
2457,
284,
3328,
281,
4019,
4,
198,
325,
6880,
353,
9559,
30,
383,
19051,
389,
26356,
355,
5679,
25,
1123,
860,
86,
591,
2319,
4,
290,
262,
198,
325,
6880,
353,
1332,
1160,
7225,
198,
12,
402,
2416,
722,
37127,
82,
685,
1157,
14,
3312,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
2437,
561,
314,
1064,
262,
15788,
329,
257,
1917,
884,
355,
513,
87,
12,
17,
88,
796,
1105,
30,
198,
12,
402,
2416,
722,
3454,
3008,
37127,
685,
2999,
14,
1485,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
2215,
1813,
262,
22638,
15788,
1296,
11,
703,
466,
345,
760,
1771,
345,
4485,
393,
198,
14781,
618,
2045,
379,
262,
22638,
30,
198,
12,
24846,
47020,
685,
2931,
14,
940,
14,
2079,
60,
198,
36276,
257,
10451,
329,
262,
3580,
1022,
262,
40039,
3186,
286,
262,
198,
77,
17024,
287,
257,
362,
87,
17,
6616,
1626,
257,
513,
87,
20,
35991,
286,
3146,
11,
290,
198,
24622,
2890,
340,
329,
597,
35991,
286,
3146,
13,
198,
12,
37571,
290,
6822,
33220,
11,
978,
29230,
685,
940,
14,
1065,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
16742,
262,
2347,
286,
42621,
338,
10688,
11,
3783,
11,
290,
7897,
31814,
13,
198,
12,
22237,
286,
257,
21328,
685,
940,
14,
940,
14,
21498,
60,
198,
2437,
867,
1661,
466,
262,
1711,
290,
5664,
2832,
3272,
287,
257,
1105,
12,
9769,
2278,
286,
198,
12,
34838,
290,
49379,
685,
2998,
14,
1495,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
19585,
9853,
4764,
6665,
290,
22352,
7405,
1871,
262,
25972,
290,
6844,
319,
465,
5318,
13,
198,
2437,
867,
6844,
290,
703,
867,
25972,
857,
339,
423,
30,
198,
12,
317,
6752,
290,
257,
13139,
685,
2931,
14,
1954,
14,
21113,
60,
198,
1532,
257,
30963,
290,
257,
2063,
26614,
281,
5935,
290,
257,
2063,
287,
257,
1110,
290,
257,
2063,
11,
703,
867,
198,
33856,
82,
481,
1936,
339,
5907,
3830,
287,
718,
1528,
30,
198,
12,
6964,
3701,
6932,
13022,
685,
1065,
14,
1495,
14,
22288,
60,
198,
32,
3024,
1633,
21190,
5017,
38123,
4608,
287,
767,
1528,
13,
1002,
340,
5017,
2026,
4608,
198,
3549,
1123,
1110,
621,
262,
1110,
878,
11,
703,
867,
4608,
750,
340,
3002,
1123,
1110,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
8314,
262,
30028,
5521,
30,
685,
3312,
14,
1238,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
4863,
640,
284,
640,
314,
1053,
1057,
1973,
10688,
15910,
326,
1265,
502,
284,
1577,
257,
198,
17618,
11,
788,
1011,
502,
832,
257,
2168,
286,
584,
2683,
290,
416,
262,
198,
2435,
314,
670,
616,
835,
284,
262,
886,
11,
262,
6908,
4952,
502,
616,
2656,
1271,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
8314,
262,
14701,
9794,
30,
685,
3070,
14,
3023,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
1135,
423,
587,
1804,
257,
1628,
810,
356,
1487,
530,
1735,
286,
281,
2134,
290,
198,
3826,
703,
340,
10975,
262,
6115,
986,
198,
12,
1374,
5882,
318,
11083,
262,
8532,
30,
685,
2931,
14,
3023,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
35,
4649,
262,
3290,
338,
1182,
318,
718,
8331,
890,
11,
465,
7894,
318,
355,
890,
355,
465,
1182,
198,
9541,
2063,
262,
4129,
286,
465,
1767,
11,
290,
465,
1767,
318,
355,
890,
355,
262,
1182,
290,
198,
1169,
7894,
5929,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
5882,
318,
262,
16835,
30,
685,
2713,
14,
2481,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
7571,
13404,
389,
11300,
287,
6697,
11678,
1863,
10730,
8339,
11,
198,
27432,
317,
379,
7724,
74,
746,
290,
4512,
347,
379,
7175,
74,
746,
986,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
2034,
829,
30,
685,
2931,
14,
1129,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
2437,
867,
22514,
750,
1757,
651,
422,
465,
6478,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
30108,
7731,
5501,
19486,
8192,
30,
685,
940,
14,
1828,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
45,
30951,
468,
617,
9200,
365,
7278,
11,
42761,
468,
617,
288,
999,
11,
290,
46884,
468,
617,
198,
8230,
13,
42761,
468,
1936,
517,
288,
999,
621,
46884,
468,
13620,
986,
1374,
867,
198,
14624,
750,
1123,
6198,
423,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
27929,
350,
3468,
8314,
257,
11259,
7913,
8192,
30,
685,
3070,
14,
1129,
14,
15724,
60,
198,
40,
1101,
11263,
611,
612,
318,
257,
10451,
393,
11862,
326,
481,
1560,
502,
198,
1069,
24342,
703,
867,
14729,
286,
5087,
257,
1271,
468,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
5776,
15176,
309,
798,
30,
685,
3312,
14,
2998,
14,
18946,
60,
198,
2437,
867,
1830,
389,
8165,
611,
1123,
1074,
11583,
513,
2173,
329,
257,
1592,
11,
352,
966,
198,
1640,
257,
9839,
11,
290,
645,
2173,
329,
257,
2994,
11,
290,
706,
604,
9196,
262,
22425,
198,
13033,
389,
25,
14536,
2534,
11,
17662,
678,
11,
5628,
444,
1478,
11,
30245,
1105,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
337,
501,
11,
28997,
11,
290,
21367,
30,
685,
486,
14,
1485,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
1639,
1276,
4341,
720,
3064,
284,
2822,
1802,
17252,
11,
11236,
379,
1551,
530,
286,
1123,
198,
6449,
13,
383,
17252,
290,
511,
4536,
389,
25,
10693,
2488,
720,
15,
13,
1495,
1123,
11,
11875,
2488,
720,
16,
13,
405,
198,
27379,
11,
290,
6844,
2488,
720,
1314,
13,
405,
1123,
13,
1374,
867,
10693,
11,
11875,
11,
290,
6844,
1276,
345,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
286,
5501,
24014,
15176,
12324,
30,
685,
2931,
14,
3312,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
20029,
3470,
8587,
547,
2702,
329,
257,
711,
11,
329,
720,
23,
379,
262,
2793,
1241,
290,
198,
3,
21,
379,
262,
6727,
1241,
11,
37066,
720,
2623,
405,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
520,
10141,
30,
1374,
4650,
33220,
30,
685,
1065,
14,
1485,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
818,
511,
13952,
640,
11,
262,
14905,
20209,
4560,
3085,
1866,
1382,
198,
18,
12,
40898,
336,
10141,
290,
604,
12,
40898,
8893,
13,
4586,
1227,
484,
973,
7724,
7405,
284,
198,
11249,
513,
517,
336,
10141,
621,
8893,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
833,
1299,
21167,
30,
685,
2931,
14,
1558,
14,
14585,
60,
198,
6109,
1711,
11,
319,
262,
1711,
11,
257,
4512,
5667,
22676,
993,
292,
3826,
329,
23194,
11,
198,
4514,
1194,
4512,
5667,
23194,
329,
22676,
993,
292,
3826,
13,
383,
5296,
1022,
198,
1169,
734,
4736,
2753,
3446,
734,
2250,
13,
1374,
867,
13404,
1016,
287,
262,
198,
10365,
5971,
4571,
481,
257,
22676,
993,
292,
3826,
4512,
284,
23194,
1826,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
4650,
17284,
1127,
30,
685,
2999,
14,
940,
14,
16088,
60,
198,
1532,
2506,
287,
534,
1398,
2921,
257,
23078,
284,
2506,
2073,
287,
534,
198,
4871,
11,
703,
867,
1188,
298,
1127,
561,
307,
22112,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
13111,
8314,
262,
6960,
395,
6387,
3497,
30,
685,
2713,
14,
1495,
14,
11024,
60,
198,
20029,
9397,
11,
1123,
4642,
287,
257,
1180,
614,
11,
2648,
257,
6979,
286,
720,
3064,
986,
198,
12,
1374,
13111,
12911,
6062,
278,
262,
3274,
9363,
30,
685,
2931,
14,
2075,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
14967,
14863,
3377,
477,
286,
465,
1637,
379,
1936,
7000,
13,
1629,
1123,
3650,
11,
339,
3377,
198,
3,
16,
517,
621,
2063,
286,
262,
2033,
339,
550,
618,
8218,
262,
3650,
13,
1374,
198,
29482,
1637,
750,
339,
423,
618,
339,
5982,
262,
717,
3650,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
13111,
8099,
20772,
750,
3362,
25688,
30,
685,
486,
14,
2078,
14,
16942,
60,
198,
12041,
925,
720,
2598,
13,
1415,
6301,
2681,
3709,
357,
42428,
290,
38914,
737,
1002,
339,
925,
720,
16,
13,
1828,
198,
16473,
38914,
290,
720,
17,
13,
5237,
6301,
6099,
11,
703,
867,
10559,
286,
38914,
547,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,018 |
Sketch the graph of the following.
Any help would be appreciated!
You know that there are two vertical asymptotes at x = 5 and x = -3, then the graph also tends to the line y = x as x becomes large.
Since there are two asymptotes, the graph is in three parts and as similar graphs, the central part is fairly similar to the numerator, that is a cubic.
Now what you can do is try out what is the value of y slightly to the left and slightly to the right of the asymptotes to know the shape of the graph, whether it's ascending or descending. | [
50,
7126,
354,
262,
4823,
286,
262,
1708,
13,
198,
7149,
1037,
561,
307,
16373,
0,
198,
1639,
760,
326,
612,
389,
734,
11723,
355,
4948,
457,
6421,
379,
2124,
796,
642,
290,
2124,
796,
532,
18,
11,
788,
262,
4823,
635,
12444,
284,
262,
1627,
331,
796,
2124,
355,
2124,
4329,
1588,
13,
198,
6385,
612,
389,
734,
355,
4948,
457,
6421,
11,
262,
4823,
318,
287,
1115,
3354,
290,
355,
2092,
28770,
11,
262,
4318,
636,
318,
6547,
2092,
284,
262,
5470,
1352,
11,
326,
318,
257,
27216,
13,
198,
3844,
644,
345,
460,
466,
318,
1949,
503,
644,
318,
262,
1988,
286,
331,
4622,
284,
262,
1364,
290,
4622,
284,
262,
826,
286,
262,
355,
4948,
457,
6421,
284,
760,
262,
5485,
286,
262,
4823,
11,
1771,
340,
338,
41988,
393,
31491,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 137 |
232 years ago today in Philadelphia, a bunch of very smart men signed up to declare independence from the Crown monarchy of Great Britain. While their reasons were varied, they were right to do so.
But make no mistake-- they were betraying their government. They did so openly, by signing the Declaration Of Independence, but they were nonetheless violating loyalty to the Crown.
Betrayal is a dirty, dirty word. There's nothing appealing about it. It absolutely should, to honorable people, create unease. The only time that it's acceptable is when the betrayed has incontestably already betrayed the betrayer.
Their action was brave, in that they signed it. Their action was necessary, in that they were at the wrong end of stick, with regard to supply lines, taxation, and rule-making. Their action was correct, in that it launched what is arguably the greatest nation that this world has ever seen.
They were right.
But they were risking so much, and more than just losing a war. They were risking historical judgment of their actions.
We are blessed that they are now considered heroes. | [
24339,
812,
2084,
1909,
287,
8857,
11,
257,
7684,
286,
845,
4451,
1450,
4488,
510,
284,
13627,
10404,
422,
262,
12223,
35184,
286,
3878,
5491,
13,
2893,
511,
3840,
547,
15641,
11,
484,
547,
826,
284,
466,
523,
13,
198,
1537,
787,
645,
7457,
438,
484,
547,
13935,
278,
511,
1230,
13,
1119,
750,
523,
11764,
11,
416,
8415,
262,
24720,
3226,
20153,
11,
475,
484,
547,
19018,
18134,
15843,
284,
262,
12223,
13,
198,
13056,
2433,
282,
318,
257,
11841,
11,
11841,
1573,
13,
1318,
338,
2147,
16403,
546,
340,
13,
632,
5543,
815,
11,
284,
33655,
661,
11,
2251,
17809,
589,
13,
383,
691,
640,
326,
340,
338,
10909,
318,
618,
262,
26281,
468,
753,
756,
395,
1346,
1541,
26281,
262,
13935,
263,
13,
198,
14574,
2223,
373,
14802,
11,
287,
326,
484,
4488,
340,
13,
5334,
2223,
373,
3306,
11,
287,
326,
484,
547,
379,
262,
2642,
886,
286,
4859,
11,
351,
2754,
284,
5127,
3951,
11,
21843,
11,
290,
3896,
12,
8601,
13,
5334,
2223,
373,
3376,
11,
287,
326,
340,
5611,
644,
318,
15242,
262,
6000,
3277,
326,
428,
995,
468,
1683,
1775,
13,
198,
2990,
547,
826,
13,
198,
1537,
484,
547,
37234,
523,
881,
11,
290,
517,
621,
655,
6078,
257,
1175,
13,
1119,
547,
37234,
6754,
8492,
286,
511,
4028,
13,
198,
1135,
389,
18259,
326,
484,
389,
783,
3177,
10281,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 231 |
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver. It can be passed easily from contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person..
Hepatitis A is caused by a specific virus. It may be spread by:
- Drinking water contaminated by raw sewage
- Eating food contaminated by the hepatitis A virus, especially if it has not been properly cooked
- Eating raw or partially cooked shellfish contaminated by raw sewage
- Sexual contact with a partner infected with the hepatitis A virus, especially as oral-anal contact
Hepatitis A is present in stool of people with the infection. They can spread the infection if they do not wash their hands after using the bathroom and touch other objects or food.
Factors that increase your chance of a hepatitis A infection include:
- Having close contact with an infected person—although the virus is generally not spread by casual contact
- Using household items that were used by an infected person and not properly cleaned
- Having oral-anal sexual contact with an infected person
- Traveling to or spending long periods of time in a country where hepatitis A is common or where sanitation is poor
- Working as a childcare worker, changing diapers or toilet training children
- Being in daycare centers
- Being institutionalized
- Injecting drugs—especially if you share needles
- Receiving plasma products, common in conditions like hemophilia
Hepatitis A does not always cause symptoms. Adults are more likely to have them than children.
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Yellowing of the eyes and skin
- Darker colored urine
- Light or chalky colored stools
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Tests may include:
- Blood test—to look for signs of hepatitis A
- Liver function studies
Hepatitis A usually goes away on its own within two months. There are no lasting effects in most once the infection passes.
The goals of hepatitis A treatments are to:
- Help you stay as comfortable as possible
- Prevent the infection from being passed to others
- Prevent stress on the liver while it's healing. Mainly done by avoiding certain substances like specific medications or alcohol
You will be immune to the virus once you are well.
In rare cases, the infection is very severe. A liver transplant may be needed in these cases if the liver is severely damaged.
To decrease your chance of hepatitis A:
- Wash your hands often with soap and water.
- Wash your hands before eating or preparing food.
- Avoid using household utensils that a person with hepatitis A may touch. Make sure all household utensils are carefully cleaned.
- Avoid sexual contact with a person with hepatitis A.
- Avoid injected drug use. If you do, do not share needles.
If you travel to a high risk region, take the following precautions:
- Drink bottled water
- Avoid ice chips
- Wash fruits well
- Eat well-cooked food
Medical treatments that may help prevent infection include:
- Immune (Gamma) Globulin—temporary protection from hepatitis A. It can last about 3-6 months. It must be given before exposure to the virus or within two weeks after exposure.
Hepatitis A Vaccine—highly effective in preventing infection. It provides full protection four weeks after the first injection. A second injection provides long-term protection.
The vaccine should be considered for:
- All children aged 12-23 months
- Children aged 24 months or older who are at high risk and have not been previously vaccinated
- People traveling to areas where hepatitis A is prevalent (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Traveler's Health website shows which areas have a high prevalence of hepatitis A.)
- Men who have sex with men
- Injection drug users
- People who are at risk because of their job, such as lab workers
- People with chronic liver disease
- People with blood-clotting disorders, such as hemophilia
- People who will have close contact with an adopted child from a medium- or high-risk area
- People who desire immunity to hepatitis A
Check with your doctor to see if you should receive the vaccine.
- Reviewer: Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 02/2013 -
- Update Date: 02/20/2013 - | [
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
318,
281,
10280,
286,
262,
14383,
13,
632,
460,
307,
3804,
3538,
422,
23543,
2057,
11,
1660,
11,
393,
1969,
2800,
351,
281,
14112,
1048,
492,
198,
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
318,
4073,
416,
257,
2176,
9471,
13,
632,
743,
307,
4104,
416,
25,
198,
12,
43963,
1660,
23543,
416,
8246,
34939,
198,
12,
37537,
2057,
23543,
416,
262,
37439,
317,
9471,
11,
2592,
611,
340,
468,
407,
587,
6105,
15847,
198,
12,
37537,
8246,
393,
12387,
15847,
7582,
11084,
23543,
416,
8246,
34939,
198,
12,
19536,
2800,
351,
257,
5212,
14112,
351,
262,
37439,
317,
9471,
11,
2592,
355,
12886,
12,
272,
282,
2800,
198,
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
318,
1944,
287,
38753,
286,
661,
351,
262,
10280,
13,
1119,
460,
4104,
262,
10280,
611,
484,
466,
407,
13502,
511,
2832,
706,
1262,
262,
12436,
290,
3638,
584,
5563,
393,
2057,
13,
198,
29054,
669,
326,
2620,
534,
2863,
286,
257,
37439,
317,
10280,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
11136,
1969,
2800,
351,
281,
14112,
1048,
960,
16670,
262,
9471,
318,
4143,
407,
4104,
416,
9341,
2800,
198,
12,
8554,
6641,
3709,
326,
547,
973,
416,
281,
14112,
1048,
290,
407,
6105,
20750,
198,
12,
11136,
12886,
12,
272,
282,
3206,
2800,
351,
281,
14112,
1048,
198,
12,
13524,
278,
284,
393,
4581,
890,
9574,
286,
640,
287,
257,
1499,
810,
37439,
317,
318,
2219,
393,
810,
39958,
318,
3595,
198,
12,
14594,
355,
257,
42857,
8383,
11,
5609,
45162,
393,
16146,
3047,
1751,
198,
12,
11204,
287,
1110,
6651,
10399,
198,
12,
11204,
15855,
1143,
198,
12,
554,
752,
278,
5010,
960,
16480,
611,
345,
2648,
25209,
198,
12,
19520,
1412,
16074,
3186,
11,
2219,
287,
3403,
588,
16869,
2522,
17517,
198,
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
857,
407,
1464,
2728,
7460,
13,
35154,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
423,
606,
621,
1751,
13,
198,
12,
22014,
286,
20788,
198,
12,
399,
682,
64,
290,
30874,
198,
12,
2275,
3438,
1292,
2356,
393,
23597,
198,
12,
12550,
278,
286,
262,
2951,
290,
4168,
198,
12,
3801,
263,
16396,
18922,
198,
12,
4401,
393,
442,
18354,
16396,
336,
10141,
198,
464,
6253,
481,
1265,
546,
534,
7460,
290,
3315,
2106,
13,
317,
3518,
2814,
481,
307,
1760,
13,
198,
51,
3558,
743,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
7235,
1332,
960,
1462,
804,
329,
5895,
286,
37439,
317,
198,
12,
45036,
2163,
3640,
198,
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
3221,
2925,
1497,
319,
663,
898,
1626,
734,
1933,
13,
1318,
389,
645,
15727,
3048,
287,
749,
1752,
262,
10280,
8318,
13,
198,
464,
4661,
286,
37439,
317,
13820,
389,
284,
25,
198,
12,
10478,
345,
2652,
355,
6792,
355,
1744,
198,
12,
31572,
262,
10280,
422,
852,
3804,
284,
1854,
198,
12,
31572,
5503,
319,
262,
14383,
981,
340,
338,
11516,
13,
8774,
306,
1760,
416,
14928,
1728,
15938,
588,
2176,
17638,
393,
5548,
198,
1639,
481,
307,
10900,
284,
262,
9471,
1752,
345,
389,
880,
13,
198,
818,
4071,
2663,
11,
262,
10280,
318,
845,
6049,
13,
317,
14383,
23319,
743,
307,
2622,
287,
777,
2663,
611,
262,
14383,
318,
15052,
9694,
13,
198,
2514,
10070,
534,
2863,
286,
37439,
317,
25,
198,
12,
22892,
534,
2832,
1690,
351,
19533,
290,
1660,
13,
198,
12,
22892,
534,
2832,
878,
6600,
393,
10629,
2057,
13,
198,
12,
24390,
1262,
6641,
3384,
641,
4487,
326,
257,
1048,
351,
37439,
317,
743,
3638,
13,
6889,
1654,
477,
6641,
3384,
641,
4487,
389,
7773,
20750,
13,
198,
12,
24390,
3206,
2800,
351,
257,
1048,
351,
37439,
317,
13,
198,
12,
24390,
25077,
2563,
779,
13,
1002,
345,
466,
11,
466,
407,
2648,
25209,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
3067,
284,
257,
1029,
2526,
3814,
11,
1011,
262,
1708,
31320,
25,
198,
12,
32906,
34123,
1660,
198,
12,
24390,
4771,
12014,
198,
12,
22892,
15921,
880,
198,
12,
27574,
880,
12,
46591,
2057,
198,
37158,
13820,
326,
743,
1037,
2948,
10280,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
9543,
1726,
357,
34777,
2611,
8,
40713,
11599,
960,
11498,
5551,
4800,
422,
37439,
317,
13,
632,
460,
938,
546,
513,
12,
21,
1933,
13,
632,
1276,
307,
1813,
878,
7111,
284,
262,
9471,
393,
1626,
734,
2745,
706,
7111,
13,
198,
39,
538,
265,
11815,
317,
31749,
500,
960,
47444,
4050,
287,
12174,
10280,
13,
632,
3769,
1336,
4800,
1440,
2745,
706,
262,
717,
16954,
13,
317,
1218,
16954,
3769,
890,
12,
4354,
4800,
13,
198,
464,
12319,
815,
307,
3177,
329,
25,
198,
12,
1439,
1751,
9722,
1105,
12,
1954,
1933,
198,
12,
8990,
9722,
1987,
1933,
393,
4697,
508,
389,
379,
1029,
2526,
290,
423,
407,
587,
4271,
37663,
198,
12,
4380,
11300,
284,
3006,
810,
37439,
317,
318,
21854,
357,
464,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
338,
13524,
263,
338,
3893,
3052,
2523,
543,
3006,
423,
257,
1029,
16815,
286,
37439,
317,
2014,
198,
12,
6065,
508,
423,
1714,
351,
1450,
198,
12,
554,
29192,
2563,
2985,
198,
12,
4380,
508,
389,
379,
2526,
780,
286,
511,
1693,
11,
884,
355,
2248,
3259,
198,
12,
4380,
351,
10726,
14383,
4369,
198,
12,
4380,
351,
2910,
12,
565,
313,
889,
11916,
11,
884,
355,
16869,
2522,
17517,
198,
12,
4380,
508,
481,
423,
1969,
2800,
351,
281,
8197,
1200,
422,
257,
7090,
12,
393,
1029,
12,
19121,
1989,
198,
12,
4380,
508,
6227,
16989,
284,
37439,
317,
198,
9787,
351,
534,
6253,
284,
766,
611,
345,
815,
3328,
262,
12319,
13,
198,
12,
6602,
263,
25,
8403,
29799,
11,
10670,
198,
12,
6602,
7536,
25,
7816,
14,
6390,
532,
198,
12,
10133,
7536,
25,
7816,
14,
1238,
14,
6390,
532,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 929 |
Mainstream groups such as the American Heart Association and the American Dietetic Association endorse a unified set of dietary guidelines for people who wish to lose weight—eat a low-fat diet and cut calories.
However, many popular diet books take a very different approach. The Atkins diet, the Zone diet,
, and numerous other dietary approaches turn thumbs down on low-fat. Instead, these methods recommend cutting down on carbohydrates. According to proponents of these theories, when you reduce the carbohydrates in your diet (and, correspondingly, increase protein and/or fat), you will find it much easier to reduce your calorie intake, and you may even lose weight without cutting calories.
The controversy over these contradictions has been heated. Proponents of the low-fat diet claim that low-carbohydrate diets are ineffective and even dangerous, while low-carb proponents say much the same about the low-fat approach. However, an article published in the
Journal of the American Medical Association
suggests that neither side has a strong case. Researchers concluded, essentially, that a calorie is a calorie, regardless of whether it comes from a low-carbohydrate or a low-fat diet.
They did not find any consistent evidence that the low-carb diet makes it easier to lose weight than the low-fat diet, but neither did they find any consistent evidence for the reverse. Furthermore, the authors of the
review did not find any compelling reason to conclude that low-carb diets are unsafe, although they did point out that the long-term safety of such diets remains unknown.
Subsequent studies confirmed these findings for a variety of low-carb diets.
In some studies, one particular diet method may do better than others. But, in other studies, a different diet stands out.
For example, researchers reviewing 13 studies comparing low-carb against low-fat/low-calorie diets in overweight subjects for at least 6 months concluded that the low-carb diets tended to perform better at reducing weight and cardiovascular disease factors for up to 1 year.
But, in a subsequent trial involving 144 obese subjects with diabetes, researchers found that a low-carb diet did not result in greater weight loss when compared to a low-fat diet over a 2-year period, nor did it perform any better at improving blood cholesterol or glucose levels.
As research continues, a consensus has yet to emerge among nutrition scientists as to which diet performs better overall. Many of the studies cited above suggest that if a diet causes weight loss, cholesterol will improve regardless of the diet used to achieve that weight loss. However, the manner of change in cholesterol profile differs between the two approaches. Low-fat diets tend to improve total and LDL cholesterol levels, but worsen HDL and triglyceride levels, while low-carb, high fat diets have the opposite effect.
The Mediterranean diet, which is relatively high in fiber and monounsaturated fats (eg, olive oil) has also attracted the attention of nutrition researchers. There is good evidence that it is as effective as low-carb diets for weight reduction, and probably more effective than low-fat diets.
It also seems to have the added advantage of benefiting diabetic patients more than the other two diets.
However, if one undertakes a low-carb (or low-fat) diet that does not cause weight loss, cholesterol profile will probably not improve significantly. In addition, there is little to no evidence that the low-carb approach improves blood sugar control except insofar as it leads to weight loss. However, there is a bit of evidence that a low-carb, high-monounsaturated fat diet reduces blood pressure to a slightly greater extent than a high-carb, low-fat diet.
Contrary to claims by some low-carb proponents, low-fat, high-carb diets do not seem to
metabolically backfire and
Therefore, based on the current state of information, it seems that the most sensible course is as follows: If you need to lose weight, experiment with different diets, and see which one allows you to most easily cut calories (and keep them cut). If the low-carb diet approach works for you, stick with it. However, if it does not help you lose weight, you probably should not continue it indefinitely.
: Any form of extreme dieting can cause serious side effects or even death.
We strongly recommend that all people who intend to adopt an unconventional diet should first seek medical advice. Furthermore, people with kidney failure should not use low-carb, high-protein diets, as high protein intake can easily overstress failing kidneys. (High-protein diets are probably not harmful for people with healthy kidneys.
In addition, people who take the blood thinner
(Coumadin) may need to have their blood coagulation tested after beginning a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. Two case reports suggest that such diets may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin, requiring a higher dose.
Conversely, if you are already on warfarin and a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet and go off the diet, you may need to reduce your warfarin dose. | [
13383,
5532,
2628,
884,
355,
262,
1605,
8894,
5396,
290,
262,
1605,
16292,
5139,
5396,
11438,
257,
22706,
900,
286,
15429,
9949,
329,
661,
508,
4601,
284,
4425,
3463,
960,
4098,
257,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
290,
2005,
14653,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
867,
2968,
5496,
3835,
1011,
257,
845,
1180,
3164,
13,
383,
47545,
5496,
11,
262,
13035,
5496,
11,
198,
11,
290,
6409,
584,
15429,
10581,
1210,
32766,
866,
319,
1877,
12,
17359,
13,
5455,
11,
777,
5050,
4313,
7720,
866,
319,
32328,
13,
4784,
284,
27642,
286,
777,
10946,
11,
618,
345,
4646,
262,
32328,
287,
534,
5496,
357,
392,
11,
6053,
4420,
11,
2620,
7532,
290,
14,
273,
3735,
828,
345,
481,
1064,
340,
881,
4577,
284,
4646,
534,
28740,
10337,
11,
290,
345,
743,
772,
4425,
3463,
1231,
7720,
14653,
13,
198,
464,
10386,
625,
777,
32962,
468,
587,
16968,
13,
8772,
3906,
286,
262,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
1624,
326,
1877,
12,
35684,
46358,
18977,
389,
23693,
290,
772,
4923,
11,
981,
1877,
12,
35684,
27642,
910,
881,
262,
976,
546,
262,
1877,
12,
17359,
3164,
13,
2102,
11,
281,
2708,
3199,
287,
262,
198,
25296,
286,
262,
1605,
8366,
5396,
198,
47811,
82,
326,
6159,
1735,
468,
257,
1913,
1339,
13,
26685,
8391,
11,
6986,
11,
326,
257,
28740,
318,
257,
28740,
11,
7692,
286,
1771,
340,
2058,
422,
257,
1877,
12,
35684,
46358,
393,
257,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
13,
198,
2990,
750,
407,
1064,
597,
6414,
2370,
326,
262,
1877,
12,
35684,
5496,
1838,
340,
4577,
284,
4425,
3463,
621,
262,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
11,
475,
6159,
750,
484,
1064,
597,
6414,
2370,
329,
262,
9575,
13,
11399,
11,
262,
7035,
286,
262,
198,
19023,
750,
407,
1064,
597,
13206,
1738,
284,
13796,
326,
1877,
12,
35684,
18977,
389,
21596,
11,
3584,
484,
750,
966,
503,
326,
262,
890,
12,
4354,
3747,
286,
884,
18977,
3793,
6439,
13,
198,
7004,
44399,
3640,
4999,
777,
6373,
329,
257,
4996,
286,
1877,
12,
35684,
18977,
13,
198,
818,
617,
3640,
11,
530,
1948,
5496,
2446,
743,
466,
1365,
621,
1854,
13,
887,
11,
287,
584,
3640,
11,
257,
1180,
5496,
6296,
503,
13,
198,
1890,
1672,
11,
4837,
17217,
1511,
3640,
14176,
1877,
12,
35684,
1028,
1877,
12,
17359,
14,
9319,
12,
9948,
19257,
18977,
287,
22652,
7481,
329,
379,
1551,
718,
1933,
8391,
326,
262,
1877,
12,
35684,
18977,
19960,
284,
1620,
1365,
379,
8868,
3463,
290,
21134,
4369,
5087,
329,
510,
284,
352,
614,
13,
198,
1537,
11,
287,
257,
8840,
4473,
7411,
20224,
20779,
7481,
351,
12593,
11,
4837,
1043,
326,
257,
1877,
12,
35684,
5496,
750,
407,
1255,
287,
3744,
3463,
2994,
618,
3688,
284,
257,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
625,
257,
362,
12,
1941,
2278,
11,
4249,
750,
340,
1620,
597,
1365,
379,
10068,
2910,
18759,
393,
15701,
2974,
13,
198,
1722,
2267,
4477,
11,
257,
11529,
468,
1865,
284,
14740,
1871,
16633,
5519,
355,
284,
543,
5496,
17706,
1365,
4045,
13,
4650,
286,
262,
3640,
9181,
2029,
1950,
326,
611,
257,
5496,
5640,
3463,
2994,
11,
18759,
481,
2987,
7692,
286,
262,
5496,
973,
284,
4620,
326,
3463,
2994,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
5642,
286,
1487,
287,
18759,
7034,
24242,
1022,
262,
734,
10581,
13,
7754,
12,
17359,
18977,
4327,
284,
2987,
2472,
290,
37654,
18759,
2974,
11,
475,
47058,
48867,
290,
47937,
485,
2974,
11,
981,
1877,
12,
35684,
11,
1029,
3735,
18977,
423,
262,
6697,
1245,
13,
198,
464,
19517,
5496,
11,
543,
318,
5365,
1029,
287,
13608,
290,
937,
977,
82,
30192,
27997,
357,
1533,
11,
19450,
3056,
8,
468,
635,
12725,
262,
3241,
286,
16633,
4837,
13,
1318,
318,
922,
2370,
326,
340,
318,
355,
4050,
355,
1877,
12,
35684,
18977,
329,
3463,
7741,
11,
290,
2192,
517,
4050,
621,
1877,
12,
17359,
18977,
13,
198,
1026,
635,
2331,
284,
423,
262,
2087,
4621,
286,
39125,
44016,
3871,
517,
621,
262,
584,
734,
18977,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
611,
530,
10122,
1124,
257,
1877,
12,
35684,
357,
273,
1877,
12,
17359,
8,
5496,
326,
857,
407,
2728,
3463,
2994,
11,
18759,
7034,
481,
2192,
407,
2987,
5566,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
612,
318,
1310,
284,
645,
2370,
326,
262,
1877,
12,
35684,
3164,
19575,
2910,
7543,
1630,
2845,
44061,
355,
340,
5983,
284,
3463,
2994,
13,
2102,
11,
612,
318,
257,
1643,
286,
2370,
326,
257,
1877,
12,
35684,
11,
1029,
12,
2144,
977,
82,
30192,
3735,
5496,
12850,
2910,
3833,
284,
257,
4622,
3744,
6287,
621,
257,
1029,
12,
35684,
11,
1877,
12,
17359,
5496,
13,
198,
4264,
11619,
284,
3667,
416,
617,
1877,
12,
35684,
27642,
11,
1877,
12,
17359,
11,
1029,
12,
35684,
18977,
466,
407,
1283,
284,
198,
4164,
28426,
1146,
736,
6495,
290,
198,
26583,
11,
1912,
319,
262,
1459,
1181,
286,
1321,
11,
340,
2331,
326,
262,
749,
20586,
1781,
318,
355,
5679,
25,
1002,
345,
761,
284,
4425,
3463,
11,
6306,
351,
1180,
18977,
11,
290,
766,
543,
530,
3578,
345,
284,
749,
3538,
2005,
14653,
357,
392,
1394,
606,
2005,
737,
1002,
262,
1877,
12,
35684,
5496,
3164,
2499,
329,
345,
11,
4859,
351,
340,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
340,
857,
407,
1037,
345,
4425,
3463,
11,
345,
2192,
815,
407,
2555,
340,
24391,
13,
198,
25,
4377,
1296,
286,
3257,
5496,
278,
460,
2728,
2726,
1735,
3048,
393,
772,
1918,
13,
198,
1135,
7634,
4313,
326,
477,
661,
508,
14765,
284,
11206,
281,
34014,
5496,
815,
717,
5380,
3315,
5608,
13,
11399,
11,
661,
351,
21919,
5287,
815,
407,
779,
1877,
12,
35684,
11,
1029,
12,
48693,
18977,
11,
355,
1029,
7532,
10337,
460,
3538,
625,
41494,
9894,
41395,
13,
357,
11922,
12,
48693,
18977,
389,
2192,
407,
13568,
329,
661,
351,
5448,
41395,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
661,
508,
1011,
262,
2910,
30125,
198,
7,
34,
280,
9937,
259,
8,
743,
761,
284,
423,
511,
2910,
763,
363,
1741,
6789,
706,
3726,
257,
1029,
12,
48693,
11,
1877,
12,
35684,
46358,
5496,
13,
4930,
1339,
3136,
1950,
326,
884,
18977,
743,
10070,
262,
13530,
286,
1175,
16370,
259,
11,
10616,
257,
2440,
10742,
13,
198,
3103,
21243,
11,
611,
345,
389,
1541,
319,
1175,
16370,
259,
290,
257,
1029,
12,
48693,
11,
1877,
12,
35684,
46358,
5496,
290,
467,
572,
262,
5496,
11,
345,
743,
761,
284,
4646,
534,
1175,
16370,
259,
10742,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,054 |
Once every few generations, there is a technological development that historians later realize actually amounted to a rapid transformational change for an entire profession. The job of architects, for example, was transformed with the advent of safe elevators, which allowed buildings to be significantly taller and still usable.
Meeting professionals are about to face a similar change. Audience response systems, often called clickers or keypads, allow each person at a gathering to have a voice in the meeting. Essentially, ARS devices transform audiences from observers into participants.
In a few years, attendees will expect meeting professionals to be not just familiar with the technology, but also able to deploy it skillfully. What do meeting professional need to know to adapt to the coming clicker revolution?
ARS systems are combinations of handheld devices, receivers, computers, and display and/or projection systems. Together, these devices allow a meeting facilitator to ask an audience a question (almost always multiple choice) and instantly record and, if desired, display the answers.
How widespread is the use of these devices?
The current estimate is that about 1 million clickers are in use nationwide. The vast majority are used in K-12 and college classrooms to test factual knowledge. But increasingly, the meeting industry is recognizing that they are useful for other purposes.
What kinds of questions can be asked?
Typically, ARS systems are used to ask participants multiple-choice questions. Question types can be placed in four categories:
Fact questions explore what people know. (Which Christian denomination has the most members in the United States?)
Demographic questions reveal the diversity of the people in the room. (What size church do you attend?)
Experience questions explore what people have done. (How many local church mergers have you been involved in?)
Perspective questions reveal people's opinions.(How successful have we been in improving our ministry to youth?)
Any or all of these can be used for advancing the meeting's agenda, because data generated can be instantly or subsequently analyzed. Questions also can be used to generate laughter, create fun competitions, and build a sense of connection among participants.
How convenient are the systems?
The decreasing physical size of the systems, increasing ease of use, and declining prices are causing the clicker revolution to accelerate. Some clickers have footprints the size of a business card, which means that not only can hundreds be carried easily, but they can be shared with colleagues across distances. Many systems are designed to work with Microsoft Office. An emerging trend involves the use of text-messaging technology, with attendees' mobile devices used as the clickers.
What is the key to using these systems well?
Three elements must be woven together to create an experience that will leave participants buzzing.
- Clicker questions must be designed to connect to the stated meeting purposes
The questions should embody an intersection of meeting objectives, elegant meeting design, and participant expectations. Ministers figuring out how to turn a congregation around need something different from what is needed by attendees at a youth gathering, and both need something different from what would be suitable for delegates at a governance meeting.
- Clicker questions and answers must be designed to anticipate relevant issues and possible responses.
A good set of clicker questions takes participants on a stimulating journey based on the question content. You want your questions and answer choices constructed so people are thinking about the meaning of the answers, not how you might have constructed the questions better.
- The facilitator must help the participants to link the results to the purposes of the meeting.
A savvy facilitator can interpret question results skillfully, whether the results are expected or surprising. This adds to the dynamism and usefulness of keypad sessions.
Internet experiences and television shows are creating the expectation that people will be co-creators rather than mere passive vessels. Meeting professionals who want to stay current would do themselves a favor by becoming familiar with audience response systems or forming partnerships with meeting strategists who know how to use them.
Dr. David Campt (david@thedwcgroup) and Matthew Freeman ([email protected]) are affiliated with The DWC Group (www.thedwcgroup.com), which has worked with faith communities and seminaries to develop meeting and conference strategy, facilitate results-focused dialogues, and create interactive audience experiences. | [
7454,
790,
1178,
10439,
11,
612,
318,
257,
14614,
2478,
326,
21262,
1568,
6537,
1682,
30008,
284,
257,
5801,
6121,
864,
1487,
329,
281,
2104,
7573,
13,
383,
1693,
286,
29518,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
373,
14434,
351,
262,
19980,
286,
3338,
7662,
2024,
11,
543,
3142,
6832,
284,
307,
5566,
25242,
290,
991,
24284,
13,
198,
5308,
13629,
11153,
389,
546,
284,
1986,
257,
2092,
1487,
13,
7591,
1240,
2882,
3341,
11,
1690,
1444,
3904,
364,
393,
1994,
79,
5643,
11,
1249,
1123,
1048,
379,
257,
11228,
284,
423,
257,
3809,
287,
262,
3249,
13,
34039,
11,
5923,
50,
4410,
6121,
15579,
422,
17984,
656,
6809,
13,
198,
818,
257,
1178,
812,
11,
21736,
481,
1607,
3249,
11153,
284,
307,
407,
655,
5385,
351,
262,
3037,
11,
475,
635,
1498,
284,
6061,
340,
5032,
2759,
13,
1867,
466,
3249,
4708,
761,
284,
760,
284,
6068,
284,
262,
2406,
3904,
263,
5854,
30,
198,
27415,
3341,
389,
17790,
286,
33811,
4410,
11,
19137,
11,
9061,
11,
290,
3359,
290,
14,
273,
20128,
3341,
13,
17083,
11,
777,
4410,
1249,
257,
3249,
10410,
1352,
284,
1265,
281,
5386,
257,
1808,
357,
28177,
1464,
3294,
3572,
8,
290,
11101,
1700,
290,
11,
611,
10348,
11,
3359,
262,
7429,
13,
198,
2437,
10095,
318,
262,
779,
286,
777,
4410,
30,
198,
464,
1459,
8636,
318,
326,
546,
352,
1510,
3904,
364,
389,
287,
779,
13673,
13,
383,
5909,
3741,
389,
973,
287,
509,
12,
1065,
290,
4152,
32579,
284,
1332,
27234,
3725,
13,
887,
6481,
11,
262,
3249,
2831,
318,
22650,
326,
484,
389,
4465,
329,
584,
4959,
13,
198,
2061,
6982,
286,
2683,
460,
307,
1965,
30,
198,
49321,
11,
5923,
50,
3341,
389,
973,
284,
1265,
6809,
3294,
12,
25541,
2683,
13,
18233,
3858,
460,
307,
4624,
287,
1440,
9376,
25,
198,
29054,
2683,
7301,
644,
661,
760,
13,
357,
13828,
4302,
47491,
468,
262,
749,
1866,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
10091,
198,
11522,
6826,
2683,
7766,
262,
9573,
286,
262,
661,
287,
262,
2119,
13,
357,
2061,
2546,
4928,
466,
345,
5262,
10091,
198,
44901,
2683,
7301,
644,
661,
423,
1760,
13,
357,
2437,
867,
1957,
4928,
4017,
5355,
423,
345,
587,
2950,
287,
10091,
198,
30946,
806,
425,
2683,
7766,
661,
338,
9317,
12195,
2437,
4388,
423,
356,
587,
287,
10068,
674,
11957,
284,
6205,
10091,
198,
7149,
393,
477,
286,
777,
460,
307,
973,
329,
19988,
262,
3249,
338,
8666,
11,
780,
1366,
7560,
460,
307,
11101,
393,
12412,
15475,
13,
20396,
635,
460,
307,
973,
284,
7716,
20263,
11,
2251,
1257,
24174,
11,
290,
1382,
257,
2565,
286,
4637,
1871,
6809,
13,
198,
2437,
11282,
389,
262,
3341,
30,
198,
464,
24030,
3518,
2546,
286,
262,
3341,
11,
3649,
10152,
286,
779,
11,
290,
18080,
4536,
389,
6666,
262,
3904,
263,
5854,
284,
22636,
13,
2773,
3904,
364,
423,
48012,
262,
2546,
286,
257,
1597,
2657,
11,
543,
1724,
326,
407,
691,
460,
5179,
307,
5281,
3538,
11,
475,
484,
460,
307,
4888,
351,
7810,
1973,
18868,
13,
4650,
3341,
389,
3562,
284,
670,
351,
5413,
4452,
13,
1052,
11823,
5182,
9018,
262,
779,
286,
2420,
12,
37348,
3039,
3037,
11,
351,
21736,
6,
5175,
4410,
973,
355,
262,
3904,
364,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
1994,
284,
1262,
777,
3341,
880,
30,
198,
12510,
4847,
1276,
307,
36932,
1978,
284,
2251,
281,
1998,
326,
481,
2666,
6809,
41719,
13,
198,
12,
44051,
2683,
1276,
307,
3562,
284,
2018,
284,
262,
5081,
3249,
4959,
198,
464,
2683,
815,
48061,
281,
16246,
286,
3249,
15221,
11,
19992,
3249,
1486,
11,
290,
18399,
9027,
13,
36647,
22714,
503,
703,
284,
1210,
257,
28862,
1088,
761,
1223,
1180,
422,
644,
318,
2622,
416,
21736,
379,
257,
6205,
11228,
11,
290,
1111,
761,
1223,
1180,
422,
644,
561,
307,
11080,
329,
15265,
379,
257,
18848,
3249,
13,
198,
12,
44051,
2683,
290,
7429,
1276,
307,
3562,
284,
23794,
5981,
2428,
290,
1744,
9109,
13,
198,
32,
922,
900,
286,
3904,
263,
2683,
2753,
6809,
319,
257,
35640,
7002,
1912,
319,
262,
1808,
2695,
13,
921,
765,
534,
2683,
290,
3280,
7747,
12006,
523,
661,
389,
3612,
546,
262,
3616,
286,
262,
7429,
11,
407,
703,
345,
1244,
423,
12006,
262,
2683,
1365,
13,
198,
12,
383,
10410,
1352,
1276,
1037,
262,
6809,
284,
2792,
262,
2482,
284,
262,
4959,
286,
262,
3249,
13,
198,
32,
32800,
10410,
1352,
460,
6179,
1808,
2482,
5032,
2759,
11,
1771,
262,
2482,
389,
2938,
393,
6452,
13,
770,
6673,
284,
262,
6382,
1042,
290,
37496,
286,
1994,
15636,
10991,
13,
198,
28566,
6461,
290,
5581,
2523,
389,
4441,
262,
17507,
326,
661,
481,
307,
763,
12,
20123,
669,
2138,
621,
5019,
14513,
14891,
13,
22244,
11153,
508,
765,
284,
2652,
1459,
561,
466,
2405,
257,
2661,
416,
5033,
5385,
351,
5386,
2882,
3341,
393,
14583,
22867,
351,
3249,
5352,
1023,
508,
760,
703,
284,
779,
606,
13,
198,
6187,
13,
3271,
7298,
457,
357,
67,
8490,
31,
83,
704,
86,
66,
8094,
8,
290,
9308,
22394,
357,
12888,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
8,
389,
18552,
351,
383,
360,
27353,
4912,
357,
2503,
13,
83,
704,
86,
66,
8094,
13,
785,
828,
543,
468,
3111,
351,
4562,
5348,
290,
36870,
3166,
284,
1205,
3249,
290,
4495,
4811,
11,
15570,
2482,
12,
18143,
17310,
947,
11,
290,
2251,
14333,
5386,
6461,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 886 |
Fundamental rights of Indian citizens
Table of Contents
The constitution of India1 provides certain fundamental rights to every citizen of India. The fundamental rights are listed in Part III of the Constitution under the heading of “Fundamental Rights”. There are total 24 Articles (Article 12 to Article 35) in Part III. First two articles (Article 12 and 13) provide definition of some relevant terms like “State”, “law”, “laws in force” etc.
The Fundamental Rights are stated in the following 22 articles (Article 14 to 35). The Rights are classified under following headings.
(a) “Right to equality”: Article 14 states “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” (b) “Right to freedom” © “Right against exploitation” (d) “Right to freedom of religion” (e) “Cultural and educational right” (d) “Right to Constitutional remedies” | [
24553,
6860,
2489,
286,
3942,
4290,
198,
10962,
286,
26714,
198,
464,
11784,
286,
3794,
16,
3769,
1728,
7531,
2489,
284,
790,
9511,
286,
3794,
13,
383,
7531,
2489,
389,
5610,
287,
2142,
6711,
286,
262,
7965,
739,
262,
9087,
286,
564,
250,
24553,
6860,
6923,
447,
251,
13,
1318,
389,
2472,
1987,
22698,
357,
14906,
1105,
284,
10172,
3439,
8,
287,
2142,
6711,
13,
3274,
734,
6685,
357,
14906,
1105,
290,
1511,
8,
2148,
6770,
286,
617,
5981,
2846,
588,
564,
250,
9012,
447,
251,
11,
564,
250,
6270,
447,
251,
11,
564,
250,
29317,
287,
2700,
447,
251,
3503,
13,
198,
464,
49983,
6923,
389,
5081,
287,
262,
1708,
2534,
6685,
357,
14906,
1478,
284,
3439,
737,
383,
6923,
389,
10090,
739,
1708,
1182,
654,
13,
198,
7,
64,
8,
564,
250,
11028,
284,
10537,
447,
251,
25,
10172,
1478,
2585,
564,
250,
464,
1812,
2236,
407,
10129,
284,
597,
1048,
10537,
878,
262,
1099,
393,
262,
4961,
4800,
286,
262,
3657,
1626,
262,
7674,
286,
3794,
13,
447,
251,
357,
65,
8,
564,
250,
11028,
284,
4925,
447,
251,
10673,
564,
250,
11028,
1028,
17238,
447,
251,
357,
67,
8,
564,
250,
11028,
284,
4925,
286,
5737,
447,
251,
357,
68,
8,
564,
250,
34,
8596,
290,
9856,
826,
447,
251,
357,
67,
8,
564,
250,
11028,
284,
26740,
29604,
447,
251,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 226 |
A Reference Resource
Cyrus Vance (1977–1980): Secretary of State
Cyrus Roberts Vance was born in Clarksburg, Virginia, in 1917 and earned both his B.A. (1939) and LL.B. (1942) from Yale University. During World War II, he fought in the U.S. Navy; he then went on to practice law.
Vance became secretary of the army in the Kennedy administration (1961-1962), deputy secretary of defense (1964-1967), and U.S. negotiator to the Paris Peace Conference on the Vietnam War (1968-1969). He was also special envoy to Cyprus (1967) and then to Korea (1968).
Vance served as secretary of state in the Carter administration from 1977 to 1980, resigning in April 1980 over the armed attempt to extricate American hostages from Iran. After a stint as chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1988-1990), he headed the U.N. mission to negotiate an end to the violence that erupted after the dissolution of Yugoslavia (1991-1992). Cyrus Vance died on January 12, 2002. | [
32,
20984,
20857,
198,
34,
21180,
40154,
357,
37781,
1906,
23664,
2599,
4986,
286,
1812,
198,
34,
21180,
10918,
40154,
373,
4642,
287,
35931,
7423,
11,
6025,
11,
287,
24168,
290,
7366,
1111,
465,
347,
13,
32,
13,
357,
1129,
2670,
8,
290,
27140,
13,
33,
13,
357,
1129,
3682,
8,
422,
19681,
2059,
13,
5856,
2159,
1810,
2873,
11,
339,
8350,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
8565,
26,
339,
788,
1816,
319,
284,
3357,
1099,
13,
198,
53,
590,
2627,
7705,
286,
262,
5428,
287,
262,
10401,
3662,
357,
1129,
5333,
12,
1129,
5237,
828,
10636,
7705,
286,
3761,
357,
46477,
12,
42830,
828,
290,
471,
13,
50,
13,
49194,
284,
262,
6342,
12689,
8785,
319,
262,
10836,
1810,
357,
42246,
12,
38391,
737,
679,
373,
635,
2041,
39137,
284,
27885,
357,
42830,
8,
290,
788,
284,
4969,
357,
42246,
737,
198,
53,
590,
4983,
355,
7705,
286,
1181,
287,
262,
10831,
3662,
422,
15589,
284,
7169,
11,
10931,
278,
287,
3035,
7169,
625,
262,
6936,
2230,
284,
1070,
1173,
378,
1605,
31331,
422,
4068,
13,
2293,
257,
22966,
355,
8900,
286,
262,
5618,
12224,
5018,
286,
968,
1971,
357,
26709,
12,
19891,
828,
339,
9153,
262,
471,
13,
45,
13,
4365,
284,
16674,
281,
886,
284,
262,
3685,
326,
23681,
706,
262,
37494,
286,
37777,
357,
24529,
12,
23847,
737,
34305,
40154,
3724,
319,
3269,
1105,
11,
6244,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 233 |
Price Fixing in the Massachusetts Theocracy
[This article is excerpted from Conceived in Liberty (1975), volume 1, chapter 31: "Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: The Failure of Wage and Price Controls." An MP3 audio file of this article, narrated by Floy Lilley, is available for download.]
From the first, the Massachusetts oligarchy, seeing that in the New World land was peculiarly abundant in relation to labor, tried by law to push down the wage rates that they had to pay as merchants or landowners. Maximum-wage controls were persistently imposed. John Winthrop set the tone in 1633, complaining that "the scarcity of workmen had caused them to raise their wages to an excessive rate." What else was supposed to happen with a scarce product?
As in the South, there were at the base of New England's economic structure indentured servants and Negro slaves, who sometimes were farm labor but mostly were artisans, helpers, and domestic servants. After the servants' terms expired, they received small grants of land and became farmer-settlers. The Massachusetts gentry also supplemented this system of labor with general compulsory service in harvesting neighboring farms — a neat way of exploiting the local citizenry at wage rates far below the market.
Maximum-wage control always aggravates a shortage of labor, as employers will not be able to obtain needed workers at the statutory price. In trying to force labor to be cheaper than its price on the free market, the gentry only made it more difficult for employers to obtain that labor. By 1640 Winthrop was admitting that Massachusetts had
found by experience that it would not avail by any law to redress the excessive rates of laborers' and workmen's wages, etc. (for being restrained, they would either remove to other places where they might have more or else being able to live by planting or other employments of their own, they would not be hired at all).
Of course, one method of alleviating this induced shortage was by using the forced labor of slavery, servitude, and compulsory harvest service. Thus, one intervention by violence in the market created conditions impelling a further and stronger intervention. But apart from forced labor, the Massachusetts authorities, as we have noted, found it extremely difficult to enforce maximum-wage control.
The first maximum-wage law was enacted by Massachusetts as early as 1630. Due to the high wages commanded by the scarcity of construction craftsmen, the law concentrated on maximum-wage rates in the building trades. Carpenters, bricklayers, etc., were limited to two shillings a day and any payment above this rate would subject both the employer and the worker to punishment (for instance, a buying-cartel of employers established by the law punished the recalcitrant employer who decided to break ranks). Almost immediately, the magistrates decided to imbibe more of the magic medicine, and legal wage rates were pushed down to 16 pence a day for master carpenters and bricklayers, and correspondingly lower for other laborers.
But the economic laws of the market made enforcement hopeless, and after only six months, the General Court repealed the laws, and ordered all wages to be "left free and at liberty as men shall reasonably agree." But Massachusetts Bay was not to remain wise for long. By 1633 the General Court became horrified again at higher wage rates in construction and other trades and at the propensity of the working classes to rise above their supposedly appointed station in life by relaxing more and by spending their wages on luxuries. Denouncing "the great extortion … by divers persons of little conscience" and the "vain and idle waste of precious time," the court enacted a comprehensive and detailed wage-control program.
The law of 1633 decreed a maximum of two shillings a day without board and 14 pence with board, for the wages of sawyers, carpenters, masons, bricklayers, etc. Top-rate laborers were limited to 18 pence without. These rates were approximately double those of England for skilled craftsmen and treble for unskilled laborers. Constables were to set the wages of lesser laborers. Penalties were levied on the employers and the wage earners who violated the law. Sensing that maximum controls below the market wage led to a shortage of labor, the General Court decreed that no idleness was to be permitted. In effect, minimum hours were decreed in order to bolster the maximum-wage law — another form of compulsory labor. Workmen were ordered to work "the whole day, allowing convenient time for food and rest."
Interestingly, the General Court soon decided to make an exception for the government itself, which was naturally having difficulty finding men willing to work on its public-works projects. A combination of the carrot and the stick was used: government officials were allowed to award "such extraordinary wages as they shall judge the work to deserve." On the other hand, they were empowered to send town constables to conscript laborers as the need arose.
Although merchants were happy to join the landed oligarchy and the Puritan zealots in forcing down the wage rates of laborers, they were scarcely as happy about maximum controls on selling prices. The gentry were eager, however, to force downward the prices of products they needed to buy. A blend of mercantilist fallacies and Puritan suspicion of commerce, the result was persistent attempts to force commodities below their market prices. Having little conception of the function of the price system on the free market, the Massachusetts authorities also felt that maximum-price control would bolster the maximum-wage-rate program. There was no understanding that general movements in prices and wages are governed by the supply of and demand for money, and that this too can best work itself out on the free market.
Corn was the major monetary medium of the North, and in 1630 Massachusetts set the sterling price of corn at six shillings per bushel. Failing to work, this control was repealed along with the wage laws of 1631, and corn was "left at liberty to be sold as men can agree." In 1633, however, maximum-price controls were reimposed as an auxiliary to the wage controls.
The massive wage laws of 1633 were quickly discovered to be a failure; once again the quiet but powerful economic laws of the market had triumphed over the dramatic decrees of the coercive state. After one year the actual wage rates were 50 percent higher than the statutory levels. At that point, the General Court repealed the penalties against paying, but retained those against receiving, wages above the fixed legal rate. While, in fact, no employer had ever been tried or penalized under the old act, the wage law was now an open and flagrant piece of class legislation. This was nothing new, however, as there were ample precedents in English maximum-wage laws since the early 15th century.
Another change made in 1634 allowed a little flexibility in decreed prices and wages by permitting each town to alter the legal rate in case of disputes. Only a year later the General Court, despairing of the continued failure of the law to take hold, repealed the comprehensive wage controls and the auxiliary price controls. Just before this comprehensive repeal, the courts had apparently been driven by the failure to inflict ever harsher penalties; fines had been so heavy that two workers were imprisoned for failure to pay. The authorities were at the crossroads: should they begin to impose on workers violating clearly unworkable economic decrees the sort of punishment meted out to heretics or to critics of the government? Happily, common sense, in this case, finally prevailed.
Made wary by its thundering failure, the theocracy no longer attempted a comprehensive planned economy in Massachusetts Bay. From then on, it was content to engage in annoying, but not fatal, hit-and-run harassments of the market. Penalties were made discretionary, and in 1636 wage and price regulations were transferred by the provincial government to the individual towns, as suggested by the leading Puritan divine, Rev. John Cotton. The General Court was supposed to exercise overall supervision, but exerted no systematic control. Control by each town, as had been anticipated, was even more ineffective than an overall plan, because each town, bidding against the others for laborers, competitively bid wages up to their market levels. The General Court wailed that all this was "to get the great dishonor of God, the scandal of the Gospel, and the grief of divers of God's people." A committee of the most eminent oligarchs of the Bay colony was appointed to suggest remedies, but could think of no solution.
Of the towns, Dorchester was perhaps the most eager to impose wage controls. During the Pequot War, and again in 1642, it combined maximum wages with conscription of any laborer unwilling to work and to work long enough at the low rates. Hingham also enacted a maximum-wage program in 1641, and Salem was active in prosecuting wage offenders.
In 1635, the year of the repeal of the wage and price plan, the Massachusetts authorities tried a new angle: under the cloak of a desire to "combat monopolizing," the Massachusetts government created a legal monopoly of nine men — one from each of the existing towns — for purchasing any goods from incoming ships. This import monopoly was to board all the ships before anyone else, decide on the prices it would pay, and then buy the goods and limit itself to resale at a fixed 5 percent profit. But this attempt to combine monopoly with maximum-price control failed also. The outlawing of competing buyers could not be enforced and the import monopoly had to be repealed within four months. What ensued was far better but was still not pure freedom of entry. Instead, licensing was required of all importers, with preference usually given to friends of the government.
Generally, the merchants were the most progressive, worldly, and cosmopolitan element in Massachusetts life. The merchants were able to gain political control of the growing commercial hub of Boston by the mid-1630s. But the rest of Massachusetts remained in the hands of a right alliance of Puritan zealots and landed gentry who dominated the magistrates' council and the governorship. During the decade of the 1630s only 2 out of 22 magistrates were merchants, 1 of these being the Hutchinsonian leader William Coddington. This reflected the occupational differences of their native England. The gentry had, by and large, been minor gentry in rural England, while the merchants usually hailed from London or other urban centers. In contrast to the authoritarian and theocratic gentry, the merchants had a far more individualist and independent spirit and often opposed the Massachusetts oligarchy. It was no accident that almost all the merchants championed the Hutchinsonian movement — including Coddington, John Coggeshall, and the Hutchinson family itself. In spite of the earlier failures, Massachusetts tried to resume its harassment and regulation of the merchants, but even more sporadically than in the case of wages. Millers were fined for charging what were arbitrarily termed "excessive" prices for their flour. A woodmaker was fined in 1639 for charging the Boston government "excessive" prices for making Boston's stocks, and, as Professor Richard Morris notes in Government and Labor in Early America, the General Court "with great Puritan humor sentenced him, in addition, to sit in the stocks he himself had made." Heavy fines and Puritan denunciations were also the lot of merchants supposedly overcharging for nails, gold buttons, and other commodities. The Puritan church was quick to condemn these merchants, and insisted on penitence for this "dishonor of God's name" in order to regain membership in the church.
The most notable case of persecution of a merchant occurred in 1639. Robert Keayne, a leading Boston importer and large investor in the Massachusetts Bay Company, and the devout brother-in-law of Rev. John Wilson, was found guilty in General Court of gaining "excess" profit, including a markup of over 150 percent on some items. The authorities displayed once more their profound ignorance of the functions of profit and loss in the market economy. Keayne was especially aggrieved because there was no law on the books regulating profits. In contrast, the Maine court, in the case of Cleve v. Winter (1640), dismissed charges against a merchant for setting excessive prices, on the grounds that it was not legitimate to regulate a man's profit in trade. So a sounder strain of thought did exist despite the official view.
Massachusetts' sister colonies also tried to impose a theocratic planned economy. As we might have expected, the effort of New Haven Colony, founded in distaste for the alleged laxity of Massachusetts Puritanism, was the most comprehensive. New Haven's Act of 1640 established fixed profit markups of varying grades for different types of trade: 3 pence in the shilling, for example, for retail of English imports, and less for wholesale. Prices were supposed to be proportionate to risk for colonial products. Above all, a highly detailed list of maximum-wage rates for each occupation was issued. A year later, an ambitious new schedule was decreed, pushing down wage rates even further.
But even fanatical New Haven could not conquer economic law, and only nine months later the authorities were forced to admit defeat, and the entire program was repealed. After that resounding failure, no further comprehensive controls were attempted at New Haven, although there were a few sporadic attempts to regulate specific occupations.
Comprehensive wage control was also attempted in Connecticut. An abortive regulation of wages was imposed in early 1640, but repealed later the same year. The following year Connecticut, again alarmed about "excessive" and rising wages (with men "a law unto themselves"), enacted a maximum-wage scale for each occupation. However, instead of the heavy fines imposed by Massachusetts, the only prescribed penalty was censure by the colony's General Court.
Because the monetary medium of Connecticut was corn, wheat, or rye, maximum-wage legislation, to be effective, depended on minimum rates of exchange of these commodities in terms of shillings — otherwise, maximum wages in shillings would be effectively negated by declines in the shilling prices of corn. Minimum corn, wheat, and rye prices were, accordingly, fixed at legal tender for wage and other contracts. A slight reduction of wheat and corn prices, however, was allowed in 1644, and, finally, in 1650 Connecticut also abandoned the foolhardy attempt to plan the price and wage structure of the colony's economy. | [
18124,
13268,
278,
287,
262,
10140,
383,
17818,
198,
58,
1212,
2708,
318,
20911,
276,
422,
1482,
6471,
287,
14734,
357,
38449,
828,
6115,
352,
11,
6843,
3261,
25,
366,
28489,
873,
48139,
284,
35305,
6442,
262,
383,
17818,
25,
383,
25743,
286,
45874,
290,
7886,
36357,
526,
1052,
4904,
18,
6597,
2393,
286,
428,
2708,
11,
46190,
416,
1610,
726,
16342,
1636,
11,
318,
1695,
329,
4321,
8183,
198,
4863,
262,
717,
11,
262,
10140,
24869,
9282,
11,
4379,
326,
287,
262,
968,
2159,
1956,
373,
19501,
306,
23263,
287,
8695,
284,
4827,
11,
3088,
416,
1099,
284,
4574,
866,
262,
7699,
3965,
326,
484,
550,
284,
1414,
355,
21779,
393,
44868,
13,
22246,
12,
21482,
6973,
547,
21160,
1473,
10893,
13,
1757,
7178,
11360,
900,
262,
8216,
287,
1467,
2091,
11,
18705,
326,
366,
1169,
35501,
286,
670,
3653,
550,
4073,
606,
284,
5298,
511,
9400,
284,
281,
13181,
2494,
526,
1867,
2073,
373,
4385,
284,
1645,
351,
257,
18549,
1720,
30,
198,
1722,
287,
262,
2520,
11,
612,
547,
379,
262,
2779,
286,
968,
4492,
338,
3034,
4645,
33793,
1522,
17523,
290,
27115,
13384,
11,
508,
3360,
547,
5318,
4827,
475,
4632,
547,
1242,
26100,
11,
49385,
11,
290,
5928,
17523,
13,
2293,
262,
17523,
6,
2846,
21350,
11,
484,
2722,
1402,
11455,
286,
1956,
290,
2627,
18739,
12,
17744,
8116,
13,
383,
10140,
308,
13000,
635,
41610,
428,
1080,
286,
4827,
351,
2276,
31967,
2139,
287,
34102,
19651,
15893,
851,
257,
15049,
835,
286,
29440,
262,
1957,
9511,
563,
379,
7699,
3965,
1290,
2174,
262,
1910,
13,
198,
40541,
12,
21482,
1630,
1464,
20072,
689,
257,
18772,
286,
4827,
11,
355,
11390,
481,
407,
307,
1498,
284,
7330,
2622,
3259,
379,
262,
20693,
2756,
13,
554,
2111,
284,
2700,
4827,
284,
307,
11721,
621,
663,
2756,
319,
262,
1479,
1910,
11,
262,
308,
13000,
691,
925,
340,
517,
2408,
329,
11390,
284,
7330,
326,
4827,
13,
2750,
1467,
1821,
7178,
11360,
373,
22688,
326,
10140,
550,
198,
9275,
416,
1998,
326,
340,
561,
407,
29107,
416,
597,
1099,
284,
48586,
262,
13181,
3965,
286,
41075,
6,
290,
670,
3653,
338,
9400,
11,
3503,
13,
357,
1640,
852,
31531,
11,
484,
561,
2035,
4781,
284,
584,
4113,
810,
484,
1244,
423,
517,
393,
2073,
852,
1498,
284,
2107,
416,
26630,
393,
584,
1873,
902,
286,
511,
898,
11,
484,
561,
407,
307,
9657,
379,
477,
737,
198,
5189,
1781,
11,
530,
2446,
286,
23863,
26336,
428,
18268,
18772,
373,
416,
1262,
262,
4137,
4827,
286,
13503,
11,
1113,
3984,
11,
290,
31967,
13222,
2139,
13,
6660,
11,
530,
9572,
416,
3685,
287,
262,
1910,
2727,
3403,
18516,
2680,
257,
2252,
290,
7387,
9572,
13,
887,
5475,
422,
4137,
4827,
11,
262,
10140,
4773,
11,
355,
356,
423,
4367,
11,
1043,
340,
4457,
2408,
284,
4605,
5415,
12,
21482,
1630,
13,
198,
464,
717,
5415,
12,
21482,
1099,
373,
17814,
416,
10140,
355,
1903,
355,
1467,
1270,
13,
14444,
284,
262,
1029,
9400,
22419,
416,
262,
35501,
286,
5103,
28229,
3653,
11,
262,
1099,
17298,
319,
5415,
12,
21482,
3965,
287,
262,
2615,
17674,
13,
1879,
16923,
364,
11,
17214,
75,
6962,
11,
3503,
1539,
547,
3614,
284,
734,
427,
359,
654,
257,
1110,
290,
597,
6074,
2029,
428,
2494,
561,
2426,
1111,
262,
9749,
290,
262,
8383,
284,
9837,
357,
1640,
4554,
11,
257,
7067,
12,
26674,
417,
286,
11390,
4920,
416,
262,
1099,
16851,
262,
42653,
47992,
5250,
9749,
508,
3066,
284,
2270,
9803,
737,
16699,
3393,
11,
262,
2153,
37909,
3066,
284,
33966,
32438,
517,
286,
262,
5536,
9007,
11,
290,
2742,
7699,
3965,
547,
7121,
866,
284,
1467,
279,
594,
257,
1110,
329,
4958,
1097,
16923,
364,
290,
17214,
75,
6962,
11,
290,
6053,
4420,
2793,
329,
584,
41075,
13,
198,
1537,
262,
3034,
3657,
286,
262,
1910,
925,
5394,
23292,
11,
290,
706,
691,
2237,
1933,
11,
262,
3611,
3078,
32933,
262,
3657,
11,
290,
6149,
477,
9400,
284,
307,
366,
9464,
1479,
290,
379,
12354,
355,
1450,
2236,
13025,
4236,
526,
887,
10140,
4696,
373,
407,
284,
3520,
10787,
329,
890,
13,
2750,
1467,
2091,
262,
3611,
3078,
2627,
32816,
757,
379,
2440,
7699,
3965,
287,
5103,
290,
584,
17674,
290,
379,
262,
41121,
286,
262,
1762,
6097,
284,
4485,
2029,
511,
13519,
9899,
4429,
287,
1204,
416,
28175,
517,
290,
416,
4581,
511,
9400,
319,
10632,
4740,
13,
5601,
18155,
366,
1169,
1049,
38583,
3926,
416,
15070,
6506,
286,
1310,
18346,
1,
290,
262,
366,
85,
391,
290,
21696,
7030,
286,
14186,
640,
553,
262,
2184,
17814,
257,
9815,
290,
6496,
7699,
12,
13716,
1430,
13,
198,
464,
1099,
286,
1467,
2091,
5255,
276,
257,
5415,
286,
734,
427,
359,
654,
257,
1110,
1231,
3096,
290,
1478,
279,
594,
351,
3096,
11,
329,
262,
9400,
286,
2497,
21200,
11,
1097,
16923,
364,
11,
285,
2812,
11,
17214,
75,
6962,
11,
3503,
13,
5849,
12,
4873,
41075,
547,
3614,
284,
1248,
279,
594,
1231,
13,
2312,
3965,
547,
6702,
4274,
883,
286,
4492,
329,
14297,
28229,
3653,
290,
2054,
903,
329,
5576,
42130,
41075,
13,
4757,
2977,
547,
284,
900,
262,
9400,
286,
14494,
41075,
13,
7507,
10355,
547,
43383,
319,
262,
11390,
290,
262,
7699,
37342,
508,
13998,
262,
1099,
13,
14173,
278,
326,
5415,
6973,
2174,
262,
1910,
7699,
2957,
284,
257,
18772,
286,
4827,
11,
262,
3611,
3078,
5255,
276,
326,
645,
4686,
48795,
373,
284,
307,
10431,
13,
554,
1245,
11,
5288,
2250,
547,
5255,
276,
287,
1502,
284,
26091,
262,
5415,
12,
21482,
1099,
851,
1194,
1296,
286,
31967,
4827,
13,
5521,
3653,
547,
6149,
284,
670,
366,
1169,
2187,
1110,
11,
5086,
11282,
640,
329,
2057,
290,
1334,
526,
198,
33092,
11,
262,
3611,
3078,
2582,
3066,
284,
787,
281,
6631,
329,
262,
1230,
2346,
11,
543,
373,
8752,
1719,
8722,
4917,
1450,
4684,
284,
670,
319,
663,
1171,
12,
5225,
4493,
13,
317,
6087,
286,
262,
40562,
290,
262,
4859,
373,
973,
25,
1230,
2828,
547,
3142,
284,
5764,
366,
10508,
11359,
9400,
355,
484,
2236,
5052,
262,
670,
284,
10925,
526,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
484,
547,
29669,
284,
3758,
3240,
1500,
2977,
284,
762,
6519,
41075,
355,
262,
761,
21172,
13,
198,
7003,
21779,
547,
3772,
284,
4654,
262,
11406,
24869,
9282,
290,
262,
9330,
18642,
27689,
1747,
287,
10833,
866,
262,
7699,
3965,
286,
41075,
11,
484,
547,
32335,
355,
3772,
546,
5415,
6973,
319,
6301,
4536,
13,
383,
308,
13000,
547,
11069,
11,
2158,
11,
284,
2700,
20841,
262,
4536,
286,
3186,
484,
2622,
284,
2822,
13,
317,
13516,
286,
11991,
415,
346,
396,
2121,
13433,
290,
9330,
18642,
15123,
286,
19497,
11,
262,
1255,
373,
16218,
6370,
284,
2700,
24392,
2174,
511,
1910,
4536,
13,
11136,
1310,
19759,
286,
262,
2163,
286,
262,
2756,
1080,
319,
262,
1479,
1910,
11,
262,
10140,
4773,
635,
2936,
326,
5415,
12,
20888,
1630,
561,
26091,
262,
5415,
12,
21482,
12,
4873,
1430,
13,
1318,
373,
645,
4547,
326,
2276,
8650,
287,
4536,
290,
9400,
389,
21825,
416,
262,
5127,
286,
290,
3512,
329,
1637,
11,
290,
326,
428,
1165,
460,
1266,
670,
2346,
503,
319,
262,
1479,
1910,
13,
198,
41389,
373,
262,
1688,
15331,
7090,
286,
262,
2258,
11,
290,
287,
1467,
1270,
10140,
900,
262,
46499,
2756,
286,
11676,
379,
2237,
427,
359,
654,
583,
1323,
2978,
13,
376,
11608,
284,
670,
11,
428,
1630,
373,
32933,
1863,
351,
262,
7699,
3657,
286,
1467,
3132,
11,
290,
11676,
373,
366,
9464,
379,
12354,
284,
307,
2702,
355,
1450,
460,
4236,
526,
554,
1467,
2091,
11,
2158,
11,
5415,
12,
20888,
6973,
547,
302,
36457,
355,
281,
37419,
284,
262,
7699,
6973,
13,
198,
464,
4858,
7699,
3657,
286,
1467,
2091,
547,
2952,
5071,
284,
307,
257,
5287,
26,
1752,
757,
262,
5897,
475,
3665,
3034,
3657,
286,
262,
1910,
550,
1333,
931,
704,
625,
262,
10092,
5255,
274,
286,
262,
47236,
1181,
13,
2293,
530,
614,
262,
4036,
7699,
3965,
547,
2026,
1411,
2440,
621,
262,
20693,
2974,
13,
1629,
326,
966,
11,
262,
3611,
3078,
32933,
262,
12970,
1028,
5989,
11,
475,
17383,
883,
1028,
6464,
11,
9400,
2029,
262,
5969,
2742,
2494,
13,
2893,
11,
287,
1109,
11,
645,
9749,
550,
1683,
587,
3088,
393,
23634,
1143,
739,
262,
1468,
719,
11,
262,
7699,
1099,
373,
783,
281,
1280,
290,
6056,
5250,
3704,
286,
1398,
5520,
13,
770,
373,
2147,
649,
11,
2158,
11,
355,
612,
547,
23933,
8555,
658,
287,
3594,
5415,
12,
21482,
3657,
1201,
262,
1903,
1315,
400,
4289,
13,
198,
6610,
1487,
925,
287,
1467,
2682,
3142,
257,
1310,
13688,
287,
5255,
276,
4536,
290,
9400,
416,
29256,
1123,
3240,
284,
8343,
262,
2742,
2494,
287,
1339,
286,
18563,
13,
5514,
257,
614,
1568,
262,
3611,
3078,
11,
20234,
278,
286,
262,
3767,
5287,
286,
262,
1099,
284,
1011,
1745,
11,
32933,
262,
9815,
7699,
6973,
290,
262,
37419,
2756,
6973,
13,
2329,
878,
428,
9815,
14634,
11,
262,
8028,
550,
5729,
587,
7986,
416,
262,
5287,
284,
28640,
1683,
50243,
12970,
26,
17176,
550,
587,
523,
4334,
326,
734,
3259,
547,
21125,
329,
5287,
284,
1414,
13,
383,
4773,
547,
379,
262,
3272,
21372,
25,
815,
484,
2221,
284,
13551,
319,
3259,
18134,
4084,
555,
1818,
540,
3034,
5255,
274,
262,
3297,
286,
9837,
1138,
276,
503,
284,
994,
14094,
393,
284,
9188,
286,
262,
1230,
30,
18321,
813,
11,
2219,
2565,
11,
287,
428,
1339,
11,
3443,
34429,
13,
198,
24616,
23300,
416,
663,
18355,
278,
5287,
11,
262,
262,
17818,
645,
2392,
7482,
257,
9815,
6027,
3773,
287,
10140,
4696,
13,
3574,
788,
319,
11,
340,
373,
2695,
284,
8209,
287,
15774,
11,
475,
407,
10800,
11,
2277,
12,
392,
12,
5143,
7671,
902,
286,
262,
1910,
13,
7507,
10355,
547,
925,
41314,
11,
290,
287,
1467,
2623,
7699,
290,
2756,
6647,
547,
11172,
416,
262,
15818,
1230,
284,
262,
1981,
11684,
11,
355,
5220,
416,
262,
3756,
9330,
18642,
11871,
11,
5416,
13,
1757,
23915,
13,
383,
3611,
3078,
373,
4385,
284,
5517,
4045,
20865,
11,
475,
48322,
645,
17895,
1630,
13,
6779,
416,
1123,
3240,
11,
355,
550,
587,
14486,
11,
373,
772,
517,
23693,
621,
281,
4045,
1410,
11,
780,
1123,
3240,
11,
23829,
1028,
262,
1854,
329,
41075,
11,
7606,
306,
8406,
9400,
510,
284,
511,
1910,
2974,
13,
383,
3611,
3078,
266,
6255,
326,
477,
428,
373,
366,
1462,
651,
262,
1049,
32045,
273,
286,
1793,
11,
262,
10731,
286,
262,
23244,
11,
290,
262,
18522,
286,
15070,
286,
1793,
338,
661,
526,
317,
5583,
286,
262,
749,
37820,
24869,
34592,
286,
262,
4696,
18815,
373,
9899,
284,
1950,
29604,
11,
475,
714,
892,
286,
645,
4610,
13,
198,
5189,
262,
11684,
11,
12528,
35983,
373,
3737,
262,
749,
11069,
284,
13551,
7699,
6973,
13,
5856,
262,
2631,
421,
313,
1810,
11,
290,
757,
287,
1467,
3682,
11,
340,
5929,
5415,
9400,
351,
762,
6820,
286,
597,
2248,
11934,
19084,
284,
670,
290,
284,
670,
890,
1576,
379,
262,
1877,
3965,
13,
367,
25875,
635,
17814,
257,
5415,
12,
21482,
1430,
287,
1467,
3901,
11,
290,
31988,
373,
4075,
287,
38242,
7699,
17120,
13,
198,
818,
1467,
2327,
11,
262,
614,
286,
262,
14634,
286,
262,
7699,
290,
2756,
1410,
11,
262,
10140,
4773,
3088,
257,
649,
9848,
25,
739,
262,
24117,
286,
257,
6227,
284,
366,
39969,
30797,
2890,
553,
262,
10140,
1230,
2727,
257,
2742,
22036,
286,
5193,
1450,
851,
530,
422,
1123,
286,
262,
4683,
11684,
851,
329,
14080,
597,
7017,
422,
15619,
7937,
13,
770,
1330,
22036,
373,
284,
3096,
477,
262,
7937,
878,
2687,
2073,
11,
5409,
319,
262,
4536,
340,
561,
1414,
11,
290,
788,
2822,
262,
7017,
290,
4179,
2346,
284,
581,
1000,
379,
257,
5969,
642,
1411,
7630,
13,
887,
428,
2230,
284,
12082,
22036,
351,
5415,
12,
20888,
1630,
4054,
635,
13,
383,
23716,
278,
286,
11780,
14456,
714,
407,
307,
20326,
290,
262,
1330,
22036,
550,
284,
307,
32933,
1626,
1440,
1933,
13,
1867,
38597,
373,
1290,
1365,
475,
373,
991,
407,
5899,
4925,
286,
5726,
13,
5455,
11,
15665,
373,
2672,
286,
477,
848,
3816,
11,
351,
12741,
3221,
1813,
284,
2460,
286,
262,
1230,
13,
198,
37058,
11,
262,
21779,
547,
262,
749,
10393,
11,
43249,
11,
290,
8615,
44331,
5002,
287,
10140,
1204,
13,
383,
21779,
547,
1498,
284,
4461,
1964,
1630,
286,
262,
3957,
5068,
12575,
286,
6182,
416,
262,
3095,
12,
1433,
1270,
82,
13,
887,
262,
1334,
286,
10140,
6150,
287,
262,
2832,
286,
257,
826,
12801,
286,
9330,
18642,
27689,
1747,
290,
11406,
308,
13000,
508,
13354,
262,
2153,
37909,
6,
6745,
290,
262,
1089,
11094,
13,
5856,
262,
5707,
286,
262,
1467,
1270,
82,
691,
362,
503,
286,
2534,
2153,
37909,
547,
21779,
11,
352,
286,
777,
852,
262,
43792,
666,
3554,
3977,
327,
5088,
9557,
13,
770,
12548,
262,
34266,
5400,
286,
511,
6868,
4492,
13,
383,
308,
13000,
550,
11,
416,
290,
1588,
11,
587,
4159,
308,
13000,
287,
10016,
4492,
11,
981,
262,
21779,
3221,
27052,
422,
3576,
393,
584,
7876,
10399,
13,
554,
6273,
284,
262,
22612,
290,
262,
15405,
308,
13000,
11,
262,
21779,
550,
257,
1290,
517,
1981,
396,
290,
4795,
4437,
290,
1690,
6886,
262,
10140,
24869,
9282,
13,
632,
373,
645,
5778,
326,
2048,
477,
262,
21779,
39257,
262,
43792,
666,
3356,
851,
1390,
327,
5088,
9557,
11,
1757,
327,
519,
3212,
18323,
11,
290,
262,
43792,
1641,
2346,
13,
554,
15275,
286,
262,
2961,
15536,
11,
10140,
3088,
284,
15294,
663,
10556,
290,
9001,
286,
262,
21779,
11,
475,
772,
517,
35810,
324,
1146,
621,
287,
262,
1339,
286,
9400,
13,
9212,
364,
547,
22643,
329,
11642,
644,
547,
40647,
28569,
366,
1069,
45428,
1,
4536,
329,
511,
10601,
13,
317,
4898,
10297,
373,
22643,
287,
1467,
2670,
329,
11642,
262,
6182,
1230,
366,
1069,
45428,
1,
4536,
329,
1642,
6182,
338,
14420,
11,
290,
11,
355,
8129,
6219,
14433,
4710,
287,
5070,
290,
7882,
287,
12556,
2253,
11,
262,
3611,
3078,
366,
4480,
1049,
9330,
18642,
14733,
11897,
683,
11,
287,
3090,
11,
284,
1650,
287,
262,
14420,
339,
2241,
550,
925,
526,
14089,
17176,
290,
9330,
18642,
2853,
49652,
602,
547,
635,
262,
1256,
286,
21779,
13519,
625,
31498,
329,
23361,
11,
3869,
12163,
11,
290,
584,
24392,
13,
383,
9330,
18642,
4928,
373,
2068,
284,
15402,
777,
21779,
11,
290,
11189,
319,
3112,
270,
594,
329,
428,
366,
67,
680,
261,
273,
286,
1793,
338,
1438,
1,
287,
1502,
284,
21509,
9931,
287,
262,
4928,
13,
198,
464,
749,
12411,
1339,
286,
22839,
286,
257,
20729,
5091,
287,
1467,
2670,
13,
5199,
3873,
43906,
11,
257,
3756,
6182,
848,
4337,
290,
1588,
15811,
287,
262,
10140,
4696,
5834,
11,
290,
262,
38440,
3956,
12,
259,
12,
6270,
286,
5416,
13,
1757,
8127,
11,
373,
1043,
6717,
287,
3611,
3078,
286,
13977,
366,
1069,
919,
1,
7630,
11,
1390,
257,
41485,
286,
625,
6640,
1411,
319,
617,
3709,
13,
383,
4773,
9066,
1752,
517,
511,
11982,
17010,
286,
262,
5499,
286,
7630,
290,
2994,
287,
262,
1910,
3773,
13,
3873,
43906,
373,
2592,
4194,
28130,
780,
612,
373,
645,
1099,
319,
262,
3835,
26379,
10177,
13,
554,
6273,
11,
262,
15080,
2184,
11,
287,
262,
1339,
286,
3779,
303,
410,
13,
10633,
357,
1433,
1821,
828,
11126,
4530,
1028,
257,
20729,
329,
4634,
13181,
4536,
11,
319,
262,
9384,
326,
340,
373,
407,
9829,
284,
16697,
257,
582,
338,
7630,
287,
3292,
13,
1406,
257,
2128,
263,
14022,
286,
1807,
750,
2152,
3805,
262,
1743,
1570,
13,
198,
20273,
9770,
6,
6621,
20848,
635,
3088,
284,
13551,
257,
262,
15405,
6027,
3773,
13,
1081,
356,
1244,
423,
2938,
11,
262,
3626,
286,
968,
21425,
34480,
11,
9393,
287,
1233,
4594,
329,
262,
4260,
36919,
414,
286,
10140,
9330,
18642,
1042,
11,
373,
262,
749,
9815,
13,
968,
21425,
338,
2191,
286,
1467,
1821,
4920,
5969,
7630,
1317,
4739,
286,
15874,
19051,
329,
1180,
3858,
286,
3292,
25,
513,
279,
594,
287,
262,
427,
4509,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
329,
6308,
286,
3594,
17944,
11,
290,
1342,
329,
24005,
13,
29431,
547,
4385,
284,
307,
9823,
378,
284,
2526,
329,
17091,
3186,
13,
23302,
477,
11,
257,
4047,
6496,
1351,
286,
5415,
12,
21482,
3965,
329,
1123,
13755,
373,
4884,
13,
317,
614,
1568,
11,
281,
14742,
649,
7269,
373,
5255,
276,
11,
7796,
866,
7699,
3965,
772,
2252,
13,
198,
1537,
772,
4336,
39056,
968,
21425,
714,
407,
23875,
3034,
1099,
11,
290,
691,
5193,
1933,
1568,
262,
4773,
547,
4137,
284,
9159,
7433,
11,
290,
262,
2104,
1430,
373,
32933,
13,
2293,
326,
581,
9969,
5287,
11,
645,
2252,
9815,
6973,
547,
7482,
379,
968,
21425,
11,
3584,
612,
547,
257,
1178,
48172,
6370,
284,
16697,
2176,
23308,
13,
198,
7293,
36321,
7699,
1630,
373,
635,
7482,
287,
14493,
13,
1052,
15614,
425,
9001,
286,
9400,
373,
10893,
287,
1903,
1467,
1821,
11,
475,
32933,
1568,
262,
976,
614,
13,
383,
1708,
614,
14493,
11,
757,
32064,
546,
366,
1069,
45428,
1,
290,
7396,
9400,
357,
4480,
1450,
366,
64,
1099,
12722,
2405,
12340,
17814,
257,
5415,
12,
21482,
5046,
329,
1123,
13755,
13,
2102,
11,
2427,
286,
262,
4334,
17176,
10893,
416,
10140,
11,
262,
691,
14798,
7389,
373,
12428,
495,
416,
262,
18815,
338,
3611,
3078,
13,
198,
8128,
262,
15331,
7090,
286,
14493,
373,
11676,
11,
17135,
11,
393,
47553,
11,
5415,
12,
21482,
5520,
11,
284,
307,
4050,
11,
33785,
319,
5288,
3965,
286,
5163,
286,
777,
24392,
287,
2846,
286,
427,
359,
654,
851,
4306,
11,
5415,
9400,
287,
427,
359,
654,
561,
307,
6840,
2469,
515,
416,
24459,
287,
262,
427,
4509,
4536,
286,
11676,
13,
26265,
11676,
11,
17135,
11,
290,
47553,
4536,
547,
11,
16062,
11,
5969,
379,
2742,
15403,
329,
7699,
290,
584,
8592,
13,
317,
3731,
7741,
286,
17135,
290,
11676,
4536,
11,
2158,
11,
373,
3142,
287,
1467,
2598,
11,
290,
11,
3443,
11,
287,
1467,
1120,
14493,
635,
9958,
262,
9192,
10424,
88,
2230,
284,
1410,
262,
2756,
290,
7699,
4645,
286,
262,
18815,
338,
3773,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,004 |
Some basic tips for drawing railroad layouts are offered in this article. These guidelines can be used for any scale layout, I’ve used HO because it’s very popular, and the scale I am most familiar with myself. If you are modeling at a different scale, I have several articles outlined the exact details them, in my Tips For Model Railroaders.
The first step in planning your model train layout is to know what scale you are going to work at, and what the overall dimensions of your layout will be. Sketch some rough ideas on paper to get a feel for what you want and how it will work in the amount of space you have.
For more great tips on setting up your model railroad, just fill in your name and email and I’ll send them to you. As an added bonus, you get my detailed report on using DCC to control your trains.
A good idea is to establish minimum dimensions for your layout such as the minimum curve radii, switch turnout angles and maximum grades. The rolling stock you want to use, and methods of operation, help determine these design elements of your layout. If you are running short trains with just a few cars and engines, then 18″ minimum radius curves will work fine. On the other hand, for larger and longer, you may need curves of 30″ radius or larger (HO scale).
What is the maximum grade you can use? A 4 or 5 percent grade is rare in prototype railroads but you may need it in your model due to the amount of space you have. If you are planning for one track to cross over another, you must have enough length of track to rise 3″ to 4″ (HO scale) without getting too steep for your models. (Note – prototype railroads rarely go above a 3 percent grade. If you want your model to be completely accurate, then you will also be limited to this amount of grade.)
Model Railroad Clearances
Take extra care when one track comes close to another. Ensure that there is enough clearance for two trains to pass, otherwise the cars will collide and derail. This is especially critical at curves. When the railroad car is on a curve, the ends go over the track width. And, the middle of the car is forced to the inside of the track.
The longer your rolling stock, the more offset you need between curves. You can check this visually by placing your longest and shortest rolling stock on a section of curved track to see the overlap. Set two sections side by side, place your longest locomotive or rolling stock in them, and see for yourself.
Layout Drawing Techniques
A simple way to draw your ideas of a railroad layout is to begin by drawing all the outside dimensions or fixed objects (such as the outline of the room, posts, etc.). Once these fixed objects are located on the drawing, then fill in around them with the track.
Draw in the important scenery, buildings, roads, etc. If you are replicating some real place, work from maps, or perhaps even measurements you took on a scouting visit! Many modelers fine they have to “compress” space, leaving out some of the longer distances, so they can get it all in. That’s fine.
Locate the major curves of your layout next. You know which corners will have a 90 degree turn on the layout. Place a circle in this corner drawn to the radius that you think you need. Place circular arcs in all the corners of the main line. You will connect the circles with your main lines later.
Then select where any switching yards and sidings will be. Using your plan you can try different locations, unless your plan is replicating some real place.
Once the important curves, yards and other objects have been drawn in, begin connecting curves with straight lines. You may want to use broad curves to connect different areas on the layout (instead of straight lines). You can always make adjustments later.
Then draw in any sidings, off the straight track. Just “rough in” the switch at first, until you know exactly where you want it.
Make a simple three dimension drawing (X, Y, Z) to ensure that grades and crossovers are adequate. Begin by locating the portion of your plan which will be the minimum elevation. This can be the lowest part of the table top, the floor or any other arbitrary point you like. The main thing is to make it easy to measure from.
Use your three dimensional drawing to check the clearance at bridges for the train to pass under. Make sure that the grade produced by creating a rise at a bridge is not too steep for your train. A 4 percent grade is about the steepest most models can climb. Leave enough clearance at the bridge for the thickness of the bridge, the height of the cars and the height of the rails and ballasting. In HO scale this requires from 3 to 4 inches of clearance.
Building Your Layout
Once you have drawn a perfect layout, you will still have to build it. During construction, you may adjust for errors in the drawing when you build the layout. You want your drawing to be accurate, but sometime close is good enough!
Some modelers make a full size drawing and trace through the paper or lay the track on top of the paper. This could be impractical for you, if it’s a large layout. You must be careful if you are printing out many pieces of small paper to draw a full size layout. Ensure you are taping them together “to scale.”
When taping paper sections together, you can measure across several pieces of paper to check the overlap at the edges. In other words, if the distance of that yard ladder is 2.52 feet on your layout, measure across all the papers taped together to make sure it’s 2.52 feet in real life while you are taping it all together.
Set up your drawing coordinate system on your bench work. Simply make an X and Y axis baseline on the bench work. Use one of your main bench edges (or the walls of the room) as the baseline. Draw this in your drawing (if its not there already). Now whenever you use a printout or coordinates to locate something on the bench work, keep “checking in” to the baseline to make sure you haven’t slipped something by a small amount.
Like this article? I’ve also written a two part article about model train benchwork and scenery.
Did you find this article useful or informative? Tell the world! It’s easy, using the “Tell A Friend” Service below – hover your mouse over it and go from there! You can also Tweet this article using the green “tweet” button to the right. Thanks! | [
4366,
4096,
9040,
329,
8263,
24337,
38489,
389,
4438,
287,
428,
2708,
13,
2312,
9949,
460,
307,
973,
329,
597,
5046,
12461,
11,
314,
447,
247,
303,
973,
40115,
780,
340,
447,
247,
82,
845,
2968,
11,
290,
262,
5046,
314,
716,
749,
5385,
351,
3589,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
21128,
379,
257,
1180,
5046,
11,
314,
423,
1811,
6685,
16493,
262,
2748,
3307,
606,
11,
287,
616,
27558,
1114,
9104,
36289,
364,
13,
198,
464,
717,
2239,
287,
5410,
534,
2746,
4512,
12461,
318,
284,
760,
644,
5046,
345,
389,
1016,
284,
670,
379,
11,
290,
644,
262,
4045,
15225,
286,
534,
12461,
481,
307,
13,
17001,
617,
5210,
4213,
319,
3348,
284,
651,
257,
1254,
329,
644,
345,
765,
290,
703,
340,
481,
670,
287,
262,
2033,
286,
2272,
345,
423,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1049,
9040,
319,
4634,
510,
534,
2746,
24337,
11,
655,
6070,
287,
534,
1438,
290,
3053,
290,
314,
447,
247,
297,
3758,
606,
284,
345,
13,
1081,
281,
2087,
7202,
11,
345,
651,
616,
6496,
989,
319,
1262,
360,
4093,
284,
1630,
534,
13404,
13,
198,
32,
922,
2126,
318,
284,
4474,
5288,
15225,
329,
534,
12461,
884,
355,
262,
5288,
12133,
2511,
4178,
11,
5078,
21666,
18333,
290,
5415,
19051,
13,
383,
10708,
4283,
345,
765,
284,
779,
11,
290,
5050,
286,
4905,
11,
1037,
5004,
777,
1486,
4847,
286,
534,
12461,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
2491,
1790,
13404,
351,
655,
257,
1178,
5006,
290,
11874,
11,
788,
1248,
12237,
5288,
16874,
23759,
481,
670,
3734,
13,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
329,
4025,
290,
2392,
11,
345,
743,
761,
23759,
286,
1542,
12237,
16874,
393,
4025,
357,
32298,
5046,
737,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
5415,
9559,
345,
460,
779,
30,
317,
604,
393,
642,
1411,
9559,
318,
4071,
287,
14879,
6787,
21372,
475,
345,
743,
761,
340,
287,
534,
2746,
2233,
284,
262,
2033,
286,
2272,
345,
423,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
5410,
329,
530,
2610,
284,
3272,
625,
1194,
11,
345,
1276,
423,
1576,
4129,
286,
2610,
284,
4485,
513,
12237,
284,
604,
12237,
357,
32298,
5046,
8,
1231,
1972,
1165,
14559,
329,
534,
4981,
13,
357,
6425,
784,
14879,
6787,
21372,
8365,
467,
2029,
257,
513,
1411,
9559,
13,
1002,
345,
765,
534,
2746,
284,
307,
3190,
7187,
11,
788,
345,
481,
635,
307,
3614,
284,
428,
2033,
286,
9559,
2014,
198,
17633,
36289,
11459,
1817,
198,
12322,
3131,
1337,
618,
530,
2610,
2058,
1969,
284,
1194,
13,
48987,
326,
612,
318,
1576,
19745,
329,
734,
13404,
284,
1208,
11,
4306,
262,
5006,
481,
46592,
290,
33749,
13,
770,
318,
2592,
4688,
379,
23759,
13,
1649,
262,
24337,
1097,
318,
319,
257,
12133,
11,
262,
5645,
467,
625,
262,
2610,
9647,
13,
843,
11,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
1097,
318,
4137,
284,
262,
2641,
286,
262,
2610,
13,
198,
464,
2392,
534,
10708,
4283,
11,
262,
517,
11677,
345,
761,
1022,
23759,
13,
921,
460,
2198,
428,
22632,
416,
12560,
534,
14069,
290,
35581,
10708,
4283,
319,
257,
2665,
286,
26929,
2610,
284,
766,
262,
21721,
13,
5345,
734,
9004,
1735,
416,
1735,
11,
1295,
534,
14069,
33334,
19138,
393,
10708,
4283,
287,
606,
11,
290,
766,
329,
3511,
13,
198,
32517,
40027,
49686,
198,
32,
2829,
835,
284,
3197,
534,
4213,
286,
257,
24337,
12461,
318,
284,
2221,
416,
8263,
477,
262,
2354,
15225,
393,
5969,
5563,
357,
10508,
355,
262,
19001,
286,
262,
2119,
11,
6851,
11,
3503,
15729,
4874,
777,
5969,
5563,
389,
5140,
319,
262,
8263,
11,
788,
6070,
287,
1088,
606,
351,
262,
2610,
13,
198,
25302,
287,
262,
1593,
31068,
11,
6832,
11,
9725,
11,
3503,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
2186,
12364,
617,
1103,
1295,
11,
670,
422,
8739,
11,
393,
3737,
772,
13871,
345,
1718,
319,
257,
27088,
3187,
0,
4650,
2746,
364,
3734,
484,
423,
284,
564,
250,
5589,
601,
447,
251,
2272,
11,
4305,
503,
617,
286,
262,
2392,
18868,
11,
523,
484,
460,
651,
340,
477,
287,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
3734,
13,
198,
43,
13369,
262,
1688,
23759,
286,
534,
12461,
1306,
13,
921,
760,
543,
14371,
481,
423,
257,
4101,
4922,
1210,
319,
262,
12461,
13,
8474,
257,
9197,
287,
428,
5228,
7428,
284,
262,
16874,
326,
345,
892,
345,
761,
13,
8474,
18620,
44606,
287,
477,
262,
14371,
286,
262,
1388,
1627,
13,
921,
481,
2018,
262,
13332,
351,
534,
1388,
3951,
1568,
13,
198,
6423,
2922,
810,
597,
15430,
5695,
290,
9785,
654,
481,
307,
13,
8554,
534,
1410,
345,
460,
1949,
1180,
7064,
11,
4556,
534,
1410,
318,
2186,
12364,
617,
1103,
1295,
13,
198,
7454,
262,
1593,
23759,
11,
5695,
290,
584,
5563,
423,
587,
7428,
287,
11,
2221,
14320,
23759,
351,
3892,
3951,
13,
921,
743,
765,
284,
779,
3154,
23759,
284,
2018,
1180,
3006,
319,
262,
12461,
357,
38070,
286,
3892,
3951,
737,
921,
460,
1464,
787,
16895,
1568,
13,
198,
6423,
3197,
287,
597,
9785,
654,
11,
572,
262,
3892,
2610,
13,
2329,
564,
250,
740,
287,
447,
251,
262,
5078,
379,
717,
11,
1566,
345,
760,
3446,
810,
345,
765,
340,
13,
198,
12050,
257,
2829,
1115,
15793,
8263,
357,
55,
11,
575,
11,
1168,
8,
284,
4155,
326,
19051,
290,
269,
21074,
690,
389,
12872,
13,
16623,
416,
42139,
262,
6903,
286,
534,
1410,
543,
481,
307,
262,
5288,
22910,
13,
770,
460,
307,
262,
9016,
636,
286,
262,
3084,
1353,
11,
262,
4314,
393,
597,
584,
14977,
966,
345,
588,
13,
383,
1388,
1517,
318,
284,
787,
340,
2562,
284,
3953,
422,
13,
198,
11041,
534,
1115,
38517,
8263,
284,
2198,
262,
19745,
379,
19432,
329,
262,
4512,
284,
1208,
739,
13,
6889,
1654,
326,
262,
9559,
4635,
416,
4441,
257,
4485,
379,
257,
7696,
318,
407,
1165,
14559,
329,
534,
4512,
13,
317,
604,
1411,
9559,
318,
546,
262,
14559,
395,
749,
4981,
460,
12080,
13,
17446,
1576,
19745,
379,
262,
7696,
329,
262,
20735,
286,
262,
7696,
11,
262,
6001,
286,
262,
5006,
290,
262,
6001,
286,
262,
27587,
290,
2613,
9222,
13,
554,
40115,
5046,
428,
4433,
422,
513,
284,
604,
8331,
286,
19745,
13,
198,
25954,
3406,
47639,
198,
7454,
345,
423,
7428,
257,
2818,
12461,
11,
345,
481,
991,
423,
284,
1382,
340,
13,
5856,
5103,
11,
345,
743,
4532,
329,
8563,
287,
262,
8263,
618,
345,
1382,
262,
12461,
13,
921,
765,
534,
8263,
284,
307,
7187,
11,
475,
17291,
1969,
318,
922,
1576,
0,
198,
4366,
2746,
364,
787,
257,
1336,
2546,
8263,
290,
12854,
832,
262,
3348,
393,
3830,
262,
2610,
319,
1353,
286,
262,
3348,
13,
770,
714,
307,
43994,
329,
345,
11,
611,
340,
447,
247,
82,
257,
1588,
12461,
13,
921,
1276,
307,
8161,
611,
345,
389,
13570,
503,
867,
5207,
286,
1402,
3348,
284,
3197,
257,
1336,
2546,
12461,
13,
48987,
345,
389,
256,
9269,
606,
1978,
564,
250,
1462,
5046,
13,
447,
251,
198,
2215,
256,
9269,
3348,
9004,
1978,
11,
345,
460,
3953,
1973,
1811,
5207,
286,
3348,
284,
2198,
262,
21721,
379,
262,
13015,
13,
554,
584,
2456,
11,
611,
262,
5253,
286,
326,
12699,
18002,
318,
362,
13,
4309,
3625,
319,
534,
12461,
11,
3953,
1973,
477,
262,
9473,
36114,
1978,
284,
787,
1654,
340,
447,
247,
82,
362,
13,
4309,
3625,
287,
1103,
1204,
981,
345,
389,
256,
9269,
340,
477,
1978,
13,
198,
7248,
510,
534,
8263,
20435,
1080,
319,
534,
7624,
670,
13,
17973,
787,
281,
1395,
290,
575,
16488,
14805,
319,
262,
7624,
670,
13,
5765,
530,
286,
534,
1388,
7624,
13015,
357,
273,
262,
7714,
286,
262,
2119,
8,
355,
262,
14805,
13,
15315,
428,
287,
534,
8263,
357,
361,
663,
407,
612,
1541,
737,
2735,
8797,
345,
779,
257,
3601,
448,
393,
22715,
284,
17276,
1223,
319,
262,
7624,
670,
11,
1394,
564,
250,
41004,
287,
447,
251,
284,
262,
14805,
284,
787,
1654,
345,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
18859,
1223,
416,
257,
1402,
2033,
13,
198,
7594,
428,
2708,
30,
314,
447,
247,
303,
635,
3194,
257,
734,
636,
2708,
546,
2746,
4512,
7624,
1818,
290,
31068,
13,
198,
11633,
345,
1064,
428,
2708,
4465,
393,
30304,
30,
14026,
262,
995,
0,
632,
447,
247,
82,
2562,
11,
1262,
262,
564,
250,
24446,
317,
9182,
447,
251,
4809,
2174,
784,
20599,
534,
10211,
625,
340,
290,
467,
422,
612,
0,
921,
460,
635,
18752,
428,
2708,
1262,
262,
4077,
564,
250,
83,
7277,
447,
251,
4936,
284,
262,
826,
13,
6930,
0,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,400 |
The diagram below shows the path of the Sun across the sky in Melbourne for four important dates:
The outer circle on the diagram represents the horizon and the inner circles are lines of constant elevation, drawn at 15° intervals. The radial lines are lines of constant azimuth drawn at 15° intervals also.
The position of the Sun at each hour of the day is marked and the time indicated. All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time. Add one hour for daylight savings.
Hi, Fernando. The "Time and Date" website gives information about the length of days for several locations in regional Victoria, including Ballarat. Hope this helps!
Hi there John. As in the Northern Hemisphere the Sun rises in the East and sets in West (due to Earth’s rotation from west to east), but its path as seen from the Southern Hemisphere is across the northern sky. You might find this link and this one useful.
Hi Steve - The Sun is at the centre of our Solar System, and all planets revolve about the Sun. The Sun at the centre of our Solar System, is in our galaxy called the Milky Way Galaxy amongst about 400 billion other stars. All the stars that can be seen with the naked eye are in our galaxy. It's important to remember at this point that our sun is not at the centre of the galaxy.
Because we revolve about the Sun, which is very close to us, all the other stars which are much further away, do not appear to move as we move around the Sun. So the constellations, such as The Southern Cross, look the same wherever we are. As the axis of the Earth is tilted, the south pole axis points towards the Southern Cross, so that constellation is always visible in the lower latitudes such as Victoria.
Hope that helps
We love receiving comments, but can’t always respond.
Hi there Suradi - thanks for your question. According to the Museum's Planetarium Presenters, these days a Sun Path can be got using any good astronomy program or planetarium software such as Starry Night or Stellarium. Please note, if you would like to use our diagram for anything other than private use then MV copyright acknowledgement would be expected.
The link to this section of the NASA website gives a brief insight to the history of the evolution of the theory of the planets movement around the sun.
Hi Casper, the Sun’s path is at its lowest in the sky on the Winter Solstice – 21st June, see here for more information.
Hi John,There are two websites that may help you determine the angle of the sun at your house on a particular date. The Rise and Set Times on the Planetarium website provides a calendar for the visibility of the sun in Melbourne. There is also an online resource about how to make your own Sun Angle Calculator.
Hi Jim, if you were at one of the poles during a summer equinox the Sun continues to make a circle in the sky, but now it would dip below the horizon for a while. It may appear to be an ellipse, but in actual fact it is still a circle. This YouTube clip, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZcafg-meJA shows what it would look like a little further away from the pole. This web link may also be helpful.
Try to think of it this way - If you were “on” the Southern Cross and looked towards Earth with a theoretical, highly powerful telescope, then Melbourne would always be visible, because the bottom of the Earth is pointing towards the Southern Cross. As the Earth spins on its axis, Melbourne would appear to rotate around the globe. As go further north from Melbourne, say to Sydney, then as the Earth spins, an observer on the Southern Cross would see Sydney disappear briefly on each rotation. The further you travel north the less time you will be able to see the Southern Cross, until you can never see the Southern Cross.
It is like that the Sun is at the centre of a globe of stars, and the Earth always points to one spot in the sky which is close to the Southern Cross. In reality this is not so, but the concept is true.
I hope this may clarify it a bit more for you.
Hi Mel, the Tropic of Capricorn is technically an infinitesimally thin line, although the uncertainty in the measurement of the Earth's obliquity corresponds to an error in positioning of the Tropic of about 3cm. We can't locate the Tropic any better than this, so this is a kind of width. At the moment the Tropic is at 23°26'16.7" S. But the obliquity of the Earth varies and is decreasing around a half a second of arc per year, so the Tropic is moving slowly northwards at the same rate. This corresponds to something like 13m per year. So depending on what kind a timeframe you want to look at this also puts limits on how precisely you can locate the tropic. Within a decade, for example, we can't locate the Tropic more precisely than a 133m band.
Hi Georgina - Several factors effect sunrise and set times, such as surrounding buildings or mountains, elevation above sea level, etc; however the main reason in this case is because Sydney is much further east than Melbourne, by approximately 700 km.
For advice about seating, you would probably be best to check with MCG staff directly - MCG contact details can be found here.
The only time that the Sun rises due east and sets due west is at the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes, 21st March and 21st September. After the Spring equinox the Sun gradually rises and sets further south until the solstice on 21st December, then starts moving northwards. So for your house to have the Sun shining on the south facing side, it needs to be between these two equinoxes. After the Autumn equinox the Sun rises and sets northwards of east and west, so no Sun on your south wall.
For more information, please see the following link: http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/infosheets/planets/the-path-of-the-sun/
Hi again Steve - The sun is not at any point directly 'between' earth and the Southern Cross. An important point to consider here is that unlike Earth, the Sothern Cross does not revolve around our Sun.
If you look at the diagram at the top of this page, you can see the path of the sun as it appears to us here in Melbourne throughout the year. If we were to factor into this diagram the relatively static position of the Southern Cross, it would be close to the southern horizon. Notice that the southern most path of the sun (in the Summer Solstice) does not intersect with the position of the Southern Cross.
This means the Sun does not obstruct our view of the Southern Cross - so, we are never on 'the other side of the sun' to the Southern Cross. As we've explained previously, the Sothern Cross may not be visible during the day due to brightness of the Sun, but it is still there.
Hello Cool - we ran this past our experts in the Planetarium, and their response is as follows:
In Australia, seasons begin on the first day of a particular calendar month – March for autumn, June for winter, September for spring and December for summer. This is also the convention followed internationally by meteorologists. One idea for Australia following this rule, is that during the early years of Australia’s white settlement soldiers would change from their summer to winter uniforms on the first of the month.
Indigenous Australians have a more tactile view of the seasons. They link the seasons to the local conditions and environment, and also to the activities of the birds, plants and animals around them. With such a diverse climate across Australia, it’s no surprise that the seasons vary greatly across Indigenous groups. Some regions have five seasons and others only three as the Bureau of Meteorology explains.
In other countries, such as Britain and the USA, the seasons are said to begin on the equinoxes and solstices – Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice, Autumn Equinox and Winter Solstice. These are the times when Earth reaches a particular point along its orbit around the Sun.
I hope this helps
Great photo images! I would love to obtain a specimen of the Jack Jumper to photograph for my biology website waynesword.palomar.edu. Although I am primarily ...
To read the latest tweets from @museumvictoria
Follow Museum Victoria on
hi i have my mum's passport and ticket on the orontes dated 22nd april 1940 arriving melbourne sometime may 1940 from the uk - i would like to find more inf... | [
464,
16362,
2174,
2523,
262,
3108,
286,
262,
3825,
1973,
262,
6766,
287,
14819,
329,
1440,
1593,
9667,
25,
198,
464,
12076,
9197,
319,
262,
16362,
6870,
262,
17810,
290,
262,
8434,
13332,
389,
3951,
286,
6937,
22910,
11,
7428,
379,
1315,
7200,
20016,
13,
383,
44503,
3951,
389,
3951,
286,
6937,
35560,
320,
1071,
7428,
379,
1315,
7200,
20016,
635,
13,
198,
464,
2292,
286,
262,
3825,
379,
1123,
1711,
286,
262,
1110,
318,
7498,
290,
262,
640,
8203,
13,
1439,
1661,
389,
6638,
8345,
8997,
3862,
13,
3060,
530,
1711,
329,
26010,
10653,
13,
198,
17250,
11,
31063,
13,
383,
366,
7575,
290,
7536,
1,
3052,
3607,
1321,
546,
262,
4129,
286,
1528,
329,
1811,
7064,
287,
7915,
12313,
11,
1390,
6932,
34174,
13,
13408,
428,
5419,
0,
198,
17250,
612,
1757,
13,
1081,
287,
262,
8342,
42811,
262,
3825,
16736,
287,
262,
3687,
290,
5621,
287,
2688,
357,
23301,
284,
3668,
447,
247,
82,
13179,
422,
7421,
284,
7627,
828,
475,
663,
3108,
355,
1775,
422,
262,
8050,
42811,
318,
1973,
262,
7840,
6766,
13,
921,
1244,
1064,
428,
2792,
290,
428,
530,
4465,
13,
198,
17250,
6542,
532,
383,
3825,
318,
379,
262,
7372,
286,
674,
12347,
4482,
11,
290,
477,
14705,
2710,
6442,
546,
262,
3825,
13,
383,
3825,
379,
262,
7372,
286,
674,
12347,
4482,
11,
318,
287,
674,
16161,
1444,
262,
34822,
6378,
9252,
12077,
546,
7337,
2997,
584,
5788,
13,
1439,
262,
5788,
326,
460,
307,
1775,
351,
262,
12105,
4151,
389,
287,
674,
16161,
13,
632,
338,
1593,
284,
3505,
379,
428,
966,
326,
674,
4252,
318,
407,
379,
262,
7372,
286,
262,
16161,
13,
198,
8128,
356,
2710,
6442,
546,
262,
3825,
11,
543,
318,
845,
1969,
284,
514,
11,
477,
262,
584,
5788,
543,
389,
881,
2252,
1497,
11,
466,
407,
1656,
284,
1445,
355,
356,
1445,
1088,
262,
3825,
13,
1406,
262,
1500,
695,
602,
11,
884,
355,
383,
8050,
6372,
11,
804,
262,
976,
14530,
356,
389,
13,
1081,
262,
16488,
286,
262,
3668,
318,
37229,
11,
262,
5366,
16825,
16488,
2173,
3371,
262,
8050,
6372,
11,
523,
326,
38712,
318,
1464,
7424,
287,
262,
2793,
3042,
10455,
884,
355,
12313,
13,
198,
34456,
326,
5419,
198,
1135,
1842,
6464,
3651,
11,
475,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1464,
3031,
13,
198,
17250,
612,
4198,
9189,
532,
5176,
329,
534,
1808,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
9594,
338,
11397,
17756,
21662,
364,
11,
777,
1528,
257,
3825,
10644,
460,
307,
1392,
1262,
597,
922,
37145,
1430,
393,
5440,
17756,
3788,
884,
355,
2907,
563,
5265,
393,
39336,
1505,
13,
4222,
3465,
11,
611,
345,
561,
588,
284,
779,
674,
16362,
329,
1997,
584,
621,
2839,
779,
788,
32947,
6634,
41259,
561,
307,
2938,
13,
198,
464,
2792,
284,
428,
2665,
286,
262,
8884,
3052,
3607,
257,
4506,
11281,
284,
262,
2106,
286,
262,
6954,
286,
262,
4583,
286,
262,
14705,
3356,
1088,
262,
4252,
13,
198,
17250,
11294,
525,
11,
262,
3825,
447,
247,
82,
3108,
318,
379,
663,
9016,
287,
262,
6766,
319,
262,
10633,
4294,
43788,
784,
2310,
301,
2795,
11,
766,
994,
329,
517,
1321,
13,
198,
17250,
1757,
11,
1858,
389,
734,
9293,
326,
743,
1037,
345,
5004,
262,
9848,
286,
262,
4252,
379,
534,
2156,
319,
257,
1948,
3128,
13,
383,
15648,
290,
5345,
3782,
319,
262,
11397,
17756,
3052,
3769,
257,
11845,
329,
262,
20742,
286,
262,
4252,
287,
14819,
13,
1318,
318,
635,
281,
2691,
8271,
546,
703,
284,
787,
534,
898,
3825,
42375,
43597,
13,
198,
17250,
5395,
11,
611,
345,
547,
379,
530,
286,
262,
24971,
1141,
257,
3931,
1602,
259,
1140,
262,
3825,
4477,
284,
787,
257,
9197,
287,
262,
6766,
11,
475,
783,
340,
561,
19550,
2174,
262,
17810,
329,
257,
981,
13,
632,
743,
1656,
284,
307,
281,
30004,
541,
325,
11,
475,
287,
4036,
1109,
340,
318,
991,
257,
9197,
13,
770,
7444,
10651,
11,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
11604,
13,
785,
14,
8340,
30,
85,
28,
30148,
66,
1878,
70,
12,
1326,
37048,
2523,
644,
340,
561,
804,
588,
257,
1310,
2252,
1497,
422,
262,
16825,
13,
770,
3992,
2792,
743,
635,
307,
7613,
13,
198,
23433,
284,
892,
286,
340,
428,
835,
532,
1002,
345,
547,
564,
250,
261,
447,
251,
262,
8050,
6372,
290,
3114,
3371,
3668,
351,
257,
16200,
11,
4047,
3665,
24344,
11,
788,
14819,
561,
1464,
307,
7424,
11,
780,
262,
4220,
286,
262,
3668,
318,
10609,
3371,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
1081,
262,
3668,
37621,
319,
663,
16488,
11,
14819,
561,
1656,
284,
23064,
1088,
262,
13342,
13,
1081,
467,
2252,
5093,
422,
14819,
11,
910,
284,
11852,
11,
788,
355,
262,
3668,
37621,
11,
281,
22890,
319,
262,
8050,
6372,
561,
766,
11852,
10921,
11589,
319,
1123,
13179,
13,
383,
2252,
345,
3067,
5093,
262,
1342,
640,
345,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
766,
262,
8050,
6372,
11,
1566,
345,
460,
1239,
766,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
588,
326,
262,
3825,
318,
379,
262,
7372,
286,
257,
13342,
286,
5788,
11,
290,
262,
3668,
1464,
2173,
284,
530,
4136,
287,
262,
6766,
543,
318,
1969,
284,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
554,
3950,
428,
318,
407,
523,
11,
475,
262,
3721,
318,
2081,
13,
198,
40,
2911,
428,
743,
18282,
340,
257,
1643,
517,
329,
345,
13,
198,
17250,
5616,
11,
262,
25491,
291,
286,
4476,
1173,
1211,
318,
14497,
281,
1167,
259,
2737,
320,
453,
7888,
1627,
11,
3584,
262,
13479,
287,
262,
15558,
286,
262,
3668,
338,
909,
75,
1557,
414,
24866,
284,
281,
4049,
287,
22097,
286,
262,
25491,
291,
286,
546,
513,
11215,
13,
775,
460,
470,
17276,
262,
25491,
291,
597,
1365,
621,
428,
11,
523,
428,
318,
257,
1611,
286,
9647,
13,
1629,
262,
2589,
262,
25491,
291,
318,
379,
2242,
7200,
2075,
6,
1433,
13,
22,
1,
311,
13,
887,
262,
909,
75,
1557,
414,
286,
262,
3668,
17806,
290,
318,
24030,
1088,
257,
2063,
257,
1218,
286,
10389,
583,
614,
11,
523,
262,
25491,
291,
318,
3867,
6364,
5093,
2017,
379,
262,
976,
2494,
13,
770,
24866,
284,
1223,
588,
1511,
76,
583,
614,
13,
1406,
6906,
319,
644,
1611,
257,
41352,
345,
765,
284,
804,
379,
428,
635,
7584,
7095,
319,
703,
10582,
345,
460,
17276,
262,
14673,
291,
13,
12511,
257,
5707,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
356,
460,
470,
17276,
262,
25491,
291,
517,
10582,
621,
257,
22169,
76,
4097,
13,
198,
17250,
6850,
1437,
532,
12168,
5087,
1245,
40048,
290,
900,
1661,
11,
884,
355,
7346,
6832,
393,
12269,
11,
22910,
2029,
5417,
1241,
11,
3503,
26,
2158,
262,
1388,
1738,
287,
428,
1339,
318,
780,
11852,
318,
881,
2252,
7627,
621,
14819,
11,
416,
6702,
13037,
10571,
13,
198,
1890,
5608,
546,
24800,
11,
345,
561,
2192,
307,
1266,
284,
2198,
351,
13122,
38,
3085,
3264,
532,
13122,
38,
2800,
3307,
460,
307,
1043,
994,
13,
198,
464,
691,
640,
326,
262,
3825,
16736,
2233,
7627,
290,
5621,
2233,
7421,
318,
379,
262,
8225,
290,
33424,
7889,
259,
1140,
274,
11,
2310,
301,
2805,
290,
2310,
301,
2693,
13,
2293,
262,
8225,
1602,
259,
1140,
262,
3825,
11835,
16736,
290,
5621,
2252,
5366,
1566,
262,
1540,
43788,
319,
2310,
301,
3426,
11,
788,
4940,
3867,
5093,
2017,
13,
1406,
329,
534,
2156,
284,
423,
262,
3825,
22751,
319,
262,
5366,
6476,
1735,
11,
340,
2476,
284,
307,
1022,
777,
734,
1602,
259,
1140,
274,
13,
2293,
262,
33424,
1602,
259,
1140,
262,
3825,
16736,
290,
5621,
5093,
2017,
286,
7627,
290,
7421,
11,
523,
645,
3825,
319,
534,
5366,
3355,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1321,
11,
3387,
766,
262,
1708,
2792,
25,
2638,
1378,
76,
6744,
32433,
7661,
13,
785,
13,
559,
14,
67,
40821,
1087,
260,
14,
10745,
418,
258,
1039,
14,
11578,
1039,
14,
1169,
12,
6978,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
19155,
14,
198,
17250,
757,
6542,
532,
383,
4252,
318,
407,
379,
597,
966,
3264,
705,
23395,
6,
4534,
290,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
1052,
1593,
966,
284,
2074,
994,
318,
326,
5023,
3668,
11,
262,
311,
847,
77,
6372,
857,
407,
2710,
6442,
1088,
674,
3825,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
804,
379,
262,
16362,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
428,
2443,
11,
345,
460,
766,
262,
3108,
286,
262,
4252,
355,
340,
3568,
284,
514,
994,
287,
14819,
3690,
262,
614,
13,
1002,
356,
547,
284,
5766,
656,
428,
16362,
262,
5365,
9037,
2292,
286,
262,
8050,
6372,
11,
340,
561,
307,
1969,
284,
262,
8372,
17810,
13,
17641,
326,
262,
8372,
749,
3108,
286,
262,
4252,
357,
259,
262,
10216,
4294,
43788,
8,
857,
407,
36177,
351,
262,
2292,
286,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
198,
1212,
1724,
262,
3825,
857,
407,
26520,
674,
1570,
286,
262,
8050,
6372,
532,
523,
11,
356,
389,
1239,
319,
705,
1169,
584,
1735,
286,
262,
4252,
6,
284,
262,
8050,
6372,
13,
1081,
356,
1053,
4893,
4271,
11,
262,
311,
847,
77,
6372,
743,
407,
307,
7424,
1141,
262,
1110,
2233,
284,
22204,
286,
262,
3825,
11,
475,
340,
318,
991,
612,
13,
198,
15496,
15226,
532,
356,
4966,
428,
1613,
674,
6154,
287,
262,
11397,
17756,
11,
290,
511,
2882,
318,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
818,
4505,
11,
7028,
2221,
319,
262,
717,
1110,
286,
257,
1948,
11845,
1227,
784,
2805,
329,
23608,
11,
2795,
329,
7374,
11,
2693,
329,
6076,
290,
3426,
329,
3931,
13,
770,
318,
635,
262,
9831,
3940,
19765,
416,
19999,
9251,
13,
1881,
2126,
329,
4505,
1708,
428,
3896,
11,
318,
326,
1141,
262,
1903,
812,
286,
4505,
447,
247,
82,
2330,
9443,
5795,
561,
1487,
422,
511,
3931,
284,
7374,
22551,
319,
262,
717,
286,
262,
1227,
13,
198,
5497,
12357,
24933,
423,
257,
517,
48896,
1570,
286,
262,
7028,
13,
1119,
2792,
262,
7028,
284,
262,
1957,
3403,
290,
2858,
11,
290,
635,
284,
262,
4568,
286,
262,
10087,
11,
6134,
290,
4695,
1088,
606,
13,
2080,
884,
257,
10084,
4258,
1973,
4505,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
645,
5975,
326,
262,
7028,
7565,
9257,
1973,
24033,
2628,
13,
2773,
7652,
423,
1936,
7028,
290,
1854,
691,
1115,
355,
262,
9840,
286,
25582,
1435,
6688,
13,
198,
818,
584,
2678,
11,
884,
355,
5491,
290,
262,
4916,
11,
262,
7028,
389,
531,
284,
2221,
319,
262,
1602,
259,
1140,
274,
290,
1540,
301,
1063,
784,
8225,
7889,
259,
1140,
11,
10216,
4294,
43788,
11,
33424,
7889,
259,
1140,
290,
10633,
4294,
43788,
13,
2312,
389,
262,
1661,
618,
3668,
12229,
257,
1948,
966,
1863,
663,
13066,
1088,
262,
3825,
13,
198,
40,
2911,
428,
5419,
198,
13681,
4590,
4263,
0,
314,
561,
1842,
284,
7330,
257,
31674,
286,
262,
3619,
449,
15829,
284,
8408,
329,
616,
17219,
3052,
835,
2516,
4775,
13,
18596,
296,
283,
13,
15532,
13,
4900,
314,
716,
7525,
2644,
198,
2514,
1100,
262,
3452,
12665,
422,
2488,
76,
6744,
32433,
7661,
198,
7155,
9594,
12313,
319,
198,
5303,
1312,
423,
616,
25682,
338,
17981,
290,
7846,
319,
262,
393,
756,
274,
14567,
2534,
358,
46593,
346,
16236,
14820,
7758,
12544,
17291,
743,
16236,
422,
262,
334,
74,
532,
1312,
561,
588,
284,
1064,
517,
1167,
986,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,845 |
The EDX examination is a test that measures the electrical activity in your nerves and muscles. It consists of two parts:
- Nerve conduction studies that measure the ability of specific nerves to transmit electrical impulses, or messages, to muscles.
- Needle electrode examinations that measure the electrical activity in muscles along nerves..
Measuring the electrical activity in nerves and muscles helps detect the presence, location and extent of nerve and muscle disorders. Muscle weakness, nerve pains, and numbness may be due to a problem in the brain, spinal cord, the nerve supplying the muscle, the junction between the nerve and muscle (called the neuromuscular junction) and muscle. The EDX examination can help physicians distinguish where the problem lies.
You will be asked to lie on an examination table. The technician will tape several small, flat metal discs, called electrodes, on your skin. Repeated brief electrical stimuli are administered to the nerve. Electrical waveforms are recorded from muscles or from nerves and measured. You will feel a tingling sensation and twitching in your muscle each time the electrical stimulus is applied. Once the testing has been completed, the skin electrodes are removed.
The nerve conduction studies are then followed by the needle examination by the physician. A small thin needle (about the size of a straight pin) attached by wires to a recording machine will be inserted in the specific muscles being examined. No electrical stimuli or injections are passed through this needle; they simply record your muscle activity. You will be asked to relax and contract the muscles that are being examined. The electrical activity of the muscle will be displayed as electrical waves on a screen that the physician will view. The more relaxed you are, the easier the tests will be. The physician and technician will try to make you as comfortable as possible.
Before the EDX Examination
This test should not be performed until at least three weeks (21 days) have passed since the onset of your symptoms. If it has been less than that, please notify the EMG lab at 216.444.5544, or toll free 1.800.CCF.CARE ext.45544. You may be asked to reschedule at a later date.
- Take medications as prescribed, including any for pain.
- If you are taking anticoagulant medications (coumadin, heparin, lovenox, or crystalline warfarin) or medication for myasthenia gravis (mestinon or pyridostigmine bromide) and have not received instructions from your physician to discontinue your medications for the EDX examination, please call 216.444.5544 or toll free 1.800.223.2273 ext.45544. You may be asked to discontinue these medications for several days before the test. However, DO NOT discontinue medications without first consulting your physician.
- The EDX examination cannot be performed on patients with a bleeding disorder or lymphedema.
- Nerve conduction studies cannot be performed on patients with internal defibrillators. If you have an internal defibrillator and have been scheduled for this test, please call 216.444.5544 or toll free 1.800.223.2273 ext.45544. It will be necessary to assess whether the device can be turned off prior to undergoing this test.
- Patients with internal nerve stimulators must be able to turn them off before nerve conduction studies can be performed If you have an internal nerve stimulator and have been scheduled for this test, please call 216.444.5544.
On the Day of the Test
Eat a normal breakfast and/or lunch. Do not apply any lotions or oils to the skin; it could hinder the electrode connection to the skin.
After the Test
The Neuromuscular Staff evaluates the data collected and the final report is sent to the doctor who referred you for the test (usually between 1-2 working days). Your doctor will provide you with the results.
Neurology appointment office 216.636.5860, or toll free 1.800.CCF.CARE ext.65860.
Desk S90, Ninth floor of the “S” building.
Please call the EDX Laboratory if you have any concerns or questions or wish to speak to a technician: 216.444.5544, or toll free 1.800.CCF.CARE ext.45544. | [
464,
8392,
55,
12452,
318,
257,
1332,
326,
5260,
262,
12278,
3842,
287,
534,
25377,
290,
12749,
13,
632,
10874,
286,
734,
3354,
25,
198,
12,
399,
3760,
369,
11124,
3640,
326,
3953,
262,
2694,
286,
2176,
25377,
284,
21937,
12278,
37505,
11,
393,
6218,
11,
284,
12749,
13,
198,
12,
10664,
293,
46203,
37305,
326,
3953,
262,
12278,
3842,
287,
12749,
1863,
25377,
492,
198,
5308,
45925,
262,
12278,
3842,
287,
25377,
290,
12749,
5419,
4886,
262,
4931,
11,
4067,
290,
6287,
286,
16384,
290,
8280,
11916,
13,
43683,
10453,
11,
16384,
24985,
11,
290,
35519,
1108,
743,
307,
2233,
284,
257,
1917,
287,
262,
3632,
11,
26234,
15050,
11,
262,
16384,
28099,
262,
8280,
11,
262,
35037,
1022,
262,
16384,
290,
8280,
357,
7174,
262,
11943,
296,
385,
10440,
35037,
8,
290,
8280,
13,
383,
8392,
55,
12452,
460,
1037,
17206,
15714,
810,
262,
1917,
7363,
13,
198,
1639,
481,
307,
1965,
284,
6486,
319,
281,
12452,
3084,
13,
383,
33024,
481,
9154,
1811,
1402,
11,
6228,
6147,
31014,
11,
1444,
39780,
11,
319,
534,
4168,
13,
30558,
515,
4506,
12278,
25973,
389,
17169,
284,
262,
16384,
13,
40224,
6769,
23914,
389,
6264,
422,
12749,
393,
422,
25377,
290,
8630,
13,
921,
481,
1254,
257,
256,
278,
1359,
18098,
290,
665,
19811,
287,
534,
8280,
1123,
640,
262,
12278,
19819,
318,
5625,
13,
4874,
262,
4856,
468,
587,
5668,
11,
262,
4168,
39780,
389,
4615,
13,
198,
464,
16384,
369,
11124,
3640,
389,
788,
3940,
416,
262,
17598,
12452,
416,
262,
14325,
13,
317,
1402,
7888,
17598,
357,
10755,
262,
2546,
286,
257,
3892,
6757,
8,
7223,
416,
19474,
284,
257,
8296,
4572,
481,
307,
18846,
287,
262,
2176,
12749,
852,
11068,
13,
1400,
12278,
25973,
393,
35849,
389,
3804,
832,
428,
17598,
26,
484,
2391,
1700,
534,
8280,
3842,
13,
921,
481,
307,
1965,
284,
8960,
290,
2775,
262,
12749,
326,
389,
852,
11068,
13,
383,
12278,
3842,
286,
262,
8280,
481,
307,
9066,
355,
12278,
9813,
319,
257,
3159,
326,
262,
14325,
481,
1570,
13,
383,
517,
18397,
345,
389,
11,
262,
4577,
262,
5254,
481,
307,
13,
383,
14325,
290,
33024,
481,
1949,
284,
787,
345,
355,
6792,
355,
1744,
13,
198,
8421,
262,
8392,
55,
50105,
198,
1212,
1332,
815,
407,
307,
6157,
1566,
379,
1551,
1115,
2745,
357,
2481,
1528,
8,
423,
3804,
1201,
262,
21228,
286,
534,
7460,
13,
1002,
340,
468,
587,
1342,
621,
326,
11,
3387,
19361,
262,
17228,
38,
2248,
379,
26881,
13,
30272,
13,
2816,
2598,
11,
393,
13592,
1479,
352,
13,
7410,
13,
4093,
37,
13,
34,
12203,
1070,
13,
30505,
2598,
13,
921,
743,
307,
1965,
284,
581,
2395,
5950,
379,
257,
1568,
3128,
13,
198,
12,
7214,
17638,
355,
14798,
11,
1390,
597,
329,
2356,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
345,
389,
2263,
1885,
3713,
363,
377,
415,
17638,
357,
66,
280,
9937,
259,
11,
339,
1845,
259,
11,
2376,
574,
1140,
11,
393,
31578,
500,
1175,
16370,
259,
8,
393,
14103,
329,
616,
459,
831,
544,
9067,
271,
357,
76,
395,
259,
261,
393,
279,
2417,
312,
455,
328,
3810,
275,
398,
485,
8,
290,
423,
407,
2722,
7729,
422,
534,
14325,
284,
19936,
518,
534,
17638,
329,
262,
8392,
55,
12452,
11,
3387,
869,
26881,
13,
30272,
13,
2816,
2598,
393,
13592,
1479,
352,
13,
7410,
13,
22047,
13,
1828,
4790,
1070,
13,
30505,
2598,
13,
921,
743,
307,
1965,
284,
19936,
518,
777,
17638,
329,
1811,
1528,
878,
262,
1332,
13,
2102,
11,
8410,
5626,
19936,
518,
17638,
1231,
717,
18158,
534,
14325,
13,
198,
12,
383,
8392,
55,
12452,
2314,
307,
6157,
319,
3871,
351,
257,
16832,
8967,
393,
22404,
3149,
704,
19687,
13,
198,
12,
399,
3760,
369,
11124,
3640,
2314,
307,
6157,
319,
3871,
351,
5387,
825,
2889,
359,
2024,
13,
1002,
345,
423,
281,
5387,
825,
2889,
359,
1352,
290,
423,
587,
7530,
329,
428,
1332,
11,
3387,
869,
26881,
13,
30272,
13,
2816,
2598,
393,
13592,
1479,
352,
13,
7410,
13,
22047,
13,
1828,
4790,
1070,
13,
30505,
2598,
13,
632,
481,
307,
3306,
284,
4659,
1771,
262,
3335,
460,
307,
2900,
572,
3161,
284,
23247,
428,
1332,
13,
198,
12,
28021,
351,
5387,
16384,
11591,
2024,
1276,
307,
1498,
284,
1210,
606,
572,
878,
16384,
369,
11124,
3640,
460,
307,
6157,
1002,
345,
423,
281,
5387,
16384,
7132,
8927,
290,
423,
587,
7530,
329,
428,
1332,
11,
3387,
869,
26881,
13,
30272,
13,
2816,
2598,
13,
198,
2202,
262,
3596,
286,
262,
6208,
198,
47659,
257,
3487,
12607,
290,
14,
273,
9965,
13,
2141,
407,
4174,
597,
1256,
507,
393,
20629,
284,
262,
4168,
26,
340,
714,
34541,
262,
46203,
4637,
284,
262,
4168,
13,
198,
3260,
262,
6208,
198,
464,
3169,
333,
296,
385,
10440,
9983,
47850,
262,
1366,
7723,
290,
262,
2457,
989,
318,
1908,
284,
262,
6253,
508,
6412,
345,
329,
262,
1332,
357,
23073,
1022,
352,
12,
17,
1762,
1528,
737,
3406,
6253,
481,
2148,
345,
351,
262,
2482,
13,
198,
8199,
1434,
6404,
88,
12557,
2607,
26881,
13,
21,
2623,
13,
3365,
1899,
11,
393,
13592,
1479,
352,
13,
7410,
13,
4093,
37,
13,
34,
12203,
1070,
13,
38431,
1899,
13,
198,
42523,
311,
3829,
11,
32547,
4314,
286,
262,
564,
250,
50,
447,
251,
2615,
13,
198,
5492,
869,
262,
8392,
55,
18643,
611,
345,
423,
597,
4786,
393,
2683,
393,
4601,
284,
2740,
284,
257,
33024,
25,
26881,
13,
30272,
13,
2816,
2598,
11,
393,
13592,
1479,
352,
13,
7410,
13,
4093,
37,
13,
34,
12203,
1070,
13,
30505,
2598,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 922 |
No doubt Native Americans took advantage of the
natural bounty of the Suwannee and the neighboring forest. By
around 7500 BC the Native American population increased, and people
began to settle, at least for a time, along rivers and lakes. They
fished, gathered freshwater snails, and hunted deer. Within Andrews
on the bluff above the Suwannee are the remains of an ancient
hunting and fishing camp. When Spanish explorer Narvarez crossed
the Suwannee thousands of years later, his men called it "River of
the Deer." Later, Indians escaping to Florida from other parts of
the Southeast named it "Suwani," meaning "echo river" in Creek.
Sound echoes from the river's limestone bluffs, especially when the
water is low.
Postcard, 1936 - Florida Photo Archives
Ferry on the Suwannee ca 1882 - Florida Photo Archives
By the 1830s the tranquil, tree-lined Suwannee
became an important navigation route. Steamboats carried lumber to
Cedar Key for transport by steamship to Europe and the Northeast.
Much of the virgin cypress in the Suwannee floodplain was harvested
in the early 1900s. Furrows created by "snaking" huge cypress logs
are still visible along the banks of the Suwannee.
In the early part of the 1900s what was later to
become Andrews was subject to a wide range of uncontrolled uses,
including open range livestock grazing. Range hogs readily adapted
to the habitat and are still present on Andrews today as hunters
rediscover each fall.
In 1945 the Andrews family purchased the area. They
managed the land for outdoor recreation and were careful to protect
natural resources. Limited weekend hunts were held for deer,
turkey, and squirrel, and no mining or significant timber harvest
occurred. The Andrews family created four, five-acre clearings in
the upland hardwoods and scattered roadside openings.
In the late 1970s the deer density approached one
deer per ten acres, which resulted in severe over-browsing of
understory vegetation and a decline in the physical condition of
the deer. Doe harvest was initiated in the early 1980s to reduce
the population and to achieve a more balanced sex ratio.
The state purchased the land in 1985 through the
Save Our Rivers and Conservation and Recreation Lands programs. | [
2949,
4719,
12547,
3399,
1718,
4621,
286,
262,
198,
11802,
24180,
286,
262,
1778,
8149,
21381,
290,
262,
19651,
8222,
13,
2750,
198,
14145,
767,
4059,
11843,
262,
12547,
1605,
3265,
3220,
11,
290,
661,
198,
1350,
1030,
284,
12259,
11,
379,
1551,
329,
257,
640,
11,
1863,
18180,
290,
24768,
13,
1119,
198,
69,
1348,
11,
9272,
40941,
3013,
1768,
11,
290,
34275,
20096,
13,
12511,
26414,
198,
261,
262,
43565,
2029,
262,
1778,
8149,
21381,
389,
262,
3793,
286,
281,
6156,
198,
20088,
889,
290,
12478,
1413,
13,
1649,
7897,
39349,
13596,
85,
19655,
12606,
198,
1169,
1778,
8149,
21381,
4138,
286,
812,
1568,
11,
465,
1450,
1444,
340,
366,
42204,
286,
198,
1169,
34022,
526,
11450,
11,
12746,
25071,
284,
4744,
422,
584,
3354,
286,
198,
1169,
21199,
3706,
340,
366,
5606,
86,
3216,
553,
3616,
366,
30328,
7850,
1,
287,
13509,
13,
198,
21369,
30346,
422,
262,
7850,
338,
48520,
698,
18058,
11,
2592,
618,
262,
198,
7050,
318,
1877,
13,
198,
6307,
9517,
11,
27653,
532,
4744,
5555,
22275,
198,
37,
6996,
319,
262,
1778,
8149,
21381,
1275,
1248,
6469,
532,
4744,
5555,
22275,
198,
3886,
262,
45440,
82,
262,
46944,
11,
5509,
12,
10837,
1778,
8149,
21381,
198,
9423,
480,
281,
1593,
16408,
6339,
13,
9094,
46058,
5281,
34840,
284,
198,
34,
44226,
7383,
329,
4839,
416,
2876,
4105,
1056,
284,
2031,
290,
262,
26315,
13,
198,
20045,
286,
262,
21772,
3075,
8439,
287,
262,
1778,
8149,
21381,
6947,
25638,
373,
34262,
198,
259,
262,
1903,
21489,
82,
13,
22384,
8516,
2727,
416,
366,
16184,
868,
1,
3236,
3075,
8439,
17259,
198,
533,
991,
7424,
1863,
262,
6341,
286,
262,
1778,
8149,
21381,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1903,
636,
286,
262,
21489,
82,
644,
373,
1568,
284,
198,
9423,
462,
26414,
373,
2426,
284,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
47913,
3544,
11,
198,
8201,
1280,
2837,
24424,
40470,
13,
13667,
289,
18463,
14704,
16573,
198,
1462,
262,
20018,
290,
389,
991,
1944,
319,
26414,
1909,
355,
21490,
198,
445,
29392,
1123,
2121,
13,
198,
818,
15761,
262,
26414,
1641,
8155,
262,
1989,
13,
1119,
198,
39935,
262,
1956,
329,
15162,
27702,
290,
547,
8161,
284,
1805,
198,
11802,
4133,
13,
15302,
5041,
42984,
547,
2714,
329,
20096,
11,
198,
36590,
2539,
11,
290,
33039,
11,
290,
645,
9691,
393,
2383,
30605,
13222,
198,
13966,
12808,
13,
383,
26414,
1641,
2727,
1440,
11,
1936,
12,
12345,
1598,
654,
287,
198,
1169,
28996,
392,
1327,
39493,
290,
16830,
39479,
28431,
13,
198,
818,
262,
2739,
8069,
82,
262,
20096,
12109,
10448,
530,
198,
2934,
263,
583,
3478,
16051,
11,
543,
8724,
287,
6049,
625,
12,
65,
8516,
278,
286,
198,
4625,
13571,
28459,
290,
257,
7794,
287,
262,
3518,
4006,
286,
198,
1169,
20096,
13,
31780,
13222,
373,
16862,
287,
262,
1903,
7169,
82,
284,
4646,
198,
1169,
3265,
290,
284,
4620,
257,
517,
12974,
1714,
8064,
13,
198,
464,
1181,
8155,
262,
1956,
287,
12863,
832,
262,
198,
16928,
3954,
18280,
290,
23702,
290,
34285,
24182,
4056,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 503 |
Talking Points on the Environment #15
A Species Protection Plan That Works for Both Wildlife and Humans
Although most Americans oppose the excesses of the Endangered Species Act,
many also favor some form of species protection for the most valued species.
The best way to protect these species while protecting individual liberty is
through a voluntary, incentive-based system.
Elements of such a system might include:
- Tax for Nature Swaps: Incentives could be offered to private property
owners to create rather than destroy wildlife habitat by making changes to the
tax code. Losses in federal tax receipts resulting from such tax breaks would
be made up from profits generated from publicly-held natural resources.
- Advice and Information: The federal government's role in species
protection could be changed from a coercive role to an advisory one, thereby
fostering cooperation rather than confrontation. Government could offer
information resources to encourage and assist landowners with their own
- Cash for Species Protection: Cash payments could be provided to landowners
for their conservation efforts, ending the unfunded federal mandate for species
protection and strengthening private property rights in the process. The large
increases in federal ESA funding needed to make these payments could be paid
for with profits generated from publicly-held natural resources.
- Privatization: Greater "pride of ownership" -- and thus
environmental stewardship -- could be fostered by giving individuals greater
control over their own land and greater ownership of all lands (by selling off
some surplus federal land).
- Rewards for Responsibility and Innovation on Public Lands: Efforts to
preserve species on public lands could be enhanced by rewarding those who
improve habitat with such incentives as favorable lease terms.
- Conservation through Commerce: Private breeding of endangered and
threatened species could be encouraged by reducing government interference.
The development of private, for-profit wildlife and hunting reserves and
captive breeding programs in recent decades has led to the recovery of such
species as alligators in Florida, Bighorn sheep in Wyoming and elephants in
five African countries.
Recommendations developed based on information from David Ridenour of The
National Center for Public Policy Research; Myron Ebell, formerly of the
American Land Rights Association; John Shanahan of The Heritage Foundation; and
EcoSanity by Joseph L. Bast, Peter J. Hill and Richard C. Rue (Madison Books,
Issue Date: April 12, 1995.
Talking Points on the Economy: Environment #15, published by The National
Center for Public Policy Research, 501 Capitol Ct NE, Washington, D.C.
20002 Tel. (202) 543-4110, Fax (202)543-5975, [email protected],
http://www.nationalcenter/inter.net. For more information about Talking Points
on the Economy: Environment #15 contact Bob Adams at 202/543-4110 or
<<< Return to the Science and Environment
<<< Return to the Talking Points on the
Environment Cards Page
<<< Return to the NCPPR Home Page | [
45904,
11045,
319,
262,
9344,
1303,
1314,
198,
32,
28540,
9985,
5224,
1320,
10933,
329,
5747,
18006,
290,
27411,
198,
7003,
749,
3399,
12856,
262,
6992,
274,
286,
262,
5268,
19041,
28540,
2191,
11,
198,
21834,
635,
2661,
617,
1296,
286,
4693,
4800,
329,
262,
749,
17560,
4693,
13,
198,
464,
1266,
835,
284,
1805,
777,
4693,
981,
10192,
1981,
12354,
318,
198,
9579,
257,
16171,
11,
15660,
12,
3106,
1080,
13,
198,
36,
3639,
286,
884,
257,
1080,
1244,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
9241,
329,
10362,
2451,
1686,
25,
554,
1087,
1083,
714,
307,
4438,
284,
2839,
3119,
198,
15605,
284,
2251,
2138,
621,
4117,
15599,
20018,
416,
1642,
2458,
284,
262,
198,
19290,
2438,
13,
22014,
274,
287,
2717,
1687,
29946,
7186,
422,
884,
1687,
9457,
561,
198,
1350,
925,
510,
422,
10177,
7560,
422,
7271,
12,
10217,
3288,
4133,
13,
198,
12,
42708,
290,
6188,
25,
383,
2717,
1230,
338,
2597,
287,
4693,
198,
42846,
714,
307,
3421,
422,
257,
47236,
2597,
284,
281,
20852,
530,
11,
12839,
198,
69,
455,
1586,
11113,
2138,
621,
19207,
13,
5070,
714,
2897,
198,
17018,
4133,
284,
7898,
290,
3342,
44868,
351,
511,
898,
198,
12,
16210,
329,
28540,
9985,
25,
16210,
7524,
714,
307,
2810,
284,
44868,
198,
1640,
511,
14903,
4040,
11,
7464,
262,
3684,
917,
276,
2717,
14598,
329,
4693,
198,
42846,
290,
24175,
2839,
3119,
2489,
287,
262,
1429,
13,
383,
1588,
198,
24988,
1386,
287,
2717,
42212,
4918,
2622,
284,
787,
777,
7524,
714,
307,
3432,
198,
1640,
351,
10177,
7560,
422,
7271,
12,
10217,
3288,
4133,
13,
198,
12,
9243,
265,
1634,
25,
18169,
366,
1050,
485,
286,
9238,
1,
1377,
290,
4145,
198,
38986,
282,
38030,
1056,
1377,
714,
307,
26546,
1068,
416,
3501,
3925,
3744,
198,
13716,
625,
511,
898,
1956,
290,
3744,
9238,
286,
477,
8604,
357,
1525,
6301,
572,
198,
11246,
18201,
2717,
1956,
737,
198,
12,
27964,
329,
42988,
290,
27724,
319,
5094,
24182,
25,
27848,
2096,
284,
198,
18302,
3760,
4693,
319,
1171,
8604,
714,
307,
13105,
416,
23404,
883,
508,
198,
49453,
20018,
351,
884,
16538,
355,
17070,
15278,
2846,
13,
198,
12,
23702,
832,
16127,
25,
15348,
18954,
286,
22700,
290,
198,
19971,
2945,
4693,
714,
307,
10085,
416,
8868,
1230,
14517,
13,
198,
464,
2478,
286,
2839,
11,
329,
12,
9183,
15599,
290,
10988,
14072,
290,
198,
27144,
425,
18954,
4056,
287,
2274,
4647,
468,
2957,
284,
262,
7628,
286,
884,
198,
35448,
355,
477,
25975,
287,
4744,
11,
347,
394,
1211,
15900,
287,
24533,
290,
25368,
287,
198,
13261,
5510,
2678,
13,
198,
41248,
602,
4166,
1912,
319,
1321,
422,
3271,
371,
14029,
454,
286,
383,
198,
16186,
3337,
329,
5094,
7820,
4992,
26,
2011,
1313,
412,
7923,
11,
15734,
286,
262,
198,
7437,
6379,
6923,
5396,
26,
1757,
48906,
286,
383,
18518,
5693,
26,
290,
198,
36,
1073,
15017,
414,
416,
7212,
406,
13,
17520,
11,
5613,
449,
13,
3327,
290,
6219,
327,
13,
45363,
357,
46845,
13661,
11,
198,
45147,
7536,
25,
3035,
1105,
11,
8735,
13,
198,
45904,
11045,
319,
262,
18493,
25,
9344,
1303,
1314,
11,
3199,
416,
383,
2351,
198,
23656,
329,
5094,
7820,
4992,
11,
24555,
13241,
43166,
10635,
11,
2669,
11,
360,
13,
34,
13,
198,
11024,
17,
12088,
13,
357,
19004,
8,
642,
3559,
12,
3901,
940,
11,
376,
897,
357,
19004,
8,
20,
3559,
12,
3270,
2425,
11,
685,
12888,
6861,
4357,
198,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
14648,
16159,
14,
3849,
13,
3262,
13,
1114,
517,
1321,
546,
33445,
11045,
198,
261,
262,
18493,
25,
9344,
1303,
1314,
2800,
5811,
12620,
379,
22131,
14,
20,
3559,
12,
3901,
940,
393,
198,
16791,
27,
8229,
284,
262,
5800,
290,
9344,
198,
16791,
27,
8229,
284,
262,
33445,
11045,
319,
262,
198,
31441,
15824,
7873,
198,
16791,
27,
8229,
284,
262,
399,
8697,
4805,
5995,
7873,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 640 |
A Major Depressive Episode (MDE) is defined as a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experiences a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, plus at least four additional symptoms of depression (such as problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, and feelings of self-worth) (American Psychiatric Association 1994). In 2009, about 14 percent of 14- to 25-year-olds reported having had an MDE in their lifetime, which was not measurably different from the percentage in 2006. From 2006 to 2009, the percentages of males and females who had experienced an MDE did not measurably change; nor were there differences from 2006 to 2009 among 14- to 17-year-olds and 18- to 20-year-olds. However, among all 21- to 25-year-olds, the percentage who reported having an MDE in their lifetime decreased from 16 to 14 percent, and the percentage among females in this age group decreased from 20 to 18 percent. In contrast, the percentage of male 14- to 17-year-olds reporting an MDE increased from 8 percent in 2006 to 10 percent in 2009. Among 14- to 25-year-olds, higher percentages of females than males reported having experienced an MDE in their lifetime in each year from 2006 through 2009; in 2009, the reported incidence of lifetime MDEs was about twice as high for females as for males (19 vs. 10 percent). Differences also emerged when examining reports of lifetime MDEs by age group. The percentage of reported lifetime MDEs in 2009 for 14- to 17-year-olds (15 percent) was higher than the percentage for 18- to 20-year-olds (13 percent).
In 2009, higher percentages of 14- to 17-year-olds (10 percent) reported having an MDE in the past year than did 18- to 20-year-olds and 21- to 25-year-olds (8 percent each). Across all three age groups, higher percentages of females than males reported having an MDE in the past year. For example, 11 percent of female 18- to 20-year-olds reported having an MDE in the past year, compared with 5 percent of male 18- to 20-year-olds. | [
32,
8386,
2129,
3314,
7922,
357,
44,
7206,
8,
318,
5447,
355,
257,
2278,
286,
379,
1551,
362,
2745,
618,
257,
1048,
6461,
257,
19095,
10038,
393,
2994,
286,
1393,
393,
9476,
287,
4445,
4568,
11,
5556,
379,
1551,
1440,
3224,
7460,
286,
8862,
357,
10508,
355,
2761,
351,
3993,
11,
6600,
11,
2568,
11,
10368,
11,
290,
7666,
286,
2116,
12,
9268,
8,
357,
7437,
46404,
5396,
9162,
737,
554,
3717,
11,
546,
1478,
1411,
286,
1478,
12,
284,
1679,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
2098,
1719,
550,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
511,
10869,
11,
543,
373,
407,
2212,
333,
1346,
1180,
422,
262,
5873,
287,
4793,
13,
3574,
4793,
284,
3717,
11,
262,
28071,
286,
10835,
290,
12366,
508,
550,
5924,
281,
337,
7206,
750,
407,
2212,
333,
1346,
1487,
26,
4249,
547,
612,
5400,
422,
4793,
284,
3717,
1871,
1478,
12,
284,
1596,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
290,
1248,
12,
284,
1160,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
13,
2102,
11,
1871,
477,
2310,
12,
284,
1679,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
11,
262,
5873,
508,
2098,
1719,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
511,
10869,
11832,
422,
1467,
284,
1478,
1411,
11,
290,
262,
5873,
1871,
12366,
287,
428,
2479,
1448,
11832,
422,
1160,
284,
1248,
1411,
13,
554,
6273,
11,
262,
5873,
286,
4257,
1478,
12,
284,
1596,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
6447,
281,
337,
7206,
3220,
422,
807,
1411,
287,
4793,
284,
838,
1411,
287,
3717,
13,
9754,
1478,
12,
284,
1679,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
11,
2440,
28071,
286,
12366,
621,
10835,
2098,
1719,
5924,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
511,
10869,
287,
1123,
614,
422,
4793,
832,
3717,
26,
287,
3717,
11,
262,
2098,
18349,
286,
10869,
337,
7206,
82,
373,
546,
5403,
355,
1029,
329,
12366,
355,
329,
10835,
357,
1129,
3691,
13,
838,
1411,
737,
41937,
635,
9349,
618,
17247,
3136,
286,
10869,
337,
7206,
82,
416,
2479,
1448,
13,
383,
5873,
286,
2098,
10869,
337,
7206,
82,
287,
3717,
329,
1478,
12,
284,
1596,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
357,
1314,
1411,
8,
373,
2440,
621,
262,
5873,
329,
1248,
12,
284,
1160,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
357,
1485,
1411,
737,
198,
818,
3717,
11,
2440,
28071,
286,
1478,
12,
284,
1596,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
357,
940,
1411,
8,
2098,
1719,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
621,
750,
1248,
12,
284,
1160,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
290,
2310,
12,
284,
1679,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
357,
23,
1411,
1123,
737,
27497,
477,
1115,
2479,
2628,
11,
2440,
28071,
286,
12366,
621,
10835,
2098,
1719,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
1367,
1411,
286,
4048,
1248,
12,
284,
1160,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
2098,
1719,
281,
337,
7206,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
11,
3688,
351,
642,
1411,
286,
4257,
1248,
12,
284,
1160,
12,
1941,
12,
10119,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 469 |
This interactive diagram is based on the energy flow diagram produced by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2009. The data are from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/EIA-0384(2008), June 2009). Hydro, wind, and solar electricity inputs are expressed using fossil-fuel plants’ heat rate to more easily account for differences between the conversion efficiency of renewables and the fuel utilization for combustion- and nuclear-driven systems. This enables hydro, wind, and solar to be counted on a similar basis as coal, natural gas, and oil. For this reason, the sum of the inputs for electricity differs slightly from the displayed total electricity output. Distributed electricity represents only retail electricity sales and does not include self-generation. The efficiency of electricity production is calculated as the total retail electricity delivered divided by the primary energy input into electricity generation. End use efficiency is estimated as 80% for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, and as 25% for the transportation sector. Totals may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding. | [
1212,
14333,
16362,
318,
1912,
319,
262,
2568,
5202,
16362,
4635,
416,
13914,
45036,
3549,
2351,
18643,
287,
3717,
13,
383,
1366,
389,
422,
262,
6682,
6188,
8694,
286,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
6682,
357,
18227,
36,
14,
36,
3539,
12,
15,
22842,
7,
11528,
828,
2795,
3717,
737,
32116,
11,
2344,
11,
290,
6591,
8744,
17311,
389,
6241,
1262,
12584,
12,
25802,
6134,
447,
247,
4894,
2494,
284,
517,
3538,
1848,
329,
5400,
1022,
262,
11315,
9332,
286,
36351,
290,
262,
5252,
32121,
329,
33607,
12,
290,
4523,
12,
15808,
3341,
13,
770,
13536,
17173,
11,
2344,
11,
290,
6591,
284,
307,
14789,
319,
257,
2092,
4308,
355,
5655,
11,
3288,
3623,
11,
290,
3056,
13,
1114,
428,
1738,
11,
262,
2160,
286,
262,
17311,
329,
8744,
24242,
4622,
422,
262,
9066,
2472,
8744,
5072,
13,
4307,
6169,
8744,
6870,
691,
6308,
8744,
4200,
290,
857,
407,
2291,
2116,
12,
20158,
13,
383,
9332,
286,
8744,
3227,
318,
10488,
355,
262,
2472,
6308,
8744,
6793,
9086,
416,
262,
4165,
2568,
5128,
656,
8744,
5270,
13,
5268,
779,
9332,
318,
6108,
355,
4019,
4,
329,
12420,
11,
5068,
11,
290,
7593,
16020,
11,
290,
355,
1679,
4,
329,
262,
9358,
6567,
13,
20323,
874,
743,
407,
4961,
262,
2160,
286,
6805,
2233,
284,
4795,
38185,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 220 |
|WHO, UNICEF Tackle Critical Lack of 'Child Size' Medicines|
Geneva - 21 January 2009 -- The World Health Organization (WHO) has received a US$ 9.7 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to work with UNICEF to conduct crucial research in children’s medicines, with the aim of increasing the number of 'child size' medicines designed and formulated specifically for children.
Currently, many medicines are only designed for adults. More than 50 percent of medicines prescribed for children have either not been developed specifically for children or have not been proven to be effective and safe for their use. Therefore many children lack access to essential treatment because no suitable paediatric dosage or formulation of the necessary medicine exists, or those that do exist are not available or are too expensive.
"We must take the guess work out of medicines for children," said Carissa Etienne, Assistant Director-General, WHO. "Children are suffering and dying from diseases we can treat, and yet we lack the critical evidence needed to deliver appropriate, effective, affordable medicines that might save them.”
As an unsafe alternative to missing paediatric medicines, healthcare workers and parents often use fractions of adult dosage forms or prepare makeshift prescriptions of medicines by crushing tablets or dissolving portions of capsules in water. Other challenges include the need for more clinical trials and research to be carried out on paediatric medicines.
"Some progress has been made on children's medicines but too many medicines are still given to children that have never been properly tested for them," said Dr Hans Hogerzeil, Director of Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies, WHO. "This work is an excellent example of coordination of United Nations agencies and key experts in the world to address this urgent problem."
The grant provides support for essential research to: determine the optimum dosage forms for paediatric medicines (e.g. small tablets, dispersible tablets, powders); develop dosing guides (e.g. a review of existing priority medicines and the identification of the appropriate doses for new medicines for children); and develop guidelines for testing, treatment and use of medicines in children, including guidelines on conducting clinical trials in children.
Globally, 1000 children under the age of five die every hour. Diarrhoeal diseases account for 17 percent of these deaths. The optimal treatment for diarrhoea is zinc with oral rehydration salts. Yet, in a recent study of health facilities zinc was the least available of all paediatric medicines. And when zinc is available, it is not licensed as a treatment to reduce diarrhoea -- leaving pharmacists to concoct doses -- and it is both unpleasant tasting and difficult to administer. To reduce child mortality in this area, easy to use, palatable and appropriate dosages are needed.
"The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant will contribute to accelerating work on investigating, clarifying and communicating to partners, including industry, what the needs of children are in terms of medicines and dosages to more effectively fight child morbidity and mortality”, Hanne Bak Pedersen, Deputy-Director UNICEF Supply Division, said. “UNICEF is very pleased to be working with WHO on this project and appreciates the support from the Gates Foundation.”
Another major cause of under-five mortality is pneumonia, leading to 17 percent of deaths each year. Effective treatment of pneumonia requires 50mg of amoxicillin per kilogram of child's weight per day for three to five days. An easy to use package of oral amoxicillin providing the appropriate dose would ensure the right course of medicine is taken, and thus help reduce child mortality.
"Improving essential medicines for children is a critical global health issue,” added Jaime Sepulveda, Director of Integrated Health Solutions Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. "This program will help provide effective health interventions to children and improve child survival, particularly in the world’s poorest countries.
This work follows the WHO-led "make medicines child size" initiative launched in December 2007, which focuses on improving access to better medicines for children. The topic of children’s medicines will be discussed at the WHO Executive Board meeting in January 2009.
For more information: Backgrounder - 'make medicines child size' - http://www.who.int/childmedicines/en
All press releases, fact sheets and other WHO media material may be found at www.who.int
Grosvenor Medical Centre, off Shirley Street, Nassau, Bahamas | [
91,
41856,
11,
4725,
8476,
37,
43502,
17684,
38289,
286,
705,
16424,
12849,
6,
5786,
1127,
91,
198,
39358,
6862,
532,
2310,
3269,
3717,
1377,
383,
2159,
3893,
12275,
357,
41856,
8,
468,
2722,
257,
1294,
3,
860,
13,
22,
1510,
7264,
422,
262,
3941,
1222,
5616,
22261,
15953,
5693,
284,
670,
351,
4725,
8476,
37,
284,
3189,
8780,
2267,
287,
1751,
447,
247,
82,
23533,
11,
351,
262,
4031,
286,
3649,
262,
1271,
286,
705,
9410,
2546,
6,
23533,
3562,
290,
34391,
5734,
329,
1751,
13,
198,
21327,
11,
867,
23533,
389,
691,
3562,
329,
6490,
13,
3125,
621,
2026,
1411,
286,
23533,
14798,
329,
1751,
423,
2035,
407,
587,
4166,
5734,
329,
1751,
393,
423,
407,
587,
9157,
284,
307,
4050,
290,
3338,
329,
511,
779,
13,
8447,
867,
1751,
3092,
1895,
284,
6393,
3513,
780,
645,
11080,
40697,
11439,
35997,
393,
31760,
286,
262,
3306,
9007,
7160,
11,
393,
883,
326,
466,
2152,
389,
407,
1695,
393,
389,
1165,
5789,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
1276,
1011,
262,
4724,
670,
503,
286,
23533,
329,
1751,
553,
531,
1879,
13808,
17906,
37938,
11,
15286,
5890,
12,
12218,
11,
19494,
13,
366,
26829,
389,
7195,
290,
9950,
422,
10040,
356,
460,
2190,
11,
290,
1865,
356,
3092,
262,
4688,
2370,
2622,
284,
5203,
5035,
11,
4050,
11,
10935,
23533,
326,
1244,
3613,
606,
13,
447,
251,
198,
1722,
281,
21596,
5559,
284,
4814,
40697,
11439,
23533,
11,
11409,
3259,
290,
3397,
1690,
779,
49876,
286,
4044,
35997,
5107,
393,
8335,
34064,
34092,
286,
23533,
416,
24949,
17255,
393,
6249,
10890,
16690,
286,
43882,
287,
1660,
13,
3819,
6459,
2291,
262,
761,
329,
517,
8668,
9867,
290,
2267,
284,
307,
5281,
503,
319,
40697,
11439,
23533,
13,
198,
1,
4366,
4371,
468,
587,
925,
319,
1751,
338,
23533,
475,
1165,
867,
23533,
389,
991,
1813,
284,
1751,
326,
423,
1239,
587,
6105,
6789,
329,
606,
553,
531,
1583,
13071,
22411,
263,
2736,
346,
11,
5890,
286,
36294,
5786,
1127,
290,
37175,
42283,
11,
19494,
13,
366,
1212,
670,
318,
281,
6275,
1672,
286,
19877,
286,
1578,
7973,
5942,
290,
1994,
6154,
287,
262,
995,
284,
2209,
428,
18039,
1917,
526,
198,
464,
7264,
3769,
1104,
329,
6393,
2267,
284,
25,
5004,
262,
39475,
35997,
5107,
329,
40697,
11439,
23533,
357,
68,
13,
70,
13,
1402,
17255,
11,
39895,
856,
17255,
11,
32279,
364,
1776,
1205,
288,
2752,
17555,
357,
68,
13,
70,
13,
257,
2423,
286,
4683,
8475,
23533,
290,
262,
11795,
286,
262,
5035,
16376,
329,
649,
23533,
329,
1751,
1776,
290,
1205,
9949,
329,
4856,
11,
3513,
290,
779,
286,
23533,
287,
1751,
11,
1390,
9949,
319,
14523,
8668,
9867,
287,
1751,
13,
198,
9861,
672,
453,
11,
8576,
1751,
739,
262,
2479,
286,
1936,
4656,
790,
1711,
13,
6031,
3258,
8873,
2287,
10040,
1848,
329,
1596,
1411,
286,
777,
7040,
13,
383,
16586,
3513,
329,
30409,
38979,
64,
318,
31861,
351,
12886,
302,
15511,
1358,
37056,
13,
6430,
11,
287,
257,
2274,
2050,
286,
1535,
7291,
31861,
373,
262,
1551,
1695,
286,
477,
40697,
11439,
23533,
13,
843,
618,
31861,
318,
1695,
11,
340,
318,
407,
11971,
355,
257,
3513,
284,
4646,
30409,
38979,
64,
1377,
4305,
25702,
1023,
284,
46789,
16376,
1377,
290,
340,
318,
1111,
22029,
26973,
290,
2408,
284,
21766,
13,
1675,
4646,
1200,
12430,
287,
428,
1989,
11,
2562,
284,
779,
11,
6340,
21156,
290,
5035,
23430,
1095,
389,
2622,
13,
198,
1,
464,
3941,
1222,
5616,
22261,
15953,
5693,
7264,
481,
8676,
284,
32253,
670,
319,
10240,
11,
10212,
4035,
290,
22889,
284,
4887,
11,
1390,
2831,
11,
644,
262,
2476,
286,
1751,
389,
287,
2846,
286,
23533,
290,
23430,
1095,
284,
517,
6840,
1907,
1200,
34813,
414,
290,
12430,
447,
251,
11,
9530,
710,
17466,
13457,
46516,
11,
15110,
12,
28702,
4725,
8476,
37,
22663,
7458,
11,
531,
13,
564,
250,
4944,
8476,
37,
318,
845,
10607,
284,
307,
1762,
351,
19494,
319,
428,
1628,
290,
5763,
689,
262,
1104,
422,
262,
15953,
5693,
13,
447,
251,
198,
6610,
1688,
2728,
286,
739,
12,
13261,
12430,
318,
35647,
11,
3756,
284,
1596,
1411,
286,
7040,
1123,
614,
13,
29455,
3513,
286,
35647,
4433,
2026,
11296,
286,
716,
18047,
32672,
583,
8769,
21857,
286,
1200,
338,
3463,
583,
1110,
329,
1115,
284,
1936,
1528,
13,
1052,
2562,
284,
779,
5301,
286,
12886,
716,
18047,
32672,
4955,
262,
5035,
10742,
561,
4155,
262,
826,
1781,
286,
9007,
318,
2077,
11,
290,
4145,
1037,
4646,
1200,
12430,
13,
198,
1,
23028,
1075,
6393,
23533,
329,
1751,
318,
257,
4688,
3298,
1535,
2071,
11,
447,
251,
2087,
38028,
8621,
377,
1079,
64,
11,
5890,
286,
35432,
3893,
23555,
7712,
11,
3941,
1222,
5616,
22261,
15953,
5693,
13,
366,
1212,
1430,
481,
1037,
2148,
4050,
1535,
19901,
284,
1751,
290,
2987,
1200,
9441,
11,
3573,
287,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
27335,
2678,
13,
198,
1212,
670,
5679,
262,
19494,
12,
992,
366,
15883,
23533,
1200,
2546,
1,
10219,
5611,
287,
3426,
4343,
11,
543,
13692,
319,
10068,
1895,
284,
1365,
23533,
329,
1751,
13,
383,
7243,
286,
1751,
447,
247,
82,
23533,
481,
307,
6693,
379,
262,
19494,
10390,
5926,
3249,
287,
3269,
3717,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1321,
25,
5157,
70,
45788,
532,
705,
15883,
23533,
1200,
2546,
6,
532,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
8727,
13,
600,
14,
9410,
1150,
291,
1127,
14,
268,
198,
3237,
1803,
10050,
11,
1109,
15747,
290,
584,
19494,
2056,
2587,
743,
307,
1043,
379,
7324,
13,
8727,
13,
600,
198,
38,
4951,
574,
273,
8366,
9072,
11,
572,
40902,
3530,
11,
38742,
559,
11,
45726,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 927 |
There is no safe amount of alcohol that mothers-to-be can drink, experts believe.
Abstinence is best, say experts
Even the small amount advised by the government can harm the unborn child, a UK conference on foetal alcohol syndrome heard this week.
Dr Raja Mukherjee of St George's Medical School believes many more babies - up to one in every 100 - are affected than currently recognised.
Many are incorrectly labelled with 'behavioural' problems, he said.
Heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be damaging to the unborn child, which is why the government sets a limit of one to two units of alcohol per week for mothers-to-be.
But Dr Mukherjee told delegates at an Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Aware UK conference in Wigan that
studies show any amount of alcohol can be damaging.
He said one in every 100 babies born is damaged by their mother drinking while pregnant, but many cases are going unrecognised.
No safe level
According to Dr Mukherjee, obvious cases of foetal alcohol syndrome - a group of problems in children born to mothers who drank alcohol during their pregnancy, which includes abnormal facial features and nervous system problems - are recognised and detected.
But many children who develop behavioural problems as a result of exposure to alcohol in the womb are incorrectly diagnosed as having conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The real culprit, alcohol consumption, goes unnoticed in these milder forms, collectively called Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, he said.
He blamed binge drinking for the high rates of damage.
"The brain develops throughout pregnancy and the most vulnerable period is the first three months - the first trimester - when people may not even know they are pregnant."
He said the government should warn women that any amount of alcohol could damage their unborn child.
"The current recommendation of one to two units is ambiguous.
"The only guaranteed safe way is not to drink at all when you are pregnant," he said.
A spokeswoman from the National Organisation on Foetal Alcohol Syndrome said: "We do not want to panic any woman who is pregnant and may have had a couple of drinks. The chances are their child will be fine.
"But there is a risk if you drink alcohol during pregnancy. The only way you can be certain is to abstain from alcohol," she said.
A spokeswoman from the Department of Health said:
"We would be interested to see any further research in to this area but current evidence does not justify changing our advice."
In May, Lord Mitchell from the National Organisation on Foetal Alcohol Syndrome highlighted the issue to the House of Lords.
He said the government should be doing more.
"The government is being really complacent about it. It's sort of saying 'have a few drinks and that's OK', but our feeling, and certainly the evidence that we have seen in other countries, is that no drinking is the best policy."
He said alcoholic beverages should carry warning labels about the potential for damage to unborn children in the same way that they already do in France and the US.
Later this week, experts will debate the problem at House of Commons. | [
1858,
318,
645,
3338,
2033,
286,
5548,
326,
12289,
12,
1462,
12,
1350,
460,
4144,
11,
6154,
1975,
13,
198,
4826,
301,
18386,
318,
1266,
11,
910,
6154,
198,
6104,
262,
1402,
2033,
13030,
416,
262,
1230,
460,
4419,
262,
36172,
1200,
11,
257,
3482,
4495,
319,
11511,
316,
282,
5548,
14027,
2982,
428,
1285,
13,
198,
6187,
13308,
64,
31509,
372,
34589,
286,
520,
4502,
338,
8366,
3961,
5804,
867,
517,
11903,
532,
510,
284,
530,
287,
790,
1802,
532,
389,
5676,
621,
3058,
20915,
13,
198,
7085,
389,
23175,
30538,
351,
705,
20709,
37716,
282,
6,
2761,
11,
339,
531,
13,
198,
33210,
5548,
7327,
1141,
10241,
318,
1900,
284,
307,
14790,
284,
262,
36172,
1200,
11,
543,
318,
1521,
262,
1230,
5621,
257,
4179,
286,
530,
284,
734,
4991,
286,
5548,
583,
1285,
329,
12289,
12,
1462,
12,
1350,
13,
198,
1537,
1583,
31509,
372,
34589,
1297,
15265,
379,
281,
19434,
316,
282,
21051,
27109,
32828,
3482,
4495,
287,
370,
5516,
326,
198,
19149,
444,
905,
597,
2033,
286,
5548,
460,
307,
14790,
13,
198,
1544,
531,
530,
287,
790,
1802,
11903,
4642,
318,
9694,
416,
511,
2802,
7722,
981,
10423,
11,
475,
867,
2663,
389,
1016,
43483,
1417,
13,
198,
2949,
3338,
1241,
198,
4821,
284,
1583,
31509,
372,
34589,
11,
3489,
2663,
286,
11511,
316,
282,
5548,
14027,
532,
257,
1448,
286,
2761,
287,
1751,
4642,
284,
12289,
508,
24070,
5548,
1141,
511,
10241,
11,
543,
3407,
18801,
16324,
3033,
290,
10927,
1080,
2761,
532,
389,
20915,
290,
12326,
13,
198,
1537,
867,
1751,
508,
1205,
41672,
2761,
355,
257,
1255,
286,
7111,
284,
5548,
287,
262,
31514,
389,
23175,
14641,
355,
1719,
3403,
884,
355,
3241,
11807,
8718,
21797,
8967,
13,
198,
464,
1103,
26581,
11,
5548,
7327,
11,
2925,
33755,
287,
777,
11607,
263,
5107,
11,
21329,
1444,
19434,
316,
282,
21051,
27217,
31162,
11,
339,
531,
13,
198,
1544,
13772,
34735,
7722,
329,
262,
1029,
3965,
286,
2465,
13,
198,
1,
464,
3632,
21126,
3690,
10241,
290,
262,
749,
8826,
2278,
318,
262,
717,
1115,
1933,
532,
262,
717,
491,
47484,
532,
618,
661,
743,
407,
772,
760,
484,
389,
10423,
526,
198,
1544,
531,
262,
1230,
815,
9828,
1466,
326,
597,
2033,
286,
5548,
714,
2465,
511,
36172,
1200,
13,
198,
1,
464,
1459,
15602,
286,
530,
284,
734,
4991,
318,
27102,
13,
198,
1,
464,
691,
11462,
3338,
835,
318,
407,
284,
4144,
379,
477,
618,
345,
389,
10423,
553,
339,
531,
13,
198,
32,
12262,
422,
262,
2351,
30801,
319,
19434,
316,
282,
21051,
27109,
531,
25,
366,
1135,
466,
407,
765,
284,
13619,
597,
2415,
508,
318,
10423,
290,
743,
423,
550,
257,
3155,
286,
11758,
13,
383,
8395,
389,
511,
1200,
481,
307,
3734,
13,
198,
1,
1537,
612,
318,
257,
2526,
611,
345,
4144,
5548,
1141,
10241,
13,
383,
691,
835,
345,
460,
307,
1728,
318,
284,
16552,
391,
422,
5548,
553,
673,
531,
13,
198,
32,
12262,
422,
262,
2732,
286,
3893,
531,
25,
198,
1,
1135,
561,
307,
4609,
284,
766,
597,
2252,
2267,
287,
284,
428,
1989,
475,
1459,
2370,
857,
407,
12051,
5609,
674,
5608,
526,
198,
818,
1737,
11,
4453,
14526,
422,
262,
2351,
30801,
319,
19434,
316,
282,
21051,
27109,
14537,
262,
2071,
284,
262,
2097,
286,
18651,
13,
198,
1544,
531,
262,
1230,
815,
307,
1804,
517,
13,
198,
1,
464,
1230,
318,
852,
1107,
2299,
12643,
546,
340,
13,
632,
338,
3297,
286,
2282,
705,
14150,
257,
1178,
11758,
290,
326,
338,
7477,
3256,
475,
674,
4203,
11,
290,
3729,
262,
2370,
326,
356,
423,
1775,
287,
584,
2678,
11,
318,
326,
645,
7722,
318,
262,
1266,
2450,
526,
198,
1544,
531,
26016,
24173,
815,
3283,
6509,
14722,
546,
262,
2785,
329,
2465,
284,
36172,
1751,
287,
262,
976,
835,
326,
484,
1541,
466,
287,
4881,
290,
262,
1294,
13,
198,
18602,
428,
1285,
11,
6154,
481,
4384,
262,
1917,
379,
2097,
286,
13815,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 658 |
The research, which is featured on the cover of the July 17, 2005 issue of The Journal of Experimental Medicine, focused on the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and the characteristic yellow-orange color for which it is named ("aureus" is Latin for "golden").
Among the deadliest of all disease-causing organisms, "Staph" is the leading cause of human infections in the skin and soft tissues, bones and joints, abscesses and normal heart valves. Staph especially flourishes in the hospital setting, producing bloodstream and surgical wound infections. The spread of antibiotic resistant strains of Staph, referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA, has reached epidemic proportions and poses a major threat to the public health.
The UCSD team proved for the first time that the golden pigment that coats the surface of Staph is not just for decoration; rather, the molecules that give the bacteria its golden hue also help it resist killing by neutrophils, white blood cells with a front line role in immune defense against invading microbes.
Staph's coloration reflects the production of molecules called carotenoids, similar to those present in carrots and other colorful vegetables and fruits. Dietary carotenoids have long been touted for their antioxidant properties with hope that they could slow aging or fight off cancer. The scientists found that pathogenic Staph took advantage of the antioxidant effects of its carotenoid pigment to extend its own life, by inactivating chemicals deployed by neutrophils that are lethal to most bacteria.
The UCSD team u
Contact: Leslie Franz
University of California - San Diego | [
464,
2267,
11,
543,
318,
8096,
319,
262,
3002,
286,
262,
2901,
1596,
11,
5075,
2071,
286,
383,
4913,
286,
32286,
11558,
11,
5670,
319,
262,
1688,
1692,
3108,
6644,
520,
6570,
2645,
34403,
9042,
257,
495,
385,
290,
262,
16704,
7872,
12,
43745,
3124,
329,
543,
340,
318,
3706,
5855,
64,
495,
385,
1,
318,
9133,
329,
366,
24267,
268,
11074,
198,
14311,
262,
39268,
286,
477,
4369,
12,
6888,
3500,
20296,
11,
366,
1273,
6570,
1,
318,
262,
3756,
2728,
286,
1692,
16079,
287,
262,
4168,
290,
2705,
21379,
11,
11945,
290,
24039,
11,
2352,
919,
274,
290,
3487,
2612,
41843,
13,
520,
6570,
2592,
10601,
5614,
287,
262,
4436,
4634,
11,
9194,
46005,
290,
21998,
11699,
16079,
13,
383,
4104,
286,
29883,
18290,
21245,
286,
520,
6570,
11,
6412,
284,
355,
11248,
291,
32672,
12,
26128,
520,
6570,
2645,
34403,
9042,
257,
495,
385,
393,
17242,
4090,
11,
468,
4251,
18195,
23250,
290,
17313,
257,
1688,
2372,
284,
262,
1171,
1535,
13,
198,
464,
49553,
35,
1074,
8302,
329,
262,
717,
640,
326,
262,
10861,
43385,
326,
30720,
262,
4417,
286,
520,
6570,
318,
407,
655,
329,
42050,
26,
2138,
11,
262,
17745,
326,
1577,
262,
11492,
663,
10861,
37409,
635,
1037,
340,
4180,
5170,
416,
22190,
10051,
4487,
11,
2330,
2910,
4778,
351,
257,
2166,
1627,
2597,
287,
10900,
3761,
1028,
33827,
33712,
13,
198,
1273,
6570,
338,
3124,
341,
12497,
262,
3227,
286,
17745,
1444,
1097,
313,
268,
10994,
11,
2092,
284,
883,
1944,
287,
34397,
290,
584,
20239,
13701,
290,
15921,
13,
40767,
1097,
313,
268,
10994,
423,
890,
587,
28275,
329,
511,
39766,
6608,
351,
2911,
326,
484,
714,
3105,
14736,
393,
1907,
572,
4890,
13,
383,
5519,
1043,
326,
3108,
15147,
520,
6570,
1718,
4621,
286,
262,
39766,
3048,
286,
663,
1097,
313,
268,
1868,
43385,
284,
9117,
663,
898,
1204,
11,
416,
287,
15791,
803,
12910,
12380,
416,
22190,
10051,
4487,
326,
389,
17769,
284,
749,
11492,
13,
198,
464,
49553,
35,
1074,
334,
198,
17829,
25,
26909,
38323,
198,
21009,
286,
3442,
532,
2986,
9500,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 346 |
Photograph by Taylor S. Kennedy, National Geographic
Updated March 16, 2011
On St. Patrick's Day—Thursday, March 17—millions of people will don green and celebrate the Irish with parades, good cheer, and perhaps a pint of beer.
But few St. Patrick's Day revelers have a clue about St. Patrick, the historical figure, according to the author of St. Patrick of Ireland: A Biography.
Who Was the Man Behind St. Patrick's Day?
For starters, the real St. Patrick wasn't even Irish. He was born in Britain around A.D. 390 to an aristocratic Christian family with a townhouse, a country villa, and plenty of slaves.
What's more, Patrick professed no interest in Christianity as a young boy, Freeman noted.
At 16, Patrick's world turned: He was kidnapped and sent overseas to tend sheep as a slave in the chilly, mountainous countryside of Ireland for seven years. (See Ireland pictures.)
"It was just horrible for him," Freeman said. "But he got a religious conversion while he was there and became a very deeply believing Christian."
St. Patrick's Disembodied Voices
According to folklore, a voice came to Patrick in his dreams, telling him to escape. He found passage on a pirate ship back to Britain, where he was reunited with his family.
The voice then told him to go back to Ireland.
"He gets ordained as a priest from a bishop, and goes back and spends the rest of his life trying to convert the Irish to Christianity," Freeman said.
Patrick's work in Ireland was tough—he was constantly beaten by thugs, harassed by the Irish royalty, and admonished by his British superiors. After he died on March 17, 461, Patrick was largely forgotten.
But slowly, mythology grew around Patrick, and centuries later he was honored as the patron saint of Ireland, Freeman noted.
St. Patrick's Day Shamrock Shortage
According to St. Patrick's Day lore, Patrick used the three leaves of a shamrock to explain the Christian holy trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Today, St. Patrick's Day revelers wear a shamrock out of tradition. But people in Ireland hoping to wear an authentic shamrock are running low on luck.
Trifolium dubium, the wild-growing, three-leaf clover that some botanists consider the official shamrock, is an annual plant that germinates in the spring. Recently, Ireland has had two harsh winters, affecting the plant's growth.
"The growing season this year is at least as delayed as it was last year, and therefore there is the potential for shortage of home-grown material," John Parnell, a botanist at Trinity College Dublin, said in an email.
"We have had frost and snow showers in parts of Ireland within the past week," he added.
Other experts pin the shortage of the traditional plant as much on modern farming methods and loss of traditional hay meadows.
"The cold winters we are having here lately are just another nail in the coffin," Carsten Krieger, a landscape and nature photographer whose books include The Wildflowers of Ireland, said via email.
To make up for the shortfall, many sellers are resorting to other three-leaf clovers, such as the perennials Trifolium repens and Medicago lupulina. According to the Irish Times, these plants are "bogus shamrocks."
Trinity College's Parnell agreed that Trifolium dubium is the most commonly used shamrock today, which lends credence to the claims of authenticity.
However, he added, the custom of wearing a shamrock dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries, and "I know of no evidence to say what people then used. I think the argument on authenticity is purely academic—basically I'd guess they used anything cloverlike then."
What's more, botanists say there's nothing uniquely Irish about shamrocks. Most clover species can be found throughout Europe.
No Snakes in Ireland
Another St. Patrick myth is the claim that he banished snakes from Ireland. It's true no snakes exist on the island today, Freeman said—but they never did.
Ireland, after all, is surrounded by icy ocean waters—much too cold to allow snakes to migrate from Britain or anywhere else.
Since snakes often represent evil in literature, "when Patrick drives the snakes out of Ireland, it is symbolically saying he drove the old, evil, pagan ways out of Ireland [and] brought in a new age," Freeman said.
The snake myth, the shamrock story, and other tales were likely spread by well-meaning monks centuries after St. Patrick's death, Freeman said.
St. Patrick's Day: Made in America?
Until the 1970s, St. Patrick's Day in Ireland was a minor religious holiday. A priest would acknowledge the feast day, and families would celebrate with a big meal, but that was about it.
"St. Patrick's Day was basically invented in America by Irish-Americans," Freeman said.
Irish-American history expert Timothy Meagher said Irish charitable organizations originally celebrated St. Patrick's Day with banquets in places such as Boston, Massachusetts; Savannah, Georgia; and Charleston, South Carolina.
Eighteenth-century Irish soldiers fighting with the British in the U.S. Revolutionary War held the first St. Patrick's Day parades. Some soldiers, for example, marched through New York City in 1762 to reconnect with their Irish roots.
Other parades followed in the years and decades after, including well-known celebrations in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago, primarily in flourishing Irish immigrant communities.
"It becomes a way to honor the saint but also to confirm ethnic identity and to create bonds of solidarity," said Meagher, of Catholic University in Washington, D.C..
Dyeing the River Green for St. Patrick's Day
Sometime in the 19th century, as St. Patrick's Day parades were flourishing, wearing the color green became a show of commitment to Ireland, Meagher said.
In 1962 the show of solidarity took a spectacular turn in Chicago when the city decided to dye a portion of the Chicago River green.
The tradition started when parade organizer Steve Bailey, head of a plumbers' union, noticed how a dye used to trace possible sources of river pollution had stained a colleague's overalls a brilliant green, according to greenchicagoriver.com.
Why not use the dye to turn the whole river green on St. Patrick's Day, Bailey thought. So began the tradition.
The environmental impact of the dye is minimal compared with pollution such as bacteria from sewage-treatment plants, said Margaret Frisbie, the executive director of the advocacy group Friends of the Chicago River.
Rather than advising against the dye, her group focuses on turning the Chicago River into a welcoming habitat full of fish, herons, turtles, and beavers. If the river becomes a wildlife haven, the thinking goes, Chicagoans won't want to dye their river green.
"Our hope is that, as the river continues to improve, ultimately people can get excited about celebrating St. Patrick's Day different ways," she said.
Pint of Guinness on St. Patrick's Day
On any given day 5.5 million pints of Guinness, the famous Irish stout brand, are consumed around the world.
But on St. Patrick's Day, that number more than doubles to 13 million pints, said Beth Davies Ryan, global corporate-relations director of Guinness.
"Historically speaking, a lot of Irish immigrants came to the United States and brought with them lots of customs and traditions, one of them being Guinness," she said.
Today, the U.S. tradition of St. Patrick's Day parades, packed pubs, and green silliness has invaded Ireland with full force, said Freeman, the classics professor.
The country, he noted, figured out that the popularity of St. Patrick's Day was a good way to boost spring tourism. (Get National Geographic Traveler magazine's list of the best hotels in Ireland.)
"Like anybody else," he said, "they can take advantage of a good opportunity."
The Ring Nebula shines, a volcano erupts, and Germans see the bat signal in this week's best new space pictures.
As extreme weather seems to accelerate globally, scientists believe events Down Under can help explain what to look for-and guard against.
Cicadas bugging you? See our recipe ideas for the low-fat critters, including the new candied cicada cocktail. | [
27248,
2384,
416,
8121,
311,
13,
10401,
11,
2351,
33636,
198,
17354,
2805,
1467,
11,
2813,
198,
2202,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
960,
25381,
11,
2805,
1596,
960,
17805,
507,
286,
661,
481,
836,
4077,
290,
10648,
262,
8685,
351,
1582,
2367,
11,
922,
14042,
11,
290,
3737,
257,
35245,
286,
6099,
13,
198,
1537,
1178,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
9890,
364,
423,
257,
18437,
546,
520,
13,
9925,
11,
262,
6754,
3785,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
1772,
286,
520,
13,
9925,
286,
7517,
25,
317,
8436,
4867,
13,
198,
8241,
8920,
262,
1869,
20787,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
30,
198,
1890,
19896,
11,
262,
1103,
520,
13,
9925,
2492,
470,
772,
8685,
13,
679,
373,
4642,
287,
5491,
1088,
317,
13,
35,
13,
33882,
284,
281,
28631,
15405,
4302,
1641,
351,
257,
3240,
4803,
11,
257,
1499,
4489,
64,
11,
290,
6088,
286,
13384,
13,
198,
2061,
338,
517,
11,
9925,
2992,
276,
645,
1393,
287,
13624,
355,
257,
1862,
2933,
11,
22394,
4367,
13,
198,
2953,
1467,
11,
9925,
338,
995,
2900,
25,
679,
373,
23384,
290,
1908,
11292,
284,
4327,
15900,
355,
257,
11778,
287,
262,
49018,
11,
47500,
25708,
286,
7517,
329,
3598,
812,
13,
357,
6214,
7517,
5986,
2014,
198,
1,
1026,
373,
655,
12361,
329,
683,
553,
22394,
531,
13,
366,
1537,
339,
1392,
257,
4158,
11315,
981,
339,
373,
612,
290,
2627,
257,
845,
7744,
14773,
4302,
526,
198,
1273,
13,
9925,
338,
3167,
24419,
32255,
40440,
198,
4821,
284,
46623,
11,
257,
3809,
1625,
284,
9925,
287,
465,
10625,
11,
5149,
683,
284,
6654,
13,
679,
1043,
10066,
319,
257,
25868,
4074,
736,
284,
5491,
11,
810,
339,
373,
35440,
351,
465,
1641,
13,
198,
464,
3809,
788,
1297,
683,
284,
467,
736,
284,
7517,
13,
198,
1,
1544,
3011,
36777,
355,
257,
11503,
422,
257,
24233,
11,
290,
2925,
736,
290,
16887,
262,
1334,
286,
465,
1204,
2111,
284,
10385,
262,
8685,
284,
13624,
553,
22394,
531,
13,
198,
32718,
338,
670,
287,
7517,
373,
5802,
960,
258,
373,
7558,
13125,
416,
35052,
11,
26775,
416,
262,
8685,
29359,
11,
290,
37202,
1348,
416,
465,
3517,
41557,
13,
2293,
339,
3724,
319,
2805,
1596,
11,
604,
5333,
11,
9925,
373,
5688,
11564,
13,
198,
1537,
6364,
11,
25871,
6348,
1088,
9925,
11,
290,
10675,
1568,
339,
373,
21014,
355,
262,
19686,
32292,
286,
7517,
11,
22394,
4367,
13,
198,
1273,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
27957,
10823,
10073,
496,
198,
4821,
284,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
24044,
11,
9925,
973,
262,
1115,
5667,
286,
257,
23565,
10823,
284,
4727,
262,
4302,
11386,
491,
6269,
25,
262,
9190,
11,
262,
6295,
11,
290,
262,
7439,
7710,
13,
198,
8888,
11,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
9890,
364,
5806,
257,
23565,
10823,
503,
286,
6761,
13,
887,
661,
287,
7517,
7725,
284,
5806,
281,
16425,
23565,
10823,
389,
2491,
1877,
319,
8458,
13,
198,
2898,
361,
349,
1505,
10873,
1505,
11,
262,
4295,
12,
25167,
11,
1115,
12,
33201,
537,
2502,
326,
617,
10214,
272,
1023,
2074,
262,
1743,
23565,
10823,
11,
318,
281,
5079,
4618,
326,
27602,
1084,
689,
287,
262,
6076,
13,
23413,
11,
7517,
468,
550,
734,
11859,
45764,
11,
13891,
262,
4618,
338,
3349,
13,
198,
1,
464,
3957,
1622,
428,
614,
318,
379,
1551,
355,
11038,
355,
340,
373,
938,
614,
11,
290,
4361,
612,
318,
262,
2785,
329,
18772,
286,
1363,
12,
22377,
2587,
553,
1757,
350,
1501,
695,
11,
257,
10214,
272,
396,
379,
22844,
5535,
18220,
11,
531,
287,
281,
3053,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
423,
550,
21682,
290,
6729,
32290,
287,
3354,
286,
7517,
1626,
262,
1613,
1285,
553,
339,
2087,
13,
198,
6395,
6154,
6757,
262,
18772,
286,
262,
4569,
4618,
355,
881,
319,
3660,
16035,
5050,
290,
2994,
286,
4569,
27678,
502,
9797,
13,
198,
1,
464,
4692,
45764,
356,
389,
1719,
994,
16537,
389,
655,
1194,
17864,
287,
262,
30834,
553,
1879,
26400,
509,
5034,
1362,
11,
257,
10747,
290,
3450,
16413,
3025,
3835,
2291,
383,
6183,
2704,
3618,
286,
7517,
11,
531,
2884,
3053,
13,
198,
2514,
787,
510,
329,
262,
41688,
11,
867,
23531,
389,
12600,
278,
284,
584,
1115,
12,
33201,
537,
13801,
11,
884,
355,
262,
34893,
8231,
833,
361,
349,
1505,
1128,
641,
290,
2019,
4549,
300,
929,
377,
1437,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
8685,
3782,
11,
777,
6134,
389,
366,
65,
519,
385,
23565,
305,
4657,
526,
198,
2898,
6269,
5535,
338,
350,
1501,
695,
4987,
326,
833,
361,
349,
1505,
10873,
1505,
318,
262,
749,
8811,
973,
23565,
10823,
1909,
11,
543,
37733,
2600,
594,
284,
262,
3667,
286,
26275,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
339,
2087,
11,
262,
2183,
286,
5762,
257,
23565,
10823,
9667,
736,
284,
262,
1596,
400,
290,
1248,
400,
10675,
11,
290,
366,
40,
760,
286,
645,
2370,
284,
910,
644,
661,
788,
973,
13,
314,
892,
262,
4578,
319,
26275,
318,
14177,
8233,
960,
12093,
1146,
314,
1549,
4724,
484,
973,
1997,
537,
2502,
2339,
788,
526,
198,
2061,
338,
517,
11,
10214,
272,
1023,
910,
612,
338,
2147,
24139,
8685,
546,
23565,
305,
4657,
13,
4042,
537,
2502,
4693,
460,
307,
1043,
3690,
2031,
13,
198,
2949,
5489,
1124,
287,
7517,
198,
6610,
520,
13,
9925,
7918,
318,
262,
1624,
326,
339,
43926,
26042,
422,
7517,
13,
632,
338,
2081,
645,
26042,
2152,
319,
262,
7022,
1909,
11,
22394,
531,
960,
4360,
484,
1239,
750,
13,
198,
49752,
11,
706,
477,
11,
318,
11191,
416,
30284,
9151,
10150,
960,
29482,
1165,
4692,
284,
1249,
26042,
284,
32492,
422,
5491,
393,
6609,
2073,
13,
198,
6385,
26042,
1690,
2380,
6181,
287,
9285,
11,
366,
12518,
9925,
10182,
262,
26042,
503,
286,
7517,
11,
340,
318,
6194,
1146,
2282,
339,
10357,
262,
1468,
11,
6181,
11,
36164,
2842,
503,
286,
7517,
685,
392,
60,
3181,
287,
257,
649,
2479,
553,
22394,
531,
13,
198,
464,
17522,
7918,
11,
262,
23565,
10823,
1621,
11,
290,
584,
19490,
547,
1884,
4104,
416,
880,
12,
24815,
27646,
10675,
706,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
1918,
11,
22394,
531,
13,
198,
1273,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
25,
14446,
287,
2253,
30,
198,
18273,
262,
8069,
82,
11,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
287,
7517,
373,
257,
4159,
4158,
9912,
13,
317,
11503,
561,
12127,
262,
26951,
1110,
11,
290,
4172,
561,
10648,
351,
257,
1263,
9799,
11,
475,
326,
373,
546,
340,
13,
198,
1,
1273,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
373,
6209,
15646,
287,
2253,
416,
8685,
12,
17636,
553,
22394,
531,
13,
198,
43293,
12,
7437,
2106,
5887,
22283,
2185,
30450,
531,
8685,
21803,
5745,
6198,
13943,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
351,
3958,
421,
1039,
287,
4113,
884,
355,
6182,
11,
10140,
26,
40695,
11,
7859,
26,
290,
26070,
11,
2520,
5913,
13,
198,
29571,
28117,
12,
14792,
8685,
5795,
4330,
351,
262,
3517,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
28105,
1810,
2714,
262,
717,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
1582,
2367,
13,
2773,
5795,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
23558,
832,
968,
1971,
2254,
287,
1596,
5237,
284,
37671,
351,
511,
8685,
11135,
13,
198,
6395,
1582,
2367,
3940,
287,
262,
812,
290,
4647,
706,
11,
1390,
880,
12,
4002,
22861,
287,
6182,
11,
8857,
11,
290,
4842,
11,
7525,
287,
46240,
8685,
15773,
5348,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
4329,
257,
835,
284,
7522,
262,
32292,
475,
635,
284,
6216,
9450,
5369,
290,
284,
2251,
13100,
286,
17803,
553,
531,
2185,
30450,
11,
286,
7835,
2059,
287,
2669,
11,
360,
13,
34,
492,
198,
35,
5948,
278,
262,
5866,
3469,
329,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
198,
50,
47056,
287,
262,
678,
400,
4289,
11,
355,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
1582,
2367,
547,
46240,
11,
5762,
262,
3124,
4077,
2627,
257,
905,
286,
7901,
284,
7517,
11,
2185,
30450,
531,
13,
198,
818,
20033,
262,
905,
286,
17803,
1718,
257,
15013,
1210,
287,
4842,
618,
262,
1748,
3066,
284,
30121,
257,
6903,
286,
262,
4842,
5866,
4077,
13,
198,
464,
6761,
2067,
618,
16134,
26311,
6542,
20330,
11,
1182,
286,
257,
458,
17024,
6,
6441,
11,
6810,
703,
257,
30121,
973,
284,
12854,
1744,
4237,
286,
7850,
12231,
550,
34568,
257,
16008,
338,
4045,
82,
257,
10457,
4077,
11,
1864,
284,
4077,
354,
291,
363,
273,
1428,
13,
785,
13,
198,
5195,
407,
779,
262,
30121,
284,
1210,
262,
2187,
7850,
4077,
319,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
11,
20330,
1807,
13,
1406,
2540,
262,
6761,
13,
198,
464,
6142,
2928,
286,
262,
30121,
318,
10926,
3688,
351,
12231,
884,
355,
11492,
422,
34939,
12,
42487,
6134,
11,
531,
19579,
1305,
271,
12590,
11,
262,
4640,
3437,
286,
262,
15364,
1448,
14213,
286,
262,
4842,
5866,
13,
198,
27202,
621,
30341,
1028,
262,
30121,
11,
607,
1448,
13692,
319,
6225,
262,
4842,
5866,
656,
257,
22516,
20018,
1336,
286,
5916,
11,
607,
684,
11,
36288,
11,
290,
307,
30400,
13,
1002,
262,
7850,
4329,
257,
15599,
4398,
11,
262,
3612,
2925,
11,
4842,
504,
1839,
470,
765,
284,
30121,
511,
7850,
4077,
13,
198,
1,
5122,
2911,
318,
326,
11,
355,
262,
7850,
4477,
284,
2987,
11,
6165,
661,
460,
651,
6568,
546,
17499,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
1180,
2842,
553,
673,
531,
13,
198,
47,
600,
286,
41559,
319,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
198,
2202,
597,
1813,
1110,
642,
13,
20,
1510,
279,
29503,
286,
41559,
11,
262,
5863,
8685,
39171,
4508,
11,
389,
13529,
1088,
262,
995,
13,
198,
1537,
319,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
11,
326,
1271,
517,
621,
21938,
284,
1511,
1510,
279,
29503,
11,
531,
19223,
26618,
6047,
11,
3298,
6355,
12,
39468,
3437,
286,
41559,
13,
198,
1,
13749,
26847,
5486,
11,
257,
1256,
286,
8685,
7971,
1625,
284,
262,
1578,
1829,
290,
3181,
351,
606,
6041,
286,
17112,
290,
15421,
11,
530,
286,
606,
852,
41559,
553,
673,
531,
13,
198,
8888,
11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6761,
286,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
1582,
2367,
11,
11856,
46972,
11,
290,
4077,
49276,
1272,
468,
26466,
7517,
351,
1336,
2700,
11,
531,
22394,
11,
262,
29039,
6240,
13,
198,
464,
1499,
11,
339,
4367,
11,
11638,
503,
326,
262,
11533,
286,
520,
13,
9925,
338,
3596,
373,
257,
922,
835,
284,
5750,
6076,
19277,
13,
357,
3855,
2351,
33636,
13524,
263,
7093,
338,
1351,
286,
262,
1266,
18505,
287,
7517,
2014,
198,
1,
7594,
9599,
2073,
553,
339,
531,
11,
366,
9930,
460,
1011,
4621,
286,
257,
922,
3663,
526,
198,
464,
12569,
46915,
32481,
11,
257,
32410,
17866,
82,
11,
290,
16064,
766,
262,
7365,
6737,
287,
428,
1285,
338,
1266,
649,
2272,
5986,
13,
198,
1722,
3257,
6193,
2331,
284,
22636,
18309,
11,
5519,
1975,
2995,
5588,
4698,
460,
1037,
4727,
644,
284,
804,
329,
12,
392,
4860,
1028,
13,
198,
34,
291,
38768,
809,
18792,
345,
30,
4091,
674,
8364,
4213,
329,
262,
1877,
12,
17359,
1955,
1010,
11,
1390,
262,
649,
2658,
798,
269,
291,
4763,
24554,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,815 |
All tea comes from a single plant, the Camellia Sinensis. An evergreen bush, tea is grown predominantly in Southeastern Asia. Harvesting, picking and processing the camellia sinensis bush yields 5 classes of tea: white, green, oolong, black, and pu·erh.
Although scientists believe Yunnan Province in China to be the birthplace of the tea plant, both Indian and Chinese mythology stake legendary claims to its discovery.
Known as the Divine Healer, second Emperor Shen Nung is credited with identifying the medicinal properties of hundreds of ingredients that later became the foundation of Chinese Medicine. It is said that he possessed the magical property of a transparent stomach with which he could gauge the effects of medicine on the body. One fateful afternoon in the year 2737 B.C., Shen Nung was boiling water and resting upon a wild tree when a slight breeze stirred the branches above and caused a few leaves to drift into the simmering cauldron. Intrigued by the tempting aroma, Shen Nung drank the liquid and felt revitalized and invigorated. As chance would have it, he was resting under a tea tree.
According to another legend, an Indian Bodhisattva by the name of Bodhidharma went to China to teach Buddhism in the 6th Century B.C.. One version of the story tells of his students becoming impatient and falling asleep during lengthy meditation. Leading by example, Bodhidharma began a nine year meditation near the entrance of a cave. After seven years he accidentally fell asleep. When he awoke he became angry with himself and sliced the eyelids from his face, throwing them upon the ground. Legend has it, that a tea plant grew where his eyelids fell. The monks of Zen buddhism would come to incorporate the use of tea into their rituals to attain a calm awakeness and focus during their meditations.
“Monkey-picked” is a term used today to denote high-quality tea, but like the origin of tea's use, the history of the term is shrouded in mystery.
One story tells of Buddhist monks training monkeys to fetch precious leaves from tea trees growing from the sides of treacherously steep cliffs. Another version portrays the monks throwing stones at monkeys perched high in tea trees, so that they would fall to the ground, breaking the branches and bringing the prized, top-most leaves down with them.
Today, most tea plants are pruned to waist high bushes and monkeys aren't used to pick the leaves. When someone refers to “monkey-picked” tea, they are simply referring to premium quality tea leaves.
Before the advent of tea cultivation, two genera of Camellia Sinensis thrived in the wild. Camellia Sinensis var. Sinensis (China bush) is at home on the foggy mountainsides of Southwestern China and produce a small, tender leaf during a short growing period. Separated from China by the Himalayan Mountains, Camellia Sinensis var. Assamica (Assam bush) prefers the jungle-like conditions of Northeastern India and yields a large, broad leaf that can be picked year-round.
Since the discovery of tea by the Western World in the 1600’s, tea has been transplanted and cultivated all over the world. Although still predominantly grown in China and India, tea gardens thrive in Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Kenya, Uganda, Argentina and Brazil. Experimental and small-production gardens are even being grown in Hawaii, Washington, and South Carolina.
The top leaves and bud of the camellia sinensis bush yield thousands of varieties of tea. Like different vines for different wines, tea farmers harvest different bushes for specific varieties of tea. For example, one cultivar may yield a Lung Jing Green Tea while another bush is best used for a Ti Kuan Yin oolong. Teas are generally named after the region they are from: Darjeeling from Darjeeling India, Yunnan from Yunnan Province in China; or named after the physical attributes of processed tea: Jasmine Pearls from the scenting and rolling of green tea, Silver Needles from the color and shape of budset white tea.
White tea (in one form or another) has been treasured for over 1,000 years as the finest of all teas and for a time, was reserved solely for Chinese Royalty. True to its history, white tea remains a delicacy to this day, albeit, one we can all enjoy.
Harvested in early spring, tender young buds are carefully plucked the day before they unfurl into leaves. The downy buds are briefly withered and then quickly air driedsteamed to prevent oxidation. As a result of minimal processing, white tea is valued for its high concentration of polyphenols. The flavor of white tea can be described as delicate, smooth, sweet, velvety, and reminiscent of fresh apricots.
The combination of a bud and top leaf from the tea plant provides the backbone for green tea. After picking, the tea begins its journey down the mountain where it will be thinly spread in the shade and left to air-dry. This primary drying is kept short to prevent oxidation of the leaf. The next step determines the characteristics of a green tea’s style. Working with fresh product, a team of firers will sift, roll, flatten, tumble, or shake the tea over a heat source until it is thoroughly dried and the flavor is locked in.
Careful manipulation of the leaves during the firing process results in distinctive shapes and flavors. Traditionally, this process was done entirely by hand in baskets and woks carefully placed over coal and wood burning fires. Today, large tumblers and ovens are employed during this phase to process large amounts of green tea for export.
The flavors of green tea are partially determined by region of growth and seasib of pick, but are also deapendent upon method of finishing. Pan-frying results in the toasty flavor of Long Jing, while steaming results in the sweetly vegetal flavors of Japanese Sencha.
It was once said that over 10,000 types of green tea exist in China alone. While this may be an exaggeration, if you haven’t found a green tea you like, chances are good that there is one waiting for you.
Jasmine Green Tea
Jasmine Green Tea is one of the oldest known scenting methods for tea. To obtain such a delicate flavor, night blooming jasmine flowers are picked during the day and laid over dried tea leaves. As the flowers open overnight and release their aromatic fragrance, the tea naturally absorbs the sweet scent. The next day, the flowers and tea are separated and the tea is allowed to rest and dry for several days. This process is repeated anywhere from 3-5 times depending on the quality of jasmine scenting (the longer the scenting the higher the quality). The whole process can take up to one month!
This process is often imitated with perfumes and "natural" or artificial flavoring, but results in unpleasant and sharp aromas and tastes. Choose real jasmine blossoms and scenting methods for the best experience.
Oolong teas are made from large, broad tea leaves that are picked later in the season than green tea. Oolongs can be made from the bud of the tea plant with up to three large leaves still attached to the twig, or from a single large leaf. Some oolongs are green in color and tightly rolled into little pellets, while others are brown, crimped, or loosely folded. What separates oolongs from other classes of tea is that oolongs are only partially oxidized.
Particular to the style of oolong being produced, a complex method of bruising the tea leaves is used to break down cell walls and begin the oxidation of the leaf. Low heat is then used to halt the process, allowing for the still pliable leave to be rolled, curled, crimped, twisted, and fired into their final form.
Different levels of oxidation and firing are used to bring out complex flavors and aromas that are uniquely “oolong.” Sometimes referred to as the “tea for connoisseurs,” oolongs possess aromatics that range from distinctively floral, to reminiscent of stone fruit. Flavors can be smooth, savory, full-bodied and rich; or delicate, with notes of orchid, honey, and exotic fruits.
Black tea results from the full oxidation of the bud and first two leaves of the tea plant. Like green and white teas, a high quality black tea is picked early in the spring and contains a high ratio of bud-to-leaf.
Unlike other teas, leaves destined for black tea are spread thickly during the withering process. An extended withering time (up to 18 hours) drives moisture out of the leaf and begins the conversion of delicate “juices” within the leaf into dark, complex liquoring compounds. The oxidation begins at this stage and continues into the rolling process. After being sorted by size, the withered leaves will be twisted, compressed, and rolled multiple times, breaking down cell walls and allowing enzymes to mix. special oxidation chambers are used to feed air through thin layers of rolled leaves to quicken the process. Once the tea master determines oxidation is complete and the flavors and aromas properly developed, the leaves will be dried, cooled, and packaged for sale
Grown and produced similarly all over the world, black tea is graded and sold by its size of leaf and point of origin. High quality black teas are of whole leaf with a high ratio of leaf buds (tips) to leaf. Terms like “Flowery Orange Pekoe” (FOP) are used to describe a full leaf tea with tips. Names like: Assam, Darjeeling, Yunnan, and Ceylon refer to the region where the tea was grown
Lower quality black teas are prepared from fannings and dust (not full leaf) will taste bitter and harsh. Full leaf black teas will have aromas that are clean, nutty, and bright, with flavors that are brisk, full, coppery and soft.
Pu·erh (pū-ĕr) is an ancient healing tea picked from 500 year old organic wild tea trees in the majestic mountains of China's Yunnan province. Pu·erh’s history began over 2000 years ago when tea was transported along five Tea Horse Roads’. The first and most traveled road began in the village of Pu Erh. In order to maximize their load, merchants compressed the tea, and to their surprise, the tea tasted better at the journey’s end and yielded additional health benefits. It is said the Last Emperor’s mother, known as the Beautiful Countenance, was cured of her gout by drinking Pu·erh
Pu·erh is processed differently than traditional white, green, oolong, and black teas. Pu·erh undergoes a unique fermenting process: once picked, the leaves are piled, dampened, and turned, over a 60-day period. The tea is then dried and ready to be compressed into bricks for additional aging, or left as loose tea, which Numi uses in its tea bags. The resulting taste is rich and smooth with hints of malt - a great alternative to coffee. Numi is first to bring you this revolutionary healthy tea in tea bags, aged compressed tea bricks and bottled iced teas.
Health & Vitality
The roots of these mature trees gather more minerals from the earth resulting in elevated levels of antioxidants; more than most green teas. The unique fermentation process then acts on the nutrients that already exist in the tea leaves. Pu·erh has been purported in Chinese culture to aid digestion and metabolism, maintain healthy cholesterol levels, help with weight management and naturally boost energy (without the jitters).* According to independent ORAC tests, Numi’s bottled Puerh iced teas contain 3x more antioxidants than leading brand black and green iced teas.
*Along with a healthy diet and exercise.
After tea leaves are picked and still moist, they are sewn with cotton thread together with flowers into various shapes and bundles (tea leaves may also be scented with jasmine blossoms before sewing for a more floral flavor). Some shapes take one minute to sew, while other more elaborate designs containing lilies, chrysanthemum, or osmanthus flowers may take up to twelve minutes. The sewn leaves and flowers are shaped into bundles or rosettes and then undergo the usual drying and firing process. They require boiling water in order for the leaves to expand and unfurl.
Tea is a misnomer for anything steeped in hot water. Teas come from the tea plant. “Teasan” is our term, from the French tisanes, for brewed herbal beverages; which, strictly speaking, are not from the camellia sinensis plant.
Herbal teasans are dried pure herbs, fruits, spices and flowers, and are naturally caffeine free (with a few exceptions like Yerba Mate). Grown all over the world, teasans have been steeped in hot water since the beginning of time for a warm soothing beverage or an inigorating boost to the day.
“Tea absorbs yesterday’s weather” and soaks in anything around it. It is recommended to store loose leaf tea in an air-tight container that is placed in a dry cool area away from light and strong scented items such as coffee or spices. Stored in this fashion, tea will remain fresh for approximately 6 - 9 months. We offer small and large storage containers.
Tea is one of the few beverages naturally containing caffeine and has been enjoyed for millennia as an enlivened boost with focused clarity. Unlike coffee which is absorbed quickly and can cause unpleasant jitters and an afternoon crash, the caffeine in tea provides a gentle and sustained energy balanced by the calming effect of theanine, another compound found naturally in tea leaves. This unique combination makes tea the perfect beverage to enjoy throughout the day.
A 6 to 8 ounce cup of tea generally contains between 15 and 70 milligrams of caffeine. Remember, 8 ounces of brewed coffee has a range of 95-200 miligrams, so you can be sure that your cup of tea will always be lower in caffeine.
We’re asked all the time how many milligrams of caffeine are in a particular tea, and the honest answer is: we don’t know for sure! The environment each year, location of the bush, processing style and method of steeping all has an effect on the amount in your cup, so we can only provide a range.
We use the lower, medium, high and higher caffeine labeling on our package based on past tests and the proportion of tea to ingredients in each blend. Our decaffeinated teas have 99.9% of the caffeine removed with a beneficial process known as effervescence that leaves no-residue and preserves the antioxidants.
Herbal teasans are derived from a variety of plants and herbs that naturally do not contain caffeine and are thus caffeine-free. One exception is the south American beverage Yerba Mate which contains a caffeine content comparable to coffee. | [
3237,
8887,
2058,
422,
257,
2060,
4618,
11,
262,
32653,
297,
544,
10884,
37834,
13,
1052,
1683,
14809,
24484,
11,
8887,
318,
7334,
20736,
287,
311,
27873,
7229,
13,
26149,
278,
11,
10868,
290,
7587,
262,
1625,
297,
544,
7813,
37834,
24484,
19299,
642,
6097,
286,
8887,
25,
2330,
11,
4077,
11,
267,
349,
506,
11,
2042,
11,
290,
47574,
9129,
263,
71,
13,
198,
7003,
5519,
1975,
20757,
12647,
22783,
287,
2807,
284,
307,
262,
48145,
286,
262,
8887,
4618,
11,
1111,
3942,
290,
3999,
25871,
10171,
13273,
3667,
284,
663,
9412,
13,
198,
29870,
355,
262,
13009,
47212,
11,
1218,
10851,
22323,
399,
2150,
318,
18141,
351,
13720,
262,
30381,
6608,
286,
5179,
286,
9391,
326,
1568,
2627,
262,
8489,
286,
3999,
11558,
13,
632,
318,
531,
326,
339,
17273,
262,
10883,
3119,
286,
257,
13245,
11384,
351,
543,
339,
714,
18266,
262,
3048,
286,
9007,
319,
262,
1767,
13,
1881,
46873,
6672,
287,
262,
614,
2681,
2718,
347,
13,
34,
1539,
22323,
399,
2150,
373,
24372,
1660,
290,
19186,
2402,
257,
4295,
5509,
618,
257,
3731,
28633,
33091,
262,
13737,
2029,
290,
4073,
257,
1178,
5667,
284,
24260,
656,
262,
32857,
278,
269,
45637,
13,
2558,
4359,
1739,
416,
262,
29850,
31242,
11,
22323,
399,
2150,
24070,
262,
8122,
290,
2936,
32951,
1143,
290,
800,
36274,
515,
13,
1081,
2863,
561,
423,
340,
11,
339,
373,
19186,
739,
257,
8887,
5509,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
1194,
8177,
11,
281,
3942,
26285,
14363,
1078,
6862,
416,
262,
1438,
286,
26285,
49675,
71,
10961,
1816,
284,
2807,
284,
4545,
25932,
287,
262,
718,
400,
13641,
347,
13,
34,
492,
1881,
2196,
286,
262,
1621,
4952,
286,
465,
2444,
5033,
33440,
290,
7463,
16039,
1141,
16452,
16901,
13,
43225,
416,
1672,
11,
26285,
49675,
71,
10961,
2540,
257,
5193,
614,
16901,
1474,
262,
10384,
286,
257,
11527,
13,
2293,
3598,
812,
339,
14716,
3214,
16039,
13,
1649,
339,
43363,
339,
2627,
7954,
351,
2241,
290,
26790,
262,
29708,
2340,
422,
465,
1986,
11,
9644,
606,
2402,
262,
2323,
13,
9883,
468,
340,
11,
326,
257,
8887,
4618,
6348,
810,
465,
29708,
2340,
3214,
13,
383,
27646,
286,
14760,
3600,
34985,
1042,
561,
1282,
284,
19330,
262,
779,
286,
8887,
656,
511,
25797,
284,
18188,
257,
9480,
26559,
408,
290,
2962,
1141,
511,
1117,
20597,
13,
198,
447,
250,
9069,
2539,
12,
41891,
447,
251,
318,
257,
3381,
973,
1909,
284,
42685,
1029,
12,
13237,
8887,
11,
475,
588,
262,
8159,
286,
8887,
338,
779,
11,
262,
2106,
286,
262,
3381,
318,
50197,
287,
10715,
13,
198,
3198,
1621,
4952,
286,
20838,
27646,
3047,
26697,
284,
21207,
14186,
5667,
422,
8887,
7150,
3957,
422,
262,
5389,
286,
32550,
3481,
14559,
41724,
13,
6023,
2196,
44771,
262,
27646,
9644,
14966,
379,
26697,
49264,
1029,
287,
8887,
7150,
11,
523,
326,
484,
561,
2121,
284,
262,
2323,
11,
7163,
262,
13737,
290,
6079,
262,
37768,
11,
1353,
12,
1712,
5667,
866,
351,
606,
13,
198,
8888,
11,
749,
8887,
6134,
389,
778,
40881,
284,
16139,
1029,
37413,
290,
26697,
3588,
470,
973,
284,
2298,
262,
5667,
13,
1649,
2130,
10229,
284,
564,
250,
49572,
12,
41891,
447,
251,
8887,
11,
484,
389,
2391,
9759,
284,
8683,
3081,
8887,
5667,
13,
198,
8421,
262,
19980,
286,
8887,
23089,
11,
734,
1152,
64,
286,
32653,
297,
544,
10884,
37834,
19531,
1079,
287,
262,
4295,
13,
32653,
297,
544,
10884,
37834,
1401,
13,
10884,
37834,
357,
14581,
24484,
8,
318,
379,
1363,
319,
262,
19558,
1360,
12269,
1460,
286,
2520,
14197,
2807,
290,
4439,
257,
1402,
11,
15403,
12835,
1141,
257,
1790,
3957,
2278,
13,
8621,
283,
515,
422,
2807,
416,
262,
42438,
22931,
21124,
11,
32653,
297,
544,
10884,
37834,
1401,
13,
2195,
321,
3970,
357,
8021,
321,
24484,
8,
26237,
262,
20712,
12,
2339,
3403,
286,
15209,
18160,
3794,
290,
19299,
257,
1588,
11,
3154,
12835,
326,
460,
307,
6497,
614,
12,
744,
13,
198,
6385,
262,
9412,
286,
8887,
416,
262,
4885,
2159,
287,
262,
26143,
447,
247,
82,
11,
8887,
468,
587,
37100,
4126,
290,
30499,
477,
625,
262,
995,
13,
4900,
991,
20736,
7334,
287,
2807,
290,
3794,
11,
8887,
25476,
22191,
287,
20872,
28143,
11,
10836,
11,
21506,
11,
30872,
11,
16519,
290,
7595,
13,
32286,
290,
1402,
12,
25493,
25476,
389,
772,
852,
7334,
287,
13708,
11,
2669,
11,
290,
2520,
5913,
13,
198,
464,
1353,
5667,
290,
3600,
286,
262,
1625,
297,
544,
7813,
37834,
24484,
7800,
4138,
286,
20328,
286,
8887,
13,
4525,
1180,
44439,
329,
1180,
30680,
11,
8887,
9818,
13222,
1180,
37413,
329,
2176,
20328,
286,
8887,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
530,
11229,
283,
743,
7800,
257,
39337,
42279,
3469,
15777,
981,
1194,
24484,
318,
1266,
973,
329,
257,
16953,
509,
7258,
37201,
267,
349,
506,
13,
1665,
292,
389,
4143,
3706,
706,
262,
3814,
484,
389,
422,
25,
7491,
18015,
10809,
422,
7491,
18015,
10809,
3794,
11,
20757,
12647,
422,
20757,
12647,
22783,
287,
2807,
26,
393,
3706,
706,
262,
3518,
12608,
286,
13686,
8887,
25,
21961,
3810,
11830,
7278,
422,
262,
21212,
278,
290,
10708,
286,
4077,
8887,
11,
7698,
10664,
829,
422,
262,
3124,
290,
5485,
286,
3600,
2617,
2330,
8887,
13,
198,
12256,
8887,
357,
259,
530,
1296,
393,
1194,
8,
468,
587,
2054,
34006,
329,
625,
352,
11,
830,
812,
355,
262,
18822,
286,
477,
573,
292,
290,
329,
257,
640,
11,
373,
10395,
9944,
329,
3999,
8111,
774,
13,
6407,
284,
663,
2106,
11,
2330,
8887,
3793,
257,
8675,
1590,
284,
428,
1110,
11,
18244,
11,
530,
356,
460,
477,
2883,
13,
198,
13587,
4223,
276,
287,
1903,
6076,
11,
15403,
1862,
36402,
389,
7773,
458,
17758,
262,
1110,
878,
484,
3684,
6371,
656,
5667,
13,
383,
866,
88,
36402,
389,
11589,
20868,
6083,
290,
788,
2952,
1633,
16577,
4169,
2434,
284,
2948,
37767,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
286,
10926,
7587,
11,
2330,
8887,
318,
17560,
329,
663,
1029,
10368,
286,
7514,
31024,
10220,
13,
383,
9565,
286,
2330,
8887,
460,
307,
3417,
355,
19217,
11,
7209,
11,
6029,
11,
11555,
303,
774,
11,
290,
24960,
286,
4713,
46593,
291,
1747,
13,
198,
464,
6087,
286,
257,
3600,
290,
1353,
12835,
422,
262,
8887,
4618,
3769,
262,
32774,
329,
4077,
8887,
13,
2293,
10868,
11,
262,
8887,
6140,
663,
7002,
866,
262,
8598,
810,
340,
481,
307,
44722,
4104,
287,
262,
17979,
290,
1364,
284,
1633,
12,
39140,
13,
770,
4165,
29621,
318,
4030,
1790,
284,
2948,
37767,
286,
262,
12835,
13,
383,
1306,
2239,
15947,
262,
9695,
286,
257,
4077,
8887,
447,
247,
82,
3918,
13,
14594,
351,
4713,
1720,
11,
257,
1074,
286,
2046,
3808,
481,
264,
2135,
11,
4836,
11,
27172,
268,
11,
47978,
11,
393,
13279,
262,
8887,
625,
257,
4894,
2723,
1566,
340,
318,
13770,
16577,
290,
262,
9565,
318,
8970,
287,
13,
198,
17784,
913,
17512,
286,
262,
5667,
1141,
262,
9645,
1429,
2482,
287,
18778,
15268,
290,
17361,
13,
8397,
8736,
11,
428,
1429,
373,
1760,
5000,
416,
1021,
287,
46530,
290,
266,
28194,
7773,
4624,
625,
5655,
290,
4898,
9482,
12252,
13,
6288,
11,
1588,
256,
2178,
8116,
290,
14361,
82,
389,
9322,
1141,
428,
7108,
284,
1429,
1588,
6867,
286,
4077,
8887,
329,
10784,
13,
198,
464,
17361,
286,
4077,
8887,
389,
12387,
5295,
416,
3814,
286,
3349,
290,
21547,
571,
286,
2298,
11,
475,
389,
635,
390,
499,
437,
298,
2402,
2446,
286,
12848,
13,
5961,
12,
69,
14992,
2482,
287,
262,
284,
7833,
9565,
286,
5882,
42279,
11,
981,
2876,
3723,
2482,
287,
262,
6029,
306,
7494,
282,
17361,
286,
4960,
2311,
11693,
13,
198,
1026,
373,
1752,
531,
326,
625,
838,
11,
830,
3858,
286,
4077,
8887,
2152,
287,
2807,
3436,
13,
2893,
428,
743,
307,
281,
42769,
11,
611,
345,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
1043,
257,
4077,
8887,
345,
588,
11,
8395,
389,
922,
326,
612,
318,
530,
4953,
329,
345,
13,
198,
41,
292,
3810,
3469,
15777,
198,
41,
292,
3810,
3469,
15777,
318,
530,
286,
262,
13325,
1900,
21212,
278,
5050,
329,
8887,
13,
1675,
7330,
884,
257,
19217,
9565,
11,
1755,
24924,
3383,
474,
292,
3810,
12734,
389,
6497,
1141,
262,
1110,
290,
8104,
625,
16577,
8887,
5667,
13,
1081,
262,
12734,
1280,
13417,
290,
2650,
511,
48440,
36860,
11,
262,
8887,
8752,
42909,
262,
6029,
21212,
13,
383,
1306,
1110,
11,
262,
12734,
290,
8887,
389,
11266,
290,
262,
8887,
318,
3142,
284,
1334,
290,
5894,
329,
1811,
1528,
13,
770,
1429,
318,
5100,
6609,
422,
513,
12,
20,
1661,
6906,
319,
262,
3081,
286,
474,
292,
3810,
21212,
278,
357,
1169,
2392,
262,
21212,
278,
262,
2440,
262,
3081,
737,
383,
2187,
1429,
460,
1011,
510,
284,
530,
1227,
0,
198,
1212,
1429,
318,
1690,
545,
13939,
351,
23035,
8139,
290,
366,
11802,
1,
393,
11666,
10525,
3255,
11,
475,
2482,
287,
22029,
290,
7786,
19731,
292,
290,
18221,
13,
17489,
1103,
474,
292,
3810,
35107,
3150,
290,
21212,
278,
5050,
329,
262,
1266,
1998,
13,
198,
46,
349,
506,
573,
292,
389,
925,
422,
1588,
11,
3154,
8887,
5667,
326,
389,
6497,
1568,
287,
262,
1622,
621,
4077,
8887,
13,
440,
349,
28079,
460,
307,
925,
422,
262,
3600,
286,
262,
8887,
4618,
351,
510,
284,
1115,
1588,
5667,
991,
7223,
284,
262,
665,
328,
11,
393,
422,
257,
2060,
1588,
12835,
13,
2773,
267,
349,
28079,
389,
4077,
287,
3124,
290,
17707,
11686,
656,
1310,
43677,
11,
981,
1854,
389,
7586,
11,
3606,
9124,
11,
393,
28845,
24650,
13,
1867,
31555,
267,
349,
28079,
422,
584,
6097,
286,
8887,
318,
326,
267,
349,
28079,
389,
691,
12387,
18762,
1143,
13,
198,
7841,
13174,
284,
262,
3918,
286,
267,
349,
506,
852,
4635,
11,
257,
3716,
2446,
286,
45468,
262,
8887,
5667,
318,
973,
284,
2270,
866,
2685,
7714,
290,
2221,
262,
37767,
286,
262,
12835,
13,
7754,
4894,
318,
788,
973,
284,
17369,
262,
1429,
11,
5086,
329,
262,
991,
458,
3379,
2666,
284,
307,
11686,
11,
41108,
11,
3606,
9124,
11,
19074,
11,
290,
6294,
656,
511,
2457,
1296,
13,
198,
40341,
2974,
286,
37767,
290,
9645,
389,
973,
284,
2222,
503,
3716,
17361,
290,
19731,
292,
326,
389,
24139,
564,
250,
970,
506,
13,
447,
251,
8975,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
564,
250,
660,
64,
329,
369,
3919,
20782,
1834,
11,
447,
251,
267,
349,
28079,
8588,
19731,
23372,
326,
2837,
422,
7310,
2280,
38838,
11,
284,
24960,
286,
7815,
8234,
13,
33026,
669,
460,
307,
7209,
11,
6799,
652,
11,
1336,
12,
45190,
290,
5527,
26,
393,
19217,
11,
351,
4710,
286,
393,
28402,
11,
12498,
11,
290,
21036,
15921,
13,
198,
9915,
8887,
2482,
422,
262,
1336,
37767,
286,
262,
3600,
290,
717,
734,
5667,
286,
262,
8887,
4618,
13,
4525,
4077,
290,
2330,
573,
292,
11,
257,
1029,
3081,
2042,
8887,
318,
6497,
1903,
287,
262,
6076,
290,
4909,
257,
1029,
8064,
286,
3600,
12,
1462,
12,
33201,
13,
198,
18521,
584,
573,
292,
11,
5667,
23985,
329,
2042,
8887,
389,
4104,
6546,
306,
1141,
262,
266,
40861,
1429,
13,
1052,
7083,
266,
40861,
640,
357,
929,
284,
1248,
2250,
8,
10182,
20160,
503,
286,
262,
12835,
290,
6140,
262,
11315,
286,
19217,
564,
250,
14396,
1063,
447,
251,
1626,
262,
12835,
656,
3223,
11,
3716,
14756,
3255,
16439,
13,
383,
37767,
6140,
379,
428,
3800,
290,
4477,
656,
262,
10708,
1429,
13,
2293,
852,
23243,
416,
2546,
11,
262,
20868,
6083,
5667,
481,
307,
19074,
11,
25388,
11,
290,
11686,
3294,
1661,
11,
7163,
866,
2685,
7714,
290,
5086,
29120,
284,
5022,
13,
2041,
37767,
23204,
389,
973,
284,
3745,
1633,
832,
7888,
11685,
286,
11686,
5667,
284,
2068,
268,
262,
1429,
13,
4874,
262,
8887,
4958,
15947,
37767,
318,
1844,
290,
262,
17361,
290,
19731,
292,
6105,
4166,
11,
262,
5667,
481,
307,
16577,
11,
32162,
11,
290,
25555,
329,
5466,
198,
38,
2053,
290,
4635,
12470,
477,
625,
262,
995,
11,
2042,
8887,
318,
44545,
290,
2702,
416,
663,
2546,
286,
12835,
290,
966,
286,
8159,
13,
3334,
3081,
2042,
573,
292,
389,
286,
2187,
12835,
351,
257,
1029,
8064,
286,
12835,
36402,
357,
41315,
8,
284,
12835,
13,
17637,
588,
564,
250,
7414,
789,
88,
11942,
350,
988,
2577,
447,
251,
357,
37,
3185,
8,
389,
973,
284,
6901,
257,
1336,
12835,
8887,
351,
9040,
13,
28531,
588,
25,
2195,
321,
11,
7491,
18015,
10809,
11,
20757,
12647,
11,
290,
20101,
15158,
3522,
284,
262,
3814,
810,
262,
8887,
373,
7334,
198,
31426,
3081,
2042,
573,
292,
389,
5597,
422,
277,
1236,
654,
290,
8977,
357,
1662,
1336,
12835,
8,
481,
6938,
12922,
290,
11859,
13,
6462,
12835,
2042,
573,
292,
481,
423,
19731,
292,
326,
389,
3424,
11,
6701,
774,
11,
290,
6016,
11,
351,
17361,
326,
389,
35984,
11,
1336,
11,
763,
381,
1924,
290,
2705,
13,
198,
47,
84,
9129,
263,
71,
357,
79,
20317,
12,
128,
243,
81,
8,
318,
281,
6156,
11516,
8887,
6497,
422,
5323,
614,
1468,
10469,
4295,
8887,
7150,
287,
262,
45308,
12269,
286,
2807,
338,
20757,
12647,
8473,
13,
11634,
9129,
263,
71,
447,
247,
82,
2106,
2540,
625,
4751,
812,
2084,
618,
8887,
373,
18665,
1863,
1936,
15777,
18455,
40065,
447,
247,
13,
383,
717,
290,
749,
14113,
2975,
2540,
287,
262,
7404,
286,
11634,
5256,
71,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
20487,
511,
3440,
11,
21779,
25388,
262,
8887,
11,
290,
284,
511,
5975,
11,
262,
8887,
29187,
1365,
379,
262,
7002,
447,
247,
82,
886,
290,
26403,
3224,
1535,
4034,
13,
632,
318,
531,
262,
4586,
10851,
447,
247,
82,
2802,
11,
1900,
355,
262,
23762,
2764,
36368,
11,
373,
30703,
286,
607,
308,
448,
416,
7722,
11634,
9129,
263,
71,
198,
47,
84,
9129,
263,
71,
318,
13686,
10338,
621,
4569,
2330,
11,
4077,
11,
267,
349,
506,
11,
290,
2042,
573,
292,
13,
11634,
9129,
263,
71,
17777,
274,
257,
3748,
38797,
278,
1429,
25,
1752,
6497,
11,
262,
5667,
389,
33654,
11,
21151,
2945,
11,
290,
2900,
11,
625,
257,
3126,
12,
820,
2278,
13,
383,
8887,
318,
788,
16577,
290,
3492,
284,
307,
25388,
656,
28902,
329,
3224,
14736,
11,
393,
1364,
355,
9155,
8887,
11,
543,
399,
12994,
3544,
287,
663,
8887,
11668,
13,
383,
7186,
6938,
318,
5527,
290,
7209,
351,
20269,
286,
26868,
532,
257,
1049,
5559,
284,
6891,
13,
399,
12994,
318,
717,
284,
2222,
345,
428,
12253,
5448,
8887,
287,
8887,
11668,
11,
9722,
25388,
8887,
28902,
290,
34123,
220,
3711,
573,
292,
13,
198,
18081,
1222,
28476,
414,
198,
464,
11135,
286,
777,
15345,
7150,
6431,
517,
21622,
422,
262,
4534,
7186,
287,
15321,
2974,
286,
49148,
26,
517,
621,
749,
4077,
573,
292,
13,
383,
3748,
35115,
1429,
788,
6529,
319,
262,
20901,
326,
1541,
2152,
287,
262,
8887,
5667,
13,
11634,
9129,
263,
71,
468,
587,
23236,
287,
3999,
3968,
284,
6133,
44639,
290,
20211,
11,
5529,
5448,
18759,
2974,
11,
1037,
351,
3463,
4542,
290,
8752,
5750,
2568,
357,
19419,
262,
474,
45512,
737,
9,
4784,
284,
4795,
6375,
2246,
5254,
11,
399,
12994,
447,
247,
82,
34123,
11634,
263,
71,
220,
3711,
573,
292,
3994,
513,
87,
517,
49148,
621,
3756,
4508,
2042,
290,
4077,
220,
3711,
573,
292,
13,
198,
9,
24035,
351,
257,
5448,
5496,
290,
5517,
13,
198,
3260,
8887,
5667,
389,
6497,
290,
991,
13394,
11,
484,
389,
384,
675,
351,
15985,
4704,
1978,
351,
12734,
656,
2972,
15268,
290,
36344,
357,
660,
64,
5667,
743,
635,
307,
629,
4714,
351,
474,
292,
3810,
35107,
3150,
878,
35356,
329,
257,
517,
38838,
9565,
737,
2773,
15268,
1011,
530,
5664,
284,
34249,
11,
981,
584,
517,
15962,
9824,
7268,
300,
3922,
11,
442,
19753,
415,
4411,
388,
11,
393,
28686,
805,
26239,
12734,
743,
1011,
510,
284,
14104,
2431,
13,
383,
384,
675,
5667,
290,
12734,
389,
14292,
656,
36344,
393,
686,
2617,
4879,
290,
788,
17777,
262,
6678,
29621,
290,
9645,
1429,
13,
1119,
2421,
24372,
1660,
287,
1502,
329,
262,
5667,
284,
4292,
290,
3684,
6371,
13,
198,
49770,
318,
257,
2984,
77,
12057,
329,
1997,
14559,
276,
287,
3024,
1660,
13,
1665,
292,
1282,
422,
262,
8887,
4618,
13,
564,
250,
6767,
292,
272,
447,
251,
318,
674,
3381,
11,
422,
262,
4141,
256,
271,
7305,
11,
329,
40163,
35867,
24173,
26,
543,
11,
14084,
5486,
11,
389,
407,
422,
262,
1625,
297,
544,
7813,
37834,
4618,
13,
198,
9360,
6893,
573,
292,
504,
389,
16577,
5899,
25411,
11,
15921,
11,
27952,
290,
12734,
11,
290,
389,
8752,
22511,
1479,
357,
4480,
257,
1178,
13269,
588,
575,
263,
7012,
24787,
737,
402,
2053,
477,
625,
262,
995,
11,
573,
292,
504,
423,
587,
14559,
276,
287,
3024,
1660,
1201,
262,
3726,
286,
640,
329,
257,
5814,
40836,
24968,
393,
281,
287,
36274,
803,
5750,
284,
262,
1110,
13,
198,
447,
250,
49770,
42909,
7415,
447,
247,
82,
6193,
447,
251,
290,
523,
4730,
287,
1997,
1088,
340,
13,
632,
318,
7151,
284,
3650,
9155,
12835,
8887,
287,
281,
1633,
12,
33464,
9290,
326,
318,
4624,
287,
257,
5894,
3608,
1989,
1497,
422,
1657,
290,
1913,
629,
4714,
3709,
884,
355,
6891,
393,
27952,
13,
520,
1850,
287,
428,
6977,
11,
8887,
481,
3520,
4713,
329,
6702,
718,
532,
860,
1933,
13,
775,
2897,
1402,
290,
1588,
6143,
16472,
13,
198,
49770,
318,
530,
286,
262,
1178,
24173,
8752,
7268,
22511,
290,
468,
587,
8359,
329,
38710,
355,
281,
551,
75,
1469,
276,
5750,
351,
5670,
16287,
13,
12101,
6891,
543,
318,
19233,
2952,
290,
460,
2728,
22029,
474,
45512,
290,
281,
6672,
7014,
11,
262,
22511,
287,
8887,
3769,
257,
10296,
290,
12605,
2568,
12974,
416,
262,
44907,
1245,
286,
262,
272,
500,
11,
1194,
13061,
1043,
8752,
287,
8887,
5667,
13,
770,
3748,
6087,
1838,
8887,
262,
2818,
24968,
284,
2883,
3690,
262,
1110,
13,
198,
32,
718,
284,
807,
25799,
6508,
286,
8887,
4143,
4909,
1022,
1315,
290,
4317,
3939,
328,
9474,
286,
22511,
13,
11436,
11,
807,
24405,
286,
40163,
6891,
468,
257,
2837,
286,
6957,
12,
2167,
1465,
328,
9474,
11,
523,
345,
460,
307,
1654,
326,
534,
6508,
286,
8887,
481,
1464,
307,
2793,
287,
22511,
13,
198,
1135,
447,
247,
260,
1965,
477,
262,
640,
703,
867,
3939,
328,
9474,
286,
22511,
389,
287,
257,
1948,
8887,
11,
290,
262,
5508,
3280,
318,
25,
356,
836,
447,
247,
83,
760,
329,
1654,
0,
383,
2858,
1123,
614,
11,
4067,
286,
262,
24484,
11,
7587,
3918,
290,
2446,
286,
2876,
7213,
477,
468,
281,
1245,
319,
262,
2033,
287,
534,
6508,
11,
523,
356,
460,
691,
2148,
257,
2837,
13,
198,
1135,
779,
262,
2793,
11,
7090,
11,
1029,
290,
2440,
22511,
27393,
319,
674,
5301,
1912,
319,
1613,
5254,
290,
262,
9823,
286,
8887,
284,
9391,
287,
1123,
13516,
13,
3954,
875,
21223,
3898,
573,
292,
423,
7388,
13,
24,
4,
286,
262,
22511,
4615,
351,
257,
13205,
1429,
1900,
355,
914,
712,
3798,
594,
326,
5667,
645,
12,
411,
312,
518,
290,
43759,
262,
49148,
13,
198,
9360,
6893,
573,
292,
504,
389,
10944,
422,
257,
4996,
286,
6134,
290,
25411,
326,
8752,
466,
407,
3994,
22511,
290,
389,
4145,
22511,
12,
5787,
13,
1881,
6631,
318,
262,
5366,
1605,
24968,
575,
263,
7012,
24787,
543,
4909,
257,
22511,
2695,
13975,
284,
6891,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,193 |
|NIH Guidance on Informed Consent
For Gene Transfer Research
NIH GUIDELINES: "How will the major points covered in Appendix M-II, Description of Proposal, be disclosed to potential participants and/or their parents or guardians in a language that is understandable to them?"
Improving Comprehensibility of the Consent Form: Comprehensibility of the consent form is promoted by:
The text of the consent form can then provide detailed information about the particular study, and may repeat some of the summarized issues in the context of the particular study.
Sometimes, "research" and "treatment" terms are used interchangeably in consent forms. Consistent use of terms is preferred, however, to help minimize the potential for confusion. For example, one term should be used to describe the experimental gene transfer intervention, instead of calling it, at various places, study injection, delivery of a modified virus vector, or gene shot. One term should be used to refer to the investigator (instead of using, for example, both "researcher" and "study doctor"), and one term should refer to participants (instead of using, for example, both "patients" and "subjects" to refer to those enrolled in the study).
Furthermore, consent forms should be written in the second person rather than the first person. Telling potential subjects, "This is what will happen to you if you are in this study" conveys information more clearly than "I have been told that if I join this study, this will happen to me" - a construction that can be awkward and confusing.
In addition, the use of emphatic and directive language should be avoided. A common example is "You understand that....". This construction should never be used in consent forms because it conveys a presumption about what the participants comprehend and detracts from the consent form's proper educational focus on providing information and explanations to potential participants.
Various tools exist to gauge the comprehensibility of the consent form before it is used with potential participants. Such tools include:
Improving Comprehensibility of the Consent Process: In some studies that are especially complicated or risky, or that propose to enroll especially vulnerable participants, it may be desirable to develop a communication evaluation plan to ensure that study personnel have clearly and thoroughly explained key information and that potential participants understand key issues. Such evaluation can take many forms, including:
Communicating with Non-English Speakers: Federal regulations require that consent be provided in a language understood by the potential participant. For potential participants who do not understand English, it may be advisable for the consent form and any supplementary materials to be professionally translated and for the translation to be checked for scientific accuracy so that important nuances are properly conveyed. In addition, investigators, institutional review boards, institutional biosafety committees, and institutions should have appropriate plans in place for use of interpreters experienced with the translation of medical information in all verbal communication during the consent process and throughout the study. | [
91,
22125,
39,
37026,
590,
319,
554,
12214,
46869,
198,
1890,
13005,
20558,
4992,
198,
22125,
39,
19348,
2389,
3698,
1268,
1546,
25,
366,
2437,
481,
262,
1688,
2173,
5017,
287,
30378,
337,
12,
3978,
11,
12489,
286,
1041,
40007,
11,
307,
16404,
284,
2785,
6809,
290,
14,
273,
511,
3397,
393,
32769,
287,
257,
3303,
326,
318,
21977,
284,
606,
1701,
198,
23028,
1075,
3082,
7345,
2247,
286,
262,
46869,
5178,
25,
3082,
7345,
2247,
286,
262,
8281,
1296,
318,
13722,
416,
25,
198,
464,
2420,
286,
262,
8281,
1296,
460,
788,
2148,
6496,
1321,
546,
262,
1948,
2050,
11,
290,
743,
9585,
617,
286,
262,
31880,
2428,
287,
262,
4732,
286,
262,
1948,
2050,
13,
198,
15468,
11,
366,
34033,
1,
290,
366,
42487,
1,
2846,
389,
973,
26478,
1346,
287,
8281,
5107,
13,
3515,
7609,
779,
286,
2846,
318,
9871,
11,
2158,
11,
284,
1037,
17775,
262,
2785,
329,
10802,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
530,
3381,
815,
307,
973,
284,
6901,
262,
11992,
9779,
4351,
9572,
11,
2427,
286,
4585,
340,
11,
379,
2972,
4113,
11,
2050,
16954,
11,
7585,
286,
257,
9518,
9471,
15879,
11,
393,
9779,
2823,
13,
1881,
3381,
815,
307,
973,
284,
3522,
284,
262,
20725,
357,
38070,
286,
1262,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
1111,
366,
260,
325,
283,
2044,
1,
290,
366,
44517,
6253,
12340,
290,
530,
3381,
815,
3522,
284,
6809,
357,
38070,
286,
1262,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
1111,
366,
8071,
2334,
1,
290,
366,
32796,
82,
1,
284,
3522,
284,
883,
18724,
287,
262,
2050,
737,
198,
24951,
11,
8281,
5107,
815,
307,
3194,
287,
262,
1218,
1048,
2138,
621,
262,
717,
1048,
13,
309,
9417,
2785,
7481,
11,
366,
1212,
318,
644,
481,
1645,
284,
345,
611,
345,
389,
287,
428,
2050,
1,
24748,
893,
1321,
517,
4084,
621,
366,
40,
423,
587,
1297,
326,
611,
314,
4654,
428,
2050,
11,
428,
481,
1645,
284,
502,
1,
532,
257,
5103,
326,
460,
307,
13006,
290,
15337,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
262,
779,
286,
33595,
1512,
290,
22644,
3303,
815,
307,
13941,
13,
317,
2219,
1672,
318,
366,
1639,
1833,
326,
1106,
1911,
770,
5103,
815,
1239,
307,
973,
287,
8281,
5107,
780,
340,
24748,
893,
257,
35467,
546,
644,
262,
6809,
24772,
290,
31041,
82,
422,
262,
8281,
1296,
338,
1774,
9856,
2962,
319,
4955,
1321,
290,
18681,
284,
2785,
6809,
13,
198,
40009,
4899,
2152,
284,
18266,
262,
8569,
2247,
286,
262,
8281,
1296,
878,
340,
318,
973,
351,
2785,
6809,
13,
8013,
4899,
2291,
25,
198,
23028,
1075,
3082,
7345,
2247,
286,
262,
46869,
10854,
25,
554,
617,
3640,
326,
389,
2592,
8253,
393,
17564,
11,
393,
326,
18077,
284,
14627,
2592,
8826,
6809,
11,
340,
743,
307,
18763,
284,
1205,
257,
6946,
12660,
1410,
284,
4155,
326,
2050,
8213,
423,
4084,
290,
13770,
4893,
1994,
1321,
290,
326,
2785,
6809,
1833,
1994,
2428,
13,
8013,
12660,
460,
1011,
867,
5107,
11,
1390,
25,
198,
30813,
12364,
351,
8504,
12,
15823,
2531,
3979,
25,
5618,
6647,
2421,
326,
8281,
307,
2810,
287,
257,
3303,
7247,
416,
262,
2785,
18399,
13,
1114,
2785,
6809,
508,
466,
407,
1833,
3594,
11,
340,
743,
307,
46511,
329,
262,
8281,
1296,
290,
597,
43871,
5696,
284,
307,
28049,
14251,
290,
329,
262,
11059,
284,
307,
10667,
329,
5654,
9922,
523,
326,
1593,
42160,
389,
6105,
33348,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
10093,
11,
15855,
2423,
11490,
11,
15855,
37140,
27925,
17460,
11,
290,
6712,
815,
423,
5035,
3352,
287,
1295,
329,
779,
286,
16795,
1010,
5924,
351,
262,
11059,
286,
3315,
1321,
287,
477,
17755,
6946,
1141,
262,
8281,
1429,
290,
3690,
262,
2050,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 606 |
The good news just keeps rolling in for sharks – this time from Toronto and Taiwan.
Yesterday the Toronto City Council voted to ban the sale and use of shark fins in the city; the ban will take effect in September 2012.
Meanwhile, Taiwan has announced its intention to ban the practice of shark finning starting next year, a step forward in promoting the sustainable fishing and humane treatment of sharks. Shark finning is the practice of cutting the valuable fins off of sharks, and throwing the dead or dying body back in the ocean. Shark fins are used to make shark fin soup, a popular and expensive dish that is served primarily in China and Taiwan.
While the new regulation won’t stop the catching of sharks, it will mean that boats have to bring the whole shark in to port. This means that the species and size of the caught sharks can be monitored, and therefore can help assess the trends in populations.
While this is a step in the right direction, it is important to reduce the demand for shark fins as well. Up to 73 million sharks are killed each year for the global shark fin trade, and according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, about 20 percent of all sharks are threatened with extinction.
That’s why Oceana works to save sharks from overfishing. You can help by supporting our work to protect sharks!
- Disabled Killer Whale Survives with Help from Its Pod Posted Tue, May 21, 2013
- Oceana CEO Andy Sharpless Discusses His New Book, The Perfect Protein Posted Wed, May 22, 2013
- Happy World Turtle Day! Posted Thu, May 23, 2013
- Washington Passes Legislation to Fight Seafood Fraud Posted Fri, May 24, 2013 | [
464,
922,
1705,
655,
7622,
10708,
287,
329,
27476,
784,
428,
640,
422,
6586,
290,
14119,
13,
198,
28065,
262,
6586,
2254,
4281,
7052,
284,
3958,
262,
5466,
290,
779,
286,
21027,
42080,
287,
262,
1748,
26,
262,
3958,
481,
1011,
1245,
287,
2693,
2321,
13,
198,
10294,
11,
14119,
468,
3414,
663,
6778,
284,
3958,
262,
3357,
286,
21027,
957,
768,
3599,
1306,
614,
11,
257,
2239,
2651,
287,
11560,
262,
13347,
12478,
290,
31533,
3513,
286,
27476,
13,
28616,
957,
768,
318,
262,
3357,
286,
7720,
262,
8119,
42080,
572,
286,
27476,
11,
290,
9644,
262,
2636,
393,
9950,
1767,
736,
287,
262,
9151,
13,
28616,
42080,
389,
973,
284,
787,
21027,
957,
17141,
11,
257,
2968,
290,
5789,
9433,
326,
318,
4983,
7525,
287,
2807,
290,
14119,
13,
198,
3633,
262,
649,
9001,
1839,
447,
247,
83,
2245,
262,
16508,
286,
27476,
11,
340,
481,
1612,
326,
16659,
423,
284,
2222,
262,
2187,
21027,
287,
284,
2493,
13,
770,
1724,
326,
262,
4693,
290,
2546,
286,
262,
4978,
27476,
460,
307,
20738,
11,
290,
4361,
460,
1037,
4659,
262,
11257,
287,
9684,
13,
198,
3633,
428,
318,
257,
2239,
287,
262,
826,
4571,
11,
340,
318,
1593,
284,
4646,
262,
3512,
329,
21027,
42080,
355,
880,
13,
3205,
284,
8854,
1510,
27476,
389,
2923,
1123,
614,
329,
262,
3298,
21027,
957,
3292,
11,
290,
1864,
284,
262,
4037,
4479,
329,
23702,
286,
10362,
11,
546,
1160,
1411,
286,
477,
27476,
389,
8556,
351,
21935,
13,
198,
2504,
447,
247,
82,
1521,
440,
344,
2271,
2499,
284,
3613,
27476,
422,
625,
69,
3929,
13,
921,
460,
1037,
416,
6493,
674,
670,
284,
1805,
27476,
0,
198,
12,
43201,
19900,
44772,
10954,
1083,
351,
10478,
422,
6363,
17437,
12918,
30030,
11,
1737,
2310,
11,
2211,
198,
12,
440,
344,
2271,
6123,
12382,
15465,
14570,
36691,
274,
2399,
968,
4897,
11,
383,
16374,
31702,
12918,
3300,
11,
1737,
2534,
11,
2211,
198,
12,
14628,
2159,
33137,
3596,
0,
12918,
26223,
11,
1737,
2242,
11,
2211,
198,
12,
2669,
6251,
274,
30270,
284,
10480,
49967,
702,
39826,
12918,
19480,
11,
1737,
1987,
11,
2211,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 354 |
leafscale gulper shark
Today the European Commission proposed new catch limits for 2013 and 2014 that will allow fishermen to exploit some little-known but important deep-sea fishes against the advice of scientists. As this video of the European deep-sea prepared by our European office demonstrates, even though light doesn’t penetrate to the ocean bottom, it's still thriving with life. It's a strange world and the animals themselves often have fittingly strange names, like the Mediterranean slimehead, greater forkbeard, and conger, to name a few.
Some species, like the roundnose grenadier, blue ling and red seabream, need special protection. Executive Director of Oceana Europe, Xavier Pastor explains why:
“Due to their biological characteristics, like low reproduction, slow growth rate and late maturity, deep sea species are highly vulnerable to overexploitation. Their management must, now more than ever, follow the precautionary approach.”
European fishermen have increasingly turned to scouring the deep-sea for fish as more traditional stocks have fallen and pirate fishermen have been able to hammer stocks of threatened deep-sea sharks through the sale of shark liver oil in the EU.
Right now Oceana’s research vessel, the Oceana Ranger, is sailing off of the picturesque Algarve section of Portugal using an underwater robot, known as an ROV, to explore and document the scarcely seen world of seamounts, deep-sea coral reefs and seafloor habitat. It’s an effort that will help scientists develop conservation proposals and better protect this vital ecosystem--one that can be obliterated in an instant by bottom trawlers. Keep up with the Ranger expedition online and check out the latest pictures and video. | [
33201,
9888,
47161,
525,
21027,
198,
8888,
262,
3427,
4513,
5150,
649,
4929,
7095,
329,
2211,
290,
1946,
326,
481,
1249,
34955,
284,
14561,
617,
1310,
12,
4002,
475,
1593,
2769,
12,
8583,
49765,
1028,
262,
5608,
286,
5519,
13,
1081,
428,
2008,
286,
262,
3427,
2769,
12,
8583,
5597,
416,
674,
3427,
2607,
15687,
11,
772,
996,
1657,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
28302,
284,
262,
9151,
4220,
11,
340,
338,
991,
27723,
351,
1204,
13,
632,
338,
257,
6283,
995,
290,
262,
4695,
2405,
1690,
423,
15830,
306,
6283,
3891,
11,
588,
262,
19517,
34570,
2256,
11,
3744,
15563,
39433,
11,
290,
369,
1362,
11,
284,
1438,
257,
1178,
13,
198,
4366,
4693,
11,
588,
262,
2835,
77,
577,
17236,
38868,
11,
4171,
18459,
290,
2266,
384,
397,
1476,
11,
761,
2041,
4800,
13,
10390,
5890,
286,
440,
344,
2271,
2031,
11,
30825,
38256,
6688,
1521,
25,
198,
447,
250,
22229,
284,
511,
10685,
9695,
11,
588,
1877,
20728,
11,
3105,
3349,
2494,
290,
2739,
24841,
11,
2769,
5417,
4693,
389,
4047,
8826,
284,
43656,
87,
489,
78,
3780,
13,
5334,
4542,
1276,
11,
783,
517,
621,
1683,
11,
1061,
262,
32992,
560,
3164,
13,
447,
251,
198,
22030,
34955,
423,
6481,
2900,
284,
629,
21823,
262,
2769,
12,
8583,
329,
5916,
355,
517,
4569,
14420,
423,
9292,
290,
25868,
34955,
423,
587,
1498,
284,
15554,
14420,
286,
8556,
2769,
12,
8583,
27476,
832,
262,
5466,
286,
21027,
14383,
3056,
287,
262,
4576,
13,
198,
11028,
783,
440,
344,
2271,
447,
247,
82,
2267,
8837,
11,
262,
440,
344,
2271,
21888,
11,
318,
28499,
572,
286,
262,
5986,
4188,
978,
4563,
303,
2665,
286,
19101,
1262,
281,
21258,
9379,
11,
1900,
355,
281,
371,
8874,
11,
284,
7301,
290,
3188,
262,
32335,
1775,
995,
286,
15787,
608,
82,
11,
2769,
12,
8583,
29537,
43190,
290,
25127,
75,
2675,
20018,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
281,
3626,
326,
481,
1037,
5519,
1205,
14903,
11628,
290,
1365,
1805,
428,
9204,
13187,
438,
505,
326,
460,
307,
35722,
515,
287,
281,
9113,
416,
4220,
1291,
86,
8116,
13,
9175,
510,
351,
262,
21888,
22817,
2691,
290,
2198,
503,
262,
3452,
5986,
290,
2008,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 363 |
Seco de los Olivos: Overview
Located in front of the coast of Almeria (southeast Spain), the Chella Bank (Seco de los Olivos in Spanish) is a seamount whose top is found at a depth of 80 metres. It is a set of elevations that houses a very rich biodiversity, including deep-sea coral reefs, cetaceans, sharks and lots of fish. Oceana is responsible for documenting this area as a partner of the LIFE+ INDEMARES project of the European Union, with the objective of turning it into a protected marine area within the Natura 2000 Network.
In the frame of this project, Oceana has obtained never before seen images of the bank with an underwater robot (ROV). As well as these videos, which reach 600 metres depth, the on board diaries which are identified with the logo LIFE+ INDEMARES illustrate the main findings of the 2010, 2011 and 2012 expeditions and also explain the threats presented by aggressive fishing and rubbish.
Oceana first documented Chella Bank in 2006 and the following year found in these waters the first carnivorous sponge observed in Spain. All the details put together up to now demonstrate that this site in the Alboran sea is an ecologically important area within the Mediterranean and it is necessary to protect it. | [
6558,
78,
390,
22346,
40019,
418,
25,
28578,
198,
43525,
287,
2166,
286,
262,
7051,
286,
978,
647,
544,
357,
82,
14474,
8602,
828,
262,
2580,
8466,
5018,
357,
6558,
78,
390,
22346,
40019,
418,
287,
7897,
8,
318,
257,
15787,
608,
3025,
1353,
318,
1043,
379,
257,
6795,
286,
4019,
18985,
13,
632,
318,
257,
900,
286,
7662,
602,
326,
7777,
257,
845,
5527,
37589,
11,
1390,
2769,
12,
8583,
29537,
43190,
11,
269,
316,
558,
504,
11,
27476,
290,
6041,
286,
5916,
13,
440,
344,
2271,
318,
4497,
329,
33045,
428,
1989,
355,
257,
5212,
286,
262,
36821,
10,
24413,
3620,
1503,
1546,
1628,
286,
262,
3427,
4479,
11,
351,
262,
9432,
286,
6225,
340,
656,
257,
6861,
16050,
1989,
1626,
262,
399,
2541,
64,
4751,
7311,
13,
198,
818,
262,
5739,
286,
428,
1628,
11,
440,
344,
2271,
468,
6492,
1239,
878,
1775,
4263,
286,
262,
3331,
351,
281,
21258,
9379,
357,
49,
8874,
737,
1081,
880,
355,
777,
5861,
11,
543,
3151,
10053,
18985,
6795,
11,
262,
319,
3096,
2566,
3166,
543,
389,
5174,
351,
262,
11112,
36821,
10,
24413,
3620,
1503,
1546,
19418,
262,
1388,
6373,
286,
262,
3050,
11,
2813,
290,
2321,
13604,
1756,
290,
635,
4727,
262,
7432,
5545,
416,
8361,
12478,
290,
35022,
13,
198,
46,
344,
2271,
717,
12395,
2580,
8466,
5018,
287,
4793,
290,
262,
1708,
614,
1043,
287,
777,
10150,
262,
717,
41919,
9610,
40206,
6515,
287,
8602,
13,
1439,
262,
3307,
1234,
1978,
510,
284,
783,
10176,
326,
428,
2524,
287,
262,
978,
2865,
272,
5417,
318,
281,
9940,
13437,
1593,
1989,
1626,
262,
19517,
290,
340,
318,
3306,
284,
1805,
340,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 276 |
Beersheba - A Spring and an Oath
Be’er means a spring and Sheva means an oath, and the two combine to form the name of the city that is known as the capital of the Negev of modern Israel.
Ancient Beersheba is where the Patriarch Avraham discovered a spring and where he made a covenant with the Philistines which he sealed with an oath. The well built on this spring was eventually stuffed up by the Philistines until the Patriarch Yitzchak restored it to use. Like his father he also made a covenant with the Philistines and reinstituted the name given to it, which became the name of the city that grew around it. | [
3856,
364,
258,
7012,
532,
317,
8225,
290,
281,
37838,
198,
3856,
447,
247,
263,
1724,
257,
6076,
290,
1375,
6862,
1724,
281,
17865,
11,
290,
262,
734,
12082,
284,
1296,
262,
1438,
286,
262,
1748,
326,
318,
1900,
355,
262,
3139,
286,
262,
3169,
469,
85,
286,
3660,
2692,
13,
198,
44974,
1355,
364,
258,
7012,
318,
810,
262,
48665,
5184,
13220,
5071,
257,
6076,
290,
810,
339,
925,
257,
28173,
351,
262,
4543,
396,
1127,
543,
339,
15283,
351,
281,
17865,
13,
383,
880,
3170,
319,
428,
6076,
373,
4191,
22259,
510,
416,
262,
4543,
396,
1127,
1566,
262,
48665,
575,
4224,
354,
461,
15032,
340,
284,
779,
13,
4525,
465,
2988,
339,
635,
925,
257,
28173,
351,
262,
4543,
396,
1127,
290,
6865,
301,
270,
7241,
262,
1438,
1813,
284,
340,
11,
543,
2627,
262,
1438,
286,
262,
1748,
326,
6348,
1088,
340,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 148 |
PBS P.O.V - Standing Silent Nation (2007)
What does a family have to endure to create a future for itself? In April 2000, Alex White Plume and his Lakota family planted industrial hemp on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota after other crops had failed. They put their hopes for a sustainable economy in hemp's hardiness and a booming worldwide demand for its many products, from clothing to food. Although growing hemp, a relative of marijuana, was banned in the U.S., Alex believed that tribal sovereignty, along with hemp's non-psychoactive properties, would protect him. But when federal agents raided the White Plumes' fields, the Lakota Nation was swept into a Byzantine struggle over tribal sovereignty, economic rights and common sense. A co-presentation of Native American Public Telecommunications.
Jul 16, 2011, 12:35:18
Number of files | [
47,
4462,
350,
13,
46,
13,
53,
532,
22493,
25083,
8741,
357,
12726,
8,
198,
2061,
857,
257,
1641,
423,
284,
21178,
284,
2251,
257,
2003,
329,
2346,
30,
554,
3035,
4751,
11,
4422,
2635,
1345,
2454,
290,
465,
30392,
4265,
1641,
18969,
7593,
28246,
319,
262,
23076,
20614,
1874,
13208,
287,
2520,
13336,
706,
584,
14450,
550,
4054,
13,
1119,
1234,
511,
7176,
329,
257,
13347,
3773,
287,
28246,
338,
1327,
1272,
290,
257,
32017,
8688,
3512,
329,
663,
867,
3186,
11,
422,
9528,
284,
2057,
13,
4900,
3957,
28246,
11,
257,
3585,
286,
5727,
11,
373,
9301,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
4422,
4762,
326,
17054,
18582,
11,
1863,
351,
28246,
338,
1729,
12,
13764,
6679,
5275,
6608,
11,
561,
1805,
683,
13,
887,
618,
2717,
6554,
31158,
262,
2635,
1345,
8139,
6,
7032,
11,
262,
30392,
4265,
8741,
373,
17676,
656,
257,
45772,
6531,
625,
17054,
18582,
11,
3034,
2489,
290,
2219,
2565,
13,
317,
763,
12,
25579,
341,
286,
12547,
1605,
5094,
48667,
13,
198,
16980,
1467,
11,
2813,
11,
1105,
25,
2327,
25,
1507,
198,
15057,
286,
3696,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 185 |
This article is about monastic cells (living quarters).
The term cell applies to such a living space in a building, usually within a cenobitic monastery, which consists of rooms for each monk or nun, as well as a hermit's primitive solitary living space (possibly a cave, hut in the desert, deep forest, etc.) isolated from monasteries. In a cenobitic setting the building of "cells” also contains communal rooms for eating.
In 2005, the oldest physical example of living quarters for Christian monks was found by renovators who were repairing paintings in a fifteenth-century church at the site of the ancient Monastery of St. Anthony in Egypt, near the Red Sea. The monastery was founded in the mid-fourth century and is located about 100 miles southwest of Cairo, Egypt. These cells date from the fourth and fifth centuries. This archeological find is the first physical evidence that monks lived on the monastery site before the sixth century. | [
1212,
2708,
318,
546,
937,
3477,
4778,
357,
19950,
13620,
737,
198,
464,
3381,
2685,
8991,
284,
884,
257,
2877,
2272,
287,
257,
2615,
11,
3221,
1626,
257,
269,
268,
672,
16233,
38139,
11,
543,
10874,
286,
9519,
329,
1123,
27266,
393,
48157,
11,
355,
880,
355,
257,
607,
2781,
338,
20049,
25565,
2877,
2272,
357,
39363,
257,
11527,
11,
40812,
287,
262,
10326,
11,
2769,
8222,
11,
3503,
2014,
11557,
422,
937,
1603,
444,
13,
554,
257,
269,
268,
672,
16233,
4634,
262,
2615,
286,
366,
46342,
447,
251,
635,
4909,
26757,
9519,
329,
6600,
13,
198,
818,
5075,
11,
262,
13325,
3518,
1672,
286,
2877,
13620,
329,
4302,
27646,
373,
1043,
416,
24317,
2024,
508,
547,
39005,
21641,
287,
257,
5515,
20283,
12,
14792,
4928,
379,
262,
2524,
286,
262,
6156,
2892,
29310,
286,
520,
13,
9953,
287,
6365,
11,
1474,
262,
2297,
6896,
13,
383,
38139,
373,
9393,
287,
262,
3095,
12,
49393,
4289,
290,
318,
5140,
546,
1802,
4608,
26283,
286,
23732,
11,
6365,
13,
2312,
4778,
3128,
422,
262,
5544,
290,
8150,
10675,
13,
770,
20944,
2770,
1064,
318,
262,
717,
3518,
2370,
326,
27646,
5615,
319,
262,
38139,
2524,
878,
262,
11695,
4289,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 201 |
Theophany (from Greek theophania, meaning "appearance of God") is one of the Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church, celebrated on January 6. It is the feast which reveals the Most Holy Trinity to the world through the Baptism of the Lord (Mt.3:13-17; Mark 1:9-11; Luke 3:21-22).
Baptism of Christ
This observance commemorates Christ's baptism by John the Forerunner in the River Jordan, and the beginning of Christ's earthly ministry. The Feast of Theophany is the culmination of the Christmas Season, which starts on December 25 and ends on January 6. In mystic commemoration of this event, the Great Blessing of Water is performed on this day, and the holy water so blessed is used by the local priest to bless the homes of the faithful.
The feast is called Theophany because at the baptism of Christ the Holy Trinity appeared clearly to mankind for the first time -- the Father's voice is heard from Heaven, the Son of God is incarnate and standing physically in the Jordan, and the Holy Spirit descends on Him in the form of a dove.
This feast is also sometimes referred to as Epiphany by English-speaking Orthodox Christians, but that name more properly refers to the Western Christian feast falling on that same day and commemorating the visit of the Magi to the child Jesus. The term "Epiphany" does appear in the services for this feast, however.
Originally, there was just one Christian feast of the shining forth of God to the world in the human form of Jesus of Nazareth. It included the celebration of Christ's birth, the adoration of the Wisemen, and all of the childhood events of Christ such as his circumcision and presentation to the temple as well as his baptism by John in the Jordan. There seems to be little doubt that this feast, like Easter and Pentecost, was understood as the fulfillment of a previous Jewish festival, in this case the Feast of Lights.
Celebration of the feast
The services of Theophany are set up exactly as those of the Nativity. Historically the Christmas services were established later.
- For as many as been baptized into Christ,
- have put on Christ
The gospel readings of all the services tell of the Lord's baptism by John in the Jordan River. The epistle reading of the Divine Liturgy tells of the consequences of the Lord's appearing which is the divine epiphany.
Since the main feature of the feast is the blessing of water. It is prescribed to follow both the Divine Liturgy of the eve of the feast and the Divine Liturgy of the day itself. But most local parishes do it only once when most of the parishioners can be present. The blessing verifies that mankind, and all of creation, were created to be filled with the sanctifying presence of God.
- When You, O Lord were baptized in the Jordan
- The worship of the Trinity was made manifest
- For the voice of the Father bore witness to You
- And called You His beloved Son.
- And the Spirit, in the form of a dove,
- Confirmed the truthfulness of His word.
- O Christ, our God, You have revealed Yourself
- And have enlightened the world, glory to You!
Kontakion (Tone 4)
- Today You have shown forth to the world, O Lord,
- and the light of Your countenance has been marked on us.
- Knowing You, we sing Your praises.
- You have come and revealed Yourself,
- O unapproachable Light.
Troparion (Tone 4)
- Today the Lord enters the Jordan and cries out to John:
- "Do not be afraid to baptize me.
- For I have come to save Adam, the first-formed man."
Kontakion (Tone 4)
- Prepare, O Zebulon,
- And adorn yourself, O Naphtali;
- River Jordan, cease flowing
- And receive with joy the Master coming to be baptized.
- Adam, rejoice with our First Mother
- And do not hide yourself as you did of old in Paradise;
- For having seen you naked,
- He has appeared to clothe you with the first garment.
- Christ has appeared to renew all creation.
Eve and Afterfeast hymn
Troparion (Tone 4)
- Of old, the river Jordan
- Turned back before Elisha's mantle at Elijah's ascension.
- The waters were parted in two
- And the waterway became a dry path.
- This is truly a symbol of baptism
- By which we pass through this mortal life.
- Christ has appeared in the Jordan to sanctify the waters!
- Discourse On the Day of the Baptism of Christ Saint John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople
- Epiphany The Orthodox Faith by Fr. Thomas Hopko
- Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ - OCA website
- The Baptism of Christ - Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan - 47 min Documentary
- Icons of Theophany | [
464,
2522,
1092,
357,
6738,
8312,
262,
2522,
5411,
11,
3616,
366,
1324,
23435,
286,
1793,
4943,
318,
530,
286,
262,
3878,
5452,
5773,
286,
262,
17650,
4564,
11,
13943,
319,
3269,
718,
13,
632,
318,
262,
26951,
543,
10069,
262,
4042,
7439,
22844,
284,
262,
995,
832,
262,
18226,
1042,
286,
262,
4453,
357,
44,
83,
13,
18,
25,
1485,
12,
1558,
26,
2940,
352,
25,
24,
12,
1157,
26,
11336,
513,
25,
2481,
12,
1828,
737,
198,
33,
2373,
1042,
286,
1951,
198,
1212,
3799,
590,
28723,
689,
1951,
338,
33422,
416,
1757,
262,
4558,
16737,
287,
262,
5866,
8078,
11,
290,
262,
3726,
286,
1951,
338,
39892,
11957,
13,
383,
42936,
286,
383,
2522,
1092,
318,
262,
41089,
286,
262,
6786,
7369,
11,
543,
4940,
319,
3426,
1679,
290,
5645,
319,
3269,
718,
13,
554,
37311,
19512,
6944,
286,
428,
1785,
11,
262,
3878,
49964,
286,
5638,
318,
6157,
319,
428,
1110,
11,
290,
262,
11386,
1660,
523,
18259,
318,
973,
416,
262,
1957,
11503,
284,
12012,
262,
5682,
286,
262,
17074,
13,
198,
464,
26951,
318,
1444,
383,
2522,
1092,
780,
379,
262,
33422,
286,
1951,
262,
7439,
22844,
4120,
4084,
284,
18019,
329,
262,
717,
640,
1377,
262,
9190,
338,
3809,
318,
2982,
422,
11225,
11,
262,
6295,
286,
1793,
318,
22201,
378,
290,
5055,
10170,
287,
262,
8078,
11,
290,
262,
7439,
7710,
1715,
2412,
319,
10978,
287,
262,
1296,
286,
257,
38862,
13,
198,
1212,
26951,
318,
635,
3360,
6412,
284,
355,
4551,
49915,
416,
3594,
12,
25159,
17650,
9316,
11,
475,
326,
1438,
517,
6105,
10229,
284,
262,
4885,
4302,
26951,
7463,
319,
326,
976,
1110,
290,
28723,
803,
262,
3187,
286,
262,
2944,
72,
284,
262,
1200,
5803,
13,
383,
3381,
366,
13807,
49915,
1,
857,
1656,
287,
262,
2594,
329,
428,
26951,
11,
2158,
13,
198,
22731,
11,
612,
373,
655,
530,
4302,
26951,
286,
262,
22751,
6071,
286,
1793,
284,
262,
995,
287,
262,
1692,
1296,
286,
5803,
286,
12819,
26659,
13,
632,
3017,
262,
14395,
286,
1951,
338,
4082,
11,
262,
512,
6944,
286,
262,
24884,
8952,
11,
290,
477,
286,
262,
9963,
2995,
286,
1951,
884,
355,
465,
25513,
290,
10470,
284,
262,
12505,
355,
880,
355,
465,
33422,
416,
1757,
287,
262,
8078,
13,
1318,
2331,
284,
307,
1310,
4719,
326,
428,
26951,
11,
588,
20111,
290,
9696,
721,
455,
11,
373,
7247,
355,
262,
32402,
286,
257,
2180,
5582,
10876,
11,
287,
428,
1339,
262,
42936,
286,
22661,
13,
198,
42741,
65,
1358,
286,
262,
26951,
198,
464,
2594,
286,
383,
2522,
1092,
389,
900,
510,
3446,
355,
883,
286,
262,
14393,
3458,
13,
48153,
262,
6786,
2594,
547,
4920,
1568,
13,
198,
12,
1114,
355,
867,
355,
587,
40357,
656,
1951,
11,
198,
12,
423,
1234,
319,
1951,
198,
464,
21443,
24654,
286,
477,
262,
2594,
1560,
286,
262,
4453,
338,
33422,
416,
1757,
287,
262,
8078,
5866,
13,
383,
2462,
12535,
3555,
286,
262,
13009,
25659,
38140,
4952,
286,
262,
6948,
286,
262,
4453,
338,
12655,
543,
318,
262,
11871,
2462,
49915,
13,
198,
6385,
262,
1388,
3895,
286,
262,
26951,
318,
262,
20027,
286,
1660,
13,
632,
318,
14798,
284,
1061,
1111,
262,
13009,
25659,
38140,
286,
262,
28001,
286,
262,
26951,
290,
262,
13009,
25659,
38140,
286,
262,
1110,
2346,
13,
887,
749,
1957,
1582,
5614,
466,
340,
691,
1752,
618,
749,
286,
262,
28830,
295,
364,
460,
307,
1944,
13,
383,
20027,
3326,
6945,
326,
18019,
11,
290,
477,
286,
6282,
11,
547,
2727,
284,
307,
5901,
351,
262,
25417,
4035,
4931,
286,
1793,
13,
198,
12,
1649,
921,
11,
440,
4453,
547,
40357,
287,
262,
8078,
198,
12,
383,
11892,
286,
262,
22844,
373,
925,
10561,
198,
12,
1114,
262,
3809,
286,
262,
9190,
18631,
4973,
284,
921,
198,
12,
843,
1444,
921,
2399,
14142,
6295,
13,
198,
12,
843,
262,
7710,
11,
287,
262,
1296,
286,
257,
38862,
11,
198,
12,
7326,
15491,
262,
3872,
15538,
286,
2399,
1573,
13,
198,
12,
440,
1951,
11,
674,
1793,
11,
921,
423,
4602,
42132,
198,
12,
843,
423,
34964,
262,
995,
11,
13476,
284,
921,
0,
198,
42,
756,
461,
295,
357,
51,
505,
604,
8,
198,
12,
6288,
921,
423,
3402,
6071,
284,
262,
995,
11,
440,
4453,
11,
198,
12,
290,
262,
1657,
286,
3406,
954,
36368,
468,
587,
7498,
319,
514,
13,
198,
12,
29154,
921,
11,
356,
1702,
3406,
40221,
13,
198,
12,
921,
423,
1282,
290,
4602,
42132,
11,
198,
12,
440,
555,
21064,
34446,
4401,
13,
198,
51,
1773,
283,
295,
357,
51,
505,
604,
8,
198,
12,
6288,
262,
4453,
14170,
262,
8078,
290,
24691,
503,
284,
1757,
25,
198,
12,
366,
5211,
407,
307,
7787,
284,
20452,
1096,
502,
13,
198,
12,
1114,
314,
423,
1282,
284,
3613,
7244,
11,
262,
717,
12,
12214,
582,
526,
198,
42,
756,
461,
295,
357,
51,
505,
604,
8,
198,
12,
43426,
11,
440,
1168,
1765,
377,
261,
11,
198,
12,
843,
512,
1211,
3511,
11,
440,
14332,
4352,
7344,
26,
198,
12,
5866,
8078,
11,
13468,
17609,
198,
12,
843,
3328,
351,
8716,
262,
5599,
2406,
284,
307,
40357,
13,
198,
12,
7244,
11,
46201,
351,
674,
3274,
10584,
198,
12,
843,
466,
407,
7808,
3511,
355,
345,
750,
286,
1468,
287,
20494,
26,
198,
12,
1114,
1719,
1775,
345,
12105,
11,
198,
12,
679,
468,
4120,
284,
5148,
258,
345,
351,
262,
717,
30594,
13,
198,
12,
1951,
468,
4120,
284,
6931,
477,
6282,
13,
198,
36,
303,
290,
2293,
5036,
459,
2537,
10295,
198,
51,
1773,
283,
295,
357,
51,
505,
604,
8,
198,
12,
3226,
1468,
11,
262,
7850,
8078,
198,
12,
6756,
276,
736,
878,
412,
1836,
64,
338,
32107,
379,
38646,
338,
10570,
3004,
13,
198,
12,
383,
10150,
547,
37813,
287,
734,
198,
12,
843,
262,
1660,
1014,
2627,
257,
5894,
3108,
13,
198,
12,
770,
318,
4988,
257,
6194,
286,
33422,
198,
12,
2750,
543,
356,
1208,
832,
428,
22122,
1204,
13,
198,
12,
1951,
468,
4120,
287,
262,
8078,
284,
25417,
1958,
262,
10150,
0,
198,
12,
8444,
9047,
1550,
262,
3596,
286,
262,
18226,
1042,
286,
1951,
9281,
1757,
27856,
455,
296,
11,
36746,
286,
46369,
198,
12,
4551,
49915,
383,
17650,
16463,
416,
1305,
13,
5658,
9996,
7204,
198,
12,
42936,
286,
262,
383,
2522,
1092,
286,
674,
4453,
290,
32587,
5803,
1951,
532,
440,
8141,
3052,
198,
12,
383,
18226,
1042,
286,
1951,
532,
791,
9631,
278,
19223,
1092,
3675,
262,
8078,
532,
6298,
949,
16854,
560,
198,
12,
314,
5936,
286,
383,
2522,
1092,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,093 |
What is the CA 19-9 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) test? What does the CA 19-9 test measure?
The CA 19-9 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a simple blood test that measures the level of tumor-associated antigens found in the blood serum of a person who has pancreatic cancer. Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to make a specific immune response. CA 19-9 antigens are foreign substances released by pancreatic tumor cells.
The normal range of CA 19-9 in the blood of a healthy individual is 0-37 U/ml (Units per milliliter). CA 19-9 associated antigen levels are elevated in the blood of many patients with pancreatic cancer. It is important to note that not every patient with pancreatic cancer will have an elevated CA 19-9 level and some non-cancerous conditions can cause high CA 19-9 levels. For these reasons, the CA 19-9 test cannot be used as a diagnostic or screening test for pancreatic cancer.
When is the CA 19-9 test performed?
After the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is confirmed and if the individual’s CA 19-9 level was elevated before treatment, the CA 19-9 test is used periodically to judge the effectiveness of various treatments.
What do the values or numbers of a CA 19-9 test mean?
In general, if CA 19-9 values increase, then progression or growth of the tumor is indicated. If the values remain the same, then the disease is stable. Finally, if CA 19-9 values decrease, then a response to treatment is indicated. A decline in CA 19-9 levels after treatment for pancreatic cancer followed by a rise later may suggest tumor recurrence.
Why is the CA 19-9 test performed?
Changes in CA 19-9 levels help determine if the tumor is progressing, remaining stable or responding to treatment. This test helps doctors decide if treatment should be changed or if additional tests or scans are necessary.
How is the CA 19-9 test performed?
A blood sample is taken from the patient and then sent to a laboratory for testing to determine the level of CA 19-9 present in the blood. This blood sample is measured using a radioimmunoassay, or RIA, test. Radioimmunoassay is a laboratory technique that can identify specific substances in the blood.
How often is the CA 19-9 test performed?
The doctor will determine how frequently the CA 19-9 tests should be performed. If the tumor seems to be growing despite treatment efforts, the CA 19-9 test may be repeated weekly or after each round of treatment is completed. In a patient who is not currently receiving treatment, the CA 19-9 test may be used periodically over time to determine if that patient should resume treatment or undergo additional testing. People who had their tumors surgically removed might have periodic CA 19-9 tests as part of their follow-up care.
Can conditions other than pancreatic cancer cause an elevated CA 19-9?
Yes. While a high CA 19-9 is most commonly associated with pancreatic cancer, other cancers, such as colorectal, lung, and gall bladder cancers, can also cause elevated levels. High CA 19-9 levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions such as gall stones, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and liver disease.
During radiation therapy, CA 19-9 levels might be elevated due to the dying cancer cells releasing CA 19-9. Since the results of a CA 19-9 test are not accurate, the test is not performed while the patient receives radiation treatment.
The information and services provided by the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. are for informational purposes only. The information and services are not intended to be substitutes for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you are ill, or suspect that you are ill, see a doctor immediately! The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network does not recommend nor endorse any specific physicians, products or treatments even though they may be mentioned on this site. In addition, please note that any personal information you provide to the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network's associates during telephone and/or email consultations may be stored in a secure database to assist the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. in providing you with the best service possible. Portions of the constituent data stored in this database may be used to inform future programs and services of the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc., and may be provided in aggregate form to third parties to guide future pancreatic cancer research and treatment efforts. The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. will not provide personal identifying information (such as your name or contact information) to third parties without your advanced written consent. 080923 | [
2061,
318,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
8829,
320,
6199,
78,
562,
323,
357,
49,
3539,
8,
1332,
30,
1867,
857,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
3953,
30,
198,
464,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
8829,
320,
6199,
78,
562,
323,
357,
49,
3539,
8,
318,
257,
2829,
2910,
1332,
326,
5260,
262,
1241,
286,
22359,
12,
32852,
1885,
328,
641,
1043,
287,
262,
2910,
20502,
286,
257,
1048,
508,
468,
47767,
291,
4890,
13,
3738,
328,
641,
389,
15938,
326,
2728,
262,
10900,
1080,
284,
787,
257,
2176,
10900,
2882,
13,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1885,
328,
641,
389,
3215,
15938,
2716,
416,
47767,
291,
22359,
4778,
13,
198,
464,
3487,
2837,
286,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
287,
262,
2910,
286,
257,
5448,
1981,
318,
657,
12,
2718,
471,
14,
4029,
357,
3118,
896,
583,
3939,
346,
2676,
737,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
3917,
50059,
2974,
389,
15321,
287,
262,
2910,
286,
867,
3871,
351,
47767,
291,
4890,
13,
632,
318,
1593,
284,
3465,
326,
407,
790,
5827,
351,
47767,
291,
4890,
481,
423,
281,
15321,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1241,
290,
617,
1729,
12,
48870,
516,
3403,
460,
2728,
1029,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
2974,
13,
1114,
777,
3840,
11,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
2314,
307,
973,
355,
257,
23584,
393,
14135,
1332,
329,
47767,
291,
4890,
13,
198,
2215,
318,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
6157,
30,
198,
3260,
262,
13669,
286,
47767,
291,
4890,
318,
4999,
290,
611,
262,
1981,
447,
247,
82,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1241,
373,
15321,
878,
3513,
11,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
318,
973,
26034,
284,
5052,
262,
13530,
286,
2972,
13820,
13,
198,
2061,
466,
262,
3815,
393,
3146,
286,
257,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
1612,
30,
198,
818,
2276,
11,
611,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
3815,
2620,
11,
788,
17085,
393,
3349,
286,
262,
22359,
318,
8203,
13,
1002,
262,
3815,
3520,
262,
976,
11,
788,
262,
4369,
318,
8245,
13,
9461,
11,
611,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
3815,
10070,
11,
788,
257,
2882,
284,
3513,
318,
8203,
13,
317,
7794,
287,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
2974,
706,
3513,
329,
47767,
291,
4890,
3940,
416,
257,
4485,
1568,
743,
1950,
22359,
664,
33928,
13,
198,
5195,
318,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
6157,
30,
198,
29238,
287,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
2974,
1037,
5004,
611,
262,
22359,
318,
37335,
11,
5637,
8245,
393,
14409,
284,
3513,
13,
770,
1332,
5419,
7519,
5409,
611,
3513,
815,
307,
3421,
393,
611,
3224,
5254,
393,
23824,
389,
3306,
13,
198,
2437,
318,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
6157,
30,
198,
32,
2910,
6291,
318,
2077,
422,
262,
5827,
290,
788,
1908,
284,
257,
14010,
329,
4856,
284,
5004,
262,
1241,
286,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1944,
287,
262,
2910,
13,
770,
2910,
6291,
318,
8630,
1262,
257,
5243,
320,
6199,
78,
562,
323,
11,
393,
371,
3539,
11,
1332,
13,
8829,
320,
6199,
78,
562,
323,
318,
257,
14010,
8173,
326,
460,
5911,
2176,
15938,
287,
262,
2910,
13,
198,
2437,
1690,
318,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
6157,
30,
198,
464,
6253,
481,
5004,
703,
6777,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
5254,
815,
307,
6157,
13,
1002,
262,
22359,
2331,
284,
307,
3957,
3805,
3513,
4040,
11,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
743,
307,
5100,
10273,
393,
706,
1123,
2835,
286,
3513,
318,
5668,
13,
554,
257,
5827,
508,
318,
407,
3058,
6464,
3513,
11,
262,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
743,
307,
973,
26034,
625,
640,
284,
5004,
611,
326,
5827,
815,
15294,
3513,
393,
17777,
3224,
4856,
13,
4380,
508,
550,
511,
31155,
19797,
1146,
4615,
1244,
423,
27458,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
5254,
355,
636,
286,
511,
1061,
12,
929,
1337,
13,
198,
6090,
3403,
584,
621,
47767,
291,
4890,
2728,
281,
15321,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
30,
198,
5297,
13,
2893,
257,
1029,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
318,
749,
8811,
3917,
351,
47767,
291,
4890,
11,
584,
25217,
11,
884,
355,
951,
382,
310,
282,
11,
12317,
11,
290,
7976,
34918,
25217,
11,
460,
635,
2728,
15321,
2974,
13,
3334,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
2974,
460,
635,
307,
4073,
416,
1729,
12,
48870,
516,
3403,
884,
355,
7976,
14966,
11,
47767,
11815,
11,
3075,
11268,
12900,
37172,
11,
290,
14383,
4369,
13,
198,
7191,
11881,
9102,
11,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
2974,
1244,
307,
15321,
2233,
284,
262,
9950,
4890,
4778,
13011,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
13,
4619,
262,
2482,
286,
257,
7257,
678,
12,
24,
1332,
389,
407,
7187,
11,
262,
1332,
318,
407,
6157,
981,
262,
5827,
11583,
11881,
3513,
13,
198,
464,
1321,
290,
2594,
2810,
416,
262,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
11,
3457,
13,
389,
329,
21524,
4959,
691,
13,
383,
1321,
290,
2594,
389,
407,
5292,
284,
307,
44234,
329,
4708,
3315,
5608,
11,
13669,
393,
3513,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
2801,
11,
393,
4099,
326,
345,
389,
2801,
11,
766,
257,
6253,
3393,
0,
383,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
857,
407,
4313,
4249,
11438,
597,
2176,
17206,
11,
3186,
393,
13820,
772,
996,
484,
743,
307,
4750,
319,
428,
2524,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
3387,
3465,
326,
597,
2614,
1321,
345,
2148,
284,
262,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
338,
20093,
1141,
11426,
290,
14,
273,
3053,
42052,
743,
307,
8574,
287,
257,
5713,
6831,
284,
3342,
262,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
11,
3457,
13,
287,
4955,
345,
351,
262,
1266,
2139,
1744,
13,
4347,
507,
286,
262,
39384,
1366,
8574,
287,
428,
6831,
743,
307,
973,
284,
4175,
2003,
4056,
290,
2594,
286,
262,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
11,
3457,
1539,
290,
743,
307,
2810,
287,
19406,
1296,
284,
2368,
4671,
284,
5698,
2003,
47767,
291,
4890,
2267,
290,
3513,
4040,
13,
383,
49957,
630,
291,
15523,
7561,
7311,
11,
3457,
13,
481,
407,
2148,
2614,
13720,
1321,
357,
10508,
355,
534,
1438,
393,
2800,
1321,
8,
284,
2368,
4671,
1231,
534,
6190,
3194,
8281,
13,
657,
34583,
1954,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 999 |
In India, kite flying is more than a pastime or sport. It is a fiercely competitive national obsession.
On January 14th, the city of Ahmedabad is possessed by the spirit of Uttarayan, the largest kite festival in India. According to the Hindu calendar, it is the day fondly known as the day the wind direction changes.
Four million kites are stacked and sold. At sunrise, rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, young and old, flood their rooftops battling to cut their neighbor's kite. Amidst the sighs of defeat and the screams of victory all eyes are fixed on the vibrant spectacle above.
Once the sun sets the trees are littered with a million fallen kites. Serious kite fliers begin their final competition launching lanterns (tukkals) attached to their kite strings. With fireworks flooding the skies this marks the end of the festival.
Kites are over one thousand years old in India. The poet Manzan used the word "patang", the more common word for kite, in his poem of 1542 A.D. | [
818,
3794,
11,
479,
578,
7348,
318,
517,
621,
257,
1613,
524,
393,
6332,
13,
632,
318,
257,
33285,
7606,
2260,
22286,
13,
198,
2202,
3269,
1478,
400,
11,
262,
1748,
286,
21157,
17325,
318,
17273,
416,
262,
4437,
286,
44744,
22931,
11,
262,
4387,
479,
578,
10876,
287,
3794,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
16397,
11845,
11,
340,
318,
262,
1110,
16245,
306,
1900,
355,
262,
1110,
262,
2344,
4571,
2458,
13,
198,
15137,
1510,
479,
2737,
389,
24167,
290,
2702,
13,
1629,
40048,
11,
5527,
290,
3595,
11,
16397,
290,
3765,
11,
1862,
290,
1468,
11,
6947,
511,
27291,
2840,
20581,
284,
2005,
511,
4780,
338,
479,
578,
13,
41816,
301,
262,
19680,
82,
286,
7433,
290,
262,
26557,
286,
5373,
477,
2951,
389,
5969,
319,
262,
21266,
27519,
2029,
13,
198,
7454,
262,
4252,
5621,
262,
7150,
389,
41664,
351,
257,
1510,
9292,
479,
2737,
13,
32231,
479,
578,
781,
3183,
2221,
511,
2457,
5449,
13925,
41207,
82,
357,
83,
2724,
74,
874,
8,
7223,
284,
511,
479,
578,
13042,
13,
2080,
26056,
17448,
262,
24091,
428,
8849,
262,
886,
286,
262,
10876,
13,
198,
42,
2737,
389,
625,
530,
7319,
812,
1468,
287,
3794,
13,
383,
21810,
1869,
15201,
973,
262,
1573,
366,
8071,
648,
1600,
262,
517,
2219,
1573,
329,
479,
578,
11,
287,
465,
21247,
286,
1315,
3682,
317,
13,
35,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 228 |
Uncovering The Origins of The Earth
Study of the Earth
Bricks of the Earth: An innovative way to engage students in green building techniques
The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses
Movement Of The Earth’S Crust
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DAMAGE FROM INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI ON THE COASTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANDAMAN SEACOAST OF THAILAND BY REMOTE SENSING
Facts about The Earth
The blood of the earth—water
Mapping and Analysis of Marine Pollution in Tuticorin Coastal Area Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Evaluation of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Virudhunagar District, India
Use coupon below to get discount at eCampus.com!
$3 off textbook orders over $75
$4 off textbook orders over $90
$5 off textbook orders over $100
Copy the coupon code before clicking the button!
|Amazon US||Paperback||$303.49 - $389.00|
The book presents a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) research. It focuses on experimental ABL research, while most of the books on ABL ...
Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space: Atmospheric Correction
Tsunamis are underrated as major hazards, mainly due to the misconceptions that they occur infrequently and happen along some distant shoreline. However, evidence for past great tsunami has recently ...
Buried waste on the seabed is a major source of pollution. But, very often, waste sites are not known until a serious problem occurs, or are not adequately mapped. Recent examples around Europe ...
This book describes a new tool called the Generic Model System for simulations and assessment of potential radioactive spreading in the Arctic regions. It considers the present and future potential ...
This popular book introduces the fundamentals of remote sensing from an earth resource (versus engineering) perspective. The author ...
The enclosed and marginal seas surrounding the European continent exhibit a wide spectrum of environmental traits, ranging from sub-polar to sub-tropical climates, from shallow continental shelves to ...
This book is an introductory graduate-level text on atmospheric remote sensing. The basic interaction between radiation and the atmosphere is examined, and illustrated with actual sensing examples. ...
A classic of nineteenth-century French literature, this science fiction tale delves into the depths of the Earth, and by so doing, reveals the staggeringly long history of our planet. THIS ...
Many advances in spaceborne instrumentation, remote sensing, and data analysis have occurred in recent years, but until now there has been no book that reflects these advances while delivering a ... | [
3118,
9631,
278,
383,
24079,
286,
383,
3668,
198,
39841,
286,
262,
3668,
198,
33,
23706,
286,
262,
3668,
25,
1052,
13097,
835,
284,
8209,
2444,
287,
4077,
2615,
7605,
198,
464,
17554,
286,
262,
3668,
25,
13272,
8444,
39975,
198,
21774,
434,
3226,
383,
3668,
447,
247,
50,
3864,
436,
198,
10970,
24994,
7597,
10979,
3963,
3336,
29506,
11879,
16034,
24413,
16868,
440,
5222,
1565,
26136,
4944,
43870,
6177,
3336,
7375,
11262,
1847,
35208,
11909,
43781,
3963,
3336,
5357,
2390,
1565,
7946,
2246,
46,
11262,
3963,
2320,
32,
4146,
6981,
11050,
22657,
23051,
311,
16938,
2751,
198,
37,
8656,
546,
383,
3668,
198,
464,
2910,
286,
262,
4534,
960,
7050,
198,
44,
5912,
290,
14691,
286,
11000,
12868,
1009,
287,
309,
18089,
273,
259,
43513,
9498,
8554,
21520,
14173,
278,
290,
402,
1797,
198,
36,
2100,
2288,
286,
34070,
273,
485,
2345,
24979,
287,
13706,
7050,
8554,
21520,
14173,
278,
290,
402,
1797,
49686,
287,
16310,
463,
20088,
32452,
5665,
11,
3794,
198,
11041,
34990,
2174,
284,
651,
9780,
379,
304,
21111,
385,
13,
785,
0,
198,
3,
18,
572,
28979,
6266,
625,
720,
2425,
198,
3,
19,
572,
28979,
6266,
625,
720,
3829,
198,
3,
20,
572,
28979,
6266,
625,
720,
3064,
198,
29881,
262,
34990,
2438,
878,
12264,
262,
4936,
0,
198,
91,
24888,
1294,
15886,
42950,
1891,
15886,
3,
22572,
13,
2920,
532,
720,
29769,
13,
405,
91,
198,
464,
1492,
10969,
257,
9815,
16700,
286,
262,
1459,
1181,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
433,
287,
262,
20938,
18645,
7679,
357,
6242,
43,
8,
2267,
13,
632,
13692,
319,
11992,
317,
9148,
2267,
11,
981,
749,
286,
262,
3835,
319,
317,
9148,
2644,
198,
36510,
14173,
278,
286,
262,
3668,
422,
4687,
25,
41516,
35074,
198,
51,
19155,
321,
271,
389,
42308,
355,
1688,
27491,
11,
8384,
2233,
284,
262,
45679,
326,
484,
3051,
1167,
37971,
290,
1645,
1863,
617,
12899,
15191,
1370,
13,
2102,
11,
2370,
329,
1613,
1049,
31019,
468,
2904,
2644,
198,
22991,
798,
7030,
319,
262,
384,
397,
276,
318,
257,
1688,
2723,
286,
12231,
13,
887,
11,
845,
1690,
11,
7030,
5043,
389,
407,
1900,
1566,
257,
2726,
1917,
8833,
11,
393,
389,
407,
22668,
27661,
13,
22926,
6096,
1088,
2031,
2644,
198,
1212,
1492,
8477,
257,
649,
2891,
1444,
262,
42044,
9104,
4482,
329,
27785,
290,
8922,
286,
2785,
25521,
14342,
287,
262,
15723,
7652,
13,
632,
14358,
262,
1944,
290,
2003,
2785,
2644,
198,
1212,
2968,
1492,
20718,
262,
33099,
286,
6569,
34244,
422,
281,
4534,
8271,
357,
690,
385,
8705,
8,
6650,
13,
383,
1772,
2644,
198,
464,
28543,
290,
14461,
21547,
7346,
262,
3427,
15549,
15866,
257,
3094,
10958,
286,
6142,
12796,
11,
12897,
422,
850,
12,
79,
6192,
284,
850,
12,
48385,
605,
45225,
11,
422,
19337,
29843,
20726,
284,
2644,
198,
1212,
1492,
318,
281,
33982,
10428,
12,
5715,
2420,
319,
20938,
6569,
34244,
13,
383,
4096,
10375,
1022,
11881,
290,
262,
8137,
318,
11068,
11,
290,
18542,
351,
4036,
34244,
6096,
13,
2644,
198,
32,
6833,
286,
29666,
12,
14792,
4141,
9285,
11,
428,
3783,
10165,
12838,
1619,
1158,
656,
262,
21593,
286,
262,
3668,
11,
290,
416,
523,
1804,
11,
10069,
262,
20778,
4420,
890,
2106,
286,
674,
5440,
13,
12680,
2644,
198,
7085,
14901,
287,
2272,
13555,
8875,
341,
11,
6569,
34244,
11,
290,
1366,
3781,
423,
5091,
287,
2274,
812,
11,
475,
1566,
783,
612,
468,
587,
645,
1492,
326,
12497,
777,
14901,
981,
13630,
257,
2644,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 577 |
You have an empty container, and an infinite number of marbles, each numbered with an integer from 1 to infinity.
At the start of the minute, you put marbles 1 - 10 into the container, then remove one of the marbles and throw it away. You do this again after 30 seconds, then again in 15 seconds, and again in 7.5 seconds. You continuosly repeat this process, each time after half as long an interval as the time before, until the minute is over.
Since this means that you repeated the process an infinite number of times, you have "processed" all your marbles.
How many marbles are in the container at the end of the minute if for every repetition (numbered N)
A. You remove the marble
numbered (10 * N)
B. You remove the marble numbered (N)
(In reply to My ideas?
Well... to be specific, I think you said that you can't multiply or divide infinity (not dividing BY infinity).
I'm not sure what dividing by infinity means, unless you're implying dividing by a variable as the variable grows towards infinity. In which case, you are talking about the "normal" limit described by calculus.
You said in your first post "so it's infinity times 9 divided by 10... Wait, we can't divide or multiply infinity".
I don't see why not. But an infinity multiplied by, divided by, added to, or lessened by a constant is the same infinity.
Again, I would refer you to studies about what infinities mean and that they are normally dealt with as sets of elements and operations (often mappings) ON those sets. | [
1639,
423,
281,
6565,
9290,
11,
290,
281,
15541,
1271,
286,
1667,
7689,
11,
1123,
25840,
351,
281,
18253,
422,
352,
284,
37174,
13,
198,
2953,
262,
923,
286,
262,
5664,
11,
345,
1234,
1667,
7689,
352,
532,
838,
656,
262,
9290,
11,
788,
4781,
530,
286,
262,
1667,
7689,
290,
3714,
340,
1497,
13,
921,
466,
428,
757,
706,
1542,
4201,
11,
788,
757,
287,
1315,
4201,
11,
290,
757,
287,
767,
13,
20,
4201,
13,
921,
11143,
418,
306,
9585,
428,
1429,
11,
1123,
640,
706,
2063,
355,
890,
281,
16654,
355,
262,
640,
878,
11,
1566,
262,
5664,
318,
625,
13,
198,
6385,
428,
1724,
326,
345,
5100,
262,
1429,
281,
15541,
1271,
286,
1661,
11,
345,
423,
366,
14681,
276,
1,
477,
534,
1667,
7689,
13,
198,
2437,
867,
1667,
7689,
389,
287,
262,
9290,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
5664,
611,
329,
790,
29693,
357,
35565,
399,
8,
198,
32,
13,
921,
4781,
262,
30623,
198,
35565,
357,
940,
1635,
399,
8,
198,
33,
13,
921,
4781,
262,
30623,
25840,
357,
45,
8,
198,
7,
818,
10971,
284,
2011,
4213,
30,
198,
5779,
986,
284,
307,
2176,
11,
314,
892,
345,
531,
326,
345,
460,
470,
29162,
393,
14083,
37174,
357,
1662,
27241,
11050,
37174,
737,
198,
40,
1101,
407,
1654,
644,
27241,
416,
37174,
1724,
11,
4556,
345,
821,
30253,
27241,
416,
257,
7885,
355,
262,
7885,
13676,
3371,
37174,
13,
554,
543,
1339,
11,
345,
389,
3375,
546,
262,
366,
11265,
1,
4179,
3417,
416,
41443,
13,
198,
1639,
531,
287,
534,
717,
1281,
366,
568,
340,
338,
37174,
1661,
860,
9086,
416,
838,
986,
16314,
11,
356,
460,
470,
14083,
393,
29162,
37174,
1911,
198,
40,
836,
470,
766,
1521,
407,
13,
887,
281,
37174,
33096,
416,
11,
9086,
416,
11,
2087,
284,
11,
393,
1342,
2945,
416,
257,
6937,
318,
262,
976,
37174,
13,
198,
15316,
11,
314,
561,
3522,
345,
284,
3640,
546,
644,
1167,
259,
871,
1612,
290,
326,
484,
389,
7685,
11829,
351,
355,
5621,
286,
4847,
290,
4560,
357,
28950,
285,
39242,
8,
6177,
883,
5621,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 351 |
A pheochromocytoma is a tumor typically of the adrenal gland, originating within the chromaffin cells, which produces excessive adrenaline. Aside from the adrenal glands, it may also be located in other chromaffin tissue. Although such tumors may grow to a considerable size, most are less than 10 cm.
Signs and Symptoms
Pheochromocytoma symptoms vary depending upon the case and individual, but some possibilities may include the following:
Anxiety, nervousness, or panic attacks
Excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
Hyperglycemia (Elevated blood sugar levels)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Localized amyloid deposits (upon microscopic examination)
Lower chest pain
Pallor (pale color)
Tachycardia (elevated heart rate)
Upper abdomen pain
Continue reading additional information on pheochromocytoma symptoms.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Pheochromocytoma diagnosis is made by a doctor or medical professional. Common methods of receiving a diagnosis involve measuring the catecholamines in the blood plasma, or metanephrines and catecholamines in the urine. If a pheochromocytoma is diagnosed, CT scan imaging may be useful in localizing the tumor.
Certain other conditions can be ruled out in the diagnosis process: anxiety disorders, essential hypertension, hyperthyroidism, insulinoma, paragangliomas, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and renovascular hypertension.
Pheochromocytoma treatment methods involve surgery: either surgical resection (laparotomy or laparoscopy), or adrenalectomy (total removal of any adrenal glands affected by the tumor).
Pheochromocytoma prognosis depends upon a number of factors, such as whether the tumor is malignant, and if so, how far it has spread. Prognosis of such malignant cases in children is not as well known as in adults.
Continue to read more regarding diagnosis and treatment.
It is sometimes known as the "ten percent tumor" due to the fact that a variety of its statistics are approximately 10%. As an example, roughly 10% of cases involve malignant pheochromocytoma tumors. | [
32,
279,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
318,
257,
22359,
6032,
286,
262,
26999,
282,
37917,
11,
37962,
1626,
262,
15358,
2001,
259,
4778,
11,
543,
11073,
13181,
37607,
13,
28470,
422,
262,
26999,
282,
42093,
11,
340,
743,
635,
307,
5140,
287,
584,
15358,
2001,
259,
10712,
13,
4900,
884,
31155,
743,
1663,
284,
257,
11091,
2546,
11,
749,
389,
1342,
621,
838,
12067,
13,
198,
11712,
82,
290,
49559,
198,
47,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
7460,
7565,
6906,
2402,
262,
1339,
290,
1981,
11,
475,
617,
12779,
743,
2291,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
2025,
35753,
11,
10927,
1108,
11,
393,
13619,
3434,
198,
3109,
45428,
38912,
357,
10989,
6570,
2850,
271,
8,
198,
38197,
10853,
344,
20730,
357,
36,
2768,
515,
2910,
7543,
2974,
8,
198,
21217,
11766,
3004,
357,
8929,
2910,
3833,
8,
198,
14565,
1143,
716,
2645,
1868,
18190,
357,
27287,
41858,
12452,
8,
198,
31426,
7721,
2356,
198,
47,
439,
273,
357,
79,
1000,
3124,
8,
198,
51,
35586,
9517,
544,
357,
68,
2768,
515,
2612,
2494,
8,
198,
52,
2848,
32956,
2356,
198,
29453,
3555,
3224,
1321,
319,
279,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
7460,
13,
198,
18683,
4660,
5958,
290,
21415,
198,
47,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
13669,
318,
925,
416,
257,
6253,
393,
3315,
4708,
13,
8070,
5050,
286,
6464,
257,
13669,
6211,
15964,
262,
269,
40340,
349,
41047,
287,
262,
2910,
16074,
11,
393,
1138,
272,
538,
11840,
1127,
290,
269,
40340,
349,
41047,
287,
262,
18922,
13,
1002,
257,
279,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
318,
14641,
11,
16356,
9367,
19560,
743,
307,
4465,
287,
1957,
2890,
262,
22359,
13,
198,
26469,
584,
3403,
460,
307,
8879,
503,
287,
262,
13669,
1429,
25,
9751,
11916,
11,
6393,
37454,
11,
8718,
20057,
3882,
1042,
11,
14588,
6086,
11,
1582,
363,
648,
4528,
16911,
11,
1582,
1140,
893,
7617,
28614,
1151,
41001,
256,
35586,
9517,
544,
11,
290,
24317,
14767,
37454,
13,
198,
47,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
3513,
5050,
6211,
8185,
25,
2035,
21998,
1599,
596,
357,
37796,
283,
38385,
393,
14779,
283,
17500,
11081,
828,
393,
26999,
282,
42505,
357,
23350,
9934,
286,
597,
26999,
282,
42093,
5676,
416,
262,
22359,
737,
198,
47,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
1172,
31707,
8338,
2402,
257,
1271,
286,
5087,
11,
884,
355,
1771,
262,
22359,
318,
6428,
25114,
11,
290,
611,
523,
11,
703,
1290,
340,
468,
4104,
13,
1041,
4593,
5958,
286,
884,
6428,
25114,
2663,
287,
1751,
318,
407,
355,
880,
1900,
355,
287,
6490,
13,
198,
29453,
284,
1100,
517,
5115,
13669,
290,
3513,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
3360,
1900,
355,
262,
366,
1452,
1411,
22359,
1,
2233,
284,
262,
1109,
326,
257,
4996,
286,
663,
7869,
389,
6702,
838,
7225,
1081,
281,
1672,
11,
7323,
838,
4,
286,
2663,
6211,
6428,
25114,
279,
258,
5374,
398,
13733,
83,
6086,
31155,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 484 |
Ariel Schalit / AP
Locusts land on a sand dune in Negev Desert, southern Israel, near the border with Egypt, March 5. A swarm of locusts crossed into Israel from neighboring Egypt Monday, raising fears that Israel could be hit with a biblical plague ahead of the Passover holiday. Israel sent out planes to spray pesticides over agricultural fields to prevent damage by the small swarm of about 2,000 locusts, said Dafna Yurista, a spokeswoman for the Agriculture Ministry. The ministry also set up an emergency hotline and asked Israelis to be vigilant in reporting locust sightings.
Scientists can learn a lot about the locusts swarming over Egypt and Israel just by looking at the pictures. Keith Cressman, senior locust forecasting officer for the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, is based hundreds of miles away in Rome — but he can tell that these particular bugs may be on their last legs.
"The few good pics I have seen of the locusts show that they are a brick red rather than pinkish," Cressman told NBC News in an email. "Both colors indicate they are immature adults, but the dark color suggests they are old and tired rather than young and hungry. Hence, the infestations arriving in northeast Egypt and Israel will probably come to nothing." That's the good news. The bad news is that other locust swarms could pose a more serious threat to the region's agriculture later this year. To get the details, check out the full story in Cosmic Log.
Ibraheem Abu Mustafa / Reuters
A Palestinian farmer displays locusts at a farm in Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip, March 5. Palestinian officials said locusts had not hit Gaza in several decades and numbers of locusts that reached Gaza on Tuesday were small but the Agriculture Ministry said they have taken all necessary steps to fight it if larger numbers hit the Gaza Strip.
Amir Cohen / Reuters
A swarm of locusts fly near Kmehin in Israel's Negev desert.
Ariel Schalit / AP
A locust on a sand dune in Negev Desert, southern Israel.
Experts estimate that a swarm of 30 million locusts in Egypt will cause severe crop damage. The correlation to the plague of locusts in the Bible has the Internet buzzing.
More about locusts:
- Locusts hit Egypt and Israel before Passover
- Gaddafi's fall leads to desert locusts' rise
- Locusts illustrate the science of swarming
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds. | [
32,
11719,
3059,
282,
270,
1220,
3486,
198,
33711,
436,
82,
1956,
319,
257,
6450,
288,
1726,
287,
3169,
469,
85,
18692,
11,
8372,
2692,
11,
1474,
262,
4865,
351,
6365,
11,
2805,
642,
13,
317,
30077,
286,
1179,
436,
82,
12606,
656,
2692,
422,
19651,
6365,
3321,
11,
8620,
10251,
326,
2692,
714,
307,
2277,
351,
257,
24726,
23684,
4058,
286,
262,
6251,
2502,
9912,
13,
2692,
1908,
503,
13016,
284,
11662,
27482,
625,
14240,
7032,
284,
2948,
2465,
416,
262,
1402,
30077,
286,
546,
362,
11,
830,
1179,
436,
82,
11,
531,
360,
1878,
2616,
575,
333,
12523,
11,
257,
12262,
329,
262,
19717,
9475,
13,
383,
11957,
635,
900,
510,
281,
6334,
46989,
290,
1965,
21137,
284,
307,
30257,
287,
6447,
1179,
436,
36242,
13,
198,
29193,
460,
2193,
257,
1256,
546,
262,
1179,
436,
82,
1509,
18052,
625,
6365,
290,
2692,
655,
416,
2045,
379,
262,
5986,
13,
14926,
327,
601,
805,
11,
4664,
1179,
436,
41164,
3818,
329,
262,
471,
13,
45,
13,
7318,
290,
19717,
12275,
11,
318,
1912,
5179,
286,
4608,
1497,
287,
10598,
851,
475,
339,
460,
1560,
326,
777,
1948,
11316,
743,
307,
319,
511,
938,
7405,
13,
198,
1,
464,
1178,
922,
27618,
314,
423,
1775,
286,
262,
1179,
436,
82,
905,
326,
484,
389,
257,
17214,
2266,
2138,
621,
11398,
680,
553,
327,
601,
805,
1297,
9716,
3000,
287,
281,
3053,
13,
366,
10265,
7577,
7603,
484,
389,
40620,
6490,
11,
475,
262,
3223,
3124,
5644,
484,
389,
1468,
290,
10032,
2138,
621,
1862,
290,
14720,
13,
16227,
11,
262,
1167,
395,
602,
14820,
287,
24287,
6365,
290,
2692,
481,
2192,
1282,
284,
2147,
526,
1320,
338,
262,
922,
1705,
13,
383,
2089,
1705,
318,
326,
584,
1179,
436,
1509,
8357,
714,
12705,
257,
517,
2726,
2372,
284,
262,
3814,
338,
14510,
1568,
428,
614,
13,
1675,
651,
262,
3307,
11,
2198,
503,
262,
1336,
1621,
287,
32011,
5972,
13,
198,
40,
16057,
258,
368,
13098,
12039,
28485,
1220,
8428,
198,
32,
8501,
18739,
11298,
1179,
436,
82,
379,
257,
5318,
287,
11356,
921,
21361,
287,
262,
8372,
11010,
18508,
11,
2805,
642,
13,
8501,
2828,
531,
1179,
436,
82,
550,
407,
2277,
11010,
287,
1811,
4647,
290,
3146,
286,
1179,
436,
82,
326,
4251,
11010,
319,
3431,
547,
1402,
475,
262,
19717,
9475,
531,
484,
423,
2077,
477,
3306,
4831,
284,
1907,
340,
611,
4025,
3146,
2277,
262,
11010,
18508,
13,
198,
5840,
343,
17154,
1220,
8428,
198,
32,
30077,
286,
1179,
436,
82,
6129,
1474,
509,
1326,
20079,
287,
2692,
338,
3169,
469,
85,
10326,
13,
198,
32,
11719,
3059,
282,
270,
1220,
3486,
198,
32,
1179,
436,
319,
257,
6450,
288,
1726,
287,
3169,
469,
85,
18692,
11,
8372,
2692,
13,
198,
38897,
8636,
326,
257,
30077,
286,
1542,
1510,
1179,
436,
82,
287,
6365,
481,
2728,
6049,
13833,
2465,
13,
383,
16096,
284,
262,
23684,
286,
1179,
436,
82,
287,
262,
9111,
468,
262,
4455,
41719,
13,
198,
5167,
546,
1179,
436,
82,
25,
198,
12,
15181,
436,
82,
2277,
6365,
290,
2692,
878,
6251,
2502,
198,
12,
40320,
338,
2121,
5983,
284,
10326,
1179,
436,
82,
6,
4485,
198,
12,
15181,
436,
82,
19418,
262,
3783,
286,
1509,
18052,
198,
36235,
37619,
318,
9716,
9980,
13,
785,
338,
3783,
5464,
13,
8113,
351,
262,
32011,
5972,
2055,
416,
366,
75,
14132,
1,
262,
2604,
338,
3203,
2443,
11,
1708,
2488,
65,
15,
2349,
319,
3009,
290,
4375,
262,
32011,
5972,
2443,
284,
534,
3012,
10,
4931,
13,
1675,
1394,
510,
351,
32011,
5972,
355,
880,
355,
9716,
9980,
13,
785,
338,
584,
3923,
546,
3783,
290,
2272,
11,
1051,
510,
329,
262,
9634,
1222,
5800,
13129,
11,
6793,
284,
534,
3053,
287,
12,
3524,
790,
28269,
13,
921,
460,
635,
2198,
503,
366,
464,
8913,
329,
32217,
553,
616,
1492,
546,
262,
8381,
24603,
5440,
290,
262,
2989,
329,
649,
11621,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 649 |
Ingenious fishing method may be spreading through dolphinsAugust 24th, 2011 in Biology / Plants & Animals
(PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers from Murdoch University believe a recently documented method of fishing may be spreading throughout a population of dolphins.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay were photographed engaging in conching in 2007 and 2009.
The dolphins would trap small fish in large conch shells with their rostrums (beaks), then bring the shells to the surface and shake them, causing the water to drain out and the fish to fall into their mouths.
Murdoch Cetacean Research Unit Researcher Simon Allen says this previously rarely witnessed phenomenon might be on the increase, suggesting that the technique is spreading.
In the last four months alone, the research team have seen and photographed the behaviour no less than six times, possibly even seven.
If and that is a big if we are witnessing the horizontal spread of this behaviour, then I would assume that it spreads by an associate of a conching dolphin closely observing the behaviour and then imitating it, Mr. Allen said.
It is a tantalising possibility that this behavior could spread before our very eyes over a field season or two and that we could track that spread.
The prospect of observing a learned behavior spreading through a population over a short period of time is exciting in itself, but the behavior also raises new questions about how exactly dolphins engage in conching.
As yet, we dont know if dolphins simply pursue fish into the refuge of the large, empty conch/bailer shells or whether they actually manipulate the shells prior perhaps turning them over so that the opening is facing up in order to make them appealing to fish as a place to hide from the jaws of death, Mr. Allen said.
If we were to set up a few shells opening down in a known location and either witness dolphins turning them over, see evidence of them having been turned over when we werent around, or better still get some video footage of dolphins manipulating them in some way, then that would be priceless, since that implies forward planning on the dolphins part.
I wouldnt be too surprised to find such cunning and devilish ploys being adopted by Shark Bays bottlenose dolphins.
Until such observations are recorded though, Mr. Allen says it is too early to rush to any conclusions.
Members of the Murdoch Cetacean Unit, with colleagues from the University of Zurich, spend roughly four months of the year studying western Shark Bays dolphin population in the field.
The Unit operates with the assistance of a partnership with Shark Bay Resources, who provide accommodation, office space and mess facilities for the research teams.
Provided by Murdoch University
"Ingenious fishing method may be spreading through dolphins." August 24th, 2011. http://phys.org/news/2011-08-ingenious-fishing-method-dolphins.html | [
27682,
268,
699,
12478,
2446,
743,
307,
14342,
832,
36798,
17908,
1987,
400,
11,
2813,
287,
24698,
1220,
39269,
1222,
25390,
198,
7,
43215,
46808,
13,
785,
8,
1377,
26685,
422,
30370,
2059,
1975,
257,
2904,
12395,
2446,
286,
12478,
743,
307,
14342,
3690,
257,
3265,
286,
36798,
13,
198,
5497,
78,
12,
22933,
3005,
11925,
577,
36798,
357,
51,
1834,
72,
2840,
512,
403,
9042,
8,
287,
28616,
4696,
547,
25880,
11932,
287,
369,
10813,
287,
4343,
290,
3717,
13,
198,
464,
36798,
561,
12840,
1402,
5916,
287,
1588,
369,
354,
19679,
351,
511,
686,
2536,
5700,
357,
1350,
4730,
828,
788,
2222,
262,
19679,
284,
262,
4417,
290,
13279,
606,
11,
6666,
262,
1660,
284,
14782,
503,
290,
262,
5916,
284,
2121,
656,
511,
28552,
13,
198,
44,
2799,
5374,
327,
316,
558,
272,
4992,
11801,
1874,
50194,
11288,
9659,
1139,
428,
4271,
8365,
13923,
10733,
1244,
307,
319,
262,
2620,
11,
9524,
326,
262,
8173,
318,
14342,
13,
198,
818,
262,
938,
1440,
1933,
3436,
11,
262,
2267,
1074,
423,
1775,
290,
25880,
262,
9172,
645,
1342,
621,
2237,
1661,
11,
5457,
772,
3598,
13,
198,
1532,
290,
326,
318,
257,
1263,
611,
356,
389,
31121,
262,
16021,
4104,
286,
428,
9172,
11,
788,
314,
561,
7048,
326,
340,
26779,
416,
281,
11602,
286,
257,
369,
10813,
44136,
7173,
21769,
262,
9172,
290,
788,
545,
21712,
340,
11,
1770,
13,
9659,
531,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
257,
46937,
1710,
5885,
326,
428,
4069,
714,
4104,
878,
674,
845,
2951,
625,
257,
2214,
1622,
393,
734,
290,
326,
356,
714,
2610,
326,
4104,
13,
198,
464,
6034,
286,
21769,
257,
4499,
4069,
14342,
832,
257,
3265,
625,
257,
1790,
2278,
286,
640,
318,
7895,
287,
2346,
11,
475,
262,
4069,
635,
12073,
649,
2683,
546,
703,
3446,
36798,
8209,
287,
369,
10813,
13,
198,
1722,
1865,
11,
356,
17666,
760,
611,
36798,
2391,
10660,
5916,
656,
262,
5473,
286,
262,
1588,
11,
6565,
369,
354,
14,
65,
603,
263,
19679,
393,
1771,
484,
1682,
18510,
262,
19679,
3161,
3737,
6225,
606,
625,
523,
326,
262,
4756,
318,
6476,
510,
287,
1502,
284,
787,
606,
16403,
284,
5916,
355,
257,
1295,
284,
7808,
422,
262,
39940,
286,
1918,
11,
1770,
13,
9659,
531,
13,
198,
1532,
356,
547,
284,
900,
510,
257,
1178,
19679,
4756,
866,
287,
257,
1900,
4067,
290,
2035,
4973,
36798,
6225,
606,
625,
11,
766,
2370,
286,
606,
1719,
587,
2900,
625,
618,
356,
547,
429,
1088,
11,
393,
1365,
991,
651,
617,
2008,
9640,
286,
36798,
29349,
606,
287,
617,
835,
11,
788,
326,
561,
307,
49083,
11,
1201,
326,
15565,
2651,
5410,
319,
262,
36798,
636,
13,
198,
40,
561,
429,
307,
1165,
6655,
284,
1064,
884,
34218,
290,
17118,
680,
458,
19417,
852,
8197,
416,
28616,
347,
592,
3005,
11925,
577,
36798,
13,
198,
18273,
884,
13050,
389,
6264,
996,
11,
1770,
13,
9659,
1139,
340,
318,
1165,
1903,
284,
10484,
284,
597,
13242,
13,
198,
25341,
286,
262,
30370,
327,
316,
558,
272,
11801,
11,
351,
7810,
422,
262,
2059,
286,
43412,
11,
4341,
7323,
1440,
1933,
286,
262,
614,
11065,
8830,
28616,
347,
592,
44136,
3265,
287,
262,
2214,
13,
198,
464,
11801,
14051,
351,
262,
6829,
286,
257,
10413,
351,
28616,
4696,
13864,
11,
508,
2148,
19711,
11,
2607,
2272,
290,
2085,
7291,
329,
262,
2267,
3466,
13,
198,
15946,
1384,
416,
30370,
2059,
198,
1,
27682,
268,
699,
12478,
2446,
743,
307,
14342,
832,
36798,
526,
2932,
1987,
400,
11,
2813,
13,
2638,
1378,
34411,
13,
2398,
14,
10827,
14,
9804,
12,
2919,
12,
36795,
699,
12,
69,
3929,
12,
24396,
12,
67,
16547,
13,
6494,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 609 |
The steps by which molecules in the primordial soup came together to form the genetic backbone of life are largely unknown. One approach to finding out is to artificially create basic life functions in the laboratory and consider if such conditions might have been possible in the Earth’s past. Writing in Physical Review Letters, Hubert Krammer and colleagues at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany show they are able to drive the replication of segments of tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid), the molecule responsible for translating genetic code into the production of specific proteins, using a purely thermal process.
Krammer et al. begin by rapidly cooling a solution of four halves of tRNA from high temperatures to so that the molecules form hairpins—a state where the strand forms a closed loop on itself, except for a snippet of a sequence of bases, called a “toe hold.” It is this toe hold, which, in principle, carries enough information to encode a protein, that the authors try to protect and replicate by using a thermal process to coax the hairpins to open and pair to a complementary strand. When Krammer et al. thermally cycle the solution between and , the energy stored in the hairpin (which prefers it to bind to a complementary pair instead of itself) compensates for the loss of entropy associated with the molecules pairing up with their partners.
This thermally driven process occurs on a relatively fast time scale of about seconds, an important factor since molecules need to replicate faster than they degrade. According to the authors, convection currents in prebiotic liquids could have provided the necessary quenching and thermal cycling. – Jessica Thomas | [
464,
4831,
416,
543,
17745,
287,
262,
2684,
31223,
17141,
1625,
1978,
284,
1296,
262,
8513,
32774,
286,
1204,
389,
5688,
6439,
13,
1881,
3164,
284,
4917,
503,
318,
284,
32455,
2251,
4096,
1204,
5499,
287,
262,
14010,
290,
2074,
611,
884,
3403,
1244,
423,
587,
1744,
287,
262,
3668,
447,
247,
82,
1613,
13,
22183,
287,
16331,
6602,
24501,
11,
11256,
4835,
509,
859,
647,
290,
7810,
379,
262,
44476,
5436,
26641,
666,
2059,
286,
22418,
287,
4486,
905,
484,
389,
1498,
284,
3708,
262,
30330,
286,
17894,
286,
256,
27204,
357,
39437,
12183,
261,
14913,
291,
7408,
828,
262,
27756,
4497,
329,
34665,
8513,
2438,
656,
262,
3227,
286,
2176,
15568,
11,
1262,
257,
14177,
18411,
1429,
13,
198,
42,
859,
647,
2123,
435,
13,
2221,
416,
8902,
15134,
257,
4610,
286,
1440,
37192,
286,
256,
27204,
422,
1029,
10101,
284,
523,
326,
262,
17745,
1296,
4190,
49556,
960,
64,
1181,
810,
262,
37923,
5107,
257,
4838,
9052,
319,
2346,
11,
2845,
329,
257,
39442,
286,
257,
8379,
286,
12536,
11,
1444,
257,
564,
250,
44579,
1745,
13,
447,
251,
632,
318,
428,
21189,
1745,
11,
543,
11,
287,
7989,
11,
10732,
1576,
1321,
284,
37773,
257,
7532,
11,
326,
262,
7035,
1949,
284,
1805,
290,
24340,
416,
1262,
257,
18411,
1429,
284,
37700,
262,
4190,
49556,
284,
1280,
290,
5166,
284,
257,
32150,
37923,
13,
1649,
509,
859,
647,
2123,
435,
13,
21969,
453,
6772,
262,
4610,
1022,
290,
837,
262,
2568,
8574,
287,
262,
4190,
11635,
357,
4758,
26237,
340,
284,
11007,
284,
257,
32150,
5166,
2427,
286,
2346,
8,
7144,
689,
329,
262,
2994,
286,
40709,
3917,
351,
262,
17745,
27356,
510,
351,
511,
4887,
13,
198,
1212,
21969,
453,
7986,
1429,
8833,
319,
257,
5365,
3049,
640,
5046,
286,
546,
4201,
11,
281,
1593,
5766,
1201,
17745,
761,
284,
24340,
5443,
621,
484,
42962,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
7035,
11,
24748,
596,
28629,
287,
662,
65,
16357,
38236,
714,
423,
2810,
262,
3306,
627,
268,
10813,
290,
18411,
16259,
13,
784,
17352,
5658,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 340 |
Biologic therapy may be used in the treatment of kidney cancer that has spread.
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to improve the way your body’s immune system fights disease. Your immune system is your body’s natural defense against disease. Biologic therapy attempts to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system so that it can fight the cancer more effectively. These therapies can be used to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments.
Examples of agents used to treat kidney cancer include interferon and interleukin 2 (also known as IL-2, aldesleukin, or proleukin). Doctors are investigating using interferons with other biologic agents.
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is approved for metastatic kidney cancer, when the disease has spread to other places in the body. The medicine is given either subcutaneously (shots under the skin) or intravenously (by vein) either in the hospital or in an outpatient setting. Treatment may be given in cycles separated by a rest period. Although only about one in six patients with renal cell carcinoma have shrinkage of their cancer with IL-2, some of these patients have disappearance of their cancer (complete remission) that can be long-lasting. Unfortunately, the medicine has many side effects and is not appropriate for all patients with renal cell carcinoma.
A combination treatment of bevacizumab (Avastin) and interferon-alpha is used for patients with kidney cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. The medicines are given intravenously and work by preventing the growth of new blood vessels to the tumor. The drugs were approved after clinical trials showed an increase of five months in survival rate versus interferon-alpha alone. Tumor size also decreased 30% with the combination medicines, versus 12% with interferon-alpha alone. The most common side effects are hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation.
Interleukin 2 produces responses in 15% of kidney cancer patients. Interferon response rate is about 15%. The combination of interferon with other chemotherapy drugs and IL-2 increases the response rate.
Research shows adverse events occur in the majority of patients. The percentages of people experiencing common adverse events of IL-2 are as follows:
- Chills: 52%
- Fever: 29%
- Low blood pressure: 71%
- Diarrhea : 67%
- Vomiting: 50%
- Rash: 42%
- Shortness of breath: 43%
Side effects for the bevacizumab and interferon alpha combination included:
- Protein in the urine
- High blood pressure
This new class of medicines attempts to interfere with the growth of the tumor by blocking the formation of new blood vessels around the tumor. In recent months, this drug has received FDA approval.
Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a new medicine that targets several different pathways of tumor growth. The most common side effects seen with this drug include:
- Blisters on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet
- Nerve damage
This medicine is given in the form of a pill.
Taken in pill form, sunitinib (Sutent) attacks both blood vessel growth and other targets that stimulate cancer cell growth. The results show tumor shrinkage in one third of the patients treated. The most common side effects are diarrhea, change in skin color, mouth irritation, weakness, and altered taste. Other possible effects include tiredness, hypertension, bleeding, and hypothyroidism .
Temsirolimus (Torisel) is an intravenous medicine used in advanced kidney cancer, which also works to inhibit cell growth. The most common side effects include:
- Skin rash
- Feeling weak
- Mouth irritation
- Loss of appetite
- Fluid buildup in the face or legs
- Increases in blood sugar and cholesterol levels
Pazopanib (Votrient) is approved for the treatment of advanced kidney cancer. It is taken once a day as a pill either an hour before eating or two hours after eating. It works by preventing the growth of new blood vessels to tumors. The most common side effects include:
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD
- Review Date: 09/2012 -
- Update Date: 00/93/2012 - | [
23286,
20781,
9102,
743,
307,
973,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
21919,
4890,
326,
468,
4104,
13,
198,
23286,
20781,
9102,
318,
257,
3513,
326,
3544,
5010,
284,
2987,
262,
835,
534,
1767,
447,
247,
82,
10900,
1080,
11418,
4369,
13,
3406,
10900,
1080,
318,
534,
1767,
447,
247,
82,
3288,
3761,
1028,
4369,
13,
8436,
20781,
9102,
6370,
284,
9185,
11,
26020,
11,
393,
9494,
262,
10900,
1080,
523,
326,
340,
460,
1907,
262,
4890,
517,
6840,
13,
2312,
29596,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1907,
4890,
393,
284,
40856,
262,
1735,
3048,
326,
743,
307,
4073,
416,
617,
4890,
13820,
13,
198,
27730,
286,
6554,
973,
284,
2190,
21919,
4890,
2291,
987,
2232,
261,
290,
987,
293,
2724,
259,
362,
357,
14508,
1900,
355,
14639,
12,
17,
11,
257,
335,
274,
293,
2724,
259,
11,
393,
386,
293,
2724,
259,
737,
28274,
389,
10240,
1262,
987,
2232,
684,
351,
584,
3182,
20781,
6554,
13,
198,
9492,
293,
2724,
259,
362,
357,
4146,
12,
17,
8,
318,
6325,
329,
44678,
1512,
21919,
4890,
11,
618,
262,
4369,
468,
4104,
284,
584,
4113,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
383,
9007,
318,
1813,
2035,
850,
8968,
27683,
357,
20910,
739,
262,
4168,
8,
393,
45840,
3481,
357,
1525,
27208,
8,
2035,
287,
262,
4436,
393,
287,
281,
49335,
4634,
13,
21415,
743,
307,
1813,
287,
16006,
11266,
416,
257,
1334,
2278,
13,
4900,
691,
546,
530,
287,
2237,
3871,
351,
44375,
2685,
28164,
6086,
423,
22085,
496,
286,
511,
4890,
351,
14639,
12,
17,
11,
617,
286,
777,
3871,
423,
22375,
286,
511,
4890,
357,
20751,
47829,
8,
326,
460,
307,
890,
12,
24810,
13,
8989,
11,
262,
9007,
468,
867,
1735,
3048,
290,
318,
407,
5035,
329,
477,
3871,
351,
44375,
2685,
28164,
6086,
13,
198,
32,
6087,
3513,
286,
307,
85,
330,
528,
388,
397,
357,
7355,
459,
259,
8,
290,
987,
2232,
261,
12,
26591,
318,
973,
329,
3871,
351,
21919,
4890,
326,
468,
4104,
284,
584,
3354,
286,
262,
1767,
13,
383,
23533,
389,
1813,
45840,
3481,
290,
670,
416,
12174,
262,
3349,
286,
649,
2910,
14891,
284,
262,
22359,
13,
383,
5010,
547,
6325,
706,
8668,
9867,
3751,
281,
2620,
286,
1936,
1933,
287,
9441,
2494,
9051,
987,
2232,
261,
12,
26591,
3436,
13,
309,
388,
273,
2546,
635,
11832,
1542,
4,
351,
262,
6087,
23533,
11,
9051,
1105,
4,
351,
987,
2232,
261,
12,
26591,
3436,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
389,
37454,
290,
40887,
16832,
393,
583,
1640,
341,
13,
198,
9492,
293,
2724,
259,
362,
11073,
9109,
287,
1315,
4,
286,
21919,
4890,
3871,
13,
4225,
2232,
261,
2882,
2494,
318,
546,
1315,
7225,
383,
6087,
286,
987,
2232,
261,
351,
584,
34696,
5010,
290,
14639,
12,
17,
5732,
262,
2882,
2494,
13,
198,
25104,
2523,
12681,
2995,
3051,
287,
262,
3741,
286,
3871,
13,
383,
28071,
286,
661,
13456,
2219,
12681,
2995,
286,
14639,
12,
17,
389,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
12,
609,
2171,
25,
6740,
4,
198,
12,
41951,
25,
2808,
4,
198,
12,
7754,
2910,
3833,
25,
9166,
4,
198,
12,
6031,
3258,
21632,
1058,
8275,
4,
198,
12,
569,
296,
1780,
25,
2026,
4,
198,
12,
27620,
25,
5433,
4,
198,
12,
10073,
1108,
286,
8033,
25,
5946,
4,
198,
24819,
3048,
329,
262,
307,
85,
330,
528,
388,
397,
290,
987,
2232,
261,
17130,
6087,
3017,
25,
198,
12,
31702,
287,
262,
18922,
198,
12,
3334,
2910,
3833,
198,
1212,
649,
1398,
286,
23533,
6370,
284,
18135,
351,
262,
3349,
286,
262,
22359,
416,
12013,
262,
9978,
286,
649,
2910,
14891,
1088,
262,
22359,
13,
554,
2274,
1933,
11,
428,
2563,
468,
2722,
14672,
7546,
13,
198,
50,
273,
1878,
268,
571,
357,
45,
1069,
615,
283,
8,
318,
257,
649,
9007,
326,
6670,
1811,
1180,
22963,
286,
22359,
3349,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
1775,
351,
428,
2563,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
1086,
6223,
319,
262,
39513,
286,
262,
2832,
393,
1540,
274,
286,
262,
3625,
198,
12,
399,
3760,
2465,
198,
1212,
9007,
318,
1813,
287,
262,
1296,
286,
257,
9582,
13,
198,
51,
1685,
287,
9582,
1296,
11,
4252,
270,
259,
571,
357,
50,
315,
298,
8,
3434,
1111,
2910,
8837,
3349,
290,
584,
6670,
326,
26020,
4890,
2685,
3349,
13,
383,
2482,
905,
22359,
22085,
496,
287,
530,
2368,
286,
262,
3871,
5716,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
389,
36004,
11,
1487,
287,
4168,
3124,
11,
5422,
35164,
11,
10453,
11,
290,
14294,
6938,
13,
3819,
1744,
3048,
2291,
10032,
1108,
11,
37454,
11,
16832,
11,
290,
5328,
14863,
3882,
1042,
764,
198,
51,
5232,
7058,
2475,
385,
357,
15884,
36811,
8,
318,
281,
45840,
516,
9007,
973,
287,
6190,
21919,
4890,
11,
543,
635,
2499,
284,
26776,
2685,
3349,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
17847,
28509,
198,
12,
39635,
4939,
198,
12,
44764,
35164,
198,
12,
22014,
286,
20788,
198,
12,
1610,
27112,
40502,
287,
262,
1986,
393,
7405,
198,
12,
23920,
287,
2910,
7543,
290,
18759,
2974,
198,
47,
1031,
404,
272,
571,
357,
53,
313,
8289,
8,
318,
6325,
329,
262,
3513,
286,
6190,
21919,
4890,
13,
632,
318,
2077,
1752,
257,
1110,
355,
257,
9582,
2035,
281,
1711,
878,
6600,
393,
734,
2250,
706,
6600,
13,
632,
2499,
416,
12174,
262,
3349,
286,
649,
2910,
14891,
284,
31155,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
1735,
3048,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
6602,
263,
25,
4270,
27392,
2275,
280,
89,
798,
11,
10670,
198,
12,
6602,
7536,
25,
7769,
14,
6999,
532,
198,
12,
10133,
7536,
25,
3571,
14,
6052,
14,
6999,
532,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 925 |
When the Manchu ruled China during the Qing Dynasty, certain social strata emerged. Among them were the Banners, mostly Manchu, who as a group were called Banner People.
Manchu women typically wore a one-piece dress that came to be known as the cheongsam. The qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body. You can pull on cheongsam of PLUS SIZE DRESSES Under the dynastic laws after 1644, all Han Chinese were forced to wear a queue and dress in Manchurian qipao instead of traditional Han Chinese clothing, under penalty of death. In the following 300 years, the qipao became the adopted clothing of the Chinese (though it cannot be considered as the traditional dress of Chinese, as it was forced upon them), and was eventually tailored to suit the preferences of the population. Such was its popularity that the garment form survived the political turmoil of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing Dynasty. Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers' triangular prism-like structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. "Wild silks" are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm and can be artificially cultivated. A variety of wild silks have been known and used in China, South Asia, and Europe since early times, but the scale of production was always far smaller than that of cultivated silks. They differ from the domesticated varieties in color and texture, and cocoons gathered in the wild usually have been damaged by the emerging moth before the cocoons are gathered, so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths. Commercially reared silkworm pupae are killed by dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge, or by piercing them with a needle, allowing the whole cocoon to be unraveled as one continuous thread. This permits a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. We can PLUS SIZE DRESSES for you | [
2215,
262,
1869,
46417,
8879,
2807,
1141,
262,
28927,
30908,
11,
1728,
1919,
965,
1045,
9349,
13,
9754,
606,
547,
262,
347,
15672,
11,
4632,
1869,
46417,
11,
508,
355,
257,
1448,
547,
1444,
27414,
4380,
13,
198,
44,
3702,
84,
1466,
6032,
12408,
257,
530,
12,
12239,
6576,
326,
1625,
284,
307,
1900,
355,
262,
1125,
28079,
321,
13,
383,
10662,
541,
5488,
18235,
28845,
290,
9174,
3892,
866,
262,
1767,
13,
921,
460,
2834,
319,
1125,
28079,
321,
286,
48635,
311,
35400,
10560,
7597,
1546,
4698,
262,
37860,
3477,
3657,
706,
1467,
2598,
11,
477,
9530,
3999,
547,
4137,
284,
5806,
257,
16834,
290,
6576,
287,
1869,
354,
333,
666,
10662,
541,
5488,
2427,
286,
4569,
9530,
3999,
9528,
11,
739,
7389,
286,
1918,
13,
554,
262,
1708,
5867,
812,
11,
262,
10662,
541,
5488,
2627,
262,
8197,
9528,
286,
262,
3999,
357,
2016,
340,
2314,
307,
3177,
355,
262,
4569,
6576,
286,
3999,
11,
355,
340,
373,
4137,
2402,
606,
828,
290,
373,
4191,
27571,
284,
6050,
262,
15387,
286,
262,
3265,
13,
8013,
373,
663,
11533,
326,
262,
30594,
1296,
11803,
262,
1964,
26962,
286,
262,
32216,
25426,
44488,
9303,
326,
48757,
262,
28927,
30908,
13,
26006,
318,
257,
3288,
7532,
13608,
11,
617,
5107,
286,
543,
460,
307,
36932,
656,
2420,
2915,
13,
383,
1266,
12,
4002,
2099,
286,
23938,
318,
6492,
422,
8954,
13022,
925,
416,
262,
37346,
286,
262,
35971,
8396,
23938,
25323,
20403,
1525,
87,
2146,
72,
302,
1144,
287,
33763,
357,
2655,
47428,
737,
383,
34493,
278,
5585,
329,
543,
23938,
318,
37768,
2058,
422,
262,
26742,
6,
46963,
46475,
12,
2339,
4645,
543,
3578,
23938,
16270,
284,
1006,
974,
15619,
1657,
379,
1180,
18333,
13,
366,
25946,
3313,
591,
1,
389,
4635,
416,
20825,
27215,
945,
584,
621,
262,
35971,
8396,
23938,
25323,
290,
460,
307,
32455,
30499,
13,
317,
4996,
286,
4295,
3313,
591,
423,
587,
1900,
290,
973,
287,
2807,
11,
2520,
7229,
11,
290,
2031,
1201,
1903,
1661,
11,
475,
262,
5046,
286,
3227,
373,
1464,
1290,
4833,
621,
326,
286,
30499,
3313,
591,
13,
1119,
13238,
422,
262,
26026,
3474,
20328,
287,
3124,
290,
11743,
11,
290,
8954,
13022,
9272,
287,
262,
4295,
3221,
423,
587,
9694,
416,
262,
11823,
44400,
878,
262,
8954,
13022,
389,
9272,
11,
523,
262,
23938,
4704,
326,
1838,
510,
262,
8954,
2049,
468,
587,
12445,
656,
12238,
20428,
13,
955,
647,
2131,
302,
1144,
23938,
25323,
15552,
3609,
389,
2923,
416,
43144,
606,
287,
24372,
1660,
878,
262,
4044,
285,
27118,
14740,
11,
393,
416,
30662,
606,
351,
257,
17598,
11,
5086,
262,
2187,
8954,
2049,
284,
307,
30282,
276,
355,
530,
12948,
4704,
13,
770,
13892,
257,
881,
7387,
16270,
284,
307,
36932,
422,
262,
23938,
13,
6183,
3313,
591,
635,
4327,
284,
307,
517,
2408,
284,
30121,
621,
23938,
422,
262,
30499,
23938,
25323,
13,
775,
460,
48635,
311,
35400,
10560,
7597,
1546,
329,
345,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 488 |
What is API?
API is an interface that allows software programs to interact with each other. It defines a set of rules that should be followed by the programs to communicate with each other. APIs generally specify how the routines, data structures, etc. should be defined in order for two applications to communicate. APIs differ in the functionality provided by them. There are general APIs that provide library functionalities of a programming language such as the Java API. There are also APIs that provides specific functionalities such as the Google Maps API. There are also language dependent APIs, which could only be used by a specific programming language. Furthermore, there are language independent APIs that could be used with several programming languages. APIs needs to be implemented very carefully by exposing only the required functionality or data to the outside, while keeping the other parts of the application inaccessible. Usage of APIs has become very popular in the internet. It has become very common to allow some of the functionality and data through an API to the outside on the Web. This functionality can be combined to offer an improved functionality to the users.
What is SDK?
SDK is a set of tools that can be used to develop software applications targeting a specific platform. SDKs include tools, libraries, documentation and sample code that would help a programmer to develop an application. Most of the SDKs could be downloaded from the internet and many of the SDKs are provided free to encourage the programmers to use the SDK‘s programming language. Some widely used SDKs are Java SDK (JDK) that includes all the libraries, debugging utilities, etc., which would make writing programs much easier in Java. SDKs make the life of a software developer easy, since there is no need to look for components/ tools that are compatible with each other and all of them are integrated in to a single package that is easy to install.
What is the difference between API and SDK?
API is an interface that allows software programs to interact with each other, whereas a SDK is a set of tools that can be used to develop software applications targeting a specific platform. The simplest version of a SDK could be an API that contains some files required to interact with a specific programming language. So an API can be seen as a simple SDK without all the debugging support, etc. | [
2061,
318,
7824,
30,
198,
17614,
318,
281,
7071,
326,
3578,
3788,
4056,
284,
9427,
351,
1123,
584,
13,
632,
15738,
257,
900,
286,
3173,
326,
815,
307,
3940,
416,
262,
4056,
284,
10996,
351,
1123,
584,
13,
23113,
4143,
11986,
703,
262,
31878,
11,
1366,
8573,
11,
3503,
13,
815,
307,
5447,
287,
1502,
329,
734,
5479,
284,
10996,
13,
23113,
13238,
287,
262,
11244,
2810,
416,
606,
13,
1318,
389,
2276,
23113,
326,
2148,
5888,
10345,
871,
286,
257,
8300,
3303,
884,
355,
262,
7349,
7824,
13,
1318,
389,
635,
23113,
326,
3769,
2176,
10345,
871,
884,
355,
262,
3012,
20347,
7824,
13,
1318,
389,
635,
3303,
10795,
23113,
11,
543,
714,
691,
307,
973,
416,
257,
2176,
8300,
3303,
13,
11399,
11,
612,
389,
3303,
4795,
23113,
326,
714,
307,
973,
351,
1811,
8300,
8950,
13,
23113,
2476,
284,
307,
9177,
845,
7773,
416,
21294,
691,
262,
2672,
11244,
393,
1366,
284,
262,
2354,
11,
981,
5291,
262,
584,
3354,
286,
262,
3586,
40604,
13,
29566,
286,
23113,
468,
1716,
845,
2968,
287,
262,
5230,
13,
632,
468,
1716,
845,
2219,
284,
1249,
617,
286,
262,
11244,
290,
1366,
832,
281,
7824,
284,
262,
2354,
319,
262,
5313,
13,
770,
11244,
460,
307,
5929,
284,
2897,
281,
6596,
11244,
284,
262,
2985,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
26144,
30,
198,
10305,
42,
318,
257,
900,
286,
4899,
326,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1205,
3788,
5479,
10822,
257,
2176,
3859,
13,
26144,
82,
2291,
4899,
11,
12782,
11,
10314,
290,
6291,
2438,
326,
561,
1037,
257,
24292,
284,
1205,
281,
3586,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
26144,
82,
714,
307,
15680,
422,
262,
5230,
290,
867,
286,
262,
26144,
82,
389,
2810,
1479,
284,
7898,
262,
24867,
284,
779,
262,
26144,
447,
246,
82,
8300,
3303,
13,
2773,
6768,
973,
26144,
82,
389,
7349,
26144,
357,
37882,
42,
8,
326,
3407,
477,
262,
12782,
11,
28769,
20081,
11,
3503,
1539,
543,
561,
787,
3597,
4056,
881,
4577,
287,
7349,
13,
26144,
82,
787,
262,
1204,
286,
257,
3788,
8517,
2562,
11,
1201,
612,
318,
645,
761,
284,
804,
329,
6805,
14,
4899,
326,
389,
11670,
351,
1123,
584,
290,
477,
286,
606,
389,
11521,
287,
284,
257,
2060,
5301,
326,
318,
2562,
284,
2721,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
3580,
1022,
7824,
290,
26144,
30,
198,
17614,
318,
281,
7071,
326,
3578,
3788,
4056,
284,
9427,
351,
1123,
584,
11,
9472,
257,
26144,
318,
257,
900,
286,
4899,
326,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1205,
3788,
5479,
10822,
257,
2176,
3859,
13,
383,
24043,
2196,
286,
257,
26144,
714,
307,
281,
7824,
326,
4909,
617,
3696,
2672,
284,
9427,
351,
257,
2176,
8300,
3303,
13,
1406,
281,
7824,
460,
307,
1775,
355,
257,
2829,
26144,
1231,
477,
262,
28769,
1104,
11,
3503,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 463 |
Depression is of high public health concern because it is the most common mental disorder and a primary cause of disease burden, disability (1), long-term sickness, absence from work, and premature retirement (2). Furthermore, it has been described as the most costly brain disorder in Europe (3). In southern European countries, prevalence rates of depression and suicide are lower than elsewhere in Europe (4,5), and a recent study of depression in Spain, one of the largest southern European countries, found additional characteristics specific to this country, such as an earlier age at onset and higher rates of comorbidity and of chronicity (5).
Health services are a crucial resource in reducing the suffering of persons with depression; however, studies have found large differences between countries in rates of depression treatment, with low overall rates (6—8). Although health care systems vary widely across the world, certain system characteristics, such as access to services, number of health professionals, and quality of care, contribute to the outcomes of depression treatment. Studies of service use for the treatment of depression are scarce and mostly limited to Western and Northern European countries. Although information from many countries, such as Spain, is available, it remains fragmented and incomplete.
The Spanish National Health System provides free and universal access to most types of health care. It is financed by general taxation and by out-of-pocket expenditures, including copayments for pharmacological treatments. The primary care sector acts as the gatekeeper to the system and therefore to specialized mental health care. Because administration of health care is decentralized and is the responsibility of the 17 Autonomous Communities, the number and quality of mental health services is not homogeneous across Spain. Frequently described deficiencies include lack of specific budgets for mental health, heterogeneous information systems, and insufficient coordination with primary care services (9).
The objective of this study was to analyze service use in the past 12 months for a major depressive episode among respondents to the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), in Spain. We estimated the level of use of services, determined the proportion of individuals using services who could be considered to have received minimally adequate treatment, and identified the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with service use. We also compared these results with international data.
The ESEMeD-Spain study was a cross-sectional, general population, household survey conducted with a representative sample of the Spanish noninstitutionalized adult population. A detailed description of methods is available elsewhere (10—12).
A stratified, multistage, clustered-area, probability sample without replacement design was used to guarantee the representativeness of all the regions in the country. The target population was noninstitutionalized adults (aged 18 years and older), who were identified from census tract data. The final sample included 5,473 respondents (including a random selection of 323 spouses of the married main respondents, who were also interviewed); the final response rate was 78.6%. Data collection was conducted from September 2001 to September 2002. Individuals provided informed consent to participate in the interview. Data for the individuals were weighted to account for the different probabilities of selection within households and among hard-to-reach individuals, as well as to reflect age, gender, and Autonomous Community distribution of the Spanish general population.
Interview and questionnaire
The survey instrument was the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) (13), which is a fully structured diagnostic interview to assess disorders and treatment, as well as several additional variables, such as disease severity and disability. By means of computerized algorithms, the CIDI provides lifetime and 12-month diagnoses of mental disorders based on DSM-IV criteria (14). In establishing the diagnosis, CIDI rules about excluding organic mental disorders (direct physiological effects of a general medical condition, a drug, or a medication) were imposed. The CIDI was administered by trained lay interviewers using a computer-assisted personal interview.
Assessment of depression severity
Respondents were assessed for major depressive episode in the past 12 months. On the basis on researchers' consensus, individuals with the disorder were classified into three severity groups. The group with the most severe symptoms included those who had attempted suicide in the past 12 months, those who had a diagnosis of alcohol dependence with physiological dependence syndrome, and those who experienced severe role impairment (scores from 8 to 10) in at least two areas of the WMH-adapted version of the Sheehan Disability Scales (SDS). Individuals not classified as having severe symptoms were assigned to the moderate group if they had moderate role impairment in at least one domain of the SDS (a score of more than 4) or if they had alcohol dependence disorder without physiological dependence. All other individuals were classified as having mild symptoms.
Health and social services use
All respondents were asked about use of services for their "emotions or mental health problems" in the 12 months before the interview. Those reporting use of services were asked to select from a list all providers whom they visited, including psychiatrist; psychologist; general practitioner, other physician, or other health care professional; human services (outpatient treatment with a religious or spiritual advisor or with a social worker or counselor in any setting other than a specialty mental health setting); and a complementary-alternative medical sector (outpatient treatment with any other type of healer, participation in an Internet support group, or participation in a self-help group). Psychiatrists and psychologists constituted the specialized mental health category; general practitioners, other physicians, and other health professionals constituted the general medical care category; and both specialized mental health and general medical care constituted the health care sector.
The type of treatment received by individuals who reported use of a service in the health care sector was assessed. Pharmacological treatment was defined as that prescribed by a psychiatrist, general practitioner, or any other physician or health professional in the previous 12 months. Psychotherapy was defined as having more than one session in the past 12 months of psychological counseling or therapy with a mental health professional (psychiatrist or psychologist) that lasted 15 minutes or longer. Individuals who received neither drug nor psychological treatment were classified as being in the group with no active treatment.
The definition of minimally adequate treatment followed previous research that was based on recommendations from clinical guidelines (15—17). It was defined as receipt of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for at least two months plus at least four visits with a psychiatrist, a general practitioner, or any other physician or health professional or at least eight sessions with a psychologist or a psychiatrist lasting an average of 15 minutes or longer. Human services and complementary-alternative medicine treatments were not considered to constitute adequate care because of the lack of experimental data documenting the effectiveness of such treatments for major depression (18—22).
Chronic conditions and mental disorder variables
The variable for chronic conditions included eight groups: musculoskeletal (arthritis), chronic pain (neck or back pain or other somatoform pain), digestive (stomach or intestinal ulcer), respiratory (asthma, allergies, or any other chronic lung disease), neurological problems, cancer, cardiovascular (stroke, heart attack, heart disease, or high blood pressure), and diabetes. The variable for mental disorders included mood disorders (major depressive episode or dysthymia), anxiety disorders (panic disorder, specific phobia or social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia without panic), and alcohol abuse or dependence.
All analyses were performed with SASTM software, version 9.1, of the SAS System for Windows as well as SUDAAN, version 9.0, a statistical package used to estimate standard errors of data obtained from surveys with complex designs. Data analyses were carried out at the IMIM-Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain, and at Harvard University in Boston.
Lifetime prevalence of a major depressive episode in the overall sample was 10.6%, and 12-month prevalence was 4.0%. Table 1 presents data on sociodemographic characteristics of the total sample and of those with a lifetime and 12-month major depressive episode.
Among respondents with a depressive disorder in the past 12 months, 59.1% had used some type of service in the past 12 months for their emotional problems. As shown in Table 2, the highest proportion of service users (58.7%) reported use of services in the health care sector (either general medical care or specialized mental health). Among those who used services in the health care sector, the highest proportion reported use only in general medical care (35.3%).
Among respondents who had used past-year services for emotional problems in the heath care sector, at least 76% received some type of active treatment: 70.1% reported receiving psychopharmacological treatment, either alone (37.9%) or combined with psychotherapy (32.2%). Receipt of no active treatment was highest among respondents with moderate major depressive episode (10.9%) and lowest among those with a mild disorder (5.0%).
As shown in Table 3, among respondents who had received active treatment in the past 12 months from providers in the health care sector, 31.2% received treatment that met criteria for minimal adequacy. In the overall sample, meaningful differences were found by type of health service used: respondents who received both specialized mental health care and general medical care accounted for the highest proportion of those receiving minimally adequate care (38.6%), and the lowest proportion was among those who received services in general medical care only (12.8%). These differences were also found among respondents with severe major depressive episode.
Results of logistic regression analyses of potential predictors of past-year service use among respondents with a 12-month major depressive episode are shown in Table 4. Respondents in the group aged 35—49 years were more likely than those in the other age groups to have used any services for their emotional problems within the past year (OR=5.7). Service use was also more likely among those in the "other" employment group (unemployed or too disabled to work) (OR=4.9), compared with those who were employed. Respondents who had a moderate disorder were more likely (OR=3.2) than those in the other severity groups to have used any services. Respondents who had more than one 12-month mental disorder (that is, a mental disorder comorbid with their depression) were significantly more likely than those with depression only to use any services (two mental disorders, OR=2.9; three or more mental disorders, OR=4.1). On the other hand, respondents with a low-average income were less likely than those with a high income to have used any services for their emotional problems in the past 12 months (OR=.3).
The regression analyses also examined use of specialized mental health services in the past 12 months (Table 4). Respondents in the group aged 35—49 were more likely than those aged 18—34 to use these services (OR=3.0). Those with a severe or moderate disorder were significantly more likely to use these services than those with a mild disorder (OR=5.1 and OR=4.7, respectively). On the other hand, those with a high-average education level were less likely than those with a high level to use specialized services (OR=.3).
The study found that 40.9% of respondents to ESEMeD-Spain with a 12-month major depressive episode reported not having used any type of service for their emotional problems in the past year. Moreover, 68.8% of those who received active treatment in the health care sector (specialized mental health or general medical care) did not receive minimally adequate treatment. Thus only 15.0% of all those with a 12-month major depressive episode had received appropriate care. Of particular concern is the 30.8% of those with a severe disorder who did not use any type of service for their emotional problems.
By far, psychotropic medication was the treatment most used, either alone or (less frequently) in combination with psychological treatment. Higher odds of any service use were found among respondents with a moderate disorder, those with a comorbid mental disorder, those who were unemployed or too disabled to work, and middle-aged respondents.
Study limitations and strengths
Our results should be interpreted within the context of some limitations. First, information about treatment was self-reported, which could have led to recall bias. Previous studies have found that self-reports of service use for some mental disorders may be higher than use documented in administrative records (23,24). The WMH Survey tried to reduce recall bias by excluding respondents who failed to say that they would think carefully and answer honestly. Furthermore, use of a 12-month time frame can further reduce the risk of recall bias. Second, some analyses consisted of small numbers of respondents, and this might have affected the reliability of results. Third, ESEMeD excluded several population groups, such as those who were institutionalized or homeless. Although service use patterns of these groups may be different, their relative size is small, and it could be argued that overall population estimates would not diverge considerably if they were included. Fourth, there is no consensus on criteria for defining minimally adequate treatment; however, to our knowledge, the relationship between various criteria and significant clinical outcomes has not been studied. Fifth, the Spanish National Health System comprises 17 regional systems whose management relies on each regional government. As a consequence, the level of development of the mental health network, the allocation of economic resources, and the population density of professionals vary across regions; these differences may influence the use of services. Because of limitations in sample size, it was not possible to perform a more detailed analysis that would offer a clearer picture of probable regional differences.
With these limitations in mind, we note that this is the first study that provides information about the use of services for a major depressive episode in Spain that is based on a nationally representative sample and that used a standardized methodology that allows for international comparisons. Previous research was restricted to specific regions and population subgroups (25,26) or clinical samples (27) or used mixed methodologies, which provided an incomplete picture of service use for depression.
Our findings show that almost half of respondents with a major depressive episode did not use services in the health care sector for their emotional problems in the year before the interview. Although concrete and easily comparable data are lacking, some studies have found lower use of health services for mental disorders in certain southern European countries, such as Spain and Italy, compared with other European countries, but the rates are still higher than those found in many low-income American samples or in Asian countries (6,28). Comparable data on service use by individuals with major depression are even scarcer, but studies have shown that use is higher in Spain than in countries such as Italy and Germany (29) and lower than in some northern European countries, such as Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom (30).
Although underrecognition and undertreatment of common mental disorders are frequent in most countries, substantive cross-national differences in treatment rates have been described. Treatment rates ranging from 50% to 79% in high-income countries have been reported, with rates typically lower in low-income regions (6). Reasons for these differences are not well known, but several factors have been proposed. They include factors that predispose patients to seek treatment, factors related to the type and amount of services available from the health care system, and factors related to health care professionals' ability to provide an adequate response to the need for treatment (6,31—35). The effect of social networks and support, which might be stronger in Spain than in other European countries (36), has also been discussed in the literature as either reducing service use by helping an individual to cope with stress or increasing service use by supporting treatment seeking (37). Although an extensive review of these factors is beyond the scope of this article, the relevant findings are summarized below.
A personal level of comfort and confidence about consulting with professionals has been considered the most important factor in help seeking for depression, together with personal understanding and self-evaluation of the problem and the anticipated or experienced reactions of family and friends (31,32). Attitudes toward seeking mental health care seem to be more positive in Spain than in other European countries, and Spaniards seem to place greater trust in treatments provided by health care professionals (38). In regard to stigma, a well-known cultural barrier to help seeking for mental disorders (32), two recent studies showed that stigma may be less prevalent in Spain than in other European countries (39,40).
Health system-related factors.
The ability to access professional care is a key feature of health systems and also influences service use for mental disorders. Access to services is free and universal in the Spanish National Health System, as is the case in many other European countries, where treatment rates are, however, higher. A link between a country's overall spending on health care and the rate of treatment for mental disorders has also been described (6), and available data show that the amount spent in Spain is lower than the European average; this is also true of spending on mental health, which remains around 5% of Spain's total health care budget—one of the lowest spending rates in the European Union (41—43). The availability of services and of professionals is another relevant determinant that has also been linked to the use of services for depression. Studies have shown that regions with the lowest resources often have lower rates of consultation with health care professionals (44). Spain has fewer psychiatrists and psychologists and fewer available mental health services than many other countries with the same level of development, and differences are even greater for psychiatric nurses and social workers (9,42,43).
Factors related to health care professionals.
The Spanish National Health System is based on primary care, and referral from a general practitioner is usually required to gain access to specialized mental health services. Thus general practitioners act as gatekeepers of the system and have a key role in the correct detection and early management of most cases of depression. This is especially relevant in light of the high prevalence of major depression in primary care (45) and the evidence linking poor recognition of depression in primary care with worse short-term outcomes (46). In fact, underrecognition of depression in primary care has been extensively reported (47—49), and a recent meta-analysis that included more than 50,000 international patients showed that correct identification of depression by general practitioners occurred in only 47.3% of cases (50). This worrying situation has also been described in Spain (51,52), but international comparisons are scarce.
Roles of general practitioners and mental health specialists
Our results show that the proportion of respondents who sought service in the general medical care sector was only slightly higher than the proportion who visited mental health specialists. This finding is in contrast to other European countries and regions of the world, where general practitioners are clearly the professionals most frequently involved in the treatment of depression (6,44). This difference might be partly explained by the higher rates of referral to mental health specialists by general practitioners that have been described in Spain (44). These higher referral rates could be considered an attempt to improve the efficiency of a short-resourced health system. Additional factors, such as the relative delay in mental health care reform in Spain, may help explain why individuals with mild disorders were more likely to receive specialized mental health care.
Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of use
The likelihood of use of services for depression has been linked to a variety of sociodemographic factors, such as middle age, female gender, higher education and income level, and not being married (6,16,53,54). However, our results support only a few of them. Of special concern is our finding that women were no more likely than men to seek treatment. This finding should receive attention because the higher prevalence of depression among women compared with men in Spain was found to be much higher than in many other countries (5,55,56).
Symptom severity is another major determinant of service use (30,57,58), and monotonic relationships between severity and the probability of service use have been previously described (6). Our results show that among individuals using any health sector services, those with a moderate disorder had higher odds of receiving treatment than individuals with mild disorders. Further research should be undertaken to confirm these findings—in particular, the role of severity and of gender in help seeking. Also, the finding that 31.7% of those with a severe disorder received care only from a general practitioner raises some concern about possible misallocations of scarce specialized resources, especially when the misallocations affect patients with higher risks of serious complications.
Minimally adequate treatment
In our study 31.2% of the patients with a major depressive episode who received active treatment from general medical or mental health specialty care received minimally adequate treatment, a rate considerably lower than in other European countries (17). Consistent with previous studies, our study found low overall rates of treatment adequacy (6,59) and more adequate treatment in specialized settings (16,60). Reasons for the low rate of treatment adequacy are unclear, but they presumably involve provider factors, such as inadequate training and failure to adhere to guidelines (16). Inadequate treatment has significant health and economic consequences, because treatments that meet clinical guidelines are more cost-effective and have been shown to decrease the number of years lived with a disability (61).
Taken together the results offer a complex picture of patterns of service use for a major depressive episode in Spain. They include a less clear influence of disorder severity, a less relevant role for general practitioners than for mental health specialists, varying effects of sociodemographic factors, and a lower overall rate of minimally adequate treatment. Low rates of service use for major depression in a country such as Spain, with free and universal access to mental health care and a population with more positive attitudes toward help seeking for mental health problems, are worrisome and should call for a more proactive attitude of the health system. In particular, rates of comorbidity and of chronicity are higher in Spain than in other European countries (5), and both are a possible consequence of inadequate treatment and a possible cause of increased costs of major depression. Potential country-specific barriers to treatment, such as lower availability of services and of professionals and lower health care spending for mental health, may contribute to the low rates of service use. Although there are many budgetary constraints and competing priorities, reducing these barriers to treatment should be seriously considered to improve access to mental health care in Spain.
Efforts should be made to enable general practitioners to better detect and manage depression, which may involve changes in their training and more effective development and dissemination of clinical guidelines. In addition, the fact that no gender differences were found in the likelihood of receiving treatment should stimulate specific actions aimed at increasing treatment rates among women as a high-risk population group. This is also true for the youngest cohorts, especially considering that the age at onset of depression is lower in Spain (early 30s) than the European average (late 30s) (5) and that early intervention can improve the prognosis of this often chronic and highly disabling disorder.
The ESEMeD project (www.epremed.org) was funded by contracts QLG5-1999-01042 and SANCO-2004123 from the European Commission; the Piedmont Region of Italy; grant FIS 00/0028-02 from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; grant SAF 2000-158-CE from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologáa, Spain; Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; and by other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. ESEMeD is carried out in conjunction with the WHO WMH Survey Initiative. The authors thank the WMH staff for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork, and data analysis. These activities were supported by grant R01MH070884 from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; the Pfizer Foundation; grants R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558 from the U.S. Public Health Service; grant FIRCA R03-TW006481 from the Fogarty International Center; the Pan American Health Organization; the Eli Lilly and Company Foundation; Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline; Bristol-Myers Squibb; and Shire. The funding institutions had no further role in study design; in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in report writing; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
The authors report no competing interests. | [
12156,
2234,
318,
286,
1029,
1171,
1535,
2328,
780,
340,
318,
262,
749,
2219,
5110,
8967,
290,
257,
4165,
2728,
286,
4369,
10538,
11,
14013,
357,
16,
828,
890,
12,
4354,
26359,
11,
8889,
422,
670,
11,
290,
19905,
10737,
357,
17,
737,
11399,
11,
340,
468,
587,
3417,
355,
262,
749,
16378,
3632,
8967,
287,
2031,
357,
18,
737,
554,
8372,
3427,
2678,
11,
16815,
3965,
286,
8862,
290,
7341,
389,
2793,
621,
8057,
287,
2031,
357,
19,
11,
20,
828,
290,
257,
2274,
2050,
286,
8862,
287,
8602,
11,
530,
286,
262,
4387,
8372,
3427,
2678,
11,
1043,
3224,
9695,
2176,
284,
428,
1499,
11,
884,
355,
281,
2961,
2479,
379,
21228,
290,
2440,
3965,
286,
401,
273,
14065,
414,
290,
286,
10726,
414,
357,
20,
737,
198,
18081,
2594,
389,
257,
8780,
8271,
287,
8868,
262,
7195,
286,
6506,
351,
8862,
26,
2158,
11,
3640,
423,
1043,
1588,
5400,
1022,
2678,
287,
3965,
286,
8862,
3513,
11,
351,
1877,
4045,
3965,
357,
21,
960,
23,
737,
4900,
1535,
1337,
3341,
7565,
6768,
1973,
262,
995,
11,
1728,
1080,
9695,
11,
884,
355,
1895,
284,
2594,
11,
1271,
286,
1535,
11153,
11,
290,
3081,
286,
1337,
11,
8676,
284,
262,
10906,
286,
8862,
3513,
13,
10422,
286,
2139,
779,
329,
262,
3513,
286,
8862,
389,
18549,
290,
4632,
3614,
284,
4885,
290,
8342,
3427,
2678,
13,
4900,
1321,
422,
867,
2678,
11,
884,
355,
8602,
11,
318,
1695,
11,
340,
3793,
41630,
290,
17503,
13,
198,
464,
7897,
2351,
3893,
4482,
3769,
1479,
290,
10112,
1895,
284,
749,
3858,
286,
1535,
1337,
13,
632,
318,
29768,
416,
2276,
21843,
290,
416,
503,
12,
1659,
12,
31991,
22895,
11,
1390,
2243,
323,
902,
329,
25702,
2770,
13820,
13,
383,
4165,
1337,
6567,
6529,
355,
262,
8946,
13884,
284,
262,
1080,
290,
4361,
284,
16976,
5110,
1535,
1337,
13,
4362,
3662,
286,
1535,
1337,
318,
26512,
290,
318,
262,
5798,
286,
262,
1596,
5231,
38175,
35530,
11,
262,
1271,
290,
3081,
286,
5110,
1535,
2594,
318,
407,
3488,
32269,
1973,
8602,
13,
22192,
1473,
3417,
33589,
2291,
3092,
286,
2176,
21011,
329,
5110,
1535,
11,
14445,
32269,
1321,
3341,
11,
290,
19022,
19877,
351,
4165,
1337,
2594,
357,
24,
737,
198,
464,
9432,
286,
428,
2050,
373,
284,
16602,
2139,
779,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
329,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
1871,
14502,
284,
262,
3427,
12481,
286,
262,
38437,
12371,
286,
21235,
37966,
357,
1546,
3620,
68,
35,
828,
287,
8602,
13,
775,
6108,
262,
1241,
286,
779,
286,
2594,
11,
5295,
262,
9823,
286,
3925,
1262,
2594,
508,
714,
307,
3177,
284,
423,
2722,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
11,
290,
5174,
262,
1307,
2101,
368,
6826,
290,
8668,
5087,
3917,
351,
2139,
779,
13,
775,
635,
3688,
777,
2482,
351,
3230,
1366,
13,
198,
464,
13380,
3620,
68,
35,
12,
45355,
2050,
373,
257,
3272,
12,
44330,
11,
2276,
3265,
11,
6641,
5526,
5952,
351,
257,
8852,
6291,
286,
262,
7897,
1729,
8625,
5677,
1143,
4044,
3265,
13,
317,
6496,
6764,
286,
5050,
318,
1695,
8057,
357,
940,
960,
1065,
737,
198,
32,
25369,
1431,
11,
1963,
396,
496,
11,
49480,
12,
20337,
11,
12867,
6291,
1231,
9014,
1486,
373,
973,
284,
9149,
262,
2380,
265,
6517,
286,
477,
262,
7652,
287,
262,
1499,
13,
383,
2496,
3265,
373,
1729,
8625,
5677,
1143,
6490,
357,
1886,
1248,
812,
290,
4697,
828,
508,
547,
5174,
422,
21649,
14998,
1366,
13,
383,
2457,
6291,
3017,
642,
11,
37804,
14502,
357,
8201,
257,
4738,
6356,
286,
38446,
30250,
286,
262,
6405,
1388,
14502,
11,
508,
547,
635,
12299,
1776,
262,
2457,
2882,
2494,
373,
8699,
13,
21,
7225,
6060,
4947,
373,
5952,
422,
2693,
5878,
284,
2693,
6244,
13,
34884,
2810,
7981,
8281,
284,
8277,
287,
262,
2720,
13,
6060,
329,
262,
3925,
547,
26356,
284,
1848,
329,
262,
1180,
39522,
286,
6356,
1626,
12503,
290,
1871,
1327,
12,
1462,
12,
16250,
3925,
11,
355,
880,
355,
284,
4079,
2479,
11,
5279,
11,
290,
5231,
38175,
8108,
6082,
286,
262,
7897,
2276,
3265,
13,
198,
39945,
290,
28301,
198,
464,
5526,
8875,
373,
262,
2159,
21235,
3893,
357,
22117,
39,
8,
13084,
2196,
286,
262,
2159,
3893,
12275,
357,
41856,
8,
49355,
4037,
31549,
15132,
19371,
357,
34,
2389,
40,
513,
13,
15,
8,
357,
1485,
828,
543,
318,
257,
3938,
20793,
23584,
2720,
284,
4659,
11916,
290,
3513,
11,
355,
880,
355,
1811,
3224,
9633,
11,
884,
355,
4369,
19440,
290,
14013,
13,
2750,
1724,
286,
3644,
1143,
16113,
11,
262,
327,
2389,
40,
3769,
10869,
290,
1105,
12,
8424,
40567,
286,
5110,
11916,
1912,
319,
37297,
12,
3824,
9987,
357,
1415,
737,
554,
15010,
262,
13669,
11,
327,
2389,
40,
3173,
546,
23494,
10469,
5110,
11916,
357,
12942,
25033,
3048,
286,
257,
2276,
3315,
4006,
11,
257,
2563,
11,
393,
257,
14103,
8,
547,
10893,
13,
383,
327,
2389,
40,
373,
17169,
416,
8776,
3830,
2720,
364,
1262,
257,
3644,
12,
42191,
2614,
2720,
13,
198,
8021,
21687,
286,
8862,
19440,
198,
19309,
623,
658,
547,
15276,
329,
1688,
36568,
4471,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
13,
1550,
262,
4308,
319,
4837,
6,
11529,
11,
3925,
351,
262,
8967,
547,
10090,
656,
1115,
19440,
2628,
13,
383,
1448,
351,
262,
749,
6049,
7460,
3017,
883,
508,
550,
7482,
7341,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
11,
883,
508,
550,
257,
13669,
286,
5548,
21403,
351,
25033,
21403,
14027,
11,
290,
883,
508,
5924,
6049,
2597,
23992,
357,
1416,
2850,
422,
807,
284,
838,
8,
287,
379,
1551,
734,
3006,
286,
262,
30376,
39,
12,
42552,
276,
2196,
286,
262,
1375,
68,
7637,
46454,
1446,
2040,
357,
50,
5258,
737,
34884,
407,
10090,
355,
1719,
6049,
7460,
547,
8686,
284,
262,
10768,
1448,
611,
484,
550,
10768,
2597,
23992,
287,
379,
1551,
530,
7386,
286,
262,
311,
5258,
357,
64,
4776,
286,
517,
621,
604,
8,
393,
611,
484,
550,
5548,
21403,
8967,
1231,
25033,
21403,
13,
1439,
584,
3925,
547,
10090,
355,
1719,
11607,
7460,
13,
198,
18081,
290,
1919,
2594,
779,
198,
3237,
14502,
547,
1965,
546,
779,
286,
2594,
329,
511,
366,
368,
36083,
393,
5110,
1535,
2761,
1,
287,
262,
1105,
1933,
878,
262,
2720,
13,
5845,
6447,
779,
286,
2594,
547,
1965,
284,
2922,
422,
257,
1351,
477,
9549,
4150,
484,
8672,
11,
1390,
31207,
26,
23540,
26,
2276,
32110,
11,
584,
14325,
11,
393,
584,
1535,
1337,
4708,
26,
1692,
2594,
357,
448,
26029,
3513,
351,
257,
4158,
393,
8557,
20685,
393,
351,
257,
1919,
8383,
393,
31928,
287,
597,
4634,
584,
621,
257,
22847,
5110,
1535,
4634,
1776,
290,
257,
32150,
12,
33645,
876,
3315,
6567,
357,
448,
26029,
3513,
351,
597,
584,
2099,
286,
44325,
11,
10270,
287,
281,
4455,
1104,
1448,
11,
393,
10270,
287,
257,
2116,
12,
16794,
1448,
737,
26357,
37326,
290,
30842,
27276,
262,
16976,
5110,
1535,
6536,
26,
2276,
24068,
11,
584,
17206,
11,
290,
584,
1535,
11153,
27276,
262,
2276,
3315,
1337,
6536,
26,
290,
1111,
16976,
5110,
1535,
290,
2276,
3315,
1337,
27276,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
13,
198,
464,
2099,
286,
3513,
2722,
416,
3925,
508,
2098,
779,
286,
257,
2139,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
373,
15276,
13,
37908,
2770,
3513,
373,
5447,
355,
326,
14798,
416,
257,
31207,
11,
2276,
32110,
11,
393,
597,
584,
14325,
393,
1535,
4708,
287,
262,
2180,
1105,
1933,
13,
7562,
18952,
373,
5447,
355,
1719,
517,
621,
530,
6246,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
286,
10590,
21951,
393,
9102,
351,
257,
5110,
1535,
4708,
357,
23947,
5375,
1585,
393,
23540,
8,
326,
15436,
1315,
2431,
393,
2392,
13,
34884,
508,
2722,
6159,
2563,
4249,
10590,
3513,
547,
10090,
355,
852,
287,
262,
1448,
351,
645,
4075,
3513,
13,
198,
464,
6770,
286,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
3940,
2180,
2267,
326,
373,
1912,
319,
10763,
422,
8668,
9949,
357,
1314,
960,
1558,
737,
632,
373,
5447,
355,
14507,
286,
41897,
25702,
18952,
329,
379,
1551,
734,
1933,
5556,
379,
1551,
1440,
11864,
351,
257,
31207,
11,
257,
2276,
32110,
11,
393,
597,
584,
14325,
393,
1535,
4708,
393,
379,
1551,
3624,
10991,
351,
257,
23540,
393,
257,
31207,
15727,
281,
2811,
286,
1315,
2431,
393,
2392,
13,
5524,
2594,
290,
32150,
12,
33645,
876,
9007,
13820,
547,
407,
3177,
284,
15613,
12872,
1337,
780,
286,
262,
3092,
286,
11992,
1366,
33045,
262,
13530,
286,
884,
13820,
329,
1688,
8862,
357,
1507,
960,
1828,
737,
198,
1925,
4565,
3403,
290,
5110,
8967,
9633,
198,
464,
7885,
329,
10726,
3403,
3017,
3624,
2628,
25,
1928,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
357,
11999,
27398,
828,
10726,
2356,
357,
27235,
393,
736,
2356,
393,
584,
3870,
5549,
687,
2356,
828,
34616,
357,
301,
10806,
393,
32031,
14856,
2189,
828,
22949,
357,
292,
400,
2611,
11,
36665,
11,
393,
597,
584,
10726,
12317,
4369,
828,
30232,
2761,
11,
4890,
11,
21134,
357,
30757,
11,
2612,
1368,
11,
2612,
4369,
11,
393,
1029,
2910,
3833,
828,
290,
12593,
13,
383,
7885,
329,
5110,
11916,
3017,
10038,
11916,
357,
22478,
36568,
4471,
393,
20268,
48476,
4948,
544,
828,
9751,
11916,
357,
35843,
8967,
11,
2176,
872,
30665,
393,
1919,
872,
30665,
11,
38284,
9751,
8967,
11,
1281,
41521,
5503,
8967,
11,
290,
556,
273,
6570,
30665,
1231,
13619,
828,
290,
5548,
5076,
393,
21403,
13,
198,
3237,
13523,
547,
6157,
351,
311,
11262,
44,
3788,
11,
2196,
860,
13,
16,
11,
286,
262,
35516,
4482,
329,
3964,
355,
880,
355,
13558,
5631,
1565,
11,
2196,
860,
13,
15,
11,
257,
13905,
5301,
973,
284,
8636,
3210,
8563,
286,
1366,
6492,
422,
16255,
351,
3716,
9824,
13,
6060,
13523,
547,
5281,
503,
379,
262,
8959,
3955,
12,
39,
3531,
1619,
1526,
287,
15142,
11,
8602,
11,
290,
379,
11131,
2059,
287,
6182,
13,
198,
43,
361,
8079,
16815,
286,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
287,
262,
4045,
6291,
373,
838,
13,
21,
7441,
290,
1105,
12,
8424,
16815,
373,
604,
13,
15,
7225,
8655,
352,
10969,
1366,
319,
1307,
2101,
368,
6826,
9695,
286,
262,
2472,
6291,
290,
286,
883,
351,
257,
10869,
290,
1105,
12,
8424,
1688,
36568,
4471,
13,
198,
14311,
14502,
351,
257,
36568,
8967,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
11,
7863,
13,
16,
4,
550,
973,
617,
2099,
286,
2139,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
13,
1081,
3402,
287,
8655,
362,
11,
262,
4511,
9823,
286,
2139,
2985,
357,
3365,
13,
22,
4407,
2098,
779,
286,
2594,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
357,
31336,
2276,
3315,
1337,
393,
16976,
5110,
1535,
737,
9754,
883,
508,
973,
2594,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
11,
262,
4511,
9823,
2098,
779,
691,
287,
2276,
3315,
1337,
357,
2327,
13,
18,
18823,
198,
14311,
14502,
508,
550,
973,
1613,
12,
1941,
2594,
329,
7016,
2761,
287,
262,
339,
776,
1337,
6567,
11,
379,
1551,
8684,
4,
2722,
617,
2099,
286,
4075,
3513,
25,
4317,
13,
16,
4,
2098,
6464,
3795,
2522,
32813,
2770,
3513,
11,
2035,
3436,
357,
2718,
13,
24,
4407,
393,
5929,
351,
3795,
18952,
357,
2624,
13,
17,
18823,
19520,
10257,
286,
645,
4075,
3513,
373,
4511,
1871,
14502,
351,
10768,
1688,
36568,
4471,
357,
940,
13,
24,
4407,
290,
9016,
1871,
883,
351,
257,
11607,
8967,
357,
20,
13,
15,
18823,
198,
1722,
3402,
287,
8655,
513,
11,
1871,
14502,
508,
550,
2722,
4075,
3513,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
422,
9549,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
11,
3261,
13,
17,
4,
2722,
3513,
326,
1138,
9987,
329,
10926,
9939,
1590,
13,
554,
262,
4045,
6291,
11,
11570,
5400,
547,
1043,
416,
2099,
286,
1535,
2139,
973,
25,
14502,
508,
2722,
1111,
16976,
5110,
1535,
1337,
290,
2276,
3315,
1337,
17830,
329,
262,
4511,
9823,
286,
883,
6464,
10356,
453,
12872,
1337,
357,
2548,
13,
21,
15920,
290,
262,
9016,
9823,
373,
1871,
883,
508,
2722,
2594,
287,
2276,
3315,
1337,
691,
357,
1065,
13,
23,
18823,
2312,
5400,
547,
635,
1043,
1871,
14502,
351,
6049,
1688,
36568,
4471,
13,
198,
25468,
286,
2604,
2569,
20683,
13523,
286,
2785,
4331,
669,
286,
1613,
12,
1941,
2139,
779,
1871,
14502,
351,
257,
1105,
12,
8424,
1688,
36568,
4471,
389,
3402,
287,
8655,
604,
13,
33556,
658,
287,
262,
1448,
9722,
3439,
960,
2920,
812,
547,
517,
1884,
621,
883,
287,
262,
584,
2479,
2628,
284,
423,
973,
597,
2594,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
1626,
262,
1613,
614,
357,
1581,
28,
20,
13,
22,
737,
4809,
779,
373,
635,
517,
1884,
1871,
883,
287,
262,
366,
847,
1,
7184,
1448,
357,
403,
36266,
393,
1165,
10058,
284,
670,
8,
357,
1581,
28,
19,
13,
24,
828,
3688,
351,
883,
508,
547,
9322,
13,
33556,
658,
508,
550,
257,
10768,
8967,
547,
517,
1884,
357,
1581,
28,
18,
13,
17,
8,
621,
883,
287,
262,
584,
19440,
2628,
284,
423,
973,
597,
2594,
13,
33556,
658,
508,
550,
517,
621,
530,
1105,
12,
8424,
5110,
8967,
357,
5562,
318,
11,
257,
5110,
8967,
401,
273,
14065,
351,
511,
8862,
8,
547,
5566,
517,
1884,
621,
883,
351,
8862,
691,
284,
779,
597,
2594,
357,
11545,
5110,
11916,
11,
6375,
28,
17,
13,
24,
26,
1115,
393,
517,
5110,
11916,
11,
6375,
28,
19,
13,
16,
737,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
14502,
351,
257,
1877,
12,
23913,
3739,
547,
1342,
1884,
621,
883,
351,
257,
1029,
3739,
284,
423,
973,
597,
2594,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
357,
1581,
28,
13,
18,
737,
198,
464,
20683,
13523,
635,
11068,
779,
286,
16976,
5110,
1535,
2594,
287,
262,
1613,
1105,
1933,
357,
10962,
604,
737,
33556,
658,
287,
262,
1448,
9722,
3439,
960,
2920,
547,
517,
1884,
621,
883,
9722,
1248,
960,
2682,
284,
779,
777,
2594,
357,
1581,
28,
18,
13,
15,
737,
5845,
351,
257,
6049,
393,
10768,
8967,
547,
5566,
517,
1884,
284,
779,
777,
2594,
621,
883,
351,
257,
11607,
8967,
357,
1581,
28,
20,
13,
16,
290,
6375,
28,
19,
13,
22,
11,
8148,
737,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
883,
351,
257,
1029,
12,
23913,
3707,
1241,
547,
1342,
1884,
621,
883,
351,
257,
1029,
1241,
284,
779,
16976,
2594,
357,
1581,
28,
13,
18,
737,
198,
464,
2050,
1043,
326,
2319,
13,
24,
4,
286,
14502,
284,
13380,
3620,
68,
35,
12,
45355,
351,
257,
1105,
12,
8424,
1688,
36568,
4471,
2098,
407,
1719,
973,
597,
2099,
286,
2139,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
13,
10968,
11,
8257,
13,
23,
4,
286,
883,
508,
2722,
4075,
3513,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
357,
20887,
1143,
5110,
1535,
393,
2276,
3315,
1337,
8,
750,
407,
3328,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
13,
6660,
691,
1315,
13,
15,
4,
286,
477,
883,
351,
257,
1105,
12,
8424,
1688,
36568,
4471,
550,
2722,
5035,
1337,
13,
3226,
1948,
2328,
318,
262,
1542,
13,
23,
4,
286,
883,
351,
257,
6049,
8967,
508,
750,
407,
779,
597,
2099,
286,
2139,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
13,
198,
3886,
1290,
11,
3795,
46084,
14103,
373,
262,
3513,
749,
973,
11,
2035,
3436,
393,
357,
1203,
6777,
8,
287,
6087,
351,
10590,
3513,
13,
16038,
10402,
286,
597,
2139,
779,
547,
1043,
1871,
14502,
351,
257,
10768,
8967,
11,
883,
351,
257,
401,
273,
14065,
5110,
8967,
11,
883,
508,
547,
21021,
393,
1165,
10058,
284,
670,
11,
290,
3504,
12,
1886,
14502,
13,
198,
39841,
11247,
290,
18929,
198,
5122,
2482,
815,
307,
16173,
1626,
262,
4732,
286,
617,
11247,
13,
3274,
11,
1321,
546,
3513,
373,
2116,
12,
26263,
11,
543,
714,
423,
2957,
284,
10014,
10690,
13,
21801,
3640,
423,
1043,
326,
2116,
12,
48922,
286,
2139,
779,
329,
617,
5110,
11916,
743,
307,
2440,
621,
779,
12395,
287,
11553,
4406,
357,
1954,
11,
1731,
737,
383,
30376,
39,
13084,
3088,
284,
4646,
10014,
10690,
416,
23494,
14502,
508,
4054,
284,
910,
326,
484,
561,
892,
7773,
290,
3280,
12698,
13,
11399,
11,
779,
286,
257,
1105,
12,
8424,
640,
5739,
460,
2252,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
10014,
10690,
13,
5498,
11,
617,
13523,
19954,
286,
1402,
3146,
286,
14502,
11,
290,
428,
1244,
423,
5676,
262,
17843,
286,
2482,
13,
10467,
11,
13380,
3620,
68,
35,
15009,
1811,
3265,
2628,
11,
884,
355,
883,
508,
547,
15855,
1143,
393,
10463,
13,
4900,
2139,
779,
7572,
286,
777,
2628,
743,
307,
1180,
11,
511,
3585,
2546,
318,
1402,
11,
290,
340,
714,
307,
7189,
326,
4045,
3265,
7746,
561,
407,
12312,
469,
15394,
611,
484,
547,
3017,
13,
15692,
11,
612,
318,
645,
11529,
319,
9987,
329,
16215,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
26,
2158,
11,
284,
674,
3725,
11,
262,
2776,
1022,
2972,
9987,
290,
2383,
8668,
10906,
468,
407,
587,
9713,
13,
19383,
11,
262,
7897,
2351,
3893,
4482,
28800,
1596,
7915,
3341,
3025,
4542,
16507,
319,
1123,
7915,
1230,
13,
1081,
257,
12921,
11,
262,
1241,
286,
2478,
286,
262,
5110,
1535,
3127,
11,
262,
20157,
286,
3034,
4133,
11,
290,
262,
3265,
12109,
286,
11153,
7565,
1973,
7652,
26,
777,
5400,
743,
4588,
262,
779,
286,
2594,
13,
4362,
286,
11247,
287,
6291,
2546,
11,
340,
373,
407,
1744,
284,
1620,
257,
517,
6496,
3781,
326,
561,
2897,
257,
22363,
4286,
286,
17939,
7915,
5400,
13,
198,
3152,
777,
11247,
287,
2000,
11,
356,
3465,
326,
428,
318,
262,
717,
2050,
326,
3769,
1321,
546,
262,
779,
286,
2594,
329,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
287,
8602,
326,
318,
1912,
319,
257,
18845,
8852,
6291,
290,
326,
973,
257,
25713,
20411,
326,
3578,
329,
3230,
17909,
13,
21801,
2267,
373,
10770,
284,
2176,
7652,
290,
3265,
850,
24432,
357,
1495,
11,
2075,
8,
393,
8668,
8405,
357,
1983,
8,
393,
973,
7668,
2446,
5823,
11,
543,
2810,
281,
17503,
4286,
286,
2139,
779,
329,
8862,
13,
198,
5122,
6373,
905,
326,
2048,
2063,
286,
14502,
351,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
750,
407,
779,
2594,
287,
262,
1535,
1337,
6567,
329,
511,
7016,
2761,
287,
262,
614,
878,
262,
2720,
13,
4900,
10017,
290,
3538,
13975,
1366,
389,
14394,
11,
617,
3640,
423,
1043,
2793,
779,
286,
1535,
2594,
329,
5110,
11916,
287,
1728,
8372,
3427,
2678,
11,
884,
355,
8602,
290,
8031,
11,
3688,
351,
584,
3427,
2678,
11,
475,
262,
3965,
389,
991,
2440,
621,
883,
1043,
287,
867,
1877,
12,
12519,
1605,
8405,
393,
287,
7740,
2678,
357,
21,
11,
2078,
737,
22565,
540,
1366,
319,
2139,
779,
416,
3925,
351,
1688,
8862,
389,
772,
10153,
2189,
11,
475,
3640,
423,
3402,
326,
779,
318,
2440,
287,
8602,
621,
287,
2678,
884,
355,
8031,
290,
4486,
357,
1959,
8,
290,
2793,
621,
287,
617,
7840,
3427,
2678,
11,
884,
355,
17837,
11,
7517,
11,
290,
262,
1578,
7526,
357,
1270,
737,
198,
7003,
739,
26243,
653,
290,
10122,
21731,
286,
2219,
5110,
11916,
389,
10792,
287,
749,
2678,
11,
28580,
3272,
12,
14648,
5400,
287,
3513,
3965,
423,
587,
3417,
13,
21415,
3965,
12897,
422,
2026,
4,
284,
9225,
4,
287,
1029,
12,
12519,
2678,
423,
587,
2098,
11,
351,
3965,
6032,
2793,
287,
1877,
12,
12519,
7652,
357,
21,
737,
44923,
329,
777,
5400,
389,
407,
880,
1900,
11,
475,
1811,
5087,
423,
587,
5150,
13,
1119,
2291,
5087,
326,
46276,
3455,
3871,
284,
5380,
3513,
11,
5087,
3519,
284,
262,
2099,
290,
2033,
286,
2594,
1695,
422,
262,
1535,
1337,
1080,
11,
290,
5087,
3519,
284,
1535,
1337,
11153,
6,
2694,
284,
2148,
281,
12872,
2882,
284,
262,
761,
329,
3513,
357,
21,
11,
3132,
960,
2327,
737,
383,
1245,
286,
1919,
7686,
290,
1104,
11,
543,
1244,
307,
7387,
287,
8602,
621,
287,
584,
3427,
2678,
357,
2623,
828,
468,
635,
587,
6693,
287,
262,
9285,
355,
2035,
8868,
2139,
779,
416,
5742,
281,
1981,
284,
19271,
351,
5503,
393,
3649,
2139,
779,
416,
6493,
3513,
6095,
357,
2718,
737,
4900,
281,
7667,
2423,
286,
777,
5087,
318,
3675,
262,
8354,
286,
428,
2708,
11,
262,
5981,
6373,
389,
31880,
2174,
13,
198,
32,
2614,
1241,
286,
4467,
290,
6628,
546,
18158,
351,
11153,
468,
587,
3177,
262,
749,
1593,
5766,
287,
1037,
6095,
329,
8862,
11,
1978,
351,
2614,
4547,
290,
2116,
12,
18206,
2288,
286,
262,
1917,
290,
262,
14486,
393,
5924,
12737,
286,
1641,
290,
2460,
357,
3132,
11,
2624,
737,
3460,
10455,
3812,
6095,
5110,
1535,
1337,
1283,
284,
307,
517,
3967,
287,
8602,
621,
287,
584,
3427,
2678,
11,
290,
37506,
1371,
1283,
284,
1295,
3744,
3774,
287,
13820,
2810,
416,
1535,
1337,
11153,
357,
2548,
737,
554,
2754,
284,
26695,
11,
257,
880,
12,
4002,
6467,
13054,
284,
1037,
6095,
329,
5110,
11916,
357,
2624,
828,
734,
2274,
3640,
3751,
326,
26695,
743,
307,
1342,
21854,
287,
8602,
621,
287,
584,
3427,
2678,
357,
2670,
11,
1821,
737,
198,
18081,
1080,
12,
5363,
5087,
13,
198,
464,
2694,
284,
1895,
4708,
1337,
318,
257,
1994,
3895,
286,
1535,
3341,
290,
635,
16717,
2139,
779,
329,
5110,
11916,
13,
8798,
284,
2594,
318,
1479,
290,
10112,
287,
262,
7897,
2351,
3893,
4482,
11,
355,
318,
262,
1339,
287,
867,
584,
3427,
2678,
11,
810,
3513,
3965,
389,
11,
2158,
11,
2440,
13,
317,
2792,
1022,
257,
1499,
338,
4045,
4581,
319,
1535,
1337,
290,
262,
2494,
286,
3513,
329,
5110,
11916,
468,
635,
587,
3417,
357,
21,
828,
290,
1695,
1366,
905,
326,
262,
2033,
3377,
287,
8602,
318,
2793,
621,
262,
3427,
2811,
26,
428,
318,
635,
2081,
286,
4581,
319,
5110,
1535,
11,
543,
3793,
1088,
642,
4,
286,
8602,
338,
2472,
1535,
1337,
4466,
960,
505,
286,
262,
9016,
4581,
3965,
287,
262,
3427,
4479,
357,
3901,
960,
3559,
737,
383,
11500,
286,
2594,
290,
286,
11153,
318,
1194,
5981,
3416,
415,
326,
468,
635,
587,
6692,
284,
262,
779,
286,
2594,
329,
8862,
13,
10422,
423,
3402,
326,
7652,
351,
262,
9016,
4133,
1690,
423,
2793,
3965,
286,
18103,
351,
1535,
1337,
11153,
357,
2598,
737,
8602,
468,
7380,
49218,
290,
30842,
290,
7380,
1695,
5110,
1535,
2594,
621,
867,
584,
2678,
351,
262,
976,
1241,
286,
2478,
11,
290,
5400,
389,
772,
3744,
329,
19906,
20669,
290,
1919,
3259,
357,
24,
11,
3682,
11,
3559,
737,
198,
29054,
669,
3519,
284,
1535,
1337,
11153,
13,
198,
464,
7897,
2351,
3893,
4482,
318,
1912,
319,
4165,
1337,
11,
290,
31413,
422,
257,
2276,
32110,
318,
3221,
2672,
284,
4461,
1895,
284,
16976,
5110,
1535,
2594,
13,
6660,
2276,
24068,
719,
355,
8946,
24952,
286,
262,
1080,
290,
423,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
262,
3376,
13326,
290,
1903,
4542,
286,
749,
2663,
286,
8862,
13,
770,
318,
2592,
5981,
287,
1657,
286,
262,
1029,
16815,
286,
1688,
8862,
287,
4165,
1337,
357,
2231,
8,
290,
262,
2370,
17795,
3595,
9465,
286,
8862,
287,
4165,
1337,
351,
4785,
1790,
12,
4354,
10906,
357,
3510,
737,
554,
1109,
11,
739,
26243,
653,
286,
8862,
287,
4165,
1337,
468,
587,
20823,
2098,
357,
2857,
960,
2920,
828,
290,
257,
2274,
13634,
12,
20930,
326,
3017,
517,
621,
2026,
11,
830,
3230,
3871,
3751,
326,
3376,
11795,
286,
8862,
416,
2276,
24068,
5091,
287,
691,
6298,
13,
18,
4,
286,
2663,
357,
1120,
737,
770,
18916,
3074,
468,
635,
587,
3417,
287,
8602,
357,
4349,
11,
4309,
828,
475,
3230,
17909,
389,
18549,
13,
198,
49,
4316,
286,
2276,
24068,
290,
5110,
1535,
22447,
198,
5122,
2482,
905,
326,
262,
9823,
286,
14502,
508,
7194,
2139,
287,
262,
2276,
3315,
1337,
6567,
373,
691,
4622,
2440,
621,
262,
9823,
508,
8672,
5110,
1535,
22447,
13,
770,
4917,
318,
287,
6273,
284,
584,
3427,
2678,
290,
7652,
286,
262,
995,
11,
810,
2276,
24068,
389,
4084,
262,
11153,
749,
6777,
2950,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
8862,
357,
21,
11,
2598,
737,
770,
3580,
1244,
307,
11476,
4893,
416,
262,
2440,
3965,
286,
31413,
284,
5110,
1535,
22447,
416,
2276,
24068,
326,
423,
587,
3417,
287,
8602,
357,
2598,
737,
2312,
2440,
31413,
3965,
714,
307,
3177,
281,
2230,
284,
2987,
262,
9332,
286,
257,
1790,
12,
411,
30555,
1535,
1080,
13,
15891,
5087,
11,
884,
355,
262,
3585,
5711,
287,
5110,
1535,
1337,
4975,
287,
8602,
11,
743,
1037,
4727,
1521,
3925,
351,
11607,
11916,
547,
517,
1884,
284,
3328,
16976,
5110,
1535,
1337,
13,
198,
50,
1733,
375,
368,
6826,
290,
8668,
42567,
286,
779,
198,
464,
14955,
286,
779,
286,
2594,
329,
8862,
468,
587,
6692,
284,
257,
4996,
286,
1307,
2101,
368,
6826,
5087,
11,
884,
355,
3504,
2479,
11,
4048,
5279,
11,
2440,
3707,
290,
3739,
1241,
11,
290,
407,
852,
6405,
357,
21,
11,
1433,
11,
4310,
11,
4051,
737,
2102,
11,
674,
2482,
1104,
691,
257,
1178,
286,
606,
13,
3226,
2041,
2328,
318,
674,
4917,
326,
1466,
547,
645,
517,
1884,
621,
1450,
284,
5380,
3513,
13,
770,
4917,
815,
3328,
3241,
780,
262,
2440,
16815,
286,
8862,
1871,
1466,
3688,
351,
1450,
287,
8602,
373,
1043,
284,
307,
881,
2440,
621,
287,
867,
584,
2678,
357,
20,
11,
2816,
11,
3980,
737,
198,
43094,
457,
296,
19440,
318,
1194,
1688,
3416,
415,
286,
2139,
779,
357,
1270,
11,
3553,
11,
3365,
828,
290,
937,
313,
9229,
6958,
1022,
19440,
290,
262,
12867,
286,
2139,
779,
423,
587,
4271,
3417,
357,
21,
737,
3954,
2482,
905,
326,
1871,
3925,
1262,
597,
1535,
6567,
2594,
11,
883,
351,
257,
10768,
8967,
550,
2440,
10402,
286,
6464,
3513,
621,
3925,
351,
11607,
11916,
13,
7735,
2267,
815,
307,
21846,
284,
6216,
777,
6373,
960,
259,
1948,
11,
262,
2597,
286,
19440,
290,
286,
5279,
287,
1037,
6095,
13,
4418,
11,
262,
4917,
326,
3261,
13,
22,
4,
286,
883,
351,
257,
6049,
8967,
2722,
1337,
691,
422,
257,
2276,
32110,
12073,
617,
2328,
546,
1744,
2984,
439,
20968,
286,
18549,
16976,
4133,
11,
2592,
618,
262,
2984,
439,
20968,
2689,
3871,
351,
2440,
7476,
286,
2726,
19481,
13,
198,
9452,
320,
453,
12872,
3513,
198,
818,
674,
2050,
3261,
13,
17,
4,
286,
262,
3871,
351,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
508,
2722,
4075,
3513,
422,
2276,
3315,
393,
5110,
1535,
22847,
1337,
2722,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
11,
257,
2494,
15394,
2793,
621,
287,
584,
3427,
2678,
357,
1558,
737,
3515,
7609,
351,
2180,
3640,
11,
674,
2050,
1043,
1877,
4045,
3965,
286,
3513,
9939,
1590,
357,
21,
11,
3270,
8,
290,
517,
12872,
3513,
287,
16976,
6460,
357,
1433,
11,
1899,
737,
44923,
329,
262,
1877,
2494,
286,
3513,
9939,
1590,
389,
10061,
11,
475,
484,
14572,
6211,
10131,
5087,
11,
884,
355,
20577,
3047,
290,
5287,
284,
26325,
284,
9949,
357,
1433,
737,
554,
16515,
378,
3513,
468,
2383,
1535,
290,
3034,
6948,
11,
780,
13820,
326,
1826,
8668,
9949,
389,
517,
1575,
12,
16803,
290,
423,
587,
3402,
284,
10070,
262,
1271,
286,
812,
5615,
351,
257,
14013,
357,
5333,
737,
198,
51,
1685,
1978,
262,
2482,
2897,
257,
3716,
4286,
286,
7572,
286,
2139,
779,
329,
257,
1688,
36568,
4471,
287,
8602,
13,
1119,
2291,
257,
1342,
1598,
4588,
286,
8967,
19440,
11,
257,
1342,
5981,
2597,
329,
2276,
24068,
621,
329,
5110,
1535,
22447,
11,
15874,
3048,
286,
1307,
2101,
368,
6826,
5087,
11,
290,
257,
2793,
4045,
2494,
286,
10356,
453,
12872,
3513,
13,
7754,
3965,
286,
2139,
779,
329,
1688,
8862,
287,
257,
1499,
884,
355,
8602,
11,
351,
1479,
290,
10112,
1895,
284,
5110,
1535,
1337,
290,
257,
3265,
351,
517,
3967,
14479,
3812,
1037,
6095,
329,
5110,
1535,
2761,
11,
389,
48367,
290,
815,
869,
329,
257,
517,
33943,
9408,
286,
262,
1535,
1080,
13,
554,
1948,
11,
3965,
286,
401,
273,
14065,
414,
290,
286,
10726,
414,
389,
2440,
287,
8602,
621,
287,
584,
3427,
2678,
357,
20,
828,
290,
1111,
389,
257,
1744,
12921,
286,
20577,
3513,
290,
257,
1744,
2728,
286,
3220,
3484,
286,
1688,
8862,
13,
32480,
1499,
12,
11423,
14725,
284,
3513,
11,
884,
355,
2793,
11500,
286,
2594,
290,
286,
11153,
290,
2793,
1535,
1337,
4581,
329,
5110,
1535,
11,
743,
8676,
284,
262,
1877,
3965,
286,
2139,
779,
13,
4900,
612,
389,
867,
47560,
17778,
290,
11780,
15369,
11,
8868,
777,
14725,
284,
3513,
815,
307,
6411,
3177,
284,
2987,
1895,
284,
5110,
1535,
1337,
287,
8602,
13,
198,
36,
487,
2096,
815,
307,
925,
284,
7139,
2276,
24068,
284,
1365,
4886,
290,
6687,
8862,
11,
543,
743,
6211,
2458,
287,
511,
3047,
290,
517,
4050,
2478,
290,
44832,
286,
8668,
9949,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
262,
1109,
326,
645,
5279,
5400,
547,
1043,
287,
262,
14955,
286,
6464,
3513,
815,
26020,
2176,
4028,
8998,
379,
3649,
3513,
3965,
1871,
1466,
355,
257,
1029,
12,
19121,
3265,
1448,
13,
770,
318,
635,
2081,
329,
262,
18887,
40182,
11,
2592,
6402,
326,
262,
2479,
379,
21228,
286,
8862,
318,
2793,
287,
8602,
357,
11458,
1542,
82,
8,
621,
262,
3427,
2811,
357,
17660,
1542,
82,
8,
357,
20,
8,
290,
326,
1903,
9572,
460,
2987,
262,
1172,
31707,
286,
428,
1690,
10726,
290,
4047,
34909,
8967,
13,
198,
464,
13380,
3620,
68,
35,
1628,
357,
2503,
13,
538,
260,
1150,
13,
2398,
8,
373,
10588,
416,
8592,
1195,
41257,
20,
12,
18946,
12,
486,
3023,
17,
290,
37376,
8220,
12,
15724,
10163,
422,
262,
3427,
4513,
26,
262,
350,
798,
8691,
17718,
286,
8031,
26,
7264,
376,
1797,
3571,
14,
405,
2078,
12,
2999,
422,
262,
376,
22311,
390,
16203,
32009,
18840,
2986,
7940,
544,
357,
37,
1797,
828,
37931,
9390,
390,
4849,
463,
17409,
6711,
11,
8602,
26,
7264,
37630,
4751,
12,
21273,
12,
5222,
422,
262,
4139,
952,
390,
327,
2013,
33743,
331,
48257,
77,
928,
6557,
64,
11,
8602,
26,
2129,
433,
3263,
390,
4849,
315,
11,
3611,
270,
265,
390,
16758,
403,
3972,
11,
8602,
26,
290,
416,
584,
1957,
5942,
290,
416,
281,
36263,
9856,
7264,
422,
2671,
897,
78,
17919,
42,
1370,
13,
13380,
3620,
68,
35,
318,
5281,
503,
287,
17856,
351,
262,
19494,
30376,
39,
13084,
18362,
13,
383,
7035,
5875,
262,
30376,
39,
3085,
329,
6829,
351,
8875,
341,
11,
2214,
1818,
11,
290,
1366,
3781,
13,
2312,
4568,
547,
4855,
416,
7264,
371,
486,
36208,
43509,
40353,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2351,
5136,
286,
21235,
3893,
26,
262,
1757,
360,
13,
290,
22578,
309,
13,
46626,
5693,
26,
262,
38477,
7509,
5693,
26,
11455,
371,
1485,
12,
36208,
15,
35809,
2920,
11,
371,
486,
12,
36208,
3312,
4089,
2414,
11,
290,
371,
486,
17051,
27037,
40486,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5094,
3893,
4809,
26,
7264,
23703,
8141,
371,
3070,
12,
34551,
405,
2414,
6659,
422,
262,
33381,
25494,
4037,
3337,
26,
262,
5961,
1605,
3893,
12275,
26,
262,
25204,
35134,
290,
5834,
5693,
26,
47664,
78,
12,
9742,
29354,
37175,
82,
11,
3457,
15089,
2671,
897,
78,
17919,
42,
1370,
26,
25040,
12,
3666,
364,
5056,
571,
65,
26,
290,
911,
557,
13,
383,
4918,
6712,
550,
645,
2252,
2597,
287,
2050,
1486,
26,
287,
4947,
11,
3781,
11,
290,
10794,
286,
1366,
26,
287,
989,
3597,
26,
393,
287,
262,
2551,
284,
9199,
262,
989,
329,
9207,
13,
198,
464,
7035,
989,
645,
11780,
5353,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 5,137 |
There were some notable differences between groups targeted for the 2009-10 pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines, and substantial differences in target groups between countries. The greatest inconsistency in target groups was seen in comparisons between S0910 and P0910. Some groups targeted for the pandemic vaccine more commonly than for the 2009-10 seasonal vaccine, including pregnant women and obese persons, and health care workers were subsequently more commonly targeted for the 2010-11 post-pandemic seasonal vaccine. Subsidies to increase vaccine uptake were available to target groups in many countries by either providing the vaccine for free, at a subsidized cost or through national health insurance (Figures and ).
Before further discussing the patterns in target groups, two important issues should be noted: (A) the social and political backgrounds of policy decisions to prioritize certain groups for P0910 are likely to differ from those for seasonal vaccines and (B) the 'best' or 'optimal' strategy to achieve certain public health objectives has yet to be fully clarified in the context of including or excluding certain groups for prioritization. As for (A), compared to seasonal vaccines, public health decision of prioritized groups for P0910 may be more associated with maintaining social security during emergency vaccination and avoiding any confusion that could arise from 'first come, first served' basis among the public [8
]. On the other hand, policymaking of seasonal vaccines is unlikely to face needs to give rapid decisions for implementing emergency vaccination programmes and to maintain social security, and rather, target groups of seasonal vaccines may sometimes reflect the results of surveys of public demands among the potential target groups and may also take into account aspects of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness. With respect to (B), various studies including modeling exercises considered optimal vaccination strategies [16
] but those exercises have not allowed full clarification of all target groups. It should be emphasized that the limitations of modeling studies and inconsistency in target groups (as seen in the present study) may be attributable to non-uniform public health objectives of vaccination, such as reducing peak hospital burden versus reducing overall mortality, as well as uncertainties with respect to the transmission dynamics, severity and age-specific immunity against influenza viruses before and after vaccination. The objective of this study has been not to criticize certain choices of target groups, but to explore to what extent target groups are similar between countries, or even within countries from year to year and between the seasonal and pandemic vaccines.
Some inconsistent patterns were seen between pandemic and seasonal vaccines in targeting certain age groups, those with underlying medical conditions and those with occupations associated with higher risk. First, mathematical modeling studies have shown that achieving high vaccination coverage among school-age children could substantially elevate herd immunity and protect other risk groups (including elderly and those with underlying diseases) by means of a 'transmission-limiting' strategy [17
]. Nevertheless, many countries experienced substantial attack rates in children before vaccines became available [21
], and in such an instance (e.g. after observing epidemic peak), effectiveness of transmission-limiting strategy tends to be minimal [19
]. While school-age children were targeted for the P0910 vaccine in some countries, most countries included in our review adopted a morbidity-limiting strategy and targeted groups at high risk of severe disease (Figures and ). Vaccine effectiveness in the elderly remains uncertain [6
] but the elderly are commonly targeted to receive interpandemic influenza vaccine because of their high risk of severe disease [4
]. However, early seroepidemiological studies in 2009 suggested that the elderly may be protected against infection [23
], and few countries included elderly in the target groups for the P0910 vaccine (Figure and Table ).
Second, with regard to underlying medical conditions, pregnant and postpartum women appeared to be at higher risk of severe disease if infected from the early stages of the pandemic [24
] and many countries prioritized this group to receive the vaccine when it became available. Whereas pregnant women were less commonly targeted for seasonal influenza vaccination before the pandemic, evidence of an increased risk of severe influenza had already been observed in pregnant women before 2009 [28
]. Influenced by the 2009 pandemic, 22/34 countries targeted this group for S1011 vaccine (Figures and , Table ). Other than pregnant women, a number of studies during the pandemic found obesity to be a risk factor for hospitalization and death [26
], and some countries incorporated obese individuals into the target groups for the P0910 vaccine and again retained them in the target groups for the post-pandemic S1011 vaccine (Figures and , Table ).
Third, regarding roles and occupations, health care workers were targeted for both pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines by many countries and they have been increasingly targeted during and after the course of the pandemic (Figures , and , Table ), although they may not necessarily face higher risk of infection due to occupational exposures [34
] and the issue of mandatory vaccination in this group remains controversial [36
]. Workers in long term residential care homes were less commonly targeted for the pandemic vaccine compared to the seasonal vaccines, perhaps because of the apparent low risk of pH1N1 in the elderly [7
]. Animal contacts might have been less commonly targeted merely because of displacement by other risk groups as P0910 vaccine was initially expected to be scarce. Later they were more commonly targeted for the S1011 influenza vaccine which included the pandemic strain.
A few limitations should be discussed. We were not able to find information on priority groups in many countries, and thus, the data included in our review may not sufficiently represent the worldwide patterns in target groups. In addition, information available online could differ from what was actually implemented, even though most of the information included in our study was from official government websites. Potentially lower quality sources were excluded by limiting our search to official webpage of the government, news or academic journal articles. Future studies of influenza vaccine policies could consider a survey-based approach interviewing a representative health official from each country. Actual vaccine uptake or influenza-associated morbidity should also be investigated in relation to the policy decisions of target groups when relevant data are available as part of policy evaluations. There were also within country variations; e.g. recommendations on target groups in Canada and the United States differed between states. In these situations, the federal recommendations were used to reflect the central policy, but more detailed investigation of the heterogeneity in target groups between states or regions could be a topic for further research especially for a within-country policy evaluation. | [
1858,
547,
617,
12411,
5400,
1022,
2628,
7977,
329,
262,
3717,
12,
940,
19798,
5314,
290,
21819,
29491,
18336,
11,
290,
8904,
5400,
287,
2496,
2628,
1022,
2678,
13,
383,
6000,
43831,
287,
2496,
2628,
373,
1775,
287,
17909,
1022,
311,
2931,
940,
290,
350,
2931,
940,
13,
2773,
2628,
7977,
329,
262,
19798,
5314,
12319,
517,
8811,
621,
329,
262,
3717,
12,
940,
21819,
12319,
11,
1390,
10423,
1466,
290,
20779,
6506,
11,
290,
1535,
1337,
3259,
547,
12412,
517,
8811,
7977,
329,
262,
3050,
12,
1157,
1281,
12,
79,
392,
5314,
21819,
12319,
13,
3834,
30255,
444,
284,
2620,
12319,
35340,
547,
1695,
284,
2496,
2628,
287,
867,
2678,
416,
2035,
4955,
262,
12319,
329,
1479,
11,
379,
257,
37317,
1575,
393,
832,
2260,
1535,
5096,
357,
14989,
942,
290,
6739,
198,
8421,
2252,
11142,
262,
7572,
287,
2496,
2628,
11,
734,
1593,
2428,
815,
307,
4367,
25,
357,
32,
8,
262,
1919,
290,
1964,
19063,
286,
2450,
5370,
284,
32980,
1728,
2628,
329,
350,
2931,
940,
389,
1884,
284,
13238,
422,
883,
329,
21819,
18336,
290,
357,
33,
8,
262,
705,
13466,
6,
393,
705,
8738,
4402,
6,
4811,
284,
4620,
1728,
1171,
1535,
15221,
468,
1865,
284,
307,
3938,
28464,
287,
262,
4732,
286,
1390,
393,
23494,
1728,
2628,
329,
19086,
1634,
13,
1081,
329,
357,
32,
828,
3688,
284,
21819,
18336,
11,
1171,
1535,
2551,
286,
19086,
1143,
2628,
329,
350,
2931,
940,
743,
307,
517,
3917,
351,
10941,
1919,
2324,
1141,
6334,
22827,
290,
14928,
597,
10802,
326,
714,
15058,
422,
705,
11085,
1282,
11,
717,
4983,
6,
4308,
1871,
262,
1171,
685,
23,
198,
4083,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
2450,
8601,
286,
21819,
18336,
318,
7485,
284,
1986,
2476,
284,
1577,
5801,
5370,
329,
15427,
6334,
22827,
23698,
290,
284,
5529,
1919,
2324,
11,
290,
2138,
11,
2496,
2628,
286,
21819,
18336,
743,
3360,
4079,
262,
2482,
286,
16255,
286,
1171,
8665,
1871,
262,
2785,
2496,
2628,
290,
743,
635,
1011,
656,
1848,
7612,
286,
1575,
12,
48649,
290,
1575,
12,
10760,
6517,
13,
2080,
2461,
284,
357,
33,
828,
2972,
3640,
1390,
21128,
13565,
3177,
16586,
22827,
10064,
685,
1433,
198,
60,
475,
883,
13565,
423,
407,
3142,
1336,
31321,
286,
477,
2496,
2628,
13,
632,
815,
307,
20047,
326,
262,
11247,
286,
21128,
3640,
290,
43831,
287,
2496,
2628,
357,
292,
1775,
287,
262,
1944,
2050,
8,
743,
307,
29816,
284,
1729,
12,
403,
6933,
1171,
1535,
15221,
286,
22827,
11,
884,
355,
8868,
9103,
4436,
10538,
9051,
8868,
4045,
12430,
11,
355,
880,
355,
36553,
351,
2461,
284,
262,
11478,
17262,
11,
19440,
290,
2479,
12,
11423,
16989,
1028,
29491,
20547,
878,
290,
706,
22827,
13,
383,
9432,
286,
428,
2050,
468,
587,
407,
284,
24628,
1728,
7747,
286,
2496,
2628,
11,
475,
284,
7301,
284,
644,
6287,
2496,
2628,
389,
2092,
1022,
2678,
11,
393,
772,
1626,
2678,
422,
614,
284,
614,
290,
1022,
262,
21819,
290,
19798,
5314,
18336,
13,
198,
4366,
18326,
7572,
547,
1775,
1022,
19798,
5314,
290,
21819,
18336,
287,
10822,
1728,
2479,
2628,
11,
883,
351,
10238,
3315,
3403,
290,
883,
351,
23308,
3917,
351,
2440,
2526,
13,
3274,
11,
18069,
21128,
3640,
423,
3402,
326,
16937,
1029,
22827,
5197,
1871,
1524,
12,
496,
1751,
714,
13788,
36830,
27638,
16989,
290,
1805,
584,
2526,
2628,
357,
8201,
13830,
290,
883,
351,
10238,
10040,
8,
416,
1724,
286,
257,
705,
7645,
3411,
12,
2475,
1780,
6,
4811,
685,
1558,
198,
4083,
15933,
11,
867,
2678,
5924,
8904,
1368,
3965,
287,
1751,
878,
18336,
2627,
1695,
685,
2481,
198,
4357,
290,
287,
884,
281,
4554,
357,
68,
13,
70,
13,
706,
21769,
18195,
9103,
828,
13530,
286,
11478,
12,
2475,
1780,
4811,
12444,
284,
307,
10926,
685,
1129,
198,
4083,
2893,
1524,
12,
496,
1751,
547,
7977,
329,
262,
350,
2931,
940,
12319,
287,
617,
2678,
11,
749,
2678,
3017,
287,
674,
2423,
8197,
257,
34813,
414,
12,
2475,
1780,
4811,
290,
7977,
2628,
379,
1029,
2526,
286,
6049,
4369,
357,
14989,
942,
290,
6739,
31749,
500,
13530,
287,
262,
13830,
3793,
8627,
685,
21,
198,
60,
475,
262,
13830,
389,
8811,
7977,
284,
3328,
987,
79,
392,
5314,
29491,
12319,
780,
286,
511,
1029,
2526,
286,
6049,
4369,
685,
19,
198,
4083,
2102,
11,
1903,
1055,
78,
538,
28913,
15071,
3640,
287,
3717,
5220,
326,
262,
13830,
743,
307,
6861,
1028,
10280,
685,
1954,
198,
4357,
290,
1178,
2678,
3017,
13830,
287,
262,
2496,
2628,
329,
262,
350,
2931,
940,
12319,
357,
11337,
290,
8655,
6739,
198,
12211,
11,
351,
2754,
284,
10238,
3315,
3403,
11,
10423,
290,
1281,
3911,
388,
1466,
4120,
284,
307,
379,
2440,
2526,
286,
6049,
4369,
611,
14112,
422,
262,
1903,
9539,
286,
262,
19798,
5314,
685,
1731,
198,
60,
290,
867,
2678,
19086,
1143,
428,
1448,
284,
3328,
262,
12319,
618,
340,
2627,
1695,
13,
28016,
10423,
1466,
547,
1342,
8811,
7977,
329,
21819,
29491,
22827,
878,
262,
19798,
5314,
11,
2370,
286,
281,
3220,
2526,
286,
6049,
29491,
550,
1541,
587,
6515,
287,
10423,
1466,
878,
3717,
685,
2078,
198,
4083,
46631,
5864,
416,
262,
3717,
19798,
5314,
11,
2534,
14,
2682,
2678,
7977,
428,
1448,
329,
311,
8784,
16,
12319,
357,
14989,
942,
290,
837,
8655,
6739,
3819,
621,
10423,
1466,
11,
257,
1271,
286,
3640,
1141,
262,
19798,
5314,
1043,
13825,
284,
307,
257,
2526,
5766,
329,
4436,
1634,
290,
1918,
685,
2075,
198,
4357,
290,
617,
2678,
16560,
20779,
3925,
656,
262,
2496,
2628,
329,
262,
350,
2931,
940,
12319,
290,
757,
17383,
606,
287,
262,
2496,
2628,
329,
262,
1281,
12,
79,
392,
5314,
311,
8784,
16,
12319,
357,
14989,
942,
290,
837,
8655,
6739,
198,
22747,
11,
5115,
9176,
290,
23308,
11,
1535,
1337,
3259,
547,
7977,
329,
1111,
19798,
5314,
290,
21819,
29491,
18336,
416,
867,
2678,
290,
484,
423,
587,
6481,
7977,
1141,
290,
706,
262,
1781,
286,
262,
19798,
5314,
357,
14989,
942,
837,
290,
837,
8655,
10612,
3584,
484,
743,
407,
6646,
1986,
2440,
2526,
286,
10280,
2233,
284,
34266,
32185,
685,
2682,
198,
60,
290,
262,
2071,
286,
13677,
22827,
287,
428,
1448,
3793,
8381,
685,
2623,
198,
4083,
16847,
287,
890,
3381,
12420,
1337,
5682,
547,
1342,
8811,
7977,
329,
262,
19798,
5314,
12319,
3688,
284,
262,
21819,
18336,
11,
3737,
780,
286,
262,
4156,
1877,
2526,
286,
22918,
16,
45,
16,
287,
262,
13830,
685,
22,
198,
4083,
13792,
13961,
1244,
423,
587,
1342,
8811,
7977,
6974,
780,
286,
29358,
416,
584,
2526,
2628,
355,
350,
2931,
940,
12319,
373,
7317,
2938,
284,
307,
18549,
13,
11450,
484,
547,
517,
8811,
7977,
329,
262,
311,
8784,
16,
29491,
12319,
543,
3017,
262,
19798,
5314,
14022,
13,
198,
32,
1178,
11247,
815,
307,
6693,
13,
775,
547,
407,
1498,
284,
1064,
1321,
319,
8475,
2628,
287,
867,
2678,
11,
290,
4145,
11,
262,
1366,
3017,
287,
674,
2423,
743,
407,
17338,
2380,
262,
8688,
7572,
287,
2496,
2628,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
1321,
1695,
2691,
714,
13238,
422,
644,
373,
1682,
9177,
11,
772,
996,
749,
286,
262,
1321,
3017,
287,
674,
2050,
373,
422,
1743,
1230,
9293,
13,
6902,
3746,
2793,
3081,
4237,
547,
15009,
416,
15637,
674,
2989,
284,
1743,
35699,
286,
262,
1230,
11,
1705,
393,
8233,
3989,
6685,
13,
10898,
3640,
286,
29491,
12319,
4788,
714,
2074,
257,
5526,
12,
3106,
3164,
31481,
257,
8852,
1535,
1743,
422,
1123,
1499,
13,
33520,
12319,
35340,
393,
29491,
12,
32852,
34813,
414,
815,
635,
307,
12565,
287,
8695,
284,
262,
2450,
5370,
286,
2496,
2628,
618,
5981,
1366,
389,
1695,
355,
636,
286,
2450,
34109,
13,
1318,
547,
635,
1626,
1499,
13991,
26,
304,
13,
70,
13,
10763,
319,
2496,
2628,
287,
3340,
290,
262,
1578,
1829,
36337,
1022,
2585,
13,
554,
777,
7445,
11,
262,
2717,
10763,
547,
973,
284,
4079,
262,
4318,
2450,
11,
475,
517,
6496,
3645,
286,
262,
49763,
287,
2496,
2628,
1022,
2585,
393,
7652,
714,
307,
257,
7243,
329,
2252,
2267,
2592,
329,
257,
1626,
12,
19315,
2450,
12660,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,333 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.